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Ale, brewing and fulacht fiadh
Billy Quinn and Declan Moore of Moore Environmental and Archaeological Consultants in Galway present a bleary eyed experimental reassessment of the nature and function of fulacht fiadh
The majority of Irish field monuments are defined by their names – a standing stone is a standing stone and a ringfort is a ringfort but not so the fulacht fiadh, characterised by its horseshoe-shaped mound and associated trough. The name derives from Geoffrey Keating's seventeenth century manuscript Foras Feasa ar Eirinn and as a complete term does not appear in any early manuscripts. Conventional wisdom, based largely on M.J. O'Kelly's 1952 experiments in Ballyvourney, Co. Cork suggests that they were used for cooking. John Waddell points out that 'the fact that meat can be boiled in them does not prove that this was their main purpose'. Alternative theories that have been proposed include bathing, dyeing and tanning. It is however, generally agreed that their primary function was to heat water by depositing fired stones into a water-filled trough.
One hungover morning at breakfast, discussing the natural predisposition of all men to seek means to alter our minds, coupled with our innate inquisitiveness (and more mundane preparations for the excavation of a fulacht fiadh), Billy came to a sudden and startling conclusion: fulachts were Ireland's earliest breweries!
Immediately we set out on a journey of discovery. This quest took us to Barcelona to the Congres Cerveza Prehistorica, and later one evening in Las Ramblas in the company of, among others, an international beer author, an award winning short story writer, a world renowned beer academic and a Canadian Classical scholar – all of whom shared our passion for the early history of beer. In pursuit of the early Northern European brewing evidence we travelled to the Orkneys to meet Merryn and Graham Dineley, an archaeologist and home brewer who taught about ancient brewing techniques. Hot rock brewing technology brought us to Rauchenfels brewery in Marktoberdorf, Germany and finally to Canada.
The History
Studies indicate that hunter-gatherers worked between 4 and 6 hours a day – so what did they do with the rest of the time? Clearly there was a lot of time available for experimentation. Anthropological evidence demonstrates that intoxicants have been part of human society from earliest times. Almost every culture has rites and rituals involving mind-altering substances. Early hunter-gatherers had an intimate knowledge of the environment around them and the effects of naturally occurring intoxicants. As Pete Brown says in Man Walks into a Pub,
even elephants eat fermenting berries deliberately to get pissed and we are much more cleverer than them.
In the 1950s, Braidwood and Sauer, at a symposium for the Journal American Anthropologiest debated whether man once lived by beer alone – essentially asking what prompted the shift from hunter-gatherer to farmer: Was it beer or bread? As Peter Rowley-Conwy states: 'we call hard but boring work "the daily grind", a reference to milling cultivated grain, and current research is showing that you didn't take up farming unless you had to'. The question of how this shift occurred, although intriguing, is academic – somewhere in experimenting with bread or grain, or by happy accident, someone discovered fermentation.
Recent chemical analyses of residues in pottery jars from the Neolithic village of Jiahu in Northern China by Patrick McGovern revealed that a mixed fermented beverage of rice, honey and fruit was being produced as early as 9,000 years ago. Evidence for the production of beer in the Middle East has long been known – Calcium Oxalate, the principal component of an insoluble deposit known as beerstone was found on the inner surfaces of fermentation vessels at Godin Tepe (late fourth Millennium BC) in the Zagros Mountains in modern day Iran. A stamp seal from Tepe Gawra, a site near Mosul, Iraq dated to 4000 BC, shows two figures drinking beer using traditional straws and container. At Hierakonpolis near Luxor, Jeremy Geller interpreted a site known as HK24A (3100-2890 BC), as a brewery. The world's earliest written recipe, a Sumerian cuneiform tablet dating to 1800 BC, describes the brewing of beer. The tablet, the Hymn to Ninkasi, known as 'the Lady of the inebriating fruit', describes preparing the beer mash in a pit in the ground using 'sweet aromatics and honey'.
The evidence from Northern Europe is less clear. Large-scale grain processing in the Neolithic in Britain is hinted at by thousands of charred cereal grains found at Balbridie in Scotland, sherds of Grimston-Lyles pottery from pits at Machrie Moor, Arran, were found to contain cereal pollens – interpreted as the remains of a mead-type drink. Based on the high-status drinking vessels characteristic of the Beaker culture it has been suggested that these people traded in some sort of alcoholic beverage. At Ashgrove, in Scotland, archaeologists found evidence of a mixed meadowsweet/lime, a possible mead drink. Compelling evidence for alcohol consumption in early Scotland comes from Perthshire, where Gordon Barclay discovered a 'black greasy material' in a food vessel. This residue was radiocarbon dated to 1540 BC and pollen analysis indicated that it represented a cereal-based meadowsweet-flavoured drink. Bohncke, who carried out the palaeobotanical analysis, noted that the high proportion of cereal pollen grains suggested an ale – 'it is distinctly possible therefore that the North Mains food vessel contained a fermented drink'.
So, if brewing and beer drinking was prevalent and widespread throughout The Levant and The Far East with growing evidence of the same from Late Neolithic and Bronze Age Europe and Britain, and given our prodigious reputation for alcohol consumption (even in Roman Times), where and how did the Bronze Age people brew?
The Ingredients and Equipment
The most basic ingredients for ale are milled, malted grain water, yeast and herbal additives. In terms of facilities and equipment the brewer needs a preparation area for malting, a heat source, grinding equipment, a mash tun (a sufficiently large vessel or pit) containers and a stirrer. The fundamentals of brewing are relatively simple – starches are converted to sugar by heating a mash of milled malted grain to a temperature of approximately 67° Celsius, producing a glucose-rich syrup solution known as a wort. To maximise the sugar yield from the grain the wort is sparged (washed through with hot water). The end product is then transferred to a storage vessel, yeast is added to promote fermentation, flavourings introduced, and several days later the end product is an unhopped ale.
Throughout prehistoric Europe one of the main challenges for the brewer (in the absence of suitable metal containers) was heating large volumes of water to make a wort. Indeed, given that brewing until the modern era was a home-based industry, sufficiently large metal mash tuns were uneconomical. So how could people brew without the application of direct heat? Hot rocks are the most logical means. When dropped into a wooden mash tun filled with water and mashed barley, the hot rocks cause the wort to heat -This resulting brew became known in Germany as 'stein beer' (stone beer). Until recently the hot rock method was used by Rauchenfels brewery, Bavaria. Here the brewers used greywacke. Sahti, an unhopped ale still served at rural feasts in Finland, is prepared by immersing hot stones into a wooden mash tun to raise the temperature and create a simple ale that is flavoured by filtering it through juniper branches. The tradition has been traced back over 500 years.
The experiment was carried at Billy's home in Cordarragh, Headford, Co. Galway. Seeking authenticity in replicating our Bronze Age ale we decided that our equipment should be as basic as possible. The wooden trough, posthumously donated by Billy's granduncle, was 60 years old, leaky, wedge-shaped and measured 1.7 m in length, 0.7 m in width with a depth of 0.65 m (roughly consistent with the average trough dimensions from excavated examples). When filled with water to a depth of 0.55 m, it held 350 litres. In an attempt at caulking the more obvious gaps moss and alluvial clay was applied. Where this process was carried out with care no leaks occurred. After digging a pit, the trough was lowered into the ground and water added. Despite some initial leakage we eventually reached an equilibrium in the water level by simply flooding the immediate area.
In our experience most of the stones contained in the burnt mounds associated with fulacht fiadh are of sandstone or granite. Limestone appears to have been shunned. As O'Kelly observed, heated limestone on contact with water turns to calcium hydroxide. Even in the limestone shelf that constitutes the Aran Islands, Co. Galway, Claire Cotter, excavating in Dún Aenghus, noted that there were numerous fragments of burnt granite cobbles scattered throughout the site, whereas limestone associated with a trough were unburnt – an indication that these erratics were deliberately sought out. For the purposes of our experiment we sourced granite and sandstone from Connemara.
For our Bronze Age brewer after harvesting the barley crop, s/he would have then begun the malting process by first winnowing the grain from the chaff. The next stage would have involved artificially promoting growth by placing the grain in a textile bag or perforated leather container. This would then have been placed in a stream to allow the grains to swell, resulting in the growth of a sprout or 'acrospire'. The next stage in the process involved stunting this growth to maximise the nutritional value of the grain. This was done by adding gentle heat by rolling hot stones through the grain. The resultant malt is essentially a starch-rich roasted barley seed (grain which has been malted is far more suitable for grinding than unmalted grain). Our malted barley (50 kg) was provided by Aidan Murphy, master brewer with the Galway Hooker Brewing Company. The barley was unmilled and after attempting to grind it using bottles on a hard surface (effective but very slow) we opted for a very Bronze Age electrical food processor.
The first ales were probably fermented by natural airborne yeasts – in Belgium this tradition is continued in the production of Lambic beers. In Norse legend Odin, disguised as an eagle, spilled the secret of beer from the sky. Early brewers learnt that by reusing the stick they had stirred their previous brew with would help to start the next fermentation. One can imagine that these 'magic sticks' or 'wands' covered with a sticky residue impregnated with living yeast cells would have been invested with a significant spiritual potency. Indeed, the transformative powers of these 'wands' in the context of a ritual presided over by a shaman may be likened to Christ at Cana changing the water into wine. In our initial experiment we used brewers yeast. In later brews we used wet yeast.
The Experiment
The stones were heated in a fire for roughly two hours. Step one involved transferring the heated stones into the trough using a shovel. After 15 minutes we achieved our optimum temperature of 60-70c. This temperature is easily identified by observing the surface of the water. As the water heats it becomes thinner, the ripples subside and it becomes glassy and mirror still. The ideal temperature is when the clearest reflection can be seen. At this point we half submerged a wicker basket in the trough and began to add our barley in small amounts to prevent the mash from congealing. Over a period of 45 minutes, maintaining a fairly constant temperature with the addition of occasional heated stones (some of which were recovered from the trough and reheated) our water transformed into a sweet, syrupy, workable wort. If we had decided to add milk, the resultant concoction would be similar to modern day Horlicks or could have been served as porridge or been used to make malt loaf.
After converting the starches to sugar, ascertained by tasting the mash, we brought the mixture to a boil to sterilise it and simply baled the final product into fermentation vessels. We used spigoted plastic containers with a total capacity of 75 litres. In later experiments we used two Bronze Age replica urn-style vessels, each with a capacity of 30 litres made by Seamus Laffin of Roundstone Pottery. Including the leftover liquid we could easily have produced up to 300 litres of wort. At this point we added flavourings, the majority of which were growing around us in Billy's garden. Thus our ale was flavoured with elderflower heads, juniper berries and some yarrow. These additives were ground in a mortar, wrapped in muslin and suspended in the top of our wort. We added 150 ml of brewer's yeast after cooling the vessels in a bath of cold water for 3 hours.
Our ale, ready for consumption after only three days, was a relatively clear, copper-coloured brew with a distinctively sharp yet sweet taste. The hot rocks impart a slightly smoky caramelized character. A hard touch of sugar was evident with minimal bitterness and grainy flavour throughout. Overall, the taste was crisp, with a moderate to heavy body. In short it was nice!
We produced what is more properly termed a gruit ale (gruit is a term used to describe the herbal mix used to flavour ale). Through our experiments, we discovered that the process of brewing ale in a fulacht using hot rock technology is a simple process. To produce the ale took only a few hours, followed by a three-day wait to allow for fermentation. Three hundred litres of water was transformed into a very palatable 110 litres of ale with minimal work. The real labour for the Bronze Age brewer would have been gathering, malting and milling the barley. The spent grain provided the ingredients for a dozen malt loaves and the rest was used as cattle fodder. Other than the shattered stone and the remains of the fire, there was no wastage.
So, what is the evidence for brewing? First, the experiment worked. Fermentation caused by windblown yeast even occurred in the leftover mash in the trough within a few hours. Secondly, a number of quernstones have been found in association with fulachts – indicating that grain processing was taking place nearby. Furthermore the fact that hot rock brewing was carried out to an industrial level until the early part of the last century (and indeed is still practised at a vernacular level in Scandinavian Countries today) testifies to the efficiency of the process.
In conclusion beer at its most basic is fermented liquid bread and is a highly nutritious beverage. Our ancestors would have consumed ale on a daily basis as a healthy, uncontaminated, comfort drink. But this does not preclude the fact that in the long Bronze Age evenings and nights, family groups likely sat around a blazing fire telling tales, interacting socially and enjoying the warmth, wellbeing and genial companionship that ale enhances.
We suggest that the fulacht fiadh was possibly multifunctional, the kitchen sink of the Bronze Age with many conceivable uses. For us, however, a primary use seems clear – these sites were Bronze Age micro-breweries.
Further reading at
O'Neill, J (2004). Lapidibus in igne calefactis coquebatur: The Historical burnt mound 'tradition'. The Journal of Irish Archaeology Volumes XII and XIII, 2003-2004
Nelson, M (2005). The Barbarian's Beverage: A History of Beer in Ancient Europe. Routledge, NY.
Dineley, Merryn(2004). Barley, Malt and Ale in the Neolithic. Oxford: Archaeopress.
Or visit our website www.mooregroup.ie to view photo gallery of the experiment. We'll also be posting an extensive bibliography shortly.
Acknowledgements: This project took us to many different countries where we met some great people and sampled strange and exotic beers culminating in the manufacture of our own brew ….. just great craic! We gratefully acknowledge the assistance and advice of Merryn and Graham Dineley, Max Nelson, The Hooker Brewing Company, Pete Brown, Libby Best and Maree Daffy, Moore Group and everyone else who either fed or watered us over the past few years.
[…] But then I saw this post all about how folks figured out that ancient Irish people were brewing beer and how they were doing it, and I'm about ready to start digging holes and throwing around hot rocks. I bet that will be useful nowledge after we run out of oil. […]
Very Interesting post! Thank you for such interesting resource!
PS: Sorry for my bad english, I'v just started to learn this language 😉
See you!
Your, Raiul Baztepo
Ode to experminental brewing and making archaeology accessable to the masses via this most ancient of fermentated beverages! You'll be happy to know that I use your research in my Ale Through the Ages brewing seminar at DISCOVERY WORLD museum in Milwaukee (Brew City, USA) http:/distantmirror.wordpress.com
Any recent excavations of fulachts that yielded botanicals or calcium oxilate?
Brilliant! I've only stumbled across this blog because I did a search for your company after reading an article about the beer you are making (I'm a Viking Age archaeologist who loves beer – especially non-hopped beer! – so that sort of thing gets my attention! I find your interpretation of fulacht fiadh far more convincing than other interpretations I've read (i.e. for cooking shellfish). Inspiring experimental archaeology – and what I wouldn't give to have enjoyed a taste of that myself 🙂
Ontario, Canada
A cairde,
Tá sé sin do-chreidte siumiúil!
Ar fheabhas ar fad…… Agus mé ag freastal ar cursaí staire agus mé níos óige, dúrú go raibh fia mhór chur i fulacht fiach chun é a cócaráil. Cheapas ansin , go raibh an-chuid dramhail ag baint leis an cleachtadh siúd. Ach mar achmainn chun leann den scoth a dhéanamh, níl aon dabht i mo thuairmse, go raibh baint leis an fulacht fia le sin.
Aon seans go raibh ról ag bláthanna na troime (Sambucus nigra) mar gíosta, seachas giosta fiána i do leann?
Le gach dea ghuí,
Nice entry, and I would like to make a few comments but these will have to wait till the weekend! Now is the midst of planting season here in Burundi – working with local folk in agr, lots of work…
[…] Vía| Blog personal de Declan Moore […]
[…] a less hazy telling of this tale, I recommend you go to the source – Dean Moore's own blog effectively covers the talk he delivered at the European Beer […]
[…] One idea, and the one I like the most, is that they were used for brewing beer. This theory was put forth by Billy Quinn and Declan Moore of Moore Environmental and Archaeological Consultants in Galway. As it is put on their website "One hungover morning at breakfast, discussing the natural predispostion of all men to seek means to alter our minds, coupled with our innate inquisitiveness (and more mundane preparations for the excavation of a fulacht fiadh), Billy came to a sudden and startling conclusion: fulachts were Ireland's earliest breweries!" You can read the full story on their website at http://www.mooregroup.ie/2007/10/the-archaeology-ireland-article/. […]
[…] eins Fulacht vonseiten Archäologen inside County Galway Bierbrauen über besuchen Declan Moore darüber hinaus Billy Quinn . Pass away einfachen Prozess funktionierte sauber und produziert sehr genießbar (und […]
Has anyone done chemical analysis (chromatography etc) of the wood lining the troughs? Dyes, shellfish and mash leave distinctive different chemical finger prints I would assume, or did all traces disappear through internment under dirt, as unlike the inside of ceramic vessels? Very interesting… p.s. has there been any archaeological evidence for yeast sticks used in ancient brewing? have any of them ever been dug up?
[…] Moore runs The Moore Group archaeological consultancy in Galway city, Ireland. Along with colleague Billy Quinn, he set out to […]
[…] The Fulacht fidha and Brewing […]
[…] There are, all over Ireland, small horseshoe shaped mounds. They are now mostly covered by grass, but beneath the grass are burned, cracked stones clearly damaged by fire, arranged in a central pit, or trough. There are thousands of these fire-marked pits all over Ireland, though they appear particularly common in Cork. You'll even find these pits marked on the official ordinance survey maps. Carbon dating suggests that most of these pits, known as fulacht fiadh in Ireland, were built between c. 1500 B.C.E. – c. 500 B.C.E. We don't honestly know what these pits were used for; there have been many suggestions, including cooking meat by boiling it, dye work, and, most recently, an archeologist has suggested they were used for the brewing of ale. […]
[…] Billy Quinn & Declan Moore. Ale, brewing and fulacht fiadh: Archaeology Ireland. http://www.mooregroup.ie/2007/10/the-archaeology-ireland-article/ […]


text:
At the banker's door Beauchamp stopped Morcerf. "Listen," said he; "just now I told you it was of M. de Monte Cristo you must demand an explanation."
"Yes; and we are going to his house."
"Reflect, Morcerf, one moment before you go."
"On what shall I reflect?"
"On the importance of the step you are taking."
"Is it more serious than going to M. Danglars?"
"Yes; M. Danglars is a money-lover, and those who love money, you know, think too much of what they risk to be easily induced to fight a duel. The other is, on the contrary, to all appearance a true nobleman; but do you not fear to find him a bully?"
"I only fear one thing; namely, to find a man who will not fight."
"Do not be alarmed," said Beauchamp; "he will meet you. My only fear is that he will be too strong for you."
"My friend," said Morcerf, with a sweet smile, "that is what I wish. The happiest thing that could occur to me, would be to die in my father's stead; that would save us all."
"Your mother would die of grief."
"My poor mother!" said Albert, passing his hand across his eyes, "I know she would; but better so than die of shame."
"Are you quite decided, Albert?"
"Yes; let us go."
"But do you think we shall find the count at home?"
"He intended returning some hours after me, and doubtless he is now at home." They ordered the driver to take them to No. 30 Champs-Elysees. Beauchamp wished to go in alone, but Albert observed that as this was an unusual circumstance he might be allowed to deviate from the usual etiquette in affairs of honor. The cause which the young man espoused was one so sacred that Beauchamp had only to comply with all his wishes; he yielded and contented himself with following Morcerf. Albert sprang from the porter's lodge to the steps. He was received by Baptistin. The count had, indeed, just arrived, but he was in his bath, and had forbidden that any one should be admitted. "But after his bath?" asked Morcerf.
"My master will go to dinner."
"And after dinner?"
"He will sleep an hour."
"He is going to the opera."
"Are you sure of it?" asked Albert.
"Quite, sir; my master has ordered his horses at eight o'clock precisely."
"Very good," replied Albert; "that is all I wished to know." Then, turning towards Beauchamp, "If you have anything to attend to, Beauchamp, do it directly; if you have any appointment for this evening, defer it till tomorrow. I depend on you to accompany me to the opera; and if you can, bring Chateau-Renaud with you."
Beauchamp availed himself of Albert's permission, and left him, promising to call for him at a quarter before eight. On his return home, Albert expressed his wish to Franz Debray, and Morrel, to see them at the opera that evening. Then he went to see his mother, who since the events of the day before had refused to see any one, and had kept her room. He found her in bed, overwhelmed with grief at this public humiliation. The sight of Albert produced the effect which might naturally be expected on Mercedes; she pressed her son's hand and sobbed aloud, but her tears relieved her. Albert stood one moment speechless by the side of his mother's bed. It was evident from his pale face and knit brows that his resolution to revenge himself was growing weaker. "My dear mother," said he, "do you know if M. de Morcerf has any enemy?" Mercedes started; she noticed that the young man did not say "my father." "My son," she said, "persons in the count's situation have many secret enemies. Those who are known are not the most dangerous."
"I know it, and appeal to your penetration. You are of so superior a mind, nothing escapes you."
"Why do you say so?"
"Because, for instance, you noticed on the evening of the ball we gave, that M. de Monte Cristo would eat nothing in our house." Mercedes raised herself on her feverish arm. "M. de Monte Cristo!" she exclaimed; "and how is he connected with the question you asked me?"
"You know, mother, M. de Monte Cristo is almost an Oriental, and it is customary with the Orientals to secure full liberty for revenge by not eating or drinking in the houses of their enemies."
"Do you say M. de Monte Cristo is our enemy?" replied Mercedes, becoming paler than the sheet which covered her. "Who told you so? Why, you are mad, Albert! M. de Monte Cristo has only shown us kindness. M. de Monte Cristo saved your life; you yourself presented him to us. Oh, I entreat you, my son, if you had entertained such an idea, dispel it; and my counsel to you -- nay, my prayer -- is to retain his friendship."
"Mother," replied the young man, "you have especial reasons for telling me to conciliate that man."
"I?" said Mercedes, blushing as rapidly as she had turned pale, and again becoming paler than ever.
"Yes, doubtless; and is it not that he may never do us any harm?" Mercedes shuddered, and, fixing on her son a scrutinizing gaze, "You speak strangely," said she to Albert, "and you appear to have some singular prejudices. What has the count done? Three days since you were with him in Normandy; only three days since we looked on him as our best friend."
An ironical smile passed over Albert's lips. Mercedes saw it and with the double instinct of woman and mother guessed all; but as she was prudent and strong-minded she concealed both her sorrows and her fears. Albert was silent; an instant after, the countess resumed: "You came to inquire after my health; I will candidly acknowledge that I am not well. You should install yourself here, and cheer my solitude. I do not wish to be left alone."
"Mother," said the young man, "you know how gladly I would obey your wish, but an urgent and important affair obliges me to leave you for the whole evening."
"Well," replied Mercedes, sighing, "go, Albert; I will not make you a slave to your filial piety." Albert pretended he did not hear, bowed to his mother, and quitted her. Scarcely had he shut her door, when Mercedes called a confidential servant, and ordered him to follow Albert wherever he should go that evening, and to come and tell her immediately what he observed. Then she rang for her lady's maid, and, weak as she was, she dressed, in order to be ready for whatever might happen. The footman's mission was an easy one. Albert went to his room, and dressed with unusual care. At ten minutes to eight Beauchamp arrived; he had seen Chateau-Renaud, who had promised to be in the orchestra before the curtain was raised. Both got into Albert's coupe; and, as the young man had no reason to conceal where he was going, he called aloud, "To the opera." In his impatience he arrived before the beginning of the performance.
Chateau-Renaud was at his post; apprised by Beauchamp of the circumstances, he required no explanation from Albert. The conduct of the son in seeking to avenge his father was so natural that Chateau-Renaud did not seek to dissuade him, and was content with renewing his assurances of devotion. Debray was not yet come, but Albert knew that he seldom lost a scene at the opera. Albert wandered about the theatre until the curtain was drawn up. He hoped to meet with M. de Monte Cristo either in the lobby or on the stairs. The bell summoned him to his seat, and he entered the orchestra with Chateau-Renaud and Beauchamp. But his eyes scarcely quitted the box between the columns, which remained obstinately closed during the whole of the first act. At last, as Albert was looking at his watch for about the hundredth time, at the beginning of the second act the door opened, and Monte Cristo entered, dressed in black, and, leaning over the front of the box, looked around the pit. Morrel followed him, and looked also for his sister and brother in-law; he soon discovered them in another box, and kissed his hand to them.
The count, in his survey of the pit, encountered a pale face and threatening eyes, which evidently sought to gain his attention. He recognized Albert, but thought it better not to notice him, as he looked so angry and discomposed. Without communicating his thoughts to his companion, he sat down, drew out his opera-glass, and looked another way. Although apparently not noticing Albert, he did not, however, lose sight of him, and when the curtain fell at the end of the second act, he saw him leave the orchestra with his two friends. Then his head was seen passing at the back of the boxes, and the count knew that the approaching storm was intended to fall on him. He was at the moment conversing cheerfully with Morrel, but he was well prepared for what might happen. The door opened, and Monte Cristo, turning round, saw Albert, pale and trembling, followed by Beauchamp and Chateau-Renaud.
"Well," cried he, with that benevolent politeness which distinguished his salutation from the common civilities of the world, "my cavalier has attained his object. Good-evening, M. de Morcerf." The countenance of this man, who possessed such extraordinary control over his feelings, expressed the most perfect cordiality. Morrel only then recollected the letter he had received from the viscount, in which, without assigning any reason, he begged him to go to the opera, but he understood that something terrible was brooding.
"We are not come here, sir, to exchange hypocritical expressions of politeness, or false professions of friendship," said Albert, "but to demand an explanation." The young man's trembling voice was scarcely audible. "An explanation at the opera?" said the count, with that calm tone and penetrating eye which characterize the man who knows his cause is good. "Little acquainted as I am with the habits of Parisians, I should not have thought this the place for such a demand."
"Still, if people will shut themselves up," said Albert, "and cannot be seen because they are bathing, dining, or asleep, we must avail ourselves of the opportunity whenever they are to be seen."
"I am not difficult of access, sir; for yesterday, if my memory does not deceive me, you were at my house."
"Yesterday I was at your house, sir," said the young man; "because then I knew not who you were." In pronouncing these words Albert had raised his voice so as to be heard by those in the adjoining boxes and in the lobby. Thus the attention of many was attracted by this altercation. "Where are you come from, sir? You do not appear to be in the possession of your senses."
"Provided I understand your perfidy, sir, and succeed in making you understand that I will be revenged, I shall be reasonable enough," said Albert furiously.
"I do not understand you, sir," replied Monte Cristo; "and if I did, your tone is too high. I am at home here, and I alone have a right to raise my voice above another's. Leave the box, sir!" Monte Cristo pointed towards the door with the most commanding dignity. "Ah, I shall know how to make you leave your home!" replied Albert, clasping in his convulsed grasp the glove, which Monte Cristo did not lose sight of.
"Well, well," said Monte Cristo quietly, "I see you wish to quarrel with me; but I would give you one piece of advice, which you will do well to keep in mind. It is in poor taste to make a display of a challenge. Display is not becoming to every one, M. de Morcerf."
At this name a murmur of astonishment passed around the group of spectators of this scene. They had talked of no one but Morcerf the whole day. Albert understood the allusion in a moment, and was about to throw his glove at the count, when Morrel seized his hand, while Beauchamp and Chateau-Renaud, fearing the scene would surpass the limits of a challenge, held him back. But Monte Cristo, without rising, and leaning forward in his chair, merely stretched out his arm and, taking the damp, crushed glove from the clinched hand of the young man, "Sir," said he in a solemn tone, "I consider your glove thrown, and will return it to you wrapped around a bullet. Now leave me or I will summon my servants to throw you out at the door."
Wild, almost unconscious, and with eyes inflamed, Albert stepped back, and Morrel closed the door. Monte Cristo took up his glass again as if nothing had happened; his face was like marble, and his heart was like bronze. Morrel whispered, "What have you done to him?"
"I? Nothing -- at least personally," said Monte Cristo.
"But there must be some cause for this strange scene."
"The Count of Morcerf's adventure exasperates the young man."
"Have you anything to do with it?"
"It was through Haidee that the Chamber was informed of his father's treason."
"Indeed?" said Morrel. "I had been told, but would not credit it, that the Grecian slave I have seen with you here in this very box was the daughter of Ali Pasha."
"It is true, nevertheless."
"Then," said Morrel, "I understand it all, and this scene was premeditated."
"How so?"
"Yes. Albert wrote to request me to come to the opera, doubtless that I might be a witness to the insult he meant to offer you."
"Probably," said Monte Cristo with his imperturbable tranquillity.
"But what shall you do with him?"
"With whom?"
"With Albert."
"What shall I do with Albert? As certainly, Maximilian, as I now press your hand, I shall kill him before ten o'clock to-morrow morning." Morrel, in his turn, took Monte Cristo's hand in both of his, and he shuddered to feel how cold and steady it was.
"Ah, Count," said he, "his father loves him so much!"
"Do not speak to me of that," said Monte Cristo, with the first movement of anger he had betrayed; "I will make him suffer." Morrel, amazed, let fall Monte Cristo's hand. "Count, count!" said he.
"Dear Maximilian," interrupted the count, "listen how adorably Duprez is singing that line, --
`O Mathilde! idole de mon ame!'
"I was the first to discover Duprez at Naples, and the first to applaud him. Bravo, bravo!" Morrel saw it was useless to say more, and refrained. The curtain, which had risen at the close of the scene with Albert, again fell, and a rap was heard at the door.
"Come in," said Monte Cristo with a voice that betrayed not the least emotion; and immediately Beauchamp appeared. "Good-evening, M. Beauchamp," said Monte Cristo, as if this was the first time he had seen the journalist that evening; "be seated."
Beauchamp bowed, and, sitting down, "Sir," said he, "I just now accompanied M. de Morcerf, as you saw."
"And that means," replied Monte Cristo, laughing, "that you had, probably, just dined together. I am happy to see, M. Beauchamp, that you are more sober than he was."
"Sir," said M. Beauchamp, "Albert was wrong, I acknowledge, to betray so much anger, and I come, on my own account, to apologize for him. And having done so, entirely on my own account, be it understood, I would add that I believe you too gentlemanly to refuse giving him some explanation concerning your connection with Yanina. Then I will add two words about the young Greek girl." Monte Cristo motioned him to be silent. "Come," said he, laughing, "there are all my hopes about to be destroyed."
"How so?" asked Beauchamp.
"Doubtless you wish to make me appear a very eccentric character. I am, in your opinion, a Lara, a Manfred, a Lord Ruthven; then, just as I am arriving at the climax, you defeat your own end, and seek to make an ordinary man of me. You bring me down to your own level, and demand explanations! Indeed, M. Beauchamp, it is quite laughable."
"Yet," replied Beauchamp haughtily, "there are occasions when probity commands" --
"M. Beauchamp," interposed this strange man, "the Count of Monte Cristo bows to none but the Count of Monte Cristo himself. Say no more, I entreat you. I do what I please, M. Beauchamp, and it is always well done."
"Sir," replied the young man, "honest men are not to be paid with such coin. I require honorable guaranties."
"I am, sir, a living guaranty," replied Monte Cristo, motionless, but with a threatening look; "we have both blood in our veins which we wish to shed -- that is our mutual guaranty. Tell the viscount so, and that to-morrow, before ten o'clock, I shall see what color his is."
"Then I have only to make arrangements for the duel," said Beauchamp.
"It is quite immaterial to me," said Monte Cristo, "and it was very unnecessary to disturb me at the opera for such a trifle. In France people fight with the sword or pistol, in the colonies with the carbine, in Arabia with the dagger. Tell your client that, although I am the insulted party, in order to carry out my eccentricity, I leave him the choice of arms, and will accept without discussion, without dispute, anything, even combat by drawing lots, which is always stupid, but with me different from other people, as I am sure to gain."
"Sure to gain!" repeated Beauchamp, looking with amazement at the count.
"Certainly," said Monte Cristo, slightly shrugging his shoulders; "otherwise I would not fight with M. de Morcerf. I shall kill him -- I cannot help it. Only by a single line this evening at my house let me know the arms and the hour; I do not like to be kept waiting."
"Pistols, then, at eight o'clock, in the Bois de Vincennes," said Beauchamp, quite disconcerted, not knowing if he was dealing with an arrogant braggadocio or a supernatural being.
"Very well, sir," said Monte Cristo. "Now all that is settled, do let me see the performance, and tell your friend Albert not to come any more this evening; he will hurt himself with all his ill-chosen barbarisms: let him go home and go to sleep." Beauchamp left the box, perfectly amazed. "Now," said Monte Cristo, turning towards Morrel, "I may depend upon you, may I not?"
"Certainly," said Morrel, "I am at your service, count; still" --
"It is desirable I should know the real cause."
"That is to say, you would rather not?"
"The young man himself is acting blindfolded, and knows not the true cause, which is known only to God and to me; but I give you my word, Morrel, that God, who does know it, will be on our side."
"Enough," said Morrel; "who is your second witness?"
"I know no one in Paris, Morrel, on whom I could confer that honor besides you and your brother Emmanuel. Do you think Emmanuel would oblige me?"
"I will answer for him, count."
"Well? that is all I require. To-morrow morning, at seven o'clock, you will be with me, will you not?"
"We will."
"Hush, the curtain is rising. Listen! I never lose a note of this opera if I can avoid it; the music of William Tell is so sweet."
Return to the The Count of Monte Cristo Summary Return to the Alexandre Dumas Library

subset: commoncrawl


text:
GALEX Image
Johnny Appleseed of the Cosmos
A new ultraviolet mosaic from NASA's Galaxy Evolution Explorer shows a speeding star that is leaving an enormous trail of "seeds" for new solar systems. The star, named Mira (pronounced my-rah) after the latin word for "wonderful," is shedding material that will be recycled into new stars, planets and possibly even life as it hurls through our galaxy.
Mira appears as a small white dot in the bulb-shaped structure at right, and is moving from left to right in this view. The shed material can be seen in light blue. The dots in the picture are stars and distant galaxies. The large blue dot at left is a star that is closer to us than Mira.
The Galaxy Evolution Explorer discovered Mira's strange comet-like tail during part of its routine survey of the entire sky at ultraviolet wavelengths. When astronomers first saw the picture, they were shocked because Mira has been studied for over 400 years yet nothing like this has ever been documented before.
Mira's comet-like tail stretches a startling 13 light-years across the sky. For comparison, the nearest star to our sun, Proxima Centauri, is only about 4 light-years away. Mira's tail also tells a tale of its history Ð the material making it up has been slowly blown off over time, with the oldest material at the end of the tail having been released about 30,000 years ago.
Mira is a highly evolved, "red giant" star near the end of its life. Technically, it is called an asymptotic giant branch star. It is red in color and bloated; for example, if a red giant were to replace our sun, it would engulf everything out to the orbit of Mars. Our sun will mature into a red giant in about 5 billion years.
Like other red giants, Mira will lose a large fraction of its mass in the form of gas and dust. In fact, Mira ejects the equivalent of the Earth's mass every 10 years. It has released enough material over the past 30,000 years to seed at least 3,000 Earth-sized planets or 9 Jupiter-sized ones.
While most stars travel along together around the disk of our Milky Way, Mira is charging through it. Because Mira is not moving with the "pack," it is moving much faster relative to the ambient gas in our section of the Milky Way. It is zipping along at 130 kilometers per second, or 291,000 miles per hour, relative to this gas.
Mira's breakneck speed together with its outflow of material are responsible for its unique glowing tail. Images from the Galaxy Evolution Explorer show a large build-up of gas, or bow shock, in front of the star, similar to water piling up in front of a speeding boat. Scientists now know that hot gas in this bow shock mixes with the cooler, hydrogen gas being shed from Mira, causing it to heat up as it swirls back into a turbulent wake. As the hydrogen gas loses energy, it fluoresces with ultraviolet light, which the Galaxy Evolution Explorer can detect.
Mira, also known as Mira A, is not alone in its travels through space. It has a distant companion star called Mira B that is thought to be the burnt-out, dead core of a star, called a white dwarf. Mira A and B circle around each other slowly, making one orbit about every 500 years. Astronomers believe that Mira B has no effect on Mira's tail.
Mira is also what's called a pulsating variable star. It dims and brightens by a factor of 1,500 every 332 days, and will become bright enough to see with the naked eye in mid-November 2007. Because it was the first variable star with a regular period ever discovered, other stars of this type are often referred to as "Miras."
Mira is located 350 light-years from Earth in the constellation Cetus, otherwise known as the whale. Coincidentally, Mira and its "whale of a tail" can be found in the tail of the whale constellation.
This mosaic is made up of individual images taken by the far-ultraviolet detector on the Galaxy Evolution Explorer between November 18 and December 15, 2006.
Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/C. Martin (Caltech)/M. Seibert(OCIW)
Release Date
August 15, 2007
Download Options
- Full Resolution TIFF [6000x1500, 10.1 MB]
- Full Resolution JPEG [6000x1500, 5.7 MB]
- Screen Resolution JPEG [450x113, 24 KB]


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What is the Deep Web?
"Deep Web" sounds kind of cool, but exactly what is it?
The Deep Web aka Invisible Web is simply locations in the Internet where search engines can't index. Therefore they are 'dark' to any search engine you use.
Why are they dark?
Well, Google, Bing, and other engines use spider bots to crawl the web and index content. If the content can't be crawled, there has to be some reason for that –
- Can not be reached – The content is behind some kind of bot unfriendly interface, security block, has corrupted code, uses Flash or some other reason the bot can't traverse to the content. This also includes commercial databases that require login.
- Content is unreadable to the bot – ie. a picture, a movie, a pdf file with no metadata, or other non-html content. Bots can only read html, nothing more.
How much is in the Deep Web?
There are several studies on how much of the Internet can't be indexed. Many of the studies are over 5 years old. At this point, the best guess which is conservative is that 90% of the Internet is Deep Web.


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In HDFS, reads normally go through the DataNode. Thus, when the client asks the DataNode to read a file, the DataNode reads that file off of the disk and sends the data to the client over a TCP socket. So-called "short-circuit" reads bypass the DataNode, allowing the client to read the file directly. Obviously, this is only possible in cases where the client is co-located with the data. Short-circuit reads provide a substantial performance boost to many applications.
To configure short-circuit local reads, you will need to enable libhadoop.so. See Native Libraries for details on enabling this library.
Short-circuit reads make use of a UNIX domain socket. This is a special path in the filesystem that allows the client and the DataNodes to communicate. You will need to set a path to this socket. The DataNode needs to be able to create this path. On the other hand, it should not be possible for any user except the HDFS user or root to create this path. For this reason, paths under /var/run or /var/lib are often used.
The client and the DataNode exchange information via a shared memory segment on /dev/shm.
Short-circuit local reads need to be configured on both the DataNode and the client.
Legacy implementation of short-circuit local reads on which the clients directly open the HDFS block files is still available for platforms other than the Linux. Setting the value of dfs.client.use.legacy.blockreader.local in addition to dfs.client.read.shortcircuit to true enables this feature.
You also need to set the value of dfs.datanode.data.dir.perm to 750 instead of the default 700 and chmod/chown the directory tree under dfs.datanode.data.dir as readable to the client and the DataNode. You must take caution because this means that the client can read all of the block files bypassing HDFS permission.
Because Legacy short-circuit local reads is insecure, access to this feature is limited to the users listed in the value of dfs.block.local-path-access.user.
<configuration> <property> <name>dfs.client.read.shortcircuit</name> <value>true</value> </property> <property> <name>dfs.client.use.legacy.blockreader.local</name> <value>true</value> </property> <property> <name>dfs.datanode.data.dir.perm</name> <value>750</value> </property> <property> <name>dfs.block.local-path-access.user</name> <value>foo,bar</value> </property> </configuration>


text:
By nature, testosterone also causes elevated levels of sebum production which makes men's skin oilier. And when you take into account that men have larger pores it's easy to understand why their skin is more at risk of attracting grime and becoming clogged with dirt and oil.
Some good news for men is that ageing signs in male skin are actually delayed compared to women's. But the bad news is, when they do appear, the ageing process accelerates dramatically. This contributes to a tired look that men want to avoid at all costs because insights show they perceive this to be truly revealing of their age.
Another unique factor is that testosterone-charged skin needs to be energised. Without this, its youthful appearance fades prematurely and signs of ageing set in. Facial hair also plays its part. Men with beards are more likely to have dirt and oil building up in the hairs, while men who shave regularly are submitting their skin to additional, unwanted stress. The good news is, NovAge Men is engineered to address all of these unique needs. The range features customised, male-specific anti-ageing products and textures that can absorb deeply and energise the skin to offer both instant effect and long-term benefits.
I have a beard. Can I still use NovAge Men?
Absolutely! Men who prefer the bearded look can still enjoy the best possible care for their skin using NovAge Men.
Top priority is to cleanse and exfoliate because beards are famous for attracting dirt and can also elevate skin oiliness. At the other end of the spectrum, facial hair can also sap moisture from your skin, leaving it dry and flaky. So, start with using NovAge Men Purifying & Exfoliating Cleanser. If you're sporting stubble or a shorter beard this is as easy as being clean shaven. For men favouring a longer beard (1–1.5cm) all it takes is a few extra seconds working the cleanser in amongst the hairs to target the skin underneath. When it comes to the BOOST and MOISTURISE steps of your routine, apply NovAge Men Energising & Hydrating Booster and NovAge Men Intense Anti-Ageing Face Gel Lotion to cleansed face and neck – including your beard – again working down to the skin. Both products absorb easily into the skin without leaving a greasy feel and your facial hair will no doubt appreciate the extra moisture.
Some Oriflame ranges have 6 products, why does NovAge Men have only 4?
Traditionally, men are accustomed to using fewer products to care for their skin, which is why NovAge Men features a slimmed-down range of products when compared to other NovAge ranges (e.g. Ultimate Lift, True Perfection). The result is a simplified routine that saves you time (not to mention space in your weekend bag) without sacrificing on performance.


text:
Onion sets arrive in late December, early January. It's time to get them into the ground.
The soil should be worked to a depth of 8-10″ and should have good drainage and be in full sun. Spread about 2 pounds of fertilizer (10-10-10 or 10-20-10) over a 100 square foot area and mix into the top 3-4″ of soil. Pick out the best developed plants and plant 3/4″ to 1″ deep and 2 to 3 inches apart.
Onions require a high source of nitrogen. A nitrogen-based fertilizer (ammonium sulfate or ammonium nitrate) should be applied at the rate of one cup per twenty feet of row. The first application should be about three weeks after planting and then continue with applications every 2 to 3 weeks. Once the neck starts feeling soft do not apply any more fertilizer. This should occur approximately 4 weeks prior to harvest. Always water immediately after feeding and maintain moisture during the growing season.
For weed control a pre-emergent herbicide (DACTHAL) should be applied prior to planting. This will provide weed control for approximately one month after planting. Other products such as GOAL and BUCTRIL, can assist in weed control during the growing season. Always follow label instructions. For organic gardeners a rich compost high in Nitrogen should be incorporated into the soil. Unfortunately, there is not any product available to assist in weed control so the only method will be cultivation. While cultivating be careful not to damage the onion bulb. As the onion begins to bulb the soil around the bulb should be loose so the onion is free to expand. Do not move dirt on top of the onion since this will prevent the onion from forming its natural bulb. Start early with cultivation practices.
Onion harvest should occur in May and June or when the onions have matured to the desired size. Pull the onions, leave laying in the row for 1-3 days for drying, clip the tops and roots and store in a cool dry place until needed.


text:
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text:
Hex bust resin display plinths, cast in black resin with a 25 degree slant. Plinths are supplied pre-drilled with a 40mm long metal rod in either 3.2mm or 2.4mm diameter. Also available without a rod and with no drilled hole, although a shallow 3mm pilot hole will remain (this is a cast in drilling guild)
After casting each plinth is machined sanded to ensure the bottom is parallel and true. I inspect each plinth and fill and sand any imperfections, although sometimes I miss things.
Sizes I am currently producing are 45mm, 40mm and 35mm profile. The finished height is approximately 65mm to the highest point, this height can vary plinth to plinth but I always aim to match finished heights across multiple plinths in an order.
A scaled printout of each size can be found HERE
Now offering Magnet or Screw inserts for your plinths
Due to the amount of resin required to produce these plinths they will be cast to order. This can mean a lead time of up to a week prior to shipping. I would always recommend ordering ahead of time if you require them for a competition. I will always strive to cast items immediately and aim to get orders out the next day.
Your plinths may arrive in a sanded and prepared state, each and every plinth I cast is meticulously inspected for imperfections these are then filled and sanded out.
Prior to use it is recommended to clean each piece is warm soapy water to remove residue release agent. Persistent release and silicone residue will remove with spirit based fluid and an old tooth brush. Wash in water after using spirit based cleaners. If any small bubbles are present they can be filled with superglue applied from a pin tip and sanded back. Always wet sand resin using fine grit wet and dry, sanding from course to fine paper to remove surface marks (240, 320, 400, 600 grit for example). I would always recommend spraying your plinth in a flat coat of black to even out the colour.
This web store is and its contents are in no way endorsed, or affiliated with Games Workshop Limited. Imperial Knight Dominus Valiant, Imperial Knight Dominus Castellan, Imperial Knight Titan, Imperial Knight Warden, Imperial Knight Paladin, Imperial Knight Errant, Imperial Knight Crusader, Imperial Knight Gallant, Armiger Warglaive, Titanicus and the Warhammer 40,000 name are either ® or ™, and/or © Games Workshop Limited, variably registered around the world. Photographs of existing miniature kits are used only to show scale and compatibility with the accessories found on this page. Used without permission. No challenge to their status intended. All Rights Reserved to their respective owners.
Choking hazard. Not meant for children 16 years or younger.
Every effort is taken to prevent bubbles, although time to time some small bubbles will remain. All measurements are approximate due to resin shrinkage as environmental conditions change during the casting process. Heights are Approximate and can vary each way by a few millimetres. Supplied unpainted


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It has been in our minds for quite some time and now finally it has become reality: Penumbra:Overture and the HPL1 Engine are now open source! In case that is all you need to know, then head straight to:
to get your hands on it!
For more information just keep on reading.
Penumbra: Overture
First of all I would like to stress the fact that this open source release does not make Penumbra: Overture free in anyway. All assets (except a few that are part of the engine) are still under the same copyright as before. The thing that is free is the source code for the executable which is now released under the GPL version 3 licence.
The code for Penumbra: Overture is a continuation of the one used for the tech demo + some addition for the not so long lived Robo Hatch project. It also contains some code from Unbirth, giving it quite some history. This history means that the code is far from clean and as expected quite hackish in places. That said, it should have a few interesting bits, the major probably being the physicsal interaction system. This system is not the latest version in the Penumbra series and misses something like rotation. These features should be farily easily to add though.
It is also important to note that Penumbra: Oveture source will not run Black Plague or Requiem. AI for the infected, GUI elements, etc are all missing, but all needed to implement them is present in the engine code (in case anybody is up for the challenge).
HPL1 Engine
For my part, the biggest part of this release is the engine itself. This is engine that has powered all of the Penumbra games and it even includes the stuff used to create the 2D platformer Energetic. The engine code was started in December 2004 and was actively developed until early 2008. After that only smaller fixes where made to it.
The transition from 2D to 3D and the fact that it was my first stab at a full 3D engine, makes the code quite patchy (and downright horrible) in places. This is especially true for some old and low level parts like the sound and input handlers which have evolved anything but gracefully. Later parts are often cleaner and nicer, but the code is not without its share of quick-and-dirty-hacks.
When it comes to interesting features, I think the following are the most prominent:
* Physics sound system. This is all the code that is used to play and tweak the sounds heard during physics interactions (bumping, sliding, etc). A lot of work has gone into the system and is the result of a combined effort between me and Jens (who does all sounds) for several years.
* Stencil shadow volumes. The shadow system in the engine is quite robust and can work on pretty much any mesh, something that shadow volumes usually don't. It is far from state of the art these days (when shadow maps rules), but should provide nice info for the curious.
* Serialize Class system. This is code used to easily save and load classes to disk. It is very useful when creating a save system for games.
The engine contains tons of more stuff (almost 100k lines of code), but these are the most interesting stuff I could think of right now. I am sure there is more for awaiting to those brave enough to explore its dark depths!
Finally, it is also worth noting that this is the latest and final version of the HPL1 engine. It is the beast that powers all games of the Penumbra series.
This library is made almost entirely by our tool programmer Luis, who actually started out doing work for us on the OpenAL sound implementation. This library is simple and easy way of accessing the OpenAL functionality and was made since there is a strange lack of free sound libraries. This is also the only part of the open source release that we will continue to update and we hope that others will find it useful and contribute themselves!
Questions and Support
As we are a small company and already swamped with work, do not expect us to do full time support on this. We will try and help as much as possible, but we also hope that a community will form helping each other out.
For more discussion on the source code please go here:
This is the place to go for more technical information and please ask any lengthy / technical question there instead this blog.
I must also stress that I am not very experience managing an Open Source project and most work in making it happen is due to Edward Rudd, who is also responsible for the Linux and Mac ports of Penumbra. So big thanks to him!
End notes
We are extremely interested in seeing what people will be able to do with this! Open source releases of other games have spawned very exciting stuff and we hope this release will do that too. This means we are very interested in what people are doing with it. So whether you plan to do a full blown mod, or just check the code for learning purposes be sure to tell us about it!


text:
Vibramycin (Doxycycline)
Vibramycin (Doxycycline) 100mg Bestseller
per item
per item
per item
per item
per item
per item
Bonus Policy
- 4 free bonus pills for all orders!
- Free Regular Airmail (2-4 weeks) for orders over $150.00!
- Free Express Courier (US Customers Only) (1-3 weeks) for orders over $300.00!
- Free insurance (guaranteed reshipment if delivery failed) for orders over $200.00!
Vibramycin (generic name: Doxycycline; brand names: Monodox / Microdox / Periostat / Vibra-Tabs /Oracea / Doryx / Vibrox / Adoxa / Doxyhexal / Doxylin / Doxy) is a broad-spectrum tetracycline antibiotic commonly used to treat a variety of infections.
You may be given Vibramycin by your doctor to treat infections such as:
Chest, lung or nasal infections e.g. bronchitis, pneumonia, sinusitis.
Urinary tract infections e.g. cystitis, urethritis.
Acne which is a skin infection.
Eye infections.
Sexually transmitted diseases e.g. gonorrhoea, syphilis, chlamydia.
Fevers associated with louse or tick bites.
Malaria, when chloroquine is not effective.
Vibramycin is also used to prevent certain infections developing, these are scrub typhus, travellers' diarrhoea, malaria and leptospirosis.
Vibramycin may be used to aid medicines such as amoebicides (used to treat parasites).
Your doctor may want you to take Vibramycin to treat another infection not listed above.
Follow the directions for using this medicine provided by your doctor. Take Vibramycin exactly as directed.
Your doctor will decide what dose of, and for how long you should take Vibramycin tablets. This depends on your medical condition and other factors. Vibramycin tablets are usually taken up to 12 weeks for acne treatment and one to two weeks for treating infections.
The usual dose for respiratory, urinary tract, ophthalmic and other infections is 200 mg on the first day, then 100 mg daily. The duration of treatment is dependent on the infection being treated.
Take Vibramycin tablets with a full glass of water. It is best to take your tablets at the same time(s) each day, when standing or while sitting. It is important not to lie down for at least thirty minutes after taking Vibramycin tablets, so that the tablet can move as swiftly as possible into the stomach and prevent irritation of the throat or oesophagus (canal taking food from the mouth to the stomach). If your stomach is upset, Vibramycin can be taken with milk or a meal.
Take the tablets for the full time of treatment, even when you begin to feel better. If you stop taking the tablets too soon, the infection may return.
Tell your doctor before taking Vibramycin, if:
you are allergic to any medicines;
you are pregnant or breast-feeding.
Tetracyclines should not be used during tooth development (during pregnancy, infancy and children below 12 years old).
Active ingredient: doxycycline hyclate.


text:
About Thelma (Polly) Pauline Melton's case
Melton went missing on September 25, 1981. She was last seen hiking on the Deep Creek Trail located at Great Smoky Mountains National Park, according to the Investigative Services Branch of the National Park Service.
Personal Characteristics
Age / Ethnicity
Gender / Hair / Eyes
Distinguishing Marks
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ResetInvestigative Details
Significant Dates
Administrative Details
Monday, January 8, 2024 (7 months ago)
Missing NPF Public Identification Number (MPID) 10085
Missing NPF lists "Foul Play Suspected," "Suspected Suicide," "Cause of Death," and other elements of data in association with public reporting. These settings do not reflect the opinions of Missing NPF and/or its staff. Unless explicitly noted, Missing NPF does not publicize opinion, nor are any of the initial reports written – or edited – by members of Missing NPF. All content (with the exception of "IMPORTANT" notices, listed toward the top of applicable case files) are the works of external persons, sources and/or entities. All pictures displayed on this case file have been downloaded from the public domain, unless a user has commented or otherwise transmitted a picture to Missing NPF or its social media accounts. Case updates are derived from external persons, sources, and/or entities, and do not reflect the internal work of Missing NPF, unless expressly noted.
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text:
by Larry Hardesty
New research could enable computer programming based on screen shots, not just code
Until the 1980s, using a computer program meant memorizing a lot of commands and typing them in a line at a time, only to get lines of text back. The graphical user interface, or GUI, changed that. By representing programs, program functions, and data as two-dimensional images — like icons, buttons and windows — the GUI made intuitive and spatial what had been memory intensive and laborious.
But while the GUI made things easier for computer users, it didn't make them any easier for computer programmers. Underlying GUI components is a lot of computer code, and usually, building or customizing a program, or getting different programs to work together, still means manipulating that code. Researchers in MIT's Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Lab hope to change that, with a system that allows people to write programs using screen shots of GUIs. Ultimately, the system could allow casual computer users to create their own programs without having to master a programming language.
The system, designed by associate professor Rob Miller, grad student Tsung-Hsiang Chang, and the University of Maryland's Tom Yeh, is called Sikuli, which means "God's eye" in the language of Mexico's Huichol Indians. In a paper that won the best-student-paper award at the Association for Computing Machinery's User Interface Software and Technology conference last year, the researchers showed how Sikuli could aid in the construction of "scripts," short programs that combine or extend the functionality of other programs. Using the system requires some familiarity with the common scripting language Python. But it requires no knowledge of the code underlying the programs whose functionality is being combined or extended. When the programmer wants to invoke the functionality of one of those programs, she simply draws a box around the associated GUI, clicks the mouse to capture a screen shot, and inserts the screen shot directly into a line of Python code.
Suppose, for instance, that a Python programmer wants to write a script that automatically sends a message to her cell phone when the bus she takes to work rounds a particular corner. If the transportation authority maintains a web site that depicts the bus's progress as a moving pin on a Google map, the programmer can specify that the message should be sent when the pin enters a particular map region. Instead of using arcane terminology to describe the pin, or specifying the geographical coordinates of the map region's boundaries, the programmer can simply plug screen shots into the script: when this (the pin) gets here (the corner), send me a text.
"When I saw that, I thought, 'Oh my God, you can do that?'" says Allen Cypher, a researcher at IBM's Almaden Research Center who specializes in human-computer interactions. "I certainly never thought that you could do anything like that. Not only do they do it; they do it well. It's already practical. I want to use it right away to do things I couldn't do before."
In the same paper, the researchers also presented a Sikuli application aimed at a broader audience. A computer user hoping to learn how to use an obscure feature of a computer program could use a screen shot of a GUI — say, the button that depicts a lasso in Adobe Photoshop — to search for related content on the web. In an experiment that allowed people to use the system over the web, the researchers found that the visual approach cut in half the time it took for users to find useful content.
In the same way that a programmer using Sikuli doesn't need to know anything about the code underlying a GUI, Sikuli doesn't know anything about it, either. Instead, it uses computer vision algorithms to analyze what's happening on-screen. "It's a software agent that looks at the screen the way humans do," Miller says. That means that without any additional modification, Sikuli can work with any program that has a graphical interface. It doesn't have to translate between different file formats or computer languages because, like a human, it's just looking at pixels on the screen.
In a new paper to be presented this spring at CHI, the premier conference on human-computer interactions, the researchers describe a new application of Sikuli, aimed at programmers working on large software development projects. On such projects, new code accumulates every day, and any line of it could cause a previously developed GUI to function improperly. Ideally, after a day's work, testers would run through the entire application, clicking virtual buttons and making sure that the right windows or icons still pop up. Since that would be prohibitively time consuming, however, broken GUIs may not be detected until the application has begun the long and costly process of quality assurance testing.
The new Sikuli application, however, lets programmers create scripts that automatically test an application's GUI components. Visually specifying both the GUI and the window it's supposed to pull up makes writing the scripts much easier; and once written, they can be run every night without further modification.
But the new application has an added feature that's particularly heartening to non-programmers. Like its predecessors, it allows users to write their scripts — in this case, GUI tests — in Python. But of course, writing scripts in Python still requires some knowledge of Python — at the very least, an understanding of how to use commands like "dragDrop" or "assertNotExist," which describe how the GUI components should be handled.
The new application gives programmers the alternative of simply recording the series of keystrokes and mouse clicks that define the test procedure. For instance, instead of typing a line of code that includes the command "dragDrop," the programmer can simply record the act of dragging a file. The system automatically generates the corresponding Python code, which will include a cropped screen shot of the sample file; but if she chooses, the programmer can reuse the code while plugging in screen shots of other GUIs. And that points toward a future version of Sikuli that would require knowledge neither of the code underlying particular applications nor of a scripting language like Python, giving ordinary computer users the ability to intuitively create programs that mediate between other applications.
Image Credit: Christine Daniloff
Source: MIT


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And just like other social media platforms, there is a big rush of users joining the site to see what the fuss is all about.
If history holds true, eventually the active user base will slowly decrease until it consists of just those who are active in the community. So approach Pinterest with caution at this point. You should definitely begin leveraging its potential, but without making it the center of your marketing campaign. And just like all of the other social media services, if you're not going to be an active and engaged user, you will not recognize the benefit of Pinterest.
What is Pinterest?
Pinterest is the newest member of today's most popular social media websites, but instead of using written content as substance, it uses images and video. It allows users to "pin" images and video to a virtual bulletin board they create. They can be photos they took and uploaded, images found on other websites, videos they find online or videos they have created themselves.
A user then shares that pin with their friends, who can then like or repin it to their boards. The primary purpose is to share your interests with friends through images and video.
Right now, Pinterest is available by invitation only, although as it gains popularity they seem to be opening the invite list more and more. Eventually they will be opening the service up to the general public.
How can I use Pinterest for my Business?
Right now Pinterest has limited uses for businesses. They do not offer any advertising or paid placements like other services do. Although they are analyzing business models and will surely come out with a paid service in the future once a solid user base is established. But don't be discouraged, there are still a few clever strategies you can use to build targeted traffic, leads and conversions from Pinterest.
Pinterest Isn't for Everyone
First and foremost, if your business doesn't have images or video associated with it, or is a business you can't represent visually, you're going to have a tough time finding any use in Pinterest. If you fall into this category, you need to come up with a way to represent your business visually, whether it is photos of your customers using your product or service, photos of your products or infographics representing the services you provide.
Getting Started
Once invited, you can create your own account and begin pinning images directly from your website. But this will not be enough.
You're going to need to build a strong following and network with your friends from Facebook and other social media sites. The objective here is to get other Pinterest users to see your images and like or repin them. Because Pinterest notes which website the images came from (and provides a hyperlink), users will be encouraged to visit your site to learn more about your product or service.
It is important that the images you pin to your board are compelling enough to get a user to find interest in your website. Pinterest, like other social bookmarking services, offers an add-on to a user's browser toolbar allowing them to pin images straight from the browser as they're surfing the web.
Some Tips
For example, if you have a personal training business, take photos of your clients while working out (get their permission first obviously). Then simply upload those images to your website and pin them on a Pinterest board you've created. You can also encourage your clients to pin their own image from your website. If done right, and your images or videos are liked and repinned many times over, It's possible to get your message in front of thousands and thousands of interested eyeballs in a relatively short amount of time. And since Pinterest adds a link to your website on the boards, you will not only be gaining valuable social backlinks to your website, you will also be increasing your website traffic with highly targeted visitors – increasing your leads and conversions.
Pinterest Potential yet to be Realized
Right now the Pinterest community is built on users finding interesting images and videos to share with their friends. The full possibilities of Pinterest have yet to be realized, so now is a great opportunity to get in on the ground floor, be creative, be innovative, and see how you can utilize the service to help your business grow.


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End of Life150Mbps High Power Wireless USB Adapter
- High power and receive sensitivity to bring ultra-long transmission distance
- 150Mbps transmit rates to deliver better performance than 11g products
- Easy wireless security encryption at a push of the QSS button
- 1.5 meters (4.9 feet) USB extension cable enables convenient deployment
- Supports Windows 2000 / XP / Vista / 7
TL-WN7200ND comes with a CD with utility that helps you complete the software installation and wireless network settings, including security configurations and wireless connection, which is convenient for users, even for novice users.
TP-LINK TL-WN7200ND is a 150Mbps high power wireless adapter that allows users to enable their PCs or notebooks with extremely powerful wireless capability to deliver performance enhancements. The adapter adopts high power design with transmission output power up to 500mw, which offers up to 8 times the range of conventional adapters. One of the TL-WN7200ND's best features is its stronger penetrability, which can effectively ensure that signal does not lose signal intensity and remains reliable when it passes through multiple walls or floors.
External antenna can be rotated and adjusted in different directions to fit various operation environments, brings performance enhancement than internal antenna under normal indoor usage. For even more demanding applications, the antenna can also be replaced with diverse indoor antenna or directional antenna (using standard RP-SMA connector) to show even greater flexibility and wider wireless coverage
Besides the fashionable and novelty exterior, the desktop-style design is beneficial for the signal reception in various application environments, guaranteeing the smooth and stable signal. And TL-WN7200ND also provides 4.9 feet USB extension cable, convenient for your installation, even for the desktop equipment.
TL-WN7200ND features its high receive sensitivity, which could let you move further away from the access point while still maintaining the same wireless signal. In this case, using TL-WN7200ND means that you don't have to move the laptop like a divining rod, and you can easily pick up the network with its strong sensitivity.
Compatible with Wi-Fi Protected Setup™ (WPS), TL-WN7200ND supports Quick Security Setup that allows users to simply press the "QSS" button on the exterior, instantly establishing a highly secured connection. Not only is it faster than normal security setups but more convenient in that you don't need to remember any password!
With transmission power of up to 500mw, high power USB adapter TL-WN7200ND delivers up to 8 times the range of normal power USB adapter. Moreover, TL-WN7200ND is featured with its incredible and strong penetrability, making that you don't have to be physically tethered to the walls or floors to access the Internet.
Interface | Mini USB |
Button | Quick Security Setup (QSS) Button (WPS Compatible) |
Dimensions ( W x D x H ) | 3.6 x 2.4 x 1.0 in. (90.8 x 60.8 x 24.5mm) |
Antenna Type | Detachable, Omni Directional (RP-SMA) |
Antenna Gain | 5dBi |
Wireless Standards | IEEE 802.11n, IEEE 802.11g, IEEE 802.11b |
Frequency | 2.400-2.4835GHz |
Signal Rate | 11n: Up to 150Mbps(dynamic) 11g: Up to 54Mbps(dynamic) 11b: Up to 11Mbps(dynamic) |
Reception Sensitivity | 130M: -68dBm@10% PER 108M: -68dBm@10% PER 54M: -68dBm@10% PER 11M: -85dBm@8% PER 6M: -88dBm@10% PER 1M: -90dBm@8% PER |
Transmit Power | <20dBm (EIRP, For countries using CE Standards) <27dBm (EIRP, For countries using FCC Standards) |
Wireless Modes | Ad-Hoc / Infrastructure mode |
Wireless Security | Support 64/128 bit WEP, WPA-PSK/WPA2-PSK |
Modulation Technology | DBPSK, DQPSK, CCK, OFDM, 16-QAM, 64-QAM |
Advanced Functions | WMM,Soft AP (For Windows XP/ Vista), PSP X-LINK(For Windows XP), Roaming |
Certification | FCC, RoHS |
Package Contents | Wireless Adapter TL-WN7200ND 5dBi detachable Omni directional antenna Resource CD Quick Installation Guide 1.5m USB Extension Cable |
System Requirements | Windows 8(32/64bits), Windows 7(32/64bits), Windows Vista(32/64bits), Windows XP(32/64bits) |
Environment | Operating Temperature: 0℃~40℃ (32℉~104℉) Storage Temperature: -40℃~70℃ (-40℉~158℉) Operating Humidity: 10%~90% non-condensing Storage Humidity: 5%~90% non-condensing |
Actual network speed may be limited by the rate of the product's Ethernet WAN or LAN port, the rate supported by the network cable, Internet service provider factors and other environmental conditions.


text: Shooter dataCompetitor#9293Bank Reference Number409293NameVolker TeßmarRegionGERICSAlias9293CategoryRegularDivisionStandard minTeamStatusPRDY 👍 ready for matchMatchSquadSU-46Verificationthis function is in developement - if there is any problem, check your results with stats officeVerify informationsno score data yetPlease authorize for access to private data, make changes, sell/buy slot and upload gun import documents:Competitor #Your passwordAuthorizeChanges no more allowed - contact stats office.If you forgot your password, use button below to recover.Send password recovery emailx This page will show shooter / squad / verify / results details Walther EU Cup 2022 / 2022-10-07 / Wiechlice, POL We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. By clicking "Accept All", you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent.Cookie SettingsAccept AllManage consent Close Privacy Overview This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. Necessary Necessary Always Enabled Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. CookieDurationDescriptioncookielawinfo-checkbox-analytics11 monthsThis cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics".cookielawinfo-checkbox-functional11 monthsThe cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional".cookielawinfo-checkbox-necessary11 monthsThis cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary".cookielawinfo-checkbox-others11 monthsThis cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other.cookielawinfo-checkbox-performance11 monthsThis cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance".viewed_cookie_policy11 monthsThe cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. It does not store any personal data. Functional Functional Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. Performance Performance Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. Analytics Analytics Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. Advertisement Advertisement Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. Others Others Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet.


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We specialize in helping to educate the next generation of security professionals by offering high quality training courses. In addition, we are proud to be a source of information for anyone looking to get more involved in the security industry.
The courses and training programs we offer will help you build a career in security by preparing you to complete the process of applying for your Guard Card. We can also help you in becoming a Proprietary Security Officer (PSO) or Private Patrol Operator (PPO).
Whatever part of the security industry you would like to learn more about, or even enter into, we can help you get there!
If you have any questions or would like additional information, please call us at (855)-212-6828 or e-mail us at email@example.com.


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LISBON, Portugal — Police in Portugal have ended the latest search for clues regarding the disappearance of Madeleine McCann, the British child who went missing in 2007 in southern Portugal.
Authorities gave no details about the results of the search Thursday. A statement by Portugal's Judiciary Police said some material had been collected and would be handed over to German authorities for examination.
The search around a dam some 50 kilometers (30 miles) from the Praia da Luz resort, where the 3-year-old girl was last seen 16 years ago, began Tuesday following a request by German authorities.
A German man who is a suspect in the case is currently in jail in Germany for a different case.
Portuguese, German and British police took part in the three-day operation during which detectives probed the banks of the Arade reservoir and also used sniffer dogs and a drone.
Germany prosecutor Christian Wolters told the Associated Press Thursday authorities would gauge the success of the search after its conclusion, adding that a statement may be issued next week.
Portuguese media said this was the fourth police search for McCann, following the initial one in 2007 in the southern Algarve area and further efforts in 2013 and 2014. Another search was held in Germany in 2020.
The reservoir is less than half full because of a drought affecting Portugal and neighboring Spain. The search would've been below the water line under normal rainfall.
In mid-2020, German officials said that a 45-year-old German citizen, identified by media as Christian Brueckner, who was in the Algarve in 2007, was a suspect in the case. Brueckner has denied any involvement.
Brueckner is currently serving a seven-year prison sentence in Germany for raping a 72-year-old woman in Portugal in 2005.
He is under investigation on suspicion of murder in the McCann case but hasn't been charged. He spent many years in Portugal, including in Praia da Luz, around the time of Madeleine's disappearance.
The case of Madeleine McCann stirred worldwide interest for several years, with reports of sightings of her stretching as far away as Australia, along with a slew of books and television documentaries about the case.
British, Portuguese and German police are still piecing together what happened on the night when the toddler disappeared from her bed in the southern Portuguese resort on May 3, 2007. She was in the same room as her twin brother and sister, who were 2 years old at the time, while her parents had dinner with friends at a nearby restaurant.
Madeleine's parents did not comment due to the active investigation, according to an email response from the website set up for the search for the child, findmadeleine.com.
Copyright 2023 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.


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By Derrick Perkins
Police Chief Earl Cook released little new information about the Presidents Day shooting death of Taft Sellers, 30, during a press conference on the incident at the department's headquarters complex Monday afternoon.
Sellers, 30, died after an armed confrontation with police officers in an Alexandria Redevelopment and Housing Authority residential complex on the 3400 block of Duke St. Authorities since have launched an investigation into the incident, during which witnesses recall hearing multiple gunshots, and the officers involved put on paid administrative leave pending the outcome.
Authorities have released few other details about the shooting. Pressed on how many officers were involved, how many fired their weapons, the number of shots fired, the make and model of Sellers' firearm and whether Sellers used it, Cook either said he did not know or could not release that information.
But Cook said his officers were aware Sellers was armed as they arrived on the scene. Further details would be available after the investigation, which could take several weeks to complete, he said.
After the criminal investigation, which could end with charges pressed against the officers involved, the department will launch an internal inquiry. In the meantime, local authorities have contacted the Justice Department, made counseling available for the officers and spoken with Sellers' family. They have the department's "heartfelt condolences," Cook said.
"I've been in constant contact with the family as they deal with this difficult situation and offered my support, and the department's support, in any way we can while the investigation is ongoing," he said. "A police-involved shooting is a traumatic experience for everyone involve, but I can assure you no police officer ever wants to be put in that situation where the outcome ends the life of a human being."
Sellers, a former Marine and T.C. Williams graduate, is described by friends as being pleasant and affable. They organized a fundraising event last week to help the family pay for his funeral arrangements, which are scheduled for Wednesday.


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Pet Friendly Hotels in DC
Our nation's capitol is one of the most popular places to visit in the U.S., and for good reason. From the White House, to the famed monuments, to the Smithsonian Institute, Washington D.C. is a must-see political and historical hub that's always fast-paced, and always fascinating.
Believe it or not, D.C. is also a great place to travel with pets. There's plenty to see and do in Washington D.C. for you and your four-legged friend. The city boasts several dog-friendly parks, including the Kenilworth Park and Aquatic Gardens, Montrose Park, and Rock Creek Park. National Mall is known for its dog friendly atmosphere, with much of the grounds open to canine visitors. D.C. also boasts several dog-friendly hiking trails, as well as several dog parks and numerous dog friendly restaurants.
When visiting Washington D.C., it's easy to find somewhere to stay with your pet. There are a number of pet friendly hotels and motels in the heart of the city. And if you're making D.C. a part of a larger trip, there are numerous pet friendly vacation rentals, bed and breakfasts, and cottages to be found in nearby scenic areas of Delaware and Virginia.


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How can we help you ?
Find the most frequently asked questions here.
When will the request reach me?
Depending on the shipping company chosen and the responsible in charge of delivery , we provide a group of shipping responsible based in major cities, it usually takes 1 to 3 days for the order to be confirmed.
Is there a delivery outside the country?
At present, the shipping companies with which we work, deliver only in the country and in some cities specified in the delivery page.
You can apply for a delivery outside the country to the store team via WhatsApp by providing information on product weight and pricing for international freight forwarders who are not currently registered in the store.
If I have a product with a manufacturing defect?
You must read the return policy to know the conditions of return and exchange, in case of a defect on the product, it was agreed to return, the shipping value of the company is calculated, and the freight returned to the customer. As for the value of the product, it is not calculated for the customer according to the return policy.
I want to order large quantities. Is there a discount?
The store offers a delivery service for orders of large quantities and there is a discount ranging between 10-20% on certain products. You can contact us directly via the contact page and inquire about the quantities.


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The people of Tennessee are speaking out against bills that result in discrimination against LGBTQ people in our state. Here is our statement with a summary of the bills.
"As residents of Tennessee, we oppose these bills in the Tennessee General Assembly. They promote discrimination rather than justice and demean the worth of LGBTQ people in our state. We call on people of good will to join us in speaking out for basic fairness."
The bills are:
SB848/HB1152 by Sen. Hensley and Rep. Ragan and SB1304/HB836 by Sen. Pody and Rep. Rudd. These bills promote state-sanctioned discrimination by private adoption agencies against prospective parents on the basis of religious and moral objection.
SB364/HB563 by Sen. Gardenhire and Rep. Zachary. The Business License to Discriminate bill. The bill casts businesses rather than the LGBTQ community as possible victims of discrimination and opens the door to taxpayer funded discrimination.
SB1297/HB1151 by Sen. Pody and Rep. Ragan. While the bill seems to be about indecent exposure, its original text is a devious attempt to criminalize transgender and gender nonconforming people in restrooms and locker rooms. The bill has been amended in a House subcommittee to remove the portions targeting the transgender community. We want to make sure the amendment remains on the bill.
SB1499/HB1274 by Sen. Hensley and Rep. Holt. This bill requires the Attorney General to defend school districts that engage in anti-transgender bathroom discrimination.
SB1282/HB1369 by Sen. Pody and Rep. J. Sexton. The Tennessee Natural Marriage Defense Act is an attack on marriage equality.


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"My mother is always telling me what to do, and then she wonders why I don't call her more often," my client sighed as she wiped away tears of frustration.
"Do you tell her that you'd prefer her not to do that?" I prodded gently.
"No! I can't talk back to my mother," she replied, shocked.
All of us have personal space that we must protect from invasion by others and most of us are aware that our bodies belong to us. This is why we recognize that it's not OK to force or coerce our children into hugging or kissing people against their will. Our bodies are ours alone.
We realize we should protect our physical space from those who get closer or more physical than we'd prefer, but do you know that you have emotional space that belongs to you as well? I use the hula hoop as an illustration of this.
My feelings, my decisions, my consequences…
As an adult, it's my right to determine my own life. Imagine a hula hoop worn by each of us. Inside that hoop are decisions such as when you sleep, what you eat, whether or not you exercise, take care of yourself, whether or not you attend worship, have hobbies, political or religious beliefs, how you raise your children-well, you get the idea.
When we start to tell people our opinions about how they choose in these areas, we are jumping their hoop and getting into the space that rightly belongs to them. When we allow others to criticize or lecture us about our choices, we allow invasion into our hula hoop as well. This causes insecurity, resentment, and the presence of control.
R-E-S-P-E-C-T, find out what it means to me…
Keeping our opinions to ourselves about the life choices of other adults is part of respecting the freedom we all have to live our lives the way we see fit. Saying a firm but friendly "hey, that's my call about how I live my life, so let's talk about something else" is essential to taking care of YOU.
I can help you with assertive and kind answers to keeping others out of your hula hoop. Let's get started!


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