text:
Unsupported Release
This documentation relates to DSpace 1.8.x, an old, unsupported version. Looking for another version? See all documentation.
As of January 2015, DSpace 1.8.x is no longer supported. We recommend upgrading to a more recent version of DSpace. See DSpace Software Support Policy.
For the Impatient
Since some users might want to get their test version up and running as fast as possible, offered below is an unsupported outline of getting DSpace to run quickly in a Unix-based environment using the DSpace source release.
Only experienced unix admins should even attempt the following without going to the detailed Installation Instructions
useradd -m dspace gunzip -c dspace-1.x-src-release.tar.gz | tar -xf - createuser -U postgres -d -A -P dspace createdb -U dspace -E UNICODE dspace cd [dspace-source]/dspace/config vi dspace.cfg mkdir [dspace] chown dspace [dspace] su - dspace cd [dspace-source]/dspace mvn package cd [dspace-source]/dspace/target/dspace-<version>-build ant fresh_install cp -r [dspace]/webapps/* [tomcat]/webapps /etc/init.d/tomcat start [dspace]/bin/dspace create-administrator
Prerequisite Software
The list below describes the third-party components and tools you'll need to run a DSpace server. These are just guidelines. Since DSpace is built on open source, standards-based tools, there are numerous other possibilities and setups.
Also, please note that the configuration and installation guidelines relating to a particular tool below are here for convenience. You should refer to the documentation for each individual component for complete and up-to-date details. Many of the tools are updated on a frequent basis, and the guidelines below may become out of date.
UNIX-like OS or Microsoft Windows
- UNIX-like OS (Linux, HP/UX, Mac OSX, etc.) : Many distributions of Linux/Unix come with some of the dependencies below pre-installed or easily installed via updates, you should consult your particular distributions documentation or local system administrators to determine what is already available.
- Microsoft Windows: After verifying all prerequisites below, see the Windows Installation section for Windows tailored instructions
Oracle Java JDK 6 (standard SDK is fine, you don't need J2EE)
DSpace requires Oracle Java 6 (standard SDK is fine, you don't need J2EE). Please note, at this time, DSpace does not function properly with Java JDK 7 (see warning below).
Oracle's Java can be downloaded from the following location: http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/javase/downloads/index.html. Again, you can just download the Java SE JDK version.
Java 7 is currently unsupported
DSpace does not currently support Java 7, as there is a known issue with Java 7 and Lucene/SOLR (which DSpace uses for search & browse functionality). For more details, see this article on the Apache site: "WARNING: Index corruption and crashes in Apache Lucene Core / Apache Solr with Java 7" as well as this Java bug report: 7073868
Other flavors of Java may cause issues
Only Oracle's Java has been tested with each release and is known to work correctly. Other flavors of Java may pose problems.
Apache Maven 2.2.x or higher (Java build tool)
DSpace 1.7.x requires usage of Maven 2.2.x
DSpace 1.7.x required usage of Maven 2.2.x, as it did not build properly when using Maven 2.0.x or Maven 3.x. This was a known issue (see DS-788). However, DSpace 1.8.x resolved this issue so that DSpace now builds properly with Maven 2.2.x or above.
Maven is necessary in the first stage of the build process to assemble the installation package for your DSpace instance. It gives you the flexibility to customize DSpace using the existing Maven projects found in the [dspace-source]/dspace/modules directory or by adding in your own Maven project to build the installation package for DSpace, and apply any custom interface "overlay" changes.
Maven can be downloaded from the following location: http://maven.apache.org/download.html
Configuring a Proxy
You can configure a proxy to use for some or all of your HTTP requests in Maven 2.0. The username and password are only required if your proxy requires basic authentication (note that later releases may support storing your passwords in a secured keystore' in the mean time, please ensure your settings.xml file (usually ${user.home}/.m2/settings.xml) is secured with permissions appropriate for your operating system).
<settings> . . <proxies> <proxy> <active>true</active> <protocol>http</protocol> <host>proxy.somewhere.com</host> <port>8080</port> <username>proxyuser</username> <password>somepassword</password> <nonProxyHosts>www.google.com|*.somewhere.com</nonProxyHosts> </proxy> </proxies> . . </settings>
Apache Ant 1.8 or later (Java build tool)
Apache Ant is still required for the second stage of the build process. It is used once the installation package has been constructed in [dspace-source]/dspace/target/dspace-<version>-build and still uses some of the familiar ant build targets found in the 1.4.x build process.
Ant can be downloaded from the following location: http://ant.apache.org
Relational Database (PostgreSQL or Oracle)
- PostgreSQL 8.3 to 8.4 PostgreSQL can be downloaded from the following location: http://www.postgresql.org/ . It is highly recommended that you try to work with Postgres 8.4 or greater, however 8.3 should still work. Unicode (specifically UTF-8) support must be enabled. This is enabled by default in 8.0+. Once installed, you need to enable TCP/IP connections (DSpace uses JDBC). In postgresql.conf: uncomment the line starting: listen_addresses = 'localhost'. Then tighten up security a bit by editing pg_hba.conf and adding this line: host dspace dspace 127.0.0.1 255.255.255.255 md5. Then restart PostgreSQL.
- Oracle 10g or greater Details on acquiring Oracle can be downloaded from the following location: http://www.oracle.com/database/. You will need to create a database for DSpace. Make sure that the character set is one of the Unicode character sets. DSpace uses UTF-8 natively, and it is suggested that the Oracle database use the same character set. You will also need to create a user account for DSpace (e.g. dspace) and ensure that it has permissions to add and remove tables in the database. Refer to the Quick Installation for more details.
- NOTE: If the database server is not on the same machine as DSpace, you must install the Oracle client to the DSpace server and point tnsnames.ora and listener.ora files to the database the Oracle server.
- NOTE: DSpace uses sequences to generate unique object IDs — beware Oracle sequences, which are said to lose their values when doing a database export/import, say restoring from a backup. Be sure to run the script etc/update-sequences.sql after importing.
- For people interested in switching from Postgres to Oracle, I know of no tools that would do this automatically. You will need to recreate the community, collection, and eperson structure in the Oracle system, and then use the item export and import tools to move your content over.
Servlet Engine (Apache Tomcat 5.5 or 6, Jetty, Caucho Resin or equivalent)
- Apache Tomcat 5.5 or later. Tomcat can be downloaded from the following location: http://tomcat.apache.org.
- Note that DSpace will need to run as the same user as Tomcat, so you might want to install and run Tomcat as a user called 'dspace'. Set the environment variable TOMCAT_USER appropriately.
- You need to ensure that Tomcat has a) enough memory to run DSpace and b) uses UTF-8 as its default file encoding for international character support. So ensure in your startup scripts (etc) that the following environment variable is set: JAVA_OPTS="-Xmx512M -Xms64M -Dfile.encoding=UTF-8"
Modifications in [tomcat]/conf/server.xml: You also need to alter Tomcat's default configuration to support searching and browsing of multi-byte UTF-8 correctly. You need to add a configuration option to the <Connector> element in [tomcat]/config/server.xml: URIEncoding="UTF-8"e.g. if you're using the default Tomcat config, it should read:
<!-- Define a non-SSL HTTP/1.1 Connector on port 8080 --> <Connector port="8080" maxThreads="150" minSpareThreads="25" maxSpareThreads="75" enableLookups="false" redirectPort="8443" acceptCount="100" connectionTimeout="20000" disableUploadTimeout="true" URIEncoding="UTF-8"/>
You may change the port from 8080 by editing it in the file above, and by setting the variable CONNECTOR_PORT in server.xml.
- Jetty or Caucho Resin DSpace will also run on an equivalent servlet Engine, such as Jetty (http://www.mortbay.org/jetty/index.html) or Caucho Resin (http://www.caucho.com/). Jetty and Resin are configured for correct handling of UTF-8 by default.
Perl (only required for [dspace]/bin/dspace-info.pl)
Installation Instructions
Overview of Install Options
With the advent of a new Apache Maven 2 based build architecture (first introduced inDSpace 1.5.x), you now have two options in how you may wish to install and manage your local installation of DSpace. If you've used DSpace 1.4.x, please recognize that the initial build procedure has changed to allow for more customization. You will find the later 'Ant based' stages of the installation procedure familiar. Maven is used to resolve the dependencies of DSpace online from the 'Maven Central Repository' server.
It is important to note that the strategies are identical in terms of the list of procedures required to complete the build process, the only difference being that the Source Release includes "more modules" that will be built given their presence in the distribution package.
- Binary Release (dspace-<version>-release.zip)
- This distribution will be adequate for most cases of running a DSpace instance. It is intended to be the quickest way to get DSpace installed and running while still allowing for customization of the themes and branding of your DSpace instance.
- This method allows you to customize DSpace configurations (in dspace.cfg) or user interfaces, using basic pre-built interface "overlays".
- It downloads "precompiled" libraries for the core dspace-api, supporting servlets, taglibraries, aspects and themes for the dspace-xmlui, dspace-xmlui and other webservice/applications.
- This approach only exposes selected parts of the application for customization. All other modules are downloaded from the 'Maven Central Repository' The directory structure for this release is the following:
- [dspace-source]
- dspace/ - DSpace 'build' and configuration module
- [dspace-source]
- Source Release (dspace-<version>-src-release.zip)
- This method is recommended for those who wish to develop DSpace further or alter its underlying capabilities to a greater degree.
- It contains all dspace code for the core dspace-api, supporting servlets, taglibraries, aspects and themes for Manakin (dspace-xmlui), and other webservice/applications.
- Provides all the same capabilities as the binary release. The directory structure for this release is more detailed:
- [dspace-source]
- dspace/ - DSpace 'build' and configuration module
- dspace-api/ - Java API source module
- dspace-discovery - Discovery source module
- dspace-jspui/ - JSP-UI source module
- dspace-oai - OAI-PMH source module
- dspace-xmlui - XML-UI (Manakin) source module
- dspace-lni - Lightweight Network Interface source module
- dspace-stats - Statistics source module
- dspace-sword - SWORD (Simple Web-serve Offering Repository Deposit) deposit service source module
- dspace-swordv2 - SWORDv2 source module
- dspace-sword-client - XMLUI client for SWORD
- pom.xml - DSpace Parent Project definition
- [dspace-source]
Overview of DSpace Directories
Before beginning an installation, it is important to get a general understanding of the DSpace directories and the names by which they are generally referred. (Please attempt to use these below directory names when asking for help on the DSpace Mailing Lists, as it will help everyone better understand what directory you may be referring to.)
DSpace uses three separate directory trees. Although you don't need to know all the details of them in order to install DSpace, you do need to know they exist and also know how they're referred to in this document:
- The installation directory, referred to as
. This is the location where DSpace is installed and running off of it is the location that gets defined in thedspace.cfg
as "dspace.dir". It is where all the DSpace configuration files, command line scripts, documentation and webapps will be installed to. - The source directory, referred to as
. This is the location where the DSpace release distribution has been unzipped into. It usually has the name of the archive that you expanded such asdspace
. Normally it is the directory where all of your "build" commands will be run. - The web deployment directory. This is the directory that contains your DSpace web application(s). In DSpace 1.5.x and above, this corresponds to
by default. However, if you are using Tomcat, you may decide to copy your DSpace web applications from[dspace]/webapps/
being wherever you installed Tomcat' also known as$CATALINA_HOME
For details on the contents of these separate directory trees, refer to directories.html. Note that the[dspace-source]
directories are always separate!
This method gets you up and running with DSpace quickly and easily. It is identical in both the Default Release and Source Release distributions.
Create the DSpace user. This needs to be the same user that Tomcat (or Jetty etc.) will run as. e.g. as rootrun:
useradd -m dspace
- Download the latest DSpace release There are two version available with each release of DSpace: (dspace-1.x-release. and dspace-1.x-src-release.xxx); you only need to choose one. If you want a copy of all underlying Java source code, you should download the dspace-1.x-src-release.xxx Within each version, you have a choice of compressed file format. Choose the one that best fits your environment.
- Unpack the DSpace software. After downloading the software, based on the compression file format, choose one of the following methods to unpack your software:
Zip file. If you downloaded dspace-1.8-release.zipdo the following:
unzip dspace-1.8-release.zip
.gz file. If you downloaded dspace-1.8-release.tar.gzdo the following:
gunzip -c dspace-1.8-release.tar.gz | tar -xf -
.bz2 file. If you downloaded _dspace-1.8-release.tar.bz2_do the following:
bunzip2 dspace-1.8-release.tar.bz | tar -xf -
For ease of reference, we will refer to the location of this unzipped version of the DSpace release as [dspace-source] in the remainder of these instructions. After unpacking the file, the user may which to change the ownership of the dspace-1.6-release to the 'dspace' user. (And you may need to change the group).
- Database Setup
- Also see notes above
- PostgreSQL:
- A PostgreSQL JDBC driver is configured as part of the default DSpace build. You no longer need to copy any PostgreSQL jars to get PostgreSQL installed.
Create a
database user. This is entirely separate from thedspace
operating-system user created above.createuser -U postgres -d -A -P dspace
You will be prompted for the password of the PostgreSQL superuser (
). Then you'll be prompted (twice) for a password for the newdspace
user.Create a
database, owned by thedspace
PostgreSQL user (you are still logged in at 'root'):createdb -U dspace -E UNICODE dspace
You will be prompted for the password of the DSpace database user. (This isn't the same as the dspace user's UNIX password.)
- Oracle:
Setting up DSpace to use Oracle is a bit different now. You will need still need to get a copy of the Oracle JDBC driver, but instead of copying it into the lib directory you will need to install it into your local Maven repository. (You'll need to download it first from this location: http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/database/enterprise-edition/jdbc-112010-090769.html.) Run the following command (all on one line):
mvn install:install-file -Dfile=ojdbc6.jar -DgroupId=com.oracle -DartifactId=ojdbc6 -Dversion=18.104.22.168 -Dpackaging=jar -DgeneratePom=true
You need to compile DSpace with an Oracle driver (ojdbc6.jar) corresponding to your Oracle version - update the version in [dspace-source]/pom.xmlE.g.:
<dependency> <groupId>com.oracle</groupId> <artifactId>ojdbc6</artifactId> <version>188.8.131.52</version> </dependency>
- Create a database for DSpace. Make sure that the character set is one of the Unicode character sets. DSpace uses UTF-8 natively, and it is required that the Oracle database use the same character set. Create a user account for DSpace (e.g. dspace,) and ensure that it has permissions to add and remove tables in the database.
Edit the [dspace-source]/dspace/config/dspace.cfgdatabase settings:
db.name = oracle db.driver = oracle.jdbc.OracleDriver db.url = jdbc:oracle:thin:@host:port/SID
Where SID is the SID of your database defined in tnsnames.ora, default Oracle port is 1521.
Alternatively, you can use a full SID definition, e.g.:db.url = jdbc:oracle:thin:@(description=(address_list=(address=(protocol=TCP)(host=localhost)(port=1521)))(connect_data=(service_name=DSPACE)))
Also set the username and password of the database you created in step 3:
db.username = your_oracle_username db.password = your_oracle_password
- Initial Configuration: Edit
, in particular you'll need to set these properties:dspace.dir
- must be set to the [dspace] (installation) directory.dspace.url
- complete URL of this server's DSpace home page.dspace.hostname
- fully-qualified domain name of web server.dspace.name
- "Proper" name of your server, e.g. "My Digital Library".db.password
- the database password you entered in the previous step.mail.server
- fully-qualified domain name of your outgoing mail server.mail.from.address
- the "From:" address to put on email sent by DSpace.feedback.recipient
- mailbox for feedback mail.mail.admin
- mailbox for DSpace site administrator.alert.recipient
- mailbox for server errors/alerts (not essential but very useful!)registration.notify
- mailbox for emails when new users register (optional)You can interpolate the value of one configuration variable in the value of another one. For example, to set feedback.recipient to the same value as mail.admin, the line would look like:
feedback.recipient = ${mail.admin
Refer to the General Configuration section for details and examples of the above.
DSpace Directory: Create the directory for the DSpace installation (i.e.
). As root(or a user with appropriate permissions), run:mkdir [dspace] chown dspace [dspace]
(Assuming the dspace UNIX username.)
Installation Package: As the dspaceUNIX user, generate the DSpace installation package.
cd [dspace-source]/dspace/ mvn package
Defaults to PostgreSQL settings
Without any extra arguments, the DSpace installation package is initialized for PostgreSQL. If you want to use Oracle instead, you should build the DSpace installation package as follows:
mvn -Ddb.name=oracle package
Build DSpace and Initialize Database: As the dspace UNIX user, initialize the DSpace database and install DSpace to
:cd [dspace-source]/dspace/target/dspace-[version]-build ant fresh_install
To see a complete list of build targets, run:
ant help
The most likely thing to go wrong here is the database connection. See the Common Problems Section.- Deploy Web Applications: You have two choices or techniques for having Tomcat/Jetty/Resin serve up your web applications:
- Technique A. Simple and complete. You copy only (or all) of the DSpace Web application(s) you wish to use from the [dspace]/webapps directory to the appropriate directory in your Tomcat/Jetty/Resin installation. For example:
cp -R [dspace]/webapps/* [tomcat]/webapps*
(This will copy all the web applications to Tomcat).
cp -R [dspace]/webapps/jspui [tomcat]/webapps*
(This will copy only the jspui web application to Tomcat.) Technique B. Tell your Tomcat/Jetty/Resin installation where to find your DSpace web application(s). As an example, in the
section of your[tomcat]/conf/server.xml
you could add lines similar to the following (but replace[dspace]
with your installation location):<!-- Define the default virtual host Note: XML Schema validation will not work with Xerces 2.2. --> <Host name="localhost" appBase="[dspace]/webapps" ....
- Technique A. Simple and complete. You copy only (or all) of the DSpace Web application(s) you wish to use from the [dspace]/webapps directory to the appropriate directory in your Tomcat/Jetty/Resin installation. For example:
Administrator Account:Create an initial administrator account:
[dspace]/bin/dspace create-administrator
- Initial Startup!Now the moment of truth! Start up (or restart) Tomcat/Jetty/Resin. Visit the base URL(s) of your server, depending on which DSpace web applications you want to use. You should see the DSpace home page. Congratulations! Base URLs of DSpace Web Applications:
- JSP User Interface - (e.g.)
- XML User Interface (aka. Manakin) - (e.g.)
- OAI-PMH Interface - (e.g.)
(Should return an XML-based response)
- JSP User Interface - (e.g.)
In order to set up some communities and collections, you'll need to login as your DSpace Administrator (which you created with create-administrator
above) and access the administration UI in either the JSP or XML user interface.
Advanced Installation
The above installation steps are sufficient to set up a test server to play around with, but there are a few other steps and options you should probably consider before deploying a DSpace production site.
'cron' Jobs
A couple of DSpace features require that a script is run regularly – the e-mail subscription feature that alerts users of new items being deposited, and the new 'media filter' tool, that generates thumbnails of images and extracts the full-text of documents for indexing.
To set these up, you just need to run the following command as the dspace UNIX user:
crontab -e
Then add the following lines:
# Send out subscription e-mails at 01:00 every day 0 1 * * * [dspace]/bin/dspace sub-daily # Run the media filter at 02:00 every day 0 2 * * * [dspace]/bin/dspace filter-media # Run the checksum checker at 03:00 0 3 * * * [dspace]/bin/dspace checker -lp # Mail the results to the sysadmin at 04:00 0 4 * * * [dspace]/bin/dspace checker-emailer -c
Naturally you should change the frequencies to suit your environment.
PostgreSQL also benefits from regular 'vacuuming', which optimizes the indexes and clears out any deleted data. Become the postgres UNIX user, run crontab -e and add (for example):
# Clean up the database nightly at 4.20am 20 4 * * * vacuumdb --analyze dspace > /dev/null 2>&1
In order that statistical reports are generated regularly and thus kept up to date you should set up the following cron jobs:
# Run stat analysis 0 1 * * * [dspace]/bin/dspace stat-general 0 1 * * * [dspace]/bin/dspace stat-monthly 0 2 * * * [dspace]/bin/dspace stat-report-general 0 2 * * * [dspace]/bin/dspace stat-report-monthly
Obviously, you should choose execution times which are most useful to you, and you should ensure that the report scripts run a short while after the analysis scripts to give them time to complete (a run of around 8 months worth of logs can take around 25 seconds to complete); the resulting reports will let you know how long analysis took and you can adjust your cron times accordingly.
Multilingual Installation
In order to deploy a multilingual version of DSpace you have to configure two parameters in [dspace-source]/config/dspace.cfg:
- default.locale, e.g.
default.locale = en
- webui.supported locales, e.g.
webui.supported.locales = en, de
The Locales might have the form country, country_language, country_language_variant.
According to the languages you wish to support, you have to make sure, that all the i18n related files are available see the Multilingual User Interface Configuring MultiLingual Support section for the JSPUI or the Multilingual Support for XMLUI in the configuration documentation.
DSpace over HTTPS
If your DSpace is configured to have users login with a username and password (as opposed to, say, client Web certificates), then you should consider using HTTPS. Whenever a user logs in with the Web form (e.g. dspace.myuni.edu/dspace/password-login) their DSpace password is exposed in plain text on the network. This is a very serious security risk since network traffic monitoring is very common, especially at universities. If the risk seems minor, then consider that your DSpace administrators also login this way and they have ultimate control over the archive.
The solution is to use HTTPS (HTTP over SSL, i.e. Secure Socket Layer, an encrypted transport), which protects your passwords against being captured. You can configure DSpace to require SSL on all "authenticated" transactions so it only accepts passwords on SSL connections.
The following sections show how to set up the most commonly-used Java Servlet containers to support HTTP over SSL.
Enabling the HTTPS support in Tomcat 5.0
- For Production use: Follow this procedure to set up SSL on your server. Using a "real" server certificate ensures your users' browsers will accept it without complaints. In the examples below, $CATALINA_BASEis the directory under which your Tomcat is installed.
Create a Java keystore for your server with the password changeit, and install your server certificate under the alias "tomcat". This assumes the certificate was put in the file server.pem:
$JAVA_HOME/bin/keytool -import -noprompt -v -storepass changeit -keystore $CATALINA_BASE/conf/keystore -alias tomcat -file myserver.pem
Install the CA (Certifying Authority) certificate for the CA that granted your server cert, if necessary. This assumes the server CA certificate is in ca.pem:
$JAVA_HOME/bin/keytool -import -noprompt -storepass changeit -trustcacerts -keystore $CATALINA_BASE/conf/keystore -alias ServerCA -file ca.pem
Optional – ONLY if you need to accept client certificates for the X.509 certificate stackable authentication module See the configuration section for instructions on enabling the X.509 authentication method. Load the keystore with the CA (certifying authority) certificates for the authorities of any clients whose certificates you wish to accept. For example, assuming the client CA certificate is in client1.pem:
$JAVA_HOME/bin/keytool -import -noprompt -storepass changeit -trustcacerts -keystore $CATALINA_BASE/conf/keystore -alias client1 -file client1.pem
Now add another Connector tag to your server.xmlTomcat configuration file, like the example below. The parts affecting or specific to SSL are shown in bold. (You may wish to change some details such as the port, pathnames, and keystore password)
<Connector port="8443" maxThreads="150" minSpareThreads="25" maxSpareThreads="75" enableLookups="false" disableUploadTimeout="true" acceptCount="100" debug="0" scheme="https" secure="true" sslProtocol="TLS" keystoreFile="conf/keystore" keystorePass="changeit" clientAuth="true" - ONLY if using client X.509 certs for authentication! truststoreFile="conf/keystore" trustedstorePass="changeit" />
Also, check that the default Connector is set up to redirect "secure" requests to the same port as your SSL connector, e.g.:
<Connector port="8080" maxThreads="150" minSpareThreads="25" maxSpareThreads="75" enableLookups="false" redirectPort="8443" acceptCount="100" debug="0" />
- Quick-and-dirty Procedure for Testing: If you are just setting up a DSpace server for testing, or to experiment with HTTPS, then you don't need to get a real server certificate. You can create a "self-signed" certificate for testing; web browsers will issue warnings before accepting it but they will function exactly the same after that as with a "real" certificate. In the examples below, $CATALINA_BASEis the directory under which your Tomcat is installed.
- Optional – ONLY if you don't already have a server certificate. Follow this sub-procedure to request a new, signed server certificate from your Certifying Authority (CA):
Create a new key pair under the alias name "tomcat". When generating your key, give the Distinguished Name fields the appropriate values for your server and institution. CN should be the fully-qualified domain name of your server host. Here is an example:
$JAVA_HOME/bin/keytool -genkey -alias tomcat -keyalg RSA -keysize 1024 \ -keystore $CATALINA_BASE/conf/keystore -storepass changeit -validity 365 \ -dname 'CN=dspace.myuni.edu, OU=MIT Libraries, O=Massachusetts Institute of Technology, L=Cambridge, S=MA, C=US'
Then, create a CSR (Certificate Signing Request) and send it to your Certifying Authority. They will send you back a signed Server Certificate. This example command creates a CSR in the file tomcat.csr
$JAVA_HOME/bin/keytool -keystore $CATALINA_BASE/conf/keystore -storepass changeit \ -certreq -alias tomcat -v -file tomcat.csr
Before importing the signed certificate, you must have the CA's certificate in your keystore as a trusted certificate. Get their certificate, and import it with a command like this (for the example mitCA.pem):
$JAVA_HOME/bin/keytool -keystore $CATALINA_BASE/conf/keystore -storepass changeit \ -import -alias mitCA -trustcacerts -file mitCA.pem
Finally, when you get the signed certificate from your CA, import it into the keystore with a command like the following example: (cert is in the file signed-cert.pem)
$JAVA_HOME/bin/keytool -keystore $CATALINA_BASE/conf/keystore -storepass changeit \ -import -alias tomcat -trustcacerts -file signed-cert.pem
Since you now have a signed server certificate in your keystore, you can, obviously, skip the next steps of installing a signed server certificate and the server CA's certificate.
Create a Java keystore for your server with the password changeit, and install your server certificate under the alias "tomcat". This assumes the certificate was put in the file server.pem:
$JAVA_HOME/bin/keytool -genkey -alias tomcat -keyalg RSA -keystore $CATALINA_BASE/conf/keystore -storepass changeit
When answering the questions to identify the certificate, be sure to respond to "First and last name" with the fully-qualified domain name of your server (e.g. test-dspace.myuni.edu). The other questions are not important.
Optional – ONLY if you need to accept client certificates for the X.509 certificate stackable authentication module See the configuration section for instructions on enabling the X.509 authentication method. Load the keystore with the CA (certifying authority) certificates for the authorities of any clients whose certificates you wish to accept. For example, assuming the client CA certificate is in client1.pem:
$JAVA_HOME/bin/keytool -import -noprompt -storepass changeit -trustcacerts -keystore $CATALINA_BASE/conf/keystore -alias client1 -file client1.pem
- Follow the procedure in the section above to add another Connector tag, for the HTTPS port, to your server.xml file.
- Optional – ONLY if you don't already have a server certificate. Follow this sub-procedure to request a new, signed server certificate from your Certifying Authority (CA):
Using SSL on Apache HTTPD with mod_jk
If you choose Apache HTTPD as your primary HTTP server, you can have it forward requests to the Tomcat servlet container via Apache Jakarta Tomcat Connector. This can be configured to work over SSL as well. First, you must configure Apache for SSL; for Apache 2.0 see Apache SSL/TLS Encryption for information about using mod_ssl.
If you are using X.509 Client Certificates for authentication: add these configuration options to the appropriate httpd configuration file, e.g. ssl.conf, and be sure they are in force for the virtual host and namespace locations dedicated to DSpace:
## SSLVerifyClient can be "optional" or "require" SSLVerifyClient optional SSLVerifyDepth 10 SSLCACertificateFile path-to-your-client-CA-certificate SSLOptions StdEnvVars ExportCertData
Now consult the Apache Jakarta Tomcat Connector documentation to configure the mod_jk (note: NOTmod_jk2) module. Select the AJP 1.3 connector protocol. Also follow the instructions there to configure your Tomcat server to respond to AJP.
To use SSL on Apache HTTPD with mod_webapp consult the DSpace 1.3.2 documentation. Apache have deprecated the mod_webapp connector and recommend using mod_jk.
To use Jetty's HTTPS support consult the documentation for the relevant tool.
The Handle Server
First a few facts to clear up some common misconceptions:
- You don't have to use CNRI's Handle system. At the moment, you need to change the code a little to use something else (e.g PURLs) but that should change soon.
- You'll notice that while you've been playing around with a test server, DSpace has apparently been creating handles for you looking like hdl:123456789/24 and so forth. These aren't really Handles, since the global Handle system doesn't actually know about them, and lots of other DSpace test installs will have created the same IDs. They're only really Handles once you've registered a prefix with CNRI (see below) and have correctly set up the Handle server included in the DSpace distribution. This Handle server communicates with the rest of the global Handle infrastructure so that anyone that understands Handles can find the Handles your DSpace has created.
If you want to use the Handle system, you'll need to set up a Handle server. This is included with DSpace. Note that this is not required in order to evaluate DSpace; you only need one if you are running a production service. You'll need to obtain a Handle prefix from the central CNRI Handle site.
A Handle server runs as a separate process that receives TCP requests from other Handle servers, and issues resolution requests to a global server or servers if a Handle entered locally does not correspond to some local content. The Handle protocol is based on TCP, so it will need to be installed on a server that can broadcast and receive TCP on port 2641.
To configure your DSpace installation to run the handle server, run the following command:
[dspace]/bin/dspace make-handle-config [dspace]/handle-server
Ensure that [dspace]/handle-server matches whatever you have in dspace.cfg for the handle.dir property.
Edit the resulting [dspace]/handle-server/config.dct file to include the following lines in the "server_config"clause:
"storage_type" = "CUSTOM" "storage_class" = "org.dspace.handle.HandlePlugin"
This tells the Handle server to get information about individual Handles from the DSpace code.
- Once the configuration file has been generated, you will need to go to http://hdl.handle.net/4263537/5014 to upload the generated sitebndl.zip file. The upload page will ask you for your contact information. An administrator will then create the naming authority/prefix on the root service (known as the Global Handle Registry), and notify you when this has been completed. You will not be able to continue the handle server installation until you receive further information concerning your naming authority.
- When CNRI has sent you your naming authority prefix, you will need to edit the config.dct file. The file will be found in /[dspace]/handle-server. Look for "300:0.NA/YOUR_NAMING_AUTHORITY". Replace YOUR_NAMING_AUTHORITY with the assigned naming authority prefix sent to you.
Now start your handle server (as the dspace user):
Note that since the DSpace code manages individual Handles, administrative operations such as Handle creation and modification aren't supported by DSpace's Handle server.
Updating Existing Handle Prefixes
If you need to update the handle prefix on items created before the CNRI registration process you can run the [dspace]/bin/dspace update-handle-prefix script. You may need to do this if you loaded items prior to CNRI registration (e.g. setting up a demonstration system prior to migrating it to production). The script takes the current and new prefix as parameters. For example:
[dspace]/bin/dspace update-handle-prefix 123456789 1303
This script will change any handles currently assigned prefix 123456789 to prefix 1303, so for example handle 123456789/23 will be updated to 1303/23 in the database.
Google and HTML sitemaps
To aid web crawlers index the content within your repository, you can make use of sitemaps. There are currently two forms of sitemaps included in DSpace: Google sitemaps and HTML sitemaps.
Sitemaps allow DSpace to expose its content without the crawlers having to index every page. HTML sitemaps provide a list of all items, collections and communities in HTML format, whilst Google sitemaps provide the same information in gzipped XML format.
To generate the sitemaps, you need to run [dspace]/bin/dspace generate-sitemaps This creates the sitemaps in [dspace]/sitemaps/
The sitemaps can be accessed from the following URLs:
- http://dspace.example.com/dspace/sitemap - Index sitemap
- http://dspace.example.com/dspace/sitemap?map=0 - First list of items (up to 50,000)
- http://dspace.example.com/dspace/sitemap?map=n - Subsequent lists of items (e.g. 50,0001 to 100,000) etc...
HTML sitemaps follow the same procedure: - http://dspace.example.com/dspace/htmlmap - Index HTML based sitemap
- etc...
When running [dspace]/bin/dspace generate-sitemaps the script informs Google that the sitemaps have been updated. For this update to register correctly, you must first register your Google sitemap index page (/dspace/sitemap) with Google at http://www.google.com/webmasters/sitemaps/. If your DSpace server requires the use of a HTTP proxy to connect to the Internet, ensure that you have set http.proxy.host and http.proxy.port in [dspace]/config/dspace.cfg
The URL for pinging Google, and in future, other search engines, is configured in [dspace]/config/dspace.cfg using the sitemap.engineurls setting where you can provide a comma-separated list of URLs to 'ping'.
You can generate the sitemaps automatically every day using an additional cron job:
# Generate sitemaps 0 6 * * * [dspace]/bin/dspace generate-sitemaps
DSpace Statistics
DSpace uses the Apache Solr application underlaying the statistics. There is no need to download any separate software. All the necessary software is included. To understand all of the configuration property keys, the user should refer to DSpace Statistics for detailed configuration information.
DSpace Configuration for Accessing Solr. In the dspace.cfgfile review the following fields to make sure they are uncommented:
solr.log.server = ${dspace.baseUrl}/solr/statistics solr.dbfile = ${dspace.dir}/config/GeoLiteCity.dat solr.spiderips.urls = http://iplists.com/google.txt, \ http://iplists.com/inktomi.txt, \ http://iplists.com/lycos.txt, \ http://iplists.com/infoseek.txt, \ http://iplists.com/altavista.txt, \ http://iplists.com/excite.txt, \ http://iplists.com/misc.txt, \ http://iplists.com/non_engines.txt
DSpace logging configuration for Solr. If your DSpace instance is protected by a proxy server, in order for Solr to log the correct IP address of the user rather than of the proxy, it must be configured to look for the X-Forwarded-For header. This feature can be enabled by ensuring the following setting is uncommented in the logging section of dspace.cfg:
useProxies = true
- Configuration Control. In the [dspace]/config/modules/solr-statistics.cfg file set the following property key: authorization.admin=true. This will require the user to sign in to see that statistics. Setting the statistics to "false" will make them publicly available.
- Final steps.
Perform the following step:
cd [dspace-source]/dspace mvn package cd [dspace-source]/dspace/target/dspace-<version>-build ant -Dconfig=[dspace]/config/dspace.cfg update cp -R [dspace]/webapps/* [TOMCAT]/webapps
If you only need to build the statistics, and don't make any changes to other web applications, you can replace the copy step above with: cp -R [dspace]/webapps/solr [TOMCAT]/webapps
- Restart your webapps (Tomcat/Jetty/Resin)
Manually Installing/Updating GeoLite Database File
The GeoLite Database file (at [dspace]/config/GeoLiteCity.dat) is used by the DSpace Statistics engine to generate location/country based reports. (Note: If you are not using DSpace Statistics, this file is not needed.)
In most cases, this file is installed automatically when you run ant fresh_install
. However, if the file cannot be downloaded & installed automatically, you may need to manually install it.
As this file is also sometimes updated by MaxMind.com, you may also wish to update it on occasion.
You have two options to install/update this file:
Attempt to re-run the automatic installer from your DSpace Source Directory ([dspace-source]). This will attempt to automatically download the database file, unzip it and install it into the proper location:
ant update_geolite
- NOTE: If the location of the GeoLite Database file is known to have changed, you can also run this auto-installer by passing it the new URL of the GeoLite Database File:
ant -Dgeolite=[full-URL-of-geolite] update_geolite
- NOTE: If the location of the GeoLite Database file is known to have changed, you can also run this auto-installer by passing it the new URL of the GeoLite Database File:
- OR, you can manually install the file by performing these steps yourself:
- First, download the latest GeoLite Database file from http://geolite.maxmind.com/download/geoip/database/GeoLiteCity.dat.gz
- Next, unzip that file to create a file named GeoLiteCity.dat
- Finally, move or copy that file to your DSpace installation, so that it is located at
Windows Installation
Pre-requisite Software
If you are installing DSpace on Windows, you will still need to install all the same Prerequisite Software, as listed above.
- If you install PostgreSQL, it's recommended to select to install the pgAdmin III tool. It provides a nice User Interface for interacting with PostgreSQL databases.
Installation Steps
- Download the DSpace source from SourceForge and unzip it (WinZip will do this)
- Ensure the PostgreSQL service is running, and then run pgAdmin III (Start -> PostgreSQL 8.0 -> pgAdmin III). Connect to the local database as the postgres user and:
- Create a 'Login Role' (user) called dspace with the password dspace
- Create a database called dspace owned by the user dspace, with UTF-8 encoding
- Update paths in [dspace-source]\dspace\config\dspace.cfg
Note: Use forward slashes / for path separators, though you can still use drive letters, e.g.: dspace.dir = C:/DSpaceAlso, make sure you change all of the parameters with file paths to suit, specifically:
dspace.dir config.template.log4j.properties config.template.log4j-handle-plugin.properties config.template.oaicat.properties assetstore.dir log.dir upload.temp.dir report.dir handle.dir
- Create the directory for the DSpace installation (e.g. C:/DSpace)
Generate the DSpace installation package by running the following from command line (cmd) :
cd [dspace-source]/dspace/ mvn package
- Note #1: This will generate the DSpace installation package in your [dspace-source]/dspace/target/dspace-[version]-build/ directory.
Note #2:Without any extra arguments, the DSpace installation package is initialized for PostgreSQL. If you want to use Oracle instead, you should build the DSpace installation package as follows:
mvn -Ddb.name=oracle package
Initialize the DSpace database and install DSpace to [dspace] (e.g. C:\DSpace) by running the following from command line from your [dspace-source]/dspace/target/dspace-[version]-build/directory:
ant fresh_install
- Note: to see a complete list of build targets, run:
ant help
- Note: to see a complete list of build targets, run:
Create an administrator account, by running the following from your [dspace] (e.g. C:\DSpace) directory:
[dspace]\bin\dspace create-administrator
- Copy the Web application directories from [dspace]\webapps to Tomcat's webapps dir, which should be somewhere like C:\Program Files\Apache Software Foundation\Tomcat\webapps
Alternatively, Tell your Tomcat installation where to find your DSpace web application(s). As an example, in the <Host> section of your [tomcat]/conf/server.xml you could add lines similar to the following (but replace [dspace]with your installation location):
<!-- DEFINE A CONTEXT PATH FOR DSpace XML User Interface --> <Context path="/xmlui" docBase="[dspace]/webapps/xmlui" debug="0" reloadable="true" cachingAllowed="false" allowLinking="true"/> <!-- DEFINE A CONTEXT PATH FOR DSpace JSP User Interface --> <Context path="/jspui" docBase="[dspace]/webapps/jspui" debug="0" reloadable="true" cachingAllowed="false" allowLinking="true"/> <!-- DEFINE A CONTEXT PATH FOR DSpace OAI User Interface --> <Context path="/oai" docBase="[dspace]/webapps/oai" debug="0" reloadable="true" cachingAllowed="false" allowLinking="true"/> <!-- DEFINE ADDITIONAL CONTEXT PATHS FOR OTHER DSPACE WEB APPLICATIONS (SOLR, SWORD, LNI, etc.). CHANGE THE VALUE OF "[app]" FOR EACH APPLICATION YOU WISH TO ADD --> <Context path="/[app]" docbase="[dspace]/webapps/[app]" debug="0" reloadable="true" cachingAllowed="false" allowLinking="true"/>
- Start the Tomcat service
- Browse to either http://localhost:8080/jspui or http://localhost:8080/xmlui. You should see the DSpace home page for either the JSPUI or XMLUI, respectively.
Checking Your Installation
The administrator needs to check the installation to make sure all components are working. Here is list of checks to be performed. In brackets after each item, it the associated component or components that might be the issue needing resolution.
- System is up and running. User can see the DSpace home page. [Tomcat/Jetty, firewall, IP assignment, DNS]
- Database is running and working correctly. Attempt to create a user, community or collection [PostgreSQL, Oracle]Run the test database command to see if other issues are being report:[dspace]/bin/dspace test-database
- Email subsystem is running. The user can issue the following command to test the email system. t attempts to send a test email to the email address that is set in dspace.cfg (mail.admin). If it fails, you will get messages informing you as to why, will refer you to the DSpace documentation. [dspace]/bin/test-email
Known Bugs
In any software project of the scale of DSpace, there will be bugs. Sometimes, a stable version of DSpace includes known bugs. We do not always wait until every known bug is fixed before a release. If the software is sufficiently stable and an improvement on the previous release, and the bugs are minor and have known workarounds, we release it to enable the community to take advantage of those improvements.
The known bugs in a release are documented in the KNOWN_BUGS file in the source package.
Please see the DSpace bug tracker for further information on current bugs, and to find out if the bug has subsequently been fixed. This is also where you can report any further bugs you find.
Common Problems
In an ideal world everyone would follow the above steps and have a fully functioning DSpace. Of course, in the real world it doesn't always seem to work out that way. This section lists common problems that people encounter when installing DSpace, and likely causes and fixes. This is likely to grow over time as we learn about users' experiences.
Common Installation Issues
- Database errors occur when you run
ant fresh_install
: There are two common errors that occur.If your error looks like this:
[java] 2004-03-25 15:17:07,730 INFO org.dspace.storage.rdbms.InitializeDatabase @ Initializing Database [java] 2004-03-25 15:17:08,816 FATAL org.dspace.storage.rdbms.InitializeDatabase @ Caught exception: [java] org.postgresql.util.PSQLException: Connection refused. Check that the hostname and port are correct and that the postmaster is accepting TCP/IP connections. [java] at org.postgresql.jdbc1.AbstractJdbc1Connection.openConnection(AbstractJd bc1Connection.java:204) [java] at org.postgresql.Driver.connect(Driver.java:139)
it usually means you haven't yet added the relevant configuration parameter to your PostgreSQL configuration (see above), or perhaps you haven't restarted PostgreSQL after making the change. Also, make sure that the db.username and db.password properties are correctly set in [dspace]/config/dspace.cfg. An easy way to check that your DB is working OK over TCP/IP is to try this on the command line:
psql -U dspace -W -h localhost
Enter the dspace database password, and you should be dropped into the psql tool with a dspace=> prompt.
Another common error looks like this:
[java] 2004-03-25 16:37:16,757 INFO org.dspace.storage.rdbms.InitializeDatabase @ Initializing Database [java] 2004-03-25 16:37:17,139 WARN org.dspace.storage.rdbms.DatabaseManager @ Exception initializing DB pool [java] java.lang.ClassNotFoundException: org.postgresql.Driver [java] at java.net.URLClassLoader$1.run(URLClassLoader.java:198) [java] at java.security.AccessController.doPrivileged(Native Method) [java] at java.net.URLClassLoader.findClass(URLClassLoader.java:186)
This means that the PostgreSQL JDBC driver is not present in [dspace]/lib. See above.
- GeoLiteCity Database file fails to download or install, when you run
ant fresh_install
: There are two common errors that may occur:If your error looks like this:
[get] Error getting http://geolite.maxmind.com/download/geoip/database/GeoLiteCity.dat.gz to /usr/local/dspace/config/GeoLiteCity.dat.gz BUILD FAILED /dspace-release/dspace/target/dspace-1.8.0-build/build.xml:931: java.net.ConnectException: Connection timed out
it means that you likely either (a) don't have an internet connection to download the necessary GeoLite Database file (used for DSpace Statistics), or (b) the GeoLite Database file's URL is no longer valid. You should be able to resolve this issue by following the "Manually Installing/Updating GeoLite Database File" instructions above.
Another common message looks like this:
[echo] WARNING : FAILED TO DOWNLOAD GEOLITE DATABASE FILE [echo] (Used for DSpace Solr Usage Statistics)
Again, this means the GeoLite Database file cannot be downloaded or is unavailable for some reason. You should be able to resolve this issue by following the "Manually Installing/Updating GeoLite Database File" instructions above.
General DSpace Issues
- Tomcat doesn't shut down: If you're trying to tweak Tomcat's configuration but nothing seems to make a difference to the error you're seeing, you might find that Tomcat hasn't been shutting down properly, perhaps because it's waiting for a stale connection to close gracefully which won't happen.
- To see if this is the case, try running:
ps -ef | grep java
and look for Tomcat's Java processes. If they stay around after running Tomcat's shutdown.sh script, trying runningkill
on them (orkill -9
if necessary), then starting Tomcat again.
- To see if this is the case, try running:
- Database connections don't work, or accessing DSpace takes forever: If you find that when you try to access a DSpace Web page and your browser sits there connecting, or if the database connections fail, you might find that a 'zombie' database connection is hanging around preventing normal operation.
- To see if this is the case, try running:
ps -ef | grep postgres
You might see some processes like this:
dspace 16325 1997 0 Feb 14 ? 0:00 postgres: dspace dspace 127.0.0.1 idle in transaction
This is normal. DSpace maintains a 'pool' of open database connections, which are re-used to avoid the overhead of constantly opening and closing connections. If they're 'idle' it's OK; they're waiting to be used.
However sometimes, if something went wrong, they might be stuck in the middle of a query, which seems to prevent other connections from operating, e.g.:
dspace 16325 1997 0 Feb 14 ? 0:00 postgres: dspace dspace 127.0.0.1 SELECT
This means the connection is in the middle of a SELECT operation, and if you're not using DSpace right that instant, it's probably a 'zombie' connection. If this is the case, try running
on the process, and stopping and restarting Tomcat.
- To see if this is the case, try running:
18 Comments
Postgresql docs now encourage running the Autovacuum daemon instead of using the Vacuum command:
I got a little tripped up with the example under Windows Installation step 8 ("Alternatively, Tell your Tomcat installation where to find your DSpace web application(s)...").
I pasted the code directly into server.xml and did not realize that I would need to define a context path for each webapp. At first I could not get the XMLUI to work and could not figure out why. It was my misreading, but you may want to make it clearer that the example only covers two of the webapps. Thanks,
I've installed versions 1.8.x on Linux and Windows platforms and in both cases, the installation package is constructed in
The .dir should not be part of the relative directory name.
i have a problem during the installation of dspace i want you just give full instruction which version is support with each together ..
It would help if you specified the platform (operating system) you are installing DSpace on and possibly the exact problem you are experiencing. At what stage of the installation are you having problems?
Hi Lighton Phiri
i use window7.During the installation of postgresql 9.1.3 it installed but i can not create any database i cant connect to the server .it require port number what should i do please help me ..........
Please email us on the firstname.lastname@example.com listserv (https://lists.sourceforge.net/lists/listinfo/dspace-tech). It will be much easier to help solve your problem via email than via comments to this wiki page.
When you email us, please provide more details on the steps you've taken so far, and send along any error messages that may appear either on the command-line or in the DSpace log files. For more information on locating error messages in logs, please see: https://wiki.duraspace.org/display/DSPACE/Troubleshoot+an+error
We hope to hear from you on the dspace-tech mailing list.
Hi Manish,
Could I suggest you email the dspace-tech mailing list at email@example.com ? Its probably a better place to get help with any installation problems you may be having. You can find some information about the mailing lists here http://www.dspace.org/Mailing-Lists .Thanks, Robin.
HI Robin
these software i use for installation dspase
i install apache-ant-1.8.3-bin,apache-manven-2.2.1-bin
what ever instruction is given in dspace i follow all instruction
but when i intall postgresql-9.1.3-window-x64.exe a error message is
show i send u a image with i dont know what shoud i do know help me
these software i use for installation dspase
i install apache-ant-1.8.3-bin,apache-manven-2.2.1-bin
what ever instruction is given in dspace i follow all instruction
but when i intall postgresql-9.1.3-window-x64.exe a error message is
show i send u a image with i dont know what shoud i do know help me
Robin and Tim suggested that you send your question to the dspace-general mailing list --to do that, you should do the following:
Step #1: Go here -> https://lists.sourceforge.net/lists/listinfo/dspace-general
Step #2: Subscriber using your email address
Step #3: Send your question with details to firstname.lastname@example.com
I think the installation instructions would be clearer if steps 5 and 6 (in the general Installation section, 3 and 4 in the Windows Installation section) were reversed. That is, create the empty installation directory first, then edit the .cfg. If I had created the directory, it would have been obvious what was expected in dspace.dir (the first pass through, I thought the dspace source directory was what was being asked for). It's a minor point and if I had been reading the directions more closely, I wouldn't have installed in the wrong place, but I think it's clearer if you create a directory then add it to a config file, not the other way 'round.
Just my 2 cents,
hello sir
i have a problem i have done all process but when i enter localhost:8080/xmuli then enter then it show a message the path dose not found
doing this process i have create my emailid,password in one word i do all step then after i found this error please help me ....................
The path separators (/), for docBase attribute in server.xml file, in step #8 of the Windows Installation instructions need to be replaced with backslashes... this could be misleading to individuals without prior experience working with tomcat.
hello frnds
I am working as a Librarian in united CIIGMA Hospital ans research center in Aurangabad, India . It is my responsibility to develop digital library .plz tell me the detail procedure for installation of DSpace.
It is very urgent.I hope you will be help me-
The detailed procedure to install DSpace is found on this wiki page (see above). You can also find the detailed installation instructions for DSpace 3 at DSpace 3.x Installation.
If you have specific questions about the detailed instructions, please ask them on our tech support mailing list, email@example.com
Information on joining this 'dspace-tech' list can be found at:


text:
Mayors warn against cut to ecological initiative
Published 9:56 am Monday, March 6, 2017
MILWAUKEE — A group representing Great Lakes region mayors in the U.S. and Canada is sounding the alarm against potentially drastic cuts to an ecological recovery initiative for the Great Lakes.
The Trump administration's potential cuts to the Great Lakes Restoration Initiative were reported by the Detroit Free Press last week. They would slash annual funding for the $300 million program to $10 million.
The initiative combats invasive species, curbs nutrient-fueled algae blooms, cleans up toxic messes and restores sensitive fish and wildlife habitat.
"Cuts of this magnitude would be devastating to the efforts of our two countries over the past five decades to restore the resource," David Ullrich, executive director of The Great Lakes and St. Lawrence Cities Initiative, said in a press release.
His group represents mayors from more than 125 U.S. and Canadian cities in the Great Lakes basin.
Ullrich said the cuts would also undermine all of the lake restoration and protection efforts underway by local governments, which are collectively far more significant than the federal restoration initiative launched by the Obama administration in 2010.
"Local governments have been investing at over $15 billion per year … well beyond the federal governments' investments," Ullrich said, "and this would be a major step back from the responsibility shared for this resource."
Conservation groups have also criticized the potential cuts.
"Great Lakes protection is not a partisan issue. No matter how different our backgrounds, Great Lakers value clean water," the Alliance for the Great Lakes said in a statement Friday. "For decades, people of all political affiliations from all corners of the region, have consistently shown strong support for protecting the Great Lakes. And, some of the most critical programs and regulations targeted by President Trump's proposed cuts have been supported by lawmakers on both sides of the aisle."

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Pleasing Lara Latex
Duration: 8:00
Views: 102K
Submitted: 1 year ago
Submitted by:
Another get together with Lara and some eager young bloke who can't wait to get this dick wet. Don't worry lad, Madame Latex won't let you leave dissapointed!
Lara Latex
Luke Hotrod
Laras Playground
Watch the latest free porn videos here on PORNCOMP.COM the best HD porn tube site 👉👌 with the hottest adult pornstars. 🍆✊ Enjoy the newest XXX videos community on the internet as well as full-length scenes from the top porn ❌❌❌ studios including Brazzers, Bang Bros, Reality Kings and Cherry Pimps Taboo. 🎞 We update our pornotube videos daily to ensure you always get the best quality XXX videos. PORNCOMP.COM Is One of the internet's best porn sites. Enjoy less advertising distractions than any other porn site guaranteed. You will be able to indulge and get your daily cravings of free porn. ❤ Join Now 🍆 Exclusive Videos for ✊ PORN 💋 JUNKIES 👉👌 in The PORNCOMP Fiend Club. ❤


text:
John Brown Desk
Famed abolitionist John Brown used this desk while writing an important political statement about the troubles in Kansas Territory.
Kansas was the center of attention in the 1850s as people battled over whether the territory would enter the Union as a slave or free state.
Willing to risk their lives and fortunes, people on all sides of the slavery issue flocked here. Among them were abolitionists, people who believed slavery was morally wrong and wanted it abolished. Augustus Wattles was one such person.
A Fervent Abolitionist
Born in Connecticut, Wattles moved to Ohio where he lectured on abolition and started a school for African American children in Cincinnati. He also was active in the Underground Railroad, a secret system helping slaves escape to freedom.
A continuing interest in the abolitionist cause brought Wattles and his family to Kansas in 1854. They settled first at Lawrence, where Augustus was among other things associate editor of the Herald of Freedom newspaper. Wattles later moved to Moneka in Linn County. In time he became friends with another strong-willed abolitionist, John Brown.
John Brown
In December 1858 Brown led a raid into Missouri and freed 11 slaves. One slave owner was killed in the raid. This upset the authorities in Missouri, including the governor who wanted Brown arrested and the slaves returned. Wattles provided sanctuary for Brown at his Moneka home during this time.
Although they remained friends, Wattles did not agree with Brown's methods. Like many other abolitionists, Wattles favored emancipation of the slaves through peaceful means; Brown believed it could only be done by force. Meeting with Wattles and another abolitionist, James Montgomery, Brown was forced to defend his raid to both men who feared retaliation from Missourians.
The Parallels
While staying at the Wattles home, Brown wrote a letter to the Lawrence Republican that became known as "John Brown's Parallels." According to family tradition, one of the Wattles children watched Brown from above through a crack in the floor while he was writing at this desk. Not wanting to reveal his location and trying to protect his friend Wattles, Brown indicated the letter was written at Trading Post rather than Moneka.
In the "Parallels," Brown compared his Missouri raid to the Marais des Cygnes Massacre where five free-state men were killed. He objected to being pursued by the same authorities who did nothing to find those responsible for the action at Marais des Cygnes. Of course, Brown chose to ignore his own part in the earlier Pottawatomie Massacre (May 1856), where he was responsible for the death of five proslavery sympathizers.
Brown's original handwritten document, "The Parallels"
When John Brown departed from Moneka, he told Wattles, "I considered the matter well; you will have no more attacks from Missouri; I shall now leave Kansas; probably you will never see me again; I consider it my duty to draw the scene of the excitement to some other part of the country."
Brown left Kansas on January 20, 1859. On October 16, his band of men raided the United States Arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia. The raid failed, the band was captured, and Brown was hanged for treason on December 2.
The desk remained in the Wattles family until it was acquired from Kia Flesher, a great-great-granddaughter of Augustus Wattles. It is now in the collections of the Kansas Museum of History.
Entry: John Brown Desk
Author: Kansas Historical Society
Author information: The Kansas Historical Society is a state agency charged with actively safeguarding and sharing the state's history.
Date Created: January 2004
Date Modified: December 2014
The author of this article is solely responsible for its content.


text:
New York Mayor Bill de Blasio says he supports the calls by the American Museum of Natural History to remove a "problematic statue" of Theodore Roosevelt that many say is a symbol of oppression and racial discrimination.
The statue, officially named Equestrian Statue of Theodore Roosevelt, was unveiled 80 years ago, and sits at the entrance of the museum.
The museum and the mayor cite the statue's composition as the main concern, rather than Roosevelt's legacy.
It depicts the former New York governor and the 26th U.S. president on horseback with an unnamed Native American and a man of African descent on foot on either side of the horse.
"The American Museum of Natural History has asked to remove the Theodore Roosevelt statue because it explicitly depicts Black and Indigenous people as subjugated and racially inferior," de Blasio said in a written statement obtained by NPR.
"The City supports the Museum's request. It is the right decision and the right time to remove this problematic statue."
The current President of the United States disagreed with the decision. President Trump tweeted after midnight Monday "Ridiculous, don't do it!" in response to a Washington Times article on the issue.
The museum's top officials said in a memo sent to staff on Sunday they had been "profoundly moved" by the national protests sparked after the death of George Floyd, a black man, who was killed when a white Minneapolis police officer knelt on his neck for more than eight minutes.
The museum's leadership cited other reasons that factored into its decision.
"We also have watched as the attention of the world and the country has increasingly turned to statues and monuments as powerful and hurtful symbols of systemic racism," the memo said.
"The Statue has long been controversial because of the hierarchical composition that places one figure on horseback and the others walking alongside, and many of us find its depictions of the Native American and African figures and their placement in the monument racist."
According to its website, the statue was commissioned in 1925 to be erected on the museum's steps and was unveiled in 1940. The statue was intended to pay homage to Roosevelt as a "devoted naturalist and author of works on natural history."
It is unclear when the statue will be removed or where it will go. Because it sits on city-owned property, those decisions will likely fall to New York City officials.
Theodore Roosevelt IV, a museum trustee and great-grandson to the former president, said in a statement provided by the museum that he also agrees the statue should be removed.
"The world does not need statues, relics of another age, that reflect neither the values of the person they intend to honor nor the values of equality and justice," he said.
"The composition of the Equestrian Statue does not reflect Theodore Roosevelt's legacy. It is time to move the Statue and move forward."
Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.


text:
Category:Non-Chalcedonian Saints
The Non-Chalcedonian Saints category is for those persons on the Oriental Orthodox calendar who are not also on the Chalcedonian ("Eastern Orthodox") calendar.
Pages in category "Non-Chalcedonian Saints"
The following 68 pages are in this category, out of 68 total.
- Abanoub
- Abba Aftse
- Abba Alef
- Abba Gerima
- Abba Guba
- Abba Inbaqom
- Abba Libanos
- Abba Liqanos
- Abba P'entelewon
- Abba Sehma
- Abba Yem'ata
- Abba Zemika'el Aregawi
- Abdel Messih El-Makari
- Abraam of Fayoum
- Andrews (Ibrahim) the Samuelite
- Anianus of Alexandria
- Anthimus I of Constantinople
- Athanasius II of Alexandria


text:
The impact of Federal elections on investment markets
Some might be forgiven for thinking the wheels have fallen off Australian politics over the past decade with the same number of PM changes as Italy, a fractured Senate and "minority government" at times making sensible visionary long-term policy making hard. With the May 18 Federal Election offering a starker than normal choice political uncertainty may see another leg up. Polls give Labor a clear lead, albeit it's narrowed a bit.
With the Australian Federal election now called for May 18, this wire takes a look at the impact of Federal elections on investment markets and the critical policy differences this time around of relevance to investors.
Elections, the economy & markets in the short term
There is anecdotal evidence that uncertainty around elections causes households and businesses to put some spending decisions on hold - the longer the campaign the greater the risk. Fortunately, this time around it's a relatively short campaign at five weeks. However, hard evidence regarding the impact of elections on economic indicators is mixed and there is no clear evidence that election uncertainty effects economic growth in election years as a whole. In fact, since 1980 economic growth through election years averaged 3.6% which is greater than average growth of 3.1% over the period as a whole.
In terms of the share market, there is some evidence of it tracking sideways in the run up to elections, which may be because investors don't like the uncertainty associated with the prospect of a change in policies. The next chart shows Australian share prices from one year prior to six months after federal elections since 1983. This is shown as an average for all elections (but excludes the 1987 and 2007 elections given the global share crash in late 1987 and the start of the global financial crisis (GFC) in 2007), and the periods around the 1983 and 2007 elections, which saw a change of government to Labor, and the 1996 and 2013 elections, which saw a change of government to the Coalition. The chart suggests some evidence of a period of flat lining in the run up to elections, possibly reflecting investor uncertainty, followed by a relief rally.
Source: Thomson Reuters, AMP Capital
However, the elections resulting in a change of government have seen a mixed picture. Shares rose sharply after the 1983 Labor victory but fell sharply after the 2007 Labor win, with global developments playing a role in both. After the 1996 and 2013 Coalition victories shares were flat to down. So based on historical experience it's not obvious that a victory by any one party is best for shares in the immediate aftermath, and historically the impact of swings in global shares arguably played a bigger role than the outcomes of federal elections.
The next table shows that 9 out of the 13 elections since 1983 saw shares up 3 months later with an average gain of 4.8%.
Australian shares before and after elections
The next chart shows the same analysis for the Australian dollar. In the six months prior to Federal elections there is some evidence the $A experiences a period of softness and choppiness, which is consistent with policy uncertainty, but the magnitude of change is small. On average, the $A has drifted sideways to down slightly after elections.
Source: Thomson Reuters, AMP Capital
Political parties and shares
Over the post-war period shares have returned 12.7% pa under Coalition governments and 10.7% pa under Labor governments. It may be argued that the Labor governments led by Whitlam in the 1970s and Rudd and Gillard more recently had the misfortune of severe global bear markets and, if these periods are excluded, the Labor average obviously rises to 15.8% pa, although that may be taking things a bit too far. But certainly, the Hawke/Keating government defied conventional perceptions that conservative governments are always better for shares. Over the Hawke/Keating period from 1983 to 1996 Australian shares returned 17.3% pa, the strongest pace for any post-war Australian government.
Once in government, political parties are usually forced to adopt sensible macro-economic policies if they wish to ensure rising living standards and arguably there has been broad consensus on both sides of politics in recent decades regarding key macro-economic fundamentals – eg, low inflation and free markets.
Policy differences starker than since the 1970s
However, after narrowing in the 80s and 90s with the rationalist reform oriented agenda kicked off by Hawke and Keating, in recent years the policy differences between the Coalition and Labor have been intensifying again to the point that they are now arguably starker than they have been since the 1970s (when there used to be more of a focus around "class warfare"). In part this is consistent with rising interest in populist policies globally which in turn reflects angst over low wages growth, widening inequality, globalisation and automation. Each side of politics is now offering very different visions on the role and size of government. And so the policy uncertainty around this election is greater than usual.
The Coalition is focussed on containing government spending and encouraging economic growth via infrastructure spending, significant personal tax cuts (to return bracket creep and cap taxation revenue at its long term high of around 24% of GDP) and mild economic reforms.
By contrast Labor is focussed on spending more on health and education and in the process allowing the size of the public sector to increase. This is proposed to be funded by "tax increases" including:
- cancelling the Coalition's middle and upper income personal tax cuts scheduled for next decade and reimposing the 2% Deficit Repair Levy on incomes above $180,000;
- restricting negative gearing to new residential property (and no other assets) and halving the capital gains tax discount from January 1 2020;
- stopping cash refunds for excess franking credits; and
- a 30% tax rate on distributions from discretionary trusts;
It's not proposing to spend all the extra revenue this will raise with some earmarked for higher budget surpluses (ie paying down public debt). It's also promising a sharp lift in the minimum wage towards being a "living wage", some labour market re-regulation, far more aggressive climate policy (with a 45% reduction in emissions on 2005 levels by 2030, which is almost double the Coalition's policy) and in relation to superannuation key changes are likely to include a resumption of the increase in the Super Guarantee, lower non-concessional contributions and a lower income threshold for the application of the 30% tax rate on super contributions. Intervention in the economy is likely to be higher under a Labor government.
Perceptions that a more left leaning Labor government will mean bigger government, more regulation and higher taxes and hence act as a drag on productivity and be less business friendly may contribute to more nervousness in shares and the $A than usual around this election. More specifically there are a number of risks:
- There is a danger that relying on tax hikes on the "top end of town" will dampen incentive in that Australia's top marginal tax rate of 47% is already high – particularly compared to our neighbours: 33% in NZ; 20% in Singapore; and 15% in HK. Australia's income tax system is already highly progressive: 1% of taxpayers pay 17% of the total personal income tax take (with an average tax rate of 42%) & the top 10% pay 45% of tax compared to the bottom 50% who pay around 12% (with an average tax rate around 11%).
- The proposed changes to franking credits even though they only impact around 8% of taxpayers are potentially a negative for stocks with high-franked dividends.
- The proposed changes to capital gains tax and negative gearing have been estimated to cause a 5 to 12% decline in home prices & a boost to rents of 7 to 12%. This is risky as the property market is already weak. This could further impact construction/property stocks, banks & retail shares.
- Higher minimum wages and some labour market re-regulation risk higher unemployment, a less flexible labour market and are a negative for hospitality and retail stocks.
- The focus on economic reform needed to boost productivity looks to have fallen by the wayside in the face of populism – eg, why aren't we considering injecting more competition into the health sector along with spending more on it?
That said there are some offsets in relation to ALP policies that investors need to allow for:
- Some ALP policies may not pass the Senate, including those around negative gearing and repealing the middle & upper income tax cuts that have already passed into law.
- Labor is planning bigger budget surpluses which is positive.
- Labor policies encouraging "build to rent/affordable housing" are positive, but it's unclear how much impact they will have.
- Labor policies focussed on greater spending and tax cuts more targeted to lower saving low income earners may provide more of a short-term boost to economic growth.
- Labor has a track record of taking sensible advice & responding quickly to help the economy in a crisis (think 1983 and in the GFC). In the short term, this could include a First Home Buyer grant to mute the property downturn.
Concluding comment
The now wider left right divide in Australian politics suggests greater uncertainty going into this election potentially affecting all asset Australian classes. But the bigger concern is the dwindling prospects for productivity enhancing reform, which could be an ongoing dampener on growth in living standards.
2 topics


text:
Jeff Danker tests his will power against mother nature on an elk hunt in Colorado.
BuckVentures long time pro staff member, Andy Bledsoe, pursues a mature Tennessee buck during the early season...
The BuckVentures team heads out for a new adventure, Waterfowl hunting.
Jeff Danker and the BuckVentures team partners with Academy Sports + Outdoors to introduce several youths to t...
The Buckventures crew partakes in the annual youth hunt with Yung Gunz Outdoors in Kansas.
Buckventures - My Perfect Deer Hunt with Jeff Danker
Jeff Danker heads to Montana to hunt Jackie Bushmans ranch in a shot at redemption for last years trip.
The BuckVentures crew dives into the big deer history of one of their Oklahoma ranches.