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Source code files for Canvas apps
Imagine using GitHub with a Canvas app. And I mean using GitHub as it was meant to be used, with text diffs between versions, and not just storing opaque .msapp blobs. Teams can collaborate on apps: they can work on private branches, diff changes, create pull requests for review, and merge into master.
Imagine using Visual Studio Code with a Canvas app, a full screen editor with search and replace.
We are very pleased to announce the experimental release of a tool that enables these modern miracles. It is but the first step as we make application lifecycle management easier for formulas and Canvas apps.
To illustrate, in this short video we will change the Icon property of an Icon control with these steps:
- Export an app as an .msapp file with Save As.
- Unpack the .msapp to individual source files using our new tool.
- Make a simple change to a formula using Visual Studio Code.
- Pack the modified source files back into an .msapp file.
- Open the modified .msapp file in Studio and see the result of my change.
This new tool enables the source code of a Canvas app to be effectively managed in GitHub or Azure DevOps. Diffs, pull requests, and comments can be based on lines of formula text rather than .msapp blob files.
In this next example, we'll make the same change to the Canvas app stored in GitHub as text source code files. We'll go through all the steps required to manage the change, have it reviewed, commented on, merged in to master, and the result tested.
We'll work with this GitHub repo in Visual Studio Code. First we'll create a new branch, make modifications there (change the icon from "Person" to "People"), and push the changes to our new branch on GitHub.
Back on GitHub, we'll create a pull request for this new branch to merge into master. We'll have an opportunity to review the one line change, to comment on the change, and to approve the merge. Canvas apps become a part of your existing application lifecycle management workflow.
And after the merge has been made, we sync changes back to our client and recreate the .msapp file. We can now load the file into Power Apps Studio and see our change.
Excited? These examples only scratches the surface of what is possible. By supporting text files, all the tools that you love and all the unique workflows that you have created can now be used with Canvas apps too.
But before you get too excited, let's reiterate that this is experimental. We are making this available now for your feedback and to find issues.
Please do not convert all your .msapp files to source files and throw away the originals. We are working toward a day when you can do this, but that is not today. By far, Power Apps Studio is still the best place to edit a Canvas app. We are introducing a new way to manage and edit Canvas apps, a companion to Studio, not a replacement.
There are some known limitations and gotchas:
- Outside of Studio, don't add a control with the same name as one that already exists. This can happen easily if two different authors use Power Apps Studio to add a button control, resulting in two different Button1 controls. When collaborating with others, we recommend renaming controls to something appropriate and hopefully unique within the app.
- The source code file may expose options that Studio does not. For example, the ZIndex property is exposed on controls. In Studio, this isn't a full fledged property and can only be moved up or down with a static value. If you put a formula here, the app may not operate properly.
So, how do you get the cool PASopa tool used above? To download and use:
- Install .NET Core SDK 3.1.x (x64).
- Clone the repo at https://github.com/microsoft/PowerApps-Language-Tooling
- Run build.cmd in the root directory.
- You can find PASopa.exe and needed dependencies in the bin\Debug\PASopa directory.
More details on building are available in the GitHub readme.
I did say this was experimental. 🙂 This isn't going to be for everyone at this time and that is OK. At this early juncture we are looking for savvy early adopters that can give us good feedback on the directory structure and file format. Eventually we will be integrating this directly with the Power Apps CLI and it can be run by anyone without needing to do a build. PASopa is just a test harness that we are using in the meantime.
We are releasing this tool as open source, and that will still be true even after we integrate with the Power Apps CLI. We'd love your feedback and issue reports directly through GitHub. Eventually, we will also welcome your pull requests, but are limiting outside contributions until we are better established.
YAML File Format
We adopted a subset of YAML as our file format. Our first priority was a format that was super easy to read and write by humans. But we also wanted something that could be embedded in other places within the Power Platform, and many of them use YAML already or are considering this move. We wanted to leverage existing libraries and tools and not create something completely new.
There are three unique aspects to how we embed within YAML:
- All formulas start with a leading =. Just like Excel, the = introduces a formula rather than a static value. We don't make you write the leading equals in Power Apps Studio but if you notice the formula bar it is always there. The leading = also helped us avoid the normal data type interpretation that YAML does for static value, that is not appropriate for formulas.
- Some formulas must be expressed in YAML multi-line. Using the leading = helps us a great deal, but it doesn't address everything. If you have a formula that contains a string with an embedded #, it is interpreted by YAML as the start of a comment, and the rest of the line will be truncated. In these cases, the formula must be expressed using YAML's multi-line facilities, most likely being a variant of the | syntax.
- Controls are typed with the As keyword. Normally YAML has only a single name to the left of the : when providing a property value. But there is nothing to say that left hand side can't be more complex and we are taking advantage of this to not only name the property but also provide its type. We know our use of As here is different from how we use it in ForAll and other record scope functions, and we considered lots of other alternatives, but the resounding feedback from early reviews was to stick with what Visual Basic used.
Full details on the file format are available in docs included in the GitHub repo.
Note that we support only a very specific subset of YAML. Properties with static values, such as trying to set Size: 24 (without a leading =) won't work. We also deliberately avoided YAML line comments that start with a # because of the confusion they can cause. Over time and based on your feedback we may support more YAML, but for now, it is very restrictive and that is by design.
Here is a simple example form the Hospital Emergency Response solution we shipped last spring. Note that as with all YAML, the indentation level indicates what is inside a container (SplashScreen in this case) and is also used for line continuation of the OnHidden property.
SplashScreen As screen: Width: =Max(App.Width, App.DesignWidth) Height: =Max(App.Height, App.DesignHeight) Size: =1 + CountRows(App.SizeBreakpoints) - CountIf(App.SizeBreakpoints, Value >= SplashScreen.Width) Orientation: =If(SplashScreen.Width < SplashScreen.Height, Layout.Vertical, Layout.Horizontal) OnHidden: |- =//Check to see if this is a mobile device if so, then save data for all other apps //Notify("Trying Save",NotificationType.Information); If( Value(AltCheck_Lbl_1.Text) > 0, SaveData( MySplashSelectionsCollection, "MySplashSelections" ); //Notify("Did Save",NotificationType.Information); ); OnVisible: =Refresh(Systems);Refresh(Regions); Splash_Main_Icon As image: Image: =SplashIcon ZIndex: =1 HoverFill: =ColorFade(Splash_Main_Icon.Fill, 20%) PressedFill: =ColorFade(Splash_Main_Icon.Fill, -20%) Height: =499 Width: =638 FocusedBorderColor: =Splash_Main_Icon.BorderColor HoverBorderColor: =ColorFade(Splash_Main_Icon.BorderColor, 20%) PressedBorderColor: =ColorFade(Splash_Main_Icon.BorderColor, -20%)
Directory Structure
Not everything gets the YAML treatment. There are a number of app resources and settings that retain their original not-meant-for-humans treatment and are not intended to be edited outside of Power Apps Studio. The full directory structure and how to deal with merge conflicts in other files is outlined in the GitHub readme.
For the simple one Icon control app that started this blog post, let's walk through the files we find after PASopa -unpack has done it's work.
First, let's look at the files that are the most critical, that truly define the app. These should never be deleted and merges should be handled as you normally would in GitHub:
- \src\App.pa.yaml – The *.pa.yaml files are where the formulas are located. This file contains the formulas associated with the app, such as App.OnStart. Since there is nothing set here, this file contains simply App As appinfo.
- \src\Screen1.pa.yaml – Control hierarchy and formulas for Screen1. Each screen is broken out individually into a separate file. In our case:
Screen1 As screen: Icon1 As icon.Person: Icon: =Icon.People Width: =1366 Height: =768 ZIndex: =1
- \CanvasManifest.json – Information about the published app.
- \ComponentReferences.json – If this app used any components, they would be listed here. As it does not, it is empty: [ ]
- \Assets\resources.xml – Listing of resources embedded in the app. For this simple app it is empty: { "Resources": [] }.
- \Connections\Connections.json – Listing of data sources in this app. For this simple app it is empty: { }.
Next comes files that are boiler plate, copied in when the app was created. Normally these will not change. If the Theme of the app is changed, the entire file will be swapped out.
- \Assets\logo.jpg – Logo for the app, referenced in \CanvasManifest.json.
- \ControlTemplates.json – Information on three base classes used in this app, the Icon control, the Screen, and the App.
- \Other\References\Theme.json – Theme for the app. Each individual color and size is enumerated.
- \pkgs\icon_2.3.0.xml – The control template for the one control we used, the Icon control.
Power Apps Studio maintains state between sessions, so you can get back to where you were These can be deleted at any time and are not a concern for merge conflicts.
- \src\EditorState\App.editorstate.json – Information about the app.
- \src\EditorState\Screen1.editorstate.json – Same as App.editorstate.json, scoped to Screen1.
And finally, there are a set of files that the PASopa tool uses to ensure proper roundtripping of an app between .msapp and source files. It is safe to keep the latest version of these files if there is a merge conflict.
- \Other\checksum.json – Checksums of the original files in the .msapp file. This file will not match the layout on the file system that -pack/-unpack read and write, it matches instead the zip file directory structure in the .msapp. This is used internally to detect differences to ensure we are roundtripping correctly.
- \Other\entropy.json – A file where we collect all the other bits of information that are needed for us to faithfully roundtrip the app, but can be easily ignored and/or deleted at any time.
We are experimental. Have I mentioned that yet? 🙂 Now is the time to let us know what you think, now is the time to make any needed changes. Please use GitHub issues to the fullest, for comments, questions, actual issues, and any other feedback you may have.


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Industrial Furniture
Industrial furniture is a chic rustic fusion of wood and metal. It is known as the combination of style and vintage affair. It is a style that aims to recreate a very particular weathered factory floor look by combining warm wood tones, metal accents, and unique utilitarian designs.
Some of our most popular industrial furniture items are dining tables, dining chairs and bar stools.

subset: commoncrawl


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Brodit car phone holder for the Apple iPhone 12 Pro Max in a protective case. Simply adjust the holder with a screwdriver to create your own perfect fit holder then set in position.
Rear mounting plate measures 42x50mm with 4mm AMPS holes. Manufactured from high grade black ABS and Acetal plastic. Compatible with Apple iPhone 12 Pro Max.
Made in Sweden.
All orders received before 15:00, Monday - Friday (excluding holidays), will be despatched the same day, providing all of the ordered items are in stock.
If we cannot completely fulfil your order due to an item being unavailable from stock, your order will be held and despatched when the order is complete.
Basket Price |
Courier Service |
Shipping Costs |
Under £5 |
Royal Mail 1st Class |
£0.99 |
£5 - £49.99 |
Royal Mail 24 Service |
£4.99 |
£50 - 149.99 |
Royal Mail 24 Tracked |
FREE delivery |
Over £150 |
DPD Next Working Day |
FREE delivery |
Orders will be shipped using our chosen delivery partner after considering size of order and location. Cost is £16.66.
Any customs or import charges are the responsibility of the purchaser. UK tax is removed at checkout.
As we ship to most countries and will choose an appropriate courier depending on the size of order and destination. Costs vary by country and are calculated in the checkout.
When goods are despached you will receive an email containing tracking information from the chosen courier company. Please allow upto 48 hours after goods have shipped to receive this notification.
Please understand that during peak periods - including Black Friday, Christmas and other holidays - same day shipments can be delayed.
Situations beyond our control may also affect despatch times - these include strike actions, adverse weather and industrial disputes.
For further details, do not hesitate to contact us


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Compared with the traditional methods of communication, quantum communication with high security as the future direction of communications development, often reported quantum communications are based on the principle of entanglement, today to introduce a more weird form - Anti-Fictitious Communication: There is no quantum communication between two recipients for the quantum communication. The effect of not sending the quantum state of the particle transmission is also called the quantum Zeno effect.
According to a recent report by the Physiotherapist Organization Network, researchers at China University of Technology successfully implemented direct counter-factual quantum communication, transmitting a black-and-white bitmap from one location to another without sending any physical particles, For the first time. The research was designed and experimented by the cooperation between China University of Science and Technology Shanghai Branch and Hefei Branch and Tsinghua University Chinese scientists, and successfully implemented counterfactual communication with a nested quantum Zeno effect.
Quantum Zeno effect occurs in unstable quantum systems that are repeatedly measured. In the quantum world, observing or measuring systems can cause changes in the system. In this case, unstable particles will never decay when observed repeatedly. The quantum Zeno effect creates a virtually frozen system with a high probability. The study was published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.


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Belgium: We start in Essen, close the haven-city of Antwerp and the Dutch border, where we co-create the partial sculptures in a workshop with local people. During these workshops we make some portraits of these early co-creators. The first placements will be done with our results from this workshop, too. Holland: Crossing the border from Belgium, we continue our placements each 48 kilometer heading towards Rotterdam, Utrecht, Amsterdam and Groningen. Since we do not have this culturally and historically rich area on our main routes in W#1 – W#4, our interest of understanding the values of this region is big. In Belgium and Holland we are facing an anthropological approach towards the local people/co-creators. Belgian Anthropologist Mitte Scheldemann will guide, monitor and evaluate the process with us. With her help we define the standards for our scientific approach on our anthology of human values that will follow us around the globe. Germany: Crossing the border to Germany, still following the old routes of the Hansa, it presents itself and its inhabitants in a different glance with every placement we do. Via Hamburg we arrive at the Baltic Sea: Lübeck, Rostock, Greifswald and arriving at the Island of Usedom. Slavic sounding city names remind us of the rich cultural and political exchange in this region ever since. At this place we cross the border to Poland: Placing our sculptural mosaic of WEARTH encaustic wax bricks each 48km along the Baltic Sea coast, we reach the cultural heritage Gdansk. From here it is only a stone's throw to the Russian exclave Kaliningrad, where we also place some stones with the locals. In Germany, Poland and Russia we are targeting at an artistic outcome of the literary portraits by working together with German, Polish and Russian speaking authors, who give written testimony of the values accounted for in their respective languages. This pilot gives us a better feeling and insight of the bigger picture- of OUR GLOBAL SCULPTURE WEARTH. Each placement opens our view for a different perspective, for individual ways of approaching life, for the vast variety of values on our planet. Both routes, Belgium – Holland – Germany and Germany – Poland –Kaliningrad will be followed by our camera team. All the outcome- the scientific essays, the literary portraits, the documentary movie and the photographs will be published to gain as much attention as possible. The attention is the base for all the support we need to make the global sculpture come true. Thanks for all co-creating with us; this trip is WEARTH it!
Contact us for an individual workshop at your place, firm or to co-create with us by other means.


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Carrollton Locksmith Service Rekey Locks Residential 24 HR Carrollton, TX
Rekeying is an inexpensive way to gain better control over who enters your property and who doesn't. The procedure involves replacing the locking mechanism of your lock (or locks) so that it no longer works with an old key, but needs a new one instead. If you need the locks in your home rekeyed quickly and affordably, then Carrollton Locksmith Service's rekey locks residential 24 hr service is your best bet. We have been providing our rekeying services to the local community for a very long time. You can rely on us to get the job done right, without inconveniencing you in any way.
When should you hire us?
You should have complete say over who gets to enter your home. Lock rekeying is perfect when you need better access control over your property. Typically, you should request our rekey locks residential 24 hr serve when:
- You lost your old keys: When you misplace or lose your keys, the person who finds them may not always have the best intentions. It's a good idea to get your locks rekeyed, just in case.
- You had a falling out with someone: A large number of our customers require our rekey locks residential 24 hr service when they have a falling out with a spouse or other family member.
- You moved to a new property: After moving to a new property, it's always a good idea to get locks rekeyed. The original owners might, after all, still carry keys to it.
- Your old locks/keys are not working properly: When your locks are getting too old or keys bent out of shape, you can kill two birds with one stone by getting them rekeyed.
- You want a master key system: It's possible to get a master key system installed for your home, so that you won't have to carry a bunch of keys around with you. You'll be able to open all the doors with a single key.
Free consultations
our rekey locks residential 24 hr service won't always be what you need, though. Some locks don't support rekeying, while sometimes it's a better idea to get new replacements instead of going for rekeying. If you don't know if rekeying is right for you, you can always ask for a free consultation from us. We'll take a look at your locks and then give you some expert recommendations.
For a 24 hr residential rekey locks service in Carrollton, TX, call us now on 972-512-0943 !


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Secretary of State Hillary Clinton bristled in a heated moment at yesterday's Senate Foreign Relations Committee hearing when pressed about why the Obama Administration initially failed to recognize the September 11 Benghazi, Libya, attack as terrorism. She countered: "Was it because of a protest or is it because of guys out for a walk one night and they decide they go kill some Americans? What difference, at this point, does it make?"
It makes a huge difference because:
- It indicates that the Obama Administration fails to grasp the ideological motivation of Islamist terrorists. They are motivated to kill Americans not because of emotional reactions to alleged slights such as the questionable video on Mohammed, but because they seek to seize power and impose their Islamist totalitarian ideology on other Muslims. They see terrorist attacks against Americans as a means of demonstrating their own power, undermining adversaries aligned with the United States and attracting recruits and financial support.
- It indicates that the Administration misunderstands the nature and scope of the Islamist terrorist threat. The fact that Administration officials failed to acknowledge for many days that the Benghazi assault was in fact a terrorist attack—despite the fact that it occurred on the anniversary of the 9/11 attack and involved a radical Islamist militia known to have links with al-Qaeda—reflects a failure to recognize the threat and connect the dots.
- The Obama Administration must correctly diagnose the threat in order to prevent future terrorist killings of Americans. The State Department and other U.S. government agencies obviously need to take much stronger precautions against determined Islamist terrorists than it does against protesters or "guys out for a walk one night." Regrettably, the Administration seeks to treat terrorism under a law enforcement paradigm that failed to protect Americans from terrorism when it was adopted by the Clinton Administration before 9/11. In Libya and elsewhere, where the rule of law is weak or nonexistent, this approach is doomed to fail. What is needed is a more proactive, comprehensive, and global approach.
The Obama Administration continues to underestimate the degree to which al-Qaeda and other Islamist extremists have exploited the "Arab Spring." Although Ambassador Christopher Stevens clearly recognized the growing threat posed by Islamist militias in Libya, this understanding was not shared by top officials in the Administration.
By peevishly asking "What difference, at this point, does it make?" about the initial failure of the Administration to correctly label the assault on the Benghazi diplomatic mission as a terrorist attack, Secretary Clinton demonstrates that she fails to understand the implications of the September 11 attack in Benghazi, as well as the flawed U.S. counterterrorism policy that led to the original 9/11 terrorist attack.
See also: The Arab Spring Descends into Islamist Winter: Implications for U.S. Policy


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Hey there, bar and tavern owners of Placer County, El Dorado County, South Lake Tahoe, Northern CA.! In the world of pouring pints and serving up smiles, have you ever paused to think about the 'what ifs'? That's where we, at Steve Heald Insurance Agency, step in. We're not just insurance providers; we're your backstage crew, ensuring the show goes on, no matter what. Got questions? Call us at 916-773-4300 – we love a good chat!
Running a bar or tavern is no small feat. It's about creating experiences, but it also comes with risks - from property damage to liability issues. That's where the right insurance comes into play, acting as a safety net for those unexpected moments.
Property Damage
Liability Claims
Employee Injuries
Some common claims covered by bar and tavern insurance include:
Picture this: A burst pipe floods your bar area, or a customer slips and gets injured. These aren't just hypotheticals; they're real risks that could impact your business. With Steve Heald Insurance Agency's insurance, you're ready to face these challenges head-on.
We know that no two bars or taverns are the same. That's why we offer customized insurance solutions. Whether you have a cozy local joint or a bustling nightspot, we've got your back.
Our team at Steve Heald Insurance Agency knows Placer County, El Dorado County, South Lake Tahoe, Northern CA. inside out. We understand the unique challenges you face and are here to offer solutions that make sense for your business. Need to talk it through? We're just a call away at 916-773-4300.
Ready to protect your bar or tavern? Getting started with us is easy and straightforward. Reach out at 916-773-4300 or fill out our online quote request form. We're excited to help you secure your business's future.
Remember, owning a bar or tavern in Placer County, El Dorado County, South Lake Tahoe, Northern CA. is about creating memories and experiences. Let us take care of the risks, so you can focus on what you do best – being the heart of good times. Call Steve Heald Insurance Agency at 916-773-4300 or visit our online quote request form to get started. Cheers to your success!


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Let others benefit from your good health. Do donate blood if ...
There are many, many people who meet these parameters of health and fitness!
Do abide by our rules - be truthful about your health status!
We ensure the health of blood, before we take it, as well as after it is collected. Firstly, the donor is expected to be honest about his or her health history and current condition. Secondly, collected blood is tested for venereal diseases, hepatitis B & C and AIDS.
You have to be healthy to give 'safe blood'
Do not donate blood if you have any of these conditions
Pregnancy And Menstrual Cycle
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In a world of Social Media, faster than ever internet and ever prominent television, good Public Relations are important for all businesses. There are a number of Public Relations Agencies in Brisbane that can help improve the image of your brand or business to get you the attention you want.
Find Brisbane Public Relations Services along with a number of professional and business services online in the Brisbane Australia business directory. Find the business you need by browsing below or search through the category tree on the left.
Does your business belong here? Just sign up with us for FREE and increase your online exposure today!


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I want to write an article about the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, but I can't.
I wish I could write a book, for all the world to read, that would reveal, and explain, every detail of my life, from its beginning to it's end.
I wish I were able to talk, openly, about the times that I've been weak, and the times that I've been strong, about the times that I've been right, and the times that I've been wrong.
I hate wearing a mask, pretending to be someone greater than I am. It is constricting my ability to breath! I want to take it off, and just be real. But I can't
I want to be able to share what I'm really feeling inside. I want to be able to say the things I believe needs to be said. But I must remain silent. I don't want to disturb the peace.
I want to be free! I know I never will be as long as I'm not willing to be completely truthful with myself, and with the world around me. I'm more than willing to do this, but the system doesn't want me to. It would upset the whole balance of things. Everyone is wearing a mask, pretending to be someone greater or better. It's a secret society and we all belong. It's against the rules to unmask. Such action would make all the others in the club appear liars.
I have found that even if I willing to face my own truth, others around me are not. They don't want to hear it. They don't want to know about it.
Once I was looking to rent an apartment, and as I walking around the apartment complex with the leasing manager, I was volunteering all kinds of information about myself that she did not want to hear. She wanted to rent me an apartment, and she was afraid that I was about to disqualify myself by telling her, unnecessary, information.
Suddenly, she interrupted me, from saying anything further, and said, "Mr. Roberts, you're telling me more than I need to know. As things stand, you are qualified to rent an apartment here."
In other words, she was telling me, "Shut up!, before you disqualify yourself and cost me a commission!"
The truth is, my truth effects other people; how they live and not always in a positive way. At least, that is, not on the surface. Most people don't want to hear it. It causes them all kinds of problems.
Suppose everyone told the truth. That is, the whole truth and nothing but the truth? It would be a world of chaos, would it not? How could we possibly deal with all of that?
Here comes the part where I feel I must explain myself, to keep others from wondering, and worrying. I'm starting to make people nervous by the things I'm saying. They're probably thinking, "What truth is he talking about? What is it that he's done now? What's making him feel so guilty that he feels he must relieve himself of it? It must be something awful! There he goes again, disturbing the peace. Why can't he just let things alone? What's he about to say now?"
I find myself laughing at these statements, because I know that's how others think. I know my truth, my life, effects others, and they want me to just be quiet! They don't want me to disqualify myself from being in their lives.
Relax, everyone my sins are no greater than your own. I only realize that I have them, and I'm tired of acting as if I don't. I'd rather just be honest about them, so that someone else might be able to gain strength from my weakness. In trying to appear perfect, I only prove that I am not, and no one benefits from my mistakes. By being honest about them, someone might.
I once met a man who invited me to his house, for dinner, with he, and his family. I had just met this man, and I knew nothing of his past. At first appearance, he seemed to be a very upright, and honorable person. His family seemed perfect. A feeling of love permeated the dining room. I felt honored to be their guest.
Once they served the meal and the prayer was said, the man began telling me of shameful things that he had done in his past. He spoke of things he had done that most others would never want anyone else to know about. As he shared his truth, tears of repentance streamed from his eyes. He told me of how he had shamed his family, and hurt his wife. Although these events had happened many years before, he was still sorry for them, although he had long forgiven himself.
I remember thinking, as the man was revealing these shameful truths about himself, "Why is he telling me these things? Does he not understand such information could be very incriminating to ones future? Secrets such as these need to be kept in the family. Even the man's own mother told him, as she bailed him out of a foreign prison, "No one ever needs to know anything about this. It would disgrace the whole family if this ever got out."
So, why was he so willingly sharing these family secrets with me? I didn't understand.
Somewhere along the way, my friend had been shown the truth concerning the great lie. The great lie that would have us believe that there is shame, weakness, and detriment, in telling the truth. The great lie that makes us afraid to speak of things as they really are, afraid we will be condemned to death, by others.
As I sat at this man's table, and watched the hearts of his family soften like melted butter towards him, I witnessed the power in his words of truth. They shattered all resistance towards him, and opened up an arena of love. His repentant heart instantly generated respect and forgiveness from all of us around him. The father's oldest daughter got up from her chair and walked over to him. She placed her arms around him, and kissed his tear stained cheek. "Daddy." she said, "We're so glad you're not like that anymore."
The great lie doesn't want us to tell the truth. It knows the power in it. The great lie knows that the truth will set us free, and the father of lies does not want us to be free.
I can write an article about the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth! I can start speaking it myself, and begin reaping its benefits. Someone does want to hear it. Someone needs to hear it. Someone needs to be set free
M Adam Roberts lives and writes from Clearwater, Florida.
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June/July 1978
Few men have seen as much of our history, and from such advantageous viewpoints, as Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. As a boy in Massachusetts he met veterans of the Revolution. He went to school in a Boston shaken by abolition. He fought through the Civil War, and it is said to have been his voice that shouted the rough warning to Lincoln when the President exposed his high hat above the ramparts at Fort Stevens. With peace Holmes became a lawyer and a great scholar. He served as a judge for half a century, first on the high bench of Massachusetts and then on the United States Supreme Court. And at the age of ninety-two, just retired, he received an early official visit from the newly elected Franklin D. Roosevelt. ("Why are you reading Plato, Mr. Justice?" was the President's genial opening.) That such a span of life should have been granted to a man so competent to use it is a rare event in the history of any nation.
Holmes was born in 1841 in Boston, into a world that regarded itself as the intellectual and commercial center of the nation. His father, Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes, was not only one of America's favorite poets and novelists; he was also a distinguished medical practitioner who published a paper on the contagiousness of puerperal fever which saved the lives of thousands, perhaps millions, of women. On his mother's side the infant was a grandson of Justice Charles Jackson of the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts, on which bench Holmes was later to sit not only as an associate, but as chief justice.
The Holmeses were not rich, but they were comfortably off. Dr. Holmes, a wit and a raconteur, was in high demand at intellectual gatherings. Charles Sumner, Emerson, and Longfellow were close friends and frequent callers at his house. Such an elite background has been regarded by many as a check to the creative impulse. Henry Adams, born three years before Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., under the very shadow of the Statehouse, claimed that he had been less equipped for life in nineteenthcentury America than if he had started as a Polish Jew, "a furtive Yacoob and Ysacc still reeking of the Ghetto, snarling a weird Yiddish to the officers of the customs." Holmes, however, had little use for such self-dramatization. He selected from his background what tools he needed for the life that he wished to lead, and discarded the rest as best he could. He grew up into a tall, lean, strong young man, strikingly handsome yet of a cool disposition, tolerant, amused, incessantly curious, but with a certain disdain for the mob and an iron determination to lead his life by his own lights no matter what people or forces might stand in his way.
He was one of eighty in the Harvard Class of 1861, graduating just as the Civil War began. Although he was repelled by what he saw as the excesses of the abolitionists and although he was always fond of many Southerners, there was no question in his mind but that the Union had to be preserved, and he enlisted at once in the 20th Massachusetts Regiment, known as the "Harvard Regiment," in which he was soon commissioned. Many of the intellectuals of his generation, including Henry and William James, did not take up arms in the war. Holmes did not seem particularly critical of such men. He believed that each man should make up his own mind. During his three years' service, he was three times badly wounded: in the chest at Ball's Bluff, in the neck at Antietam, and in the heel at Predericksburg.
After Antietam the enthusiastic and emotional Dr. Holmes rushed to his son's side, taking care to record the dramatic events of his journey in an article for The Atlantic Monthly, "My Hunt After 'The Captain.' " The son noted this, as he also noted his father's undoubted affection. He was always just, but his father's florid style was not to be his. As he later said, the Harvard Regiment never wrote about itself in a newspaper.
Holmes always regarded his military service as the most intensely lived part of his existence. In later years when commercial greed seemed to engulf America, he was to feel that the long absence of the cruel test of warfare was making people soft. On the whole, although he admired men like the railroad tycoon James J. Hill, whom he regarded as representing "one of the greatest forms of human power," he preferred warriors to stockbrokers. And in a Memorial Day address at Harvard in 1895 he made a statement which today sounds remarkably bellicose: "War, when you are at it, is horrible and dull. It is only when time has passed that you see that its message was divine.… For high and dangerous action teaches us to believe as right beyond dispute things for which our doubting minds are slow to find words of proof. Out of heroism grows faith in the worth of heroism. The proof comes later, and even may never come. Therefore I rejoice at every dangerous sport which I see pursued. The students at Heidelberg, with their sword-slashed faces, inspire me with sincere respect. I gaze with delight upon our polo players. If once in a while in our rough riding a neck is broken, I regard it, not as a waste, but as a price well paid for the breeding of a race fit for headship and command." I
In light of the above, the way that his own military career ended may seem curious. The 20th Regiment had been enlisted for three years, and Holmes was entitled to be discharged in the summer of 1864. In July of that year, when the war had still eight of its bloodiest months to run, he resigned his commission and returned to Boston to study law. But Holmes never sought excuses, and he insisted in this as in all his other actions, on his individual prerogative. Here is what he wrote his parents: "I started this thing as a boy. I am now a man and I have been coming to the conclusion for the last six months that my duty has changed. I can do a disagreeable thing or face a great danger coolly enough when I know it is a duty—but a doubt demoralizes me as it does any nervous man—and I honestly think the duty of fighting has ceased for me—ceased because I have laboriously and with much suffering of mind and body earned the right… to decide for myself how I can best do my duty to myself, to the country, and, if you choose, to God."
As an old man Holmes came to question the validity of this decision. But it was certainly consistent with his concept of independence. He never shrank before the enemy, nor did he shrink before the prospect of what his family and friends might think of his packing up and going home before Richmond had been taken. Certainly he never regarded this decision as qualifying his right to extol the military virtues to youth.
After Harvard Law School, Holmes was admitted to the Massachusetts bar in 1867. He practiced for a short time with his brother, Edward Jackson Holmes, and then joined the firm which became known as Shattuck, Holmes & Munroe, the Boston partnership with which his name has been predominantly associated. He had a general practice, with considerable litigation, but his great passion was exploring the origins of law to establish a theoretical basis for fundamental legal doctrine. In the course of the decade and a half before his appointment to the bench, Holmes dedicated most of his nights and weekends to this scholarship. Thus, even as a busy lawyer, he was able to edit the twelfth edition of Kent's Commentaries on American Law in 1873, and in 1881, just before his fortieth birthday, he brought out his own enduring classic, The Common Law .
These years of law practice and scholarship constitute a rather arid period in the history of Holmes's personality. The man who in 1897 could write to a friend of the divinity of vitality, the wonderful capability of complex and civilized man to "lark like a boy," is scarcely perceptible in the midnight toiler. Yet this was also the period of his marriage, at thirty-one, to Fanny Dixwell, a few months older than himself, daughter of the headmaster of the school he had attended in preparation for Harvard. Mrs. Holmes, who lived almost as long as her husband, had a character that is difficult to piece out. Her complete devotion to Holmes has always been recognized. But she was a shy woman of few or no intimates. She was an efficient housekeeper, a serious artist in needlepoint, and a woman of strong will, few words, and sharp wit. Her adoration of her husband was probably intensified by the childlessness of their marriage, and she never interfered either with his work or with his pleasures. For example, she rarely accompanied him on his summer trips to England, giving as her excuse her dislike of the Atlantic voyage. But I suspect that she knew how much he loved the intellectual companionship of his English friends and felt that she was a drag on such expeditions.
Holmes and his wife lived at first with his parents, which could not have been easy for Fanny. That he must have considerably neglected her, working so intently, there can be little doubt. In the opinion of William James, at that time one of his best friends, all of Holmes's noble qualities were poisoned by "cold blooded, conscious egotism and conceit," and William's mother, writing to her novelist son Henry in England, said of him: "His whole life, soul and body, is utterly absorbed in his last work [the Kent Commentaries ]."
Henry James was more perceptive than his brother. He was always one to appreciate the necessary loneliness of hard work, and he recognized in early youth that Holmes was destined to a great success, although "in a speciality." In later years Holmes visited Henry James on trips to England, and the latter perceived that the former's personality never essentially changed. Henry speculated that this quality of being inalterable might spring from a failure to live. This may seem a strange comment to be made about a warrior and a busy judge by a fussy old literary bachelor who had avoided military service in the Civil War, but its significance will be appreciated by those critics who have found in Holmes's Olympian detachment a suggestion of occasional heartlessness, or at least indifference, to his fellow man. Henry put it more agreeably when he described Holmes as moving through life "like a full glass carried without spilling a drop."
James Bradley Thayer, who collaborated with Holmes in the editing of Kent's Commentaries , felt that Holmes had treated him badly in arrogating to himself most of the credit, and Charles W. Eliot, the president of Harvard, was indignant when Holmes in 1882 resigned a professorship, which he had just accepted at the Law School, to accept the governor's appointment to the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts. But on Holmes's side it must be pointed out that he indeed had done the major work on the Commentaries , and that he had written a letter to President Eliot when he accepted the Harvard appointment, reserving the privilege to resign it if appointed to any judicial post.
It seems, on balance, that Holmes's friends were severe on him in this period. He had to support himself, and he would have had to give up his greatest goal in life had he not used every available minute for hard work. He was not a man of overweening ambition, but when it was a question of those things about which he cared, such as the credit for a book which he had largely written, or the acceptance of a j udicial post which might never be offered again, he could act with a speed and determination that may have had an air of ruthlessness. Once Holmes was convinced that what he was doing was the right thing, judged entirely by his own standards, he did not give a damn what anyone else thought.
Holmes, in The Common Law, explored the origins of civil and criminal liability in Anglo-Saxon, German, and Roman law. His famous statement, on the very first page, that the life of the law has not been logic but experience, seems obvious enough today, but we must remember that he was a pioneer. He sought to articulate a theoretical basis for fundamental legal doctrine in a way that differed significantly from the attempt of many of his contemporaries to deduce legal rules from absolute principles. Such theorists had a tendency to idealize law, to see it as a constantly perfected process emanating from j udicial inductions and deductions, possibly inspired, if not directed, from a higher sphere. Holmes would have none of this. Law was simply the product of history and legislation. Its substance at any given time pretty nearly corresponded with what was then "understood to be convenient."
Convenience, that was the key—convenience of the majority. Accidents were bound to happen, with damage to some, and the most convenient solution for society was to let the loss lie where it fell. Holmes points out that in early law the damaging thing could be surrendered to the plaintiff as a total compensation: the body of the debtor to his creditor, the biting dog to the bitten person. As civilization advanced, the debtor was allowed to buy back his body, and the owner of the dog his animal. The absolute liability of the thing became the absolute liability of its owner. Thus, initially, a moral responsibility was at the bottom of the defendant's liability to pay. He had owned the offending thing at his peril.
Holmes now embarks on the development of his great thesis: that the development of law is, in the last analysis, the transmutation of this moral standard into an external one. Society may start with moral responsibility, but that is soon found to be practically inadequate. Actual intent cannot be the test; it must be imputed to persons who behave in a certain way: "A man who intentionally sets fire to his own house, which is so near to other houses that the fire will manifestly endanger them, is guilty of arson if one of the other houses is burned in consequence. In this case, an act which would not have been arson, taking only its immediate consequences into account, becomes arson by reason of more remote consequences which were manifestly likely to follow, whether they were actually intended or not."
This is true, as Holmes proceeds to establish, in civil as well as criminal liability. The law frequently penalizes, or forces to pay, "those who have been guilty of no moral wrong and who could not be condemned by any standard that did not avowedly disregard the personal peculiarities of the individuals concerned." Under the common law, a man acts at his peril. But it would have been going too far for courts to hold a man responsible for all the consequences of his acts. He was only responsible for the foreseeable consequences, not those that he had actually foreseen but those which a prudent man (as defined by a judge or jury) would have foreseen. Thus, conduct which is criminal or tortious is conduct which the average member of the community would regard as such. Such conduct we must all avoid, or pay the damages or be jailed or even hanged. But "the tests of liability are external, and independent of the degree of evil in the particular person's motives or intentions."
Holmes rode his horse of the external standard a bit hard through other fields of law. He seemed intent on obliterating the entire question of morality. In contracts he argued that there was no duty on the part of a promissor to perform, but simply an election to choose between performance and the payment of damages. And a "right," he claimed, was nothing but a prophecy: a prognostication that society would back one up if one took such and such a stand. In later years he liked to quote his old professor at Harvard, Louis Agassiz, who had said that in parts of Germany there would be a revolution if one added two cents to the cost of a glass of beer. Presumably, the privilege to buy beer at a certain rate had become a right in that place and time.
If one were to assess The Common Law today as a work of legal history, it might receive only indifferent marks. The texts available to Holmes in the 1870's were often corrupt. The AngloSaxon material, for example, began to reach definitive form only three decades later. Yet the book still remains important for its expression of legal theory. His conception of the external standard has had its logical consequence in our modern tendency to eliminate guilt from liability, as seen in workmen's compensation laws and in no-fault automobile insurance.
I have dwelt at some length on The Common Law because I believe that it represents the culmination of Holmes's immersion in matters intellectual. For the next fifty years he was too busy a judge to write books, but he never changed his fundamental views from those stated in 1881. Idealists have attacked his materialism. Is there not an implication in his legal philosophy that moral standards have no place even in the realm of the conscience? Has a man no obligation to his neighbor but what the average citizen conceives as such? Can morality be reduced to simple good manners? And is a good deed good even if directed by an evil motive? Or a bad deed bad even if directed by a good one? Did Holmes not reject all religion?
He was, it was true, an agnostic, perhaps an atheist. He never considered that man was central, or even necessarily important, to the cosmos. He did not believe in a life after death. When his wife died, it took the persuasion of his brothers on the court, apprehensive of the scandal of such godlessness in high places, to induce him to have any funeral service at all. But there was never any question of his own exacting moral standards. He may have laughed at himself for being the heir to a puritan background, but he did not kick against its restraints. He had a deep sense of the importance of being a gentleman—in the best sense of that word—even in a cold and indifferent universe. How can rational men be Christians? he asked Sir Frederick Pollock, the eminent British legal authority, and here is how he answered his own question: "It is like the justification of conventions—I respect a tall hat or the cult of monogamy not from the internal selfsatisfaction of the accidents of space and time but from the consideration that the inward necessity of man to idealize must express itself in inadequate and transitory symbols of no value in themselves but reverent for the eternal movement of which they are the momentary form."
Holmes's work on the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts represented a highly creative period in the development of law, and he came to be a leading, if not the dominant figure of that bench. From the beginning, in 1882, he was happy in his new work. He loved being able to apply his knowledge in the philosophy of law to actual cases, and he found the judicial experience an exciting one. There are few positions in the world of practical affairs where a man can be so much of a scholar and a philosopher as that of judge. Holmes's life was with ideas; he had no use for facts except insofar as they gave rise inductively to general propositions. Years later, in 1919, he was to describe to Pollock the feelings aroused in him by Justice Louis Brandeis' criticism of his slighting of economic statistics: "Brandeis the other day drove a harpoon into my midriff with reference to my summer occupations. He said you talk about improving your mind, you only exercise it on the subjects with which you are familiar. Why don't you try something new, study some domain of fact. Take up the textile industries in Massachusetts and after reading the reports sufficiently you can go to Lawrence and get a human notion of how it really is. I hate facts. I always say the chief end of man is to form general propositions—adding that no general proposition is worth a damn."
Holmes was an ambitious man, but his ambition lay along severely restricted lines. When his friend Henry Cabot Lodge suggested that he should run for Governor of Massachusetts as a step toward becoming a senator, he replied simply, "But I don't give a damn about being Senator." He said of Napoleon, "I am not interested by men whose view of life does not interest me." But he was intensely interested in judicial work and looked forward to an even larger opening than was offered by the highest bench of Massachusetts.
Washington was watching him. His reputation for liberalism stood him in good stead under the new administration of Theodore Roosevelt. Holmes's dissent in Vegelahn v. Guntner had alarmed the capitalist world, although the simple language with which he presented the conflict of capital and labor seems indisputable today: "One of the eternal conflicts out of which life is made up is that between the effort of every man to get the most he can for his services, and that of society, disguised under the name of capital, to get his services for the least possible return. Combination on the one side is patent and powerful. Combination on the other is the necessary and desirable counterpart, if the battle is to be carried on in a fair and equal way."
However, when Theodore Roosevelt appointed Holmes an Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court in 1902, it was only after careful consultation with Holmes's and Roosevelt's good friend Lodge, who was then a senator. The President was characteristically candid. He wanted to be sure that Holmes was a good party man, in entire sympathy with Roosevelt's views. Lodge was reassuring, and the appointment was made. Everything went well, from the President's point of view, until the case of Northern Securities v. United States , two years later, when Holmes dissented from the opinion of the majority, which held that the merger of the Northern Pacific and Great Northern railroads was in violation of the Sherman Antitrust Act. Holmes refused to be swept along in the wake of Roosevelt's trust busting. He pointed out that the supposed evil countered by the statute was a union between parties to exclude strangers, a combination to keep rivals out of the business and to ruin those already in it. The statute in no way prevented a combination of companies with the object of increasing the total amount of business performed. Size alone was not objectionable. If it were, he observed, either the Great Northern or the Northern Pacific might already be considered too large.
Theodore Roosevelt was irate. He made his opinion known that Holmes had truckled under to the power of big business, and exclaimed in disgust that he could carve a judge with more backbone out of a banana. It was said that he even contemplated excluding Holmes from further invitations to the White House. Holmes cared little. He always professed a liking for Theodore Roosevelt and an admiration for his way of getting things done, but he never had much respect for his intellect.
Holmes remained on the Supreme Court for thirty years, resigning when he was ninety, in 1932. Meanwhile, he and Justice Brandeis became famous for their dissents against majority opinions. It is a truism to point out that many of these dissents have since become the law. What are today regarded the fundamental rights of workers and unions were long denied because of the judicial doctrine of the sacredness of liberty of contract. Holmes had no particular predisposition toward legislative regulation of business or in favor of labor unions, but his old belief that law represented the convenience of the majority induced him to be very strongly of the opinion that legislatures must be given a wide latitude to experiment.
Dissenting from a majority opinion which denied the power to New York State to set a fifty-cent limit for the markup of theater-ticket prices, Holmes said: "Lotteries were thought useful adjuncts of the State a century or so ago; now they are believed to be immoral and they have been stopped. Wine has been thought good for man from the time of the Apostles until recent years. But when public opinion changed it did not need the Eighteenth Admendment, notwithstanding the Fourteenth, to enable a State to say that business should end.… What has happened to lotteries and wine might happen to theaters in some moral storm of the future, not because theaters were devoted to a public use, but because people had come to think that way."
He was inclined to take a more narrow look at state or federal statutes which cut down on freedom of speech. Where this occurred in time of war, he had to be convinced that there was a clear and present danger to the state in the prohibited utterance. Here, in Abrams v. United States , is one of his most eloquent arguments in favor of the "experiment" of the Constitution: "But when men have realized that time has upset many fighting faiths, they may come to believe even more than they believe the very foundations of their own conduct that the ultimate good desired is better reached by free trade in ideas—that the best test of truth is the power of the thought to get itself accepted in the competition of the market, and that truth is the only ground upon which their wishes safely can be carried out. That, at any rate, is the theory of our Constitution. It is an experiment, as all life is an experiment. Every year if not every day we have to wager our salvation upon some prophecy based upon imperfect knowledge. While that experiment is part of our system I think that we should be eternally vigilant against attempts to check the expression of opinions that we loathe and believe to be fraught with death, unless they so imminently threaten immediate interference with the lawful and pressing purposes of the law that an immediate check is required to save the country."
The rather fuzzy, sentimentalized picture of Holmes, developed by the great claque of his admirers in his old age, as a persistently fighting liberal, always on the side of the underdog, can be misleading. Holmes was first and foremost a judge. Because he did not think it proper for a court to weigh the wisdom of a statute and to superimpose upon a legislature the court's own economic or social predilections, he was inclined to sustain rather than throw out new laws. As a good percentage of such laws during his long tenure on the Supreme Court tended toward the restraint and regulation of big industry, he is sometimes thought to have been in favor of a regulated society. Yet in his correspondence he again and again denies any such predisposition.
He scoffed at socialism, claiming that "the crowd" already had pretty much of the national wealth and asserting that the palaces and yachts of the rich amounted only to a drop in the bucket. He repeatedly expressed his admiration for the giants of industry who seemed to strike him as bigger men than dogooders and uplifters. And more than once, in defending free speech in his correspondence, he said that it was the right "of a fool to drool." Once even, in a moment of impatience, he exclaimed to the lady sitting next to him at dinner that he "loathed" most of the things that he decided in favor of.
There were times, indeed, when Holmes struck some of his contemporaries as the very reverse of liberal. He regretted the prosecution by the government of cases against antiwar propagandists, but he sustained its right to bring them, and after the Debs decision a package addressed to him with a bgmb was intercepted in the post office. He defended the right of the state of Washington to prosecute the publishers of a pamphlet celebrating the glories of nudism because it encouraged "a disrespect for the law," and in Bailey v. Alabama he dissented from the majority opinion and argued the constitutionality of an Alabama statute (the so-called Negro peonage law) which made a worker's refusal to perform labor as agreed presumptive evidence of an intent to defraud the employer. Holmes here refused to admit the climate of local prejudice: "We all agree that this case is to be considered and decided in the same way as if it arose in Idaho or New York. Neither public document nor evidence discloses a law which, by its administration, is made something different from what it appears on its face, and therefore the fact that in Alabama it mainly concerns the blacks does not matter.…"
But the opinions just cited are intended only to demonstrate the variety of his thinking. If he loathed some of the things he decided for, it must be remembered that he also loved deciding things that he loathed. He knew that the law could only develop healthily in the way that it had always developed—as a combination of history and legislation, and that for such development judicial restraint was essential. Justice Felix Frankfurter, who succeeded Benjamin Cardozo, who succeeded Holmes, was Holmes's closest disciple in this philosophy, and lived to see his principles discredited by liberals.
Holmes was always an omnivorous reader. Books seemed to provide him with a life that was as necessary as his work on the Court. Again and again in his letters we find him yearning for the summer vacation at Beverly Farms, when he would be able to read all day. His list of titles is so long and various that it is hard to make many generalizations about it, but one may note a primary interest in current books by philosophers of law, history, and science. Holmes wanted to know every possible theory of man's role in the cosmos. Yet he was always willing to try any other work that a trusted fellow reader suggested, and his efforts in this respect were nothing if not thorough. We see him, for example, plunging into the famous French critic SainteBeuve at the suggestion of British political scientist Harold Laski and not really much enjoying the experiment, yet refusing to give up until he had read fourteen volumes of the Causeries du Lundi and all of that mammoth work, Port-Royal . He read fiction with less enthusiasm but with considerable insights. He admired the young Ernest Hemingway with reservations, and Willa Gather without them. He read Alfred North Whitehead and Morris Cohen and Bertrand Russell and Oswald Spengler—and also Milt Gross and Anita Loos.
His wide reading brings one inevitably to his correspondence, which is closely bound up with it. Five volumes of this have now been published, including the Holmes-Pollock letters and the Holmes-Laski letters. Holmes and Sir Federick Pollock were contemporaries and lifelong friends, and both were legal scholars, philosophers, and aristocrats. Both were reserved, independent, strong-minded men. In the correspondence, which covers nearly sixty years, their minds met on every kind of legal, political, social, or literary problem. The letters make fascinating reading even for those not versed in law.
Holmes's letters to Harold Laski are a bit less interesting. Laski was a generation younger and treated his correspondent with marked deference. Holmes was very fond of him, but he was inclined to use him as a literary retriever. He wanted the names of all the books Laski was reading, and he was supplied with a feast. Yet he did not always, as with Pollock, follow up on topics which Laski evidently wished to discuss. At rare moments, however, Holmes would let himself go in a bit of natural description. One can only wish that there were more of such passages as the following: "The event of the week has been the opening of the Freer gallery in the Smithsonian grounds—a beautiful building—with a square in the middle a patch of green, a little fountain and two peacocks and a peahen. The lady it is said will have nothing to do with one of them and he flocked apart and took the sunlight. The other displayed his fan and shivered with amorous anticipations."
Fanny Holmes died in 1929 at the age of eighty-nine, and Holmes wrote to his friends that she had made life poetry for him. He said that he was glad that she had gone first, for he felt—and one is sure correctly—that she would have been worse off without him than he without her. It was only too evident that he had constituted her entire life, whereas she had hardly expected—or even wanted—to constitute all of his. In the following year Charles Evans Hughes was appointed Chief Justice, and Holmes wrote to Laski that he had lunched at the White House, and that Mrs. Hoover had told him that the President would have liked to appoint him but had thought that he should not be burdened. Indeed, he did not want the appointment; he no longer cared for anything that anyone could give him. On January 12, 1931, he retired from the Court. Harvard Law School continued to send him one of its brightest graduates each year, to be his law clerk and secretary, until his death in 1935, just before his ninety-fourth birthday.
In the final years Holmes became a national hero and was inundated, almost to the point of asphyxiation, with laudations. His fame extended far beyond the legal field, and he was elevated into a kind of old national darling to thousands who could not have understood a page of The Common Law . Holmes's attitude about this outburst of fame was amiable enough, but he was never one to value highly any praise that was not discriminating. A word of approval from Sir Frederick Pollock was worth a thousand hosannas. His life had been a happy one, because he had had his chance and had used it, the chance to break his heart "in trying to make every word living and real." The only tragedy would have been to have missed it, a thought which had haunted him in the long campaigns of the Civil War. He never forgot the friends of the 20th Regiment who had lost their chances at Ball's Bluff, or Antietam, or Fredericksburg.


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Visualising Facebook by Daniel Miller and Jolynna Sinanan
By Daniel Miller, on 7 March 2017
Today marks the publication of a new book called Visualising Facebook, which I have written with Dr Jolynna Sinanan. It is available as a free download from UCL Press and also for purchase in physical form. One of the key arguments from the larger Why We Post project, of which this book is one out of eleven volumes, is that human communication has fundamentally changed. Where previously it consisted almost entirely of either oral or textual forms, today, thanks to social media, it is equally visual. Think literally of Snapchat. So, it is a pity that when you look at the journals and most of the books about social media, they often contain either no, or precious few, actual visual illustrations from social media itself. One of the joys of digital publication is that it is possible to reproduce hundreds of images. So, our book is stuffed to the gills with photographs and memes taken directly from Facebook, which is, after all, our evidence.
For example, as academics, we might suggest that the way women respond to becoming new mothers in Trinidad, is entirely different from what you would find in England. In the book, we can reproduce examples from hundreds of cases, where it is apparent that when an English woman becomes a mother she, in effect, replaces herself on Facebook with images of her new infant. Indeed, these often become her own profile picture for quite some time. By contrast, one can see postings by new mothers in Trinidad, where they are clearly trying to show that they still look young and sexy or glamorous, precisely because they do not want people to feel that these attributes have been lost, merely because they are now new mothers.
In writing this book we examined over 20,000 images. These provide the evidence for many generalisations, such as that Trinidadians seem to care a good deal about what they are wearing when they post images of themselves on Facebook. While, by and large, English people do not. But this becomes much clearer when you can see the actual images themselves. Or we might suggest that English people are given to self-deprecating humour, while Trinidadians are not. Or that in England gender may create a highly repetitive association between males and generic beer, as against women with generic wine. In every case, you can now see exactly what we mean. We also have a long discussion about the importance of memes and why we call them `the moral police of the Internet'. How memes help to establish what people regard as good and bad values. This makes much more sense when you are examining typical memes with that question in your head.
To conclude, given the sheer proportion of social media posting that now consists of visual images, it would seem a real pity to look this gift horse in the mouth. Firstly, it has now become really quite simple to look at tens of thousands of such images in order to come to scholarly conclusions. But equally, it is now much easier to also include hundreds of such images in your publications to help readers have a much better sense of what exactly those conclusions mean and whether they agree with them.
This post was originally published on the #NSMNSS blog here.


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START II, when implemented, will eliminate heavy intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMS) and all other multiple-warhead (MIRVed) ICBMS. It will also reduce the total number of strategic nuclear weapons deployed by both countries, by two-thirds below pre-START levels. By the end of the first phase, each side must have reduced its total deployed strategic nuclear warheads to 3,800-4,250. By the end of the second and final phase, each side reduce its total deployed strategic nuclear warheads to 3,000-3,500. Of those, none may be on MIRVed ICBMS, including heavy ICBMS; only ICBMs carrying a single-warhead will be allowed. No more than 1,700-1,750 deployed warheads may be on SLBMS, which may be MIRVed. The September 26, 1997 Protocol on Early Deactivation extends the date by which the START II limitations and reductions must be completed from January 1, 2003 to December 31, 2007. It also extends the date by which the interim limitations must be carried out from seven years after entry into force of the START Treaty (December 5, 2001) to December 31, 2004.Status
The START-2 Treaty was signed on January 3, 1993 by President George Bush and President Boris Yeltsin. The Treaty codifies the Joint Understanding signed by the two Presidents at the Washington Summit on June 17, 1992. The U.S. Senate gave its advice and consent to ratification of the START II Treaty on January 26, 1996. Ratification of the Treaty in the Russian Duma, pending since 1996, was finally completed on 14 April 2000.Chronology
A chronological listing of major events and developoments.Texts
Primary documents, including treaty text and associated memoranda, statements and other related material.Documents
Chronological archive of official factsheets, announcements, briefings speeches and other related material.News
Chronological archive of news reports, commentary analysis and other related material.Related Web Sites
- START II Treaty and Further Nuclear Arms Reductions @ Center for Arms Control, Energy and Environmental Studies at MIPT
- START II and Russian National Security - Alexander Pikayev and Dmitri Trenin - May 19, 1998
- Arms Control Association


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This morning at New Delhi's Tihar Jail, India hanged the Jaish-e-Mohammad terrorist Mohammad Afzal Guru for the deadly attack on India's parliament building eleven-plus years before.
In that December 13, 2001 strike, a team of five gunmen infiltrated the New Delhi government building and went to work. No government ministers were killed, but several police officers and a gardener died in the ensuing shootout before the militants were themselves shot dead. Some eighteen others were wounded.
The subsequent investigation led back to Kashmiri separatists, coordinating with the Pakistani Lashkar-e-Toiba.
Afzal Guru, a fruit seller and Jammu and Kashmir native, had found his way into that struggle years before via the Liberation Front founded by Kashmir separatist martyr Maqbool Bhat.
He was condemned for having conspired in the attacks, arranging the attackers' weapons, and procuring the New Delhi safehouse where the gunmen organized.* (When searched, the place was found stocked with explosives.) Afzal Guru claimed that he was tortured into confessing and denied taking part in the conspiracy.
Though there's been criticism of the trial's fairness given the raw aftermath of the shocking attack, India's Supreme Court confirmed the death sentence years ago:
The incident, which resulted in heavy casualties, has shaken the entire nation and the collective conscience of the society will be satisfied if the capital punishment is awarded to the offender. The challenge to the unity, integrity and sovereignty of India by these acts of terrorists and conspirators can only be compensated by giving the maximum punishment to the person who is proved to be a conspirator in this treacherous act. The appellant, who is a surrendered militant and who was bent upon repeating the acts of treason against the nation, is a menace to the society should become extinct. Accordingly we uphold the death sentence. (from the judgment upholding Guru's hanging, via this anti-execution pdf pamphlet)
However, actual execution of the death sentence stalled out during the condemned man's post-appeals clemency petition. It was a sensitive political case, for Kashmir itself (whose towns are reported today to be fortified with added security details), and as a potential irritant to Hindu-Muslim relations and India's own tense border with Pakistan. (In the weeks following the parliament attack, India and Pakistan had a dangerous military standoff which could easily have become a nuclear war.)
Plus, at the time, actual executions were an extreme rarity in India.
Those times might be changing. While it's conceivable that Afzal Guru might have lived out his natural life in prison under an empty death sentence, the even more devastating "26/11" plot in Mumbai in 2008 advanced an even more notorious Pakistan-backed terrorist incident to the front pages — and the front of the hanging queue. India broke an eight-year death penalty moratorium on November 21, 2012 when it hanged the Mumbai plot's lone survivor, Ajmal Kasab.
To judge by nothing but the visible public clues, that execution might have pulled Afzal Guru to the gallows in its train, inasmuch as it ratcheted up the profile, and the perceived stakes, of Islamic terrorism in India. Guru's hanging was being publicly demanded almost as a logical consequence as soon as Ajmal Kasab's execution went public.
Kasab's death also provided a logistical game plan for this date's hanging: the entire operation arranged in secret, set up to go into immediate motion upon rejection of that long-neglected clemency brief, and the wider public to find out only after the fact.
Kasab and Guru were implicated in extraordinary crimes; it will be interesting to discover whether either the fact of their actual executions or the stealth with which they were conducted will pattern to the more humdrum common-criminal murderers and rapists also lying under sentences of death.
* Three others, SAR Geelani, Shaukat Hussain, and Afsan Guru (no relation), also stood trial for the conspiracy; the former two were condemned, but the sentences vacated on appeal, while Afsan Guru was acquitted outright. All three are free today, or at least are free of of legal jeopardy in this case.
On this day..
- 25: Aulus Cremutius Cordus
- 1768: Quamino (Dubois)
- 1866: Dr. John Hughes, Cleveland bigamist
- 1883: Milton Yarberry, Marshal of Albuquerque
- 2015: Liu Han, former tycoon
- 1887: Clement Arthur Day
- 1943: The last five Young Guards shot in Krasnodon
- c. 415 B.C.E.: The men of Melos
- Podcast: One For Ten
- 1555: John Hooper
- 2011: Martin Link
- 1619: Lucilio Vanini, aka Giulio Cesare
- 1929: José de León Toral, assassin of Álvaro Obregón
- 1963: Abd al-Karim Qasim, Iraqi Prime Minister


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How to Brush Your Teeth
The first step is to choose a good toothbrush. You always want to use a soft brush with a small head. A soft brush is hard enough to remove plaque, yet gentle enough not to damage your teeth or gums.
The next issue is to select good toothpaste. In general, any toothpaste that contains Fluoride will do the job, unless you have special needs that are determined by your dentist. Two of the best brands of toothpastes are Colgate Total and Crest Multicare.
The first rule of brushing is to start from a specific location and work your way to the opposite side, continuing all the way through the whole mouth so that you end where you started. This way you won't miss any area. Usually a pea-sized amount of toothpaste is enough. An adequate brushing should at least take 2 minutes and preferably around 4 minutes.
There are a variety of techniques for brushing your teeth, but one of the most popular ones is described here:
Hold the brush at a 45 degree angle toward the teeth and gums. Gently press against the gums so the tips of the bristles go in between the gum and the teeth. Then apply a few lateral strokes and roll down the brush to sweep the plaque away from the teeth and the gum. Repeat this motion 6 to 10 times and move on to the next area of 2 to 3 teeth. If your mouth is full of foam, spit out and continue brushing. Your brushing is completed when you have brushed all the surfaces of your teeth, not when your mouth is full! On chewing surfaces, short strokes work best to get the plaque out of the grooves and pits. When brushing the back side of your front teeth, hold your brush vertically to be able to reach the teeth better.
As far as frequency of brushing is concerned, ideally you want to brush your teeth after each meal. But if you can't, brush at least twice a day- after breakfast and before going to bed.


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May your coming year be
filled with magic and dreams and good madness. I hope you read some
fine books and kiss someone who thinks you're wonderful, and don't
forget to make
some art -- write or draw or build or sing or live as only you can.
And I hope, somewhere in the next year, you surprise yourself.
...I hope you will have
a wonderful year, that you'll dream dangerously and outrageously,
that you'll make something that didn't exist before you made it, that
you will be loved and that you will be liked, and that you will have
people to love and to like in return. And, most importantly (because
I think there should be more kindness and more wisdom in the world
right now), that you will, when you need to be, be wise, and that you
will always be kind.
And for this year, my wish for each of us is small and very simple.
And it's this.
I hope that in this year
to come, you make mistakes.
Because if you are making
mistakes, then you are making new things, trying new things,
learning, living, pushing yourself, changing yourself, changing your
world. You're doing things you've never done before, and more
importantly, you're Doing Something.
So that's my wish for you,
and all of us, and my wish for myself. Make New Mistakes. Make
glorious, amazing mistakes. Make mistakes nobody's ever made before. Don't freeze, don't stop, don't worry
that it isn't good enough, or it isn't perfect, whatever it is: art,
or love, or work or family or life.
Whatever it is you're
scared of doing, Do it.
Make your mistakes, next
year and forever.
Labels: Happy New Year


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Buy Electromechanicals is the ultimate procurement destination for components that are thoroughly vetted for fit, form, and function. We appreciate your interest in part number PVT-112, an in-stock Panduit component we carry that is listed alongside the description "Obsolete. Iso Symbol Safety Tag, 3.00" W X 5.75" H, 'Danger' (Legend) With 'Warning Of Dangerous Electrical Voltage' Symbol, Semi-Rigid Vinyl, Red And Black/White, 5 Tags And Ties/Package." for identification and reference. By offering us important information such as your target price, expected shipping time frame, and more, we can best formulate and present a solution for part number PVT-112 that caters to your unique needs and restrictions alike.
Note : We Will Not Share Your Information To Any Third Parties.
To ensure that each Panduit product we sell is of the highest caliber, we enact rigorous quality assurance practices at every step of sourcing and fulfillment. Additionally, we understand that securing authentic Tags items is of the utmost importance, which is why we strictly follow a NO CHINA SOURCING policy. Moreover, with our AS9120B, ISO 9001:2015, and FAA AC 00-56B accreditation, you never have to worry about the caliber of your purchased components. Furthermore, our specialty is tailoring solutions to the requirements and limitations of our customers, and we can track down hard-to-find electromechanical parts with ease. With our various commitments in mind, kick off procurement for part number PVT-112 and other Obsolete. Iso Symbol Safety Tag, 3.00" W X 5.75" H, 'Danger' (Legend) With 'Warning Of Dangerous Electrical Voltage' Symbol, Semi-Rigid Vinyl, Red And Black/White, 5 Tags And Ties/Package. products today.
Guaranteed on-time delivery |
Over 5100 manufacturers |
Customized and user-friendly database |
Competitive Prices |
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Complete purchasing solutions |
"We Proudly Support Intrepid Fallen Heroes Fund that serves United States Military Personal experiencing the Invisible Wounds of War : Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) and Post Traumatic Stress (PTS). Please visit website (www.fallenheroesfund.org) and help in their valiant effort".
We hope that you will visit us again the next time you need electromechanical parts and make us your strategic purchasing partner.
Request for Quote


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Removable partition walls can be applied in hotel, banquet hall, multi-function room, training room, office, convention hall etc. EBUNGE Family always provide nice quality and reliable services at very competitive prices.
Details | Specifications |
Model | BG65 Hotel Movable Fabric Partition |
Dimensions | Panel thickness 65mm Panel height up to 4000mm Panel width 600-1230mm |
Material | Plywood, MDF, Laminate, Melamine, Gypsum board, Fabric, Leather, Insulation board, Fireproof board, Wall paper, Vinyl, Painting, etc. (Customized) |
Color | White, black, brown, grey, beige, customized. |
Weight | Approx 22-35 kg/m² |
Warranty | 3 years |
Moveable fabric partition can separate the space speedily and conveniently. There is top hung system without the need for a floor track.
It is made from high-density aluminum frame, specially made rubber, excellent sound insulation cotton and finish surface, etc.
Around the partition wall panel, there is sound insulation rubber, it can help to insulate the sound entering.
It is hanging on the aluminum track, assembled with muti direction wheels
We have 4 types of partition system, type 65, type 85, type 100 and 125 ultra-high system.
You can choose the right one upon the height and soundproof requirement as following:
Type 65 – Max height: 4000 mm.
Type 85 – Max height: 6000 mm.
Type 100 – Max height: 8000 mm.
Type 125 – Max height: 17000 mm.
No, it is very easy. We will provide the installation manual and video guiding the installation job.We can also dispatch the installation engineer to supervising the installation as request.
The production time is 7 – 20 days based on the different quantity.
And the delivery time is around 7 – 40 days based on the different country.
Sea transportation.If it is urgent, it can be by air.
Carton paper packaging,MDF batten cover all around corner. And outside with wooden box.
The partition wall panel and track,fittings will be packed separately.
We are 100% real manufacturer, we have our own factory and showroom in Guangzhou, China. Very welcome to visit us.
Conference Room Division Removable Wood Partition Walls for Offices
Ebunge provides movable partition walls for many applications, meeting the customer's demand for a quality-oriented and cost-effective business.
Send us a message if you have any questions or request a quote. We will be back to you ASAP!


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U.S home price growth slowed for the second consecutive month in August according to S&P Case-Shiller's national home price index. National home price growth fell by -9.8 percent year-over-year as compared to July's year-over-year reading of -5.3 percent. Home price growth slowed by -1.1 percent month-to-month from July to August.
Rising Mortgage Rates and Recession Worries Dampen Homebuyer Interest
The Mortgage Bankers Association forecasted a recession in 2023 and expects mortgage rates to fall to approximately 5.40 percent by the end of 2023. Mike Fratantini, senior vice president and chief economist at the MBA, said: "The upside of [a potential recession] for the industry is that it's likely going to bring rates down a little bit." Current rates for 30-year fixed-rate mortgages are near seven percent; the MBA expects 30-year fixed mortgage rates to fall to approximately 5.40 percent by the end of 2023.
Rising mortgage rates coupled with high home prices created affordability concerns and challenged would-be buyers in meeting mortgage approval requirements. Less demand for homes caused home price growth to slow nationwide.
S&P Case-Shiller 20-City Home Price Index: August Home Price Growth Slows in All Cities
Home price growth peaked in April with a national home price growth rate of 21.2 percent year-over-year, but slowed to a pace of 16.0 percent in July and 13.1 percent in August. The top three cities in the 20-City Index were Miami, Florida with 28.6 percent home price growth. Home prices rose by 28.0 percent in Tampa, Florida, and were 21.3 percent higher in Charlotte, North Carolina.
In related news, the Federal Housing Finance Agency released its House Price Index for August. Home prices for homes owned or financed by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac fell by -0.7 percent in August. This was the first time since March 2011 that the FHFA HPI decreased for two consecutive months.
Inventories of newly-built homes were higher than normal at a 9.2 months supply. Real estate pros typically consider a six- months supply of homes for sale reflective of a balanced housing market. Rising materials costs caused home builders to raise home prices; the median home price of a new home in August was $470,600 and 13.90 percent higher year-over-year, but some builders are reducing prices and offering buyer incentives on new homes as sales falter.


text: With just a simple tap, your smart phone and laptop will transform into "ONE" super device even without Internet connection.1 The on-going tasks of music or video playback and file editing on your phone will resume automatically on your laptop. Your phone screen can show up on the laptop, then you can control both devices at the same time with the keyboard and mouse. You can drag and drop your files or images between devices and edit files on your laptop while messaging colleagues on your smartphone using the same keyboard.


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Please visit our Open House at 52 5900 FERRY RD in Delta.
Open House on Sunday, January 15, 2017 2:00PM - 4:00PM
Prestigious Chesapeake Landing by Polygon in Ladner, walking distance to Captians Cove Marina and Cove Links Golf Course. Over 2,200 sqft this beautiful 3 bedroom, 3 bathroom home feels spacious & bright, with vaulted ceilings & lots of windows bringing in lots of natural light. Enjoy the living room & family room both w/ gas fireplaces, formal dining room & kitchen w/ breakfast nook overlooking private southern exposed yard, patio, GREENSPACE and Nature. Double garage. As a resident enjoy access to Chesapeake Club - a resort-style clubhouse with many amenities incl. billiards, fitness club, and more! Move right in, relax & enjoy the life that this development and community offers. Open House Sunday January 15th 2 - 4


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We are locally owned and operated, but have access to international resources. When you choose the Specialized Recruiting Group, you're building a relationship with a team of business professionals who live and work in your community, and who have access to tools, opportunities, and other HR solutions most of our competitors can't match.
Free virtual events: Be inspired and motivated to take action in business and in life.
Articles and content about finding a first job, leading a team, and building your career!
It's important to recognize what's standing between job seekers and employers and how to navigate barriers.
Learn more and download a free accountability resource.
Research articles to provide a wealth of information tailored to the goals of the success of your business.
Interactive online webinars from leading experts on a wide range of personal and business development topics.
Knowing the costs to replace an employee can help you implement strategies that increase your bottom line.
Some job seekers struggle due to barriers in their life. This guide can be a helpful resource for those...
You only get one chance to make a first impression.Has proper phone etiquette been established for your business?
The process of building a productive workforce doesn't end after a hiring decision is made.
Check out this series of short videos from former basketball pro and leadership expert Walter Bond.


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Create your website quickly with the responsive MyBook theme so you can concentrate on running your business. This modern looking and elegant business theme uses our QuickEdit system to help you get the theme to look how you like it before buying it.
With MyBook, you can use the online visual composer to arrange the site sections or ' blocks ' as the theme calls them. Creating a website for your business has never been easier than with QuickEdit.
Easily change the colors, fonts and images on your new site and see the changes as you make them. MyBook helps you see exactly how your site will look before you even install it on your own domain.
Use the visual composer to quickly select the sample text and enter your own. You can do the same with images by simply clicking on an image. This will open the image browser to let you find an image on your hard disk to upload.
As you enter the content for your business, you might find that you don't need all the default blocks. You might also find that you need more blocks to add extra content. That's not a problem as the system allows you to either add, copy or remove blocks.
To add a new block, simply choose it from the top of the site' s ' blocks '. Now all you have to do is to drop-down and drag and drop it where you want it on the homepage. Removing a block couldn't be made easier as each has the delete button in its top right hand corner.
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Meet Cathryn! She's a 22-year-old Illustration student based in Richmond, Virginia with a retro fresh style. She dreams of big city life and her hobbies include knitting, drawing, sewing and cooking.
- Shirt: $3 Thrift
- Skirt: $5 H&M (sale!)
- Bag: $10 Rumors Boutique
- Oxfords: $25 Buffalo Exchange
B&C: How would you describe your style?
My style is mainly basics with retro splashes. I like clothing that accentuates my hourglass figure, so vintage silhouettes usually attract me. I usually prefer darker colors and neutrals, but recently I'm really loving nudes and pale pinks. I ALSO LOVE GLITTER. All the time.
B&C: You live down south, how do you stay fashionable when it's 100° outside?
When it's super hot, and the only real options are shorts and tank tops, a cute pair of shoes and a long chain are what I spring for just to spruce up the basics I use.
B&C: What's your all time favorite item in your closet?
My favorite thing in my closet is a pair of white Steve Madden oxfords I bought at a Buffalo Exchange in Manhattan for about $25. They're pretty dirty and jacked up, but they're super cute and comfy!
B&C: What are your favorite stores to shop at?
I find a lot of cute things at H&M, thrift stores, and Target, actually.
B&C: What's one trend you can't stand?
Trend I can't stand? Cut off jean shorts where your pockets are hanging out from under the shorts! It looks straight STUPID.
Cathryn's style impresses me so much because it's all her own. The dress she's wearing above…SHE MADE IT HERSELF! She found a dress at a local thrift store with a great pattern that happened to be too long and way too big; so, she cut the dress in half and used the fabric!
you really have to appreciate people that go the extra mile with their wardrobes. Her shoes happen to be from an Urban Outfitters sale a few seasons back. Get a similar pair here.
This photo was taken on a day that reached a high of 104°! It was sweltering! She made herself look cute, despite the heat by wearing a romper she found at Rumors Boutique for $15! She wore a red bandana to add some extra flair. Oh, and SPF 70!
What do you think of Cathryn's great style? Let us know in the comments below! Want to see more? Follow her on Twitter and Tumblr!


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ETS Global is committed to providing public and private organisations with fair and valid assessment solutions that support them in selecting and developing human skills.
Jérémie Rossignol, ETS Global's Managing Director
Discover our free TOEIC placement tool
A student
An employee or a job seeker
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The TOEIC test online with remote proctoring has helped us overcome the challenges we had before. It is adapted to our changing world, and is in line with pedagogical innovation in education.
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ETS' Portfolio
Skill Building
Find the nearest test session.


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Fair #3 is a light skin colour with a slight pinkish tendency. Read more
Fair #3 is a light skin colour with a slight pinkish tendency.
Introducing Biotek, the perfect pigment brand for your permanent makeup and microblading needs. A brand with a wide range of pigments available suitable for all types of cosmetic treatments.
Find the perfect shade to match your natural skin tone or create a bold new look. Whether you want to enhance your natural beauty or make a statement, Biotek has the right colour for you.
All Biotek bottles feature an airless design that ensures every drop is used and none of the pigment is wasted when throwing the bottle away.
Why choose for pigments from Biotek?
Produced entirely in Italy with high quality raw pigments.
All pigments are vegan and have not been tested on animals.
Compliant with European (REACH) and American regulations.
Suitable for both permanent makeup and Microblading thanks to its creamy texture.
Wide range of colours available.
Airless bottle design to prevent waste.


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Pole barns are made to be built quickly and very sturdy.
Post-frame construction is a highly engineered solution that combines efficiency and adaptability.
Thank you for visiting our Pole Barn Build website. Please contact us with any questions or comments about our Pole Barn Build products or services.
Moss Building Systems
1607 Sutton Spring Rd
York , SC 29745
We would love to solve your Pole Barn Build needs and provide you a Service unlike any other company in Cramer Mountain, NC could.