text:
p. 100 Defence Against the Arians.
1. I supposed that, after so many proofs of my innocence had been given, my enemies would have shrunk from further enquiry, and would now have condemned themselves for their false accusations of others. But as they are not yet abashed, though they have been so clearly convicted, but, as insensible to shame, persist in their slanderous reports against me, professing to think that the whole matter ought to be tried over again (not that they may have judgment passed on them, for that they avoid, but in order to harass me, and to disturb the minds of the simple); I therefore thought it necessary to make my defence unto you, that you may listen to their murmurings no longer, but may denounce their wickedness and base calumnies. And it is only to you, who are men of sincere minds, that I offer a defence: as for the contentious, I appeal confidently to the decisive proofs which I have against them. For my cause needs no further judgment; for judgment has already been given, and not once or twice only, but many times. First of all, it was tried in my own country in an assembly of nearly one hundred of its Bishops 472 ; a second time at Rome, when, in consequence of letters from Eusebius, both they and we were summoned, and more than fifty Bishops met 473 ; and a third time in the great Council assembled at Sardica by order of the most religious Emperors Constantius and Constans, when my enemies were degraded as false accusers, and the sentence that was passed in my favour received the suffrages of more than three hundred Bishops, out of the provinces of Egypt, Libya, and Pentapolis, Palestine, Arabia, Isauria, Cyprus, Pamphylia, Lycia, Galatia, Dacia, Mœsia, Thrace, Dardania, Macedonia, Epirus, Thessaly, Achaia, Crete, Dalmatia, Siscia, Pannonia, Noricum, Italy, Picenum, Tuscany, Campania, Calabria, Apulia, Bruttia, Sicily, the whole of Africa, Sardinia, Spain, Gaul, and Britain.
Added to these was the testimony 474 of Ursacius and Valens, who had formerly calumniated me, but afterwards changed their minds, and not only gave their assent to the sentence that was passed in my favour, but also confessed that they themselves and the rest of my enemies were false accusers; for men who make such a change and such a recantation of course reflect upon Eusebius and his fellows, for with them they had contrived the plot against me. Now after a matter has been examined and decided on such clear evidence by so many eminent Bishops, every one will confess that further discussion is unnecessary; else, if an investigation be instituted at this time, it may be again discussed and again investigated, and there will be no end to such trifling.
2. Now the decision of so many Bishops was sufficient to confound those who would still fain pretend some charge against me. But when my enemies also bear testimony in my favour and against themselves, declaring that the proceedings against me were a conspiracy, who is there that would not be ashamed to doubt any longer? The law requires that in the mouth of two or three witnesses 475 judgments shall be settled, and we have here this great multitude of witnesses in my favour, with the addition of the proofs afforded by my enemies; so much so that those who still continue opposed to me no longer attach any importance to their own arbitrary 476 judgment, but now have recourse to violence, and in the place of fair reasoning seek to injure 477 those by whom they were p. 101 exposed. For this is the chief cause of vexation to them, that the measures they carried on in secret, contrived by themselves in a corner, have been brought to light and disclosed by Valens and Ursacius; for they are well aware that their recantation while it clears those whom they have injured, condemns themselves.
Indeed this led to their degradation in the Council of Sardica, as mentioned before; and with good reason; for, as the Pharisees of old, when they undertook the defence of Paul 478 , fully exposed the conspiracy which they and the Jews had formed against him; and as the blessed David was proved to be persecuted unjustly when the persecutor confessed, I have sinned, my son David 479 ; so it was with these men; being overcome by the truth they made a request, and delivered it in writing to Julius, Bishop of Rome. They wrote also to me requesting to be on terms of peace with me, though they have spread such reports concerning me; and probably even now they are covered with shame, on seeing that those whom they sought to destroy by the grace of the Lord are still alive. Consistently also with this conduct they anathematized Arius and his heresy; for knowing that Eusebius and his fellows had conspired against me in behalf of their own misbelief, and of nothing else, as soon as they had determined to confess their calumnies against me, they immediately renounced also that antichristian heresy for the sake of which they had falsely asserted them.
The following are the letters written in my favour by the Bishops in the several Councils and first the letter of the Egyptian Bishops.
Encyclical Letter of the Council of Egypt.
The holy Council assembled at Alexandria out of Egypt, the Thebais, Libya, and Pentapolis, to the Bishops of the Catholic Church everywhere, brethren beloved and greatly longed for in the Lord, greeting.
3. Dearly beloved brethren, we might have put forth a defence of our brother Athanasius as respects the conspiracy of Eusebius and his fellows against him, and complained of his sufferings at their hands, and have exposed all their false charges, either at the beginning of their conspiracy or upon his arrival at Alexandria. But circumstances did not permit it then, as you also know; and lately, after the return of the Bishop Athanasius, we thought that they would be confounded and covered with shame at their manifest injustice: in consequence we prevailed with ourselves to remain silent. Since, however, after all his severe sufferings, after his retirement into Gaul, after his sojourn in a foreign and far distant country in the place of his own, after his narrow escape from death through their calumnies, but thanks to the clemency of the Emperor,—distress which would have satisfied even the most cruel enemy,—they are still insensible to shame, are again acting insolently against the Church and Athanasius; and from indignation at his deliverance venture on still more atrocious schemes against him, and are ready with an accusation, fearless of the words in holy Scripture 480 , A false witness shall not be unpunished; and, The mouth that belieth slayeth the soul; we therefore are unable longer to hold our peace, being amazed at their wickedness and at the insatiable love of contention displayed in their intrigues.
For see, they cease not to disturb the ear of royalty with fresh reports against us; they cease not to write letters of deadly import, for the destruction of the Bishop who is the enemy of their impiety. For again have they written to the Emperors against him; again they wish to conspire against him, charging him with a butchery which has never taken place; again they wish to shed his blood, accusing him of a murder that never was committed (for at that former time would they have murdered him by their calumnies, had we not had a kind Emperor); again they are urgent, to say the least, that he should be sent into banishment, while they pretend to lament the miseries of those alleged to have been exiled by him. They lament before us things that have never been done, and, not satisfied with what has been done to him, desire to add thereto other and more cruel treatment. So mild are they and merciful, and of so just a disposition; or rather (for the truth shall be spoken) so wicked are they and malicious; obtaining respect through fear and by threats, rather than by their piety and justice, as becomes Bishops. They have dared in their letters to the Emperors to pour forth language such as no contentious person would employ even among those that are without; they have charged him with a number of murders and butcheries, and that not before a Governor, or any other superior officer, but before the three Augusti; nor shrink they from any journey however long, provided only all greater courts may be filled with their accusations. For indeed, dearly beloved, their business consists in accusations, and that of the most solemn character, forasmuch as the p. 102 tribunals to which they make their appeal are the most solemn of any upon earth. And what other end do they propose by these investigations, except to move the Emperor to capital punishment?
4. Their own conduct therefore, and not that of Athanasius, is the fittest subject for lamentation and mourning, and one would more properly lament them, for such actions ought to be bewailed, since it is written, Weep ye not for the dead, neither bemoan him: but weep sore for him that goeth away, for he shall return no more 481 . For their whole letter contemplates nothing but death; and their endeavour is to kill, whenever they may be permitted, or if not, to drive into exile. And this they were permitted to do by the most religious father of the Emperors, who gratified their fury by the banishment of Athanasius 482 , instead of his death. Now that this is not the conduct even of ordinary Christians, scarcely even of heathens, much less of Bishops, who profess to teach others righteousness, we suppose that your Christian consciences must at once perceive. How can they forbid others to accuse their brethren, who themselves become their accusers, and that to the Emperors? How can they teach compassion for the misfortunes of others, who cannot rest satisfied even with our banishment? For there was confessedly a general sentence of banishment against us Bishops, and we all looked upon ourselves as banished men: and now again we consider ourselves as restored with Athanasius to our native places, and instead of our former lamentations and mourning over him, as having the greatest encouragement and grace,—which may the Lord continue to us, nor suffer Eusebius and his fellows to destroy?
Even if their charges against him were true, here is a certain charge against them, that against the precept of Christianity, and after his banishment and trials, they have assaulted him again, and accuse him of murder, and butchery, and other crimes, which they sound in the royal ears against the Bishops. But how manifold is their wickedness, and what manner of men think you them, when every word they speak is false, every charge they bring a calumny, and there is no truth whatever either in their mouths or their writings! Let us then at length enter upon these matters, and meet their last charges. This will prove, that in their former representations in the Council 483 and at the trial their conduct was dishonourable, or rather their words untrue, besides exposing them for what they have now advanced.
5. We are indeed ashamed to make any defence against such charges. But since our reckless accusers lay hold of any charge, and allege that murders and butcheries were committed after the return of Athanasius, we beseech you to bear with our answer though it be somewhat long; for circumstances constrain us. No murder has been committed either by Athanasius or on his account, since our accusers, as we said before, compel us to enter upon this humiliating defence. Slaughter and imprisonment are foreign to our Church. No one did Athanasius commit into the hands of the executioner; and the prison, so far as he was concerned, was never disturbed. Our sanctuaries are now, as they have always been, pure, and honoured only with the Blood of Christ and His pious worship. Neither Presbyter nor Deacon was destroyed by Athanasius; he perpetrated no murder, he caused the banishment of no one. Would that they had never caused the like to him, nor given him actual experience of it! No one here has been banished on his account; no one at all except Athanasius himself, the Bishop of Alexandria, whom they banished, and whom, now that he is restored, they again seek to entangle in the same or even a more cruel plot than before, setting their tongues to speak all manner of false and deadly words against him.
For, behold, they now attribute to him the acts of the magistrates; and although they plainly confess in their letter that the Prefect of Egypt passed sentence upon certain persons, they now are not ashamed to impute this sentence to Athanasius; and that, though he had not at the time entered Alexandria, but was yet on his return from his place of exile. Indeed he was then in Syria; since we must needs adduce in defence his length of way from home, that a man may not be responsible for the actions of a Governor or Prefect of Egypt. But supposing Athanasius had been in Alexandria, what were the proceedings of the Prefect to Athanasius? However, he was not even in the country; and what the Prefect of Egypt did was not done on ecclesiastical grounds, but for reasons which you will learn from the records, which, after we understood what they had written, we made diligent enquiry for, and have transmitted to you. Since then they now raise a cry against certain things which were never done either by him or for him, as though they had certainly taken place, and testify against such evils as though they were assured of their existence; let them p. 103 inform us from what Council they obtained their knowledge of them, from what proofs, and from what judicial investigation? But if they have no such evidence to bring forward, and nothing but their own mere assertion, we leave it to you to consider as regards their former charges also, how the things took place, and why they so speak of them. In truth, it is nothing but calumny, and a plot of our enemies, and a temper of ungovernable mood, and an impiety in behalf of the Arian madmen which is frantic against true godliness, and desires to root out the orthodox, so that henceforth the advocates of impiety may preach without fear whatever doctrines they please. The history of the matter is as follows:—
6. When Arius, from whom the heresy of the Arian madmen has its name, was cast out of the Church for his impiety by Bishop Alexander, of blessed memory, Eusebius and his fellows, who are the disciples and partners of his impiety, considering themselves also to have been ejected, wrote frequently to Bishop Alexander, beseeching him not to leave the heretic Arius out of the Church 484 . But when Alexander in his piety towards Christ refused to admit that impious man, they directed their resentment against Athanasius, who was then a Deacon, because in their busy enquiries they had heard that he was much in the familiarity of Bishop Alexander, and much honoured by him. And their hatred of him was greatly increased after they had experience of his piety towards Christ, in the Council assembled at Nicæa 485 , wherein he spoke boldly against the impiety of the Arian madmen. But when God raised him to the Episcopate, their long-cherished malice burst forth into a flame, and fearing his orthodoxy and resistance of their impiety, they (and especially Eusebius 486 , who was smitten with a consciousness of his own evil doings), engaged in all manner of treacherous designs against him. They prejudiced the Emperor against him; they frequently threatened him with Councils; and at last assembled at Tyre; and to this day they cease not to write against him, and are so implacable that they even find fault with his appointment to the Episcopate 487 , taking every means of shewing their enmity and hatred towards him, and spreading false reports for the sole purpose of thereby vilifying his character.
However, the very misrepresentations which they now are making do but convict their former statements of being falsehoods, and a mere conspiracy against him. For they say, that after the death of Bishop Alexander, a certain few having mentioned the name of Athanasius, six or seven Bishops elected him clandestinely in a secret place: and this is what they wrote to the Emperors, having no scruple about asserting the greatest falsehoods. Now that the whole multitude and all the people of the Catholic Church assembled together as with one mind and body, and cried, shouted, that Athanasius should be Bishop of their Church, made this the subject of their public prayers to Christ, and conjured us to grant it for many days and nights, neither departing themselves from the Church, nor suffering us to do so; of all this we are witnesses, and so is the whole city, and the province too. Not a word did they speak against him, as these persons represented, but gave him the most excellent titles they could devise, calling him good, pious, Christian, an ascetic 488 , a genuine Bishop. And that he was elected by a majority of our body in the sight and with the acclamations of all the people, we who elected him also testify, who are surely more credible witnesses than those who were not present, and now spread these false accounts.
But yet Eusebius finds fault with the appointment of Athanasius,—he who perhaps never received any appointment to his office at all; or if he did, has himself rendered it invalid 489 . For he had first the See of Berytus, but leaving that he came to Nicomedia. He left the one contrary to the law, and contrary to the law invaded the other; having deserted his own without affection, and holding possession of anothers without reason; he p. 104 lost his love for the first in his lust for another, without even keeping to that which he obtained at the prompting of his lust. For, behold, withdrawing himself from the second, again he takes possession of anothers 490 , casting an evil eye all around him upon the cities of other men, and thinking that godliness 491 consists in wealth and in the greatness of cities, and making light of the heritage of God to which he had been appointed; not knowing that where even two or three are gathered in the name of the Lord, there is the Lord in the midst of them; not considering the words of the Apostle, I will not boast in another mans labours; not perceiving the charge which he has given, Art thou bound unto a wife? seek not to be loosed. For if this expression applies to a wife, how much more does it apply to a Church, and to the same Episcopate; to which whosoever is bound ought not to seek another, lest he prove an adulterer according to holy Scripture.
7. But though conscious of these his own misdoings, he has boldly undertaken to arraign the appointment of Athanasius, to which honourable testimony has been borne by all, and he ventures to reproach him with his deposition, though he has been deposed himself, and has a standing proof of his deposition in the appointment of another in his room. How could either he or Theognius 492 depose another, after they had been deposed themselves, which is sufficiently proved by the appointment of others in their room? For you know very well that there were appointed instead of them Amphion to Nicomedia and Chrestus to Nicæa, in consequence of their own impiety and connection with the Arian madmen, who were rejected by the Ecumenic Council. But while they desire to set aside that true Council, they endeavour to give that name to their own unlawful combination 493 ; while they are unwilling that the decrees of the Council should be enforced, they desire to enforce their own decisions; and they use the name of a Council, while they refuse to submit themselves to one so great as this. Thus they care not for Councils, but only pretend to do so in order that they may root out the orthodox, and annul the decrees of the true and great Council against the Arians, in support of whom, both now and heretofore, they have ventured to assert these falsehoods against the Bishop Athanasius. For their former statements resembled those they now falsely make, viz., that disorderly meetings were held at his entrance 494 , with lamentation and mourning, the people indignantly refusing to receive him. Now such was not the case, but, quite the contrary, joy and cheerfulness prevailed, and the people ran together, hastening to obtain the desired sight of him. The churches were full of rejoicings, and thanksgivings were offered up to the Lord everywhere; and all the Ministers and Clergy beheld him with such feelings, that their souls were possessed with delight, and they esteemed that the happiest day of their lives. Why need we mention the inexpressible joy that prevailed among us Bishops, for we have already said that we counted ourselves to have been partakers in his sufferings?
8. Now this being confessedly the truth of the matter, although it is very differently represented by them, what weight can be attached to that Council or trial of which they make their boast? Since they presume thus to interfere in a case which they did not witness, which they have not examined, and for which they did not meet, and to write as though they were assured of the truth of their statements, how can they claim credit respecting these matters for the consideration of which they say that they did meet together? Will it not rather be believed that they have acted both in the one case and in the other out of enmity to us? For what kind of a Council of Bishops was then held? Was it an assembly which aimed at the truth? Was not almost every one among them our enemy 495 ? Did not the attack of Eusebius and his fellows upon us proceed from their zeal for the Arian madness? Did they not urge on the others of their party? Have we not always written against them as professing the doctrines of Arius? Was not Eusebius of Cæsarea in Palestine accused by our confessors of sacrificing to idols 496 ? Was not George proved to have been deposed by the blessed Alexander 497 ? Were not they charged with various offences, some with this, some with that?
How then could such men entertain the purpose of holding a meeting against us? p. 105 How can they have the boldness to call that a Council, at which a Count presided, which an executioner attended, and where an usher 498 instead of the Deacons of the Church introduced us into Court; and where the Count only spoke, and all present held their peace, or rather obeyed his directions 499 ? The removal of those Bishops who seemed to deserve it was prevented at his desire; and when he gave the order we were dragged about by soldiers;—or rather Eusebius and his fellows gave the order, and he was subservient to their will. In short, dearly beloved, what kind of Council was that, the object of which was banishment and murder at the pleasure of the Emperor? And of what nature were their charges?—for here is matter of still greater astonishment. There was one Arsenius whom they declared to have been murdered; and they also complained that a chalice belonging to the sacred mysteries had been broken.
Now Arsenius is alive, and prays to be admitted to our communion. He waits for no other testimony to prove that he is still living, but himself confesses it, writing in his own person to our brother Athanasius, whom they positively asserted to be his murderer. The impious wretches were not ashamed to accuse him of having murdered a man who was at a great distance from him, being separated by so great a distance, whether by sea or land, and whose abode at that time no one knew. Nay, they even had the boldness to remove him out of sight, and place him in concealment, though he had suffered no injury; and, if it had been possible, they would have transported him to another world, nay, or have taken him from life in earnest, so that either by a true or false statement of his murder they might in good earnest destroy Athanasius. But thanks to divine Providence for this also which permitted them not to succeed in their injustice, but presented Arsenius 500 alive to the eyes of all men, who has clearly proved their conspiracy and calumnies. He does not withdraw from us as murderers, nor hate us as having injured him (for indeed he has suffered no evil at all); but he desires to hold communion with us; he wishes to be numbered among us, and has written to this effect.
9. Nevertheless they laid their plot against Athanasius, accusing him of having murdered a person who was still alive; and those same men are the authors of his banishment 501 . For it was not the father of the Emperors, but their calumnies, that sent him into exile. Consider whether this is not the truth. When nothing was discovered to the prejudice of our fellow-minister Athanasius, but still the Count threatened him with violence, and was very zealous against him, the Bishop 502 fled from this violence and went up 503 to the most religious Emperor, where he protested against the Count and their conspiracy against him, and requested either that a lawful Council of Bishops might be assembled, or that the Emperor would himself receive his defence concerning the charges they brought against him. Upon this the Emperor wrote in anger, summoning them before him, and declaring that he would hear the cause himself, and for that purpose he also ordered a Council to be held. Whereupon Eusebius and his fellows went up and falsely charged Athanasius, not with the same offences which they had published against him at Tyre, but with an intention of detaining the vessels laden with corn, as though Athanasius had been the man to pretend that he could stop the exports of corn from Alexandria to Constantinople 504 .
Certain of our friends were present at the palace with Athanasius, and heard the threats of the Emperor upon receiving this report. And when Athanasius cried out upon the calumny, and positively declared that it was not true, (for how, he argued, should he a poor man, and in a private station, be able to do such a thing?) Eusebius did not hesitate publicly to repeat the charge, and swore that Athanasius was a rich man, and powerful, and able to do anything; in order that it might thence be supposed that he had used this language. Such was the accusation these venerable Bishops proffered against him. But the grace of God proved superior to their wickedness, for it moved the pious Emperor to mercy, who instead of death passed upon him the sentence of banishment. Thus their calumnies, and nothing else, were the cause of this. For the Emperor, in the letter which he previously wrote, complained of their conspiracy, censured their machinations, and condemned the Meletians as unscrupulous and deserving of execration; in short, expressed himself in the severest terms concerning them. For he was greatly moved when he heard the story of the dead alive; he was moved at hearing of p. 106 murder in the case of one alive, and not deprived of life. We have sent you the letter.
10. But these marvellous men, Eusebius and his fellows, to make a show of refuting the truth of the case, and the statements contained in this letter, put forward the name of a Council, and ground its proceedings upon the authority of the Emperor. Hence the attendance of a Count at their meeting, and the soldiers as guards of the Bishops, and royal letters compelling the attendance of any persons whom they required. But observe here the strange character of their machinations, and the inconsistency of their bold measures, so that by some means or other they may take Athanasius away from us. For if as Bishops they claimed for themselves alone the judgment of the case, what need was there for the attendance of a Count and soldiers? or how was it that they assembled under the sanction of royal letters? Or if they required the Emperors countenance and wished to derive their authority from him, why were they then annulling his judgment? and when he declared in the letter which he wrote, that the Meletians were calumniators, unscrupulous, and that Athanasius was most innocent, and made much stir about the pretended murder of the living, how was it that they determined that the Meletians had spoken the truth, and that Athanasius was guilty of the offence; and were not ashamed to make the living dead, living both after the Emperors judgment, and at the time when they met together, and who even until this day is amongst us? So much concerning the case of Arsenius.
11. And as for the cup belonging to the mysteries, what was it, or where was it broken by Macarius? for this is the report which they spread up and down. But as for Athanasius, even his accusers would not have ventured to blame him, had they not been suborned by them. However, they attribute the origin of the offence to him; although it ought not to be imputed even to Macarius who is clear of it. And they are not ashamed to parade the sacred mysteries before Catechumens, and worse than that, even before heathens 505 : whereas, they ought to attend to what is written, It is good to keep close the secret of a king 506 ; and as the Lord has charged us, Give not that which is holy unto the dogs, neither cast ye your pearls before swine 507 . We ought not then to parade the holy mysteries before the uninitiated, lest the heathen in their ignorance deride them, and the Catechumens being over-curious be offended. However, what was the cup, and where and before whom was it broken? It is the Meletians who make the accusation, who are not worthy of the least credit, for they have been schismatics and enemies of the Church, not of a recent date, but from the times of the blessed Peter, Bishop and Martyr 508 . They formed a conspiracy against Peter himself; they calumniated his successor Achillas; they accused Alexander even before the Emperor; and being thus well versed in these arts, they have now transferred their enmity to Athanasius, acting altogether in accordance with their former wickedness. For as they slandered those that have been before him, so now they have slandered him. But their calumnies and false accusations have never prevailed against him until now, that they have got Eusebius and his fellows for their assistants and patrons, on account of the impiety which these have adopted from the Arian madmen, which has led them to conspire against many Bishops, and among the rest Athanasius.
Now the place where they say the cup was broken, was not a Church; there was no Presbyter in occupation of the place; and the day on which they say that Macarius did the deed, was not the Lords day. Since then there was no church there; since there was no one to perform the sacred office; and since the day did not require the use of it 509 ; what was this cup belonging to the mysteries, and when, or where was it broken? There are many cups, it is plain, both in private houses, and in the public market; and if a person breaks one of them, he is not guilty of impiety. But the cup which belongs to the mysteries, and which if it be broken intentionally, makes the perpetrator of the deed an impious person, is found only among those who lawfully preside. This is the only description that can be given of this kind of cup; there is none other; this you legally give to the people to drink; this you have received according to the canon of the Church 510 ; this belongs only to those who preside over the Catholic Church, for to you only it appertains to administer the Blood of Christ, and to none besides. But as he who breaks the cup belonging to the mysteries is an impious person, much more impious is he who treats the p. 107 Blood of Christ with contumely: and he does so who does this 511 contrary to the rule of the Church. (We say this, not as if a cup even of the schismatics was broken by Macarius, for there was no cup there at all; how should there be? where there was neither Lords house nor any the belonging to the Church, nay, it was not the time of the celebration of the mysteries). Now such a person is the notorious Ischyras, who was never appointed to his office by the Church, and when Alexander admitted the Presbyters that had been ordained by Meletius, he was not even numbered amongst them; and therefore did not receive ordination even from that quarter.
12. By what means then did Ischyras become a Presbyter? who was it that ordained him? was it Colluthus? for this is the only supposition that remains. But it is well known and no one has any doubt about the matter that Colluthus died a Presbyter, and that every ordination of his was invalid, and that all that were ordained by him during the schism were reduced to the condition of laymen, and in that rank appear in the congregation. How then can it be believed that a private person, occupying a private house had in his possession a sacred chalice? But the truth is, they gave the name of Presbyter at the time to a private person, and gratified him with this title to support him in his iniquitous conduct towards us; and now as the reward of his accusations they procure for him the erection of a Church 512 . So that this man had then no Church; but as the reward of his malice and subserviency to them in accusing us, he receives now what he had not before; nay, perhaps they have even remunerated his services with the Episcopate, for so he goes about reporting, and accordingly behaves towards us with great insolence. Thus are such rewards as these now bestowed by Bishops upon accusers and calumniators though indeed it is reasonable, in the case of an accomplice, that as they have made him a partner in their proceedings, so they should also make him their associate in their own Episcopate. But this is not all; give ear yet further to their proceedings at that time.
13. Being unable to prevail against the truth, though they had thus set themselves in array against it, and Ischyras having proved nothing at Tyre, but being shewn to be a calumniator, and the calumny ruining their plot, they defer proceedings for fresh evidence, and profess that they are going to send to the Mareotis certain of their party to enquire diligently into the matter. Accordingly they dispatched secretly, with the assistance of the civil power, persons to whom we openly objected on many accounts, as being of the party of Arius, and therefore our enemies; namely, Diognius 513 , Maris, Theodorus, Macedonius, and two others, young both in years and mind 514 , Ursacius and Valens from Pannonia; who, after they had undertaken this long journey for the purpose of sitting in judgment upon their enemy, set out again from Tyre for Alexandria. They did not shrink from becoming witnesses themselves, although they were the judges, but openly adopted every means of furthering their design, and undertook any labour or journey whatsoever in order to bring to a successful issue the conspiracy which was in progress. They left the Bishop Athanasius detained in a foreign country while they themselves entered their enemys city, as if to have their revel both against his Church and against his people. And what was more outrageous still, they took with them the accuser Ischyras, but would not permit Macarius, the accused person, to accompany them, but left him in custody at Tyre. For Macarius the Presbyter of Alexandria was made answerable for the charge far and near.
14. They therefore entered Alexandria alone with the accuser, their partner in lodging, board, and cup; and taking with them Philagrius the Prefect of Egypt they proceeded to the Mareotis, and there carried on the so-called investigation by themselves, all their own way, with the forementioned person. Although the Presbyters frequently begged that they might be present, they would not permit them. The Presbyters both of the city and of the whole country desired to attend, that they might detect who and whence the persons were who were suborned by Ischyras. But they forbade the Ministers to be present, while they carried on the examination concerning church, cup, table, and the holy things, before the heathen; nay, worse than that, they summoned heathen witnesses during the enquiry concerning a cup belonging to the mysteries; and those persons who they affirmed were taken out of the way by Athanasius by summons of the Receiver-general, and they knew not where in the world they were, these same individuals they brought forward before themselves and the Prefect only, and avowedly used their testimony, whom they affirmed without shame to have been secreted by the Bishop Athanasius.
p. 108 But here too their only object is to effect his death, and so they again pretend that persons are dead who are still alive, following the same method they adopted in the case of Arsenius. For the men are living, and are to be seen in their own country; but to you who are at a great distance from the spot they make a great stir about the matter as though they had disappeared, in order that, as the evidence is so far removed from you, they may falsely accuse our brother-minister, as though he used violence and the civil power; whereas they themselves have in all respects acted by means of that power and the countenance of others. For their proceedings in the Mareotis were parallel to those at Tyre; and as there a Count attended with military assistance, and would permit nothing either to be said or done contrary to their pleasure, so here also the Prefect of Egypt was present with a band of men, frightening all the members of the Church, and permitting no one to give true testimony. And what was the strangest thing of all, the persons who came, whether as judges or witnesses, or, what was more likely, in order to serve their own purposes and those of Eusebius, lived in the same place with the accuser, even in his house, and there seemed to carry on the investigation as they pleased.
15. We suppose you are not ignorant what outrages they committed at Alexandria; for they are reported everywhere. Naked swords 515 were at work against the holy virgins and brethren; scourges were at work against their persons, esteemed honourable in the sight of God, so that their feet were lamed by the stripes, whose souls are whole and sound in purity and all good works 516 . The trades were excited against them; and the heathen multitude was set to strip them naked, to beat them, wantonly to insult them, and to threaten them with their altars and sacrifices. And one coarse fellow, as though license had now been given them by the Prefect in order to gratify the Bishops, took hold of a virgin by the hand, and dragged her towards an altar that happened to be near, imitating the practice of compelling to offer sacrifice in time of persecution. When this was done, the virgins took to flight, and a shout of laughter was raised by the heathen against the Church; the Bishops being in the place, and occupying the very house where this was going on; and from which, in order to obtain favour with them, the virgins were assaulted with naked swords, and were exposed to all kinds of danger, and insult, and wanton violence. And this treatment they received on a fast-day 517 , and at the hands of persons who themselves were feasting with the Bishops indoors.
16. Foreseeing these things, and reflecting that the entrance of enemies into a place is no ordinary calamity, we protested against this commission. And Alexander 518 , Bishop of Thessalonica, considering the same, wrote to the people residing there, discovering the conspiracy, and testifying of the plot. They indeed reckon him to be one of themselves, and account him a partner in their designs; but they only prove thereby the violence they have exercised towards him. For even the profligate Ischyras himself was only induced by fear and violence to proceed in the matter, and was obliged by force to undertake the accusation. As a proof of this, he wrote himself to our brother Athanasius 519 , confessing that nothing of the kind that was alleged had taken place there, but that he was suborned to make a false statement. This declaration he made, though he was never admitted by Athanasius as a Presbyter, nor received such a title of grace from him, nor was entrusted by way of recompense with the erection of a Church, nor expected the bribe of a Bishopric; all of which he obtained from them in return for undertaking the accusation. Moreover, his whole family held communion with us 520 , which they would not have done had they been injured in the slightest degree.
17. Now to prove that these things are facts and not mere assertions, we have the testimony 521 of all the Presbyters of the Mareotis 522 , who always accompany the Bishop in his visitations, and who also wrote at the time against Ischyras. But neither those of them who came to Tyre were allowed to declare the truth 523 , nor could those who remained in the Mareotis obtain permission to refute the calumnies of Ischyras 524 . The copies also of the letters of Alexander, and of the Presbyters, and of Ischyras will prove the same thing. We have sent also the letter of the father of the Emperors, in which he expresses his indignation that the murder of Arsenius was charged upon any one while the man was still alive; as also his astonishment at the variable and inp. 109 consistent character of their accusations with respect to the cup; since at one time they accused the Presbyter Macarius, at another the Bishop Athanasius, of having broken it with his hands. He declares also on the one hand that the Meletians are calumniators, and on the other that Athanasius is perfectly innocent.
And are not the Meletians calumniators, and above all John 525 , who after coming into the Church, and communicating with us, after condemning himself, and no longer taking any part in the proceedings respecting the cup, when he saw Eusebius and his fellows zealously supporting the Arian madmen, though they had not the daring to co-operate with them openly, but were attempting to employ others as their masks, undertook a character, as an actor in the heathen theatres 526 ? The subject of the drama was a contest of Arians; the real design of the piece being their success, but John and his partizans being put on the stage and playing the parts, in order that under colour of these, the supporters of the Arians in the garb of judges might drive away the enemies of their impiety, firmly establish their impious doctrines, and bring the Arians into the Church. And those who wish to drive out true religion strive all they can to prevail by irreligion; they who have chosen the part of that impiety which wars against Christ, endeavour to destroy the enemies thereof, as though they were impious persons; and they impute to us the breaking of the cup, for the purpose of making it appear that Athanasius, equally with themselves, is guilty of impiety towards Christ.
For what means this mention of a cup belonging to the mysteries by them? Whence comes this religious regard for the cup among those who support impiety towards Christ? Whence comes it that Christs cup is known to them who know not Christ? How can they who profess to honour that cup, dishonour the God of the cup? or how can they who lament over the cup, seek to murder the Bishop who celebrates the mysteries therewith? for they would have murdered him, had it been in their power. And how can they who lament the loss of the throne that was Episcopally covered 527 , seek to destroy the Bishop that sat upon it, to the end that both the throne may be without its Bishop, and that the people may be deprived of godly doctrine? It was not then the cup, nor the murder, nor any of those portentous deeds they talk about, that induced them to act thus; but the forementioned heresy of the Arians, for the sake of which they conspired against Athanasius and other Bishops, and still continue to wage war against the Church.
Who are they that have really been the cause of murders and banishments? Is it not these? Who are they that, availing themselves of external support, conspire against the Bishops? Are not Eusebius and his fellows the men, and not Athanasius, as they say in their letters? Both he and others have suffered at their hands. Even at the time of which we speak, four Presbyters 528 of Alexandria, though they had not even proceeded to Tyre, were banished by their means. Who then are they whose conduct calls for tears and lamentations? Is it not they, who after they have been guilty of one course of persecution, do not scruple to add to it a second, but have recourse to all manner of falsehood, in order that they may destroy a Bishop who will not give way to their impious heresy? Hence arises the enmity of Eusebius and his fellows; hence their proceedings at Tyre; hence their pretended trials; hence also now the letters which they have written even without any trial, expressing the utmost confidence in their statements; hence their calumnies before the father of the Emperors, and before the most religious Emperors themselves.
18. For it is necessary that you should know what is now reported to the prejudice of our fellow-minister Athanasius, in order that you may thereby be led to condemn their wickedness, and may perceive that they desire nothing else but to murder him. A quantity of corn was given by the father of the Emperors for the support of certain widows, partly of Libya, and partly certain out of Egypt. They have all received it up to this time, Athanasius getting nothing therefrom, but the trouble of assisting them. But now, although the recipients themselves make no complaint, but acknowledge that they have received it, Athanasius has been accused of selling all the corn, and appropriating the profits to his own use: and the Emperor wrote to this effect about it, charging him with the offence in consequence of the calumnies which had been raised against him. Now who are they which have raised these calumnies? Is it not those who after they have been guilty of one course of persecution, scruple not to set on foot another? Who are the authors of those letters which are said to have come from the Emperor? Are not the Arians, who are so zealous against Athanasius, and scruple not to speak and write anything against him? No one would pass over persons p. 110 who have acted as they have done, in order to entertain suspicion of others. Nay, the proof of their calumny appears to be most evident for they are anxious under cover of it, to take away the corn from the Church, and to give it to the Arians. And this circumstance more than any other, brings the matter home to the authors of this design and their principals, who scrupled neither to set on foot a charge of murder against Athanasius, as a base means of prejudicing the Emperor against him, nor yet to take away from the Clergy of the Church the subsistence of the poor, in order that in fact they might make gain for the heretics.
19. We have sent also the testimony of our fellow-ministers in Libya, Pentapolis, and Egypt, from which likewise you may learn the false accusations which have been brought against Athanasius. And these things they do, in order that, the professors of true godliness being henceforth induced by fear to remain quiet, the heresy of the impious Arians may be brought in in its stead. But thanks be to your piety, dearly beloved, that you have frequently anathematized the Arians in your letters, and have never given them admittance into the Church. The exposure of Eusebius and his fellows is also easy and ready at hand. For behold, after their former letters concerning the Arians, of which also we have sent you copies, they now openly stir up the Arian madmen against the Church, though the whole Catholic Church has anathematized them; they have appointed a Bishop 529 over them; they distract the Churches with threats and alarms, that they may gain assistants in their impiety in every part. Moreover, they send Deacons to the Arian madmen, who openly join their assemblies; they write letters to them, and receive answers from them, thus making schisms in the Church, and holding communion with them; and they send to every part, commending their heresy, and repudiating the Church, as you will perceive from the letters they have addressed to the Bishop of Rome 530 and perhaps to yourselves also. You perceive therefore, dearly beloved, that these things are not undeserving of vengeance: they are indeed dreadful and alien from the doctrine of Christ.
Wherefore we have assembled together, and have written to you, to request of your Christian wisdom to receive this our declaration and sympathize with our brother Athanasius, and to shew your indignation against Eusebius and his fellows who have essayed such things, in order that such malice and wickedness may no longer prevail against the Church. We call upon you to be the avengers of such injustice, reminding you of the injunction of the Apostle, Put away from among yourselves that wicked person 531 . Wicked indeed is their conduct, and unworthy of your communion. Wherefore give no further heed to them, though they should again write to you against the Bishop Athanasius (for all that proceeds from them is false); not even though they subscribe their letter with names 532 of Egyptian Bishops. For it is evident that it will not be we who write, but the Meletians 533 , who have ever been schismatics, and who even unto this day make disturbances and raise factions in the Churches. For they ordain improper persons, and all but heathens; and they are guilty of such actions as we are ashamed to set down in writing, but which you may learn from those whom we have sent unto you, who will also deliver to you our letter.
20. Thus wrote the Bishops of Egypt to all Bishops, and to Julius, Bishop of Rome.
The Council of Sardica says eighty; which is a usual number in Egyptian Councils. (vid. Tillemont, vol. 8. p. 74.) There were about ninety Bishops in Egypt, the Thebais, and Libya. The present Council was held [at the end of 338 or possibly at the beginning of 339]. Its synodal Epistle is contained below, §3, and is particularly addressed to Pope Julius, §20.
100:473This was held in 340. Juliuss Letter is found below, §21.
100:474Vid. infr. §58. This was a.d. 347.
100:475 100:476ὡς ἠθέλησαν. vid. infr. §14. de Decr. §3. de Syn. §13. Ep. Æg. §5.
100:477This implies that Valens and Ursacius were subjected to some kind of persecution, which is natural [most improbable]. They relapsed in 351, when Constantius on the death of Constans came into possession of his brothers dominions; and professed to have been forced to their former recantation by the latter Emperor.
101:478 101:479 101:480 102:481 102:482 102:483 103:484 103:485 103:486 103:487The Eusebians alleged that, fifty-four Bishops of the two parties of S. Alexander and Meletius being assembled for the election, and having sworn to elect by the common voice, six or seven of these broke their oaths in favour of S. Athanasius, whom no one had thought of, and consecrated him in secret to the great surprise and scandal of both ecclesiastical and lay persons. vid. Socr. ii. 17. Philostorgius (a.d. 425) adds particulars, explanatory or corrective of this statement, of which the Bishops in the text do not seem to have heard; viz., that Athanasius with his party one night seized on the Church of St. Dionysius, and compelled two Bishops whom he found there to consecrate him against their will; that he was in consequence anathematized by all the other Bishops, but that, fortifying himself in his position, he sent in his election to the Emperor, and by this means obtained its confirmation. H. E. ii. 16. It appears, in matter of fact, that S. Athan. was absent at time of his election; as Socrates says, in order to avoid it, or as Epiphanius, on business at the Court; these reasons are compatible. [Cf. Prolegg. ch. ii. §4, and Gwatkins note, quoted there.]
103:488It is contested whether S. Athan. was ever one of S. Antonys monks, the reading of a passage in the commencement of his Vit. Ant., which would decide the question, varying in different mss. The word "ascetic" is used of those who lived a life, as afterwards followed in Monasteries, in the Ante-Nicene times. [See D.C.B. 1. 181a, and Prolegg. ch. ii. §1 ad fin, and Introd. to Vit. Ant.]
103:489The Canons of Nicæa and Sardica were absolute against translation, but, as Bingham observes, Antiqu. vi. 4. §6, only as a general rule. The so-called Apostolical Canons except "a reasonable cause" and the sanction of a Council; one of the Councils of Carthage prohibits them when subserving ambitious views, and except for the advantage of the Church. Vid. list of translations in Socr. Hist. vii. 36. Cassiodor. Hist. xii. 8. Niceph. Hist. xiv. 39. Coteler. adds others ad Can. Apost. 14. [cf. Hist Ari. 7.]
104:490i.e. Constantinople on the expulsion of Paul.
104:4911 Tim. vi. 5; Matt. xviii. 20; 2 Cor. x. 15; 1 Cor. vii. 27.
104:492Or Theognis; he was, as well as Eusebius, a pupil of Lucians, and was deposed together with him after the Nicene Council for communicating with Arians. [They were not ecclesiastically deposed, but exiled by the Emperor, see Prolegg. ch. ii. §§3 (1) and (2) c, 6 (1).] Constantine banished them to Gaul; they were recalled in the course of two or three years. He was dead by the date of the Council of Sardica.
104:493Eusebian Council of Tyre, a.d. 335.
104:494On his return from Gaul, Nov. 23, a.d. 337. [Prolegg. ch. ii. §6 (1).]
104:495 104:496At the Council of Tyre, Potamo, an Egyptian Bishop and Confessor asked Eusebius what had happened to him in prison during the persecution, Epiph. Hær. 68, 7, as if hinting at his cowardice. It appears that Eusebius was prisoner at Cæsarea with S. Pamphilus; yet he never mentions the fact himself, which is unlike him, if it was producible. [The insinuation of Potammon was groundless: see Dic. C. Biog. ii. 311.]
104:497George, Bishop of Laodicea, had been degraded when a priest by S. Alexander, for his profligate habits as well as his Arianism. Athan. speaks of him elsewhere as reprobated even by his party. de Fug. 26. [Cf. §49, de Syn. 17. Prolegg. ch. ii. §3 (2) c, 2.]
105:498 105:499Hist. Ari. 11, and below §§36, 71.
105:500 105:501By Constantine into Gaul, a.d. 336.
105:502The circumstances of this appeal, which are related by Athan. below, §86, are thus summed up by Gibbon; "Before the final sentence could be pronounced at Tyre, the intrepid primate threw himself into a bark which was ready to hoist sail for the imperial city. The request of a formal audience might have been opposed or eluded; but Athanasius concealed his arrival, watched the moment of Constantines return from an adjacent villa, and boldly encountered his angry sovereign as he passed on horseback through the principal street of Constantinople. So strange an apparition excited his surprise and indignation; and the guards were ordered to remove the importunate suitor; but his resentment was subdued by involuntary respect; and the haughty spirit of the Emperor was awed by the courage and eloquence of a Bishop, who implored his justice and awakened his conscience." Decl. and Fall, xxi. Athan. was a small man in person.
105:503 105:504 106:505This period, when Christianity was acknowledged by the state but not embraced by the population, is just the time when we hear most of this Reserve as a principle. While Christians were but a sect, persecution enforced a discipline, and when they were commensurate with the nation, faith made it unnecessary. We are now returned to the state of the fourth century.
106:506 106:507 106:508[Cf. §59, and Ep. Æg. 22, Prolegg. ch. ii. §2 init.]
106:509This seems to imply that the Holy Communion was only celebrated on Sundays in the Egyptian Churches. [Cf. §§63, 74, 76.]
106:510 107:511 107:512 107:513Vid. also Ep. Æg. 7. Euseb. Vit. C. iv. 43. Hilar. ad Const. i. 5. Fragm. ii. 12. [Diognius is another form of Theognius or Theognis. See Prolegg. ch. ii. §5.]
107:514Vid. also Ep. Æg. 7. Euseb. Vit. C. iv. 43. Hilar. ad Const. i. 5. Fragm. ii. 12. [Diognius is another form of Theognius or Theognis. See Prolegg. ch. ii. §5.]
108:515Cf. Encycl. 3, Apol. Const. 33.
108:516 108:517[Not in Lent, for the commission were at Alexandria in September, see the date of the protest, infra, §76.]
108:518This Alexander had been one of the Nicene Fathers, in 325, and had the office of publishing their decrees in Macedonia, Greece, &c. He was at the Council of Jerusalem ten years after, at which the Church of the Holy Sepulchre was consecrated, and afterwards Arius admitted to communion. His influence with the Court party seems to have been great, judging from Count Dionysiuss tone in speaking of him. Infr. §§66, 80, 81.
108:519 108:520 108:521 108:522The district, called Mareotis from a neighbouring lake, lay in the territory and diocese of Alexandria, to the south-west. It consisted of various large villages, with handsome Churches, and resident Priests, and of hamlets which had none; of the latter was "Irene of Secontarurus)" (infr. §85.) where Ischyras lived.
108:523 108:524 109:525Arcaph. infr. 65 fin., head of the Meletians.
109:526Vid. infr. §37, 46. and de Syn. 32, note.
109:527Cathedræ velatæ, see Bingh. viii. 6. §10.
109:528 110:529 110:530 110:531 110:532The Eusebians availed themselves of the subscriptions of the Meletians, as at Philippopolis, Hilar. Fragm. 3.


text:
(Madison) – In testimony submitted to the Public Service
Commission of Wisconsin (PSCW) on Wednesday, RENEW Wisconsin objected to We
Energies' proposal to weaken its net-metering service to new customers seeking
to generate electricity on-site using solar panels and other renewable energy
In its current rate proceeding, We Energies proposes not
to pay a new customer-generator for any electricity produced in excess of the
amount consumed on site.
"We Energies' proposal is a radical
departure from its current practice paying the full retail rate for energy
that's fed back to the utility's system," said Michael Vickerman, director of
programs and policy for RENEW Wisconsin, a statewide renewable energy advocacy
"This proposal is the most
extreme example yet of We Energies' ongoing retreat from customer-sited
renewables, and we urge the PSCW to reject it.
Net metering allows customers to sell
the unused output from their solar electric or other renewable energy systems
back to the utility at the full retail rate each month, so long as the total
amount of electricity produced is less than or equal to the customers'
"Utilities routinely pay for all the energy supplied by non-utility generators to its
"By refusing to purchase the
small amounts of electricity they may export to the utility, We Energies is abusing
its monopoly power in a way that discriminates against its own customers."
Vickerman said.
its proposal, We Energies would limit its net metering service to systems no
larger than 20 kilowatts. In contrast, Madison Gas & Electric, Xcel Energy,
and Wisconsin Public Service provide net metering to systems as large as 100
"When you take into account what other in-state
utilities are offering, it seems obvious that We Energies is asking for special
treatment from the PSC.
Yet, it has
provided nothing in its rate case to demonstrate that a higher net metering ceiling
would cause it any more harm than to the other utilities," said Vickerman.
pointed to Michigan as a better model for setting net-metering service
to legislation passed in 2008, We Energies' Michigan customers enjoy a much
higher standard of service than what the utility proposes for its Wisconsin
customers," Vickerman said.
"Along with
all other investor-owned utilities in Michigan, We Energies must provide full
retail credit for all electricity produced by renewable energy systems up to 20
kW and must provide a reasonable net metering rate for systems up to 150 kW."
the most recent Freeing the Grid: Best Practices in State Metering Policies report
prepared for the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Michigan rated an "A"
for its net-metering policies. By comparison, Wisconsin earned a "C." The report can be viewed here.
Earlier this month, RENEW issued
a report card grading individual utility performance
on renewable energy, in which We Energies received a "C" for its 2011 performance.
RENEW Wisconsin is an independent, nonprofit
501(c)(3) organization that leads and represents businesses, organizations, and
individuals who seek more clean renewable energy in Wisconsin.More information on RENEW's Web site at

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Double Helical Magnetic Interaction
Copyright © 2022 by
Matt Emery.
All rights reserved.
Sound Base
Edward Leedskalnin bases his unified field theory on detailed observations he made from direct experimentation with magnetism and electricity. Leedskalnin identifies a unipolar magnetic particle, the individual North and South pole magnet, as the prime subatomic carrier of energy, and sets out to disprove the theory of the electron along with what he considers,
the weak foundations of modern atomic theory
. He provides evidence for his more sound base of understanding by demonstrating the results of over fifty experiments. He insists the implications will impact all branches of science because they all lack a sound base.
Leedskalnin presents his findings in pamphlets and markets them in newspaper advertisements during the 1940's and 1950's, prefacing his Great Work with a warning to potential customers —
Don't bother buying the writings if you don't plan on doing the experiments.
The writings and experiments are available
. Test them yourself.
Magnetic Beam Amplifier
neodymium, brass, nickel, stainless, copper. Variation of Lockheed Martin patent by Boyd Bushman.
7"W x 7"H x 4"D
Disclaimer and Limits of Liability
The demonstrations and procedures described within this website are derived from the research and personal experiences of the author. The author is not responsible for any negative or adverse effects or consequences from the use of anything suggested, demonstrated, or discussed on this site.
You know we receive an education in the schools from books. All those books that people became educated from twenty-five years ago, are wrong now, and those that are good now, will be wrong again twenty-five years from now. So if they are wrong then, they are also wrong now, and the one who is educated from the wrong books is not educated, he is misled. All books that are written are wrong, the one who is not educated cannot write a book and the one who is educated, is really not educated but he is misled and the one who is misled cannot write a book which is correct.
The misleading began when our distant ancestors began to teach their descendants. You know they knew nothing but they passed their knowledge of nothing to the coming generations and it went so innocently that nobody noticed it. That is why we are not educated.
Now I will tell you what education is according to my reasoning. An educated person is one whose senses are refined. We are born as brutes, we remain and die as the same if we do not become polished. But all senses do not take polish. Some are to coarse to take it. The main base of education is one's "self-respect". Any one lacking self-respect cannot be educated. The main bases of self-respect is the willingness to learn, to do only the things that are good and right, to believe only in the things that can be proved, to possess appreciation and self control.
Now, if you lack willingness to learn, you will remain as a brute and if you do things that are not good and right, you will be a low person, and if you believe in things that cannot be proved, any feeble minded person can lead you, and if you lack appreciation, it takes away the incentive for good doing and if you lack self control you will never know the limit.
So all those lacking these characteristics in their makeup are not educated.
Ed Leedskalnin, 1936.
Perpetual Motion Holder
Castle Photos
Ed's Pics
Tips For The Rocket People
Dave Nelson's Commentary on Leedskalnin
Ed's Generator
Leedskalnn's Writings
Double Helical Magnetic Interaction
Leedskalnin does not describe the actual structure of the individual North and South pole magnet, but does show the structure of electricity using a fail safe technique comparable to how the double-helical structure of DNA was discovered.
In 1951 Rosalind Franklin discovered the structure of DNA using a technique called x-ray crystallography or x-ray diffraction. Crystallographers shoot x-rays at matter and they diffract onto a detector. Based on the diffraction pattern, a 3-D model of complex crystalline structures can be calculated. It is an effective technique still used today. Leedskalnin uses a similar technique demonstrated in the experiment below to evaluate the structure of electricity.
How Electricity Runs In A Wire: Leedskalnin's
magnetic diffraction
experiment that reveals the double helix. Magnets are NSNSNS.
Direct Current (DC)
Leedskalnin explains that the
diffraction pattern
demonstrated in the wire experiment proves that electricity is composed of two equal and opposite magnetic forces that interact integrally — screwing forward against each other from opposite directions. Today, we would recognize his description as a double helix:
The real magnet is the substance that is circulating in the metal. Each particle in the substance is an individual magnet by itself, and both North and South Pole individual magnets
Unipole: A Single Helix
The true essence of duality is a singularity. Likewise, the individual North and South pole magnets are not monopoles, but rather unipoles because a helix can only propagate toward one pole a time. Coincidentally, the mathematical term for either end of any helix is
. The individual North or South Pole magnets are then one one in the same with the only difference being their direcection of travel relative to one another. To reiterates, the helical shape gives them the ability to function as either pole, which is determined by their direction of travel. This is consistent with Leedkslanin's Atomic Model and associated theories. For instance, Leedskalnin tells us specifically that they are one in the same on the first page of Magnetic Current:
The helix structure is the only structure that fits this definition.
The helix is the only structure capable of fully demonstrating the observable behavior of magnetism and gravity.
The helix is the only structure that has the ability to propel through resistance by axial rotation alone. It also has the ability to reverse the direction of it's forward movement 180 degrees; yet always uses the same direction of axial rotation to propagate — to the right, when screwing in the direction of either pole.
It is commonly known that the North pole of a magnet is only attracted to the South pole of another magnet if they are facing each other, because by definition. the flows are moving in opposite directions, which means they have to be moving either toward or away from each other to be attracted, like rays.
Attracting magnets have an awe inspiring inner dynamic, yet their interactions are more uniform and stabile than those that repel. They coalesce into a true duality, causing growth by integrating their circulatory energies into one.
Break a bar magnet into any two unequal portions. Because, the smaller piece is now a fractal of the larger piece with the same direction of magnetic circulation (polarization), it can no longer rejoin at the break. Again, magnets that travel in the same direction are not attracted to one another because by definition they have same polarity. They repel.
After viewing the video below, you can get a better understanding of the principles of repulsion by putting two right hand notebook spirals on a wooden rod. Move the one in back forward until it hits the one in front. Turn it slowly while moving it forward. The two helices will not engage one another, but will line up and you can turn the one front by turning the one in back. They will not unite integrally like attracting magnets. This demonstrates an aspect of the cumulative power of magnetism and helps in understanding the mechanics of polarization. Put only one helix on the wooden rod and define a pole to screw toward. Now cut the helix into three or four equal or unequal segments. They will all still screw toward the defined pole.
Consider the AA battery used to charge the Perpetual Motion Holder. The magnets held at bay in each end of the battery have pushing power. The helical shape gives them the power to propagate forward from rotation alone - they are always rotating in an effort to screw themselves forward, but that can only get them so far, especially when the air is not an ideal substance for this type of propulsion system. When the circuit is complete they are allowed to screw against each other where they attain pulling power along with their pushing power - the more tension between the two, the harder they work to screw forward against each other (voltage). North and South pole magnets are only truly content when they are able to screw against each other. The orbit of the PMH provides the right geometrical structure for them to do this forever.
Natural AC
Leedskalnin explains that the AC coming from the transformer outside of your house is AC before it hits the transformer so the poles inside transformer alternate. The Perpetual Motion Holder produces AC but its poles do not alternate. He tells us that the action of natural AC is already taking place in the power lines before manmade AC is ran through them — that the power lines themselves are acting like generators. Here are a few things Leedskalnin teaches about
magnet making
Now about the generator, in the first place all currents are alternating. To get direct currents we have to use a commutator.
To make magnets with currents from batteries and dynamos with a single wire the metal will have to be put on the wire in such a way so that the magnets which are coming out of the wire will be running in the metal starting form the middle of the metal and run to the end and not from end to middle and across a they did the last time.
In a car battery the North Pole magnets run out of positive terminal and South Pole magnets run out of negative terminal. Both kinds of magnets are running, one kind of magnets against the other kind, and are running in the same right-hand screw fashion. By using the same whirling motion and running one kind of magnets against the other kind, they throw their own magnets form the wire in opposite directions. That is why if you put a magnet metal across the copper wire the one end is North Pole and the other end is South Pole.
Break five inches long piece of the fishing line [steel], put the middle of the wire across and on top of the copper wire, touch the battery, hold until the copper wire gets hot, dip the middle of the wire in iron filings, then you will see how long a magnet can be made with this equipment.
The coil is not necessary to make magnetic currents. Currents can be created with a single wire. The coil is necessary to increase the amount and strength of the currents.
Man Made AC.
Millions of people all over the world are being fooled by the non-existing electrons. Here is how the electrons came into existence. Thomson invented an imaginary baby and called it an electron. Rutherford adopted it and now the men with the long hair are nursing it. The electron has a brother and its name is proton, but it is heavy and lazy. It remains stationary in the middle, but the electron has to run around it. To the electrical engineers the positive electricity is everything, the negative electricity is nothing, but to the physicists the negative electricity is everything, and the positive electricity is nothing. Looking from a neutral standpoint they cancel each other, so we have no electricity, but we have something. If we do not know how to handle the thing that comes through a wire from a generator or a battery, we will get badly shocked. Read the booklet "Magnetic Current" then you will know what the thing is, and the way it runs through a wire.
The invention of an electron came by a tricky method in using electricity in a vacuum tube. Normally whether it be a generator or a battery, the positive terminal will have to be connected to the negative terminal, but in the vacuum tube two batteries with different strength were used, the smaller battery was connected normally, but the larger battery's negative terminal was connected to the smaller battery's negative terminal, and the positive terminal was left alone. That connection gave the negative terminal a double dose of strength, and so it became hotter and could push more. It was called cathode and the positive terminal anode, and the electricity that passed from the cathode to the anode was called electrons.
In case the inventor had used normally direct methods to find out what the electricity was he would have found out that the positive and negative electricity is in equal strength, and are running positive electricity against the negative electricity. That can be seen by connecting each of two pieces of soft iron wire with each terminal of a car battery and then by putting together and pulling away each loose end of the soft iron wire. More sparks can be seen coming out of the positive terminal than from the negative terminal. This direct method is more reliable than the tricky method in the vacuum tube. The trouble with the physicists is they use indirect and ultra-indirect methods to come to their conclusions.
If the inventor of electrons had a vacuum tube in which his electrons could run close to the top of the vacuum tube from the west side of the cathode to the east side of the anode and then would hang a vertically hanging magnet that is made from three-inch long hard steel fishing wire, and then hang one magnet pole at one time right on top in the middle of his stream of electrons, then he would have seen the north pole magnet swinging north, and the south pole magnet swinging south. The same thing will happen if the magnets are held above any wire where the electricity is running through. Those two vertically hanging magnets prove that the electricity is composed of two different and equal forces. Another way to prove this is to connect a flexible wire loop east end of the wire with positive battery's terminal, west end with negative terminal, raise the loop one inch above the floor. Put U shape magnet one inch from loop, north pole south side of the loop. The north pole magnet will pull in the loop. Put the south pole magnet in the same place. It will push the loop away. Put the south pole magnet north side of the loop, this time it will pull the loop in. Put the north pole magnet in the same place, it will push the loop away. This indicates that electricity the same as a magnet bar is composed of two equal forces, and each force is running one against the other in whirling right hand twist, but those forces in the wire have higher speed, and both forces are coming out across from the same wire. One of the forces is north pole magnets and the other is south pole magnets. They are the cosmic forces. Your electric motor is turned around on its axis by north and south pole magnets. Even you could not start your car without the north and south pole magnets.
If electricity is made with north and south pole magnets and the electric motor is turned around on its axis by the north and south pole magnets as is the fact, then this will bring up a question, where then are those Thomson electrons. They are not around the electric motor. The plain answer is they are non-existing.
Imaginary Baby
Leedskalnin can be downright ornery with his wordplay, but no less cunning. His didactic dissertation on education in 1936 exemplified here, now in a more evolved ego charged form, the innocent generationally perpetuated ignorance driven epistemological rupture he notes to have mislead humanity since the beginning —
when the underlying foundational or base understandings are incorrect, any ideas built upon them are also incorrect
. Leedskalnin
cites specific instances
of how this practice continues to retard advancements in all branches of science.
Thomson invented an imaginary baby and called it an electron.
Rutherford adopted it and now the men with the long hair are nursing it.
The electron has a brother and its name is proton, but it is heavy and lazy.
It remains stationary in the middle, but the electron has to run around it.
Mathematical Reasoning
The mathematics behind modern electromagnetic theory may have been originally intended to explain the dynamics postulated on this website. In his paper entitled,
The Double Helix Theory of the Magnetic Field (An interpretation of Maxwell's 1861 paper 'On Physical Lines of Force' parts I to III)
, Frederick David Tombe, proposes an improvement to the understanding of Maxwell's paper by replacing the vortex cells sited in Maxwell's theory, with rotating electron positron dipoles, which bond together to form a double helical electromagnetic dynamic that is described in terms similar to what I have demonstrated above.
Mr. Tombe was formerly a physics instructor at, College of Technology Belfast, and Royal Belfast Academical Institution. His paper was originally submitted on February 15th, 2006, in the Philippine Islands, Cebu City.
The Double Helix Theory of the Magnetic Field
(An interpretation of Maxwell's 1861 paper 'On Physical Lines of Force' parts I to III)
South Pole Individual Magnet ≈ Electron
North Pole Magnet ≈ Proton
South Pole Magnet = negative (-)
North Pole Magnet = positive (+)
The natural path of the South Pole Magnets is to go up in the Northern Hemisphere
The natural path of the North Pole Magnets is to go up in the Southern Hemisphere
Wilton Windmill Formation Working Model
Here is additional information for those who read my advertisement in The Miami Daily News, February 3rd, 1946. The North and South pole individual magnets are the cosmic force. They are the building blocks of nature's perpetual transformation of matter, and they are so small that they can pass through everything,. They pass through the earth from pole to pole, and around the earth. If the North and South pole individual magnets could not pass through a vacuum tube the same as the Thomson's electrons cannot, then they could not be the building blocks. The Thomson electrons are very small parts of matter which come out of the cathode while the cathode is burned up or consumed in the vacuum tube. Without the general circulation of the building blocks there would be no change. Everything would remain the same way as it is now. The building blocks from a matter that go to pieces could not get in the general circulation for the new construction.
I think the Radium and Uranium were built up inside the earth with high pressure, and heat, while the North and South pole individual magnets were circulating through the earth. During the time the Radium and Uranium were inside the earth they absorbed more of the individual North and South pole magnets than they normally could hold, and so now while they are on top of the earth they let the magnets go so they can become normal again.
Gravitation must be caused by the matter in the middle of the earth, and more concentrated than Uranium.
When Uranium atoms burst they release the North and South pole individual magnets that held the atom together, then the magnets scatter all around, they can only pass from the middle to the outside. When the North and South pole magnets are running alongside each other and in the same direction, they have no attraction for the other kind. They only attract if they are running one kind against the other kind. When the magnets are running out of the middle of the earth, as soon as they meet an object they attract it, on account of the fact that in any object there is both kinds of magnets in it. It can be seen by rubbing hard rubber or glass until they get hot., then they will attract sand, iron filings, salt, and other things. To see how it functions, move a salt crystal a little, if it happens to get on a different magnet pole, then it will jump away. Another way is to rub hard rubber until it gets hot, then it will be a temporary magnet. The difference between the rubber magnet and the steel magnet is both North and South poles are in the same side of the rubber and the magnet poles are small and there are many of them close together, but the surplus magnets in the circulating magnet that was put in it. Attract the iron filings with the rubber magnet, then approach with the steel magnet, Change the poles, then you will see some of the filings jump away. This means the steel magnet changed the magnet poles in the iron filings, and so they jumped away.
Electromagnetic Beam Amplifier
EM version of Bushman patent Aluminum, steel,stainless, copper (not shown), brass
20.5"W x 20.5"H x 10.25"D.
Demon Motor
aluminum, steel,
brass, Tesla based design.
19"W x 20.5"H x 15"D.
Cook Electro-magnetic Battery.
steel, copper. Daniel McFarland Cook patent
Jim Randall's
Inner core 2"D x 22"L; Outer helix .5"-.25"T x 3.5"D x18"L
Magnetic Universe
Individual magnets and magnetic currents permeate the universe connecting and building all things according to Leedksalnin's theory. And they are entropy. To accomplish this they will assimilate, adhere to structure, interchange themselves if necessary, and yield to a stronger opposing magnet. This can be proven in many different ways as Leedskalnin teaches. The spring or helical shape allows the magnets and magnetic currents to compress (amperage: bigger wire, more amperage because of more magnets); expand or elongate (voltage: smaller wire, more voltage because of more tension), vary in speed, etc. The naturally penetrate helical structure of the individual North and South pole magnet contributes to their ability to to screw threw anything. . Leedskalnin insists that without these characteristics the electron could not be a building block.
The Individual Magnet VS. The Electron
Leedksalnin provides experiments and demonstrates the results to support his claims about the individual magnet. He also gives us common sense reasons why the electron is not feasible. He goes even further by demonstrating the flaws in the JJ Thomson experiment that led to the invention of the electron:
Persistent Current
Perpetual Motion Holder
is a completed circuit that allows the individual magnets to polarize (move in opposite directions) into two individual currents. They orbit the PMH in opposition to each other indefinitely — not going around one another, but screwing through one another. This demonstrates how all permanent magnets are made, we learn. Leedskalnin says that If you put one kind of magnet in front of the other in an orbit they will never stop, and that if you guide them in the right channels they possess
perpetual power
. We can
this quite easily with a double helical model of electricity, but modern theory provides no explanation for how or why the PMH works.
Natural Alternating Current
If two magnets or two magnetic currents are running against each other, both spiraling from opposite directions with a right hand twist in a double helical fashion as described, they will switch direction (polarity) so they can continue to screw forward against each other using the same right hand rotation (see animation below for clarification). This illustrates why magnetic currents in nature are alternating as Leedskalnin tells us. This also demonstrates the unipolar mechanics of the individual magnet and magnetic currents.
Man Made Alternating Current (AC)
The PMH cannot be charged with AC because the magnets are not able to set themselves up in opposition.long enough for any bonding to occur. (a continuous state of attraction). In fact, shift in polarity is the most efficient way to discharge the PMH. We can, however, use the PMH to transform DC into natural AC. Leedskalnin's demonstrates how a transformer works by only charging one of the PMH's two coils. The output of the opposite coil is AC (please test this yourself). In the paragraph below Leedskalnin teaches us how AC is made by man:
Magnetic current is the same as electric current is a wrong expression. Really it is not one current they are two currents, one current is composed of North Pole individual magnets in concentrated streams, and the other is composed of South Pole magnets in concentrated streams, and they are running one stream against the other stream in whirling, screw like fashion, and with high speed. One current alone if it be North Pole magnet current or South Pole magnet current it cannot run alone. To run one current will have to run against the other." (Magnetic Current)
The same wire experiment that reveals the double helix produces the same results when performed using the
Perpetual Motion Holder (PMH)
. Leedskalnin makes it a point to say that the same magnets that are running in the wire and in the coil are running in same way in the PMH, meaning the induced currents in the PMH also run in double helical opposition.
This is the way the North and South Pole individual magnets are running out of the coil's wire lengthwise. The reason the North and South pole individual magnets do not run across through the coils' wire as fast as they run in while in the coil is between the U shape magnet, the coil's wire is insulated, there is an air space around every wire and as it is known that the dry air is the best obstruction for the magnets to go through and as you know the coil is well insulated so the damp air does not get in. It is well known that it is many times easier for the magnets to run in metal than in air, now you see when the magnets run in the wire they hesitate to run out of the wire across the same way as they came in, so more of the new magnets are coming in the crosswise, then they can get out crosswise, so they get pushed out through the wire lengthwise. Now you know how the alternating magnetic currents are made.
Cosmic Force
Leedskalnin's individual magnets are polarized particles that make up a universal everlasting substance he calls, Cosmic Force. He also calls this substance
, r
. He says the PMH proves that if we add magnets to a living thing, it can do things that it could not do before.
Even our bodies
, he proclaims:
How One Becomes Two
The Buckminster Fuller / Leedskalnin Connection: 1 + 1 = 4


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The Denver Art Museum (DAM) will present contemporary artist Jeffrey Gibson's first major museum exhibition, showcasing his acclaimed multi-disciplinary work from 2011 to the present. On view May 13–Aug. 12, 2018, Jeffrey Gibson: Like a Hammer will feature about 65 objects comprising large and mid-sized figurative works, text-based wall hangings, a significant selection of his illustrious Everlast beaded punching bags, painted works on rawhide and canvas, as well as videos.
Organized by the DAM and curated by John Lukavic, curator of Native Arts, the exhibition will chronicle a pivotal moment in the artist's career when his contemporary artistic practice converged with his Native American heritage.
"Jeffrey Gibson is widely recognized as a unique and influential voice in contemporary art as well as within Native American art circles, and we are eager to present his first major museum exhibition, which is bold in both color and scale," said Christoph Heinrich, Frederick and Jan Mayer Director of the DAM. "This exhibition builds on our ongoing initiative to showcase contemporary art by American Indian artists. It is also a continuation of our emphasis on organizing monographic exhibitions, exposing, and in some cases introducing, our visitors to a single artist's creative process."
Jeffrey Gibson: Like a Hammer will reveal how the artist draws upon his heritage and remixes his older works to create a distinct visual vocabulary in artworks that explore his multi-faceted identity and the history of modernism. Gibson's abstract works take inspiration from his Choctaw and Cherokee heritage, pan-Native American visual culture, alternative subcultures and the artist's experiences living abroad as well as popular culture.
Materials used in the works on view will include rawhide, tipi poles, sterling silver, wool blankets, metal cones, beads, fringe and sinew. Exploration of materials and striking patterned and textured works in the form of punching bags and wall hangings will incorporate text from poems, Gibson's own voice and popular song lyrics such as Stevie Wonder's "Sir Duke."
"Gibson seamlessly blends indigenous aesthetics and contemporary methods," said Lukavic. "His work offers our visitors an experience that doesn't exist elsewhere and challenges the generic categories of art, presenting a new way of conceptualizing what people see and experience."
Gibson frequently explores colonialism and the post-colonial mindset, reflecting on how American Indian experiences parallel other civil rights movements. His work also revolves around universal themes of love, community, strength, vulnerability and survival.
Through this exhibition, catalog and related programming, visitors will be able to gain an enhanced understanding of Gibson's distinctive and complex creative practice, as well as how it has evolved from series to series.
"Like a Hammer will feature works from one of the most important periods of my career so far," said Gibson. "The exhibition begins with artworks that I made just after nearly giving up making art altogether due to feeling misunderstood as an artist and struggling to establish a personal language that describes my experience without compromising it. The objects, sculptures and paintings I've made since 2011 document this journey of establishing my own forward-looking voice influenced by all that has come before me."
The museum will publish the first exhibition catalog to comprehensively detail Gibson's career and body of work. The publication will feature essays by leading scholars in the contemporary and American Indian art fields that provide a range of perspectives on Gibson's work, including Anne Ellegood, senior curator at the Hammer Museum, and Glenn Adamson, senior scholar, Yale University. The catalog will be available in The Shops at the DAM in May 2018.
Jeffrey Gibson: Like a Hammer will be included in general admission and free for members and youth 18 and under. The exhibition will be on view in the Gallagher Gallery on level 1 of the Frederic C. Hamilton Building at the DAM. Following its presentation in Denver, the exhibition will travel to the Mississippi Museum of Art (Sept. 8, 2018–Jan. 20, 2019), Seattle Art Museum (Feb. 28–May 12, 2019) and Madison Museum of Contemporary Art (June 7–Sept. 14, 2019).


text:
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Seven years ago, a coterie of writers banded together to launch SleuthSayers. In his first column, Dixon Hill introduced his fedora. I think I met that fedora recently.
Dixon Hill |
Dixon has written about his own military training, parachute jumping, explosives, and special ops. Yet in his writing and in real life, he displays quiet confidence and an utter lack of braggadocio. What you read, what you see, is what you get.
But fair warning: Around him, women get a gleam in their eye, that "Yum, Teddy Bear" look, which the rest of us males envy.
I've wanted to meet the man behind the writing. A few months ago, it looked like that might happen, but life intervened. Finally I set foot in Arizona only to meet an elk in the wrong place at the wrong time. Then a death in the family followed. Finally, though, I was free. Dixon squeezed me in.
Despite lack of sleep, he proved the most consummate host. Being raised by a professor shows. A natural teacher, he's written about the history and geography of Greater Phoenix. I found myself racking up mental notes everywhere we visited.
First, at my request came a brief introduction to automatic sidearms, this from a guy who's living (in multiple senses of the word) depended in part upon knowledge and skill of weaponry. Who better to learn from?
Hole-in-the-Rock, Papago Park |
Questions had been gathering in my mind about desert plants, mesquite, ironwood, and especially cactus. With Dixon's wide-ranging interests, I was almost unsurprised to discover he's a member of the Desert Botanical Garden. There, they combine education with beauty.
Dixon shared a story about his father and the infamous 'jumping' cactus, AKA Teddy Bear cactus. His dad experimented, risking his own flesh. He hypothesized cactus pods store up kinetic energy, until the slightest touch sends them exploding off their host plant. Me, I think that's a damn clever theory.
Dixon had another surprise up his sleeve, a visit to the Poisoned Pen Bookstore adjacent to Poisoned Pen Press. Loaded with signed mysteries and science fiction, it's a drool-worthy shop in Scottsdale that seems both packed and airy at once. Independent bookshops could take lessons from them.
I introduced myself to the owner… not too crudely I hoped. Dixon and I made quite the prickly pair.
Setting aside his own fatigue, Dixon showed me his writing cabin set in a corner of the garden. There he retreats to write, coaxing the computer from his arm chair. The fedora there… was it the same Staff Sergeant Hill traveled with around the world? I suspect so.
The visit turned out entertaining and educational, everything and more I expected from a man I learned about through his writing. One day, Dixon, let's do it again.
The Flight of the Phoenix
At Phoenix airport, I gathered my kit around me, my wits and my tickets. Hot as it was, I found myself strangely reluctant to depart. Turned out United had the same notion.
"Whoa," said the ticket agent. "You're too late to board."
"What? No, I can't be." How many times had she heard that story? "Really, I received a confirmation email telling me to check in, like now, I'm on time."
Anxious to put in her propeller, a United supervisor strolled over. Her snoot lifted into the air like my soon-to-depart plane.
"We closed boarding and no, you could not have received such an email."
"I did, I did," I said plaintively, thinking I must have read it wrong. Wait… Although I'd had poor luck finding phone signals in Arizona, five million people populated Phoenix. Surely AT&T had a presence here, didn't they?
I pulled out my dusty iPhone and… Yes! A signal! Moreover, an email! The right one. I held out the phone like a child showing homework to the teacher.
"Ma'am, here's the email. It spells out the details and I'm here on time."
She read it once. Not quite believing it, she peered closer. I could almost hear the chips in her brain going, "Oh crap, he's right." Then she glanced at the clock ticking away on her computer terminal and lit up. "NOW," she said with immense satisfaction, "now you're too late."
The counter agent gave me the most carefully neutral look. She managed to convey a measure of sympathy.
"I've booked you tomorrow. If you don't mind a hint, lose a couple of pounds in your suitcase." Again she gave her patented neutral look. "Thank you for choosing United."
No hurry. Good company, good food, good night's sleep. Orlando could wait another day.
Phoenix Rising
The personality of all cities depend upon geography and geology. More than most, the Copper State's very existence depends upon Mother Nature's good nature.
It's bedrock is literally laid bare. River beds lace hither and yon, empty and dry… most of the time. Water, when it comes, can rage rapidly, as colleague Susan Slater has expressed in her novel, Flash Flood.
Unlike Eastern states, water rights are bought and sold. So are mineral rights. A few strip mines in the Copper State have left behind unnatural terraced hills, white not from rime but extraction chemicals. Arizona has been fortunate in other metals that begin with the letter A in the periodic table: Au, Ag, Al… gold, silver, and aluminum.
NASA used selected places in Arizona for lunar mission training. It's not difficult for an outsider to think of Arizona as a beautiful planet in itself, one where pioneering humans have dug in, stubbornly nesting amongst its fabulous rock structures, a landscape hospitable to the hardiest among us.
Just avoid uninsured elk.


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Though the negative side effects associated with teeth whitening are relatively mild, there are still some factors that our Surrey dentists want patients to consider when they are considering this cosmetic dental procedure.
"Teeth whitening" and "teeth bleaching" do not mean exactly the same thing.
The term "teeth whitening" is an umbrella term for making your teeth whiter. Teeth whitening can be done with a number of teeth cleaning agents, or over the counter products.
"Teeth bleaching", then, is a type of whitening. It involves hydrogen peroxide or carbamide peroxide. It makes the colour of the teeth themselves lighter.
Because teeth bleaching is the most popular and effective form of teeth whitening, the term is often used interchangeably with teeth whitening.
Most teeth whitening treatments are safe when procedures are followed as directed. However, there are a few relatively minor risk associated with bleaching in particular that you should be aware of.
Teeth bleaching can cause teeth to become temporarily sensitive to temperatures. Some people experience a spontaneous pain down the centre of their front teeth after treatment.
Sensitivity after teeth whitening usually fades away after a few days.
Gum Irritation
More than half of people who use peroxide-based whitening systems experience mild gum irritation caused by the bleach concentration or contact with the trays.
Gum irritation usually subsides within a few days of treatment.
Problems with Restorations
Teeth bleaching products will not lighten the colour of dental restorations, such as dental crowns, fillings, or veneers. In other words, if you have a restoration and try to whiten your teeth, the restoration will stay the same colour.
To prevent this from becoming an issue, many people choose to undergo a course of teeth whitening before their dental restoration procedures.