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Gospel and Gospels
The word Gospel usually designates a written record of Christ's words and deeds. It is very likely derived from the Anglo-Saxon god (good) and spell (to tell), and is generally treated as the exact equivalent of the Greek euaggelion (eu well, aggello, I bear a message), and the Latin Evangelium, which has passed into French, German, Italian, and other modern languages. The Greek euaggelion originally signified the reward of good tidings given to the messenger, and subsequently good tidings. Its other important meanings will be set forth in the body of the present general article on the Gospels.
Titles of the Gospels
The first four historical books of the New Testament are supplied with titles (Euaggelion kata Matthaion, Euaggelion kata Markon, etc.), which, however ancient, do not go back to the respective authors of those sacred writings. The Canon of Muratori, Clement of Alexandria, and St. Iren?us bear distinct witness to the existence of those headings in the latter part of the second century of our era. Indeed, the manner in which Clement (Strom., I, xxi), and St. Iren?us (Adv. H?r., III, xi, 7) employ them implies that, at that early date, our present titles to the Gospels had been in current use for some considerable time. Hence, it may be inferred that they were prefixed to the evangelical narratives as early as the first part of that same century. That, however, they do not go back to the first century of the Christian era, or at least that they are not original, is a position generally held at the present day. It is felt that since they are similar for the four Gospels, although the same Gospels were composed at some interval from each other, those titles were not framed, and consequently not prefixed to each individual narrative, before the collection of the four Gospels was actually made. Besides, as well pointed out by Prof. Bacon, the historical books of the New Testament differ from its apocalyptic and epistolary literature, as those of the Old Testament differ from its prophecy, in being invariably anonymous, and for the same reason. Prophecies whether in the earlier or in the later sense, and letters, to have authority, must be referable to some individual; the greater his name, the better. But history was regarded as a common possession. Its facts spoke for themselves. Only as the springs of common recollection began to dwindle, and marked differences to appear between the well-informed and accurate Gospels and the untrustworthy . . . did it become worth while for the Christian teacher or apologist to specify whether the given representation of the current tradition was 'according to' this or that special compiler, and to state his qualifications. It thus appears that the present titles of the Gospels are not traceable to the Evangelists themselves.
The first word common to the headings of our four Gospels is Euaggelion, some meanings of which remain still to be set forth. The word, in the New Testament, has the specific meaning of the good news of the kingdom (cf. Matt., iv, 23; Mark, i, 15). In that sense, which may be considered as primary from the Christian standpoint, Euaggelion denotes the good tidings of salvation announced to the world in connexion with Jesus Christ, and, in a more general way, the whole revelation of Redemption by Christ (cf. Matt., ix, 35; xxiv, 14; etc.; Mark, i, 14; xiii, 10; xvi, 15; Acts, xx, 24; Rom., i, 1, 9, 16; x, 16; etc.). This was, of course, the sole meaning connected with the word, so long as no authentic record of the glad tidings of salvation by Christ had been drawn up. In point of fact, it remained the only one in use even after such written records had been for some time received in the Christian Church: as there could be but one Gospel, that is, but one revelation of salvation by Jesus Christ, so the several records of it were not regarded as several Gospels, but only as distinct accounts of one and the same Gospel. Gradually, however, a derived meaning was coupled with the word Euaggelion. Thus, in his first Apology (c. lxvi), St. Justin speaks of the Memoirs of the Apostles which are called Euaggelia, clearing referring, in this way, not to the substance of the Evangelical history, but to the books themselves in which it is recorded. It is true that in this passage of St. Justin we have the first undoubted use of the term in that derived sense. But as the holy Doctor gives us to understand that in his day the word Euaggelion had currently that meaning, it is only natural to think that it had been thus employed for some time before. It seems, therefore, that Zahn is right in claiming that the use of the term Euaggelion, as denoting a written record of Christ's words and deeds, goes as far back as the beginning of the second century of the Christian era.
The second word common to the titles of the canonical Gospels is the preposition kata, according to, the exact import of which has long been a matter of discussion among Biblical scholars. Apart from various secondary meanings connected with that Greek particle, two principal significations have been ascribed to it. Many authors have taken it to mean not written by, but drawn up according to the conception of, Matthew, Mark, etc. In their eyes, the titles of our Gospels were not intended to indicate authorship, but to state the authority guaranteeing what is related, in about the same way as the Gospel according to the Hebrews, or the Gospel according to the Egyptians, does not mean the Gospel written by the Hebrews or the Egyptians, but that peculiar form of Gospel which either the Hebrews or the Egyptians had accepted. Most scholars, however, have preferred to regard the preposition kata as denoting authorship, pretty much in the same way as, in Diodorus Siculus, the History of Herodotus is called He kath Herodoton historia. At the present day it is generally admitted that, had the titles to the canonical Gospels been intended to set forth the ultimate authority or guarantor, and not to indicate the writer, the Second Gospel would, in accordance with the belief of primitive times, have been called the Gospel according to Peter, and the third, the Gospel according to Paul. At the same time it is rightly felt that these titles denote authorship, with a peculiar shade of meaning which is not conveyed by the titles prefixed to the Epistles of St. Paul, the Apocalypse of St. John, etc; The use of the genitive case in the latter titles Paulou Epistolai, Apokalypsis Ioannou, etc.) has no other object than that of ascribing the contents of such works to the writer whose name they actually bear. The use of the preposition kata (according to), on the contrary, while referring the composition of the contents of the First Gospel to St. Matthew, of those of the second to St. Mark, etc., implies that practically the same contents, the same glad tidings or Gospel, have been set forth by more than one narrator. Thus, the Gospel according to Matthew is equivalent to the Gospel history in the form in which St. Matthew put it in writing; the Gospel according to Mark designates the same Gospel history in another form, viz, in that in which St. Mark presented it in writing, etc. (cf. Maldonatus, In quatuor Evangelistas, cap .i).
Number of the Gospels
The name gospel, as designating a written account of Christ's words and deeds, has been, and is still, applied to a large number of narratives connected with Christ's life, which circulated both before and after the composition of our Third Gospel (cf. Luke, i, 1-4). The titles of some fifty such works have come down to us, a fact which shows the intense interest which centred, at an early date, in the Person and work of Christ. it is only, however, in connexion with twenty of these gospels that some information has been preserved. Their names, as given by Harnack (Chronologie, I, 589 sqq.), are as follows:
1-4. The Canonical Gospels.
5. The Gospel according to the Hebrews.
6. The Gospel of Peter.
7. The Gospel according to the Egyptians
8. The Gospel of Matthias.
9. The Gospel of Philip.
10. The Gospel of Thomas.
11. The Proto-Evangelium of James.
12. The Gospel of Nicodemus (Acta Pilati).
13.The Gospel of the Twelve Apostles.
14.The Gospel of Basilides.
15.The Gospel of Valentinus.
16.The Gospel of Marcion.
17.The Gospel of Eve.
18.The Gospel of Judas.
19.The writing Genna Marias.
20.The Gospel Teleioseos.
Despite the early date which is sometimes claimed for some of these works, it is not likely that any one of them, outside our canonical Gospels, should be reckoned among the attempts at narrating the life of Christ, of which St. Luke speaks in the prologue to his Gospel. Most of them, as far as can be made out are late productions, the apocryphal character of which is generally admitted by contemporary scholars (see APOCRYPHA).
It is indeed impossible, at the present day, to describe the precise manner in which out of the numerous works ascribed to some Apostle, or simply bearing the name of gospel, only four, two of which are not ascribed to Apostles, came to be considered as sacred and canonical. It remains true, however, that all the early testimony which has a distinct bearing on the number of the canonical Gospels recognizes four such Gospels and none besides. Thus, Eusebius (died 340), when sorting out the universally received books of the Canon, in distinction from those which some have questioned writes: And here, among the first, must be placed the holy quaternion of the Gospels, while he ranks the Gospel according to the Hebrews among the second, that is, among the disputed writings (Hist. Eccl., III, xxv). Clement of Alexandria (died about 220) and Tertullian (died 220) were familiar with our four Gospels, frequently quoting and commenting on them. The last-named writer speaks also of the Old Latin version known to himself and to his readers, and by so doing carries us back beyond his time. The saintly Bishop of Lyons, Iren?us (died 202), who had known Polycarp in Asia Minor, not only admits and quotes our four Gospels, but argues that they must be just four, no more and no less. He says: It is not possible that the Gospels be either more or fewer than they are. For since there are four zones of the world in which we live, and four principal winds, while the Church is scattered throughout the world, and the pillar and ground of the Church is the Gospel and the Spirit of life; it is fitting that we should have four pillars, breathing out immortality on every side and vivifying our flesh. . . The living creatures are quadriform, and the Gospel is quadriform, as is also the course followed by the Lord (Adv. H?r., III, xi, 8). About the time when St. Iren?us gave this explicit testimony to our four Gospels, the Canon of Muratori bore likewise witness to them, as did also the Peshito and other early Syriac translations, and the various Coptic versions of the New Testament. The same thing must be said with regard to the Syriac harmony of the canonical Gospels, which was framed by St. Justin's disciple, Tatian, and which is usually referred to under its Greek name of Diatessaron (To dia tessaron Euaggelion). The recent discovery of this work has allowed Harnack to infer, from some of its particulars, that it was based on a still earlier harmony, that made by St. Hippolytus of Antioch, of our four Gospels. It has also set at rest the vexed question as to St. Justin's use of the canonical Gospels. For since Tatian was a disciple of Justin, it is inconceivable that he should have worked on quite different Gospels from those of his teacher, while each held the Gospels he used to be the books of primary importance (Adeney). Indeed, even before the discovery of Tatian's Diatessaron, an unbiased study of Justin's authentic writings had made it clear that the holy doctor used exclusively our canonical Gospels under the name of Memoirs of the Apostles.
Of these testimonies of the second century two are particularly worthy of notice, viz, those of St. Justin and St. Iren?us. As the former writer belongs to the first part of that century, and speaks of the canonical Gospels as a well-known and fully authentic collection, it is only natural to think that at his time of writing (about A. D. 145) the same Gospels, and they only, had been recognized as sacred records of Christ's life, and that they had been regarded as such at least as early as the beginning of the second century of our era. The testimony of the latter apologist is still more important. The very absurdity of his reasoning testifies to the well-established position attained in his day by the four Gospels, to the exclusion of all others. Iren?us' bishop was Potinus who lived to the age of 90, and Iren?us had known Polycarp in Asia Minor. Here are links of connexion with the past which go back beyond the beginning of the second century (Adeney).
In the writings of the Apostolic Fathers one does not, indeed, meet with unquestionable evidence in favour of only four canonical Gospels. But this is only what one might expect from the works of men who lived in the very century in which these inspired records were composed, and in which the word Gospel was yet applied to the glad tidings of salvation, and not to the written accounts thereof.
Chief Differences between Canonical and Apocryphal Gospels
From the outset, the four Gospels, the sacred character of which was thus recognized very early, differed in several respects from the numerous uncanonical Gospels which circulated during the first centuries of the Church. First of all, they commended themselves by their tone of simplicity and truthfulness, which stood in striking contrast with the trivial, absurd, or manifestly legendary character of many of those uncanonical productions. In the next place, they had an earlier origin than most of their apocryphal rivals, and indeed many of the latter productions were directly based on the canonical Gospels. A third feature in favour of our canonical records of Christ's life was the purity of their teachings, dogmatic and moral, over against the Jewish, Gnostic, or other heretical views with which not a few of the apocryphal gospels were tainted, and on account of which these unsound writings found favour among heretical bodies and, on the contrary, discredit in the eyes of Catholics. Lastly, and more particularly, the canonical Gospels were regarded as of Apostolic authority, two of them being ascribed to the Apostles St. Matthew and St. John, respectively, and two to St. Mark and St. Luke, the respective companions of St. Peter and St. Paul. Many other gospels indeed claimed Apostolic authority, but to none of them was this claim universally allowed in the early Church. The only apocryphal work which was at all generally received, and relied upon, in addition to our four canonical Gospels, is the Gospel according to the Hebrews. It is a well-known fact that St. Jerome, speaking of this Gospel under the name of The Gospel according to the Nazarenes, regards it as the Hebrew original of our Greek canonical Gospel according to St. Matthew. But, as far as can be judged from its fragments which have come down to us, it has no right to originality as compared with our first canonical Gospel. At a very early date, too, it was treated as devoid of Apostolic authority, and St. Jerome himself, who states that he had its Aramaic text at his disposal, does not assign it a place side by side with our canonical Gospels: all the authority which he ascribes to it is derived from his persuasion that it was the original text of our First Gospel, and not a distinct Gospel over and above the four universally received from time immemorial in the Catholic Church.
Order of the Gospels
While the ancient lists, versions, and ecclesiastical writers agree in admitting the canonical character of only four Gospels, they are far from being at one with regard to the order of these sacred records of Christ's words and deeds. In early Christian literature, the canonical Gospels are given in no less than eight orders, besides the one (St. Matthew, St. Mark, St. Luke, St. John) with which we are familiar. The variations bear chiefly on the place given to St. John, then, secondarily, on the respective positions of St. Mark and St. Luke. St. John passes from the fourth place to the third to the second, or even to the first. As regards St. Luke and St. Mark, St. Luke's Gospel is often placed first, doubtless as being the longer of the two, but at times also second, perhaps to bring it in immediate connexion with the Acts, which are traditionally ascribed to the author of our Third Gospel.
Of these various orders, the one which St. Jerome embodied in the Latin Vulgate, whence it passed into our modern translations, and even into the Greek editions of the New Testament, is unquestionably the most ancient. It is found in the Canon of Muratori, in St. Iren?us, in St. Gregory of Nazianzus, in St. Athanasius, in the lists of the sacred books drawn up by the Councils of Laodicea and of Carthage, and also in the oldest Greek uncial Manuscripts.: the Vatican, the Sinaitic, and the Alexandrine. Its origin is best accounted for by the supposition that whoever formed the Gospel collection wished to arrange the Gospels in accordance with the respective date which tradition assigned to their composition. Thus, the first place was given to St. Matthew's Gospel, because a very early tradition described the work as originally written in Hebrew, that is, in the Aramaic language of Palestine. This, it was thought, proved that it had been composed for the Jewish believers in the Holy Land, at a date when the Apostles had not yet started to preach the glad tidings of salvation outside of Palestine, so that it must be prior to the other Gospels written in Greek and for converts in Greek-speaking countries. In like manner, it is clear that St. John's Gospel was assigned the last place, because tradition at a very early date looked upon it as the last in the order of time. As to St. Mark and St. Luke, tradition ever spoke of them as posterior to St. Matthew and anterior to St. John, so that their Gospels were naturally placed between those of St. Matthew and St. John. In this way, as it seems, was obtained the present general order of the Gospels in which we find, at the beginning, an Apostle as author; at the end, the other Apostle; between the two, those who have to derive their authority from Apostles.
The numerous orders which are different from the one most ancient and most generally received can easily be explained by the fact that after the formation of the collection in which the four Gospels were for the first time united, these writings continued to be diffused, all four separately, in the various Churches, and might thus be found differently placed in the collections designed for public reading. It is likewise easy in most cases to make out the special reason for which a particular grouping of the four Gospels was adopted. The very ancient order, for instance, which places the two Apostles (St. Matthew, St. John) before the two disciples of Apostles (St. Mark, St. Luke) may be easily accounted for by the desire of paying a special honour to the Apostolic dignity. Again, such an ancient order as Matthew, Mark, John, Luke, bespeaks the intention of coupling each Apostle with an Apostolic assistant, and perhaps also that of bringing St. Luke nearer to the Acts, etc.
Classification of the Gospels
The present order of the Gospels has the twofold advantage of not separating from one another those Evangelical records (St. Matthew, St. Mark, St. Luke) whose mutual resemblances are obvious and striking, and of placing at the end of the list of the Gospels the narrative (that of St. John) whose relations with the other three is that of dissimilarity rather than of likeness. It thus lends itself well to the classification of the Gospels which is now generally admitted by Biblical scholars. St. Matthew, St. Mark, and St. Luke are usually grouped together, and designated under the common name of the Synoptic Gospels. They derive this name from the fact that their narratives may be arranged and harmonized, section by section, so as to allow the eye to realize at a glance the numerous passages which are common to them, and also the portions which are peculiar either to only two, or even to only one, of them. The case stands very differently with regard to our Fourth Gospel. As it narrates but a few incidents in common with the Synoptists, and differs from them in respect to style, language, general plan, etc., its chief parts refuse to be included in a harmony such as may be framed by means of the first three Gospels. While, therefore, the Synoptic narratives are naturally put together into one group, St. John's record is rightly considered as standing apart and as, so to speak, making up a class by itself (see SYNOPTICS).
The Gospels and the Oral Gospel
AlI recent critics admit that the contents of our four Gospels are intimately connected with more primitive accounts of Christ's life, which may be described, in a general way, as an Oral Gospel. They are well aware that Jesus Himself did not consign to writing His own teachings, and directed His Apostles not to write, but to preach, the Gospel to their fellow-men. They regard as an undoubted fact that these first disciples of the Master, faithful to the mission which He had entrusted to them, began, from the day of Pentecost on, boldly to declare by word of mouth what they had seen and heard (cf. Acts, iv, 2), considering as a special duty of theirs the ministry of the word (Acts, vi, 4). It is plain, too, that those whom the Apostles immediately selected to help them in the discharge of this most important mission had to be, like the Apostles themselves, able to bear witness to the life and teachings of Christ (cf. Acts, i, 21 sq.). The substance of the Evangelical narratives would thus be repeated viva voce by the early teachers of Christianity, before any one of them bethought himself to set it down in writing. It can be readily seen that such Apostolic teaching was then inculcated in words which tended to assume a stereotyped form of expression, similar to that which we find in the Synoptic Gospels. In like manner, also, one can easily realize how the Apostles would not be concerned with the exact order of events narrated, and would not aim at completeness in telling what they had seen and heard. Thus, according to this opinion, was gradually formed what may be called the Oral Gospel, that is, a relation of Christ's words and deeds, parallel, in respect to matter and form, to our canonical Gospels. In view of this, critics have endeavoured to find out the general contents of this Oral Gospel by means of the second part of the Book of the Acts, by a study of the doctrinal contents of the Epistles of St. Paul, and more particularly by a close comparison of the Synoptic narratives; and it may be freely said that their efforts in that direction have met with considerable success. As regards, however, the precise relation which should be admitted between our canonical Gospels and the Oral Gospel, there is still, among contemporary scholars, a variety of views which will be set forth and examined in the special articles on the individual Gospels. Suffice it to say, here, that the theory which regards the canonical Gospels as embodying, in substance, the oral teaching of the Apostles concerning the words and deeds of Christ is in distinct harmony with the Catholic position, which affirms both the historical value of these sacred records and the authoritative character of the Apostolic traditions, whether these are actually consigned to writing or simply enforced by the ever living voice of the Church.
Divergences of the Gospels
The existence of numerous and, at times, considerable differences between the four canonical Gospels is a fact which has long been noticed and which all scholars readily admit. Unbelievers of all ages have greatly exaggerated the importance of this fact, and have represented many of the actual variations between the Evangelical narratives as positive contradictions, in order to disprove the historical value and the inspired character of the sacred records of Christ's life. Over against this contention, sometimes maintained with a great display of erudition, the Church of God, which is the pillar and ground of the truth (I Tim., iii, 15), has always proclaimed her belief in the historical accuracy and consequent real harmony of the canonical Gospels; and her doctors (notably Eusebius of C?sarea, St. Jerome, and St. Augustine) and commentators have invariably professed that belief. As can readily be seen, variations are naturally to be expected in four distinct, and in many ways independent, accounts of Christ's words and deeds, so that their presence, instead of going against, rather makes for the substantial value of the Evangelical narratives. From among the various answers which have been given to the alleged contradictions of the Evangelists we simply mention the following. Many a time the variations are due to the fact that not one but two really distinct events are described, or two distinct sayings recorded, in the parallel passages of the Gospels. At other times, as is indeed very often the case, the supposed contradictions, when closely examined, turn out to be simply differences naturally entailed, and therefore distinctly accounted for, by the literary methods of the sacred writers, and more particularly, by the respective purpose of the Evangelists in setting forth Christ's words and deeds. Lastly, and in a more general way, the Gospels should manifestly be treated with the same fairness and equity as are invariably used with regard to other historical records.
To borrow an illustration from classical literature, the 'Memoirs' of the Apostles are treated [by unbelievers] by a method which no critic would apply to the 'Memoirs' of Xenophon. The [Rationalistic] scholar admits the truthfulness of the different pictures of Socrates which were drawn by the philosopher, the moralist, and the man of the world, and combines them into one figure instinct with a noble life, half hidden and half revealed, as men viewed it from different points; but he seems often to forget his art when he studies the records of the Saviour s work. Hence it is that superficial differences are detached from the context which explains them. It is urged as an objection that parallel narratives are not identical. Variety of details is taken for discrepancy. The evidence may be wanting which might harmonize narratives apparently discordant; but experience shows that it is as rash to deny the probability of reconciliation as it is to fix the exact method by which it may be made out. If, as a general rule, we can follow the law which regulates the characteristic peculiarities of each Evangelist, and see in what way they answer to different aspects of one truth, and combine as complementary elements in the full representation of it, we may be well contented to acquiesce in the existence of some difficulties which at present admit of no exact solution, though they may be a necessary consequence of that independence of the Gospels which, in other cases, is the source of their united power (Westcott).
Catholic authors: MEIGNAN, Les Evangiles et la Critique (Paris, 1870); FILLION, Introd. gén. aux Evangiles (Paris, 1888); TROCHON ET LESÉTRE, Introd. à l'Ecriture sainte, III (Paris, 1890); BATIFFOL, Six leçons sur les Evangiles (Paris, 1897); CORNELY, Introd. sp. (Paris, 1897); JACQUIER, Hist. des Liv. du N. T., II (Paris, 1905); VERDUNOY, L'Evangile (Paris, 1907); BRASSAC, Manuel biblique, III (Paris, 1908).
Non-Catholic: WESTCOTT, Introd. to the Study of the Gospels (New York, 1887); WILKINSON, Four Lectures on the Early History of the Gospels (London, 1898); GODET, Introd. to the New Test. (tr. New York, 1899); ADENEY, Biblical Introduction (New York, 1904)
Francis E. Gigot
The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume VICopyright © 1908 by Robert Appleton CompanyNihil Obstat, October 1, 1910. Remy Lafort, CensorImprimatur. +John M. Farley, Archbishop of New York


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Updated July 21, 2021 at 3:05 PM ET
Sometimes, a trailer drops that instantly catches the attention of one's Twitter feed, and I started seeing discussions of Sexy Beasts as soon as Netflix put the spot out there. And that makes sense, since it opens with a scene where a woman wearing a panda head talks to a man made up to look like a bull with Carrot Top's hair.
The woman with the panda head is concerned about whether Bull Who Is Also Carrot Top has health insurance. "Could you fall in love with someone based on personality alone?" asks the narrator, as we watch scenes of people who can see every part of each other's bodies except for their heads.
"Ass first, personality second," says a man dressed as, I'm going to say, a beaver (I'm so sorry) as he neatly renders the show pointless, given that the costumes do not obscure either the ass or the personality, meaning he can continue to prioritize them exactly as he did before.
You should not think that because this is a show in which everyone is dressed like a scarecrow or a dolphin (I think she's a dolphin?) or a devil, the people don't have real feelings. "This is going to be really hard for me," says the dolphin, presumably before she breaks the heart of ... who knows, an owl or a mongoose or Frankenstein's monster. (I want to stress that if you are a person who likes to dress up like an owl or Frankenstein's monster as part of your chosen romantic life, this has nothing to do with you. This has to do with replacing your head with a bunny's head as part of a bizarre experiment to see whether someone would still kiss you if you had a bunny's head.)
OK, look. Not to torpedo the logic of a show where a panda goes on an ax-throwing date, but all these people are hot! If you want to find out whether hot people can fall in love while not being able to see each other's heads, attend any Halloween party with high-quality masks. (There was a similar issue with Love Is Blind, a Netflix show from last year where attractive people flirted from separate rooms.) Has Netflix simply reinvented the elite masquerade ball? These are all conventionally attractive people (because you eventually do see them) who would do very well on a dating app called Eh, Personalities Are Overrated. They were all doing fine, most likely, in our regular world, in which we all go out with our own heads on.
That said, I'm rooting for the dolphin.
Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.


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The Top 2 Reasons To Consider a Newly Built Home
When you're planning a move, it's normal to wonder where you'll end up and what your future home is going to look like. Maybe you've got a specific picture of that house in your mind. But unless you came into this process knowing you want to buy a newly built home, you may not have pictured new home construction.
A trusted real estate agent can help walk you through these two reasons you may want to reconsider that.
1. Adding Newly Built Homes Could Give You More Options
There are two types of homes on the market: new and existing. A newly built home refers to a house that was just built or is under construction. An existing home is one a previous homeowner has already lived in. Right now, the inventory of existing homes is tight. But there may be options for you on the new home side of things.
Data from the Census and the National Association of Realtors (NAR) shows that newly built homes are a bigger part of today's housing inventory than the norm (see graph below):
From 1983 to 2019 (the last normal year in the market), newly built homes made up only 13% of the total inventory of homes for sale. But today that number has climbed to over 33%.
Rest assured, after over a decade of underbuilding, builders aren't overdoing it today. Even with an increase in new construction today, there's still a significant housing shortage overall. But for you, the uptick in new builds can be a game changer because it gives you more options for your search.
2. Newly Built Homes May Be More Affordable Than You'd Think
You may still be wondering if a new build could really be an option for you. If you've previously written them off because you thought they would be out of your budget, consider this. The price gap between a newly built home and an existing house is shrinking. Here's why.
Builders are going to build what's in demand. And they know people need more options right now, especially ones that are smaller and potentially more affordable. So, they're focusing on building smaller homes at lower price points. The graph below shows the price difference between new and existing homes is shrinking as that happens:
As LendingTree explains:
"In the past, newly built homes have been much more expensive than existing homes — but that gap has been getting smaller recently. In some places today, you may find that the cost to build versus buy is roughly the same."
And an article from CNBC says:
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Not to mention, some builders are even offering price cuts and mortgage rate buy-downs right now to sweeten the deal. Today there are many reasons new builds may be worth considering. Other buyers sure seem to think so. As Freddie Mac says:
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Just know that buying a newly built home isn't the same as buying an existing one. Builder contracts have different fine print. So, partner with a local agent who knows the market, builder reputations, and what to look for in those contracts so you have an expert on your side to help you explore this option.
Bottom Line
If you want to find out what builders are doing in our area, let's connect and check it out together. And if you're willing to cast a wider net to open up your options even more, we can talk about broadening your search to include other towns nearby.


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Scientists are still trying to determine the origin of the coronavirus, but the predominant theory is that it began in a food market in Wuhan, China.
So-called "wet markets" — usually a jumble of stalls carrying produce, seafood, some farmed meat — are found across China, as well as in many other parts of the world. The problem is that these wet markets sometimes also carry live animals — occasionally including illegal, sometimes exotic, wildlife — bought and slaughtered on the spot, increasing chances for the spread of disease.
A growing number of advocacy groups, politicians and other officials are calling to ban these types of markets worldwide. But enforcing such a ban would be a challenge.
Jan Vertefeuille, a senior advisor for advocacy at the World Wildlife Fund, one of the groups supporting a ban, says the animals in wet markets tend to be crammed into unsanitary cages, stacked on top of each other.
"You might have bats sitting on top of pigs, sitting on top of pangolins, sitting on top of civet cats, and all their bodily fluids are kind of flowing into each other," she says.
The animals are under chronic stress, she says, which weakens their immune systems. Viruses they carry can mingle and spread among species, including, occasionally, to humans.
"It's the perfect recipe for an epidemic, something like COVID-19 to emerge from a market like that," Vertefeuille says.
Dr. Anthony Fauci, director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and the top U.S. infectious disease expert, has also expressed support for shutting wet markets.
"It boggles my mind how, when we have so many diseases that emanate out of that unusual human-animal interface, that we don't just shut it down," Fauci told "Fox & Friends" earlier this month.
In February, after the coronavirus outbreak, China's governmentbanned selling wild animalsat the wet markets. It did the same thing after the 2003 SARS outbreak, but that ban was lifted after about three months.
Republican Rep. Michael McCaul of Texas is among a bipartisan group of more than 60 members of Congress calling on international bodies including the World Health Organization to shut down live wildlife markets.
"We didn't learn the lessons from the past," he says. "And I think that's what we want to be looking at now, is how can we stop this from happening ever again?"
The question is whether such a ban is enforceable.
Much of the trade in wild animals is already illegal in China, but still widespread.
Certainly the WHO, a unit of the United Nations, doesn't have enforcement power. All it can do is offer guidance. It says that wet markets are an important source of food and jobs for people all over the world, but that governments should ensure food safety and "rigorously enforce bans on the sale of wildlife."
Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.


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Scrap Lab is a group of designers based out of Bangkok's Kasetsart University's Architecture program that creates fun and innovative furniture out discarded industrial scraps. The group makes an eclectic variety of furniture, from a funky shaggy lamp to a lounge chair with a quilt-block pattern — all masterfully re-purposing materials that were once considered waste. While their list of materials includes traditional materials such as wood and metal, it also includes less traditional items such as foam and rope. The purpose of the group's work is to not only create physical products, but also to collect research on how discarded materials can be used effectively to design functional and aesthetically pleasing pieces.
I love all the pieces, but I find myself particularly enamored with the contemporary and minimalist feel of the 'Black Nest' chair and stool (featured at the top) and the quilted lounge chair (featured above). Made of black plastic trimmings, I have to admit that the 'Black Nest' chair and stool are not as cheerful or humorous as some of the other pieces. However, it is a well-balanced mix of sleek and textured, and there is no question that the texture is reminiscent of the criss-cross of the chic Corallo and Campana flats, which is probably why I love it so much. The quilted lounge chair is another favorite, with a removable quilt that looks meticulously crafted, especially for less-than-new fabric. It has just the right splash of color to make it a stunning and rather comfy-looking piece.
+ Scrap Lab
Via designboom


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RoadGuard Interlock (Dreams to Reality Customs)
Ignition Interlock Services and Installation in Clinton, Maryland.
Schedule Your InstallGetting back on the road is fast and easy with RoadGuard Interlock. Begin your ignition interlock device installation, and our customer experience representatives will schedule your appointment for you at RoadGuard Interlock (Dreams to Reality Customs) at the time you choose with a certified ignition interlock (car breathalyzer, BAIID, IID, interlock system) installer.
Contact RoadGuard Interlock (Dreams to Reality Customs) in Clinton directly for information on pricing and interlock installation appointment availability.
In Clinton, Maryland, RoadGuard Interlock has positioned itself as a leading provider for Ignition Interlock services and installation. Ensuring that drivers exhibit responsible behavior on the roads, the company specializes in equipping vehicles with Ignition Interlock Devices (IID).
These state-of-the-art devices are essentially breathalyzers integrated into the vehicle's ignition system, designed to prevent the vehicle from starting if the driver's blood alcohol concentration exceeds the stipulated safe limit. For individuals in Clinton, Maryland who have faced convictions for driving under the influence or similar offenses, RoadGuard Interlock provides not only a seamless installation service but also dedicated ongoing support and maintenance.
Ignition Interlock Installation Near Me
RoadGuard Interlock, a prominent name in vehicle safety, operates several ignition interlock installation shops in and around Clinton, Maryland. Our commitment to promoting responsible driving habits is evident in our specialized services, providing drivers with top-notch Ignition Interlock Devices (IID).
For those residing in Clinton, Maryland and its neighboring areas, RoadGuard Interlock's accessible installation centers are a testament to their dedication in ensuring that motorists have a trusted and convenient solution nearby to meet court mandates or personal safety preferences.
IID Services in Clinton, Maryland
In Clinton, Ignition Interlock Device (IID) services have become integral to enhancing road safety measures. Many drivers in the city, especially those with prior DUI convictions, are now equipped with IIDs to ensure responsible driving habits.
Certified technicians in Clinton provide expert installation and maintenance of these devices. The services ensure that the devices operate flawlessly, preventing drivers with a high blood alcohol concentration from starting their vehicles. Through these proactive measures, Clinton is taking a strong stance on curbing DUI incidents and promoting safer streets for all its residents.
Interlock Calibration
In Clinton, RoadGuard Interlock stands out with its meticulous interlock calibration services. Utilizing advanced technology and trained technicians, the company ensures that every Ignition Interlock Device operates with precision. Regular calibration checks are conducted at their service centers, ensuring the device's accuracy in detecting blood alcohol levels. With RoadGuard Interlock's commitment to safety and quality, residents of Clinton can trust in the reliability and efficiency of their calibration services.
Interlock Installation
In Clinton, RoadGuard Interlock has solidified its reputation for providing exceptional interlock installation services. Their team of trained professionals employs a systematic and meticulous approach to equip vehicles with top-quality Ignition Interlock Devices. Every installation adheres to stringent standards, ensuring both safety and device functionality. For residents of Clinton, RoadGuard Interlock represents the pinnacle of reliability and expertise in IID installations.
Interlock Removal
RoadGuard Interlock is renowned for its efficient interlock removal services in Clinton. Using specialized tools and techniques, their skilled technicians ensure a smooth and damage-free removal of Ignition Interlock Devices. Residents can trust in RoadGuard Interlock's proficiency to restore their vehicles to their original state post-removal.
Why Choose RoadGuard Interlock?
With a proven track record, RoadGuard Interlock offers top-tier devices, seamless installation, and exceptional customer service. Our trained professionals ensure that each installation is precise and compliant with regulations, guaranteeing customers peace of mind. Additionally, our responsive support team is always on hand to address any concerns or queries. Choosing RoadGuard Interlock is choosing reliability, professionalism, and a hassle-free experience in ensuring responsible driving.
Schedule Your Install
Trust in Draeger to help regain control of your life quickly and affordably.
By submitting this form, you agree and consent for RoadGuard Interlock and its affiliates to use automated technology, including emails, calls, texts, and prerecorded messages, to contact you at the information provided. No purchase necessary; message and data rates may apply.


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Ask and ye shall receive. Not 24 hours after I lamented our challenges in covering school libraries, I received an e-mail from an employee at a private, K-12 school in New Jersey:
I am running a non-profit private school and I need some help in setting up my library. The main help that I need is to find out what kind of software I should be buying to launch the library. What initial things do I need? We have at least 1,500 Books and we want them to circulate to the students.
Initially, I wasn't sure how this question ended up being sent to us. I felt unqualified to answer and wanted to refer the question to someone else…to an "expert". Then something occurred to me–I can ask the several thousand experts who read this blog! If you have questions about setting up a library like this school administrator does, who better to ask than an open forum of librarians?
A bit more information about the situation: the school is equipped with a high-speed Internet connection, and has already ordered furniture for the library. They are working on a small budget (who isn't these days), and want to put most of it towards an ILS and barcode-scanning technology.
TechSource readers, I put to it you–please help build this library! Please send your suggestions via blog comments or Twitter and we will keep you updated on how things unfold. As the comments pile up, the school administrator in question will be weighing in herself with questions.
We're looking forward to hearing your suggestions and engaging in this Library-building 2.0 project!
If you can help with insights and suggestions, please chime in!


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WebMoney Transfer offering a universal service Funding is a platform where you can place requests for fundraising.
This service allows you organizing projects in such domains as:
- Donations. If you want to collect donations for charity or support of any project, then it is your choice.
- Crowdfunding. Project owners can collect funds in the network for their implementation.
- Organisation of events. Those who want to organize an event shall use this section. Interface can help in organizing selling of a fixed number of tickets.
- Joint purchases. Many sellers are willing to offer a good discount, if a big batch is purchased. This section allows finding like-minded people who would like to buy the items you like.
Launch of the project is made in "For the authors of projects" section.
At the beginning of creating a new fundraising project, you need to choose one of the directions (crowdfunding, donations, joint purchase, organizing events), and follow the steps offered by the Configuration Wizard.
Example of creating a new project to collect donations
Designer will help to create your project in 4 steps:
The first step is to fill in the general information about the project:
- Select the image for the project. Treat this step carefully, as your project will be displayed with this image in the general catalogue of the service.
- Specify the name of the project. It should not be complex. The name should be simple and easy to remember.
- Choose the category for the project.
- Briefly describe the purpose of fundraising.
- Specify the required amount.
In the second step, you will be asked to provide detailed information on the project.
- If you have a video clip, which will help to make an opinion about your
project, add the link to it.
- A detailed description of the project. In this section you can provide detailed information about your project, which will be available to all donators.
- Specify the place for implementation of the project (city and country), if any.
- You must specify a deadline for fundraising.
- If you have a video clip, which will help to make an opinion about your
project, add the link to it.
In the third step, you will be offered to fill in information "About Me" if you previously did not fill it in your profile in the service.
Done! Congratulations! Now you can successfully run your project.
Once you have created your project, it will be displayed in the general catalogue of projects.
We wish you a successful start of your project!


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mar 24 de may
|Family Resource Center Inc.
Drop in and Play!
The playroom will be open for all families to come in and play. Please register on our website to secure your time. Walk-ins will be allowed as time and space allow.
Registration is closed
See other eventsTime & Location
24 may 2022, 11:00 a.m. – 1:00 p.m.
Family Resource Center Inc., 4800 Golf Rd, Eau Claire, WI 54701, USA
About the Event
Join us for an hour of play!
Masks are strongly recommended but not required!
Please follow our facebook page, and sign up for our text alerts to recieve updates and cancellation information. We're currently following the Eau Claire City-County Health Department guidelines in regards to COVID-19. If you have questions please email us at firstname.lastname@example.com or call us at 715.833.1735.
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What is EMDR?
EMDR in the brain.
Trauma. Me?
Psychological trauma is any type of damage to the psyche that occurs as a result of a severely distressing event. Trauma, which means "injured" in Greek, is often the result of an overwhelming amount of stress that exceeds one's ability to cope or integrate the emotions involved with that experience.
When many of us think of trauma, we may consider traumatic life events as those big events that happen to others. In essence, "what I went through growing up isn't as bad as what others experienced." However, if your life event(s) were distressing to you, your brain and nervous system may have experienced trauma without you realizing it.
In the world of post-traumatic stress, there are "Big T" and "little t" traumas that can damage the way our brain is able to process information. The culmination of our 'little t' or developmental traumas, also referred to as Adverse Childhood Experiences, can culminate into the same post-traumatic symptoms as a one-time 'Big T' event. This has necessitated a new term known as cPTSD or Complex Post-Traumatic Stress.
Yes. You!
What is EMDR?
The information below is taken without modification from the website of EMDR's developer and initial researcher Francine Shapiro at emdr.com.
For Laypeople | Clients
EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) is a psychotherapy that enables people to heal from the symptoms and emotional distress that are the result of disturbing life experiences. Repeated studies show that by using EMDR therapy people can experience the benefits of psychotherapy that once took years to make a difference. It is widely assumed that severe emotional pain requires a long time to heal. EMDR therapy shows that the mind can in fact heal from psychological trauma much as the body recovers from physical trauma. When you cut your hand, your body works to close the wound. If a foreign object or repeated injury irritates the wound, it festers and causes pain. Once the block is removed, healing resumes. EMDR therapy demonstrates that a similar sequence of events occurs with mental processes. The brain's information processing system naturally moves toward mental health. If the system is blocked or imbalanced by the impact of a disturbing event, the emotional wound festers and can cause intense suffering. Once the block is removed, healing resumes. Using the detailed protocols and procedures learned in EMDR therapy training sessions, clinicians help clients activate their natural healing processes.
More than 30 positive controlled outcome studies have been done on EMDR therapy. Some of the studies show that 84%-90% of single-trauma victims no longer have post-traumatic stress disorder after only three 90-minute sessions. Another study, funded by the HMO Kaiser Permanente, found that 100% of the single-trauma victims and 77% of multiple trauma victims no longer were diagnosed with PTSD after only six 50-minute sessions. In another study, 77% of combat veterans were free of PTSD in 12 sessions. There has been so much research on EMDR therapy that it is now recognized as an effective form of treatment for trauma and other disturbing experiences by organizations such as the American Psychiatric Association, the World Health Organization and the Department of Defense. Given the worldwide recognition as an effective treatment of trauma, you can easily see how EMDR therapy would be effective in treating the "everyday" memories that are the reason people have low self-esteem, feelings of powerlessness, and all the myriad problems that bring them in for therapy. Over 100,000 clinicians throughout the world use the therapy. Millions of people have been treated successfully over the past 25 years.
EMDR therapy is an eight-phase treatment. Eye movements (or other bilateral stimulation) are used during one part of the session. After the clinician has determined which memory to target first, he asks the client to hold different aspects of that event or thought in mind and to use his eyes to track the therapist's hand as it moves back and forth across the client's field of vision. As this happens, for reasons believed by a Harvard researcher to be connected with the biological mechanisms involved in Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep, internal associations arise and the clients begin to process the memory and disturbing feelings. In successful EMDR therapy, the meaning of painful events is transformed on an emotional level. For instance, a rape victim shifts from feeling horror and self-disgust to holding the firm belief that, "I survived it and I am strong." Unlike talk therapy, the insights clients gain in EMDR therapy result not so much from clinician interpretation, but from the client's own accelerated intellectual and emotional processes. The net effect is that clients conclude EMDR therapy feeling empowered by the very experiences that once debased them. Their wounds have not just closed, they have transformed. As a natural outcome of the EMDR therapeutic process, the clients' thoughts, feelings and behavior are all robust indicators of emotional health and resolution—all without speaking in detail or doing homework used in other therapies.
Treatment Description
EMDR therapy combines different elements to maximize treatment effects. A full description of the theory, sequence of treatment, and research on protocols and active mechanisms can be found in F. Shapiro (2001) Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: Basic principles, protocols and procedures (2nd edition) New York: Guilford Press.
EMDR therapy involves attention to three time periods: the past, present, and future. Focus is given to past disturbing memories and related events. Also, it is given to current situations that cause distress, and to developing the skills and attitudes needed for positive future actions. With EMDR therapy, these items are addressed using an eight-phase treatment approach.
Phase 1
The first phase is a history-taking session(s). The therapist assesses the client's readiness and develops a treatment plan. Client and therapist identify possible targets for EMDR processing. These include distressing memories and current situations that cause emotional distress. Other targets may include related incidents in the past. Emphasis is placed on the development of specific skills and behaviors that will be needed by the client in future situations.
Initial EMDR processing may be directed to childhood events rather than to adult onset stressors or the identified critical incident if the client had a problematic childhood. Clients generally gain insight on their situations, the emotional distress resolves and they start to change their behaviors. The length of treatment depends upon the number of traumas and the age of PTSD onset. Generally, those with single event adult onset trauma can be successfully treated in under 5 hours. Multiple trauma victims may require a longer treatment time.
Phase 2
During the second phase of treatment, the therapist ensures that the client has several different ways of handling emotional distress. The therapist may teach the client a variety of imagery and stress reduction techniques the client can use during and between sessions. A goal of EMDR therapy is to produce rapid and effective change while the client maintains equilibrium during and between sessions.
Phases 3-6
In phases three to six, a target is identified and processed using EMDR therapy procedures. These involve the client identifying three things:
- The vivid visual image related to the memory
- A negative belief about self
- Related emotions and body sensations.
In addition, the client identifies a positive belief. The therapist helps the client rate the positive belief as well as the intensity of the negative emotions. After this, the client is instructed to focus on the image, negative thought, and body sensations while simultaneously engaging in EMDR processing using sets of bilateral stimulation. These sets may include eye movements, taps, or tones. The type and length of these sets is different for each client. At this point, the EMDR client is instructed to just notice whatever spontaneously happens.
After each set of stimulation, the clinician instructs the client to let his/her mind go blank and to notice whatever thought, feeling, image, memory, or sensation comes to mind. Depending upon the client's report, the clinician will choose the next focus of attention. These repeated sets with directed focused attention occur numerous times throughout the session. If the client becomes distressed or has difficulty in progressing, the therapist follows established procedures to help the client get back on track.
When the client reports no distress related to the targeted memory, (s)he is asked to think of the preferred positive belief that was identified at the beginning of the session. At this time, the client may adjust the positive belief if necessary, and then focus on it during the next set of distressing events.
Phase 7
In phase seven, closure, the therapist asks the client to keep a log during the week. The log should document any related material that may arise. It serves to remind the client of the self-calming activities that were mastered in phase two.
Phase 8
The next session begins with phase eight. Phase eight consists of examining the progress made thus far. The EMDR treatment processes all related historical events, current incidents that elicit distress, and future events that will require different responses


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There's plenty of material (documentation, blogs, books) out there that'll help you write a site using Django... but then what? You've still got to test, deploy, monitor, and tune the site; failure at deployment time means all your beautiful code is for naught. This tutorial examines how best to cope when the Real World intrudes on your carefully designed website.
[VIDEO HAS ISSUES: blurry vga]


text: LemonsToLemonade.org is not affiliated with Lemons To Aid LemonsToLemonade.org mission is to educate children about the benefits of charity, showing kids that they can make a difference, and teach them about business , marketing and creativity all with a lemonade stand. They will learn how to run and market a lemonade stand for fun and charity. You will be able to create posters, flyers, and lemonade stand decorations. Learn how to market and promote your lemonade stand . Find great lemonade recipes for your lemonade stand. All the fun of running a lemonade stand while learning about charity.


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State Dept. admits passport form was illegal, but still wants it approved
The new U.S. passport application forms are back, worse than ever.
Ignoring massive public opposition, and despite having recently admitted that it is already using the "proposed" forms illegally without approval, the State Department is trying again to get approval for a pair of impossible-to-complete new passport application forms that would, in effect, allow the State Department to deny you a passport simply by choosing to send you either or both of the new "long forms".
Early last year, the State Department proposed a new "Biographical Questionnaire" for passport applicants, which would have required anyone selected to receive the new long-form DS-5513 to answer bizarre and intrusive personal trivia questions about everything from whether you were circumcised (and if so, with what accompanying religious rituals) to the dates of all of your mother's pre- and post-natal medical appointments, your parents' addresses one year before you were born, every address at which you have ever resided, and your lifetime employment history including the names and phone numbers of each of your supervisors at every job you have ever held.
Most people would be unable to complete the proposed new form no matter how much time and money they invested in research. Requiring someone to complete Form DS-5513 would amount to de facto denial of their application for a passport — which, as we told the State Department, appeared to be the point of the form.
The State Department's notice of the proposal in the Federal Register didn't include the form itself. After we published the proposed Form DS-5513, the story went viral and more than 3,000 public comments objecting to the proposal were filed with the State Department in the final 24 hours of the comment period.
After that fiasco, the State Department went dark for several months, and claimed that they would "revise" the form. But they didn't give up, and apparently they didn't listen to (or didn't care) what they had been told by members of the public in our comments.
The State Department is now seeking approval for a (slightly) revised Form DS-5513 as well as a new Form DS-5520, also for passport applicants, containing many of the same questions.
The State Department no longer wants you to tell the passport examiner about the circumstances of your circumcision, but does still want to know the dates and locations of all of your mother's pre- and post-natal medical appointments, how long she was hospitalized for your birth, and a complete list of everyone who was in the room when you were born. The revised forms no longer ask for all the addresses at which you have lived, but only for those addresses you are least likely to know: all the places you lived from birth until age 18.
And so on, as you can see for yourself on the proposed Form DS-5513 and Form DS-5520.


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study of the collection, analysis, interpretation, and presentation of data
(Redirected from Statistical)
Statistics is a mathematical science pertaining to the collection, analysis, interpretation and presentation of data.
edit- In the 1930s English statistical theory was beginning to travel, with contributions from, amongst others, Hotelling and Snedecor in America and Darmois in France, but its home was still in England where there were four important centres: University College London, Rothamsted Experimental Station, Edinburgh University and Cambridge University with University College and Rothamsted far in the lead. Although Cambridge University was slow to adopt modern statistical theory, Cambridge men–Karl Pearson, Edmund Whittaker and Ronald Fisher–had put the other places on the statistical map. University College was the most established centre and its importance went back to 1893 when Karl Pearson, the professor of applied mathematics, first collaborated with Raphael Weldon, the professor of zoology on a subject they called "biometry." There was a second surge in the "English statistical school" associated with R. A. Fisher who went to work at Rothamsted in 1919.
- Aldrich, John (December 2009). "England and Continental Probability in the Inter-War Years". Electronic Journal for History of Probability and Statistics 5 (2): 5-6.
- I wish that people would be persuaded that psychological experiments, especially those on the complex functions, are not improved (by large studies); the statistical method gives only mediocre results; some recent examples demonstrate that. The American authors, who love to do things big, often publish experiments that have been conducted on hundreds and thousands of people; they instinctively obey the prejudice that the persuasiveness of a work is proportional to the number of observations. This is only an illusion.
- Alfred Binet (1903). L'Etude experimentale de l'intelligence. Paris: Schleicher Freres and Cie. p. 299; As cited in: Carson (1999, 360)
- All models are wrong, but some are useful
- Statisticians, like artists, have the bad habit of falling in love with their models.
- Attributed to statistician, George E. P. Box
- ...the statistician knows...that in nature there never was a normal distribution, there never was a straight line, yet with normal and linear assumptions, known to be false, he can often derive results which match, to a useful approximation, those found in the real world.
- George Box (JASA, 1976, Vol. 71, 791-799)
- Life in financial markets has got no relation to sigmas. I mean, if everybody who had ever operated in financial markets had never had any concept of standard errors, and so on, they would be a lot better off.
- Warren Buffett, (June 2019)"TIMESAVER EDIT - FULL Q&A Warrant Buffett Charlie 2012 Berkshire Hathaway Annual Meeting". IDP, YouTube. (quote at 3:07:45 of 4:28:07)
- Strange events permit themselves the luxury of occurring.
- Charlie Chan in a book by Earl Derr Biggers (1928). Behind That Curtain.
- If you torture the data enough, nature will always confess.
- Ronald Coase (1982). How should economists choose?. American Enterprise Institute. pp. 16.
- There are no routine statistical questions, only questionable statistical routines.
- David Cox (quoted by Christopher Chatfield in Avoiding Statistical Pitfalls 1991 p. 240)
- J.M. Hammersley (quoted by Rolf Sundberg in Interpretation of unreplicated two-level factorial experiments, by examples p. 2)
- Statistics is the science of learning from data, and of measuring, controlling, and communicating uncertainty.
- Marie Davidian and Thomas A. Louis (2012). "Why Statistics?". Science. DOI:10.1126/science.1218685.
- In our private life as in our collective life there is no other truth than a statistical one.
- Simone de Beauvoir, The Ethics of Ambiguity. Philosophical Library. 1948. ISBN 978-0-8065-0160-4. Part III: The Positive Aspect of Ambiguity
- There are three kinds of lies: lies, damned lies, and statistics.
- Attributed to Benjamin Disraeli by Mark Twain in "Chapters from My Autobiography — XX", North American Review No. DCXVIII (JULY 5, 1907) [1]. His attribution is unverified and the origin is uncertain: see Lies, damned lies, and statistics and Leonard H. Courtney. Other authors to whom the quote has been attributed, as reported in Respectfully Quoted: A Dictionary of Quotations (1989), include Henry Labouchère, Abram S. Hewitt, and Holloway H. Frost.
- Statistics has been the most successful information science.
Those who ignore Statistics are condemned to reinvent it.- Attributed to Bradley Efron by Jerome H. Friedman (April 2001). "The Role of Statistics in the Data Revolution?". International Statistical Review 69: 5-10.
- The rise of biometry in this 20th century, like that of geometry in the 3rd century before Christ, seems to mark out one of the great ages or critical periods in the advance of the human understanding.
- Sir R.A. Fisher (Sept 1948). "Biometry". Biometrics 4: 217-219.
- To consult the statistician after an experiment is finished is often merely to ask him to conduct a post mortem examination. He can perhaps say what the experiment died of.
- R.A. Fisher (1938). "Presidential Address". Sankhyā: The Indian Journal of Statistics 4: 17.
- briefly, and in its most concrete form, the object of statistical methods is the reduction of data. A quantity of data, which usually by its mere bulk is incapable of entering the mind, is to be replaced by relatively few quantities which shall adequately represent the whole, or which, in other words, shall contain as much as possible, ideally the whole, of the relevant information contained in the original data.
- R.A. Fisher (1922). "On the mathematical foundations of theoretical statistics": 311. DOI:10.1098/rsta.1922.0009.
- It is a statistical commonplace that the interpretation of a body of data requires a knowledge of how it was obtained.
- R.A. Fisher (1934). "THE EFFECT OF METHODS OF ASCERTAINMENT UPON THE ESTIMATION OF FREQUENCIES": 13. DOI:10.1111/j.1469-1809.1934.tb02105.x.
- A well-wrapped statistic is better than Hitler's "big lie"; it misleads, yet it cannot be pinned on you.
- Darrell Huff, How to Lie with Statistics (1954), introduction
- Statistics is both the science of uncertainty and the technology of extracting information from data.
- David J. Hand (2009). "Modern statistics: the myth and the magic". Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-985X.2009.00583.x.
- Statistics are often the last refuge of the antihumanist.
- Shulamith Hareven "No One Asked the Medics" in The Vocabulary of Peace: Life, Culture, and Politics in the Middle East (1995)
- I think the essential thing if you want to be a good statistician, as opposed to being a mathematician, is to talk to people and find out what they're doing and why they're doing it.
- Florence Nightingale David and Nan M. Laird (1989). "A Conversation with F. N. David". Statistical Science 4: 245.
- Most people don't have a good understanding of just how variable statistics are, even when you are dealing with robots.
- Jonah Keri, Baseball Between the Numbers: Why Everything You Know About the Game Is Wrong (2007), p. 246
- Statistics is the art of stating in precise terms that which one does not know.
- William Kruskal (1965). "STATISTICS, MOLIERE AND HENRY ADAMS": 80.
- Statistics is the study and informed application of methods for reaching conclusions about the world from fallible observations.
- William Kruskal (1965). "STATISTICS, MOLIERE AND HENRY ADAMS": 80.
- Each of us has been doing statistics all his life, in the sense that each of us has been busily reaching conclusions based on empirical observations.
- William Kruskal (1965). "STATISTICS, MOLIERE AND HENRY ADAMS": 81.
- Statistics are like a bikini. What they reveal is suggestive, but what they conceal is vital.
- Aaron Levenstein (1911–1986), quoted by Laurence J. Peter in Quotations for Our Time (1977), requoted in Oxford Essential Quotations (4 ed.) (2016)
- Politicians use statistics in the same way that a drunk uses lampposts — for support rather than illumination.
- Andrew Lang, in a 1910 speech: as quoted in Alan L. Mackay, The Harvest of a Quiet Eye (1977), and reported in Chambers Dictionary of Quotations (2005), p. 488.
- Uncertainty is a personal matter; it is not the uncertainty but your uncertainty.
- Dennis Lindley, Understanding Uncertainty (2006)
- Without the aid of statistics nothing like real medicine is possible.
- Pierre Charles Alexandre Louis
- Quoted in Evidence-based medicine: old French wine with a new Canadian label?, P K Rangachari, J R Soc Med. 1997 May; 90(5): 280–284.
- According to a University College London study (2014), 40% of women surveyed with severe mental illness had suffered rape or attempted rape in adulthood, and 53% of those had attempted suicide as a result. In the general population, 7% of women had been victims of rape or attempted rape, of whom 3% had attempted suicide. If these statistics don't sound accurate to you, your hesitation or disbelief supports another reality about rape research: Because so many individuals who survive a rape may not report a rape (for a multitude of reasons), statistics have limited meaning.
- Seth Meyers, "Loving or Having Sex with a Woman Who's Been Raped", Psychology Today, (May 05, 2017)
- A statistical procedure is not an automatic, mechanical truth-generating machine.
- Paul E. Meehl (1992). "Factors and Taxa, Traits and Types, Differences of Degree and Differences in Kind". Journal of Personality 60(1): 143. DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1992.tb00269.x.
- While it is easy to lie with statistics, it is even easier to lie without them.
- Attributed to Frederick Mosteller in Murray, Charles (2005). "How to Accuse the Other Guy of Lying with Statistics". Statistical Science 20 (3): 239-241. ISSN 0883-4237. Retrieved on 2011-08-22.
- A statistical analysis, properly conducted, is a delicate dissection of uncertainties, a surgery of suppositions.
- Michael J. Moroney (1951). Facts from Figures. pp. 3. ISBN 9780140202366.
- 91.7 percent of all statistics are made-up on the spot.
- Anonymous
- In God we trust. All others must bring data.
- Variants: In God we trust. All others must have data. and In God we trust, others must provide data.
- Proverbial, variant of "In God we trust. All others (pay) cash.", which dates to at least 1877 US.
- Earliest attestation 1978, which already refers to it as a cliche:
- I should like to close by citing a well-recognized cliche in scientific circles. The cliche is, "In God we trust, others must provide data."
- Effect of Smoking on Nonsmokers: Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Tobacco of the Committee on Agriculture, House of Representatives, Ninety-fifth Congress, Second Session, September 7, 1978, p. 5 (quoting Edwin R. Fisher, brother of Bernard Fisher)
- Other earlier example 1981, in "Test Bias: in God We Trust; All Others Must Have Data", Cecil R. Reynolds, Invited address for the APA Division of Evaluation and Measurement, to the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, August 1981.
- Published as "Test bias: In God we trust, all others must have data." Journal of Special Education, 17(3), 214–268 (1983), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/002246698301700303
- Later attestation[1] "1984 W. J. Youden Memorial Address: The Key Role of Statisticians in the Transformation of North American Industry", by Brian L. Joiner (at American Statistical Association fall conference), transcript published variously:
- ASQ Statistics Division Newsletter, volume 6, number 2 (1985)
- The American Statistician Vol. 39, No. 3 (Aug., 1985), pp. 224-227, DOI: 10.2307/2683943, p. 226:
- We [Statisticians] can show how understanding processes helps provide ways for data-based communication of departmental needs. We can help to eliminate finger-pointing and get down to the facts. "In God we trust. All others must bring data." Or, "Facts often kill a good argument."
- Frequently attributed to W. Edwards Deming; it appears in The Deming Management Method, by Mary Walton, 1986, p. 96, without any attribution, to Deming or anyone else:
- Chapter 20: Doing It with Data: "In God we trust. All others must bring data." If there is a credo for statisticians, it is that.
- To understand God's thoughts we must study statistics, for these are the measure of his purpose.
- Florence Nightingale, quoted in Karl Pearson, Life of Francis Galton, vol.II, ch.xiii, sect.i
- The true foundation of theology is to ascertain the character of God. It is by the art of statistics that law in the social sphere can be ascertained and codified, and certain aspects of the character of God thereby revealed. The study of statistics is thus a religious service.
- Attributed to Florence Nightingale by F.N. David in Games, Gods, and Gambling: A History of Probability and Statistical Ideas, 1962, page 103.
- Average a left-hander with a right-hander and what do you get?
- Donald Norman, The Design of Everyday Things (1988), Ch. 6, p. 162
- With four parameters I can fit an elephant, and with five I can make him wiggle his trunk.
- Attributed to von Neumann by Enrico Fermi, as quoted by Freeman Dyson in "A meeting with Enrico Fermi" in Nature 427 (22 January 2004) p. 297
- Although its evolution in the United States differed markedly from that of applied mathematics, statistics, too, benefited from the presence of the emigres and from the overall war effort. After a protracted period of professional differentiation from the social scientists and from the social sciences, mathematical statisticians had formed their own society, the Institute of Mathematical Statistics (IMS), in 1935. By 1938, the IMS had also taken over responsibility for the Annals of Mathematical Statistics, a journal that had been founded in 1929 to serve the needs of the more mathematically and theoretically inclined statistical practitioners. Thus, when refugees like Neyman, William Feller, Mark Kac, and Abraham Wald took up positions in the United States at Berkeley, Brown, Cornell, and Columbia, respectively, they were able to participate in a young, but viable, community of mathematical statisticians.
- Karen Hunger Parshall, "Perspectives on American Mathematics", Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society (2000) 37: 381–405.
- Numbers and stats bob in a sentimental slop, a swampy slurry of bits of hard data and buckets of mushy manipulation.
- Laura Penny, More Money Than Brains, p. 28
- The individual source of the statistics may easily be the weakest link. Harold Cox tells a story of his life as a young man in India. He quoted some statistics to a Judge, an Englishman, and a very good fellow. His friend said, Cox, when you are a bit older, you will not quote Indian statistics with that assurance. The Government are very keen on amassing statistics—they collect them, add them, raise them to the nth power, take the cube root and prepare wonderful diagrams. But what you must never forget is that every one of those figures comes in the first instance from the chowty dar [chowkidar] (village watchman), who just puts down what he damn pleases.
- Josiah Stamp, recounting a story from Harold Cox, Some Economic Factors in Modern Life (1929), p. 258.
- Thomasina: If there is an equation for a curve like a bell, there must be an equation for one like a bluebell, and if a bluebell, why not a rose? Do we believe nature is written in numbers?
Septimus: We do.
Thomasina: Then why do your shapes describe only the shapes of manufacture?
Septimus: I do not know.
Thomasina: Armed thus, God could only make a cabinet.- Tom Stoppard, Arcadia (1993)
- There are two kinds of statistics, the kind you look up and the kind you make up.
- Archie Goodwin, in Rex Stout's Nero Wolfe novel Death of a Doxy (1966)
- The main problem with statistics is statisticians.
- The best thing about being a statistician is that you get to play in everyone's backyard
- John Tukey, quoted by David Leonhardt in The New York Times
- Far better an approximate answer to the right question, which is often vague, than an exact answer to the wrong question, which can always be made precise.
- John Tukey (1962). "The future of data analysis". Annals of Mathematical Statistics 33 (1): 13.
- Variant: "An approximate answer to the right question is worth a great deal more than a precise answer to the wrong question." "as the renowned statistician John Tukey once reportedly said," according to Super Freakonomics page 224.
- The combination of some data and an aching desire for an answer does not ensure that a reasonable answer can be extracted from a given body of data.
- John Tukey (1986). "Sunset salvo". The American Statistician.
- The death of one man is a tragedy, the death of millions is a statistic.
- Variants: One death is a tragedy. A million deaths is just a statistic.
A single death is a tragedy; a million deaths is a statistic.
When one dies, it is a tragedy. When a million die, it is a statistic. - This quotation may originate from "Französischer Witz" (1925) by Kurt Tucholsky: "Darauf sagt ein Diplomat vom Quai d'Orsay: «Der Krieg? Ich kann das nicht so schrecklich finden! Der Tod eines Menschen: das ist eine Katastrophe. Hunderttausend Tote: das ist eine Statistik!»" ("To which a Quai d'Orsay diplomat replies: «The war? I can't find it so terrible! The death of one man: that is a catastrophe. One hundred thousand deaths: that is a statistic!»")
- Variants: One death is a tragedy. A million deaths is just a statistic.
- Statistical thinking will one day be as necessary for efficient citizenship as the ability to read or write.
- Attributed to H. G. Wells by Darrell Huff in How to Lie with Statistics (1954), epigraph
- The actual quote referenced mathematics in general rather than statistics:
- The great body of physical science, a great deal of the essential fact of financial science, and endless social and political problems are only accessible and only thinkable to those who have had a sound training in mathematical analysis, and the time may not be very remote when it will be understood that for complete initiation as an efficient citizen of one of the new great complex world-wide States that are now developing, it is as necessary to be able to compute, to think in averages and maxima and minima, as it is now to be able to read and write. [HG Wells 1911, Mankind in the Making 2041]
- Tankard, James W Jr. (February 1979). "The H.G. Wells quote on statistics: A question of accuracy". Historia Mathematica 6 (1): 30-33. DOI:10.1016/0315-0860(79)90101-0.
- According to Tankard: It might be argued that statistics and mathematics were closely related in Wells' mind, and that when he wrote this passage he was to some extent thinking of procedures we would now regard as statistics. That is conjecture, however. Earlier sections of the paragraph deal with arithmetic and geometry, and its literal topic is mathematics. It doesn't contain the word "statistics " even though the term was clearly in use at the time of Well:' writing [Yule 19051].
- Statistics is a body of methods for making wise decisions in the face of uncertainty
- W. Allen Willis and Harry V. Roberts (1956). Statistics: A New Approach. The Free Press. pp. 3.
- While nothing is more uncertain than the duration of a single life, nothing is more certain than the average duration of a thousand lives.
- Attributed to Elizur Wright
See also
edit- ↑ "In God we trust. All others must bring data", Barry Popik, The Big Apple, October 19, 2015
External links


text:
Because it's tradition! And what a fine, fine tradition it is.
10. Motivation (Kris O'Neil Remix) by Paul Thomas feat. Ladystation
9. Lost In Your Love by Redlight
8. Spectrum (Calvin Harris Remix) by Florence and the Machine
7. The Night Out (Madeon Remix) by Martin Solveig
6. I Don't Deserve You by Paul van Dyk feat. Plumb
4. Nothing Without Me by Markus Schulz feat. Ana Diaz
3. Chronicles of a Fallen Love by The Bloody Beetroots feat. Greta Svabo Bech
2. Aeon of Revenge by Andrew Rayel
And Number One is ...


text:
- Open bottles of jams and preserves that have not been touched for months
- Ingredients bought for a specific recipe that you have not used again
- Foods given to you as gifts but that you never get around to using
- Food at the back of the freezer that you can't even get to
- Bottles lined up in the fridge door filled with mysterious sauces
- Leftovers in the fridge waiting to be used up before you forget about them and chuck them out next weekend
- Ingredients that you buy because they are nutritious and you feel like you should be eating them, but you can't think of ways to use them, so they sit there, taking up space and mocking you
- Foods that are dangerously close to or just past the expiration date
- Overripe bananas that you are collecting in the freezer
- Spices that you bought in bulk because the price was right but are now rapidly losing their flavor
- A bulk package of something that will last you until 2035
- Ingredients that you are saving for a "special occasion" that never comes
- Impulse purchases from grocery shopping trips that are sitting around 6 months later and making you feel guilty
If you raised your hand at any point while reading the list above, listen up, because I have a challenge for you. This month's Blog Bites event is all about using recipes from food blogs as the inspiration to use up the foods and ingredients that are lurking in our kitchens.
Find the lurkers in your kitchen and clean them out by using them up to make something new and tasty. Don't let those ingredients take up valuable space; real estate is very precious in most kitchens. Don't let your leftovers end up in the trash; food is a precious commodity. Above all, don't have a cluttered kitchen when you can have one that is well-organized and a pleasure to work in.
All this month, I will be using up ingredients from my pantry, fridge and freezer. I plan to use it or lose it: use whatever I can to make something tasty and if I come upon things that are already beyond use, then to toss them away instead of hanging on to them with a guilty feeling. If I find ingredients that I don't want to use, I will try and give them to someone who can use them.
If you want to join me, we will end up making good use of the ingredients that are already in our kitchens, minimizing waste and discovering new recipes in the process, and hopefully end up with a kitchen that is less cluttered and easier to work in.
If you are looking for inspiration to go after the lurkers in your kitchen and clean them out, here are 5 links:
- Periodic table of the shelf life of condiments (just for fun)
- How to stock a minimalist pantry
- Pantry cleaning tips from The Kitchn
- 10 tips for reducing food waste
- Wasted Food blog
So, if you want to join me this month in cleaning out the kitchen, here are...
- (a) From now until June 25, look through your kitchen for ingredients that need to be used up, and (b) look through your favorite blogs for ways to use them. That's the theme of the month- to use up the ingredients lurking in your kitchen and cluttering it up.
- The recipe has to come from another blog. This is the whole premise of the Blog Bites event, so please turn to other blogs for inspiration.
- Write a post telling us about the recipe you tried, with the following: (a) A link to the recipe on the inspiring blog, (b) A link to this post announcing the event (c) Picture of your dish.
- Please do not copy a recipe word for word from another blog- that would be both illegal and unethical. Either re-write the recipe in your own words, or simply tell us about it with a link to the recipe. One of the reasons I am hosting this event is to promote the idea of cooking from blogs while giving them due credit.
- Please make sure your entry meets all the rules above. Then, send me the link (URL) of your entry, either by leaving a comment on this post, or using the contact form.
- You can send in as many entries as you like.
I will acknowledge the entries you send in by leaving a comment on your post and thanking you for the entry. Check back on July 26 to see the round-up.
We'll ask readers to vote for their favorite entry and I will send that participant a little gift. Very few people have been voting in the last 2 editions, so I guess readers/participants don't like this contest bit and I won't include it in this event any more.
Thank you for your participation!


text:
MSc Tropical and Infectious Diseases
Provided by Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine
About the course
This programme develops professional skills including leadership and governance skills along with critical appraisal of evidence as applicable to clinical practice. Research skills as applicable to a wide range of problems in clinical and epidemiological settings in low- and middle-income settings will be developed including the ethical considerations both in clinical and research practice. Emphasis is given to the scientific and empiric evidence for diagnosis, management and control of the most prevalent diseases in low- and middle-income settings, with particular reference to high burden diseases such as tuberculosis, HIV and malaria, from a public health and clinical perspective. It aims to provide students with knowledge, skills and understanding needed to enable them to contribute to strengthening health systems., facilitating the implementation and scale up of good clinical practice, and raising awareness amongst public, fellow professionals and politicians of the need for more effective use of knowledge and tools to impact on various health indicators. Where relevant, various vulnerable groups in society will be discussed in the context of specific medical problems in low- and middle-income settings. Teaching methods will include interactive lectures, case based learning and small group work as well as simulation scenarios.
Following the taught programme, participants will complete a project/dissertation, choosing from a range of options according to the individual interests including a period of applied research, a systematic review, a quality improvement project or a clinical placement, either overseas or in Liverpool. Projects should be discussed early in the course and indeed pre-course for students with specific ideas in mind, to facilitate the appropriate pathway though the programme.
This clinical MSc will have an emphasis on the infectious diseases' aspects in low- and middle-income settings. The course will commence with core teaching on the Evidence application for clinical practice, looking at study design and critical appraisal to then apply that knowledge in practice, the other 2 modules in the 1st semester will be Essentials of Tropical Medicine module and a Leadership and education principles in clinical practice module which will be valuable and a novel module designed to equip health care professionals to lead the wider health care team in various areas of clinical practice and how to apply education principles and training to day-to-day clinical work and how to design training programmes.


text:
What is your substance, whereof are you made,
That millions of strange shadows on your tend?
Since every one hath, every one, one shade,
And you, but one, can every shadow lend.
Describe Adonis, and the counterfeit,
Is poorly imitated after you;
On Helen's cheek all art of beauty set,
And you in Grecian tires are painted new:
Speak of the spring, and foison of the year;
The one doth shadow of your beauty show,
The other as your bounty doth appear;
And you in every blessed shape we know.
In all external grace you have some part,
But you like none, none you, for constant heart.
Wonderful Shadows
William Shakespeare
اشعار ويليام شكسپير جالب است
البته من نمايشنامه هايش را بيشتر خوانده بودم
از لطفتان سپاسگزارم
با مهر و ادب


text:
I wrote about the reality show «Alt for Norge» («All for Norway») in connection with the first episode which was broadcasted on TVNorge on 8 April 2010. Ten Norwegan-Americans were invited to Norway to determine which member of the group was «the most Norwegian». The winner would eventually meet his or her Norwegian relatives for a family reunion as well as receive 50.000 US dollars.
One of the participants was pastor Grant Luther Aaseng, whose ancestors come from among others Fron, Numedal, Haus and Sogndal. He was eliminated from the show in episode 6, which was broadcasted in Norway on Thursday 20 May 2010.
Norsk Slektshistorisk Forening, the Norwegian Genealogical Society (NSF), invited the pastor and his family to come to Norway to meet their relatives, and last Wednesday they arrived for a hectic, but surely exciting, 6 days' stay. They have among others met family in Heidal and in Biri, where some of the ancestors of Grant Aaseng's wife Ruth came from. Tonight the Aaseng family came to the library and office of NSF for coffee and waffles and a meeting with committee members of NSF and the other genealogical society, DIS Norge and with family living in the Oslo area as well as members of the production company Monster.
The Norwegian Genealogical Society provided Grant and Ruth with their family tree charts, which members of the NSF committee had worked on the last few weeks prior to their arrival. The Aasengs leave for the United States on Tuesday 1 June.
The final episode of «Alt for Norge» will be broadcasted on 3 June. The finalists are Matthew Lovik (Santa Cruz, CA/Stord, Hordaland county), Maia Surace (Chicago, IL/Austre Moland, Aust-Agder), Doug Miner (Seattle, WA/Helleland, Rogaland) and Clinton Admire (Fort Worth, TX/Haugesund, Rogaland).
Here are some links to various articles about the TV show and Aaseng family's visit (most of them in Norwegian) as well as information about pastor Aaseng:
- Alt for Norge (TVNorge)
- Shalom Lutheran Church, Alexandria, Minnesota
- Grant Aaseng's public Facebook page
- «Alt for Norge» («All for Norway») (Dag T. Hoelseth's blog 8 April 2010)
- Populær slektsjakt (GD.no 13 April 2010
- «Alt for Norge»-deltakar i Heidal: - Ein draum har vorte oppfylt (GD.no 28 May 2010)
- Alt for Norges Grant Aaseng kommer til Norge (Genealogi.no (NSF) 25 May 2010)
- Grant Aaseng fra «Alt for Norge» på Norgesbesøk (Genit 29 May 2010)
- Bilder fra Alt for Norge Grant Aasengs norgesbesøk i mai 2010 (Genealogi.no (NSF) 28-31 May 2010)