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1. When lately we made mention of the Pharisee and the publican, and hypothetically yoked two chariots out of virtue and vice;390390 Chrysostom is referring to his Homily "on the incomprehensible: against the Anomœans," v. 6, 7. ῞Αρματα δύο πόιησον τῷ λόγῳ, κ.τ.λ.," the Pharisee's pair of horses being Righteousness and Pride; the publican's, Sin and Humility. we pointed out each truth, how great is the gain of humbleness of mind, and how great the damage of pride. For this, even when conjoined with righteousness and fastings and tithes, fell behind; while that, even when yoked with sin, out-stripped the Pharisee's pair, even although the charioteer it had was a poor one. For what was worse than the publican? But all the same since he made his soul contrite, and called himself a sinner; which indeed he was; he surpassed the Pharisee, who had both fastings to tell of and tithes; and was removed from any vice. On account of what, and through what? Because even if he was removed from greed of gain and robbery, he had rooted over his soul391391 'Επὶ τῆς ψυχῆς The fibres spreading and entwining over it. the mother of all evils—vain-glory and pride. On this account Paul also exhorts and says "Let each one prove his own work; and then he will have his ground of boasting for himself, and not for the other." Whereas he publicly came forward392392 Παρῆλθεν. The word used at Athens of orators rising to speak. Παρελθών δ™ žλεξε τοι€δε Thucyd. ii. 59. as an accuser of the whole world;393393 Fox said in parliament, "I cannot draw an indictment against humanity." and said that he himself was better than all living men. And yet even if he had set himself before ten only, or if five, or if two, or if one, not even was this endurable; but as it was, he not only set himself before the whole world, but also accused all men. On this account he fell behind in the running. And just as a ship, after having run through innumerable surges, and having escaped many storms, then in the very mouth of the harbour having been dashed against some rock, loses the whole treasure which is stowed away in her—so truly did this Pharisee, after having undergone the labours of the fasting, and of all the 148rest of his virtue, since he did not master his tongue, in the very harbour underwent shipwreck of his cargo.394394 This must be the sense; though there is some little difficulty in the original. For the going home from prayer, whence he ought to have derived gain, having rather been so greatly damaged, is nothing else than undergoing shipwreck in harbour.
2. Knowing therefore these things, beloved even if we should have mounted to the very pinnacle of virtue, let us consider ourselves last of all; having learned that pride is able to cast down even from the heavens themselves him who takes not heed, and humbleness of mind to bear up on high from the very abyss of sins him who knows how to be sober. For this it was that placed the publican before the Pharisee; whereas that, pride I mean and an overweening spirit, surpassed even an incorporeal power, that of the devil; while humbleness of mind and the acknowledgment of his own sins committed brought the robber into Paradise before the Apostles. Now if the confidence which they who confess their own sins effect for themselves is so great, they who are conscious to themselves of many good qualities, yet humble their own souls, how great crowns will they not win.395395 ἐπιτεύξονται, Lit. light upon: as on the treasure of the parable, "hid in a field." For when sinfulness be put together with humbleness of mind it runs with such ease as to pass and out-strip righteousness combined with pride. If therefore thou have put it to with righteousness, whither will it not reach? through how many heavens will it not pass? By the throne of God itself surely it will stay its course;396396 Its race being ended; the goal won. in the midst of the angels, with much confidence. On the other hand if pride, having been yoked with righteousness, by the excess and weight of its own wickedness had strength enough to drag down its confidence; if it be put together with sinfulness, into how deep a hell will it not be able to precipitate him who has it? These things I say, not in order that we should be careless of righteousness, but that we should avoid pride; not that we should sin, but that we should be sober-minded. For humbleness of mind is the foundation of the love of wisdom which pertains to us. Even if thou shouldest have built a superstructure of things innumerable; even if almsgiving, even if prayers, even if fastings, even if all virtue; unless this have first been laid as a foundation, all will be built upon it397397 That is on whatever foundation, other than that which may have been laid. to no purpose and in vain; and it will fall down easily, like that building which had been placed on the sand.398398 Οἰκοδομὴν τεθεῖσαν. "'@Οὶ περι Δωδώνην δυσχ™ιμερον: οἰκι žθεντο." Iliad. B. 750. For there is no one, no one of our good deeds, which does not need this; there is no one which separate from this will be able to stand. But even if thou shouldest mention temperance, even if virginity, even if despising of money, even if anything whatever, all are unclean and accursed and loathsome, humbleness of mind being absent. Everywhere therefore let us take her with us,399399 Παραλαμβ€νωμεν. Take her to dwell with us. Comp. Chrysostom's expression, συζῆν ‡ρετῇ. in words, in deeds, in thoughts, and with this let us build these (graces).
3. But the things belonging to humbleness of mind have been sufficiently spoken of; not for the value of the virtue;400400 Κατόρθωμα. The highest form of duty; Perfectum officium quod Græci, κατόρθωμα. Cic. De Off. i. 3. for no one will be able to celebrate it in accordance with its value; but for the intelligence of your love. For well do I know that even from the few things that have been said you will embrace it with much zeal. But since it is also necessary to make clear and manifest the apostolic saying which has been to-day read; seeming as it does to many to afford a pretext for indolence; so that some may not, providing for themselves hence a certain frigid defence, neglect their own salvation—to this let us direct our discourse. What then is this saying? "Whether in pretence," it says, "or in sincerity,401401 ‡λήθεια here is that of Aristotle's Ethics: sincerity. Christ is preached."402402 Philip. i. 18. This many wrest absolutely403403 ̔Απλῶς. without reference to circumstances. and just as happens, without reading what precedes and what comes after it; but having cut it off from the sequence of the remaining members, to the destruction of their own soul they put it forward to the more indolent. For attempting to seduce them from the sound faith; then seeing them afraid and trembling; on the ground of its not being without danger to do this,404404 τουτο ποιεῖν, i.e., to be in that state. Ποιεῖν is not seldom used where παθεῖν might be expected. and desiring to relieve their fears, they bring forward this apostolic declaration, saying, Paul conceded this, by saying, "Whether in pretence or in sincerity, let Christ be proclaimed." But these things are not (true), they are not. For in the first place he did not say "let him be proclaimed," but "he is proclaimed," and the difference between this and that is wide. For the saying "let him be proclaimed" belongs to a lawgiver; but the saying "he is proclaimed" to one announcing the event. For that Paul does not ordain a law that there should be heresies, but draws away all who attended to him, hear what he says, "If any one preaches to you a gospel besides what ye have received, let him be ana149thema, were it even I, were it even an angel from the heavens."405405 Gal. i. 8, 9. Now he would not have anathematized both himself and an angel, if he had known the act to be without danger. And again— "I am jealous of you with a jealousy of God," he says; "for I have betrothed you to one husband a chaste virgin: and fear lest at some time, as the serpent beguiled Eve by his wiliness, so your thoughts should be corrupted from the singleness that is towards Christ."406406 2 Cor. xi. 2, 3. 'Απὸ τῆς ƒπλότητος τῆς εἰς Χριστόν. That is, from the singleness of affection and fidelity which must be maintained towards Him in that relation. Matt. vi. 22–24. See, he both set down singleness, and granted no allowance. For if there were allowance, there was no danger: and if there was no danger Paul would not have feared: and Christ would not also have commanded that the tares should be burned up, if it were a thing indifferent to attend to this one or that or another: or to all indiscriminately.407407 ̔Απλῶς. Without reference to the truth of their doctrine.
4. What ever then is what is meant? I wish to narrate to you the whole history from a point a little earlier;408408 As from a fountain, lying higher, ˆνωθεν; ab origine. for it is needful to know in what circumstances Paul was when he was writing these things by letter. In what circumstances therefore was he? In prison and chains and intolerable perils. Whence is this manifest? From the epistle itself. For earlier than this he says, "Now I wish you to know, brethren, that the circumstances in which I am have come rather to the furtherance409409 Προκοπήν, removal, clearing away, of obstacles to its advance. of the Gospel; so that my bonds have become manifest in Christ in the whole Court, and to all the others; and a good many410410 Τοὺς πλείονας. In the Greek of that day = πλ™ιονας: like Lat., plures, modified and weakened comparative. of the brethren, trusting to my bonds, the more exceedingly dare fearlessly to speak the word."411411 Philip. i. 12–14. Now Nero had then cast him into prison. For just as some robber having set foot in the house, while all are sleeping, when stealing every thing,412412 ̔Υφαιρόυμενος, lit. secretly taking for himself. Lat. surripio, So, steal, stealth. if he see any one having lit a lamp, both extinguishes the light and slays him who holds the lamp, in order that he may be allowed in security to steal and rob the property of others; so truly also the Cæsar Nero then, just as any robber and burglar while all were sleeping a deep and unconscious slumber; robbing the property of all, breaking into marriage chambers,413413 Comp. Cic. in Verr. 11, 1, 3, non adulterum, sed expugnatorem pudicitiæ. subverting houses, displaying every form of wickedness; when he saw Paul having lighted a lamp throughout the world; (the word of his teaching;) and reproving his wickedness, exerted himself both to extinguish what was preached, and to put the teachers out of the way; in order that he might be allowed with authority to do anything he pleased; and after binding that holy man, cast him into prison. It was at that time then that the blessed Paul wrote these things. Who would not have been astounded? who would not have marvelled? or rather who could adequately have been astounded at and admired that noble and heaven-reaching soul; in that, while bound in Rome and imprisoned, at so great a distance as that, he wrote a letter to the Philippians? For you know how great is the distance between Macedonia and Rome. But neither did the length of the way, nor the amount of time (required), nor the press of business, nor the peril and the dangers coming one upon another, nor anything else, drive out his love for and remembrance of the disciples; but he retained them all in his mind; and not so strongly were his hands bound with the chains as his soul was bound together and rivetted by his longing for the disciples:414414 Πόθῳ, desiderio: absence being a test of love. which very thing itself indeed also declaring, in the preface of the Epistle he said, "On account of my having you in my heart, both in my bonds, and in the defence and confirmation of the Gospel."415415 Philip. i. 7. And just as a King, having ascended upon his throne at morning-tide and taken his seat in the royal courts, immediately receives from all quarters innumerable letters; so truly he also, just as in royal courts, seated in the dungeon, both received and sent his letters in far greater number; the nations from all quarters referring to his wisdom everything about416416 ̔Υπ™ρ. As Lat. super. Multa super Priamo ragitans, super Hectore multa. Virg. Æn. i. 750. what had taken place among themselves; and he administered more business than the reigning monarch in proportion to his having had a larger dominion entrusted to him. For in truth God had brought and put into his hands not those who inhabited the country of the Romans only, but also all the barbarians, both land and sea. And by way of showing this he said to the Romans, "Now I would not that ye should be ignorant, brethren, that ofttimes I have purposed to come to you, and have been hindered until the present; in order that I might have some fruit also among you, as among the rest of the Gentiles too. Both to Greeks and barbarians, both to wise and those without understanding I am a debtor."417417 Rom. i. 13, 14. Every day therefore he was in anxious thought at one moment for Corinthians, at another for Macedonians; how Philippians, how Cappadocians, how Galatians, how Athenians, how they who inhabited Pon150tus, how all together were. But all the same, having had the whole world put into his hands, he continually cared not for entire nations only, but also for each single man; and now indeed he despatched a letter on behalf of Onesimus, and now on behalf of him who among the Corinthians had committed fornication. For neither used he to regard this—that it was the individual who had sinned and needed advocacy; but that it was a human being; a human being, the living thing most precious to God; and for whose sake the Father had not spared even the Only-begotten.
5. For do not tell me that this or that man is a runaway slave, or a robber or thief, or laden with countless faults, or that he is a mendicant and abject, or of low value and worthy of no account; but consider that for his sake the Christ died; and this sufficeth thee for a ground for all solicitude. Consider what sort of person he must be, whom Christ valued at so high a price as not to have spared even his own blood. For neither, if a king had chosen to sacrifice himself on any one's behalf, should we have sought out another demonstration of his being some one great and of deep interest to the King—I fancy not—for his death would suffice to show the love of him who had died towards him. But as it is not man, not angel, not archangel; but the Lord of the heavens himself, the only-begotten Son of God himself having clothed himself with flesh, freely gave himself on our behalf. Shall we not do everything, and take every trouble, so that the men who have been thus valued may enjoy every solicitude at our hands? And what kind of defence shall we have? what allowance? This at least is the very thing by way of declaring which Paul also said, "Do not by thy meat destroy him for whose sake Christ died."418418 Rom. xiv. 15. For desiring to shame, and to bring to solicitude, and to persuade to care for their neighbours, those who despise their brethren, and look down upon them as being weak, instead of all419419 'Αντὶ. It may mean, as an equivalent, in the balance; comprehending and out-weighing all other considerations. else he set down the Master's death.
Sitting then in the prison he wrote the letter to the Philippians from that so great distance. For such as this is the love that is according to God:420420 ̔Ηκατὰ Θεὸν ‡γ€πη, "Ó γὰρ κ‹τὰ Θεὸν λύπη μετ€νοιαν εἰς σωτηρίαν ἐργ€ζεται." 2 Cor. vii. 10. it is interrupted by no one of human things, since it has its roots from above in the heavens421421 'Εκ τῶν οὐρανῶν. Chrysostom seems to use ἐκ and not ἐν, in reference to ˆνωθεν preceding. This is the Greek idiom; ‡υτου ἐνὶ Τροίη, Il. B. 237, but ˆυτόθεν ἐξ œδρης, T. 77. and its recompense. And what says he? "Now I desire that ye should know, brethren."422422 Philip. i. 12. Seest thou solicitude for his scholars? seest thou a teacher's carefulness? Hear too of loving affection of scholars towards their teacher, that thou mayest know that this was what made them strong and unconquerable—the being bound together with one another. For if "Brother helped by brother is as a strong city;"423423 Prov. xviii. 19. In our version it stands, "A brother offended is (harder to be won than) a strong city." Chrysostom quotes exactly from the LXX. On the other hand, Βοηθ™ω, as governing a dative, has no passive voice, at least in classical Greek. Βοηθόυμενος may, as here, be used by the Alexandrians. far more so many bound together by the bonds of love would have entirely repulsed the plotting of the wicked demon. That indeed then Paul was bound up with the disciples, requires not even any demonstration further nor argument for us, since in truth even when in bonds he anxiously cared for them, and each day, he was also dying for them, burning with his longing.
6. And that the disciples too were bound up with Paul with all perfectness;424424 'Ακριβ™ιας. As a chain accurately and closely linked so as not to be severed asunder. and that not men only, but women also, hear what he says about Phœbe. "Now I commend425425 Συνίστημι. Lit. establish, vouch for her. to you Phœbe the sister, being a deaconess of the Church which is in Cenchreæ; that ye may receive her in the Lord worthily of the saints, and stand by her, in whatever matter she may require you, since426426 ῞Ητις, answering to Lat. quæ with subjunctive, expressing the cause. she has proved a helper427427 Προστ€τις, patroness: a relation well-known in Greece. of many; and of me myself."428428 Rom. xvi. 1, 2. But in this instance he bore witness to her of her zeal so far as help went (only:)429429 i.e., μόνον; a common ellipsis in Chrysostom. but Priscilla and Aquilla went as far even as death for Paul's sake; and about them he thus writes, saying, "Aquila and Priscilla salute you, who for my life's sake laid down their own neck;"430430 Rom. xvi. 3, 4. for death clearly. And about another again writing to these very persons he says, "Because he went as far as death; having counselled ill for his life, in order that he might supply your deficiency in your service towards me."431431 Philip. ii. 30. Seest thou how they loved their teacher? how they regarded his rest432432 From trouble, "ˆνεσιν." Comp. 2 Cor. vii. 5. before their own life? On this account no one surpassed them then. Now this I say, not that we may hear only, but that we may also imitate; and not to the ruled only, but also to those who rule is what we say addressed; in order that both scholars may display much solicitude about their teachers, and the teachers may have the same loving affection as Paul about those placed under them; not those present only, but also those who are far off. For also Paul, dwelling in the whole world just as in one house, thus 151continually took thought for the salvation of all; and having dismissed every thing of his own; bonds and troubles and stripes and straits, watched over and inquired into each day, in what state the affairs of the disciples were; and often for this very purpose alone sent, now Timothy, and now Tychicus; and about him he says, "That he may know your circumstances, and encourage your hearts:"433433 Ephes. vi. 22. and about Timothy; "I have sent him, being no longer able to contain myself; lest in some way the tempter have tempted you."434434 1 Thess. iii. 5. And Titus again elsewhere, and another to another place. For since he himself, by the compulsion of his bonds being often detained in one place, was unable to meet those who were his vitals, he met them through the disciples.
7. And then therefore being in bonds he writes to the Philippians, saying, "Now I desire that ye should know, brethren,"435435 Philip. i. 12. calling the disciples brethren. For such a thing as this is love; it casts out all inequality, and knows not superiority and dignity; but even if one be higher than all, he descends to the lowlier position of all; just what Paul also used to do. But let us hear what it is that he desires they should know. "That the things which happened unto me," he says, "have fallen out rather to the furtherance of the gospel."436436 Philip. i. 12. Tell me, how and in what way? Hast thou then been released from thy bonds? hast thou then put off thy chain? and dost thou with free permission preach in the city? hast thou then, having gone into an assembly, drawn out many long discourses about the faith, and departed after gaining many disciples? hast thou then raised the dead and been made an object of wonder? hast thou then cleansed lepers, and all were astounded? hast thou driven away demons, and been exalted? No one of these things, he says. How then did the furtherance of the gospel take place? tell me. "So that my bonds," he says, "have become openly known in the whole Court, and to all the rest."437437 Philip. i. 13. What sayest thou? this then, this was the furtherance, this the advance, this the increase of the proclamation—that all knew that thou wast bound. Yes, he says: Hear at least what comes next, that thou mayest learn that the bonds not only proved no hindrance, but also a ground of greater freedom of speech. "So that several438438 Τοὺς πλεἰονας again, plures, complures, a good many. of the brethren in the Lord, in reliance on my bonds, more abundantly dare fearlessly to speak the word."439439 Philip. i. 14. What sayest thou, O Paul? have thy bonds inspired not anxiety but confidence? not fear but earnest longing? The things mentioned have no consistency.440440 'Ακολουθίαν. Comp. Xen Exped. Cyri. ii. iv. 19. ὡς ὀυκ ‡κόλουθα žιη; the two things were incompatible. I too know it. For neither did these things take place according to the consistency of human affairs, he means,441441 Φησίν. This word, so constantly used by Chrysostom, is sometimes almost redundant; the nominative to it, if any, being uncertain. It may be redundant here or it may be equivalent to λ™γει; he means. He does not say it. but what came about was above nature, and the successes were of divine grace. On this account what used to cause anxiety to all others, that to him afforded confidence. For also if any one having taken the leader of an army and confined him, have made this publicly known, he throws the whole camp into flight; and if any one have carried a shepherd away from the flock, the security with which he drives off the sheep is great. But not in Paul's case was it thus, but the contrary entirely. For the leader of the army was bound, and the soldiers became more forward in the spirit; and the confidence with which they sprung upon their adversaries was greater: the shepherd was in confinement, and the sheep were not consumed, nor even scattered.
8. Who ever saw, who ever heard of, the scholars taking greater encouragement in the dangers of their teachers? How was it that they feared not? how was it that they were not terrified? how was it that they did not say to Paul, "Physician, heal thyself,"442442 Luke iv. 23. deliver thyself from thy manifold perils, and then thou will be able to procure for us those countless good things? How was it they did not say these things? How! It was because they had been schooled, from the grace of the Spirit, that these things took place not out of weakness, but out of the permission of the Christ; in order that the truth might shine abroad more largely; through bonds and imprisonments and tribulations and straits increasing and rising, to a greater volume. Thus is the power of Christ in weakness perfected.443443 Διαλ€μπη. In Attic Greek the optative would be used to express past time. But it may be noticed that Chrysostom nearly always has the subjunctive, a usage probably of the Alexandrian period of Greek literature. 2 Cor. xii. 9. For indeed if his bonds had crippled Paul444444 ̔Υπεσκ™λισε. Lit. tripped up, causing a fall. and made him cowardly; either himself or those belonging to him; one could not but feel difficulty; but if rather they prepared him into greater renown, one must be astounded and marvel, how through a thing involving dishonour glory was procured for the disciple—through a thing inspiring cowardice confidence and encouragement resulted to them all. For who was not astounded at him then, seeing him encircled with a chain? Then demons took to flight all the more, when they saw him spending his 152time in a prison. For not so splendid does the diadem make a royal head, as the chain his hands; not owing to their proper nature, but owing to the grace that darted brightness on them.445445 'Απανθοῦσαν. This properly is, dropping its flowers as a plant, withering, defloresco. I strongly suspect that ἐπανθοῦσαν should be read; which not only is just what is wanted, but gives a satisfactory government to ‡υτ'ις, which now it has not. On this account it was that great encouragement resulted to the disciples. For also they saw his body indeed bound, but his tongue not bound, his hands indeed tightly manacled,446446 'Εσφιγμ™νας. Comp. the chaining of Prometheus "'Αρ€σσε μ'λλον σφίγγε." Lat. stringo, constrictus. but his voice unshackled, and transversing the whole world more swiftly than the solar ray. And this became to them an encouragement; learning as they did from the facts that no one of present things is to be dreaded. For when the soul has been genuinely imbued by divine longing and love, it pays regard to no one of things present; but just as those who are mad venture themselves against fire and sword and wild beasts and sea and all else, so these too, maddened with a most noble and most spiritual frenzy, a frenzy arising from sanity,447447 Σωφροσύνῃς. Not in its ethical, but in its etymological sense, σῶοι τῄν φρ™να, sound in mind. The antithesis is doubtless intentional. used to laugh at all things that are seen. On this account, seeing their teachers bound, they the more exulted, the more prided themselves; by facts giving to their adversaries a demonstration that on all sides they were impregnable and indomitable.
9. Then therefore, when matters were in this state, some of the enemies of Paul, desiring to fan up the war to greater vehemence, and to make the hatred of the tyrant, which was felt towards him greater, pretended that they themselves also preached; (and they did preach the right and sound faith,) for the sake of the doctrine advancing more rapidly: and this they did, not with the desire to disseminate the faith; but in order that Nero, having learnt that the preaching was increasing and the doctrine advancing, might the sooner have Paul led away to execution.448448 Τὀ Β€ραθρον. The Athenian place and mode of execution. It cannot be literally rendered. The Tarpeian rock may be meant. Dejicere a saxo cives, Hor. Serm. This sentence proves "‡λήθεια" to be, not truth, but sincerity. They preached "@ορθὴν καὶ ὑγιῆ πίστιν." There were therefore two schools; that of Paul's scholars and that of Paul's enemies; the one preaching out of sincerity, and the others out of love of contention and the hatred they felt towards Paul. And by way of declaring this he said, "Some indeed through envy and strife are preaching Christ," (pointing out those his enemies) "but some also through good pleasure;"449449 That is, heartily. saying this about his own scholars.450450 Philip. i. 15. Then next about those; "Some indeed out of contentiousness," (his enemies,) not purely, not soundly, but, "thinking that they are thereby bringing pressure upon my bonds;451451 Philip. v. 17. but the others out of love;" (this again about his own brethren;) "knowing that I am set452452 Κεῖμαι. Perhaps lit. "I am lying"—here in prison. for the defence of the gospel." For what? Nevertheless, in any way; whether in pretence or in sincerity, Christ is being announced."453453 Philip. i. 16–18. So that vainly and to no purpose is this saying taken in reference to heresies. For those who then were preaching were not preaching corrupt doctrine; but sound and right belief. For if they were preaching corrupt doctrine, and were teaching other things contrary to Paul, what they desired was certain not to succeed to them. Now what did they desire? That the faith having grown, and the disciples of Paul having become numerous, it should rouse Nero to greater hostility. And if they were preaching different doctrines, they would not have made the disciples of Paul numerous; and by not doing so,454454 μὴ ποιοῦντες δš. Referring to ἐποίησαν, just used. But the Greeks (as Aristophanes) sometimes use ποιῶ in these cases, whatever word precedes; as in English. They generally repeat the same word, e.g., "μανθ€νεις; Οὐ μανθ‡νω," Aristoph. Here, then, taken in either way, it comes to the same. Μὴ, because hypothetical, "if they did not make." they would not have exasperated the tyrant. He does not therefore say this—that they were bringing in corrupt doctrines—but that the motive from which they were preaching, this was corrupt. For it is one thing to state the pretext455455 Πρόφασιν. But it was not their pretext, but their real motive: v. 17. Any one conversant with Greek authors cannot fail to notice that, with some mental process of their own, they at times use expressions naturally suggesting the very contrary to what they must mean. of their preaching itself was not sound. For the preaching does not become sound when the doctrine is laden with deception; and the pretext does not become sound when the preaching indeed is sound, but they who preach do not preach for the sake of God, but either with a view of enmity, or with a view to the favour of others.
10. He therefore does not say this—that they were bringing in heresies; but that it was not from a right motive, nor through piety456456 Εὐλ€βειαν, Lit. carefulness in handling anything holy—reverence. that they were preaching what they did preach. For it was not they might increase the gospel that they were doing this; but that they might wage war against him, and throw him into greater danger—on this account he accuses them. And see how with exactitude he laid it.457457 Αὐτὀ, i.e., the change: žγκλημα, involved in ἐγκαλει. "Thinking," he says, "that they were putting pressure upon my bonds."458458 Philip. i. 17. He did not say, putting, but "thinking they were putting upon," that is supposing, by way of pointing out that even if they so supposed, 153still he himself was not in such a position; but that he even rejoiced on account of the advance of the preaching. He added therefore saying, "But in this I both rejoice and will rejoice:"459459 Philip. v. 18. whereas if he held their doctrines deception, and they were bringing in heresies, Paul could not possibly rejoice. But since the doctrine was sound and of genuine parentage, on this account he says, "I rejoice and will rejoice." For what if they460460 'Εκεῖνοι, Lat isti, "the men." are destroying themselves by doing this out of contentiousness? Still, even unwillingly, they are strengthening my cause. Seest thou how great is Paul's power? how he is caught by no one of the devil's machinations? And not only is he not caught; but also by these themselves he subdues him. For great indeed is both the devil's craftiness,461461 Κακουργία, "παρα τ€υτας γὰρ κακουργεὶ," of the sophist Arist. Rhet. iii. 2, 7. and the wickedness of those who minister to him; for under pretence of being of the same mind, they desired to extinguish the proclamation.462462 Κήρυγμα. In its proper sense, the thing preached, the Gospel. But it more commonly is = κηρυξις, which word is scarcely used at all. But "he who seizes the cunning in their craftiness"463463 1 Cor. iii. 19. Δρασσόμενος, lit. clutches. Hence δραχμὴ, a handful of copper, σοφούς, falsely wise. "Σοφία; ‡ρετὴ τεχνῆς " Arist. Eth. Nich. l. vi. Comp. Luke xvi. 8, of the dishonest steward. did not permit that this should take place then. By way of declaring this very thing at least Paul said, "But the continuing in the flesh is the more necessary for your sake; and this I confidently know, that I shall continue and remain in company with you all."464464 Philip. i. 24, 25. For those men indeed set their mind on casting me out of the present life, and are ready to endure anything for this object: but God does not permit it on your account.
11. These things therefore, all of them, remember with exactness in order that you may be able with all wisdom to correct those who use the Scriptures without reference to circumstances465465 ̔Απλῶς. and at hap-hazard, and for the destruction of their neighbours. And we shall be able both to remember what has been said, and to correct others, if we always betake ourselves to prayers as a refuge, and beseech the God who gives the word of wisdom to grant both intelligence in hearing, and a careful and unconquerable guardianship of this spiritual deposit in our hands. For things which often we have not strength to perform successfully from our own exertions, these we shall have power to accomplish easily through prayers which are persevering. For always and without intermission it is a duty to pray, both for him who is in affliction, and him who is in dangers, and him who is in prosperity—for him who is in relief and much prosperity, that these may remain unmoved and without vicissitude, and may never change; and for him who is in affliction and his many dangers, that he may see some favourable change brought about to him, and be transported into a calm of consolation. Art thou in a calm? Then beseech God that this calm may continue settled to thee. Hast thou seen a storm risen up against thee? Beseech God earnestly466466 ̓Εκτενῶς. Like a racer, with every muscle "stretched out." Antilochus exclaims to his horses in the chariot race, ̓Ειμβητον, κὰι σφῶι τιταινετον. Il. xxiii. 403. Comp. Philip. iii. 13; τοῖς žμπροσθεν ἐπεκτεινόμενος διώκω: the same metaphor. to cause the billow to pass, and to make a calm out of the storm. Hast thou been heard? Be heartily thankful for this; because thou hast been heard. Hast thou not been heard? Persevere,467467 Παρˆμεινον. Wait, as it were, at the door; παρ‡, until answered. Matt. vii. 7, τῶ κρουοντι (to him who continues knocking) ‡νοιγήσεται. in order that thou mayest be heard. For even if God at any time delay the giving, it is not in hatred and aversion;468468 Αποστρεφόμενος. The Pagans adopted the expression literally, Diva solo fixos oculos aversa tenebat, Virg. Æn. i. 482. but from the desire by the deferring of the giving perpetually to retain thee with himself; just in the way also that affectionate fathers do;469469 Here we have ποιουσι, as in English, after κατ™χειν. See previous note. It might be κατ™χουσι, repeated. for they also adroitly manage the perpetual and assiduous attendance of children who are rather indolent by the delay of the giving. There is to thee no need of mediators in audience with God; nor of that much canvassing;470470 Περιδρομῆς, running about for votes and favour. Lat. ambitio. "Non ego…Grammaticas ambire tribus et pulpita dignor." Hor. Epist. i. 19, 40. nor of the fawning upon others; but even if thou be destitute, even if bereft of advocacy, alone, by thyself, having called on God for help, thou wilt in any case succeed.471471 To understand this description we have to bear in mind that, at Rome at least, legal advocates could claim no fees. They were forbidden, at least before the Imperial age, by the Cincian law. Turpe reos emptâ miseros defendere linguâ. Ov. Amor. i. 10, 39. Hence, the obtaining the services of an eminent lawyer required interest and entreaty. So the Sicilians begged Cicero to undertake the prosecution of Verres. Cic. in Verr. Div. c. 12. He is not so wont to assent when entreated by others on our behalf, as by ourselves who are in need; even if we be laden with ten thousand evil deeds. For if in the case of men, even if we have come into countless collisions with them, when both at dawn and at mid-day and in the evening we show ourselves to those who are aggrieved against us, by the unbroken continuance and the persistent meeting and interview we easily demolish their enmity—far more in the case of God would this be effected.
12. But thou art unworthy. Become worthy by thy assiduity. For that it both is possible that the unworthy should become worthy from his assiduity; and that God assents more when called on by ourselves than by others; and 154that he often delays the giving, not from the wish that we should be utterly perplexed, nor to send us out472472 ̓Εκπεμψαι, i.e. from the hall, as it were, of audience. with empty hands; but in order that he may become the author of greater good things to us—these three points I will endeavour to make evident by the parable which has to-day been read to you. The woman of Chanaan had come to Christ praying on behalf of a daughter possessed by a demon, and crying out with much earnestness473473 ̓Εκτεν™ιας, as above. (it says,474474 φησίν, the parable says. An instance, however, of its redundancy before noticed. 'Ελ™ησον depends not on it, but on βοῶσα. "Have pity on me, Lord, my daughter is badly possessed by a demon.") See, the woman of a strange nation, and a barbarian, and outside of the Jewish commonwealth. For indeed what else (was she) than a dog,475475 Κυναρίοις. In Greek, as in Latin and German, the diminutive sometimes expresses contempt. and unworthy of the receiving her request? For "it is not," he says, "good to take the children's bread, and to give it to the dogs." But, all the same, from her assiduity, she became worthy. For not only did he admit her into the nobility of children, dog as she was; but also he sent her off with that high encomium saying, "O woman great is thy faith; be it done to thee as thou wilt."476476 Matt. xv. 22, 26, 28. Now when the Christ says, "great is thy faith," seek thou no other demonstration of the greatness of soul which was in the woman. Seest thou how, from her assiduity the woman, being unworthy, became worthy? Desirest thou also to learn that we accomplish (our wish) by calling on him by ourselves more than by others? She cried out, and the disciples having come to him say, "Let her go away, for she is crying after us:"477477 Matt. v. 23. and to them he says, "I am not sent, unless to the lost sheep of the house of Israel."478478 Matt. v. 24. But when she had come to him by herself and continued crying, and saying, "Yes, Lord, for even the dogs eat from the table of their masters,"479479 Matt. v. 27. That is, the bread thrown to them, when it had been used to cleanse the fingers. Gr. ‡πομαγδαλία, ab ‡πομ€σσομαι. Comp. the very apposite passage, in which Agaracritus, a low person, says that this had been his own fare; ἤ μ€την γὰν ̓Απομαγδαλἱας σιτόυμενος τοσουτος ἐκτραφ™ιην. Cleon rejoins, 'Απομαγδαλίοις ὡσπερ κύων, ὦ παμπόνηρε; πῶς οῦν κυνος βορ‡ν σιτούμενος μ€χει σὺ, Aristoph. Equ. 412. Κυνˆρια. So "canicula," of the dog star, invisum sidus. then he granted the favour and says, "Be it done unto thee as thou wilt." Seest thou how, when they were entreating him, he repelled; but when she who needed the gift herself cried out, he assented? For to them he says, "I am not sent, unless to the lost sheep of the house of Israel;" but to her480480 Ταύτη = αὐτῆ. he said, "Great is thy faith; be it done unto thee as thou wilt." Again, at the beginning and in the prelude of her request he answered nothing; but when both once and twice and thrice she had come to him, then he granted the boon; by the issue making us believe that he had delayed the giving, not that he might repel her481481 Διακρούσηται, as with rude violence. Lit. knock to a distance from himself, as with a hard blow. but that he might display to us all the woman's endurance. For if he had delayed in order that he might repel her, he would have not granted it even at the end; but since he was waiting to display to all her spiritual wisdom, on this account he was silent.482482 'Εσιγα. Not literally, for Christ had answered, "It is not meet to take the children's bread." But that was silence, as far as returning any favorable answer went. For if he had granted it immediately and at the beginning, we should not have known the woman's virtue.483483 Τὴν ‡νδρ™ιαν τῆς γυναικὸς. Lit the woman's manliness; a courage above her sex. The antithesis is doubtless intentional. "Ε'ν€ντια παρ€λληλα μ'λλον γνώριμα, Arist. Rhet. 'Ανδρ™ia = Lat. virtus. Gibbon, using this is the general sense, has the expression, "manly virtue," in reference to ‡ρετῆς 'Ανδρ™να, Hom. Odys. xvii. 322. "Let her go"484484 Φησὶν again: with no nominative. Certainly not Christ—the disciples said it. We might expect φ€σιν; but this, I believe, Chrysostom never uses in these cases. "It says," i.e., the history, or "he," the Evangelist. Sometimes τις is understood. it says, "because she is clamouring behind us." But what (says) the Christ? "Ye hear a voice, but I see the mind: I know what she is going to say. I choose not to permit the treasure hidden in her mind to escape notice; but I am waiting and keeping silence; in order that having discovered it I may lay it down in publicity, and make it manifest to all.
13. Having therefore learned all these things, even if we be in sins, and unworthy of receiving, let us not despair; knowing, that by assiduity of soul we shall be able to become worthy of the request. Even if we be unaided by advocate and destitute, let us not faint; knowing that it is a strong advocacy—the coming to God one's self by one's self with much eagerness. Even if he delay and defer with respect to the giving, let us not be dispirited; having learned that the putting it off and delay is a sure proof of caring and love for mankind. If we have thus persuaded ourselves; and with a soul deeply pained and fervent, and thoroughly roused purpose; and such as that with which the woman of Chanaan approached, we too come to him, even if we be dogs; even if we have done anything whatever dreadful; we shall both rebut485485 'Αποκρουσόμεθα. Rebut the charges brought against us. "Κακὰ," comp. the double sense of the Lat. crimen. our own crimes, and obtain so great liberty of speech486486 Παρρησίαν. Here, liberty to address the Court. So King Agrippa says, "Paul, thou art permitted to speak for thyself." Acts xxvi. 1. Chrysostom throughout maintains the metaphor of the judicial process—‡προστ€τευτος, κ.τ.λ. as also to be advocates for others; in the way in which also this woman of Chanaan not only herself enjoyed liberty of speech and ten thousand encomiums but had power to snatch her dear daughter487487 Θυγατριον. Here a diminutive of endearment, "filiola." Ω῏ Σωκρατιδιον φιλτατον, Arist. Nub. 736. As the Greeks said, ὑποκοριστικῶς. out of her intolerable sufferings. 155For nothing—nothing is more powerful than prayer when fervent and genuine. This both disperses present dangers, and rescues from the penalties which take place at that hour.488488 Καιρον, "μ™ρος χρονου," Aristotle, A critical moment. That therefore we may both complete our passage through the present life with ease,489489 Εὐκολίας. Effect for cause; contentedness for that which creates it; ease. Comp. "O Melibæe, Deus nobis hæc otia fecit," Virg. Ecl. i. 6. and depart thither490490 'Εκει. The Greek euphemism for the other world. Aristophanes speaks of the kindliness and contentedness of Sophocles in both states of being, ̔Ο δ' ἐύκολος μ™ν ἐνθ€δ žυκαλος δ' ἐκει Ranæ, 82. See last note. with confidence, with much zeal and eagerness let us perform this perpetually. For thus shall we be able both to attain the good things which are laid up, and to enjoy those excellent hopes; which God grant that we may all attain; by the grace and loving kindness and compassion of our Lord Jesus Christ—with whom to the Father together with the Holy Spirit be glory, honour, dominion, to the ages of the ages.491491 Perhaps this common phrase, "ages (consisting) of ages," is in contrast to ages of years. Comp. "magnus annus-menses. Magnus ab integro sæclorum nascitur ordo." Vir. Eccl. IV. 5. Amen.
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Helping Students Understand God More
We started our first youth Ministry website in 1997-Youthministry.com-which has since been sold (Dooooh!), and we have been providing free youth ministry resources for churches, ministers, youth pastors, youth ministers, and volunteer youth workers ever since.
Youth Ministry Meeting and Small Group Ideas
Youth Accountability Questions
Here are 7 accountability Questions that your Youth Group can do.
Great Youth Ministry Ideas
Postmodern Youth Ministry Ideas
Everything you believe is suspect. The world is up for grabs. The rules have changed. Or have they? Welcome to the emerging, postmodern culture. A free zone of rapid change that places high value on community, authenticity, even God-but has little interest in modern, Western-tinged Christianity.
The greatest youth and church relations builder since potlucks and free pizza! If you are a typical youth worker, you are dealing with frustrations because of upset and even angry church members, as well as unsupportive staff! "Why did the youth mess up the kitchen?" "Why did the youth make so much noise in the parking lot?" "Why don't the youth ever do anything for us in the church?" And so forth… Do you need an event that builds positive relations with your church folks? Do you need to get in good graces with the Pastor and Elders? Do you need to have a fundraiser yet are tired of bake sales and dog washes? Do you desire to involve your youth...
Suggestions for Effective Group Prayer
We are going before the presence of God, and must do so with glad hearts and a willingness to be together in unity and love.
More Ways of Building your Student's Relationship with God
Youth Ministry Management Essentials, Crises, and Insights
By the way, any of our articles, curriculums and/or Bible studies on this site can be used and have been used as Youth Talks!
An example of making your own release form for youth group outings. It is also good to have this on file for any youth attending your program, so you can get in touch with them and/or their parents, especially in emergencies…
Abstinence Contract
What is an Abstinence Contract? It is a promise that to save oneself sexually for your future marriage partner. Because, this is a command from God, it is His precept and pane, it is the best deal and you will be greatly rewarded by Him if you obey! If not, Play now and you will pay later or pay and pray now (by waiting ad trusting in God) and play later. It's your choice!
WE'RE LOSING YOUTH PASTORS! With only 2,550 full-time youth pastors and 23 million teenagers in this country, we cannot afford...
10 MYTHS ABOUT BEING A GREAT VOLUNTEER YOUTH WORKER: Youth Ministry is not comfortable! It's not easy! It is normal and okay to feel inadequate about your skills. Your confidence will grow the longer you do ministry and you will see how God can use us "inadequate" people to do great things!
18 Ways to Get to Know Your Youth!
Get to Know Your Youth More!
Visit their rooms; check out bulletin boards; look at books, magazines, CDs; observe posters and pictures. Try to personally visit each youth once a year, and call them once a month (for large youth groups) For smaller ones double this....
Ten Ways to Improve Relational Skills
Faithful to my Lord's commands, I still would choose the better part; Serve with careful Martha's hands and loving Mary's heart...
Commitment to Personal Spiritual Maturity! Every "student" counts! Every "student" needs to be known, greeted, cared for-Love in action goes to their "world"
Contemporary Christian Music: Misunderstood Melodies
For centuries, contemporary Christian music has been the subject of controversy. It's referred to as anything from mind control to the Devil's own music. From traditional chants, psalms, and hymns to the Christian rock, metal, and rap styles of today, forefront Christian music has and always will bring on some form of discord. Yet today, modern Christian music styles have proven to have popular and positive effectiveness.
A biblical perspective on COUNSELING ON SUICIDE-caring for people, preventing the tragedy, and grieving its aftermath
Youth Ministry Outreach!
Issues That Keep People Away: Youth will place their trust in anything that is not God, such as their money, their friends, and the high standard of living we enjoy in the United States. People on the Titanic could not see the peril that was right in front of them; so it is with non-Christians today. Just click on the evening news and you will be inundated by the moral erosion of our culture, and the flight from godly values.
Youth Evangelism PII
Common Objections: What I want to do is challenge you to see some of the root causes why people turn you off when you attempt to evangelize. By knowing these common objections, you will understand why they respond the way they do, so you will not take things so personally. That way, you will not be turned off from doing evangelism yourself. You will have greater confidence because you will know how people respond; you will then be better listeners and evangelists. There are countless objections that people give and many different categories they can go into. But, from my experience in youth and evangelism work...
Youth Evangelism PIII
How to do Youth Evangelism! This curriculum can be used to teach youth groups how to be effective witnesses. This is very important; because when we venture out into evangelizing, you may think you are asking someone to know our Lord when you say "would you like to be a Christian?" but what you are actually asking people is, "Would you like to be like me?" Why is this?
Do not forget the most important call and need of Youth Ministry to disciple your youth! This is what Christ told us to do!

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Open your eyes to a world of new opportunities....
Not being tied to wired communication loop, a Yokogawa wireless system can provide process measurements that were previously too difficult or uneconomical to implement.
Wireless Differential Pressure/Pressure Transmitters
Yokogawa offers a complete line of ISA100 compliant pressure transmitters. The line includes transmitters that can measure differential pressure, absolute pressure, and gauge pressure.
Wireless Temperature Transmitters
Yokogawa offers the dual-input YTA510 and the multi-point YMTX580 temperature transmitters.
Wireless Adapter
Field Wireless Multi-Protocol Module with "Field Wireless Communication Module FN110" acquires sensor data from a connected sensor and transmits it to a field wireless network through FN110.
Wireless Infrastructure
Yokogawa offers an IoT Enabled ISA100 compliant Gateway, a Access Point, a Media Converter, and a Management Station. All to help design a network to meet your needs.
Product Finder
This web tool makes it easier to find products according to the application, measurement conditions and required specifications.
New concept "Wireless Anywhere"
"Wireless Anywhere" Concept to Expand Use of Field Wireless Systems Based on the ISA100.11a Standard
Yokogawa Electric Corporation announces the introduction of a new "Wireless Anywhere" business concept on the plant-wide use of ISA100.11a compliant wireless communication technologies for both monitoring and control applications.
For continuous processes that need sophisticated wireless control technologies, Yokogawa released the world's first ISA100.11a compliant system devices and transmitters in July 2010, giving customers an expanded range of device choices.
Based on the "Grow" concept, in 2012 Yokogawa released three new field wireless system devices and enhanced existing wireless pressure and temperature transmitters to enable its customers to expand their plant wireless networks and make full use of existing assets. These ISA100.11a compliant wireless products can be used to construct highly reliable large-scale plant networks, and may also be incorporated with other Yokogawa products in small- and medium-sized networks, substantially expanding their capabilities.
The ISA100.11a standard ensures high reliability, application flexibility, network expandability, and compatibility with a variety of wired communication standards such as FOUNDATIONTM fieldbus, HART®, and PROFIBUS. "ISA100.11a full functional" field wireless network systems and devices make use of state-of-the-art dual redundant technologies that enable a much higher level of reliability, and allow massive scalability and long-range communications.
Yokogawa will aggressively promote this new "Wireless Anywhere" concept to widen the use of ISA100.11a-compliant products and related services. This augments our existing "Grow" concept, which encourages the introduction of wireless communication technologies by making a case for their inherent reliability, flexibility, and openness.
ISA100.11a Full Functional Field Wireless System Features
Such systems ensure responses in real time by making use of state-of-the-art dual redundant technologies and can be quite large in scale, supporting connections to up to 20 access points and 500 field wireless devices. The data update time is 5 seconds when the system consists of a host system and 500 field wireless devices, and 1 second with a host system and 200 field wireless devices. The field wireless devices are proven to be able to communicate over distances up to 10 km*1, 20 times the range of conventional systems.
Our wireless physical layer (Reliable Radio) and system redundancy technologies ensure a high level of reliability. With our Duocast technology, each field device simultaneously sends the same data to two designated access points, ensuring uninterrupted communication in the event that one of the points experiences a problem. The duplication of gateways and systems further strengthens the reliability of our wireless systems. The field wireless devices are proven to be able to communicate over distances up to 10 km*1, 20 times the range of conventional systems.
*1 With a high-gain antenna. Local regulations may restrict the use of such antennas with field wireless devices.
The Wireless Anywhere Concept
By following up on the Grow concept with this announcement of the Wireless Anywhere concept, Yokogawa is advocating the use of "ISA100.11a full functional" field wireless systems throughout plants. To this end, Yokogawa will pursue the following three initiatives:
1.Modularizing wireless components to accelerate product development
Yokogawa will develop modularized wireless components that incorporate the various technologies in its field wireless devices. This will make it easier for vendors to implement the ISA100.11a technology in new sensor products, and accelerate time to market. By the end of 2013 Yokogawa plans to begin releasing new field wireless devices with these components and expanding product lineup.
2.Promoting adoption of the ISA100.11a standard
Yokogawa will work with other members of the ISA100 Wireless Compliance Institute (ISA100WCI) to increase the number of WCI member companies and promote acceptance of the ISA100.11a standard, thereby expanding the field wireless market. To make a wider range of ISA100.11a-compliant products available to the market, Yokogawa may supply modularized components to other vendors.
3.Facilitating host connectivity for both wired and wireless field networks
To encourage the use of field wireless systems in both monitoring and control applications, Yokogawa will seek to improve the effectiveness of plant-wide field digital networks by making it possible for wired and wireless field devices and systems to connect with host monitoring and control systems. This will necessitate the development of technologies that will ensure host systems and field devices can communicate with each other using a variety of protocols. For example, an ISA100.11a-compliant adapter would enable a wired field device to link up with a wireless network.
Yokogawa is advocating the new Wireless Anywhere concept for solutions that work seamlessly with the diverse devices and advanced information technologies used at production sites. Yokogawa will continue to develop field wireless devices for both monitoring and control applications, and will partner with its customers to assure their long-term growth through the achievement of ideal plant operations.
Large-scale, reliable, next-generation plant-wide field wireless system
A new architecture for our "Grow" concept
Yokogawa launched the world's first wireless field products conforming to the ISA100.11a standard in 2010 and has led the business ever since. Now, Yokogawa has released a new, large-scale, reliable, next-generation plant-wide field wireless system.
In developing this system, which forms the core of field digital solutions, Yokogawa has focused on the following three key features.
- Reliability: reliable high-performance field wireless and redundant technologies
- Flexibility: flexible architecture that supports the full range, from small to large-scale plants
- Openness: open ISA100.11a standard that allows third-party field wireless devices to be connected
This new system has been developed in line with Yokogawa's "Grow" concept of helping customers to grow and enabling ourselves to evolve and continue to offer timely solutions.
Advantages of the next-generationfield wireless system
Although most field wireless systems are currently installed in relatively small areas, demands are rising for increasing the number of monitoring points, covering wider areas, and expanding to process control as well as diagnosis, monitoring, and measurement.
To respond to these demands, Yokogawa has developed a large-scale, reliable, next-generation plant-wide field wireless system, which will manage up to 500* wireless field devices.
*The number of Wireless Field devices which can be handled depends on software version of YFGW410.
Conventional small field wireless systems are mainly installed as additional monitoring tools in areas with a clear line-of-sight such as tank yards and wastewater treatment facilities. Such systems offer only limited advantages such as improved inventory management, reduced regular visual checking, automated environmental measurement, and reduced wiring costs.
In contrast, plant-wide field wireless systems can cover both a large number of measuring points in a small area packed with production equipment where wireless devices are difficult to install, as well as the entire plant. This allows customers to set up wireless devices anywhere in their plants and manage data from those devices to improve plant-wide production efficiency.
Architecture of the large-scale, flexible, field wireless system
Yokogawa has developed the following new products for the new field wireless system:
- YFGW410 field wireless management station
- YFGW510 field wireless access point
- YFGW610 field wireless media converter
Our YFGW710, the existing all-in-one type field wireless integrated gateway, combines all the functions of access points and wireless management, enabling small wireless systems to be easily installed.
In the new architecture, the YFGW510 serves as an access point and forms the wireless backbone network with the YFGW410 field wireless management station.
Therefore, by installing multiple YFGW510 field wireless access points throughout the plant, wireless sub-networks can be built and then connected to each other to create a large-scale, plant-wide field wireless system.
The YFGW510 and YFGW410 can communicate via Ethernet, optical Ethernet, wireless LAN, instrumentation cable communication*, and so forth, allowing flexible installation in plants.
*Instrumentation cable communication will be supported in the next phase.
An example of the system configuration is shown below.
Technologies to support a highly reliable field wireless system
YOKOGAWA Field Wireless has excellent receiving efficiency and the feature is high reliability of wireless physical layers(Reliable Radio).The technology enabled the 600m long distance communication with standard antenna if there is no obstacle. The low packet error rate is realized under the environment of multi path in "Pipe Jungle".
The reliability of network layer is enhanced with the import of new technology. YOKOGAWA proposals are next two technologies.
1. Duocast
Duocast is a redundancy technology for the wireless path specified in the ISA100.11a standard. In the conventional mesh-topology network, if communication is not established in a path, data is then sent via another path. However, this may affect real-time performance because the data is not sent in the same time slot, but in a later time slot even in the same superframe.
On the other hand, Duocast simultaneously sends two identical data in the same time slot, and provided either data is successfully transmitted, real-time performance is maintained. Therefore, Duocast is ideal for ensuring the redundancy of mission-critical wireless paths and helps improve reliability while securing low latency (see the figure below).
Duocast can overcome failures of either access point as well as errors in a wireless path.
2. Dual wireless backbone network
The network between the YFGW510 and YFGW410 is called a wireless backbone network. Its redundancy is specified by the ISA100.11a standard to improve the reliability of the network and is achieved by the redundant YFGW410 stations. Either of the dual YFGW410 stations can deal with disconnections and errors of the wireless backbone network, and malfunctions of the other YFGW410 (see the figure below).
stations, one set to Active and the other to Standby, are connected with each other via a synchronous communication cable. If any trouble in the Active YFGW410 is detected, the functions and data are quickly shifted to the Standby YFGW410 to seamlessly continue communication.
Enhanced Version of Wireless Transmitters
Wireless Differential Pressure/Pressure Transmitter and Wireless Temperature Transmitter have enhanced with the release of Plant Wide Field Wireless System.
The improvement of communication quality with detachable antenna
The detachable antenna type model has released. The antenna extension cable and high-gain antenna* can used with this model. The placement of antenna can be adjusted with the antenna extension cable without change the installation of transmitters.
And the expansion of communication distance becomes possible with high-gain antenna*.
*Subject to the Radio law regulation of each country.
The extension of battery life with low power consumption
The battery life of the detachable antenna type model becomes longer than conventional product with low power consumption. It depends on the condition, from 1.5 times to 2 times of battery life is realized. The examples of the battery life is shown below.
EJX B Series Wireless Differential Pressure/Pressure Transmitter (Amplifier housing code 8 or 9)
Update time 10 years at 30 seconds
Update time 5 years at 10 seconds
YTA510 Wireless Temperature Transmitter (Amplifier housing code 8 or 9 and low power mode)
Update time 10 years at 10 seconds
Update time 8 years at 5 seconds
Yokogawa has been researching and developing industrial wireless technologies for ten years and has compared a variety of standards, with the following conclusion: in adopting wireless systems in the fields of industrial measurement and control, wireless physical layers must eliminate instability as far as possible (Reliable Radio) and the system must reinforce it.
Among various industrial wireless communication standards, the ISA100 standards were the most suitable for achieving Yokogawa's policy. Therefore, Yokogawa adopted this standard and released the world's first ISA100-compliant products in the market in 2010.
Yokogawa has since released various wireless applications while its development engineers have visited over 100 sites worldwide for survey.
The accumulation of such experience as well as the information obtained from many customers have been reflected in the development to make full use of the advantages of the ISA100 standards (ISA100 Full Functional), and to make the role of wireless communication clearer and securer toward Field Digital Innovation.
Reliability of Wireless Communication
The general perception that wireless communication is easily disconnected seems to be attributed to our daily experience with mobile phones and wireless LANs. The rapid progress of mobile phone technology meant that the latest digital wireless communication technology could be used to solve the very tough challenge of ensuring that high-speed data transmission rates and reliability are maintained while users are walking or moving at high speed in cars and trains.
However, the facts that a user moves at a certain speed and that the location of use is not fixed impose difficult conditions on wireless communication for which the radio wave environment changes dynamically, resulting in the instability typical of wireless communication.
Meanwhile, in many industrial measurement applications, the measurement location is considered and then fixed at the point of installation, and even if the user moves, the movement speed is very moderate and the movement range is also limited, and the required data transfer rate is also relatively low, so the environment is such that reliability can be easily maintained for wireless communication. In other words, it is possible to set conditions to ensure sufficient stability for wireless communication beforehand.
By introducing the latest digital wireless technology in such a relatively privileged environment, reliability comparable with wired communication can be ensured.
Security by digital communication technology
Even for fixed wireless communication, there are some concerns, such as interference and cross-talk from other wireless communication and jamming using the same frequency for malicious purposes.
Furthermore, wireless communication signals travel through the air and reach the surrounding areas, so there are concerns such as interception and eavesdropping by a third party, or penetration into the wireless network from the outside.
One answer to these concerns is the evolution from analog to digital technology for wireless communication.
Wireless communication in the analog era was vulnerable in terms of security as it could be intercepted by anyone using a receiver with the same frequency, and intentional interruption and interference were easy.
However, the introduction of digital technology to wireless communication reduced these concerns significantly. The following provides an overview of digital technology.
Environmental Conditions and Wireless Communication
There are some misunderstandings regarding the concerns about the environmental impact of wireless communication.
For example, it is not true that field wireless communication is vulnerable to strong magnetic fields, or communication is interrupted by rainfall. In some cases, wireless communication is more advantageous than wired communication. The following summarizes the relations between the environmental conditions and wireless communication.
- Damage by lightning surge
Lightning surge is a phenomenon that a surge current generated by lightning flows through the power supply cable and communication cables and damages the connected electronic devices. Therefore, the lightning surge risk for wireless transmitters is rather small because they are not connected by cables. However, an on-site lightning protection measure is required to prevent a direct lightning strike. - Communication interference by lightning
The frequency of electromagnetic waves generated by an electric discharge produced by lightning is said to have a wide range between a couple of hertz and 1 gigahertz. However, the higher the frequency, the lower the power becomes, and the problem only occurs when electric discharge and intermittent communication happen to occur at the same time. Even if that happens, the problem can be covered by retransmission control. - Impact of rain, snow, and fog
The 2.4 GHz range used for field wireless communication suffers little impact from rain and snow. This has been proven by experiments.Generally it is said that communication begins to be impacted from 10 GHz and higher. - Disconnection risk
Wireless communication is free from the cable disconnection problem typical of wired communication, which occurs when a cable is broken as a result of a disaster or deterioration in a bad environment, when a cable is damaged by wild animals, or when a cable is cut intentionally by a malicious person. - Impact of strong magnetic field
A magnetic field that causes a problem is generally not one in the high frequency range of wireless communication but one in the low frequency range. Wireless communication is advantageous in this respect as an induction current generated by a magnetic field is produced with regards to the conductor (wire).
Unique Battery Pack Technology
Efficient battery replacement made possible by our unique battery pack technology.
The uniquely designed battery housing compartment and battery pack within our wireless transmitters allows it to be exchanged in the field, even within a hazardous area. The battery pack further enables convenient access to the internal batteries so that they may be replaced as is necessary and restocked. Thus minimizing both waste and cost, while making the battery replacement process as efficient as possible. The batteries used within the battery pack are standard 'D' cell Lithium/Thionyl Chloride batteries. These have excellent power versus temperature characteristics along with a long in service life that makes them suitable for use within environments.
ISA100 and DPharp for the Digital World
A combination of two unique technologies has enabled true end to end, through the air digital sensing. Marrying the renowned benefits of the DPharp digital sensing with ISA100.11a, the new industrial standard for wireless sensor network, has brought a truly unique proposition. Advanced high precision digital sensing with all the benefits of wireless deployment; reduced engineering and commissioning with the flexibility to expand the wireless sensor network to meet future demand.
The bringing together of DPharp with ISA100.11a represent Yokogawa's commitment to continue delivering unsurpassed leading edge solutions to the industrial automation industry. Reliable, secure, flexible and intuitive the new wireless transmitter series simplify all aspects of wireless deployment, management and operation while delivering excellence as standard.
Whether installed upstream on remote pipelines and wellheads or downstream in tank farms, vacuum columns or loading piers our wireless transmitters will continue to deliver secure, precise, reliable, high integrity process measurements that meet your demand.
Our wireless transmitters will increase your process visibility by reducing operational blind spots, which in turn will reduce your process variability, increased yield, and improved product reproducibility while reducing costs and increasing flexibility.
ISA100 brings you real sustainable lifecycle benefits to meet your requirements now and in the future.
The ISA100.11a Wireless Communication Standard
Wireless technology such as mobile phones and wireless networks has become an indispensable part of our lives. Now there is greater demand for compatibility with instrumentation of that wireless technology. So, what is the best wireless technology to use?
A variety of vendors including Yokogawa Electric have been providing simple implementation over wireless communication, but they have just not been widely accepted for reasons such as:
- Most use proprietary communication protocols thus limiting potential applications.
- It has not been possible for one set of wireless instrumentation to handle multiple brands of products.
- Engineers were unable to ignore concerns about communication channel security and reliability.
But now, Yokogawa has adopted the ISA100.11a wireless communication standard that is geared toward Industrial Automation, and worked to make user-friendly wireless devices that meet international standards.
ISA100.11a has the following noteworthy features:
Featutes | Notes |
Security | Robust encryption technology |
High reliability | Achieves 24-hour, 365-day down-time–free communication |
Power management | Longer battery life and battery replacement prediction |
Open | Devices can be purchased from multiple suppliers |
Multi-speed | Devices with both high- and low-speed update rates |
Multi-tasking | Multiple applications on a single wireless network |
Scalable | Numbers of wireless field devices, longer distance communication, and update rates |
Global | Technology supported by many countries |
Communication QC | Control of latency, and low error rates |
Multi-protocol | Requires minimal investment because it can be integrated with existing wired systems |
Supports control | Expands the range of wireless applications |
These are based on user requests for industrial wireless sensor networks; the ISA100.11a industrial wireless standard meets all of these requests at once.
By adopting industrial wireless technology based on the ISA100.11A standard, we will be able to build highly-reliable, promising new styles of instrumentation that we are confident to solve many problems.
Demo of Using ISA100 Wireless Technology for Control Application
–Paving the way for the smooth integration of plant monitoring and control applications using a single wireless infrastructure
The system designed for this demonstration was comprised of a prototype wireless D3 valve positioner from Flowserve Corporation and Yokogawa's flagship integrated production control system "CENTUM® VP", wireless gateway devices, and the DPharp EJX B series wireless differential pressure/pressure transmitter. The field wireless devices were all compliant with the ISA100 WirelessTM by ISA100 Wireless Compliance Institute and featured a fast 1-second data update time. Redundant wireless communications paths were employed to ensure high reliability.
Yokogawa products in this demonstration system:
- CENTUM VP integrated production control system
- DPharp EJX B series differential pressure/pressure transmitter
- YFGW410 field wireless management station
- YFGW510 field wireless access point
The feature of the wireless control demonstration of the water level
- Field wireless devices controlled by the PID control of the DCS
- Fast data update : 1 second
- state-of-the-art redundant technologies Duocast and the redundant Field Wireless Management Station
YFGW410 - The prototype product of wireless D3 valve positioner by Flowserve Corporation
The detailed wireless control demonstration of the water level
Purpose: Yokogawa assures the appropriate wireless control is updated every 1 second.
Method: A distribute controller communicates with a wireless valve positioner and a wireless differential pressure/pressure transmitter and controls water level as target four levels.
Constitution: "CENTUM VP" distributed control system communicates with the infrastructure of ISA100.11a wireless system and controls the water level by PID control.
Yokogawa developed reliable ISA100 Wireless System for Control Application-- Live Demo ISA100 Wireless Technology has paved the way to smoothly integrating the plant wireless monitoring and control applications under single wireless infrastructure. Yokogawa is working on the application of wireless technologies that can be suitable for both monitoring and control purposes throughout plants. The demonstration conducted by Yokogawa showed for the first time how CENTUM VP could be used under actual plant conditions in a wireless control application. |
Tired of adding extra repeaters and devices to your wireless sensor network to get proper coverage? Switch to Yokogawa's ISA100.11a wireless system and save money by using less hardware to cover larger areas. Yokogawa's access points and wireless transmitters can reliably transmit 3.4km between devices using our remote antenna option. This means that in a standard 4hops network, your Yokogawa wireless system can cover a 13.6km radius area! |
Choose Reliable Wireless System Suitable for Your Small or Large Applications Reliable wireless solution is always one of the top concerns for industrial users. This video demonstrates Yokogawa newly released wireless system solution. It combines the best of ISA100.11a wireless technology with Yokogawa system design expertise. The Yokogawa new wireless system further enhanced the "Reliable Radio" in field device, deployed Duocast communication method in Access Point (YFGW510), and enabled two redundant management station (YFGW410) that able to work simultaneously to achieve overall wireless system reliability. Because of this unique design, one single Yokogawa wireless system can be very flexible for your need to support as much as 500 field devices reliably. Enjoy this demonstration. |
Yokogawa Wireless brings "Reliable Radio Evolution" Yokogawa Wireless Solution has a very reliable radio-link feature based on a world-class receiver sensitivity. We found this feature brings dramatically new benefits to customers.
Yokogawa Field Wireless: Long Range Communication Test (600 m) Yokogawa's engineers tested "Long Range Communication" feature of Yokogawa Wireless Solution. 600 m communication with very low Packet Error Rate (PER) is shown in this video. |
Yokogawa Electric Corporation announces that it has received the Frost & Sullivan 2014 Global Enabling Technology Leadership Award in the wireless solutions category. The Enabling Technology Leadership Award is presented to companies around the world that are best-in-class in a specific category. |
Wireless Hydrogen leak detection solution for Hydrogen cooling system of Turbine generator
Wireless Multi-Input Temperature Transmitter YTMX580 can accept inputs from up to 8 points, and contribute to your CAPEX cost reduction.
Eliminating the wire using wireless transmitter is the perfect solution for rotating equipment. It establishes data collection between the transmitter and the gateway by reliable communication even though the dryer was rotating.
Caustic soda and hydrochloric acid, produced in electrolyzer plants, are fundamental materials used in varieties of industries; chemicals, pharmaceuticals, petrol-chemicals, pulp and papers, etc. Profit is the result of the effective production with minimized running / maintenance cost. Proper control of the process brings you stabilized quality of products with the vast operational profit.
Delayed Coker is a type of coker who's process consists of heating residual oil feed to its thermal cracking temperature in a furnace. The most important variable in industrial furnace control is temperature. Temperature is measured throughout the furnace in different zones and temperature effects the materials being manufactured and therefore must be precisely monitored to prevent deviations in quality of the final product.
- The distance is not so long, but there are many pipes and tanks ("Pipe Jungle") in the field.
- Had to avoid the obstacles and take care multi path condition.
Repeater is installed on high place between control room and monitor position. The extend cable is used for antenna of Gateway.
- Temperature Transmitter (YTA) x1, Pressure Transmitter (EJX) x2
Geothermal power plants create electricity from geothermal energy. These power plants are similar to other steam turbine station; however their heat source is that of the earth's core. The created steam is used to turn the turbine for the production of electricity. Technologies include Dry steam, Flash steam and Binary cycle power stations with Binary cycle being the most common geothermal plant in current production. In the process of geothermal power generation the facility needs to monitor various processes, as in this case steam line pressure sits in remote from control room's location.
Pressure measurement of tubeless tyres to monitor the air loss is one of the key performance tests in the tyre manufacturing units. Relocation of tyres from one testing rack to the other for various tests and frequent movement of the testing setup for conditional tests to various locations calls for cable free implementation for ease of handling.
A horizontal rotary miller used to grind the limestone rocks with metallic balls as grinding stones. This is used as the raw ingredient to produce cement powder. The temperature needs to be monitored in order to control the process and the quality of the final product. The user was using an induction temperature measurement based on a rail system that was very fragile and therefore unreliable.
Both bulk and finished inventories are stored in distributed tank farm remote from the site operations. These are difficult to instrument due to the infrastructure cost involved. These are then monitored daily by patrol rounds. While effective, this method does require a large skilled labor force to monitor all of tanks. This can impose an additional risk when the stored medium is of a hazardous nature.
- Daily manual reading of pressure and temperature gauges with report by phone.
- The customer wants to change measurement from off-line to on-line.
- Cabling for wired transmitters in huge plants (up to 300 meters long) is expensive.
Install a YTMX580 on the side of the rotating furnace that can wirelessly transmit measured values from multiple temperature sensors.
- Temperature is monitored to maintain consistency of the viscous fiber entering the drum.
- Existing system requires manual temperature readings.
- Wired temperature measurement is not available because the tank is rotating.
- Manual temperature reading requires walking about 130 m and climbing up and down elevated sections of the dryer stages.
- Multiple temperature measurement points along the various stages of the dryer require many cables to the control room.
- Very high humidity.
- Wireless temperature measurement
Gateway x1, transmitter (YTA) x1, repeater x2 (The 2 repeaters are for redundancy) - Extended antenna to circumvent obstacles and improve the radio path for stable measurement (communication was unstable when the height of the antenna was low).
- Wireless pressure and temperature monitoring.
- Repeater was set under the gateway.
- The maximum distance between the repeater and transmitters is approximately 500m.
ISA100 wireless temperature and pressure transmitters with orifice plates allow:
- No cabling installations or maintenance.
- Small amount of hardware and simple equipment implementation means minimizing potential vandalism.
ISA100 Wireless Monitoring
- Gateway x1, Temperature Transmitter (YTA) x3, Pressure Transmitter (EJX) x1, Repeater x1
Gateway is installed at control room and 3m height extended antenna is set.
- Temperature Transmitter (YTA) and Pressure Transmitter (EJX) are installed at each monitoring point.
- Repeater is installed on high position.
Blending plays a key role in industries such as food, healthcare and chemicals etc. Temperature and vacuum measurements are very important in minimizing the moisture content to ensure the quality of the final product. Strictly maintaining them throughout the process ensures the final product yield.
Direct Reduction Iron (DRI) is one of the processes to reduce oxygen from iron oxide pellets for steel plant. More than 90% of DRI processes use heated LNG as process gas where PID control for temperature or interlock control is of vital importance.
- Wireless temperature measurement
gateway x1, transmitter (YTA) x1
repeater x1: between gateway and YTA. - High quality wireless communication was confirmed.
With repeater at center: The packet error rate was 0%.
Continuous technology improvement is ongoing in the pulp & paper industry to obtain the best possible performance. The improved plant performance translates to the higher quality improvement and lower cost, and simultaneously environmental friendly plant operation.
- Oil level measurement of diesel tanks that feed fuel to their diesel generator's which are at three locations and 400 meters apart from each other.
- Also to measure level , pressure and flow to and from their main storage yard.
ISA100 Wireless Temperature and Pressure Transmitters
- Gateway x1, Temperature Transmitter (YTA) x1, Pressure Transmitter (EJX) x1
High quality wireless communication confirmed
- Packet Error Rate (PER) is 0 to 2.5%/ 5 days
One important risk to manage with regard to coal stacks is preventing fires due to spontaneous combustion.
The use of wireless technology in industrial automation systems offers a number of potential benefits, from the obvious cost reduction brought about by the elimination of wiring to the availability of better plant information, improved productivity and better asset management. However, its practical implementation faces a number of challenges: not least the present lack of a universally agreed standard. This article looks at some of these challenges and presents the approach being taken by Yokogawa.
Standards provide many benefits to the automation end user. Standards promote choice, interoperability, transparency and ensure that things work as they should (at least insofar as the standard is defined). The influx of wireless technology into the world of process automation has brought forth its own standard—ISA100—a major standards initiative managed by the International Society of Automation (ISA).
The introduction of wireless into industrial monitoring and control not only reduces wiring and maintenance costs but also expands its applications to include those which are impossible with wired systems, such as monitoring points which have to be given up due to the difficulty of the construction, and monitoring of points on rotating or frequently moved objects.
Yokogawa has been leading the process automation industries as one of the pioneers in field digital technologies represented by the FOUNDATION fieldbus™ and Field Device Tool/Device Type Manager (FDT/DTM).
Wireless trends: Choosing a wireless network requires evaluation of communication protocols, device availability, and present future user needs.
- Yokogawa Field Wireless Solution (3.4 MB)
- Field Wireless Product Profile (479 KB)
- SIL2 Wireless Gas Detection System (1.6 MB)
- Gateway Module (614 KB)
General Specifications
- Field Wireless System Overview (1.9 MB)
- WCI certification for EJX B Series (46 KB)
- WCI certification for YTA510 Temperature Transmitter (59 KB)
- WCI certification for YTMX580 Multi-Input Temperature Transmitter (128 KB)
- WCI certification for FN510 (433 KB)
- WCI certification for FN310 (433 KB)
- WCI certification for FN110
- RE Declaration of Conformity (EJX110B) (1.3 MB)
- RE Declaration of Conformity (EJX118B) (238 KB)
- RE Declaration of Conformity (EJX210B) (239 KB)
- RE Declaration of Conformity (EJX310B) (4.6 MB)
- RE Declaration of Conformity (EJX430B) (4.4 MB)
- RE Declaration of Conformity (EJX438B) (2.5 MB)
- RE Declaration of Conformity (EJX510B) (1.3 MB)
- RE Declaration of Conformity (EJX530B) (1.3 MB)
- RE Declaration of Conformity (YTA510) (4.2 MB)
- RE Declaration of Conformity (YTMX580) (7.3 MB)
- RE Declaration of Conformity (FN110-G1) (387 KB)
- RE Declaration of Conformity (FN110 excluding FN110-G1) (190 KB)
- RE Declaration of Conformity (YFGW510) (556 KB)
- *Discontinued: RE Declaration of Conformity (GX20W) (5.2 MB)
- RE Declaration of Conformity (YFGW520) (395 KB)
- R&TTE Declaration of Conformity (YFGW710) (214 KB)
Press Release Nov 21, 2017 Yokogawa Releases ISA100 Wireless Gateway Module
- Ideal for construction of small-scale field wireless systems -
Press Release Jul 25, 2017 Yokogawa to Release ProSafe-RS SIL2 Wireless Gas Detection System
- Offering of a total system solution, including consulting and engineering -
Press Release Mar 23, 2017 Yokogawa and Cosasco Conclude Agreement for Sale of ISA100 Wireless-based Products
- To improve maintenance and enhance safety -
Press Release Jul 23, 2015 Yokogawa and GasSecure Provide SIL2-certified Wireless Gas Detection System for LNG Facility
Press Release Nov 18, 2014 Yokogawa to Release Multi-function Wireless Adaptor that Allows Wired Field Instruments to Function as ISA100 Wireless Devices
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Emirates and flydubai's joint loyalty programme has rewarded more than 8.5 million members with 150 billion Skywards Miles over the last five years. Customers enjoy seamless check-in, efficient baggage transfers, access to Emirates' lounges at Terminal 3 and flydubai lounges at Terminal 2, reduced connection times as both airlines expand their flight schedules, and convenient connections to 33 flydubai destinations operated from Emirates Terminal 3 in DXB.
Each month, Emirates and flydubai add more flights to their schedules, creating new travel opportunities for the 270,000 passengers who travel between them. It allows customers to choose from multiple daily flight departures to destinations such as Bahrain, Kuwait, Karachi, the Maldives, key Saudi Arabian cities and Tel Aviv. In addition, both airlines have continued to expand their networks, with Emirates recently resuming flights to Rio de Janeiro and Buenos Aires.
A number of new destinations have been launched by flydubai in 2022, including Al Ula, Namangan, Osh, Pisa, and Samarkand. From 2023, flydubai will offer flights to Gan in the Maldives, Cagliari and Milan-Bergamo in Italy, Corfu in Greece, Krabi and Pattaya in Thailand, and Abha, Ha'il, Hofuf and Tabuk in Saudi Arabia.
As part of a $2 billion investment, Emirates will retrofit 120 aircraft with Premium Economy seats starting this month. The investment will also include elevated dining options and more sustainable choices. On its short and medium haul flights, flydubai has introduced a premium Business Class recliner seat. With a fleet of 70 Boeing 737 aircraft, flydubai will retrofit its existing aircraft, as well as equip its future aircraft, with its new Business Class seats.


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Oblique Digital Image GalleryHuman Head LouseFeeling lousy may mean more than having a bad day, particularly if one's head is itchy. Infestations by the human head louse plague many school districts across America and around the world. Head lice, known scientifically as Pediculus capitis, are blood-sucking members of the Class Insecta, and as small parasites, are exquisitely fit to live on the scalp and neck hairs of human hosts. View a medium magnification image of the human head louse. View a high magnification image of the human head louse. Demonstrating a near-perfect illustration of coevolution, the six legs of the head louse are adapted for efficiently grasping the person's hair shafts. Head lice infest new hosts mainly by direct head-to-head contact with infected hair, but may be transferred by contaminated combs, hats, or other hair and head accessories. For a brief period of time, human head lice can survive living freely on upholstered furniture and bedding. Children are more frequently infested than adults and louse infestations seem to have little to do with personal hygiene, sanitation practices, or socioeconomic classes. At least once a day, the parasitic insect must feast on a blood meal or else die. After eight days of development, a nymphal louse hatches from its egg or nit, beginning the life cycle of feeding, growing, and maturing until at age 9 to 12 days, the adult stage is reached. Each female louse may deposit in excess of 100 eggs at the rate of approximately six per day. Although the average host's head may house only a dozen or so active lice at any given time, there may be hundreds of nits visible on the scalp under magnification. Closely related body lice, as their name implies, are found on the human body everywhere except the scalp and facial hair. Although head lice are more of an annoyance than a threat, associated ill advised "cures" using caustic or toxic substances to eliminate the lice may actually create the greatest harm. In some cases, no treatment is recommended, particularly if the nits detected are nonviable. Contributing Authors Cynthia D. Kelly, Thomas J. Fellers and Michael W. Davidson - National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, 1800 East Paul Dirac Dr., The Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, 32310. BACK TO THE OBLIQUE IMAGE GALLERY BACK TO THE DIGITAL IMAGE GALLERIES Questions or comments? Send us an email.© 1995-2022 by Michael W. Davidson and The Florida State University. All Rights Reserved. No images, graphics, software, scripts, or applets may be reproduced or used in any manner without permission from the copyright holders. Use of this website means you agree to all of the Legal Terms and Conditions set forth by the owners.
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Job Title: Paid Search / PPC Specialist
Job Reference: Unknown
Position Type: full time
Name of employer: Prime Visibility
Location: Melville, NY
Date Posted: 25 March 2013
Position description:
Prime Visibility, is an award winning full-service digital marketing agency leveraging deep industry expertise with leading technologies. Their integrated platform of online marketing solutions includes: Search Engine Optimization, Paid Search Management, Social Media, Email Marketing, Display Media, Affiliate Marketing, Mobile Marketing, Web Design and Development, Strategy, Analytics and more. Prime Visibility partners with leading brands to find the right digital mix to meet their goals, and to enhance the performance of their online marketing initiatives and web presence. Prime Visibility is based in New York, NY and is a Google AdWords Certified Partner, a Google Analytics Certified Partner, and an MSN AdExcellence Company.
Direct PPC experience with Google AdWords, Bing and other PPC programs is a plus.
- Keyword Research
- Creating a logical account structure of keywords
- Writing and testing ads
- Optimizing landing pages for search engine quality score
- Bid Management in order to attain an optimal cost per conversion
- Monthly Client Reports
- Weekly Internal Reports
- Maintain relationship with client
- Keep up to date with technology and share information with coworkers
- Analytical and logical
- Ability to work in a "team structure" that fosters collaboration
- Energetic and passionate about your career
- Proficient in Microsoft Excel, Word and PowerPoint
- Strong ability to prioritize and manage multiple tasks and projects simultaneously, and work under pressure to meet deadlines
- Solid ability to listen to and follow directions
- Possess the ability to effectively communicate with clients who do not have our industry knowledge
- 2 + years previous paid search experience is essential.
This job will be located in Melville, NY. They offer a competitive compensation and benefits package. Only candidates under consideration will be contacted. Prime Visibility is a division of PV Media Group and is an equal opportunity employer.
Please forward your resume along with your salary history to: jobs2[at]PrimeVisibility.com
Salary range: Unknown
Closing date: Unknown
More info from: www.primevisibility.com
Contact: Send resumes to: jobs2[at]PrimeVisibility.com
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