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From MdsWiki
Developing MDSplus Devices
How to write a good python device.
Contents |
Why Using MDSplus Devices
This section will cover in detail MDSplus devices, an important feature for customizing MDSplus to any target experiment.
So far, we have used MDSplus to store and retrieve data from pulse files, and to set-up automated sequences of operations to be performed during the experimental phases. If this were all the functionality of MDSplus, a lot of work would be required to build a real-world data acquisition system because every hardware device involved in the system would require the development of ad-hoc code for set-up and data retrieval. A software layer for integrating the device in the system would then be required for every kind of device used. If the same device were used somewhere else, however, it would be nice to avoid developing new stuff from scratch, by re-using existing code.
In order to ease re-using device-specific code, MDSplus provides a framework for integrating device-specific functionality into the system. Once integrated, the device support code becomes part of the MDSplus system, and can be promptly re-used elsewhere.
This section will explain in detail how to define a new device in MDSplus and how to integrate the support code for in the framework so that it can be re-used not only in the same system, but also by every other MDSplus user.
After a first introduction explaining the general concepts of MDSplus devices, we shall use a simple test case: a simulated Transient Recorder and will show in detail all the steps which are required to integrate such a device.
General Concepts
Every hardware device used in data acquisition requires some associated information. For example, a generic ADC device may require:
- HW Address: the hardware address of the ADC device;
- Sampling frequency: the sampling speed;
- Post-Trigger Samples: the number of samples taken after a trigger
In addition to setup information, sampled signals will be read from the device and stored in the pulse file. In MDSplus all the information associated with a given device will be stored in a subtree of the pulse file. A different set of nodes, organized as a subtree, will be defined for every device declared in the pulse file, but the structure of such subtrees will be the same for all the devices of the same kind. Borrowing some Object Oriented terminology (we shall see that there are several similarities between objects and MDSplus devices), we define a device instance as the actual set of data items organized in a subtree and bringing all the information associated with the device, and a device type (or class), as the description of the way device specific data are organized, as well as the set of operations (methods) which are defined for that kind of device.
In order to add a device instance to a pulse file (this operation is typically carried out when we are editing the experiment model to be used afterwards for the pulse file creation), it is necessary to provide to MDSplus the following information:
- The path name of the device subtree root;
- The type of the device.
Based on the type information, MDSplus will then execute the constructor method of the device, which will in turn build the device-specific subtree. Therefore the minimum required development for integrating a new device type in MDSplus is the device constructor.
Other methods will carry out the specific device functionality. For example, an ADC device will likely define an init method, which will read the information associated with that device instance and will then initialize the hardware device, and a store method, to be called after the ADC has been triggered, and which will read sampled data and store them in the appropriate data items of the device subtree.
Typically, in addition to the data items describing the device configuration and the acquired data, an action node associated with each device method is defined in the device subtree. In this way, device methods will be called in the automated sequence based on the action data stored in the pulse file (see the previous section on how to configure an automated experiment sequence).
In order to call the appropriate device methods (and constructor), MDSplus uses a naming convention, in which the name of the method is appended to the name of the device type. It is possible to develop the device support methods in native C language, but in this tutorial we shall use a scripting language to develop such methods. The use of a scripting language has the great advantage of hiding the internals of MDSplus in the development of device methods, and this is the current approach in device support development.
The native scripting language of MDSplus is TDI (briefly described in the previous sections), but here we shall use Python for the implementation of the test case device. Python has been recently integrated in MDSPlus: it retains all the advantages of TDI, but provides a much more complete and rugged scripting environment. We therefore expect that Python will be used extensively in MDSplus. MDSplus now supports Python implementation of all the device methods.
In addition to the constructor and the other methods for interacting with the hardware device, a method will provide the device specific graphical forms for entering the device configuration in jTraverser. A device configuration is represented by a set of data items which are written in the experiment model and then used during data acquisition. It is possible to write configuration data using jTraverser browsing the device subtree and putting the appropriate value into each data item. However such operations would be lengthy and tedious (very often device subtrees define tens or hundreds of data items). It would be much better to let jTraverser activate a specific form which will present the device configuration in the most appropriate graphical layout, so that data can be easily entered by users during the configuration of the device.
This can be achieved by developing a Setup method, which is then called by jTraverser when requested via the Popup "Setup Device" option.
Unlike other device methods, the Setup method is written in Java. We shall see in the test case how it is possible to develop a device graphical form without writing a single line of Java code. This is possible because MDSplus provides a set of specialized Java Beans which can be used in a Bean Builder tool to visually develop new graphical forms.
The Test Case
In this section we shall develop the required methods for a sample ADC module with the following characteristics:
- 4 channels;
- +/-10V input range;
- 16 bit A/D conversion;
- 64K samples stored for each channel
Once initialized, the ADC will start recording data cyclically until the preset number of Post Trigger Samples is recorded after the receipt of a trigger signal.
The device is simulated by a shared library provided in the MDSplus distribution (examples/demoadc) which exports two functions:
int initialize(char *name, int clockFreq, int postTriggerSamples)
- name is a string specifying some sort of hardware address;
- clockFreq is the sampling clock frequency which can have the values 1 (1 kHz), 2 (5 kHz), 3 (10 kHz), 4 (50 kHz), 5 (100 kHz).
- postTriggerSamples is the number of samples acquired after the occurrence of a trigger.
int acquire(char *name, short *chan1, short *chan2, short *chan3, short *chan4)
where the first argument is the string address of the device and the other argument are pointers to a short arrays (of 64K elements) which will contain the acquired samples. The routine will return four different sinusoidal signals sampled at the preset sampling frequency.
Even if this is a simulated device, it reflects a very common situation in which a hardware device is shipped together its software driver, typically providing a library with some functions for device configuration and data readout.
In order to develop the MDSplus device support for this device, called afterward DEMOADC, we need first to define how the associated subtree will look. A possible choice is shown below:
The meaning of the above field is summarized as follows:
- CLOCK_FREQ contains the sampling clock frequency;
- COMMENT contains a string comment associated with the device instance. It will be shown in the device graphical form.
- NAME contains the string address of the device;
- PTS defines the number of Post Trigger Samples;
- TRIG_SOURCE defines the time of the trigger. Typically it a reference to some other data item containing the expected time of the trigger occurrence. This information is required to build the time associated with the stored samples;
- INIT_ACTION is the action data specifying the execution of the init method for this device instance;
- STORE_ACTION is the action data specifying the execution of the store method for this device.
In addition to configuration parameters, every channel is represented by a subtree defining two data items START_IDX and END_IDX. These fields define, for each channel, the initial and final sample referred to the sample associated with the trigger. For example START_IDX = -1000 and END_IDX = 1000 specify that the store method will store in the database a subset of the acquired 64K samples, composed of 2001 samples centered around the trigger occurrence. Finally, node data will contain, for each channel, the acquired signal.
Before describing methods in detail we need to specify where the device support methods will be put in the MDSplus directory tree. MDSplus expects that device methods will be stored in a (sub)directory of $MDS_PATH (normally pointing to subdirectory tdi in the MDSplus directory tree). In order to organize the large number of supported devices, a further directory level has been defined. For example, tdi/MitDevices will contain the device support methods for devices developed at MIT CMOD; tdi/RfxDevices will contain the device methods developed at RFX and so on. You may define your own subdirectory of TDI and put your specific device support methods there. The DEMOADC support methods are hosted in tdi/RfxDevices.
The Python Device Class
In this example, we shall implement all the device functionality (except for the graphical interface) in Python. For a more guideline on how to write a python device pydevice follow this link. In particular, we are going to develop a Python class named DEMOADC. A basic knowledge of the Python language is required to read this and the following sections.
Some methods of this class, such as the constructor, are required by MDSplus and other methods will describe the specific behavior of this device.
CAVEAT: please note that all device classes as well as the corresponding files must be specified in UPPERCASE.
A common Device superclass is defined in MDSplus, and all user-provided Python device classes will inherit from Device. This superclass defines the basic methods required by MDSplus, in particular the Add method, which is called when a new instance of this device needs to be created in a tree being edited.
It is only necessary to develop the device-specific methods such as init and store. However the superclass needs to know the structure of the associated subtree, so that the superclass' Add method can build the appropriate subtree. This information is specified as a list of Python dictionaries, where every dictionary element of the list specifies a subtree node. The header of DEMOADC Python class is listed below:
from MDSplus import * class DEMOADC(Device): parts=[{'path': ':NAME', 'type': 'text'}, {'path': ':COMMENT', 'type': 'text'}, {'path': ':CLOCK_FREQ', 'type': 'numeric', 'value': 10000}, {'path': ':TRIG_SOURCE', 'type': 'numeric', 'value': 0}, {'path': ':PTS', 'type': 'numeric', 'value': 1000}] for i in range(4): parts.append({'path': '.CHANNEL_%d' % (i), 'type': 'structure'}) parts.append({'path': '.CHANNEL_%d:START_IDX' % (i), 'type': 'numeric', 'value': 0}) parts.append({'path': '.CHANNEL_%d:END_IDX' % (i),'type':'numeric', 'value': 1000}) parts.append({'path': '.CHANNEL_%d:DATA' % (i), 'type': 'signal', 'options' :('no_write_model', 'compress_on_put')}) parts.append({'path': ':INIT_ACTION', 'type': 'action', 'valueExpr': "Action(Dispatch(2, 'CAMAC_SERVER', 'INIT', 50, None), Method(None, 'init', head))", 'options': ('no_write_shot',)}) parts.append({'path': ':STORE_ACTION', 'type': 'action', 'valueExpr': "Action(Dispatch(2, 'CAMAC_SERVER', 'STORE', 50, None), Method(None, 'store', head))", 'options':('no_write_shot',)})
The field parts is expected to contain the definition of the subtree. You may check this code with the figure above showing the structure of the device subtree.
The mandatory dictionary items for each node are:
- path : the path name relative to the subtree root of the node
- type : the type (usage) of the node, which can be either 'text', 'numeric', 'signal', 'action', 'structure'
Optional dictionary items for each node are:
- value : initial value for that node
- valueExpr : initial value when specified as an expression
- options : a list, or tuple, of NCI options for the tree node, such as 'no_write_model', 'no_write_shot', and/or 'compress_on_put'
The last two appended dictionaries refer to two action nodes included in the device subtree. Putting action nodes in the device subtree ensures that the actions for that device will be automatically carried out when using the dispatcher to handle the automated data acquisition sequence. Here, the first action (node :INIT_ACTION) refers to method init, and specifies that this method will be called in the phase named "INIT" at sequence number 50, and will be executed by the CAMAC_SERVER action server. The second action (node :STORE_ACTION) refers to method store, and specifies that this method will be called in the phase named "STORE" at sequence number 50, and will be executed by the CAMAC_SERVER action server.
Once the field parts has been filled, the superclass has all the required information to provide the specific constructor, so we shall concentrate now on the implementation of the init and store methods. These methods will require access to the data items of the device subtree in order to read the configuration and write acquired data. These data items are available to the code via a set of fields which are created by the superclass in initialization, based on the parts contents. Every data item is represented by a field referred by the syntax: self.<field_name>, where field_name is derived by the path of the corresponding tree node relative (as specified by the corresponding path dictionary item), where letters are lowercase and the dots and colons are replaced by underscores (except the first one). For example, tree node :NAME is accessed by field self.name and .CHANNEL_1:DATA by field self.channel_1_data. All of these fields are TreeNode instances and therefore all TreeNode methods such as data() or putData() can be used.
Once DEMOADC.py has been written and put in the appropriate tdi subdirectory (see the following sections), MDSplus becomes aware of this new device type. You can add a new device instance when editing a tree with the following TCL command:
TCL> add node <Device PATH>/model = <device type>
for example you can add a new instance of DEMOADC device whose root is name DEMO with the following command:
TCL> add node DEMO/model=DEMOADC
Alternatively, you can do the same thing with jTraverser after opening an experiment model in edit mode, via the popup command "Add Device". You need to type the device root path name and the device type in the dialog which gets activated.
As a final remark, observe that creating new device instances is an operation which does not occur frequently. In normal operation, the experiment model defines the pulse file structure, a new pulse file is created simply by copying the experiment model and in this case device constructors are not activated. They are only involved when changing the experiment model structure, e.g. for adding new components in our experiment description.
The init and store Methods
The init method will simulate the initialization of the ADC device and consists of the following steps:
- Readout of the current configuration, i.e. of the content of the data items of the subtree associated with the device. The configuration data are normally read calling method data() in the corresponding class field. For example, the statement
name = self.name.data()
will read in python variable name the data item stored in the subtree node :NAME. It is also possible to specify this in a more concise way, i.e.
name = self.name
in this case method data() (self.name is a TreeNode instance) is implicitly called upon assignment.
- Send configuration information to the hardware device. This is normally achieved by calling some routine of the device driver interface, Here, we shall call routine initialize() of our simulation DemoAdc shared library. To call native code in shared libraries from Python, we shall use the ctypes package.
Following is the Python code for method init:
def init(self, arg): from MDSplus import TreeNode from ctypes import CDLL, c_int, c_char_p try: deviceLib = CDLL("libDemoAdcShr.so") except: print 'Cannot link to device library' return 0 try: name = self.name.data() except: print 'Missing Name in device' return 0 clockDict = {1000: 1, 5000: 2, 10000: 3, 50000: 4, 100000: 5} try: clockFreq = self.clock_freq.data() clockMode = clockDict[clockFreq] except: print 'Missing or invalid clock frequency' return 0 try: pts = self.pts.data() except: print 'Missing or invalid Post Trigger Samples' return 0 deviceLib.initialize(c_char_p(name), c_int(clockMode), c_int(pts)) return 1
The first line of init method:
from MDSplus import TreeNode
imports class TreeNode from the MDSplus Python package. The Python MDSplus package defines a fairly large set of classes each describing a MDSplus data type or component. Here, it suffices using the TreeNode class, which describes a node in the pulse file.
Every data access operation is within a try block: if for some reason the data access fails (e.g. there are no data there) an exception is generated by MDSplus and handled in the Python code (here by issuing an error message and returning with failure status).
The init method will read the device name, clock frequency and post-trigger samples (observe that the clock frequency stored in the pulse file has to be converted to the corresponding code; this is easily achieved in Python using dictionaries), and will pass those parameters to device library routine initialize().
The second line:
from ctypes import CDLL, c_int, c_char_p
imports the classes used by ctypes package. This package allows calling native libraries routines written in C directly in Python, without developing any additional interface, and is used here to call library routine initialize() and acquired(). We suggest using ctypes every time you need to call library routines from Python (a typical case when developing device support methods). You can find a tutorial of the ctypes package here.
deviceLib = CDLL("libDemoAdcShr.so")
instantiates a CDLL object (from ctypes package) which represents the image in Python of the simulation library of the DEMOADC device (provided in MDSplus). Afterwards, library routines can be called directly from Python as methods of deviceLib.
deviceLib.initialize(c_char_p(name), c_int(clockMode), c_int(pts))
will finally call routine initialize() passing the parameters read from the pulse file. Functions c_char_p() and c_int() will convert the Python argument into the expected C type (char * and int, respectively).
Following is the listing of the store method:
def store(self,arg): #import required symbols from MDSSplus and ctypes packages from MDSplus import Tree, TreeNode, Int16Array, Float64Array, Int32, Int64, Float32, Float64, Signal, Data, Dimension, Window, Range from ctypes import CDLL, c_char_p, c_short, byref #instantiate library object try: deviceLib = CDLL("libDemoAdcShr.so") except: print 'Cannot link to device library' return 0 #get name try: name = self.name.data() except: print 'Missing Name in device' return 0 #instantiate four short arrays with 65536 samples each. They will be passed to the acquire() external routine DataArray = c_short * 65536 rawChan = [] rawChan.append(DataArray()) rawChan.append(DataArray()) rawChan.append(DataArray()) rawChan.append(DataArray()) status = deviceLib.acquire(c_char_p(name), byref(rawChan[0]), byref(rawChan[1]), byref(rawChan[2]), byref(rawChan[3])) if status == -1: print 'Acquisition Failed' return 0 #at this point the raw signals are contained in rawChan1-4. We must now: #1) reduce the dimension of the stored array using the start idx and end idx parameters for each channel, which define # the number of samples around the trigger which need to be stored in the pulse file (for this purpose the value of # post trigger samples is also required) #2) build the appropriate timing information #3) put all together in a Signal object #4) store the Signal object in the tree #read PostTriggerSamples try: pts = self.pts.data() except: print 'Missing or invalid Post Trigger Samples' return 0 #for each channel we read start idx and end idx startIdx = [] endIdx = [] try : for chan in range(0,4): currStartIdx = self.__getattr__('channel_%d_start_idx'%(chan)).data() currEndIdx = self.__getattr__('channel_%d_end_idx'%(chan)).data() startIdx.append(currStartIdx) endIdx.append(currEndIdx) except: print 'Cannot read start idx or end idx' return 0 #1)Build reduced arrays based on start idx and end idx for each channel #recall that a transient recorder stores acquired data in a circular buffer and stops after acquiring #PTS samples after the trigger. This means that the sample corresponding to the trigger is at offset PTS samples #before the end of the acquired sample array. #the total number of samples returned by routine acquire() totSamples = 65536 #we read the time associated with the trigger. It is specified in the TRIG_SOURCE field of the device tree structure. #it will be required in order to associate the correct time with each acquired sample try: trigTime = self.trig_source.data() except: print 'Missing or invalid trigger source' return 0 #we need clock frequency as well try: clockFreq = self.clock_freq.data() clockPeriod = 1./clockFreq except: print 'Missing or invalid clock frequency' return 0 #the following steps are performed for each acquired channel reducedRawChans = [] for chan in range(0,4): actStartIdx = totSamples - pts + startIdx[chan] #first index of the part of interest of the sample array actEndIdx = totSamples - pts + endIdx[chan] #last index of the part of interest of the sample array #make sure we do not exceed original array limits if actStartIdx < 0: actStartIdx = 0 if actEndIdx > totSamples: actEndIdx = totSamples - 1 #build reshaped array reducedRawChan = rawChan[chan][actStartIdx:actEndIdx] #2)Build timing information. For this purpose we use a MDSplus "Dimension" object which contains two fields: # "Window" and "Axis". Window object defines the start and end index of the associated data array and the time which is # associated with the sample at index 0. Several possible combination of start and end indexes are possible (the can also be #negative numbers). We adopt here the following convention: consider index 0 as the index of the sample corresponding #to the trigger, and therefore associated with the trigger time. From the way we have built the reduced raw sample array, #it turns out that the start idx and end idx defined #in the Window object are the same of the start and end indexes defined in the device configuration. # #The "Range" object describes a (possibly multispeed or busrt) clock. Its fields specify the clock period, the start and end time #for that clock frequency. In our case we need to describe a continuous single speed clock, so there is no need to #specify start and end times(it is a continuous, single speed clock). # #build the Dimension object in a single call dim = Dimension(Window(startIdx[chan], endIdx[chan], trigTime), Range(None, None, clockPeriod)) #3) Put all togenther in a "Signal" object. MDSplus Signal objects define three fields: samples, raw samples, dimension # raw samples are contained in reducedRawChan. The computation required to convert the raw 16 bit sample into a +-10V # value is: sample = 10.*rawSample/32768. We may compute a new float array containing such data and store it together # with the raw sample (in the case we would like to reain also raw data. There is however a better way to do it # by storing only the required information, i.e. the raw(16 bit) samples and the definition of the expression which # converts raw data into actual voltage levels. Therefore, the first field of the Signal object will contain only the # definition of an expression, which refers to the raw samples (the second field) of the same Signal object. # The MDSplus syntax for this conversion is: 10.*$VALUE/32768. # We shall use Data method compile() to build the MDSplus internal representation of this expression, and the stick it # as the first field of the Signal object convExpr = Data.compile("10.* $VALUE/32768.") #use MDSplus Int16Array object to vest the short array reducedRawChan into the appropriate MDSplus type rawMdsData = Int16Array(reducedRawChan) #every MDSplus data type can have units associated with it rawMdsData.setUnits("Count") convExpr.setUnits("Volt") #build the signal object signal = Signal(convExpr, rawMdsData, dim) #write the signal in the tree try: self.__getattr__('channel_%d_data'%(chan)).putData(signal) except: print 'Cannot write Signal in the tree' return 0 #endfor chan in range(0,4): #return success (odd numbers in MDSplus) return 1
The method first reads the string address of the device (required by the acquire() library routine) and builds a list of 4 native C short arrays as follows:
DataArray = c_short * 65536 rawChan = [] rawChan.append(DataArray()) rawChan.append(DataArray()) rawChan.append(DataArray()) rawChan.append(DataArray())
Once the DataArray object has been defined as in the first line using ctypes classes, its instantiation allocates a native C short array, which is then passed to the acquire() call as follows:
status = deviceLib.acquire(c_char_p(name), byref(rawChan[0]), byref(rawChan[1]), byref(rawChan[2]), byref(rawChan[3]))
At this point the acquired samples have been acquired. The index of the sample corresponding to the trigger will be at offset PostTriggerSamples with respect to the last sample of the array.
We need now to restrict the acquired arrays to the desired number of samples as specified for each channel by parameters Start Idx and End Idx. To do this we need first to read the number of PostTrigger samples and then, for each channel, the actual value of Start Idx and End Idx, which are appended in a list. At this point we can compute the actual start and end index of the region of interest of the sample array, i.e.
#first index of the part of interest of the sample array actStartIdx = totSamples - pts + startIdx[chan] #last index of the part of interest of the sample array actEndIdx = totSamples - pts + endIdx[chan]
and reshape the array:
reducedRawChan = rawChan[chan][actStartIdx:actEndIdx]
The next step is to build a time descriptor for the sample array, so that a time can be associated with every sample. For this purpose we use a MDSplus Dimension object which contains two fields: "window" and "axis". The first field is associated with Window object which defines the start and end index of the associated data array and the time which is associated with the sample at index 0. Several possible combination of start and end indexes are possible (they can also be negative numbers). We adopt here the following convention: consider index 0 as the index of the sample corresponding to the trigger, and therefore associated with the trigger time. From the way we have built the reduced raw sample array, it turns out that the start idx and end idx defined in the Window object are the same of the start and end indexes defined in the device configuration. The second Window field is the trigger time.
The axis field is represented by a Range object describing a (possibly multispeed or burst) clock. The Range fields specify the start and end time and the period for the associated sampling clock. In our case we need to describe a continuous single speed clock, so there is no need to specify start and end times (it is a continuous, single speed clock).
Trigger time is directly read from TRIG_SOURCE device field, while the clock period is derived from the frequency value read from the CLOCK_FREQ field. The dimension object, for each channel, is instantiated in a single line:
dim = Dimension(Window(startIdx[chan], endIdx[chan], trigTime), Range(None, None, clockPeriod))
using the appropriate constructors. Every MDSplus Data object defines a constructor taking as arguments its field instances, so this is the usual way for building complex data type instances.
The final step is to put everything together in a Signal Data object. MDSplus Signal objects define three fields: samples, raw samples and dimension. The raw (16 bits) sample array is contained in variable reducedRawChan. The computation required to convert the raw 16 bit sample into a +/-10V value is:
sample = 10.*rawSample/32768
We may compute a new float array containing such data and store it together with the raw sample in the case we would like to retain also raw data. There is however a better way to do it, by storing only the required information, i.e. the raw (16 bit) samples and the definition of the expression which converts raw data into actual voltage levels. Therefore, the first field of the Signal object will contain only the definition of an expression, which refers to the raw samples (the second field) of the same Signal object.
The MDSplus syntax for this conversion is:
and shall use the Data method compile() to build the MDSplus internal representation of this expression, and to use it as the first field of the Signal object.
In summary, the following steps are required to build the Signal Data object (for each channel) and write it in the pulse file:
- Define the Data object representing the conversion expression using Data method compile() (data is the common superclass for every MDSplus data object):
convExpr = Data.compile("10.* $VALUE/32768.")
- vest the short array reducedRawChan into the appropriate MDSplus type (Int16Array):
rawMdsData = Int16Array(reducedRawChan)
- set units for raw samples (counts) and voltage values (Volt), so that they can be displayed, for example, by jScope:
rawMdsData.setUnits("counts") convExpr.setUnits("Volt")
- put all together in a Signal object:
signal = Signal(convExpr, rawMdsData, dim)
- and finally write the signal into the pulse file
observe that this statement is within a for loop, where variable chan contains the current channel index. For channel 1, the name of the corresponding data field would be
using method __getattr__ allows accessing a field given whose name is passed as argument. Method putData() is called to store the computed signal into the tree. A shortcut for this operation would have been:
self.__getattr__('channel_%d_data'%(chan)) = signal
as method putData() is implicitly called in the assignment operation.
At this point we have finished writing the Python class for implementing init and store methods. The final steps are to install a Python package containing DEMOADC class so that MDSplus can activate the methods when required to do so, e.g. during an automated sequence, or manually via the TCL command:
TCL> do/method <Device root path> <method name>
Suppose the source for class DEMOADC has been put in tdi/MyDevices directory, the following two files must be put in the same directory: setup.py and __init__.py. They are required for installing the python package and a sample is listed below:
#!/usr/bin/env python from setuptools import setup, Extension version='0.2' setup(name='MyDevices', version=version, description='RFX Python Device support', long_description = """ This module provides the RFX device support classes """, author='MDSplus tutorial reader', author_email='his/her e-mail', url='http://www.mdsplus.org/', package_dir = {'MyDevices':'.',}, packages = ['MyDevices',], platforms = ('Any',), classifiers = [ 'Development Status :: 4 - Beta', 'Programming Language :: Python', 'Intended Audience :: Science/Research', 'Environment :: Console', 'Topic :: Scientific/Engineering', ], keywords = ('physics','mdsplus',), zip_safe = False, )
""" MyDevices ========== @authors: MDSplus tutorial reader @copyright: 2008 @license: GNU GPL """ from DEMOADC import DEMOADC
Once files setup.py and __init__.py have been put in directory tdi/MyDevices, the following command will install the package (superuser privilege is normally required):
python setup.py install
When developing the support methods for another device type and writing their implementation in a file named <device type>.py, the only action required is to add another line to __init__.py:
from <device type> import <device type>
and to re-install the Python package.
The final step, is to add the new device to the list of devices known by MDSplus. You need to edit tdi/MdsDevices.fun and add the following name pair to the list
'DEMOADC\0', 'MyDevices\0';
MdsDevices.fun is a TDI script which is used by MDSplus to find the Python package containing the device class.
A Few Tips for Debugging Python Devices
It is not always easy to debug Python devices, especially in the initial part, that is making sure Python is correctly invoked by MDSplus when executing device methods. Afterwards, the old-fashioned usage of print statements inside the Python code can help debugging the Python code.
First of all it is necessary to make sure that MDSplus is able to invoke Python. To test it you can run program tditest which is a simple program for testing the evaluation of MDSplus expression. In tditest you type expressions and you get the result of their evaluation. Try typing the following expression
Py("print 'hello world' ")
and make sure the message is printed.
A common cause of error is the missing or wrong definition of environment variable PyLib which helps MDSplus locate the Python shared library or DLL. On Windows systems you typically would define "PyLib" to be something like "python25". This should correspond to the name of the Python DLL installed in your main windows directory or in a subdirectory under it. On Linux systems "PyLib" should be something such as "python2.6"
Then you must make sure that no compilation errors are present in the code. If this happens, you simply get a generic error when trying to invoke device methods. Therefore it is convenient to give the following command from a Python shell:
from <Device Class> import *
in order to make sure that there are no compilation errors. Device methods can be tested from the MDSplus TCL utility using the following commands:
TCL> set tree <experiment > TCL> do/method <device root> <method name>
For testing the constructor you need to open the tree in edit mode and then add a new instance of the device, using the following commands:
TCL> edit <experiment> TCL> add node <path of the device root>/model=<device type>
Writing a Custom Device Graphical Form
As mentioned before, configuring a device by individually accessing its data fields can be a very tedious procedure, even when using a graphical configuration tool such as jTraverser. For this reason, the support methods for every device type typically include a Setup method which provides a graphical form for entering the configuration for that device instance. jTraverser has the ability of activating device specific graphical forms provided that:
- the Java class for that form is reachable via CLASSPATH
- the java class is named <Device type>Setup
Developing a device graphical form to be displayed by jTraverser would require the knowledge of the internals of MDSplus and therefore would not be easily developed by MDSplus users. It is however possible to develop such a form without writing a single line of Java code, by using a set of specialized Java Beans for MDSplus. Any Java IDE supporting Java Beans can be used. We recommend the usage of NetBeans, which is the IDE tool used in this tutorial. NetBeans is a free IDE for Java Development from Sun and can be downloaded from http://www.netbeans.org/downloads/
In the following, we shall describe step by step the actions required to let the IDE tool be aware of the MDSplus Java Beans so that they can be used for graphically assembling the device form. Afterwards, the building process of a graphical interface for DEMOADC is shown in a movie (you need Adobe Flash Player plugin in your Web browser).
We are going to develop the following form:
As you can see, this is a much more user-friendly way of inserting the device configuration!
Once you have installed the NetBeans IDE, follow the steps below for making NetBeans aware of MDSplus java beans. Those beans are contained in the jar file DeviceBeans.jar which is in directory java/classes of the MDSplus distribution.
- Select option Tools->Palette->Swing/AWT Components
- in the displayed Palette Manager select button New Category...
- type MDSplus in the category name and press Ok
- in the palette manager select Add from JAR...
- select file DeviceBeans.jar in the java/classes directory of the MDSplus distribution
- select all the displayed Bean names and click Next
- select the newly created category MDSplus, click finish and then close the palette manager.
At this point NetBeans is aware of the MDSplus Java Beans, which can be used together with the other Swing and AWT beans for graphically building the device form. Once dragged into the form under construction, the MDSplus beans need to be configured. The list of the associated properties is displayed by the bean builder, but it is much easier to activate the bean specific customizer. The customizer is a graphical interface which allows to set the bean configuration. A configuration item which is required for almost all the MDSplus beans is the "Offset nid", i.e. the specification of the data item within the device subtree whose content has to be reported by the bean in the graphical interface. As mentioned before, the data items can be specified by their offset with respect of the device subtree, but it would be not easy to derive such offset values (it would be necessary to look at the way the device subtree is created by the device constructor). For this reason, the customizer will connect to a support mdsip server program in order to find out the names of the data items associated with the device, and to allow the selection of the target data item in a user-friendly way.
Below you can see the whole form construction process. A few things to be noted:
- the logical name device_beans_path must be set to a writable directory. It will contain a temporary pulse file used by the mdsip server below;
- an mdsip server program has to be started before starting the visual assembly of the device form;
- the device Setup class is a subclass of DeviceSetup. Before proceeding with the visual assembly it is necessary to define at least the following properties deviceProvider and deviceType. The first one is the IP address of the mdsip server (if run locally type localhost). The second one is the device type (DEMOADC in our example).
Following is a list of the MDSplus Java Beans commonly used in the construction of a device form, with a brief description of the associated properties, displayed in the corresponding customizer interface. You will see that there are also other MDSplus java beans in the distribution: they are intended for more specialized interfaces and are therefore outside the scope of this tutorial.
DeviceField: it is the most common bean and provides visualization and (optional) editing of a single device data item as a text field. Its properties are:
- Label : the associated label in the form;
- Num. columns: number of columns in the displayed text field;
- Show state: defines whether or not to display the on/off state of that data item;
- Text only: defines whether the associated data is a text string;
- Editable: defines whether the field can be edited in the form;
- Offset Nid: the specification of the target data item in the device subtree
- Display Evaluated: specifies whether the evaluated value of the field has to be displayed in case the target item contains an expression;
- Opt identifier: intended for specialized interface, outside the scope of this tutorial.
DeviceChoice: used to provide a menu among different possible configurations. Its properties are:
- Label : the associated label in the form;
- Show state: defines whether or not to display the on/off state of that data item;
- Offset Nid: the specification of the target data item in the device subtree;
- Mode: specified whether the choice is among integer, float or string values. A further option (code) allows to store in the data item an integer code corresponding to the visualized value;
- Items: the items displayed by the menu;
- Opt identifier, Update identifier: intended for a specialized interface, outside the scope of this tutorial.
DeviceButtons: displays the buttons for entering the configuration, closing the form and resetting it to its initial values. No customization required.
DeviceDispatch: allows the configuration of the action data items contained in the device subtree. It is normally used to change the sequence number of that action within the automated sequence. No customization is required.
And here is a movie showing the whole process of building the graphical form for DEMOADC device.
<video controls>
<source src="DeviceSetup1.WebM" type="video/webm">
The Final Result
Now a fully operational device has been added to the MDSplus framework. You can play now with DEMOADC by configuring it, and running its init and store methods. Remember that the store method cannot be run on the experiment model (DATA items are declared as /nowrite_model in the constructor). You can create a pulse file from the experiment model via the following TCL commands:
TCL> set tree <tree name> TCL> create pulse <shot num>
you can then exercise the init and store methods via the following TCL commands:
TCL> set tree <tree name>/shot=<shot num> TCL> do/method <demoadc path> init TCL> do/method <demoadc path> store
If everything works properly, you will see in the DATA items of the device subtree four sinusoidal waveforms. Check it using jScope (Tip: to avoid writing in jScope setup data source form the whole path of the data items of DEMOADC, you can select those items with jTraverser, press <Ctrl>C and then <Ctrl>V in the Y Axis definition of the jScope setup form).
If you succeed, you are now a new MDSplus developer! Compliments!!


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In the next few years, Bech travelled 15,000 km across Nepal recording folk music, collecting musical instruments and translating lyrics. He traveled to remote districts with a backpack weighing 40 kg, and a porter carrying his Uher tape recorder and batteries.
In one such expedition, he suffered a cut above his right eye in a fall. The nearest doctor was a three week walk away, so he stitched the wound himself using a mirror and his good eye. "The locals loved my demonstration," he recalls, "luckily they couldn't understand the four letter words used in the absence of painkillers."
By the time he left Nepal in 1966, Bech had collected 260 hours of recordings in 400 open-reel phonotapes, 200 musical transcripts, 120 musical instruments, 7,500 song texts, 41 life history studies of Nepali musicians, along with thousands of photographs. These were housed in the Archive of Traditional Music at Indiana University in Bloomington.
Last month, Terence Bech gave Indiana University the permission to provide copies of the Terence R Bech Collection of Nepali Music to Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya (MPP) in Patan. The collection will be available to researchers soon, In an email interview, Bech said his collection was done "more as a hobby than an academic". He is being modest. The collection is invaluable, a meticulous record with an index of language, name of performers, musical instruments, cultural context or relevance, how the performer came to learn the song, occasions during which the songs are performed etc. The quality of sound in the recordings is exceptional.
Bech went on to climb K2, became a sailor and an Arctic explorer. He is now living with his wife in the Netherlands.
Once, after weeks of walking across the midhills of Nepal to record the songs of the Raute community, he arrived at a settlement only to find the men had gone off hunting and there were only women and children. They pitched their tent and later that day the headman returned. Bech remembers that his Nepali was better than the Raute's, who agreed to sing and dance only if Bech donated a goat and become a blood brother.
The Bech Collection is a unique ethnomusical documentation and represents the historical continuum of Nepali folk music before modern influences altered it.
Joshi himself travelled across Nepal during World War II, and saw village after village devoid of men who were off fighting in Burma or Europe. It was the women who sang songs of sorrow, of sons in faraway wars.
Lochan Rijal, lecturer of ethnomusicology at Kathmandu University is also grateful to Terence Bech's effort. "Hats off to everyone who made this possible," he says, "having Bech's collection back in Nepal can contribute immensely to future research."
Rijal says important collections like Bech's need to be disseminated in the country of origin for its maximum benefit. It will help researchers look at the evolution of culture and music in Nepal, and also benefit students of traditional Nepali music and dance.
Folk music is more than just songs, it expresses and captures the culture of the times: a birth in the household, flirtatious duets, the pain of betrayal or of unrequited love, separation and longing, natural calamities. Bech's collection has music from all over Nepal and will be available to researchers as long as they are not copied or sold. Nepali ethnographers and musicologists owe Terence Bech a depth of gratitude.
Amar Gurung is chief archivist at the Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya
Read also:
A refuge from the world

subset: commoncrawl


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Prices at the wholesale level fell from June to July, the first month-to-month drop in more than two years and a sign that some of the U.S. economy's inflationary pressures cooled last month.
Thursday's report from the Labor Department showed that the producer price index — which measures inflation before it reaches consumers — declined 0.5% in July. It was the first monthly drop since April 2020 and was down from a sharp 1% increase from May to June.
The easing of wholesale inflation suggests that consumers could get some relief from relentless inflation in the coming months. The wholesale report follows government data Wednesday that showed that consumer inflation was unchanged from June to July — the first flat figure after 25 straight months of increases.
Yet economists caution that it's still too early to say that inflation is headed steadily lower.
"The July deceleration … is a move in the right direction," said Rubeela Farooqi, chief U.S. economist at High Frequency Economics. "But producer costs continue to rise at a rapid pace, well above target."
Wholesale food prices rose 1% from June to July, a sign that grocery prices will likely keep rising in the coming months. The wholesale costs of eggs, beef and vegetables all jumped.
Trucking freight costs, though, fell 0.3%, evidence that some supply chain snarls are easing.
Inflation at the wholesale level still jumped 9.8% in July compared with a year earlier, suggesting that inflation will remain at painful levels for months to come. That was down from a year-over-year surge of 11.3% in June — near a four-decade high — and was the smallest annual rise in eight months.
Thursday's report showed that wholesale gas prices tumbled 16.7% from June to July, a sign that retail prices at the pump will continue to decline this month and likely into September. Consumers are already seeing steady reductions: Gas prices fell below $4 a gallon, on average, on Thursday for the first time in five months.
The milder inflation data, and last month's unexpectedly robust hiring that helped lower the unemployment rate to a half-century low of 3.5%, have provided President Joe Biden with some positive economic news after months of accelerating price spikes hammered his approval ratings. Congressional Republicans have made rising inflation a major line of attack in the upcoming midterm elections.
And the Federal Reserve has embarked on its fastest pace of interest rate hikes since the early 1980s in an effort to quell inflation, and will likely keep raising borrowing costs for the rest of this year. Its short-term rate is currently in a range of 2.25% to 2.5%, the highest since 2018.
Chair Jerome Powell has said the Fed would need to see a series of declining inflation readings before it would consider pausing its rate increases. The Fed could announce a third straight three-quarter point rate hike when it next meets in late September or instead carry out a less drastic half-point hike.
Thursday's producer price data captures inflation at an earlier stage of production and can sometimes signal where consumer prices are headed. It also feeds into the Fed's preferred measure of inflation, which is called the personal consumption expenditures price index.
Image and article originally from libn.com. Read the original article here.


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"Porsche is looking to enhance its scope as a sports car manufacturer by becoming a leading brand for premium mobility. In the longer term, this could mean moving into the third dimension of travel," says Detlev von Platen, Member of the Executive Board for Sales and Marketing at Porsche AG. "We are combining the strengths of two leading global companies to address a potential key market segment of the future."
As part of the partnership, the companies will create an international team to address various aspects of urban air mobility, including analysis of the market potential for premium vehicles and possible use cases.
Boeing, Porsche and Aurora Flight Sciences, a subsidiary of Boeing, are developing a concept for a fully electric vertical takeoff and landing vehicle. Engineers from both companies, as well as Porsche subsidiaries Porsche Engineering Services GmbH and Studio F.A. Porsche, will implement and test a prototype.
"This collaboration builds on our efforts to develop a safe and efficient new mobility ecosystem, and provides an opportunity to investigate the development of a premium urban air mobility vehicle with a leading automotive brand," said Steve Nordlund, Vice President and General Manager Boeing NeXt, an organization that is laying the foundation for a next-generation mobility ecosystem in which autonomous and piloted vehicles can safely coexist. "Porsche and Boeing together bring precision engineering, style and innovation to accelerate urban air mobility worldwide."
A 2018 study by Porsche Consulting forecasts that the urban air mobility market will pick up speed after 2025. The study also indicates that urban air mobility solutions will transport passengers more quickly and efficiently than current conventional means of terrestrial transport, at a lower cost and with greater flexibility.
For more information


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I hardly ever have sugar in my menu. Why is that?
Added sugar is the single worst ingredient in the modern diet.
It can have harmful effects on metabolism and contribute to all sorts of diseases.
Here are 10 disturbing reasons why you should avoid added sugar like the plague.
1. Added Sugar Contains No Essential Nutrients and is Bad For Your Teeth
You've probably heard this a million times before… but it's worth repeating.
Added sugars (like sucrose and high fructose corn syrup) contain a whole bunch of calories with NO essential nutrients.
For this reason, they are called "empty" calories.
There are no proteins, essential fats, vitamins or minerals in sugar… just pure energy.
When people eat up to 10-20% of calories as sugar (or more), this can become a major problem and contribute to nutrient deficiencies.
Sugar is also very bad for the teeth, because it provides easily digestible energy for the bad bacteria in the mouth (1).
2. Added Sugar is High in Fructose, Which Can Overload Your Liver
In order to understand what is so bad about sugar, you need to understand what it is made of.
Before sugar enters the bloodstream from the digestive tract, it is broken down into two simple sugars… glucose and fructose.
- Glucose is found in every living cell on the planet. If we don't get it from the diet, our bodies produce it.
- Fructose is different. Our bodies do not produce it in any significant amount and there is no physiological need for it.
The thing with fructose is that it can only be metabolized by the liver in any significant amounts.
This is not a problem if we eat a little bit (such as from fruit) or we just finished an exercise session. In this case, the fructose will be turned into glycogen and stored in the liver until we need it (3).
However, if the liver is full of glycogen (much more common), eating a lot of fructose overloads the liver, forcing it to turn the fructose into fat (4).
When repeatedly eating large amounts of sugar, this process can lead to fatty liver and all sorts of serious problems (5).
Keep in mind that all of this does NOT apply to fruit. It is almost impossible to over-eat fructose by eating fruit.
There is also massive individual variability here. People who are healthy and active can tolerate more sugar than people who are inactive and eat a Western, high-carb, high-calorie diet.
3. Overloading The Liver With Fructose Can Cause Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
When fructose gets turned into fat in the liver, it is shipped out as VLDL cholesterol particles.
However, not all of the fat gets out, some of it can lodge in the liver.
This can lead to Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD), a growing problem in Western countries that is strongly associated with metabolic diseases (6).
Studies show that individuals with fatty liver consume up to 2-3 times as much fructose as the average person (7, 8).
4. Sugar Can Cause Insulin Resistance, a Stepping Stone towards Metabolic Syndrome and Diabetes
Insulin is a very important hormone in the body.
It allows glucose (blood sugar) to enter cells from the bloodstream and tells the cells to start burning glucose instead of fat.
Having too much glucose in the blood is highly toxic and one of the reasons for complications of diabetes, like blindness.
One feature of the metabolic dysfunction that is caused by the Western diet is that insulin stops working as it should. The cells become "resistant" to it.
This is also known as insulin resistance, which is believed to be a leading driver of many diseases… including metabolic syndrome, obesity, cardiovascular disease and especially type II diabetes (9).
Many studies show that sugar consumption is associated with insulin resistance, especially when it is consumed in large amounts (10, 11).
5. The Insulin Resistance Can Progress to Type II Diabetes
When our cells become resistant to the effects of insulin, the beta cells in our pancreas make more of it.
This is crucial, because chronically elevated blood sugars can cause severe harm.
Eventually, as insulin resistance becomes progressively worse, the pancreas can't keep up with the demand of producing enough insulin to keep blood sugar levels down.
At this point, blood sugar levels skyrocket and a diagnosis of type II diabetes is made.
Given that sugar can cause insulin resistance, it is not surprising to see that people who drink sugar-sweetened beverages have up to an 83% higher risk of Type II diabetes (12, 13).
6. Sugar Can Give You Cancer
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide and is characterized by uncontrolled growth and multiplication of cells.
Insulin is one of the key hormones in regulating this sort of growth.
For this reason, many scientists believe that having constantly elevated insulin levels (a consequence of sugar consumption) can contribute to cancer (14).
In addition, the metabolic problems associated with sugar consumption are a known driver of inflammation, another potential cause of cancer (15).
Multiple studies show that people who eat a lot of sugar are at a much higher risk of getting cancer (16, 17, 18).
7. Due to its Effects on Hormones and the Brain, Sugar has Unique Fat-Promoting Effects
Not all calories are created equal.
Different foods can have different effects on our brains and the hormones that control food intake (19).
Studies show that fructose doesn't have the same kind of effect on satiety as glucose.
In one study, people drank either a fructose-sweetened drink or a glucose-sweetened drink.
Afterwards, the fructose drinkers had much less activity in the satiety centres of the brain and felt hungrier (20).
There is also a study where fructose didn't lower the hunger hormone ghrelin nearly as much as glucose did (21).
Over time, because the calories from sugar aren't as fulfilling, this can translate into an increased calorie intake.
8. Because it Causes Massive Dopamine Release in the Brain, Sugar is Highly Addictive
Sugar can be addictive for a lot of people.
Like abusive drugs, sugar causes a release of dopamine in the reward centre of the brain (22).
The problem with sugar and many junk foods is that they can cause massive dopamine release… much more than we were ever exposed to from foods found in nature (23).
For this reason, people who have a susceptibility to addiction can become strongly addicted to sugar and other junk foods (24).
The "everything in moderation" message may be a bad idea for people who are addicted to junk food… because the only thing that works for true addiction is abstinence.
9. Sugar is a Leading Contributor to Obesity in Both Children and Adults
The way sugar affects hormones and the brain is a recipe for fat gain disaster.
It leads to decreased satiety… and can get people addicted so that they lose control over their consumption.
Not surprisingly, people who consume the most sugar are by far the most likely to become overweight or obese. This applies to all age groups.
Many studies have examined the link between sugar consumption and obesity and found a strong statistical association (25).
The link is especially strong in children, where each daily serving of sugar-sweetened beverages is associated with a whopping 60% increased risk of obesity (26).
One of the most important things you can do if you need to lose weight is to significantly cut back on sugar consumption.
10. SUGAR Raises Your Cholesterol and Gives You Heart Disease
For many decades, people have blamed saturated fat for heart disease… which is the #1 killer in the world.
However… new studies are showing that saturated fat is harmless (27, 28).
The evidence is mounting that sugar, NOT fat, may be one of the leading drivers of heart disease via the harmful effects of fructose on metabolism (29).
Studies show that large amounts of fructose can raise triglycerides, small, dense LDL and oxidized LDL (very, very bad), raise blood glucose and insulin levels and increase abdominal obesity… in as little as 10 weeks (30).
These are all major risk factors for heart disease.
Not surprisingly, many observational studies find a strong statistical association between sugar consumption and the risk of heart disease (31, 32, 33).
For sugar-free treats please check out Desserts section at Nutriplanet Health Hub.
Source: www.authoritynutrition.com
Photo: Nele Liivlaid


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A federal appeals court has dealt the Obama administration yet another blow in its quest to keep at least some age restrictions on the sale of emergency contraceptive pills.
In a three-paragraph order, a three-judge panel for the United States Court of Appeals for the 2nd Circuit ruled that although the government's appeal of a lower court decision removing all age restrictions on morning-after pills is still pending, at least some medications must be made available over the counter immediately.
Specifically, the panel said that while the requirement for one-pill versions of the morning-after pill to be made available without age restrictions can be delayed while the appeal is considered, that is not the case for "two-pill variants," which include generic products Next Choice and other levonorgestral tablets.
Ironically, the FDA had sought to produce a compromise by approving in late April an over-the-counter version of Plan B One-Step, a one-pill version that would be available on pharmacy shelves but only to those 15 and over who are able to produce proper identification.
But Plan B One-Step costs in the neighborhood of $50, while the generic two-pill formulations cost about $20 to $35.
The saga of trying to move emergency contraception from a prescription-only to an over-the-counter product has been ongoing for more than a decade through two successive presidential administrations.
U.S. District Court Judge Edward Korman, who has overseen the case since 2005, has made it clear that he thinks the government has dragged its feet to the point of violating the law.
But few expected the New York-based appeals court to agree with Korman, even in part, by denying the government's request to stay his April 6 order while the appeal is being heard.
The government — via the Departments of Justice and Health and Human Services — had no immediate comment on the ruling. Representatives would say only that they were "reviewing the order" from the appeals court.
Those who have been pursuing the case, however, had a bit more to say.
"Today's decision from the 2nd Circuit marks an historic day for women's health," said Nancy Northup, president and CEO of the Center for Reproductive Rights, which has represented some of the plaintiffs in the lawsuit. "Finally, after more than a decade of politically motivated delays, women will no longer have to endure intrusive, onerous and medically unnecessary restrictions to get emergency contraception."
What happens next remains unclear. Some lawyers say the government might be able to appeal to the full 2nd Circuit. But more likely, if they insist on fighting, government attorneys would have to seek relief from the Supreme Court justice who oversees the 2nd Circuit — Ruth Bader Ginsburg.
Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.


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Nicholas (Ziorov) of Warsaw
His Grace the Right Reverend Bishop Nicholas (Ziorov) of Warsaw was a 19th century bishop of the Church of Russia serving in Alaska and other parts of the Russian Empire. He was known as a leader who demanded prompt compliance with his instructions, yet was diplomatically careful. Bp. Nicholas successfully surrounded himself with able assistants, assistants who would be among the significant personalities in the growth of the North American mission. During his time as Bishop of the Aleutian Islands and Alaska the Orthodox presence in the United States grew from five to 17 parishes while he still cared for the community in Alaska.
Michael Zacharovich Ziorov was born on May 21, 1851, in the District of Kherson. He completed his education at the Moscow Theological Academy, graduating in 1878. While still a layman he held the position of Inspector at the Vologda and the Mogilev seminaries. In 1887, he entered monastic life, receiving his tonsure and name of Nicholas. Later in the year he was ordained a deacon and then a priest. He was then appointed Rector of the Moscow Theological Seminary. He continued in this position until September 29, 1891, when he was consecrated Bishop of the Aleutian Islands and Alaska.
Bp. Nicholas was a stern person who presented himself with stately dignity. While quick tempered he was diplomatically careful and would good naturally make amends for his flare ups. He surrounded himself with able assistants, numbering among them such priests as Alexander Hotovitzky, Theodore Pashkovsky, John Kochurov, Alexis Toth, and Raphael Hawaweeny who are all well remembered for their services in the early 20th century. Since his arrival as Bishop of the North American diocese, the number of parishes kept growing as the numbers of people returning from the Unia continued. To provide communications among these parishes he initiated publication of the English-Russian-language weekly, the Russian Orthodox American Messenger under the editorship of Alexander Hotovitsky.
Yet Bp. Nicholas continued to look after his flock in Alaska. He made two tours of the parishes and chapels that served the 15,000 native Orthodox Christians in the original centers of the Orthodox mission in North America. In 1897, he visited the faithful who had settled in the midlands of Canada. With the shift of activity toward the eastern United States, he transferred the mission school from San Francisco to Minneapolis.
Then in 1898, Bp. Nicholas was transferred back to Russia, to be Archbishop of the Diocese of Tver and Kashin. Subsequently he was assigned as Archbishop of Warsaw. As World War I engulfed the area he moved to St. Petersburg where he died during the autumn of 1915.
External links
- Alaskan Orthodox Christian texts (Tlingit), commissioned by Bishop Nicholas (Ziorov)
Nicholas (Ziorov) of Warsaw | ||
Preceded by: Vladimir (Sokolovsky-Avtonomov) |
Bishop of the Aleutian Islands and Alaska 1891-1898 |
Succeeded by: Tikhon (Belavin) |
Preceded by: ? |
Archbishop of Tver and Kashin 1898-? |
Succeeded by: ? |
Preceded by: ? |
Archbishop of Warsaw ?-1915 |
Succeeded by: ? |
- Orthodox America 1794-1976 Development of the Orthodox Church in America, C. J. Tarasar, Gen. Ed. 1975, The Orthodox Church in America, Syosett, New York
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Ensure Trusted Data for Client Analytics Projects—And Get Certified
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- Richard Ganley, SVP, Global Partners, Informatica
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- Chris Phillips, VP Product Management, Informatica


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A tad left of centre, cheeky, ever so slightly offensive or a little off. Bettie Confetti cards are guaranteed to make you laugh by flying in the face of conventional greetings cards with just enough passive aggressive sentiment to put a smile on your face.
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The ultimate in make up goals, this funny card is perfect for the flicked wing addict.
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The celebrated life motto "choose a job you love and you will never have to work a day in your life" tends to guide our paths these days.
The well-known scenario of our own blockbuster could not be other than our dream office. The environment where we spend most of the conscious hours of our adulthood. Conscious… Alert... Awaken… Maybe we'll leave it at just hours. That's why it's so important to find the tools and stimuli that create a dream atmosphere and transform our office in that happy place we keep fantasizing about.
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by Helena Hunting
SMP Swerve
Date: May 30, 2017
ISBN: 9781250133328; Price: $3.99
ISBN: 9781250150479; Price: $15.99
ISBN: 9781427292797; Price: $23.99
Ruby Scott
is months behind on rent and can't seem to land a steady job. She has one
chance to turn things around with a big audition. But instead of getting her
big break, she gets sick as a dog and completely bombs it in the most
humiliating fashion. All thanks to a mysterious, gorgeous guy who kissed—and
then coughed on—her at a party the night before.
Luckily, her best friend might have found the perfect opportunity; a job staying at the lavish penthouse apartment of hotel magnate Bancroft Mills while he's out of town, taking care of his exotic pets. But when the newly-evicted Ruby arrives to meet her new employer, it turns out Bane is the same guy who got her sick.
Seeing his role in Ruby's dilemma, Bane offers her a permanent job as his live-in pet sitter until she can get back on her feet. Filled with hilariously awkward encounters and enough sexual tension to heat a New York City block, Shacking Up, from NYT and USA Today bestselling author Helena Hunting, is sure to keep you laughing and swooning all night long.
Luckily, her best friend might have found the perfect opportunity; a job staying at the lavish penthouse apartment of hotel magnate Bancroft Mills while he's out of town, taking care of his exotic pets. But when the newly-evicted Ruby arrives to meet her new employer, it turns out Bane is the same guy who got her sick.
Seeing his role in Ruby's dilemma, Bane offers her a permanent job as his live-in pet sitter until she can get back on her feet. Filled with hilariously awkward encounters and enough sexual tension to heat a New York City block, Shacking Up, from NYT and USA Today bestselling author Helena Hunting, is sure to keep you laughing and swooning all night long.
B&N I iBooks I Kobo I Google Play
She taps the arm of her chair and regards
me for a few seconds. "So . . . that woman you were with at the engagement
party, I'm guessing she's not your girlfriend or anything? I don't need to
worry about her freaking out because another woman is living in your condo?"
"You mean Brittany? Uh, no. She's
definitely not my girlfriend."
"Good to know."
"With all the travel a girlfriend hasn't
been all that practical."
She cocks her head. "What do you mean?"
"When I played professional rugby I was on
the road a lot. And now it seems like I'll be on the road more than I
anticipated. At least for a while. It makes it difficult to get involved."
"Ah. I understand. Theater is challenging
like that, too. The hours are odd since performances are typically in the
evenings and on the weekends. Unless you're dating another actor it's not very
practical." She dips her spoon in her dessert again. "So that Brittany chick
was just meant to be a hookup then?"
I'm sure Brittany would've been good with
the hookup part, but I don't mention that to Ruby. "I went out with her as a
She grimaces. "Wow, that's some favor."
"She's not that bad." I'm not sure why I'm
defending Brittany, other than it seems to irritate Ruby.
"She called me a slut!"
"Well, you were kissing me, so . . ." I
have to bite back the smile at her incredulity.
She points her spoon at me, her annoyance
clear. "You kissed me."
I shift an arm behind my head. "You didn't
put up much of a fight."
Her mouth drops open and snaps shut just as
quickly. It's the same reaction I got out of her the other day when I brought
the same thing up at the restaurant.
Her eyes narrow into slits. I bet she's a
real firecracker when she's angry. I sort of want to push her buttons just to
see what happens when she goes off. I bet angry fucking with her would be
incredible. I wonder if she's a hair puller, or a biter, or a scratcher. Wow.
That got dirty fast.
She narrows her eyes. "We are not talking
about this."
"About you kissing me back? I wasn't going
to bring it up, but now that we're on the subject—"
"Consider it un-brought-up." Her cheeks
I can't help myself. I keep pushing. "No
way. You as much as admitted that you kissed me back, right there. You opened
the door. I'm walking through it. Why would you kiss a complete stranger?"
"I said I wasn't talking about this." The
pink in her cheeks rises to the tips of her ears.
This is way too much fun. She's got one
hell of an angry glare going on. "I'm leaving you in my house for more than a
month, alone. I need to be certain you have sound judgment."
"I'll have you know my judgment is usually
very sound. However, when an incredibly attractive man surprises me with his
tongue in my mouth, the most logical response is to kiss back."
"You think I'm incredibly attractive?"
She rolls her eyes. "Of course that's the
part you choose to focus on. You see yourself in the mirror every day. You
can't tell me you don't know you're nice to look at. I'm just stating a fact."
My ego inflates a little at this. I know
I'm not unattractive, but my nose has been broken a couple of times, and
there's a bump I can't ever get rid of without plastic surgery. I've had knee
surgery and I'm not great under anesthetic, so I'd prefer to avoid that
scenario. I also have a few small facial scars from playing rugby all those
years, which, in the environment I grew up in, takes me down a few points on
the desirability scale. Not that I give a fuck. It's my mother who seems to be
worried about it, as she does about every line and gray hair. It's a blessing I
don't have any sisters.
I see. So you're telling me if any
incredibly attractive man did what I did, you'd respond the exact same way."
"Now you're generalizing. It's
"What do you mean by circumstantial?"
"Well, I guess I assumed you had to be a
guest at the engagement party."
"So that made it okay to kiss a stranger?
Because we were attending the same event?"
She pauses with her spoon at her lips.
"That's not what I said."
"It sounds like that's what you're
implying." That spoons slips into her mouth and she licks it clean before she
responds. The entire time I'm thinking increasingly dirty thoughts about that
tongue of hers.
She flounders a little. "It's not like I
was at some seedy bar with seedy douches. It was an engagement party."
"So that makes me better somehow?"
"Are you always this antagonistic?" She
throws up her hands. "You kissed me. You smelled good and you're good with your
tongue so I went with it. Stop judging me."
"I'm not judging, I'm just asking. So on
top of being incredibly attractive and smelling good I'm also an excellent
"I never said excellent, you added your own
adjective. And if you keep talking about how attractive you are you'll go from
a ten to a nine pretty fast."
About the Author
NYT and USA Today bestselling author of PUCKED, Helena Hunting lives on the outskirts of Toronto with her incredibly tolerant family and two moderately intolerant cats. She's writes contemporary romance ranging from new adult angst to romantic sports comedy.
Connect with Helena


text:
The personal project (CANCELLED)
- PD Topic area: MYP
- Language: English
- Level: Cat 2
IBSCA PYP, MYP, DP, CP and IB Education Workshops in Coventry, United Kingdom – October 2022
These workshops are organized by IBSCA in cooperation with the IB.
Depending on the continued impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, these workshops may be delivered virtually. Any changes will be reflected here and on the provider's website.
Read our workshop category scenarios for guidance on which workshop category is right for you.


text:
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text:
Date/TimeDate(s) - 24/07/20192:00 pm - 4:00 pm |
Every Wednesday afternoon from 2-4pm, come along to the Old Library with your crafts & projects, or just come along for a natter and see what others are working on, pick up tips, and meet new people in your neighbourhood.
Knit, Crochet, Cross-stitch or Sew, it's free & everyone is welcome, beginners, long term crafters or those who just want to spend some time out of the house in a social setting!
Bring your needles, get knitting & nattering down at the Old Library!


text:
I saw this morning that Jesse Stay had created a rather neat little chicklet for his FBFoundations plugin. I thought it was a clever idea, so naturally I stole it and added it to Simple Facebook Connect as well.
Of course, just copying an idea is no fun. So I had to improve upon it a bit for my version. 🙂
I ended up not using any of Jesse's code, but I did (mostly) keep the format of his chicklet output the same, so as to try to be compatible with it for styling rules and such.