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January 19, 2018: State Of The Ogre-Verse, 2018Whew! What a year 2017 was for Ogre! Obviously the big event was Ogre's 40th anniversary, and true to a massive, 25-meter-long cybertank, the celebration was huge! We kicked things off with a look back at Ogre's roots, releasing PDFs of the classic Ogre supplements: Shockwave, Ogre Reinforcement Pack, and Ogre Battlefields. All of these have been out of print for years, and some were exceptionally difficult to find on the secondary market. Although not entirely compatible with Ogre Sixth Edition, many of the scenarios can be carried over with little to no work, and the supplements are a wonderful look into the history of the game. Another "old" scenario had a renaissance: Will Hutton took the time to update "Operation Newspaper" to Ogre Designer's Edition standards and we released its PDF alongside the original. The classic scenario by Steve Jackson is now easily playable by those with ODE. If you haven't played this one, you owe it to yourself to check it out. One of the hallmarks of "Operation Newspaper" was the use of LGEVs. Ogre Sixth Edition contained only the classic units, but in March, we released Ogre Reinforcements, bringing LGEVs and the other "advanced" units to the game. Now, both Paneuropean and Combine forces had all the major units available for play. What better way to use these counters than to play some new scenarios? 2017 saw the release of Ogre Scenario Book 3 as well as a completely revised and updated version of Ogre Scenario Book 1. Ogre Scenario Book 3 was a collection of nine scenarios written by Steve Jackson, bringing us yet one step closer to completing the various promises from the Ogre Designer's Edition Kickstarter. These two books, along with Ogre Scenario Book 2 (released at the end of 2016), brought 30 scenarios to the game board. Ogre Miniatures received some love this past year. Although we failed to release a second edition of the venerable rule set (more on that below), we did run a Kickstarter for Ogre Miniatures Set 2 and got Ogre Miniatures Set 1 on most of your tabletops. The Set 2 Kickstarter was a success and we are developing plans for Ogre Miniatures Set 3. For those who missed out on the Set 1 Kickstarter, we released both the standard Set 1 and Ogre Miniatures Armory Set 1 on Warehouse 23, the latter combining the red, blue, green and glow-in-the-dark sets with brand new black Mark III and Mark V Ogres. There was other support for Ogre Miniatures as well. Ogre Miniatures Lite, the one-page starter rule set for Ogre Miniatures was updated and included with every copy of Ogre Miniatures Set 1. A free PDF download is also available on Warehouse 23. Speaking of free releases, they just kept popping up. In addition to the above, there was Ogre Stream Overlays, a PDF on Warehouse 23 that brought rules for streams to Ogre Sixth Edition, as well as overlays that might be used on the Ogre map. A new scenario, and modifications to some old ones, was included in the release. In a completely different vein, a set of BGG-Zilla rules were published as a free downloadable PDF over on Board Game Geek. This rule set offered a way of using the 3-D monster found on the BGG 3-D Units Sponsored Counter Sheet. Finally, free PDFs of faction decals and terrain masters were released. The faction decals is for outfitting the new Ogre Miniatures in the finest livery, depicting many of the various factions found in, and after, the Last War. The Ogre Terrain PDF made it much easier for players to create their own overlays to alter maps for ODE or Sixth Edition, or create terrain templates for Ogre Miniatures. Steve penned a great article on Medium on how to use the terrain masters to create terrain for Ogre Miniatures as well as exploring other ways of changing a bland tabletop into a battlefield complete with various terrains. Ogre made the rounds in national publications, too. Game Trade Magazine #210 had a gatefold that contained a playable mini-version of Ogre complete with a new scenario, "Bad Timing". Also last summer, Meeple Monthly #56 featured an article titled "40 Years of Ogre Miniatures," looking back on the history of the line. Ogre articles were to be the theme of the second half of the year. Ogrezine was successfully launched on Kickstarter in August, and we have been gradually releasing the accepted submissions over the fall and winter. Fiction, variants, scenarios, artwork, and peeks behind the curtain are all represented. I've always known that there was a treasure trove of material floating out there with the fans; now we are collecting the best of it into one place. The culmination of Ogre's 40th anniversary was the release of the Ogre Video Game on Steam in conjunction with our friends at Auroch Digital. Initially released just for PCs, it was later expanded to include Mac systems. This completes yet another of the Ogre Designer's Edition promises. The game has been a hit and everyone at Auroch has been incredibly responsive and involved with the release. Thanks again, Auroch Digital! Of note, the free Ogre War Room app was updated to handle the recent iOS changes. If you haven't updated yours, please do. If you haven't downloaded it, what are you waiting for? It is a fantastic little aid for using with the game. Despite the success of Ogre's 40th, not everything went the way I hoped it would. We had a pair of Organized Play dates earlier in the year and an Ogre Celebrity Multiplayer Game Event on Steam at the end of the year that were all poorly attended. Lessons have been learned regarding timing, publicity, and execution; we shall see were these lessons will take us. We drew thick lines through many of our remaining Ogre Designer's Edition promises last year and I'm proud of the progress we've made. That said, there are still a few outstanding, including both the second edition of Ogre Miniatures and the expansion set Battlefields. Both of these products are nearing completion, but obviously neither made the 2017 slate and for that I apologize. Another release that I had hoped to squeak into the end of the year was Nightfall. Regrettably, the pressing needs of other products have pushed this back, but I wish to reassure everyone that it is not forgotten. The Ogre Video Game offers a glimpse into the world of Nightfall and I hope to have this completed for the board game in the not-too-distant future. Despite the above, I feel the Ogre had a wonderful year and celebrated its anniversary in style. We have a lot bubbling on the stove for 2018 and I can't wait to get it out to everyone. As a reminder, if you have not signed up for Ogre News, please do so by clicking the link here and join or subscribe to the group. I keep running into people who missed out on one thing or another; Ogre News really is the best way to keep abreast of the happenings here at Command Post Fnord. See you on the battlefield! -- Drew Metzger Share this post! |
Copyright © 2024 by Steve Jackson Games. All Rights Reserved.


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Dentistry at Serenity Cove is committed to ensuring that your privacy is protected. Should we ask you to provide certain information by which you can be identified when using this website, you can be assured that it will only be used in accordance with this privacy statement.
Dentistry at Serenity Cove may change this policy from time to time by updating this page. You should review this page from time to time to ensure that you are in agreeance with any changes. This policy is effective from November 2020.
What we collect
We may collect the following information:
- name and job title
- contact information including email address
- demographic information such as postcode, preferences and interests
- other information relevant to customer surveys and/or offers
What we do with the information we gather
We require this information in order to understand your needs and provide you with better service. This information is also particularly utilized for:
Internal Record Keeping
The information we obtain may be used to improve our products and services.
Using the email address you provided, we may periodically send promotional emails about new products, special offers, or other information which we think you may find interesting.
From time to time, we may also use your information to contact you for market research purposes. We may contact you by email, phone, fax, or mail. We may use your information to customize the website in accordance with your interests.
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A cookie is a small piece of information stored in a file within your computer. Once cookies are granted access, they are mainly used to identify your computer when logged into a website, as well as analyze web traffic. This can be achieved by recording your IP address.
We use traffic log cookies to identify which pages are being accessed. This helps us analyze data about webpage traffic and improve our website in order to tailor it to customer needs. We only use this information for statistical and analytical purposes, and the information is removed from the system thereafter.
The overall objective of utilizing cookies is to help us provide you with a better website, enabling us to monitor which pages you find useful and which you do not. A cookie only provides us with the data you choose to share with us. It does not grant us access to your computer or any information about you in any way.
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If you believe that any information we are holding on you is incorrect or incomplete, please write to or email us as soon as possible. We will promptly correct any information found to be incorrect.

subset: commoncrawl


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Quick Order Paisley Tank Leotard- Pink Purple
PriceFrom C$67.49
Product Image Shows:
Sublimated matte front and back with black lycra binding and team name.
Sublimated Front variant will be made with a solid black back.
*This Item is a Quick Order product, meaning your order goes into production once your order is placed. Production times on Quick Orders can vary between 2-4 weeks depending on order volume. All Quick Orders are made to your specifications and are therefore FINAL SALE.
By placing your order you are agreeing to DNA Performance Wear's Ordering Policies.


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The Gambling Cowboy
Located in the heart of Old Town Temecula, brings a new standard to local casual fine dining. Expansive views from our third floor deck and elegant turn of the century setting offer an intimate and inviting atmosphere. Our Classic Steak and Seafood menu features only the highest quality aged Midwestern corn-fed beef along with many other sumptuous selections. We offer an impressive wine list featuring vintages from many local wineries and from the finest regions of the world.
Chris Sorensen
My wife and I eat all over the world, but always crave The Gambling Cowboy in Temecula. This family owned and operated steak and chop house offers 'the' best flavors we've ever enjoyed.
Diane Lynn
Well how do you describe how incredible the food is at this restaurant? The FINEST steaks, and if you've never had their baked potatoes, you need to put it on your bucket list!
Sharon Desposito
We were celebrating our wedding anniversary, and enjoy coming here to do so. My husband always enjoys there prime ribs. I had the salmon which was also done perfectly.


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This light set is guaranteed to light for three years seasonal usage from the date of purchase. Broken or faded bulbs, bulb covers and fuses are not covered under warranty. This warranty is void if light set is damaged by abuse, misuse, neglect, improper handling or storage, or if any of the identifying labels are removed. In no event shall the seller or manufacturer be liable for incidental, consequential, direct or indirect damages, including, without limitations, property damage, personal injury or lost business profits resulting from any defects. This warranty gives you specific legal rights, and you may also have other rights which vary from state to state. Some states do not allow the exclusion or limitation of incidental or consequential damages, so the above limitation or exclusion may not apply to you. Return of defective products required for warranty claims. All returns should be initiated with the authorized re-seller and must include the original receipt of purchase. The defective product will be repaired or exchanged for a new product or a refund will be issued as determined by Wintergreen Lighting or the authorized sales provider.
Item Number | Key Features |
72524 |
Net Size:
2' x 6' More... |


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Answers must be written in Oriya.
History of Oriya Language
(i) Origin and development of Oriya Language-Influence of Austric, Dravidian, Perso-Arabic and English on Oriya Language.
(ii) Phonetics and Phonemics : Vowels, Consonants Principles of changes in Oriya sounds.
(iii) Morphology : Morphemes (free, bound compound and complex), derivational and inflectional affixes, case inflection, conjugation of verb.
(iv) Syntax : Kinds of sentences and their transformation, structure of sentences.
(v) Semantics-Different types of change in meaning Euphemism.
(vi) Common errors in spellings, grammatical uses and construction of sentences.
(vii) Regional variations in Oriya Language (Western, Southern and Northern Oriya) and Dialects (Bhatri and Desia)
History of Oriya Literature
(i) Historical backgrounds (social, cultural and political) of Oriya Literature of different periods.
(ii) Ancient epics, ornate kavyas and padavalis.
(iii) Typical structural forms of Oriya Literature (Koili, Chautisa, Poi, Chaupadi, Champu).
(iv) Modern trends in poetry, drama short story, novel, essay and literary criticism.
Answers must be written in Oriya.
Critical Study of texts –
The paper will require first hand reading of the text and test the critical ability of the candidate.
1. Sãralã Das-Shanti Parva from Mãhãbharãta.
2. Jaganãth Das-Bhãgãbate, XI Skandha-Jadu Avadhuta Sambãda.
3. Dinãkrushna Dãs-Rasakallola- (Chhãndas-16 & 34)
4. Upendra Bhanja-Lãvanyabati (Chhãndas-1 & 2)
5. Rãdhãnãth Rãy-Chandrabhãgã
6. Mãyãdhãr Mãnasinha-Jeevan Chitã
7. Satchidãnanda Routray-Kabitã-1962
8. Ramãkãnta Ratha-Saptama Ritu.
Drama :
9. Manoranjan Dãs-Kãtha-Ghodã
10. Bijay Mishra-Tata Niranjanã
Novel :
11. Fakir Mohan Senãpati-Chhamãna Ãthaguntha
12. Gopinãth Mohanty-Dãnãpãni
Short Story
13. Surendra Mohãnty-Marãlãra Mrityu
14. Manoj Dãs-Laxmira Abhisara
Essay :
15. Chittaranjan Dãs-Taranga O Tadit (First five essays).
16. Chandra Sekhar Rath-Mun Satya-dhãrma Kahuchhi (First five essays)


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100% HAND-STITCHED PREMIUM SYNTHETIC LEATHER – They are meticulously hand-cut, and then hand-stitched to create the perfect golf club cover to compliment your style.
OUR HEADCOVERS FIT ALL MODERN GOLF CLUBS – Our driver covers fit all modern drivers up to 460cc, our fairway covers fit all modern fairway woods, and our hybrid covers fit all modern hybrid/rescue/utility woods.
ELASTIC SEWN IN FOR A SNUG FIT – We hand-stitch an elastic strip in between the dura leather and the fleece lining on the back side, to keep your headcover snug on your club so it won't fall off, but also to allow you to easily remove the headcover when you need to.
SOFT BLACK FLEECE LINING – Each headcover has a soft black fleece lining inside, to protect your club head.
STANDS THE TEST OF TIME – Hand-stitched from premium materials, our golf headcovers stand up to the sun and rain, and will not fade or be easily stained. Like your favorite pair of golf shoes, they break in over time to become your favorite headcovers in your collection!


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Reflecting on my process for visual journaling
Posted: - Modified: | drawingOver several nursing sessions, I flipped through all 750+ of my sketches from 2016 on my phone. It was a quick and wonderful overview of the past year. It's amazing to see how much ground we'd covered one day at a time.
Taking 5-10 minutes at night to draw a visual journal worked out well. It was my second year with daily/weekly/monthly sketches, and my workflow held up to the demands of caring for a newborn. Some nights I fell asleep before A- let me sneak away, but the text notes I jotted throughout the day helped me reconstruct events even after several nights. I really liked having a record not just of what happened, but also what I was thinking about, and the little moments that would have been hard to capture in a picture. When we were dealing with lots of uncertainty, thinking out loud helped me untangle my thoughts and feel like things were manageable. Looking back over the past year, I think I like the person I was and the person I've grown to be.
I didn't have much time or energy to dress up my sketches or go beyond a simple style. It was nice to see the sketches I spent some time colouring for presentation, though, and the drawing practice I occasionally indulged in. My copies of characters from the books I read to A- reminded me of those stories, and rough sketches of her (mostly sleeping, since that was the only time I could draw from life) made me smile. I think I'd like to make more time for drawing, not just capturing thoughts.
Still, it was so useful to have a tool for making sense of my fragmented thoughts. There was so much to figure out about parenting, time, uncertainty, anxiety, boundaries, philosophy, plans…
I found it easy to go through my sketches and remember what it was like at that point in time. Sometimes I wasn't sure what a cryptic note on my sketch meant, especially if I didn't cover it in my weekly review, but that's okay.
I'm looking forward to continuing this habit in 2017. I've been experimenting with jotting down sketch ideas on my phone, so I can move more of the thinking out of my limited computer time. I'd like to make sure I play with more formats than just lists, though, since the nonlinearity of drawing can support thinking in a different way compared to writing. It would be nice to mix in more non-journal sketches, and more actual sketches and drawing exercises too. Maybe a daily cycle, to prompt me to expand…
I still haven't finished my yearly review, but having all those weekly and monthly sketches sure made the process easier. Onward!


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Lyrics Depot is your source of lyrics to I'm Threw Witchu by Snoop Dogg. Please check back for more Snoop Dogg lyrics.
I'm Threw Witchu Lyrics
Artist: Snoop Dogg
Album: R&G (Rhythm & Gangsta): The Masterpiece
(feat. Soopafly)
[Snoop Dogg]
Yeah man, this is another 9 inch dick classic
We wanna dedicate this one, to all the fellas
who got a hardhead bitch, who just won't listen
Y'know? The best thing to do, is leave her
Don't hit her, shake that ho (bitch I'm gone!)
[Chorus: Soopafly]
Bitch I'm gone.. I can't take it no mo'
I can't get through to you
There's nothin I can say that you seem to understand
Bitch I'm gonnnnnnnnneeeeeee.. I'm out oh yeah yeah yeah
I'm through wit'chu
Oh I'm through wit'chu, yeah
I knew that you, was a ho back then
And bitch you're still one now
Ya like to bust, nuts in your face
But with that big-ass mouth
you need to shut the fuck up, you talk too much
I told you once before, yeah
That pimpin don't, like to tell you twice
So I'm walkin out that dooooooooooor
[Chorus: Soopafly]
Bitch I'm gone.. oh yeah bitch I'm, oh I, I got to get the, hell outta here
I can't get through to you
I can't get through to you, you talk too much, I can't tell you shit
Bitch I'm gonnnnnnnnneeeeeee.. oh yeah I'm goin I got to get out
I'm through wit'chu
Oh yeah, I'm through wit'chu bitch, yeah yeah
(Bitch I'm gone) Bitch I'm through wit'chu
I'm through wit'chu, cause I refuse to lose
I can't be locked in your world
(Bitch I'm gone) I need to breath, I got to roll
(I'm through wit'chu) Ain't no way
I can stay another day wit'chu
Bye bye bitch, and wit all the other pussy, yeah
a nigga got besides yo' big head good and butt fo' ugly kids
Still livin with ya grandmama buckin mouth ass
You shoulda known, you was fuckin with a mack (MACK)
Instead of steppin your game up, you got pushed way to the back
(Step off, step on back)
I seen yo' expression, when you seen me pimpin in the club
It looked like, it looked like you wanted to break down, down and cry
But I just didn't give a damn, I didn't give a damn, no no I didn't
Cause bitches ain't shit, anyway, so don't even ask me why
[Chorus: Soopafly]
Bitch I'm gone.. I'm I'm gone hah, yes I am, I got to get ta
I can't get through to you
Got to get ta, got to get ta hell outta here, oh yeah
Bitch I'm gonnnnnnnnneeeeeee.. oh bitch a, I got too many bitches, anyway
I'm through wit'chu
To be, foolin wit'cho, ugly, ugly, ugly ass
Oh, break it down (break it down)
Oh we got to break it down (break it down, break it down)
Whoaahhh, aw yeah yeah yeah yeah
Hey hey hey, what's up baby?
Come on in, sit down, what'chu got, what'chu got there?
Y'now, I seen you today baby, you know what?
Just sit the fuck down bitch!
I ain't playin no God damn game wit'chu right now bitch
Y'knahmean? There's a lotta time and effort up in this shit, y'knahmean?
Wanna tell you a lil' somethin like this bitch
I got everything, you don't have nothin
Bitch, I ain't believin a motherfuckin word you say bitch
Get yo' shit, and get the fuck outta here
Even though it's yo' motherfuckin house, get the fuck up outta here
You know what? I'm leavin this motherfucker
Got a fo' bedroom upstairs, I'm movin your sister in bitch
[Chorus - singers only version, in background]
And I gotta protective order against yo' punk bitch-ass
So we gon' partyin all night long
And your sister a twin so the bitch is the same bitch
I'm out
Aw, my car is parked right outside
I got a full tank of gas, and away I go
[Snoop] Bye bye
Snoop Dogg Lyrics
Snoop Dogg R&G (Rhythm & Gangsta): The Masterpiece Lyrics
More Snoop Dogg Music Lyrics:
Snoop Dogg - C-Walkin Lyrics
Snoop Dogg - Don't Let Go Lyrics
Snoop Dogg - Hustle & Ball Lyrics
Snoop Dogg - Picture This Lyrics
Snoop Dogg - Sets Up Lyrics
Snoop Dogg - Snoop Bounce Lyrics
Snoop Dogg - Vato Lyrics
Snoop Dogg - W-Balls (Tha Shiznit Intro) Lyrics


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Happy Birthday, Ada James! Thomas Rhett's Daughter Turns 3 Years Old
Thomas Rhett's daughter Ada James turned 3 years old on Wednesday (Aug. 12), and her parents reveled in the youngster's birthday with some understandably gushy Instagram posts.
The country music singer-songwriter — full name is Thomas Rhett Akins, Jr. — praised the adorable Ada James along with his wife, Lauren Akins. The pair also have two other daughters, Willa Gray, 4, and their newest bundle of joy, the 6-month-old Lennon Love. But this was Ada's time to shine.
That meant Thomas and Lauren offered their loyal social media followers a bevy of cute photographs showing Ada at home, out in nature and more. In an image from the musician, the child plays with a kid-sized bow and arrow. In one of Lauren's, Ada is trying on a pair of mom's shoes.
"Happiest of birthday to my sweet little Ada James!" Rhett says. "You are the sweetest/most sassy kid that I know. You make the room light with just your smile. Can not believe you are 3 already! Love you baby girl."
His wife, Lauren, extends the joy in a similar message, telling Ada she's "nothing but sunshine and firecrackers all wrapped up in a little 3 year old body! You keep our family laughing every single day and also wondering what in the world we're gonna do with you."
Ada was born in Nashville on Aug. 12, 2017, after Thomas and Lauren adopted Willa the previous spring. Lennon, the couple's second natural-born tyke, arrived in February of this year. All three children — who take up some thoughtfully decorated bedrooms — share the Akins surname.
Don't take the family for total showboats, though — Rhett has turned down reality TV offers to protect the family's privacy. However, Lauren has written a book portraying her love story with the singer.
Thomas Rhett's Toddler Took the Toddler Challenge and It's SO Cute:
10 Too-Cute-for-Words Pictures of Lauren Akins + Thomas Rhett:


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Auto Collision Center Near Mississauga, ON
Your Auto Collision Body Shop Near Mississauga, Ontario
After the occurrence of an auto accident, it is necessary to obtain help from a nearby collision center that is known to provide outstanding services. If you are stranded wondering 'which is the most recommendable collision center near Mississauga, ON?' Then you need to do a little research on the internet to help you make an informed decision.
We are a certified collision center that provides one of the most efficient services to the Mississauga area. We have a modernized workshop with the latest tools, and all repairs are undertaken by our professional technicians.
We Are A Leading Auto Collision Body Shop Near Mississauga
Whenever you are choosing a collision body shop, you should always choose an auto collision body shop that offers the best services and has trained body repair specialists, auto body painters, and highly trained auto body repair estimators.
These specialists will coordinate to assess the vehicle damage in the most precise way and carry out the necessary repairs that will get your vehicle back in shape and ready for the road. We are a leading collision repair shop serving Mississauga, Ontario, and as soon as you search the internet for 'an auto collision body shop near me' our name will definitely pop up. We provide accurate estimates and the best collision repair center possible for your car.
Quality Service Guaranteed
- Over 30 years of Experience
- Free Assessments & Estimates
- No Appointment Necessary
- 24 Hour Towing Available
- Free Shuttle Service
- Quality Loaner Cars Available
An Auto Collision Body Shop Near Mississauga That Produces Quality Results
At our recommendable auto collision body shop, we provide services such as auto dents and scratch repair, fender repair, bumper repair, paint less dent repair, auto painting, auto paint repair as well as frame straightening. Once your vehicle leaves our body shop, it will have no signs of any repairs, and you will be amazed by the transformation it will undergo. We use repair materials that do not degrade the authenticity of your vehicle.
The Preferred Auto Collision Center Near Mississauga For Major and Minor Repairs
Regardless of whether your car requires minor or major repairs, we have a team of experts who will handle each and every case to determine the extent of damage that a car sustains and the expected repair costs to get it back in shape.
We have trained staff that can repair your car professionally without leaving any signs of repair. Additionally, our state of the art body shop deploys modern auto body repair techniques to give your car a shining new look without causing harm to its originality.
Get The Best Auto Collision Repair Near Mississauga, Ontario
If you're looking for an auto collision body shop near Mississauga, Ontario, that will offer the best auto collision repairs, then you should settle for a certified collision repair shop that is known to deliver unparalleled services. We deliver the best services for our clients in Mississauga, Ontario, and we make sure that your car gets back on the road within the shortest period and looks brand new.
We Take Pride In Providing The Best Car Collision Repair Near Mississauga, ON
If you've been asking yourself, 'where do I find reliable car collision repair near me in Mississauga?' Then we are the answer. We are a leading collision center in Mississauga, ON, and we provide all types of vehicle repairs making sure that your car looks brand new again. Contact us today to get all your vehicle repair related problems solved under one roof.
Service Area
Mississauga, Ontario
Shop Hours
Contact Us
Call the number above to speak to us immediately or fill in the form below.
Other Areas
Collision Insurance Accepted!
We Are Proud to Work with Some of the Leading Insurance Companies


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High End Systems
View more Hog 4
View more Lighting Consoles
Quantity | 1 |
Condition | Like New |
Location | Europe |
Previous Use | Demo/Refurb |
Warranty | 100 Day |
Previously used on a demo. Cleaned, maintained, and tested by authorized technicians.
(1) Hog 4
(1) Flight Case
(1) Custom Table
(2) 18.5" Dell Monitors
From Ani di Franco to ZZ Top concerts. From Super Bowl half time to popular music award shows. From trade shows and talk shows to Olympic ceremonies or church sanctuaries.At High End Systems Inc., we innovate and create the lighting products...
The Hog 4 is the flagship in our newest range of consoles. Replacing the much loved Wholehog III, it embraces the latest technology, while retaining the Hogs familiar control surface. Users will be able to walk up to the Hog 4 and start programming without having to learn a whole new interface. The new encoders, jog shuttle wheel, lcd keys, motorized faders and integrated keyboard all serve to enhance this experience, making the Hog 4 completely customizable. You can now have virtually all the most important attributes to hand at any time.
Retaining the sleek look of generations past, the Hog 4 offers the user an advanced programming experience in an established environment. The Hog 4 console, at the top of the Hog line, is designed to handle the largest shows.
The console provides three monitor outputs, MIDI input and output ports, 8 USB ports, 2 Fast Ethernet ports on a rugged Neutrik Ethercon connector allowing you total flexibility. Youre prepared for everything from the smallest industrial job requiring a single console to the largest stadium show, theme park installation or Broadway spectacular requiring a multi console setup with full network backups!
Preserve show data on a solid state hard disk drive as well as with USB drives and CD/DVD-ROMs, or alternatively connect directly to a network drive to store your show files remotely.
From Ani di Franco to ZZ Top concerts. From Super Bowl half time to popular music award shows. From trade shows and talk shows to Olympic ceremonies or church sanctuaries. At High End Systems Inc., we innovate and create the lighting products and control systems that illuminate some of the world's biggest artists on the largest stages, as well as film and television sets, cruise ships, theme parks, restaurants and retail spaces. Now entering our fourth decade, we're one of the world's largest entertainment lighting manufacturers, a pioneer in new digital lighting technology and producer of the industry-preferred lighting controller technology. We attribute our success to staying in touch with the needs of the entertainment lighting community. Product research and development at our Austin, TX headquarters is an ongoing collaboration between in-house engineers and lighting designers in the field. This collaboration is largely to thank for our status as a major industry innovator and intellectual property holder. We're not only keeping pace with industry developments - we're guiding them. We're constantly pushing the creative and technological envelope to meet customer needs and stay ahead of the curve. As members of the entertainment community, we know reliability is paramount. We maintain rigorous manufacturing standards, while providing industry-leading customer support services.
Find used lighting consoles and lighting desks in well maintained condition from such popular brands as MA Lighting, High End Systems, Avolites, Jands and Martin Professional. All used lighting consoles come with warranty and many have been certified by factory technicians. Solaris sells and buys secondhand and used lighting consoles desks for touring production, churches, theaters, film, television and more. If you do not find what you are looking for give us a call.
Hog 4 - Corporate used Hog 4 with flight case in excellent condition.
Hog 4 - Corporate used Hog 4 with flight case and DMX Processor 8000 in excellent condition.
Hog 4 - Like new Hog 4 from 2013.
Hog 4 - In Mint Condition and previous used on demos. Extremely clean with 30 day protected warranty.
Hog 4 - Factory Refurbished Hog 4 with flight case in mint condition.


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Quantum communication: Each photon counts
- Date:
- January 25, 2013
- Source:
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
- Summary:
- Ultrafast, efficient, and reliable single-photon detectors are among the most sought-after components in photonics and quantum communication, which have not yet reached maturity for practical application. Physicist have now, however, achieved a decisive breakthrough by integrating single-photon detectors with nanophotonic chips. The detector combines near-unity detection efficiency with high timing resolution and has a very low error rate.
- Share:
Ultrafast, efficient, and reliable single-photon detectors are among the most sought-after components in photonics and quantum communication, which have not yet reached maturity for practical application. Physicist Dr. Wolfram Pernice of the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), in cooperation with colleagues at Yale University, Boston University, and Moscow State Pedagogical University, achieved the decisive breakthrough by integrating single-photon detectors with nanophotonic chips. The detector combines near-unity detection efficiency with high timing resolution and has a very low error rate.
The results have been published by Nature Communications.
Without reliable detection of single photons, it is impossible to make real use of the latest advances in optical data transmission or quantum computation; it is like having no analog-digital converter in a conventional computer to determine whether the applied voltage stands for 0 or 1. Although a number of different single-photon detector models have been developed over the past few years, thus far, none have provided satisfactory performance.
Several new ideas and advanced developments went into the prototype developed within the "Integrated Quantum Photonics" project at the DFG Center of Functional Nanostructures (CFN). The new single-photon detector, tested in the telecommunications wavelength range, achieves a previously unattained detection efficiency of 91%.
The detector was realized by fabricating superconducting nanowires directly on top of a nanophotonic waveguide. This geometry can be compared to a tube that conducts light, around which a wire in a superconducting state is wound and, as such, has no electric resistivity. The nanometer-sized wire made of niobium nitride absorbs photons that propagate along the waveguide. When a photon is absorbed, superconductivity is lost, which is detected as an electric signal. The longer the tube, the higher is the detection probability. The lengths involved are in the micrometer range.
A special feature of the detector is its direct installation on the chip, which allows for it to be replicated at random. The single-photon detectors built thus far were stand-alone units, which were connected to chips with optical fibers. Arrangements of that type suffer from photons being lost in the fiber connection or being absorbed in other ways. These loss channels do not exist in the detector that is now fully embedded in a silicon photonic circuit. In addition to high detection efficiency, this gives rise to a remarkably low dark count rate. Dark counts arise when a photon is detected erroneously: for instance, because of a spontaneous emission, an alpha particle, or a spurious field. The new design also provides ultrashort timing jitter of 18 picoseconds, which is 18 times 10-12 seconds.
The novel solution also makes it possible to integrate several hundreds of these detectors on a single chip. This is a basic precondition for future use in optical quantum computers.
The detector demonstrated in this study was designed to work at wavelengths in the Telekom bandwidth. The same detector architecture can also be used for wavelengths in the range of visible light. This would allow the principle to be employed in analyses of all structures that emit little light, i.e., photons, such as single molecules or bacteria.
Story Source:
Materials provided by Karlsruhe Institute of Technology. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.
Journal Reference:
- W.H.P. Pernice, C. Schuck, O. Minaeva, M. Li, G.N. Goltsman, A.V. Sergienko, H.X. Tang. High-speed and high-efficiency travelling wave single-photon detectors embedded in nanophotonic circuits. Nature Communications, 2012; 3: 1325 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2307
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Stanford University Libraries invites you to celebrate Lithuania's independence on March 11 at Cubberley Auditorium.
The evening will feature "The Other Dream Team," a film about the remarkable story of the Lithuanian basketball team that won the 1992 Olympic Bronze medal less than a year after Lithuania broke away from the Soviet Union. The film director Marius Markevicius will be present to answer questions after the film.
Watch the trailer here.
Lithuanian cultural historian Violeta Davoliute-Opgenorth will answer questions after the film and also discuss how basketball was a form of resistance through her talk, "Fact, Fiction and Memory: Representations of the Postwar Fight for Lithuanian Independence From Soviet Times to the Present." She will outline the various ways Lithuanians resisted Soviet rule during the second half of the 20th century. Lithuania was the first republic to declare independence from the Soviet Union on March 11, 1990, an act that led to an economic blockade from Moscow but also catalyzed the breakup of the USSR in August 1991.
Dr. Violeta Davoliute-Opgenorth is a senior researcher at the Department of Contemporary History, Vilnius University. She has published widely on the cultural history of Lithuania and Eastern Europe and is the author of The Making and Breaking of Soviet Lithuania: Memory and Modernity in the Wake of War, published by Routledge in 2013.
5:30-6:30 pm: Reception hosted by Stanford University Libraries
6:30-6:40 pm: Opening words by Dennis Garrison, Honorary Consul of Lithuania
6:40-7:00 pm: Dr. Violeta Davoliute-Upgenorth will discuss "Fact, Fiction and Memory: Representations of the Postwar Fight for Lithuanian Independence From Soviet Times to the Present."
7:00-8:30 pm: Screening of "The Other Dream Team"(2012). The film will be followed by Q&A with Marius Markevicius and Violeta Davoliute-Upgenorth.
The event, which is in English, aims to bring together Stanford faculty, staff and students as well as local Baltic communities and people interested in Baltic heritage. It is free and open to the public.
Participants are asked to register by March 9 via Eventbrite or 650-847-9115.
For additional information, please contact Liisi Esse.
Contact Baltic Studies at Stanford University Libraries


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Influenza, or "flu," is caused by a virus infecting the respiratory system, meaning your nose, throat, bronchial tubes, and lungs. Flu symptoms are usually more severe than those of the common cold and are more likely to affect other parts of your body. Flu also tends to come on suddenly while colds can develop gradually.
Flu is very contagious, spreading easily from one person to the next. Most people with healthy immune systems will get over the flu within 2 weeks, but young children, older adults, and people with chronic illnesses are more likely to develop complications such as pneumonia. About 35,000 people die of flu each year in the United States.
There are three types of flu viruses: A, B, and C. Type A viruses are the ones responsible for worldwide epidemics, such as the one in 1918 that killed as many as 50 million people worldwide. The avian or bird flu is a type A flu virus.
The best way to protect yourself from the flu is to get an annual vaccine (flu shot).
Signs and Symptoms
- Fever that comes on suddenly (usually above 101°F [38.3°C])
- Chills and sweats
- Headache
- Muscle or body aches
- Fatigue
- Dry cough
- Sore throat
- Sneezing, runny nose, stuffy nose
- Loss of appetite
- Nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea, especially in children
- Weakness and confusion, especially among the elderly
Influenza is caused by viruses that are spread through the air by sneezes and coughs, or by touching a surface a person with the flu has touched and transmitting the virus to your mouth or nose. Some flu viruses cause a very mild illness, or none at all. Others cause serious, widespread illness.
Since there are many types of influenza virus, and because they change over time, scientists develop a new flu vaccine every fall. Getting vaccinated before the flu season starts reduces your chances of getting the flu and helps you recover faster if you do get it. You should not take the vaccine if you have a severe allergy to eggs because the viruses for the vaccines are grown in chick embryos. See Risk Factors for list of people who should get the vaccine every year.
Risk Factors
Infants and young children, as well as senior adults, are considered at highest risk of complications from flu. Other risks include:
- Having a chronic illness, such as heart disease
- Having a weakened immune system, from medications or HIV
- Pregnant women
- Working in health care
- Working in childcare
- Living in a nursing home
If you are at risk for complications, you should get an annual flu shot (see Preventive Care).
Your doctor will probably be able to diagnose flu from a physical exam and a description of your symptoms. Your doctor may take a chest x-ray if there is concern about complications such as pneumonia.
Preventive Care
The best way to prevent the flu is by getting a flu shot. Annual flu shots are recommended if you:
- Are 50 or older
- Have chronic heart, lung, or kidney disease
- Live in an institution (such as a nursing home)
- Have a weakened immune system
- Have sickle cell anemia
You should not receive the vaccine if you are severely allergic to eggs.
You can also cut your risk of flu by washing your hands frequently during flu season. In one study, using alcohol-based sanitizer, along with good respiratory hygiene, reduced school absences by 26% and laboratory confirmed influenza A infections by 52%.
Treatment Approach
Bed rest and drinking plenty of fluids are usually enough to treat flu. Mild over-the-counter pain relievers and fever reducers (such as acetaminophen, or Tylenol, and ibuprofen, or Advil), can help relieve fever and muscle aches. If you are at high risk for complications (see Risk Factors), then your doctor may prescribe antiviral medications, drugs that fight the virus. They must be started within 2 days to be effective. Studies show that taking antiviral medications within 2 days of the onset of symptoms may reduce the duration of the illness by a day. Certain herbs, supplements, and homeopathic remedies may help relieve symptoms.
Lifestyle- Drink lots of fluids.
- Rest to restore your energy and avoid complications like pneumonia.
- Eat a diet rich in fresh fruits and vegetables. These foods provide lots of antioxidants, substances that may help boost your immune system, especially vitamins A and C.
- Regularly exercising may cut your risk of flu and help your body respond better to a flu shot.
- Reduce stress and your reaction to stress. Consider yoga, tai chi, or other forms of relaxation on an ongoing basis. Stress can put you at increased risk for viruses like influenza.
- Pain and fever reducers, include ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin) and acetaminophen (Tylenol) for fever reduction and relief of minor aches and pain. Children under 19 should not take aspirin due to the risk of a rare but serious illness called Reye syndrome.
- Decongestants. Help open your nasal passages so you can breathe easier. If decongestant nasal sprays or drops are used for more than 3 days, however, they can cause rebound congestion. Decongestants are often combined in cold and flu medicines with antihistamines, cough suppressants, and pain relievers. People with heart disease, high blood pressure, diabetes, or glaucoma should not take decongestants. Popular brands of decongestants include Sudafed, Afrin, and Neo-Synephrine.
- Cough medicines. Cough suppressants (for a dry cough) or expectorants (for a wet, productive cough that brings up mucus) are available over the counter and by prescription.
Antiviral medications. Several antiviral medications have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat flu. However, a number of flu viruses have developed resistance to some of the medications. In addition, using these medications may help contribute to other strains of flu becoming resistant. These drugs must be started within 48 hours of becoming sick to be effective. Medications include:
- Oseltamivir (Tamiflu): The FDA requires Tamiflu to carry a warning that people who have the flu, especially children, may be at increased risk of confusion and injuring themselves after taking Tamiflu.
- Zanamivir (Relenza)
- Amantadine (Symmetrel): Recently, most flu viruses in the U.S. have been resistant to Symmetrel
- Rimantadine (Flumadine): Recently, most flu viruses in the U.S. have been resistant to Flumadine
Because supplements may have side effects or interact with medications, you should take them only under the supervision of a knowledgeable health care provider. Be sure to talk to your doctor about any supplements you are taking or considering taking.
- Warm liquids. Chicken soup and warm liquids, such as broth or tea, can help soothe a sore throat and loosen mucus, which in turn helps ease congestion from the flu.
- Probiotics (Lactobacillus). So-called "good" bacteria or probiotics help prevent infections in the intestines, and there is preliminary evidence that they might help prevent colds, too, although they have not been studied for the flu. One study found that children in daycare centers who drank milk fortified with Lactobacillus had fewer and less severe colds. Another study of children in daycare found those who took a specific combination of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium had fewer flu-like symptoms. Several studies that examined probiotics combined with vitamins and minerals also found a reduction in the number of colds caught by adults, although it is not possible to say whether the vitamins, minerals, or probiotics were most responsible for the benefit. People with weakened immune systems, or who take drugs to suppress the immune system, should not take probiotics except under a doctor's supervision.
- Zinc. Your body needs zinc for proper immune function, so it has long been thought that zinc could help protect against catching a cold or flu. But the evidence has been mixed, with some studies finding a benefit from zinc lozenges and others showing no effect. A review of studies that compared zinc to placebo found that most of them had flaws that made any positive results unreliable. Only 4 studies were deemed reliable, and 3 found no benefit from zinc lozenges. The remaining positive study suggested that zinc nasal sprays might help reduce nasal stuffiness, but zinc nasal sprays have been reported to cause permanent loss of smell, and are not recommended. If you decide to try zinc lozenges for a cold, remember that getting too much zinc (more than 50 mg per day over a long period of time) can be dangerous. People taking cisplatin, penicillamine, and quinolone, or tetracycline antibiotics should not take zinc.
- Vitamin D. In one randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, school-aged children who took 1200 IU of vitamin D daily had fewer cases of flu than those who took placebo. Because of how vitamin D works with calcium in the body, people with the following conditions should ask their doctor before taking vitamin D: kidney disease, sarcoidosis, lymphoma, atherosclerosis, hyperparathyroidism, and tuberculosis. Vitamin D may interact with these medications: atorvastatin (Lipitor), calcipotriene (Dovonex), digoxin (Lanoxin), diltiazem (Cardizem, Dilacor), thiazide diuretics (water pills), and verapamil (Calan, Verelan), among others. If you take any medication, ask your doctor before taking vitamin D.
The use of herbs is a time-honored approach to strengthening the body and treating disease. Herbs, however, can trigger side effects and can interact with other herbs, supplements, or medications. For these reasons, you should take herbs with care, under the supervision of a health care practitioner. Before giving any herbs to a child to treat the flu, talk to your pediatrician.
- Andrographis (Andrographis paniculata). One study found that Andrographis, an herb used in Ayurvedic medicine, combined with eleuthero or Siberian ginseng (Eleutherococcus senticosus) in a formula called Kan Jang, helped reduce symptoms and shorten the duration of the flu. More research is needed. Pregnant or breastfeeding women should not take Andrographis. People with diabetes, or those who take blood thinners or blood pressure medications, should not take Andrographis without first asking their doctor.
- Echinacea (Echinacea purpurea). Although evidence on whether echinacea works to prevent or treat colds and flu has gone back and forth, recent evidence is encouraging. An analysis of 14 scientific studies found that people who took Echinacea reduced their risk of getting a cold by 58% and reduced the duration of a cold by an average of a day and a half. However, many of the studies used echinacea in combination with another herb or vitamin, so it is impossible to say which one was responsible for the benefit. The analysis looked at colds, not flu, so the evidence may be more mixed as to whether echinacea can help prevent flu. Echinacea should not be used by women who are pregnant or breastfeeding, or by anyone taking drugs that suppress the immune system (such as corticosteroids or methotrexate). People who are allergic to ragweed should ask their health care provider before taking echinacea.
- Garlic (Allium sativum). Some studies suggest taking garlic may help reduce your risk of getting an upper respiratory infection, such as a cold or flu. More studies are needed to tell whether garlic has any true benefit for flu, however. Because garlic can increase the risk of bleeding, people who take blood thinners, such as warfarin (Coumadin), clopidogrel (Plavix), or aspirin should not take garlic. Women who are pregnant or breastfeeding should talk to their doctor before taking garlic supplements. Garlic can potentially interfere with a variety of medications, including some medications used in the treatment of HIV/AIDS and birth control medication, among others. Talk to your physician if you are taking any medications.
- Elder or elderberry (Sambucus nigra). By lessening congestion and possibly increasing perspiration, elder may help reduce the symptoms of colds and flu. One study suggested that using a standardized elderberry extract, Sambucus, could shorten the duration of flu by about 3 days. Sambucus also contains other herbs plus vitamin C, so it is not known whether elder by itself would have the same effect. Pregnant and breastfeeding women should not take elder. People with diabetes or high blood pressure, or those who take blood-thinners, such as aspirin or warfarin (Coumadin), should ask their doctor before taking elder.
- Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus). Eucalyptus is used in many remedies to treat cold and flu symptoms, particularly cough. It can be found in many lozenges, cough syrups, and vapor baths throughout the United States and Europe. Fresh leaves can be used in teas and gargles to soothe sore throats. Ointments containing eucalyptus leaves are also applied to the nose and chest to relieve congestion and loosen phlegm. DO NOT take eucalyptus oil by mouth because it can be poisonous.
- Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis). Goldenseal is often combined with echinacea in herbal cold and flu remedies, although research is lacking. Women who are pregnant or breastfeeding should talk to their doctor before taking goldenseal. Goldenseal interacts with a number of medications and should not be taken by people with certain medical conditions. Ask your doctor before taking it.
- Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra). Licorice root is a traditional treatment for sore throat, although scientific evidence is lacking. Licorice interacts with a number of medications, including hormonal medications, so ask your doctor before taking it. People with high blood pressure, kidney disease, liver disease, or heart disease, have a history of hormone-related cancer, women who are pregnant or breastfeeding, and those who take blood thinners, such as aspirin, clopidogrel (Plavix), or warfarin (Coumadin) should not take licorice.
- Marshmallow (Althea officinalis). Although there is no scientific evidence that it works, marshmallow has been used traditionally to treat sore throat and cough.
- Peppermint (Mentha x piperita). Like eucalyptus, peppermint is widely used to treat cold and flu symptoms. Its main active agent, menthol, is a good decongestant. Menthol also thins mucus and works as an expectorant, meaning that it helps loosen and break up phlegm. It is soothing and calming for sore throats and dry coughs. DO NOT use peppermint or menthol with infants. DO NOT take peppermint oil by mouth.
- Slippery elm (Ulmus fulva). Slippery elm may help ease a sore throat and has been used traditionally for this purpose, although scientific evidence is lacking. Slippery elm may affect how your body absorbs some medications, so wait at least one hour after taking any other medications before taking slippery elm. Pregnant or breastfeeding women should avoid slippery elm.
Although very few studies have examined the effectiveness of specific homeopathic therapies, professional homeopaths may consider the following remedies for the treatment of the flu based on their knowledge and experience. Before prescribing a remedy, homeopaths take into account a person's constitutional type. A constitutional type is defined as a person's physical, emotional, and psychological makeup. An experienced homeopath assesses all of these factors when determining the most appropriate treatment for each individual.
- A combination remedy including Aconite, Gelsemium, Eucalyptus, Ipecacuanha, Phosphorus, Bryonia, and Eupatorium perfoliatum.
- A mixture of Anas barbarice hepatis and Cordis extractum.
- Gelsemium. For chills, weakness, lack of energy, fever, and headaches in the back and top of the head; this is one of the most common homeopathic remedies for the flu.
- Eupatorium perfoliatum. For deep aches, sneezing, and coughing.
- Nux vomica. For violent vomiting, irritability, dry cough, chills, and a stuffy nose that develops into a watery, irritating discharge.
Other Considerations
Warnings and PrecautionsIf you are in any of the high risk groups described in the Risk Factors section, be sure to call your doctor at the earliest signs of flu symptoms. The sooner you are treated, the less likely you are to develop complications.
Prognosis and ComplicationsMost healthy people get over the flu in within 2 weeks. For those at high risk, certain serious, even life threatening complications can occur, including:
- Pneumonia, most common in children
- Encephalitis, an infection of the brain
- Secondary bacterial infection elsewhere in the body
Supporting Research
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Review Date: 9/29/2015
Reviewed By: Steven D. Ehrlich, NMD, Solutions Acupuncture, a private practice specializing in complementary and alternative medicine, Phoenix, AZ. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.


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PCI Express I/O Virtualization Resource on Powerenv¶
Wei Yang <email@example.com>
Benjamin Herrenschmidt <email@example.com>
Bjorn Helgaas <email@example.com>
26 Aug 2014
This document describes the requirement from hardware for PCI MMIO resource sizing and assignment on PowerKVM and how generic PCI code handles this requirement. The first two sections describe the concepts of Partitionable Endpoints and the implementation on P8 (IODA2). The next two sections talks about considerations on enabling SRIOV on IODA2.
1. Introduction to Partitionable Endpoints¶
A Partitionable Endpoint (PE) is a way to group the various resources associated with a device or a set of devices to provide isolation between partitions (i.e., filtering of DMA, MSIs etc.) and to provide a mechanism to freeze a device that is causing errors in order to limit the possibility of propagation of bad data.
There is thus, in HW, a table of PE states that contains a pair of "frozen" state bits (one for MMIO and one for DMA, they get set together but can be cleared independently) for each PE.
When a PE is frozen, all stores in any direction are dropped and all loads return all 1's value. MSIs are also blocked. There's a bit more state that captures things like the details of the error that caused the freeze etc., but that's not critical.
The interesting part is how the various PCIe transactions (MMIO, DMA, ...) are matched to their corresponding PEs.
The following section provides a rough description of what we have on P8 (IODA2). Keep in mind that this is all per PHB (PCI host bridge). Each PHB is a completely separate HW entity that replicates the entire logic, so has its own set of PEs, etc.
2. Implementation of Partitionable Endpoints on P8 (IODA2)¶
P8 supports up to 256 Partitionable Endpoints per PHB.
For DMA, MSIs and inbound PCIe error messages, we have a table (in memory but accessed in HW by the chip) that provides a direct correspondence between a PCIe RID (bus/dev/fn) with a PE number. We call this the RTT.
For DMA we then provide an entire address space for each PE that can contain two "windows", depending on the value of PCI address bit 59. Each window can be configured to be remapped via a "TCE table" (IOMMU translation table), which has various configurable characteristics not described here.
For MSIs, we have two windows in the address space (one at the top of the 32-bit space and one much higher) which, via a combination of the address and MSI value, will result in one of the 2048 interrupts per bridge being triggered. There's a PE# in the interrupt controller descriptor table as well which is compared with the PE# obtained from the RTT to "authorize" the device to emit that specific interrupt.
Error messages just use the RTT.
Outbound. That's where the tricky part is.
Like other PCI host bridges, the Power8 IODA2 PHB supports "windows" from the CPU address space to the PCI address space. There is one M32 window and sixteen M64 windows. They have different characteristics. First what they have in common: they forward a configurable portion of the CPU address space to the PCIe bus and must be naturally aligned power of two in size. The rest is different:
The M32 window:
Is limited to 4GB in size.
Drops the top bits of the address (above the size) and replaces them with a configurable value. This is typically used to generate 32-bit PCIe accesses. We configure that window at boot from FW and don't touch it from Linux; it's usually set to forward a 2GB portion of address space from the CPU to PCIe 0x8000_0000..0xffff_ffff. (Note: The top 64KB are actually reserved for MSIs but this is not a problem at this point; we just need to ensure Linux doesn't assign anything there, the M32 logic ignores that however and will forward in that space if we try).
It is divided into 256 segments of equal size. A table in the chip maps each segment to a PE#. That allows portions of the MMIO space to be assigned to PEs on a segment granularity. For a 2GB window, the segment granularity is 2GB/256 = 8MB.
Now, this is the "main" window we use in Linux today (excluding SR-IOV). We basically use the trick of forcing the bridge MMIO windows onto a segment alignment/granularity so that the space behind a bridge can be assigned to a PE.
Ideally we would like to be able to have individual functions in PEs but that would mean using a completely different address allocation scheme where individual function BARs can be "grouped" to fit in one or more segments.
The M64 windows:
Must be at least 256MB in size.
Do not translate addresses (the address on PCIe is the same as the address on the PowerBus). There is a way to also set the top 14 bits which are not conveyed by PowerBus but we don't use this.
Can be configured to be segmented. When not segmented, we can specify the PE# for the entire window. When segmented, a window has 256 segments; however, there is no table for mapping a segment to a PE#. The segment number is the PE#.
Support overlaps. If an address is covered by multiple windows, there's a defined ordering for which window applies.
We have code (fairly new compared to the M32 stuff) that exploits that for large BARs in 64-bit space:
We configure an M64 window to cover the entire region of address space that has been assigned by FW for the PHB (about 64GB, ignore the space for the M32, it comes out of a different "reserve"). We configure it as segmented.
Then we do the same thing as with M32, using the bridge alignment trick, to match to those giant segments.
Since we cannot remap, we have two additional constraints:
We do the PE# allocation after the 64-bit space has been assigned because the addresses we use directly determine the PE#. We then update the M32 PE# for the devices that use both 32-bit and 64-bit spaces or assign the remaining PE# to 32-bit only devices.
We cannot "group" segments in HW, so if a device ends up using more than one segment, we end up with more than one PE#. There is a HW mechanism to make the freeze state cascade to "companion" PEs but that only works for PCIe error messages (typically used so that if you freeze a switch, it freezes all its children). So we do it in SW. We lose a bit of effectiveness of EEH in that case, but that's the best we found. So when any of the PEs freezes, we freeze the other ones for that "domain". We thus introduce the concept of "master PE" which is the one used for DMA, MSIs, etc., and "secondary PEs" that are used for the remaining M64 segments.
We would like to investigate using additional M64 windows in "single PE" mode to overlay over specific BARs to work around some of that, for example for devices with very large BARs, e.g., GPUs. It would make sense, but we haven't done it yet.
3. Considerations for SR-IOV on PowerKVM¶
SR-IOV Background
The PCIe SR-IOV feature allows a single Physical Function (PF) to support several Virtual Functions (VFs). Registers in the PF's SR-IOV Capability control the number of VFs and whether they are enabled.
When VFs are enabled, they appear in Configuration Space like normal PCI devices, but the BARs in VF config space headers are unusual. For a non-VF device, software uses BARs in the config space header to discover the BAR sizes and assign addresses for them. For VF devices, software uses VF BAR registers in the PF SR-IOV Capability to discover sizes and assign addresses. The BARs in the VF's config space header are read-only zeros.
When a VF BAR in the PF SR-IOV Capability is programmed, it sets the base address for all the corresponding VF(n) BARs. For example, if the PF SR-IOV Capability is programmed to enable eight VFs, and it has a 1MB VF BAR0, the address in that VF BAR sets the base of an 8MB region. This region is divided into eight contiguous 1MB regions, each of which is a BAR0 for one of the VFs. Note that even though the VF BAR describes an 8MB region, the alignment requirement is for a single VF, i.e., 1MB in this example.
There are several strategies for isolating VFs in PEs:
M32 window: There's one M32 window, and it is split into 256 equally-sized segments. The finest granularity possible is a 256MB window with 1MB segments. VF BARs that are 1MB or larger could be mapped to separate PEs in this window. Each segment can be individually mapped to a PE via the lookup table, so this is quite flexible, but it works best when all the VF BARs are the same size. If they are different sizes, the entire window has to be small enough that the segment size matches the smallest VF BAR, which means larger VF BARs span several segments.
Non-segmented M64 window: A non-segmented M64 window is mapped entirely to a single PE, so it could only isolate one VF.
Single segmented M64 windows: A segmented M64 window could be used just like the M32 window, but the segments can't be individually mapped to PEs (the segment number is the PE#), so there isn't as much flexibility. A VF with multiple BARs would have to be in a "domain" of multiple PEs, which is not as well isolated as a single PE.
Multiple segmented M64 windows: As usual, each window is split into 256 equally-sized segments, and the segment number is the PE#. But if we use several M64 windows, they can be set to different base addresses and different segment sizes. If we have VFs that each have a 1MB BAR and a 32MB BAR, we could use one M64 window to assign 1MB segments and another M64 window to assign 32MB segments.
Finally, the plan to use M64 windows for SR-IOV, which will be described more in the next two sections. For a given VF BAR, we need to effectively reserve the entire 256 segments (256 * VF BAR size) and position the VF BAR to start at the beginning of a free range of segments/PEs inside that M64 window.
The goal is of course to be able to give a separate PE for each VF.
The IODA2 platform has 16 M64 windows, which are used to map MMIO range to PE#. Each M64 window defines one MMIO range and this range is divided into 256 segments, with each segment corresponding to one PE.
We decide to leverage this M64 window to map VFs to individual PEs, since SR-IOV VF BARs are all the same size.
But doing so introduces another problem: total_VFs is usually smaller than the number of M64 window segments, so if we map one VF BAR directly to one M64 window, some part of the M64 window will map to another device's MMIO range.
IODA supports 256 PEs, so segmented windows contain 256 segments, so if total_VFs is less than 256, we have the situation in Figure 1.0, where segments [total_VFs, 255] of the M64 window may map to some MMIO range on other devices:
0 1 total_VFs - 1 +------+------+- -+------+------+ | | | ... | | | +------+------+- -+------+------+ VF(n) BAR space 0 1 total_VFs - 1 255 +------+------+- -+------+------+- -+------+------+ | | | ... | | | ... | | | +------+------+- -+------+------+- -+------+------+ M64 window Figure 1.0 Direct map VF(n) BAR spaceOur current solution is to allocate 256 segments even if the VF(n) BAR space doesn't need that much, as shown in Figure 1.1:
0 1 total_VFs - 1 255 +------+------+- -+------+------+- -+------+------+ | | | ... | | | ... | | | +------+------+- -+------+------+- -+------+------+ VF(n) BAR space + extra 0 1 total_VFs - 1 255 +------+------+- -+------+------+- -+------+------+ | | | ... | | | ... | | | +------+------+- -+------+------+- -+------+------+ M64 window Figure 1.1 Map VF(n) BAR space + extraAllocating the extra space ensures that the entire M64 window will be assigned to this one SR-IOV device and none of the space will be available for other devices. Note that this only expands the space reserved in software; there are still only total_VFs VFs, and they only respond to segments [0, total_VFs - 1]. There's nothing in hardware that responds to segments [total_VFs, 255].
4. Implications for the Generic PCI Code¶
The PCIe SR-IOV spec requires that the base of the VF(n) BAR space be aligned to the size of an individual VF BAR.
In IODA2, the MMIO address determines the PE#. If the address is in an M32 window, we can set the PE# by updating the table that translates segments to PE#s. Similarly, if the address is in an unsegmented M64 window, we can set the PE# for the window. But if it's in a segmented M64 window, the segment number is the PE#.
Therefore, the only way to control the PE# for a VF is to change the base of the VF(n) BAR space in the VF BAR. If the PCI core allocates the exact amount of space required for the VF(n) BAR space, the VF BAR value is fixed and cannot be changed.
On the other hand, if the PCI core allocates additional space, the VF BAR value can be changed as long as the entire VF(n) BAR space remains inside the space allocated by the core.
Ideally the segment size will be the same as an individual VF BAR size. Then each VF will be in its own PE. The VF BARs (and therefore the PE#s) are contiguous. If VF0 is in PE(x), then VF(n) is in PE(x+n). If we allocate 256 segments, there are (256 - numVFs) choices for the PE# of VF0.
If the segment size is smaller than the VF BAR size, it will take several segments to cover a VF BAR, and a VF will be in several PEs. This is possible, but the isolation isn't as good, and it reduces the number of PE# choices because instead of consuming only numVFs segments, the VF(n) BAR space will consume (numVFs * n) segments. That means there aren't as many available segments for adjusting base of the VF(n) BAR space.


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The pandemic caused many supply chain bottlenecks. And then just as things seem to be getting better, freight railroad workers are talking about striking.
Yeah. Workers could strike as early as midnight Friday morning. And if they do, the action could bring on the type of supply chain disruption unseen in the U.S. for a generation.
INSKEEP: Frank Morris of our member station KCUR in Kansas City is covering this story.
Frank, hey there.
FRANK MORRIS, BYLINE: Hey, Steve.
INSKEEP: You've got a great rail network where you are, but I gather that some things are already shutting down, even though the strike has not begun yet. What are some of the early preparations?
MORRIS: That's right, Steve. You know, some of the weird knock-on effects is that passenger rail service - Amtrak - has shut down most of its cross-country service and track employees aren't going to strike. But outside of the Northeast Corridor, that busy rail corridor between Boston and Washington, Amtrak trains run on tracks owned and operated by the big freight railroads. Freight railroad workers go on strike, those tracks will be closed to passenger service. So and track is pausing the long routes now to keep from stranding passengers later if there's a strike. Lots of shipments are starting to taper already - hazardous chemicals, especially, new cars, intermodal service. Some grain shipments could stop today.
INSKEEP: Yeah. I guess you wouldn't want hazardous chemicals sitting out in the middle of nowhere for an undetermined amount of time. But how else...
MORRIS: Nor anything valuable.
INSKEEP: Yeah. How else are companies preparing?
MORRIS: Well, I mean, this is not going to be an easy thing to gulp down. Trains carry about 28% of the stuff moving around the country on any given day. So you stop that, and suddenly power plants stop getting deliveries of coal to generate electricity. Trains full of imported goods aren't making it inland from the coasts. Factories aren't getting parts, raw materials and packaging.
That said, Lee Sanders with the American Bakers Association says that after the pandemic-related shortages and supply chain problems over the last 2 1/2 years, U.S. companies have learned to keep more supplies on hand.
LEE SANDERS: So instead of having just in time, now you have to really prepare for just in case. And this is another just-in-case situation.
INSKEEP: OK. So some companies may be ready if there's a disruption of days or weeks or who knows how long. But why is it that railroad workers would be talking of a strike now?
MORRIS: The impasse, Steve, is primarily over work rules that govern locomotive engineers and conductors, the two-person crews that operate every cross-country freight train. Conductors and engineers feel like they've been jacked around for years. Railroad companies can keep them on call for weeks on end.
Michael Lindsey is an engineer for Union Pacific, and he says that working for the railroad, it's impossible to have a life.
MICHAEL LINDSEY: You can't even make a dentist appointment or a doctor's appointment. You don't know when you're going to be working. And then when you're gone, you're gone 36 to 48 hours at a time.
MORRIS: Lindsey says it's gotten worse in recent years. He says now 90-hour workweeks aren't uncommon.
INSKEEP: Wow. So they're struggling with the same work-life balance as many Americans, except this is an extreme, extreme example.
MORRIS: Yeah.
INSKEEP: Are the railroads offering to make any changes?
MORRIS: So, Steve, the offer on the table was developed by a board appointed by President Joe Biden, and it does include a big pay hike, 24%. Most of the unions representing rail workers have tentatively signed off on that deal, but it doesn't address work rules. So conductors and engineers are saying no. If they strike, the other unions would support them. And the president of the two unions have been summoned to the Labor Department today to meet with Secretary Marty Walsh.
Biden's talking about using emergency powers to keep certain essential goods moving in the event of a strike and working with other types of shippers - trucking, shipping and airfreight - to find workarounds. He personally called the unions and railroads Monday, and Congress could, and probably would, force railroad employees back to work. Lawmakers have to agree on the new terms of the contract, and the easiest thing to do would be for them to adopt the recommendations from Biden's committee, which would not please locomotive engineers and conductors.
INSKEEP: Frank Morris, thanks so much.
MORRIS: Thank you, Steve.
INSKEEP: Rarely, if ever, has a possible presidential candidate faced so many investigations for his past conduct.
MARTÍNEZ: The Justice Department is in court over the federal documents recovered from Trump's Florida residence, and it's also still investigating the former president's bid to stay in office by overturning his election defeat. A House committee plans fresh hearings in its own investigation. And all this happens while Trump talks of a possible third bid for the presidency in 2024.
INSKEEP: NPR national political correspondent Mara Liasson is thinking through Trump's possible future.
Mara, good morning.
MARA LIASSON, BYLINE: Good morning, Steve.
INSKEEP: What still makes Trump the leading Republican contender despite or, maybe I should say, because of the investigations?
LIASSON: He has an intensely loyal base of supporters. And this is the real challenge for Republicans. Many Republicans in the party establishment would like to move on from Donald Trump. They try not to talk about him. They don't want to alienate Trump's base, which is the base of the party. And Trump has convinced large numbers of Republican voters to believe the lie that he actually won in 2020 when he lost, that the election was stolen, even though that claim has been thoroughly debunked. We have seen his base get more energized and more intense the more the pressure is from the Department of Justice on Trump. But that is not broadening his support.
Our recent NPR/PBS NewsHour/Marist poll found that, yes, a majority of Republicans want Trump to run again, even if he's charged with a crime. But among independent voters, two-thirds of them say he shouldn't run again under any circumstances. So even if he's using these investigations to paint himself as a victim for his base, he's not convincing the broader public. And that has always been the dilemma for Republicans because he energizes his supporters as well as his opponents.
INSKEEP: I feel we need to underline a couple of things here. First, when people say half the country is for Trump and half against, that's just completely false. It's a relatively small minority of people that remained intensely loyal to Trump.
LIASSON: Well, yes, but in a matchup between Trump and Biden, he still polls very, very competitively.
INSKEEP: OK. And then the next thing to underline - when you say independent voters, these are normally thought of as somewhat conservative-leaning voters that Republicans would generally get a lot of and would need. These are people who've turned against Trump. Is that right?
LIASSON: Yes, at least when they're asked the question, do you want him to run again?
INSKEEP: So how is Trump defending himself?
LIASSON: Well, he always comes back to the idea that there's a witch hunt against him, no matter what the facts are - from the Russia investigation, his first impeachment, over withholding defense funding for from Ukraine for political purposes, now to the January 6th committee and the Mar-a-Lago document search. In this case, he's arguing that former presidents, or that he, should have special privileges. And the Department of Justice is arguing against the idea that former presidents should be above the law on handling and accessing classified documents, documents that deal with national security.
And we are seeing a familiar modus operandi here where a lot of the claims that Trump has made, like these documents were planted or that he declassified them, are not being made by his lawyers in court. Just like when he said the 2020 election was stolen, there were a lot of things he said in front of the television cameras that were not said before a judge under penalty of perjury.
INSKEEP: In a few seconds, would he insulate himself if he did declare for the presidency in 2024 and did it soon?
LIASSON: Well, that's possible. The Department of Justice has some pretty big decisions to make. Should they go after a former president? Should they go after someone who might be a presidential candidate? But politically, Democrats would like Trump to declare his candidacy for 2024 as soon as possible because they think that helps them in the midterms. It changes the conversation from inflation to Donald Trump.
INSKEEP: NPR's Mara Liasson. Thanks so much.
LIASSON: You're welcome.
INSKEEP: A far-right party with roots in neo-Nazi groups is expected to play a central role in Sweden's next coalition government.
MARTÍNEZ: The Sweden Democrats have grown more influential in recent years after it moderated some of its positions and expelled some of its extremist members. Its anti-immigration, tough-on-crime platform resonated with Swedish voters in Sunday's election.
INSKEEP: Charlie Duxbury is the Stockholm correspondent for Politico Europe and joins us.
CHARLIE DUXBURY: Good morning.
INSKEEP: I just heard A say they moderated their positions. What did they stand for in the past, and what do they stand for now?
DUXBURY: Yeah. So the Sweden Democrats do have roots in neo-Nazi groups of the late '80s, early '90s in Sweden. In the years since, they've kind of clean things up and moved more towards the mainstream. But they still stand for a very hard line on immigration and a hard line on law and order. And that's what seems to have attracted voters in Sunday's vote.
INSKEEP: Hasn't Sweden welcomed a relatively large number of refugees from the Middle East and elsewhere in recent years?
DUXBURY: That's right. During Europe's migration crisis from 2015 onwards, Sweden took a relatively large number of those asylum seekers, and the government at the time, social democratic government, was relatively welcoming in the same way that Germany was, and tens of thousands of asylum seekers arrived in Sweden. Since then, there's been a kind of backlash in - among some groups, particularly the Sweden Democrats, who've said that that was a mistake and that the integration of immigrants since then has been a failure.
INSKEEP: Well, what does it mean that they did so well in Sunday's election? And how much influence do they now have? They wouldn't be leading the coalition, I guess.
DUXBURY: No. So the count's still ongoing. We should have a final result by this evening. What's expected to happen is that the center-right moderate party will lead the government but will lean heavily on the Sweden Democrats, who achieved a score of about 20% of the vote on Sunday. And the Sweden Democrats will be under pressure from their own voters to show that they can deliver on some quite ambitious campaign pledges to cut down on immigration, to increase policing powers in sentencing in the courts in Sweden. So that will be a closely watched discussion over the days and weeks to come.
INSKEEP: Is the center-right party that seems likely to lead the coalition in a position where they would essentially have to do what the Sweden Democrats demand on their particular issues to keep the coalition together?
DUXBURY: They'll certainly have to offer some serious concessions to the Sweden Democrats to hold this loose coalition together. They may decide to offer them ministerial positions. They may decide to try and run a minority government with the Sweden Democrats outside. But either way, the Sweden Democrats are going to demand serious influence over the government in the four-year mandate period to come, and they will have to show the voters that they've achieved that.
INSKEEP: Charlie Duxbury, correspondent for Politico Europe in Stockholm, thanks so much.
DUXBURY: Thank you. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.


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