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Choetech Charging Cable Type-C to Lightning 1.2m (IP0040) - White
Please be advised that delivery dates are estimates provided to Swiftronics from the couriers we have partnered with. Deliveries to rural locations may experience delays by up to 2 business days which is beyond our control. It is the buyers responsibility to be informed if their location falls under rural.
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Please note that due to the Pandemic our shipping partners have suspended their ontime guarantee until further notice. Therefore our shipping times are estimates.
Q: Do you ship outside of Canada? A: At this time, we only offer shipping within Canada. We're looking to expand our product and services within the near future.
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Q: What is your return policy? A: If the item has been used or shows signs of usage, a re-stocking fee no less than 20% of the original selling price will be applied to the current price. Swiftronics reserves the right to inspect any item before approving a refund. At Swiftronics we offer a 30 day warranty on all our international devices which will be issued as a repair or a replacement if a repair is not feasible. This warranty applies to product defects and failures only. All warranty claims placed 30 days after the date of receipt will be redirected to the product manufacturer and will be subject to manufacturer's warranties and return policies. Under no circumstances will liquid or physical damage be covered by warranty. *Wearables, Accessories, and TV boxes are NOT eligible for returns for hygienic reasons*
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Humidifier makes fish factory $1M per year
Condair's JetSpray humidifier is helping refrigeration equipment specialists ICS Cool Energy increase profits at a leading worldwide brand of canned fish by $1 million per year. By maintaining a high humidity around the fish after steaming, evaporative weight loss from the cooked fish has been reduced from approximately 5% to 0.67%. The humidification system is preventing up to 8.5 tonnes of product from simply evaporating each day between cooking and canning.
After steaming, the fish needs to be rapidly cooled in order to be processed and canned but can lose up to 20% of its moisture in the process, impacting significantly on its weight. As the factory processes up to 200 tonnes of fish each day, this severely reduced the yield on its product. ICS Cool Energy was tasked by its long standing client to find a more cost effective replacement to its existing cool room sprinkler system, which was proving inefficient in terms of energy and water usage.
Malcolm Edwards, Group Technical Manager for ICS Cool Energy, explained what he did next: "ICS installed a chilled water system to provide cooling but we needed advice on the most appropriate humidifier and contacted Condair regarding its JetSpray.
"The high skill level of the Condair project management team and its extensive experience in this application gave me confidence to place an order. The support and training Condair subsequently provided was excellent throughout the system development, installation and commissioning. The JetSpray has been in operation now for a number of months keeping the humidity well over the required 90%RH and maintaining a very low 0.67% weight loss. The energy and water savings are a bonus and economies will also be achieved through its easy maintenance programme. All in all, our client could not be happier, and neither could we."
The humidifier combines compressed air and water in precision engineered nozzles to produce a very fine spray that's rapidly absorbed by the air. This makes it ideal for use in cold stores where the ambient humidity is often high and humidification less readily absorbed by the atmosphere. The line of nozzles is positioned in front of the evaporator coils of the refrigeration system and introduces moisture to the airstream as it enters the cold store.
The system's extremely hygienic design also makes it ideal for food processing facilities. The humidifier incorporates regular automatic flush and purge cycles to ensure that water cannot remain in the system to stagnate. The JetSpray can operate any potable water or demineralised supply and incorporate UV sterlisation or silver ion water treatment.
The nozzles have a self-cleaning mechanism, which consists of a pin that pushes through the nozzle orifice whenever the spray stops. This prevents blockages in the nozzle and ensures the system operates robustly in industrial environments with very little required maintenance.
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subset: commoncrawl


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In speaking with the chief human resources officer (CHRO) of a large company concerning his thinking about the succession plan for his own role, he described an interaction with a former colleague that I thought was pretty telling. The CHRO spoke with the colleague about possibly returning to the company in a strong number two human resources leadership role with an assurance that he would be put on a very short list for succession into the top HR position.
The polite answer the CHRO received was "Not interested; call me when your job is open." The CHRO's response? "The only way you're getting my job is if you take this job first."
This comment led me to extrapolate the thinking to the CFO role. I did some quick research on CFO changes in Fortune 100 companies over the past 16 months, and, guess what? My friend's reasoning was correct: the vast majority of those positions are held by executives who were either promoted from within or who came from a company that at least approached the size and complexity of their current organization. Perhaps Apple CFO Luca Maestri is an exception, but his previous employer, Xerox, is not exactly a start-up. Now these are mega-companies — the smallest has revenue of more than $30 billion. But, I believe this rule of thumb applies to differences in scale at lower levels as well.
In our firm's experience, the inflection points in company size where there clearly are perceived differences in the duties and expectations of CXOs in general are as follows:
- < $1 billion — The CXO is perceived as a doer/leader. Resources are constrained and executives at the EVP/SVP levels are often doing VP-level work as well. Decision-making is faster and more informal. CXOs still are required to practice their technical skills.
- $1 billion-$7 billion — The CXO is transitioning to a true leadership role. Managing vision and strategy begins to trump technical and domain expertise. CXOs begin to manage truly senior leaders underneath them and must balance natural inclinations to get their hands dirty with being a coach and champion for those who report to them. However, lack of resources still requires a good bit of doing.
- $7 billion-$20 billion — The CXO begins to move from a functional leadership mindset to a general management mindset. Organizational savvy and political competency become paramount to the ability to get things done internally. Cross-cultural sensitivity also comes more into play as the CXO begins to manage a global team of senior managers.
- > $20 billion — The CXO truly is a visionary leader. He or she must be a master delegator running very large organizations (even in functional leadership roles). He or she must possess the ability to communicate a vision to an organization and encourage input from his or her direct reports, but also possess the courage to ultimately make decisions critical to the success of the business. These CXOs must be able to balance driving their companies toward a straight-line goal while anticipating and preparing for the unknown challenge beyond the horizon.
The experiences required for success at companies of less than $1 billion in revenue are so different from the mega-company that they almost become irrelevant to a Fortune 100 leader. What I have found in my executive search career is that this becomes an overt source of frustration for leaders of companies at the $1 billion to $7 billion level, because they often are passed over for consideration for equivalent roles in larger companies.
These executives are no less talented then their peers at the largest companies. However, the experiences that got them to the current point in their careers are not those that will get them to the same level in a larger organization. Sometimes, this is simply a perceived gap, most often by the mega-company's board whose role these days is primarily focused on risk mitigation. Sometimes, the organizational complexity of a Fortune 100 truly is more than a CFO of a mid-size company is prepared to take on. In all cases, it is a real obstacle for CXOs in mid-size companies looking to make it to the next level.
Returning to the anecdote from my CHRO friend, his advice is right on point. If you are a CXO of a mid-size company who desires to move into the top functional or general management role in a Fortune 100, the clearest path to that destination may be a crooked one. A developmental assignment running a region or a division of a company that size will get you closer to that dream job than moving to a company only slightly larger than your own.
John Touey is a principal at executive search firm Salveson Stetson Group with 20 years of experience providing executive search, human resources and management consulting services to organizations in the healthcare, financial services, utilities, manufacturing and pharmaceutical industries. Follow him @JohnTouey.


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Beaches Attractions In Crimea
Lenin Embankment
Crimean Mountains
Ayu-Dag (Medved-Gora)
Balaklava Bay
Chekhov House & Museum
Panorama Museum on the Siege of Sevastopol
Nikita Botanical Gardens
Cape Tarkhankut
Admiral Nakhimov Monument
Safari-park Taygan
Sudak Fortress
The State Museum-Preserve Tauric Chersonese
Vorontsov Palace and Park complex
Mountain Massif Chatyr-Dag
Crimea is a peninsula on the northern coast of the Black Sea in Eastern Europe that is almost completely surrounded by both the Black Sea and the smaller Sea of Azov to the northeast. It is located south of the Ukrainian region of Kherson, to which it is connected by the Isthmus of Perekop, and west of the Russian region of Kuban, from which it is separated by the Strait of Kerch though now linked by the Crimean Bridge. The Arabat Spit is located to the northeast, a narrow strip of land that separates a system of lagoons named Sivash from the Sea of Azov. Across the Black Sea to its west is Romania and to its south Turkey. Crimea has historically been ...
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Beaches Attractions In Crimea
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The 10 Best Places To Visit In Russia - Most Beautiful Cities
The World Cup 2018 - The 10 Most Beautiful Places To Visit In Russia.
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Russia is a mysterious expanse of majestic snow-capped mountains, deep lakes, golden sands, icy tundra,
and thousands of rivers that pass through quaint villages and scenic national parks.
The east may have fewer people, but its lovely cities are among the most popular places to visit in Russia and can hold their own against the west.
Russia is steeped in history everywhere a traveler goes, from vicious battles to great classical music and literature.
The world's largest country is also home to some incredible works of art, overwhelming palaces,
and grandiose cities whose charm and drama have inspired writers and poets for centuries.
And almost everywhere visitors can see examples of magnificent art, not only in museums but also in its churches.
Now, with the 2018 FIFA World Cup knocking at the door, the timing seems perfect for a rundown of Russia's top tourist destinations,
some of which also double as host cities for the year's biggest sporting event. Football fan or not, check them out and plan your trip accordingly.
Here are the 10 best places to visit in Russia for the World Cup 2018, most beautiful travel destinations.
1. Saint Petersburg.
2. Moscow.
3. Golden Ring.
4. Kazan.
5. Irkutsk.
6. Sochi.
7. Veliky Novgorod.
8. Kizhi Island.
9. Vladivostok.
10. Yekaterinburg.
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Top 10 Places To visit in Ukraine | Ukraine sights and attractions | Ukraine Tourist Attractions
Top 10 Places To visit in Ukraine | Ukraine sights and attractions | Ukraine Tourist Attractions
1. Odesa
Odessa is a port town on the Black Sea in southern Ukraine. it's perceived for its seashores and nineteenth century building, which incorporate the Odessa Melodic dramatization and Ballet Theater. The earth shattering Potemkin Stairs, revered in The Battleship Potemkin, lead down to the waterfront with its Vorontsov Lighthouse. strolling parallel to the water, the awesome Primorsky road is a broadly known promenade settled with estates and milestones.
2. Myrhorod
Myrhorod is a town in the Poltava Oblast of central Ukraine. Filling in as the administrative familiarity with the Myrhorod Raion, the city itself is moreover doled out as an exceptional raion inside the oblast, and is situated on the stream Khorol. Wikipedia
3. Chernihiv
Chernihiv generally called Chernigov, a splendid city in northern Ukraine, fills in as the administrative familiarity with the Chernihiv Oblast, furthermore, comparably of the encompassing Chernihiv Raion inside the oblast. Wikipedia
4. Chernivtsi
Chernivtsi is a city in western Ukraine, sorted out on the top way of the River Prut. Chernivtsi is the administrative point of convergence of Chernivtsi Oblast – the northern, Ukrainian bit of the recorded Moldavian zone of Bukovina. Wikipedia
5. Bakota
Bakota is a magnificent submerged settlement of the Rus state, cutting zone Khmelnytskyi Oblast in western Ukraine. The town lies underneath the Dniester River and is arranged inside the certifiable Podillia area. Wikipedia
6. Uzhhorod
Uzhhorod is a city situated in western Ukraine, at the edge with Slovakia and close to the border with Hungary. Wikipedia
7. Kamyanets-Podilskyi
Kamianets-Podilskyi is a city at the Smotrych River in western Ukraine, at the north-east of Chernivtsi. Wikipedia
8. Lviv
Lviv is a city in western Ukraine, cycle 70 kilometers from the edge with Poland. suggestions of its Polish and Austro-Hungarian legacy are evident in its designing, which blends huge and jap eu styles with those of Italy and Germany. In inordinate post Park, the
stature remains of a fourteenth century royal residence convey sweeping perspectives of the city's green-domed homes of love and the encompassing slants.
9. Yalta
Yalta is an inn town at the south shore of the Crimean Peninsula incorporated through the Black Sea. It fills in as the administrative point of convergence of Yalta Municipality, one of the locales inside Crimea. populace: seventy six,746 . Wikipedia
10. Slavske
Slavske this is a city-sort settlement in Skole Raion, Lviv oblast, Ukraine. it is resolved six hundred meters above sea level near the city of Skole, a hundred thirty kilometers southwest of Lviv. Wikipedia
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Top 10 Best Things to do in Yalta, Crimea
Yalta Travel Guide. MUST WATCH. Top 10 things you have to do in Yalta. We have sorted Tourist Attractions in Yalta for You. Discover Yalta as per the Traveler Resources given by our Travel Specialists. You will not miss any fun thing to do in Yalta .
This Video has covered top 10 Best Things to do in Yalta.
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List of Best Things to do in Yalta, Crimea
Chekhov House & Museum
Catedral de San Alexander Nevsky
Skazka Zoo
Massandrovskiy Park
Lenin Embankment
Swimming Pool of the Hotel Yalta Intourist
Immaculate Conception Cathedral - Organ Hall
Massandra Winery
Livadia Palace and Park Museum-Reserve
Sculpture - Lady with the Dog
Top 10 Best Things To Do In Feodosia,Crimea
Feodosia Travel Guide. MUST WATCH. Top 10 things you have to do in Feodosia. We have sorted Tourist Attractions in Feodosia for You. Discover Feodosia as per the Traveler Resources given by our Travel Specialists. You will not miss any fun thing to do in Feodosia.
This Video has covered top 10 Best Things to do in Feodosia.
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List of Best Things to do in Feodosia,Crimea.
Aivazovsky National Art Gallery
Dacha Stamboli
Literary-Memorial Museum of Grin
Genuezskaya Krepost' Kaffa
Armenian Church of St. Sergius (Surb-Sarkis)
Monument to Afanasiy Nikitin
Church of St. Catherine
Tomb of I.K. Aivazovskiy
Feodosia Museum of Antiquities
The Church of the Iberian Icon of the Mother of God
Russia: 10 Top Tourist Attractions - Video Travel Guide
Top 10 Tourist Attractions in Russia,
Tourist Attractions in Russia,
Russia Tourist Attractions,
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Omega Tours Co., LTD
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List of Attractions in Russia :
1. Saint Basil's Cathedral
2. Hermitage Museum
3. Moscow Kremlin
4. Suzdal
5. Lake Baikal
6. St Sophia Cathedral, Novgorod
7. Kizhi Island
8. Valley of Geysers
9. Mount Elbrus
10. Trans-Siberian Railway
Most Beautiful And Famous Places To Visit In Kiev Ukraine TOP ATTRACTIONS!
Skype FREE with REAL beautiful Ukrainian girls here...
Most Beautiful And Famous Places To Visit In Kiev Ukraine TOP ATTRACTIONS!
1. Monument of Eternal Fame.
It is the monument in honour of the soldiers who died in the Great Patriotic War.
The monument is situated in the centre of the park of eternal glory. It was opened on November 6, 1957.
At the foot of this monument you can see eternal fire.
In the Soviet time, the fire is lit only on the day of victory and holidays, meaning which is victory.
The Motherland in Kiev is part of the National Museum of the History of Ukraine during World War II.
Inside the pedestal there is a museum, there are three floors of exhibitions.
Also, there are two observation decks.
In this height overlooks the entire city.
2. Pedestrian Bridge, or Park's Bridge.
This bridge connects city and Truhaniv island.
There are many different cafes, where you can buy shashlik, or barbeque as you know it.
Also, there are many beaches, where you can swim, take a nap under the sun or just relax.
Also, you can have an excursion on these beautiful ships.
People Friendship Arch is the construction that was built in 1988.
It is in honour of Russia and Ukraine friendship.
In the evening this arch is all in the lights, so it is really beautiful place.
Also, here is an observation deck, where you can see all the city.
Andreevska church was built in 1744 by famous architect Rastrelli.
It is only one architecture in Kiev by this famous artist.
The temple built in Baroque style has the cross form, in the center the only dome towers, and four corners decorate decorative turrets with poppy-heads less.
3. Down from it there is an Andreevsky descent connecting the top city to lower.
According to some historical researches, the first way on the place of the current descent was paved on a crossing point of boundaries by two hills still in those days when on one of hills the Lithuanian lock was constructed.
You can buy here vyshyvanka, you can buy here bulava.
The Bessarabia market — the sign sight of Kiev which recently celebrated century anniversary.
It is difficult to present that at the beginning of last century the Khreshchatyk came to an end with a dump, where the local bandits, nicknamed bessaraba, reigned.
The city authorities cleaned the waste ground from stuff and street muggers, wanted to put a monument to Khmelnytsky, but changed the mind and equipped the market square.
4. Maidan Nezalezhnosti, or Indepent Square.
It is really the most important and the most significant place in Kiev.
And of course the most popular and the most visited, among tourists and residences of the city.
And, of course, a direct participant in such significant and well-known events outside Ukraine as Ukraine without Kuchma in 2000, Orange Revolution in 2004 and EuroMaydan in 2013.
5. Golden Gate.
What Kiev residents call Golden Gate a symbol of the city — actually newly rebuilt pavilion.
The real Golden Gate is inside this massive construction.
The pavilion reconstruction was built to keep the unique monument of defensive architecture of Ancient Russia which reached our days.
Golden Gate performed not only defensive function, but also served as the main entry into the big city, its sight.
6. St. Sophia Cathedral, symbol of Kiev became a museum.
So, church services are held according to the schedule.
In cathedral the fullest ensemble of original mosaics in the world and frescos of the first half of the 11th century and considerable fragments of mural of the 17-18th centuries remained.
7. Sofiyskaya Square — one of the central and most ancient squares of Kiev.
At Sofiyskaya Square the bell tower of St. Sophia Cathedral and a monument to Bogdan Khmelnytsky is located.
8. St. Michael's Golden-Domed Monastery is rightfully one of the oldest monasteries in Kiev.
On the territory of the monastery there is a cathedral church in honour of Archangel Michael in the style of Ukrainian Baroque, rebuilt in the middle of the 1990s.
Since 2001, the Ministry of Culture of Russia has transferred the original fragments of the Mikhailovsky Cathedral frescoes and other objects stored in the Hermitage to the Ministry of Culture of Ukraine.
9. So, guys, we continue to show you not only touristic places, but and romantic places.
So, now we are in National Botanical Garden in Kiev.
So, in this park you can get acquainted with landscapes typical for a particular area, by visiting the thematic corners of the park: "Central Asia", "Nature of Crimea", "Altai" and so on.
Garden Pearls - Orchidarium, a vine garden and magnolia garden.
The world of subtropics is waiting for visitors to the greenhouse, the pride of which is a rich collection of cacti of various shapes and sizes.
Top 10 Best Things to do in Sevastopol, Russia
Sevastopol Travel Guide. MUST WATCH. Top 10 things you have to do in Sevastopol. We have sorted Tourist Attractions in Luxembourg City for You. Discover Sevastopol as per the Traveller Resources given by our Travel Specialists. You will not miss any fun thing to do in Isle of Skye.
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List of Best Things to do in Sevastopol
35 Battery Museum
Cape Fiolent
Admiral Nakhimov Monument
The State Museum-Preserve Tauric Chersonese
Monument to the sunken ships
Chersonesus St.Volodymyr Cathedral
Panorama Museum on the Siege of Sevastopol
Grafskaya Wharf
Sapun Mountain Assault Diorama
St.Volodymyr Cathedral
5 Top Tourist Attractions in Russia | Attraction Travel Guide
5 Top Tourist Attractions in Russia
The largest country in the world, Russia offers a broad array of travel experiences, from treks up the slopes of glacier-capped mountains to strolls along the shoreline of Earth's oldest lake. Historical sites and cultural activities in the country's great cities abound as well. Whether you're exploring the grounds of Moscow's Kremlin or wandering through the steppes of Mongolia, a visit to Russia is an adventure not soon forgotten. These top tourists attractions in Russia can inspire a great Russian itinerary for a memorable trip.
1. Saint Basil's Cathedral
2. Hermitage Museum
3. Moscow Kremlin
4. Suzdal
5. Lake Baikal
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Places in Crimea
Novyi Svit
Regions in Crimea
Alushta Municipality
Bakhchisaray District
Bilohirsk District
Chornomorske District
Feodosia Municipality
Kerch Peninsula
Saksky District
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text:
Part 5 Outline
Prediction 5.1: Genetic changeThe genetic information specifies everything about an organism and its potential. Genotype specifies possible phenotypes, therefore, phenotypic change follows genetic change. This obviously should be one of the areas where evolutionary change is seen, and genetic change is truly the most important for understanding evolutionary processes. Confirmation:Extremely extensive genetic change has been observed, both in the lab and in the wild. We have seen genomes irreversibly and heritably altered by numerous phenomena, including gene flow, random genetic drift, natural selection, and mutation. Observed mutations have occurred by mobile introns, gene duplications, recombination, transpositions, retroviral insertions (horizontal gene transfer), base substitutions, base deletions, base insertions, and chromosomal rearrangements. Chromosomal rearrangements include genome duplication (e.g. polyploidy), unequal crossing over, inversions, translocations, fissions, fusions, chromosome duplications and chromosome deletions (Futuyma 1998, pp. 267-271, 283-294). Potential Falsification:Once the genetic material was elucidated, it was obvious that for
macroevolution to proceed vast amounts of change was necessary in the genetic
material. If the general observation of geneticists was that of genomic stasis
and recalcitrance to significant genetic change, it would be weighty evidence
against the probability of macroevolution. For instance, it is possible that
whenever we introduce mutations into an organism's genome, the DNA could
back-mutate to its former state. However, the opposite is the casemdash;the
genome is incredibly plastic, and genetic change is heritable and essentially
irreversible (Lewin
1999). Prediction 5.2: Morphological changeCladistic classification, and thus, phylogenetic reconstruction, is largely based on the various distinguishing morphological characteristics of species. Macroevolution requires that organisms' morphologies have changed throughout evolutionary history; thus, we should observe morphological change and variation in modern populations. Confirmation:There have been numerous observations of morphological change in populations
of organisms (Endler
1986). Examples are the change in color of some organ, such as the yellow
body or brown eyes of Drosophila, coat color in mice (Barsh
1996), scale color in fish (Houde
1988), and plumage pattern in birds (Morton
1990). Almost every imaginable heritable variation in size, length, width,
or number of some physical aspect of animals has been recorded (Johnston
and Selander 1973; Futuyma
1998, p. 247-262). This last fact is extremely important for common descent,
since the major morphological differences between many species (e.g. species of
amphibians, reptiles, mammals, and birds) are simple alterations in size of
certain aspects of their respective parahomologous
structures. Prediction 5.3: Functional changeOne of the major differences between organisms is their capacity for various functions. The ability to occupy one niche over another is invariably due to differing functions. Thus, functional change must be extremely important for macroscopic macroevolutionary change. Confirmation:Many organisms have been observed to acquire various new functions which they did not have previously (Endler 1986). Bacteria have acquired resistance to viruses (Luria and Delbruck 1943) and to antibiotics (Lederberg and Lederberg 1952). Bacteria have also evolved the ability to synthesize new amino acids and DNA bases (Futuyma 1998, p. 274). Unicellular organisms have evolved the ability to use nylon and pentachlorophenol (which are both unnatural manmade chemicals) as their sole carbon sources (Okada et al. 1983; Orser and Lange 1994). The acquisition of this latter ability entailed the evolution of an entirely novel multienzyme metabolic pathway (Lee et al. 1998). Bacteria have evolved to grow at previously unviable temperatures (Bennett et al. 1992). In E. coli, we have seen the evolution (by artificial selection) of an entirely novel metabolic system including the ability to metabolize a new carbon source, the regulation of this ability by new regulatory genes, and the evolution of the ability to transport this new carbon source across the cell membrane (Hall 1982). Such evolutionary acquisition of new function is also common in metazoans. We
have observed insects become resistant to insecticides (Ffrench-Constant
et al. 2000), animals and plants acquire disease resistance (Carpenter
and O'Brien 1995; Richter
and Ronald 2000), crustaceans evolve new defenses to predators (Hairston
1990), amphibians evolve tolerance to habitat acidification (Andren
et al. 1989), and mammals acquire immunity to poisons (Bishop
1981). Recent beneficial mutations are also known in humans, such as the
famous apolipoprotein
AI Milano mutation that confers lowered risk to cardiovascular
disease in its carriers. Prediction 5.4: Earth's strange past and the fossil recordA very general conclusion made from the theory of common descent is that life, as a whole, was different in the past. The predicted evolutionary pattern is that the farther back we look back in time, the more different life should appear from the modern biosphere. More recent fossils should be more similar to contemporary life forms than older fossils. This point is related to, yet subtly different from, prediction 1.4 and prediction 1.5 concerning predicted common ancestors. As we have seen, the standard phylogenetic tree predicts many common ancestors and their morphologies. However, given what we know of modern species dynamics and recent extinction rates, we know that the majority of organisms will eventually go extinct (Diamond 1984a; Diamond 1984b; Wilson 1992, ch. 12; Futuyma 1998, pp. 722-723). By extrapolation, the majority of past organisms also have gone extinct. Thus, we should reasonably expect that the predicted common ancestors had many other descendants and relatives that did not leave descendants which survive today. In short, we predict that the majority of fossil species that we find should not be the actual common ancestors of modern species, but rather they should be related organisms that eventually ended in extinction. Confirmation:The oldest rocks we find on the earth are about 4100 Mya, and they are devoid of any life. For the next 2000 million years, rocks from the Archean have no multicellular life at all, just prokaryotes. Then, 2100 Mya, appear the first fossils of eukaryotes (single-celled organisms with a nucleus). For another 1000 million years, there is still no evidence of multicellular life. The first hints of the existence of multicellular organisms comes from trace fossils of tiny worm burrows, found in sandstone dating at 1100 Mya. Near the Precambrian/Cambrian transition, only 580 Mya, in the Ediacaran and Burgess shale faunas we finally find the first fossils of multicellular animals. However, they are very unusual, small, soft-bodied metazoans, and most are superficially unlike anything found today. Precisely as we would expect from the standard phylogenetic tree, the earliest fossils of multi-cellular life are very simple sponges and sea anemone-like organisms (sea anemones and jellyfish are both cnidarians). Around 20 million years later, we find the first evidence of simple mollusks, worms, and echinoderms (organisms similar to starfish and sea cucumbers). Another ~15 million years later, the very first vertebrates appear, though most people would strain to recognize them as such. They are small worm-like and primitive fish-like organisms, without bones, jaws, or fins (excepting a single dorsal fin). As we progress through the Phanerozoic, life gets progressively more similar to modern biota. In the Cambrian (~540 to 500 Mya), we find predominantly invertebrate sea organisms, such as trilobites, sponges, and echinoderms. During the next 100 million years sea life is dominated by invertebrates and strange jawless fish, which besides chordate worms are the only vertebrates around at the time. More familiar jawed fish only appear during the late Silurian, about 410 Mya. Ninety percent of the earth's sediments, up until the Devonian (~400 Mya), are devoid of any land animals. During the Devonian, we finally find the first evidence of insects. For the next 100 million years, through the Carboniferous up until the Permian (~300 Mya), there are no land reptiles, no birds, nor mammals -- only amphibians and insects. The land is covered by fernsmdash;no pine trees or oaks or anything resembling them. During the Mesozoic (from 250 to 65 Mya) life is dominated by monstrously large reptiles, the dinosaurs. The predominant plants are unusual gymnosperms, like the cycads. Nothing even resembling a modern mammal is found until the Jurassic, about 190 Mya. Even then, these "mammals" are small and appear half-reptile/half-rodentmdash;far removed from the large megafauna yet to come. Ninety percent of the sediments on the earth which contain fossils of living organisms have no evidence of flowersmdash;these appear for the first time just before the Paleocene (~65 Mya). Likewise, the earth's record of life is devoid of any hardwood forests until the beginning of the Cenozoic (~65 Mya to the present). During the Cenozoic, mammals and birds finally come to prominence on the land, much as we find today. By the Pleistocene (2 Mya), the earth's biota closely, yet imperfectly, resembles what we presently find on the earth. Notable exceptions are the recent megafauna that covered the continents with organisms like mammoths, giant sloths, and saber-toothed tigers (Futuyma 1998, pp. 130, 169-199). Potential Falsification:This falsification would be simple and facilemdash;the sediments of the earth
could contain a composition of species very similar to modern life as far back
as we can see in the sequential layers. Prediction 5.5: Stages of SpeciationThe most useful definition of species (which does not assume evolution) for sexual metazoans is the Biological Species Concept: species are groups of actually or potentially interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups (Mayr 1942). If branching of existing species into new species occurred gradually in the past, we should see all possible degrees of speciation or genetic isolation today, ranging from fully interbreeding populations, to partially interbreeding populations, to populations that interbreed with reduced fertility or with complete infertility, to completely genetically isolated populations. Confirmation:There are countless cases of distinct species which can, in unusual or limited circumstances, form hybrids. One example is the West European carrion crow (Corvus corone) and the Asian hooded crow (Corvus cornix), which have distinct ranges meeting in a narrow "hybrid zone". Another are the Platte river species of sucker fish of the Catostomus genus which live together and only rarely interbreed (Futuyma 1998, p. 454). One of the most striking instances of partial or incomplete speciation are the numerous "ring species" (for review see Irwin et al. 2001). Ring species, such as the salamander Ensatina, form a chain of interbreeding populations which loop around some geographical feature; where the populations meet on the other side, they behave as completely different species. In the case of Ensatina, the subspecies form a ring around the Central Valley of Californiamdash;the subspecies freely interbreed and hybridize on the east, west, and north sides of the valley, but where they coexist on the south side they are incapable of hybridizing and act as separate species (Moritz et al. 1982; Futuyma 1998, pp. 455-456). Another example of a ring species is the gull genus Larus. L. argentatus and L. fuscus were originally identified as distinct species in England. However, there is a continuous ring of Larus hybrids extending to the east and west all the way round the North Pole. Only in England are they incapable of interbreeding. The Great Tit, Parus major, similarly forms a ring species around the mountains of Central Asia, freely interbreeding everywhere except in Northern China (Smith 1993, pp. 227-230). Many species can hybridize, but the resulting offspring have reduced fertility. One example is the English shrew (genus Sorex) whose hybrids are reproductively disadvantaged due to chromosomal differences. This has also been seen in lab experiments mating Utah and California strains of Drosophila pseudoobscura. Another example are the frogs Bombina bombina and Bombina variegata, whose hybrids have low fitness (i.e. they do not reproduce very successfully) (Barton and Gale 1993). Many other species can mate and produce viable hybrids, but the hybrids are infertile. This has been observed in species of amphibians (like certain frog species of the Rana genus) and mammals like Equus (where matings of horse and ass result in a sterile mule). Another example is the newt Triturus cristatus and T. marmoratus, in which hybrid infertility is due to unpaired chromosomes (Smith 1993, pp. 253, 264). Other species are able to mate with successful fertilization, but mortality occurs in embryogenesis. Such is the case with the frog species Rana pipiens and R. sylvatica (Futuyma 1998, p. 460). This phenomenon has also been observed in Drosophila. Additional examples are also found in plants such as the cotton species Gossypium hirsutum and G. barbadense (Smith 1993; Futuyma 1998, ch. 15 and 16). Potential Falsification:If all known species were completely genetically isolated from one another,
and there were no instances of hybrids, it would be very difficult to reasonably
justify the postulation of millions upon millions of gradual speciation events
in the past. Prediction 5.6: SpeciationsThe standard phylogenetic tree illustrates countless speciation events; each common ancestor also represents at least one speciation event. Thus we should be able to observe actual speciation, if even only very rarely. Current estimates from the fossil record and measured mutational rates place the time required for full reproductive isolation in the wild at ~3 million years on average (Futuyma 1998, p. 510). Consequently, observation of speciation in nature should be a possible but rare phenomenon. However, evolutionary rates in laboratory organisms can be much more rapid than rates inferred from the fossil record, so it is still possible that speciation may be observed in common lab organisms (Gingerich 1983). Confirmation:Speciation of numerous plants, both angiosperms and ferns (such as hemp nettle, primrose, radish and cabbage, and various fern species) has been seen via hybridization and polyploidization since the early 20th century. Several speciation events in plants have been observed that did not involve hybridization or polyploidization (such as maize and S. malheurensis). Some of the most studied organisms in all of genetics are the Drosophila species, which are commonly known as fruitflies. Many Drosophila speciation events have been extensively documented since the seventies. Speciation in Drosophila has occurred by spatial separation, by habitat specialization in the same location, by change in courtship behavior, by disruptive natural selection, and by bottlenecking populations (founder-flush experiments), among other mechanisms. Several speciation events have also been seen in laboratory populations of houseflies, gall former flies, apple maggot flies, flour beetles, Nereis acuminata (a worm), mosquitoes, and various other insects. Green algae and bacteria have been classified as speciated due to change from unicellularity to multicellularity and due to morphological changes from short rods to long rods, all the result of selection pressures. Speciation has also been observed in mammals. Six instances of speciation in house mice on Madeira within the past 500 years have been the consequence of only geographic isolation, genetic drift, and chromosomal fusions. A single chromosomal fusion is the sole major genomic difference between humans and chimps, and some of these Madeiran mice have survived nine fusions in the past 500 years (Britton-Davidian et al. 2000). More detail and many references are given in the Observed Instances of
Speciation FAQ. Prediction 5.7: Morphological rates of changeObserved rates of evolutionary change in modern populations must be greater than or equal to rates observed in the fossil record. Confirmation:Here I can do no better than to quote George C. Williams writing on this very issue: In 1983, Phillip Gingerich published a famous study analyzing 512 different observed rates of evolution (Gingerich 1983). The study centered on rates observed from three classes of data: (1) lab experiments, (2) historical colonization events, and (3) the fossil record. A useful measure of evolutionary rate is the darwin, which is defined as a change in an organism's character by a factor of e per million years (where e is the base of natural log). The average rate observed in the fossil record was 0.6 darwins; the fastest rate was 32 darwins. The latter is the most important number for comparison; rates of evolution observed in modern populations should be equal to or greater than this rate. The average rate of evolution observed in historical colonization events in the wild was 370 darwins -- over 10 times the required minimum rate. In fact, the fastest rate found in colonization events was 80,000 darwins, or 2500 times the required rate. Observed rates of evolution in lab experiments are even more impressive, averaging 60,000 darwins and as high as 200,000 darwins (or over 6000 times the required rate). A more recent paper evaluating the evolutionary rate in guppies in the wild found rates ranging from 4000 to 45,000 darwins (Reznick 1997). Note that a sustained rate of "only" 400 darwins is sufficient to transform a mouse into an elephant in a mere 10,000 years (Gingerich 1983). One of the most extreme examples of rapid evolution was when the hominid cerebellum doubled in size within ~100,000 years during the Pleistocene (Rightmire 1985). This "unique and staggering" acceleration in evolutionary rate was only 7 darwins (Williams 1992, p. 132). This rate converts to a minuscule 0.02% increase per generation, at most. For comparison, the fastest rate observed in the fossil record in the Gingerich study was 37 darwins over one thousand years, and this corresponds to, at most, a 0.06% change per generation. Potential Falsification:If modern observed rates of evolution were unable to account for the rates
found in the fossil record, the theory of common descent would be extremely
difficult to justify, to put it mildly. For example, Equus evolutionary
rates during the late Cenozoic could be consistently found to be greater than
80,000 darwins. Given the observed rates in modern populations, a rate that high
would be impossible to explain. Since the average rate of evolution in
colonization events is ~400 darwins, even an average rate of 4000 darwins in the
fossil record would constitute a robust falsification. Prediction 5.8: Genetic rates of changeRates of genetic change, as measured by nucleotide substitutions, must also be consistent with the rate required from the time allowed in the fossil record and the sequence differences observed between species. Confirmation:What we must compare are the data from three independent sources: (1) fossil record estimates of the time of divergence of species, (2) nucleotide differences between species, and (3) the observed rates of mutation in modern species. The overall conclusion is that these three are entirely consistent with one another. For example, consider the human/chimp divergence, one of the most well-studied evolutionary relationships. Chimpanzees and humans are thought to have diverged, or shared a common ancestor, about 6 Mya, based on the fossil record (Stewart and Disotell 1998). The genomes of chimpanzees and humans are very similar; their DNA sequences overall are 98% identical (King and Wilson 1975; Sverdlov 2000). The greatest differences between these genomes are found in pseudogenes, non-translated sequences, and fourfold degenerate third-base codon positions. All of these are very free from selection constraints, since changes in them have virtually no functional or phenotypic effect, and thus most mutational changes are incorporated and retained in their sequences. For these reasons, they should represent the background rate of spontaneous mutation in the genome. These regions with the highest sequence dissimilarity are what should be compared between species, since they will provide an upper limit on the rate of evolutionary change. Given a divergence date of 6 Mya, the maximum inferred rate of nucleotide substitution in the most divergent regions of DNA in humans and chimps is ~1.3 x 10-9 base substitutions per site per year. Given a generation time of 15-20 years, this is equivalent to a substitution rate of ~2 x 10-8 per site per generation (Crowe 1993; Futuyma 1998, p. 273). Background spontaneous mutation rates are extremely important for cancer research, and they have been studied extensively in humans. A review of the spontaneous mutation rate observed in several genes in humans has found an average background mutation rate of 1-5 x 10-8 base substitutions per site per generation. This rate is a very minimum, because its value does not include insertions, deletions, or other base substitution mutations that can destroy the function of these genes (Giannelli et al. 1999; Mohrenweiser 1994, pp. 128-129). Thus, the fit amongst these three independent sources of data is extremely impressive. Similar results have been found for many other species (Kumar and Subramanian 2002; Li 1997, pp. 180-181, 191). In short, the observed genetic rates of mutation closely match inferred rates based on paleological divergence times and genetic genomic differences. Therefore, the observed rates of mutation can easily account for the genetic differences observed between species as different as mice, chimpanzees, and humans. Potential Falsification:It is entirely plausible that measured genetic mutation rates from observations of modern organisms could be orders of magnitude less than that required by rates inferred from the fossil record and sequence divergence.
ReferencesAndren, C., M. Marden, et al. (1989) "Tolerance to low pH in a population of moor frogs, Rana arvalis from an acid and a neutral environment : a possible test case of rapid evolutionary response to acidification." Oikos 56: 215-223. Barsh, G. S. (1996) "The genetics of pigmentation: from fancy genes to complex traits." Trends in Genetics 12: 299-305. [PubMed] Barton, N. H., and Gale, R. S. (1993) "Genetic analysis of hybrid zones." In Hybrid Zones and the Evolutionary Process. New York, Oxford University Press: 12-45. Bennett, A. F., R. E. Lenski, et al. (1992) "Evolutionary adaptation to temperature. I. Fitness responses of Escherichia coli to changes in its thermal environment." Evolution 46: 16-30. Bishop, J. A. (1981) "A neo-Darwinian approach to resistance: Examples from mammals." In Genetic Consequences of Man Made Change. J. A. Bishop and L. M. Cook. London, Academic Press. Britton-Davidian, J., J. Catalan, et al. (2000) "Rapid chromosomal evolution in island mice." Nature 403: 158. [PubMed] Carpenter, M. A. and O'Brien, S. J. (1995) "Coadaptation and immunodeficiency virus: lessons from the Felidae." Current Opinion in Genetics and Development 5: 739-745. [PubMed] Crowe, J. F. (1993) "Mutation, fitness, and genetic load." Oxford Survey of Evolutionary Biology 9: 3-42. Diamond, J. M. (1984a) "Historic extinctions: A Rosetta Stone for understanding pre-historic extinctions." In Quaternary Extinctions: A Prehistoric Revolution. Eds. P. S. Martin and R. G. Klein. Tucson, University of Arizona Press: 824-862. Diamond, J. M. (1984b) "Normal" extinctions of isolated populations. Extinctions. M. Nitecki. Chicago, University of Chicago Press: 191-246. Endler, J. A. (1986) Natural Selection in the Wild. Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press. Ffrench-Constant, R. H., N. Anthony, et al. (2000) "Cyclodiene insecticide resistance: from molecular to population genetics." Annual Review of Entymology 45: 449-466. [PubMed] Futuyma, D. (1998) Evolutionary Biology. Third edition. Sunderland, MA, Sinauer Associates. Giannelli, F., Anagnostopoulos, T., and Green, P. M. (1999) "Mutation rates in humans. II. Sporadic mutation-specific rates and rate of detrimental human mutations inferred from hemophilia B." Am J Hum Genet 65: 1580-1587. [PubMed] Gingerich, P. D. (1983) "Rates of evolution: Effects of time and temporal scaling." Science 222: 159-161. Hairston, N. G. (1990) "Fluctuating selection and response in a population of freshwater copepods." Evolution 44: 1796-1805. Hall, B. G. (1982) "Evolution on a petri dish: The evolved β-galactosidase system as a model for studying acquisitive evolution in the laboratory." Evolutionary Biology 15: 85-150. Houde, A. E. (1988) "Genetic differences in female choice between two guppy populations." Animal Behavior 36: 510-516. Irwin, D.E., Irwin, J.H., and Price, T.D. (2001) "Ring species as bridges between microevolution and speciation." Genetica. 112-113: 223-243. [PubMed] Johnston, R. F., and Selander, R. K. (1973) "Evolution in the house sparrow. III. Variation in size and sexual dimorphism in Europe and North and South America." American Naturalist 107: 373-390. King, M. C., and Wilson, A. C. (1975) "Evolution at two levels in humans and chimpanzees." Science 188: 107-116. Kumar, S., and Subramanian, S. (2002) "Mutation rates in mammalian genomes." Proc Natl Acad Sci 99: 803-808. http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/99/2/803 Lederberg, J., and Lederberg, E. M. (1952) "Replica plating and indirect selection of bacterial mutants." Journal of Bacteriology 63: 399-406. Lee, S. G., B. D. Yoon, et al. (1998) "Isolation of a novel pentachlorophenol-degrading bacterium, Pseudomonas sp. Bu34." Journal of Applied Microbiology 85: 1-8. [PubMed] Lewin, B. (1999) Genes VII. New York, Oxford University Press. Li, W.-H. (1997) Molecular Evolution. Sunderland, MA, Sinauer Associates. Luria, S., and Delbruck, M. (1943) "Mutations of bacteria from virus sensitivity to virus resistance." Genetics 28: 491-511. Mayr, E. (1942) Systematics and the Origin of Species. New York, Columbia University Press. Mohrenweiser, H. (1994) "Impact of the molecular spectrum of mutational lesions on estimates of germinal gene-mutation rates." Mutation Research 304: 119-137. [PubMed] Moritz, C., C. J. Schneider, et al. (1982) "Evolutionary relationships within the Ensatina eschscholtzii complex confirm the ring species interpretation." Systematic Biology 41: 273-291. Morton, E. S. (1990) "Habitat segregation by sex in the hooded warbler: Experiments on proximate causation and discussion of its evolution." American Naturalist 135: 319-333. Okada, H., S. Negoro, et al. (1983) "Evolutionary adaptation of plasmid-encoded enzymes for degrading nylon oligomers." Nature 306: 203-206. [PubMed] Orser, C. S., and Lange, C. C. (1994) "Molecular analysis of pentachlorophenol degradation." Biodegradation 5: 277-288. [PubMed] Reznick, D. N. (1997) "Evaluation of the rate of evolution in natural populations of guppies (Poecilia ieticulata)." Science 275: 1934-1937. [PubMed] Richter, T. E., and Ronald, P. C. (2000) "The evolution of disease resistance genes." Plant Molecular Biology 42: 195-204. [PubMed] Rightmire, G. P. (1985) "The tempo of change in the evolution of mid- Pleistocene Homo." In Ancestors: the Hard Evidence. E. Delson. New York, Alan R. Liss: pp. 255-264. Smith, J. M. (1993) The Theory of Evolution. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. Stewart, C. B., and Disotell, T. R. (1998) "Primate evolutionmdash;in and out of Africa." Current Biology 8: R582-588. [PubMed] Sverdlov, E. D. (2000) "Retroviruses and primate evolution." BioEssays 22: 161-171. [PubMed] Williams, G. C. (1992) Natural Selection: Domains, Levels, and Challenges. New York, Oxford University Press. Wilson, E. O. (1992) The Diversity of Life. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press.
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The Slovenian became only the eighth rider to achieve the feat
Forests are the lungs of the earth, regulating the earth's climate, and are our storehouses of biological diversity, hosting over two-thirds of known terrestrial species and numerous plants and herbs, some of which may hold the secrets to curing cancer and other diseases. It is estimated that some 1.6 billion people worldwide depend on forests, including 60 million indigenous people who call them home.
But, only about 12 per cent, or 480 million hectares, of the planet's forests have been formally protected. WWF, the global conservation organisation, has been part of the drive to increase protection, helping to safeguard large tracts of forests and pristine landscapes in the Amazon, Borneo, the Congo Basin, Russia, Canada, China and beyond. The WWF aims to see another 75 million hectares of the world's most outstanding forests brought under protection by 2010. With such a timeline just several years away, the only way to accomplish these ambitious — but achievable — goals is through creative partnerships.
The single most ambitious partnership to date is the Amazon Region Protected Areas initiative, led by the Brazilian government in collaboration with the World Bank, Global Environment Facility, the German Development Bank (KFW), WWF and together with local communities. Through this initiative, some 50 million hectares of the Amazon's diverse habitats and species will be protected in a system of well-manage and well-financed parks and reserves — surpassing the size of the entire US National Park system.
Protecting the Amazon from high rates of deforestation and land clearing is no easy task, but the multi-stakeholder initiative has been living up to expectations and delivering extraordinary conservation results. Nearly 16 million hectares of protected areas have already been created. And, just last month Brazilian President Luiz Inácio Lula Da Silva signed a decree creating new protected areas in the Amazonian State of Para. Comprising an area of 6.4 million hectares — twice the size of Belgium — the designation includes two new national parks and the major expansion of a third, four national forests, and an environmental protection zone where development is strictly regulated. This mosaic of new protected areas opens genuine prospects for halting deforestation, conserving biodiversity, and promoting sustainable local and regional development.
Hundreds of indigenous communities living in the Amazon account for the region's rich, cultural diversity. Protecting forest areas helps these communities protect their land and culture from external threats and development, and in some areas, allows them access to the forests to sustainably harvest such important commodities as Brazilian nuts. It is critical for local and indigenous groups to be part of the conservation process. Without them, biodiversity would surely be lost.
This large-scale conservation vision in Brazil, based on good science, strong public and private partnerships, and community involvement is a recipe for success and must be replicated elsewhere. In fact, half way across the world, WWF is working with the governments of Brunei, Indonesia and Malaysia to conserve 22 million hectares of inter-connected equatorial rainforest in Borneo — the world's third largest island — through a network of protected areas and sustainably-managed forests.
And in Africa, WWF helped bring together African heads of states to sign an agreement to protect and sustainably manage over seven per cent of the Congo Basin, the second largest area of tropical forest in the world after the Amazon. These forests are home to more than half of the continent's animal species, including most of the forest elephants left in Africa and the entire world's population of lowland gorillas. They also provide food, materials, and shelter to some 20 million people.
The conservation and sustainable management of forests and the species that live in them are critical for the survival of local, rural and indigenous communities in the developing world, many of whom are poor and have been marginalised by poorly designed development strategies of the past. Bold commitments and ambitious partnerships are the secret to achieving successful conservation. As diplomats and environmentalists gather in Brazil this week at a meeting of the UN Convention on Biological Diversity to address the rate at which the world's natural resources are being degraded and destroyed, they should look to large-scale, multi-partner conservation initiatives as a way to make it to that 2010-targeted finish line.
James P. Leape is Director-General of WWF, the global conservation organisation, based in Switzerland. WWF, the global conservation organisation, works to stop the degradation of the planet's natural environment and to build a future in which humans live in harmony with nature. Visit www.panda.org for further information.
The Slovenian became only the eighth rider to achieve the feat
Biden, in a post on X, said he will remain in his role as president and commander-in-chief until his term ends in January 2025
Dubai Police has asked motorists to be extra cautious
The UAE team revently won the ICC Associate Member Women's Performance of the Year award
Biden said he will remain in his role as president and commander-in-chief until his term ends in January 2025
Piastri triumphs after Norris hands back the lead
The funeral took place at Gob Cemetery on Sunday afternoon
The leader praised the diversity of the nation and efforts of its people towards the development of the Emirates


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10 Reasons Why Demi Moore and Ashton Kutcher Are Actually Divorcing
Demi Moore and Ashton Kutcher have announced they are divorcing, putting an end to rampant speculation about their relationship. The tabloids have had a field day about the state of their marriage for months, with rumors he cheated on her with several women spreading faster than you can say "Dashton."
But is that the real reason they're going their separate ways? We think not. Here's the real inside scoop on why this Hollywood super-couple has decided to call it quits. Add your reasons in the comments.
1. She heard Kris Humhpries is back on the market.
2. He heard Kim Kardashian is back on the market.
3. Like the rest of the world, Demi finally realized the Ashton of 2011 is a lot more annoying than the Ashton of 2005.
4. This just proves that it's hard to look good when you work with a stud like Jon Cryer.
5. She had to call it off because he wouldn't stop wearing trucker hats from 'Punk'd.'
6. Demi is at a point in her life where she needs someone more mature than Ashton. You know, like anyone from 'Jersey Shore.'
7. Most people complain E! spends too much time talking about the Kardashians. Give Demi and Ashton credit for actually doing something about it.
8. Demi couldn't bear the thought of another Thanksgiving where Ashton sits at the kids' table.
9. Seriously, would you stay married to a guy who's on a hit show, but is more known for making a fool of himself on Twitter?
10. They're following the trends. First, Regis and Kelly split. Then, Kim and Kris. And now Demi and Ashton. Better chow down on some PB&J while still you can.


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The Bestiary (playing cards)
From WikiFur, the furry encyclopedia.
The Bestiary is a limited-edition set of playing cards. The cards feature 54 animal species in a variety of styles by 33 artists. Only 750 individually-numbered sets were made.
The sets were distributed between the participating artists. The cards are sold directly, typically for a retail price of $28 plus shipping. Several artists have already sold out as of March 2006, the edition is almost sold out as of February 2007.
The project was organized by Foxfeather, Gatcat and Kenket (who also created the cover art). It debuted at Further Confusion 2006.
Later Coyote Tangent managed a similar project, Kennel Club.
Did you know? Kenket's original name for the project was "Bestiary: The Shuffling"[1]


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Sitka Traverse 1/2 Zip
Sitka Traverse 1/2 Zip
The Traverse Zip-T is an abrasion-resistant outer layer for mild days and an insulating mid layer for the cold.
*The durable knit outer face fabric protects a soft fleece backer that traps warm air to distance your skin from the elements.
*The half zip pullover construction with zippered chest pocket delivers a tailored fit.
*Sleeves break below the wrist with integrated thumb loops to keeping the shirt in place from ravine to ridge top.


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If you don't know what SEO means you might as well pack up your blog and stick your head in the toilet in shame. That's what they would have you think, them, those ones who want you to monetize your blog, flog your blog, flog yourself, flog others. Apparently, the more flogging you do, the greater your success. I already beat myself up about my blog and I certainly don't get monetized for it. Maybe I should beat you up too!
No, flogging doesn't interest me, it's so piratical, neither does self-flagellation, although it does give me an idea on how to optimize my personal SEO (Search Engine Optimization).
How bad is it, the Mel Search Engine? - Where did I put my keys? Where did I put my glasses? Where is that thingy, that book thing that wrote about, you know, that guy and the green cover? It's like in middle age everything in my home ends up in cloud storage, supposed to be very cutting edge, but jeez, it's not very effective is it? So yeah my search engine sucks - my stuff is in a frickin' cloud. If I had money I'd have Help. But let's get serious. Plan B.
Kids have strings on their mittens threaded through their sleeves. Effective! I could just tie everything I habitually lose to the end of a long knotted rope, belt it on, and drag it behind me like those tin cans they tow behind cars after a wedding. Instead of a sign on my trunk that says "Just Married," my trunk would say "Just Menopausal."
My keys, my book thingies, the garbage I have to take out, O trailing along at the end - I can't forget him - all so convenient. Everything within reach!
But maybe it would be like that kids' book, Too Much Noise, where an old man covers up the creaks in his house by adding other noisy things until he gives up and appreciates the original creaks. I'm not saying I'd appreciate my creaks, no matter how original, but a trailing rope? I'm envisioning tangles and filth already, and I hate cleaning as much as losing things.
Well, it was an idea. Too bad I can't patent it and make millions so I can get Help, serious help. The Clapper might be good, but O won't wear a Clapper and everything else in my home would beep when I clap. So back to square one - I'm done before I even get started. What's the point? No, seriously, what was my point? Heh.
The Outfit
I'm jonesing on fluffy white sport socks, flats, glasses, and too-short pants these days. Whaaa...? Feck it. I like it. I'm going to wear the shite out of this stuff - because I can.
- Weird B&W drop crotch, too-big plaid pants that twist around and bag weirdly;
- Striped Zara jacket plucked from the clothing swap leftovers at the last minute at the charity shop. Who brought that? Jane, was that you?* After I painted over a couple of stains with acrylics you can't even see them when I move fast or hold my hand in an odd position;
- Scarf/shawl;
- Sample sale long-sleeve T, white sport socks;
- Ultra-magic loupe.
How's your cloud holding out? Thunderstorms? Fog? Those dudes in Silicon Valley think they invented cloud storage? Puh. We middle-aged women laugh in their faces.
Edit: The jacket is from Sylvia. Thank you! She wore it here. She also mentioned SEOs when we met up. Hahaha. How appropriate that the two come together in this post. It's meant to be!


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Austin Sigg Stands Trial As Adult In Jessica Ridgeway Murder- Bail Denied As Sigg Heard Confessing During 911 Call
Golden, Colorado- In a hearing that was open to the public only after media outlets got the Colorado Supreme Court to overturn a Judge's decision to seal it, new
Among the now confirmed revelations, a neighbor suspected Sigg in the early days following her disappearance and called the FBI directly. The October 19th tip was allegedly due to Sigg's very public obsession with death. It has not been revealed how Sigg and his Mother were approached about providing a DNA sample that has been matched to clothing belonging to Jessica Ridgeway.
Four days after the FBI visited Sigg in the presence of his Mother and took a DNA sample for processing; Austin Sigg sat his Mother Mindy Sigg down, and proceeded to confess to the kidnapping and murder of Jessica Ridgeway in lurid detail.
…" I am a monster." -Austin Sigg
Sigg began the confession by telling his Mother he was a monster, and that after kidnapping Jessica and driving around with her for a while he brought her to the family residence while his Mother was at work and his brother was at school. The teen who hoped to study mortuary science had dismembered Jessica Ridgeway and threw a garbage bag filled with her torso at Pattridge Park while keeping several other portions of the child's remains under a crawlspace at the residence. Sources inside the investigation speaking to BOC on the condition of anonymity have confirmed that not all of Jessica Ridgeway has been recovered to date. A receipt for the garbage bags was located among the debris found at the park. Sigg told Police he choked Ridgeway to death. Her cause of death was asphyxiation.
Mindy Sigg called 911 on October 24th to alert Police that her son confessed. During that call, Austin Sigg admitted to Jessica's death at his hands, and also the attack on a female jogger at Kentner Lake.
The operator heard Austin in the background and asked to speak to him directly.
"I don't exactly get why you're asking me these questions. I murdered Jessica Ridgeway. I have proof that I did it," Austin Sigg said. "You have to send a squad car down here, and I'll answer any questions you want to ask me."
Sigg attempted to use a homemade concoction of chloroform on a towel to overpower the woman over Memorial Day weekend and then attended a family vacation outside of the US a week later. (more…)


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2 - Use in conjunction with the personalisation or implementation of the services supplied by our company and for an eventual, satisfaction evaluation
3 - Use in conjunction with the relaying of information regarding new products and services offered by our company.
3. Conditions of handling: The details will be inserted into a database and or stored in paper or software archives and will be manually, electronically, by way of data transmission or otherwise technologically handled by us in accordance with the law. The details will be properly and legally handled or in such a way as to ensure the safety and privacy of the said data, according to Act 196/2003.
4. The obligatory and facultative nature of the conferment of details and the consequences of an eventual refusal: The conferment of details for the above use is facultative. An eventual refusal to supply details, on your part, may impede certain aspects of the relationship. The conferment of details may prove necessary to allow our company to fulfil legal obligations regarding civil, taxation and administrative laws.
5. Persons or bodies to whom details may be passed on: Your details may be given by us to any public or private person or body, connected or associated company. The details may be given to controlling bodies to whom we have the obligation of communicating details also for the correct observation of any legal obligation connected or appertaining to present and future contacts to be set up with you and imposed by laws and or rules or for the fulfilment of the ends above mentioned.
6. Rights of interested parts: It is the right of the interested parts to claim all that is set out in Act196/2003, among these, the right:
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4 - to oppose, for legitimate reasons, the treatment of the details that apply to you.


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Mar-crest.com is an informational web site devoted to Mar-crest Old Fashioned Stoneware that was produced from the 50's to the early 60's. Collectors refer to the pattern as Daisy and Dot, the glaze finish (color) as Warm Colorado Brown and the style (motif) as Pennsylvania Dutch. Besides the daisy dot pattern, the rare, pastel pieces are much sought after by serious collectors. Before you leave, I hope you'll check out some of the great Mar-crest images found on nearly every page. Many of these pictures were donated by fellow collectors. The rest are from my collection.
Some history: In 1906, 7 potteries merged together to form the Western Stoneware Company in Monmouth, Illinois. They were: Weir Pottery, Monmouth Pottery, Macomb Stoneware Co., Macomb Pottery Co., D Culbertson Stoneware Co., Clinton Stoneware Co. and the Fort Dodge Stoneware Company. Western Stoneware produced the Warm Colorado Brown daisy dot line of Marcrest dinnerware (and maybe some of the pastels as well). They closed their doors in 2006 after 100 years of operation, but quickly re-opened, thanks to 3 original employees.
According to some, Louise Bauer (designer of the famous Hull Little Red Riding Hood line) designed the daisy and dot pattern. Hull is said to have produced the pastel colored pieces: ball pitchers, teapots, tumblers, plain cups and oblong ashtrays marked Marcrest. Read more about my understanding of the Hull / Mar-crest connection on this page.
You may find recent Mar-crest values in the Garage Sale & Flea Market Annual Seventeenth Edition (March 2009, by Collector's Books). It was an honor to once again be the price guide contributing advisor for Mar-crest daisy and dot dinnerware. The book was a sell-out, and was the last edition of the series. You can find a copy for sale on the internet from time to time.
Mar-crest Colorado Brown Oven-Proof Stoneware was available at Safeway, A & P, IGA, Loblaws, Jewel Food Stores and Kroger grocery stores half a century ago (and possibly through Top Value Stamps, as well). Were there other stores that sold Mar-crest? Was it advertised or seen in any magazines, movies or commercials?
Was Mar-crest a premium or give-away, available in movie theaters (dish night) and Western Auto's? I haven't spoke with anyone that recalls this firsthand. In the reading I've done the past several years, dish night at the movies was when a piece of china was given away to movie-goers to boost attendance during the war. Depression glass and Fire-King have been named. I do not believe that daisy dot Mar-crest was a part of those give-aways.
Rare scalloped lazy susan. Photo courtesy eBay seller 2001jmm
If you've ever searched "Mar-crest" on the internet, you've probably noticed something. Much of the information seems to have obviously been copied (often slightly reworded) from only a couple of informative web sites. Sometimes, this rewording has gotten pretty far away from the facts.
Have you seen online auctions showing Mar-crest carafe coffee servers with round cork stoppers or copper lids? Mar-crest beer steins with dome shaped lids? Mar-crest pitchers with lids being called coffee pots? Mar-crest escargot skillets? Bundt pans? Ladles? Egg, butter and covered cheese dishes? Loaf pans or candleholders? This has to be confusing to new collectors, as they were never produced.
Many potteries in the 50's and 60's made pieces that looked similar to Mar-crest. Through the years, odd lids (and casserole stands) have ended up on pieces they did not originally belong to. Oftentimes, the seller is not the original owner, and may think it's a perfect match if the lid seems to fit, and it's similar in color. If you have any doubts about the correct lid (or stand) for a Mar-crest piece, visit the Pictures page on this site and compare. If there's an item you question being Mar-crest, send me a message.
Mar-crest stoneware has rapidly regaining popularity in the past few years. Several online sellers are identifying their assorted brown glazed stoneware pieces as being Mar-crest. Maybe they aren't very familiar with Mar-crest? Or they do know, and are trying to pass off odd pieces as being rare or hard to find Mar-crest items. Many of these pieces are actually Pfaltzgraff, Hull, Hall, McCoy, Kathy Kale, California Pottery, etc., all of which have many Mar-crest similar pieces. Learn to know the difference.
Would someone purposely misidentify a piece of pottery and call it rare and hard to find, attempting to fool a new collector? Sad to say, but it does happen (and not just with Mar-crest). That's why it's important for collectors and buyers to become familiar with what Mar-crest looks like. Know the various sizes and measurements. Pay close attention to the lid, making sure it's the correct one. If the rim of a Mar-crest "bowl" is unglazed, that means a lid belongs on the piece, and it is not a mixing bowl.
ALERT: Pictures on this website have been copied (without permission), and are showing up on several online auctions daily. Why aren't these sellers using their own pictures? (Using others online pictures without permission is not allowed for many reasons.) Auction companies make it clear that sellers are to write their own descriptions and use their own pictures. Image theft and text theft is NOT allowed.
Why? The seller may have similar items for sale, but the condition could be very different. And usually, not in a good way. Would you want to do business with a seller that ignores these rules (that are in place for a reason - to protect the buyer)? What does it say about sellers who choose to ignore the rules? Would they be trustworthy? They usually say that their camera is broken or they don't have one yet, or that the item is not in their possession because they are selling pieces for a friend or relative. Don't fall for these common excuses. Buy from either a trusted seller you have done business with before, or one that has very good feedback. Happy hunting!
"I love your site! My husbands Uncle just passed away and he used to work at Monmouth Pottery years ago. As we were going through his things I brought home a cookie jar and large pitcher. I decided to google it and found your site. I had no idea it was even made in Monmouth. I just liked it because my Grandma used to have ones just like them. I really love the pieces I saw on your site with the pink interior�.I think I have been bitten by the collecting bug!" D. Hickerson Little York, IL
"I found the 10 inch divided vegetable bowl in cleaning out my Dad's house. I remember my Mom getting the dishes from the A & P when we lived in Milwaukee WI. The same store they use to grind her coffee at the register. This was in the early 1960's." Tara F. in Eugene, Oregon
"Hello. I just started my collection and I did so with the Grease Jar and Cover that my mother had. I now have about 32 pieces added to my collection and I enjoy the hunt for them. I really did not know what I was buying until I stumbled upon your web-site. Thank you for your information." Azzy in Mercedes, TX
"My wife and I have used a Mar-Crest banded brown glazed mixing bowl for 20 years. Beautiful, durable and useful. I bought a small 5 inch bowl to go with a couple years ago.Nifty web site with lots of information and pictures. Thank you. I saw the site and Rita mentioned in Collectors News [Magazine, April 2008 edition]." Brian in Indianapolis, IN
"Mostly I wanted to praise your work here. It is great to see an informative and honest approach! I have only recently started collecting and have really benefited from the information you have gathered here. I know it for the love of the pottery that you do it and really shows. I hope to learn enough and grow my collection enough to have something to contribute one day. Keep adding to it!" Charlene in Bend, OR
"Just happened on to your site. Wow! Very informative and visual! Thanks for all the info...I have many pieces that have been ignored but now will clean up and cherish...!" Julie in TX
"... I am delighted to see that other have the same passion for this pottery that I have. I currently have over two dozen peices of my beloved stoneware and I am a faithfull collector. I have been collecting for years and am very excited to see your site. Thank you for enjoying this as much as I do!"... Martha in MI
"Hi, I just want to thank you for your informative site to stoneware that I stumbled across while doing a web search. :o) I recently bought a lidded piece at the goodwill for $2.99, and had no idea what it was. After reading your information, I now know it is a daisy dot lidded french handled casserole dish! I love it!... You have some lovely pieces. Thanks again...!" Janice in OR
"I looked at your web site and am impressed. I started collecting in the early 50's....Thank you for brightening my day with your web site. Martha." Martha in TX
"I am really excited about your website. I used to check out J T Letowski's website [Marcrest Man] for Marcrest, in fact many of the pics on that site are mine, taken from my collection quite a few years ago. Much of my collection is now in boxes in bedroom closets and under beds, and even in the garage. I keep out about 100 pieces on the "Marcrest Wall" in the kitchen. I am also excited to see how many unique pieces on your site that I have never seen before...I wonder when the last unique piece of Marcrest will be found!" Joe in GA
"I wanted to tell you this was sold in greater Harrisburg by J C Murphy's 5 & 10(I saw them in the Camp Hill Store) in the early 1960's -- I am old enough to remember them when they were new!!!" Carol in PA
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So this is house a $150 controller looks like. MadCatz's Street Fighter IV Tournament Edition FightStick arrived at the GameStop in downtown Berkeley and I rushed over to pick it up. It's big. It's heavy. And it plays like a dream.
Going from the Hori Fighting Stick EX2 to this thing is like finally playing on a Yamaha grand piano after spending years learning on Fisher Price Baby Grand. OK, I exaggerate.
The difference isn't that great. It's more like going from a Honda Civic to a Mercedes Benz. You drive both. They serve the same purpose: They get you from Point A to Point B. But it's all in the feel. The TE FightStick plays so smooth, it feels like the controller is made of ivory.
I'm sure no elephants went into the making of the controller, but man, it does feel that way. You just have to pick one up to understand what I'm saying. But good luck doing that, apparently, demand has oustripped supply and these things are going for $309.99 on eBay.


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Mystery Worshipper: Torold
St John the Baptist
Location: Tuebrook, Liverpool, England
Date of visit: Sunday, 4 November 2012, 11:00am
The building
An important Grade I listed building in the mid-Victorian Decorated Gothic style, built by the prolific architect George Frederick Bodley between 1867 and 1870. The eight-bell tower has a graceful spire. The exterior is of cream sandstone with irregular contrasting pink banding, which is quite striking. The interior is sumptuously decorated throughout with gilding and ornate stencil work. The high altar is backed by an ornate triptych reredos and holds a big six and smaller six! The tabernacle is reminiscent of a medieval papal crown. At the east end of the north aisle is a shrine to Our Lady of Walsingham, while the south aisle contains a snug Lady chapel, dark and mysterious. Plentiful coloured and interesting artwork adorns the interior. There is a statue of Our Lady that I thought had a particularly manly face, and one of St John the Baptist sporting a furry goatskin tunic.
The church
The notice board proclaims: "This is your church" and sports a photograph of Father Simon Fisher, the young incumbent vicar. Among the former curates is David Hope (later Archbishop of York and now Lord Hope) in 1965. The church is currently having a push to promote stewardship, because it needs the income! It has Bible reading classes and seems popular for weddings, likes fellowship, and is big on the social side.
The neighborhood
St John's is on the corner of a very busy road junction. West Derby Road is a main commuter route, running for over a mile to Liverpool city centre, with shops strung along one side: takeaway restaurants, curry houses, convenience shops, pubs. There are streets of Victorian terraced houses running parallel along the length. A leafy boulevard with fine Victorian villas, now slightly dilapidated, stands at the southern end.
The cast
The Revd Simon Fisher, vicar, was preacher and celebrant, assisted by an unnamed deacon. Both were attired in crimson red brocade fiddle-back vestments with a touch of lace to their albs. A thurifer and server were also in the party.
What was the name of the service?
Procession and Sung Mass.How full was the building?
It was a quarter full in the nave, a congregation of mixed ages: ladies, gents, young adults and seven or eight children including a baby who had a good bawl during the sermon. (It turned out to be the vicar's baby!)
Did anyone welcome you personally?
Yes. A sideswoman at the entrance handed me a service booklet and notice sheet, and said, "Hello. Yes, you can sit anywhere."
Was your pew comfortable?
No, it was a very uncomfortable pew with a ledge for your books the sort that encourages one to sit up straight and behave oneself. The back dug in and the seat was too narrow. Embroidered kneeling pads complete the picture.
How would you describe the pre-service atmosphere?
When I arrived, the robed choir of three women and several men were singing matins with Father Fisher. The atmosphere was definitely churchy pre-service: people reading the bulletin, turning round to see who was coming in. Baby was babbling to itself.
What were the exact opening words of the service?
"In the name of the Father ..."
What books did the congregation use during the service?
There was a printed order of service, with prayers, responses and hymns. Very handy because it told you when to sit, kneel or stand, so if you weren't a regular you knew what to do. User-friendly!
What musical instruments were played?
The fine pipe organ, an opus of the venerable old firm of William Hill & Son, was expertly played by the church organist, John Peace.
Did anything distract you?
Yes, the chill of the building because the heating is broken down and awaiting a part. I was aware of my steamy breath.
Was the worship stiff-upper-lip, happy clappy, or what?
I found it a friendly, old fashioned high church, with plenty of Anglo-Catholic style hijinks. However, with the priest's back to the congregation during mass, it was difficult to catch what he was saying. I don't think there was a PA system.
Exactly how long was the sermon?
18 minutes.
On a scale of 1-10, how good was the preacher?
8 – The vicar was very easy to listen to. I could have done with a bit more. I was pleased to see him leap to his feet and eagerly bound up the pulpit steps, a sight not often seen in high church circles (where priests usually prefer to use the missal stand). However, his voice went up at the end of every sentence and he had a slight problem with pronunciation of certain words. He also suffered from a lack of volume and had a tendency to gabble at times. (Voice coach, Father?)
In a nutshell, what was the sermon about?
In a nutshell: the Beatitudes. We are all called to be saints, but are we really holy? When you don't have the things you need, you think you are poor. And you have the same need for spiritual things as for material things. So when you are poor in spirit, you are hungry and thirsty for righteousness as you are for food.
Which part of the service was like being in heaven?
Seeing the thick smoke in the sanctuary rising through shafts of sunlight up into the firmament!
And which part was like being in... er... the other place?
The broken-down heating system. Boy, was it cold in there!
What happened when you hung around after the service looking lost?
I was approached by a man from the congregation: "Are you coming through for a cup of coffee? You are very welcome." The parish rooms adjoin the church.
How would you describe the after-service coffee?
Ordinary tea and instant coffee: "Help yourself!" Cups and saucers, an assortment of biscuits. It was not fair trade, but most welcome!
How would you feel about making another visit (where 10 = ecstatic, 0 = terminal)?
9 – I would be happy to attend St John's on a regular basis.
Did the service make you feel glad to be a Christian?
Very much so. I thoroughly enjoyed the service and the friendly atmosphere. I felt like I had really been to church.
What one thing will you remember about all this in seven days' time ?
The shafts of sunlight piercing through the stained glass windows as we processed round singing "For all the Saints", swathed in incense.