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In the past 50 years, Major League Baseball has almost doubled in size, going from 16 teams to 30. At 25 players a team, there are now 750 men in the league, as opposed to 400 in 1960. In September, when rosters expand, the number gets as high as 1200. With so many more uniforms to fill, it would seem talent has diluted markedly. Still, I took a long look and between Triple-A, top-level independent leagues and various international circuits there are enough ex-big league players scattered about to form an expansion league.
The last time anyone tried to form a new pro baseball circuit was 1959, when a group led by Branch Rickey announced plans for a Continental League, with teams in Atlanta, Buffalo, Dallas, Denver, Houston, Minneapolis-St. Paul, New York and Toronto. They never played a game, after the MLB announced plans to expand in a few of the markets, and today, all but Buffalo has a team. In Part 1 of this series, I looked at cities that could host a professional team. There are dozens of such cities, and I identified 12 of the best.
(For anyone who missed Part 1, go here.)
Today's post is about identifying potential players for this new league. After spending more hours than I care to catalog on Wikipedia and various team Web sites, some in English, some not, I found over 100 ex-big leaguers in their 20s and 30s scattered between Triple-A, the independent leagues and international circuits, as well as the retired and inactive lists (and those were just the names I knew.) I should add that I find this general subject fascinating, regardless of whether we're talking expansion leagues. A former established player grinding it out in some lower league in hopes of coming back is a great underdog story, at least to me.
The list that follows includes ex-starting players, All Stars and a past Cy Young award winner, Eric Gagne (currently playing in Canada.) The men are:
Mexico: Raul Casanova, Scott Chiasson, Jacob Cruz, Erubiel Durazo, Benji Gil, Alex Sanchez
Korea: Jose Capellan, Doug Clark, Karim Garcia, Gary Glover, Edgar Gonzalez, Brandon Knight, C.J. Nitkowski
Japan: Alex Cabrera, Jose Castillo, Casey Fossum, Seth Greisinger, Ben Kozlowski, Randy Messenger, Matt Murton, Andy Phillips, Terrmel Sledge, Jason Standridge
Taiwan: Pedro Liriano, Matt Perisho, Wilton Veras, Jerome Williams
Independent: Antonio Alfonseca, Edgardo Alfonzo, Carlos Almanzar, Lorenzo Barcelo, Larry Bigbie, Dewon Brazelton, Alberto Castillo, Juan Diaz, Ryan Drese, Carl Everett, Robert Fick, Keith Foulke, Wayne Franklin, Eric Gagne, Trey Hodges, Hideki Irabu, Jorge Julio, Jose Lima, Luis Lopez, Dustan Mohr, Sidney Ponson, Matt Riley, Felix Rodriguez, Bill Simas, Randall Simon, Jason Simontacchi, Scott Spiezio, Junior Spivey, Denny Stark, Matt Watson, Esteban Yan, Shane Youman
Minors: Eliezer Alfonzo, Luis Ayala, Josh Bard, Armando Benitez, Kris Benson, Joe Borchard, Raul Chavez, Alex Cintron, Chad Cordero, Shane Costa, Jack Cust, Lenny DiNardo, Brandon Duckworth, Chris George, Esteban German, Jay Gibbons, Brad Hennessey, Steve Holm, Paul Hoover, Kei Igawa, Jacque Jones, Brad Kilby, Jason Lane, Kameron Loe, Brandon McCarthy, Dallas McPherson, Mike MacDougal, John Mayberry Jr., Justin Miller, Damian Moss, Garrett Olson, Adam Pettyjohn, Horacio Ramirez, Cody Ransom, Michael Restovich, Clete Thomas, Joe Thurston, Josh Towers, Andy Tracy, DeWayne Wise
Not playing: Shawn Chacon, Roger Cedeno, Raul Mondesi, Tike Redman, Jose Vidro
Retired: Jose Cruz Jr., Nomar Garciaparra, Ben Grieve, Gary Knotts, Ramiro Mendoza, Matt Morris, Trot Nixon, John Rocker
Looking over the list, it's hardly a collection of ex-superstars. I'm reminded of that scene in Major League where the new owner of the Cleveland Indians presents a list of players she intends to invite to spring training, in secret hopes of fielding the worst team in baseball so she can relocate it to Miami. Upon seeing the list, a member of her front office remarks, "I never heard of half of these guys, and the ones I do know are way past their primes."
In reply, the Indians general manager quips, "Most of these men never had a prime."
Still, as I said in Part 1, I think that over time, with sufficient financial backing, fan support and patience, a new league could become sustainable and competitive. And even to start, I think that 20 or so of the guys named above combined with a few blue chip prospects could form a team comparable to the Washington Nationals. It goes without saying that everything I've said over the past two posts would probably never legally work, for any number of different reasons, but I think it's an interesting concept.


text:
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
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text: STATIONED FERRY BUILDING On the 18th inst. at 5:13 a.m. our quarters [410 Bush St. above Kearny] were carried down by the dome of the California Hotel; All hands were in bed at the time except Hoseman Maroney who was watch at that time. The roof and third and second floor came down through the apparatus floor to the cellar. Apparatus floor resting on coal pile; Third floor occupied by the late Chief and his wife; Second floor occupied by Chemical Crew and Operators; All went for the stairs except John Coyne who fell through the coal hole. When the crash ceased we started at once to dig for the Chief and Mrs. Sullivan, assisted by the "Bulletin" [San Francisco Bulletin newspaper, with offices directly across the street] employees and J. O'Brien, Police Officers Berg, Welsh, Farrell and Tutenberg. While so digging the Chief walked from the rear of the pile. P. Gallagher and Jerry Collins, Chief's Operator, assisted him into the St. George Stables. Chief's Operator, drove him away at once to the Hospital [at 14th and Mission streets]. Mrs. Sullivan was taken out shortly afterwards and we carried her into the California Hotel where a Doctor took charge of her. At that time I was requested by someone in the Hotel to try and save Dr. Stinson who was buried in his room on the 8th floor. I with P. Gallagher and John Coyne went at once to the 8th floor where we found that his room was full of bricks and the floor badly caved in from the heavy weight. Thinking that he might be alive we dug for him and found him but he was dead. Looking out the window from the 8th floor of the Hotel I saw fires in every direction and hearing that there was no water I called for volunteers to get the horses and chemical engine out. The buggies were smashed and buried. We removed the debris from one side of the house to the street getting the horses out and the apparatus in two pieces, putting a large bolt in for a kingbolt. I then ordered one man to put the fire out in the heater by covering it with wet ashes. Then taking extra charges of soda and acid we proceeded. We passed several large fires and went to work on a small fire on Davis St. between Pacific and Broadway. Putting this fire out we recharged the chemical, and put a small fire out on Front St., between Vallejo and Broadway; then to the corner of Davis and Vallejo streets, then to the freight cars on East St. [The Embarcadero] between Broadway and Vallejo St. When chemical was discharged we got two small streams from Steamer Topeka, sending the chemical back to recharge at Chemical 5, getting water from a well opposite Chemical 5. This was about 2 p.m. or thereabouts, when Foreman Short of Engine No. 1, of Oakland reported to me with Engine 4, and Hose 1, of Oakland. I then left Chemical in charge of Hoseman Maroney and took the Oakland Company up to Pacific and Sansome streets, and led from a cistern to Washington St., working with Battalion [Chiefs] McClusky and Murphy. Later the same evening I worked with [Acting Department] Chief Dougherty and McClusky on Merchant St., in the rear of the Hall of Justice. Somewhere about midnight, or early on the morning of the 19th, I took Engine 28 and Oakland Hose Company No. 1, to Pacific and Montgomery, leading down to Montgomery and Washington, and around [the] Montgomery Block [current site of the Transamerica Pyramid] and Washington streets to Montgomery and Sansome. I then worked with Chief McClusky on Stockton, Clay, Washington streets and Montgomery Ave. [now Columbus Ave.] After this I held a consultation with Chief McClusky and Chief Murphy about getting water from the Bay, and I had been informed by Captain Wolf [Orrin R. Wolfe] of the 22nd U.S. Infantry, that the transport tugs were at our disposal. On their advice I led a line from the Bay at the foot of Stockton St. to Engine Co. 31, at Filbert and Stockton streets, obtaining our first water from a well. From here we led to Engine No. 5 at Washington Square and then to an Engine at Stockton and Broadway, and down to Powell and Broadway, where I delivered the stream to Chief McClusky. I obtained my hose from the Corporation Yard No. 2 [on Stockton St.] and returned to the Water Front, taking a line from a tow boat at the foot of Broadway we led up Broadway to Montgomery. Here we met Lieutenant Freeman of the United States Navy with a line from the United States Navy Fire Boat, and by coupling our lines together we led up Montgomery Ave., and [to] the County Jail, [on Broadway] working there until early on the morning of the 20th when I left these lines in charge of Lieutenant Freeman. I returned to the Water Front and led two lines from the Tug Boat Pilot at the foot of Vallejo St. up to Kearny St., where I was joined by Captain Sullivan of Engine Co. 12. Backing down with the fire to Sansome St. where we were driven out on the afternoon of the 20th. I then assisted Captain Wagner of the 22nd U.S. Infantry to lead two lines from the Governor Markham which was lying near the Haslett Warehouses and then left these lines in charge of Captain Wagner and returned, led a second line from the Pilot to the Gibraltar Warehouses. We worked in this vicinity until daylight of the 21st, and then [left] Truckman Wilson of Truck Co. 2 in charge of these lines. I next went to the foot of Vallejo St., and led a line from the Tug Boat Sea Fox to the freight sheds where we worked all day, moving along the Water Front from Broadway to the Sea Wall. WALTER A. COOK Return to the 1906 Earthquake Exhibit. |


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Hints and Tips for Committee Chairs
Hints and Tips for Committee Chairs and Board Members
Amanda Roberts, a NMRT Past President shares the following:
The best tip I have is ... BE PROACTIVE. Don't wait around for things to change if you are not satisfied with your committee experience. If you have an idea for improvement, communicate it formally. Fill out a Board proposal form and pitch your idea to the NMRT Board at an Executive Board meeting. There are online Eboard meetings if you can't attend conferences.
- If you're a Board member, make sure NMRT's staff liaison has added you to NMRTBD-L. Subscription to this listserv is mandatory for all Board members.
- Make sure you can access the ALA NMRT Board & Committee Chairs Member Community on ALA Connect.
- Be sure to copy your director (check your committee's Handbook page) and the NMRT President and Vice President in on any communications. THIS IS ESSENTIAL. Don't worry that you're overwhelming any of us with minor details. We need to be aware of what's going on with the committees so we can step in or offer assistance if needed.
- If you are using Yahoo Groups or Google Groups to communicate with your committee, please remember to add your supervising director, as well as the NMRT President and Vice President to your group. Otherwise, we're in the dark, and that's not a good thing.
- Use an e-mail program that allows easy archiving so you can refer back to messages as necessary. Gmail is very good for this!
- Board members: Create e-mail folders for each of your committees, and file e-mails as you receive and respond to them.
- Add all committee members to your address book to ensure that their e-mails don't get caught by your spam filter.
- Even if all your committee does is plan a program for the Annual Conference and you don't have much to do at the beginning of your term, make contact with your committee members periodically. This reminds them that they are part of the committee and that you haven't forgotten about them!
- If you need publicity for an Annual or Midwinter event, contact the Secretary.
- Please copy the NMRT Treasurer in on anything relating to money and the NMRT budget. S/he will be able to provide you with the guidance you need.
- Reports are due three times per year.
- Planning report: Highlights what you'd like your committee to accomplish this year. Due in July/August.
- Progress report: Describes the progress that you've made towards the goals set in your planning report. Due in February.
- Final report: Summarizes the year's accomplishments and makes suggestions for the following year. Due in July.
- Previous years' reports are available in the NMRT Archives. These reports can be very informative and can give you context for some of your activities.
- Please turn in reports promptly via ALA Connect.
- Handbook entries MUST be updated at the end of your term. Many of our handbook entries are out of date and need major revisions.
- If a committee member disappears after repeated attempts at contact (via e-mail, phone, etc.):
- Let your director know that there is a problem. Please copy the NMRT President and Vice President in on this correspondence.
- If you need a replacement committee member, let your Director and the President and Vice President know ASAP. There are always volunteers waiting for committee appointments.
- If a chair disappears after repeated attempts at contact (via e-mail, phone, etc.):
- Let the NMRT President and Vice President know immediately. We will attempt to contact your chair.
- If you have a person on your committee who would make a good replacement, let the NMRT President and Vice President know. We will appoint a new chair.
Financial Training
Frequently Asked Questions about NMRT's Finances
Meeting Procedures
Brief Parliamentary Motions Guide
Definition of a Motion
A proposal submitted to an assembly for its consideration and decision
- Bringing a Motion before the assembly
- Member makes a motion ("I move that…")
- Another member seconds the motion ("I second the motion.")
- Presiding Officer states the question ("It has been moved and seconded that/to...)
- Considering the Motion - - Presiding Officer asks "Is there any discussion?"
- Maker of the motion has first right to floor
- Remarks are addressed to Presiding officer
- Voting on the Motion
- Presiding Officer puts motion to vote ("Those in favor of the motion that…, say aye. Those opposed, no.")
- Presiding Officer announces result of vote("The motion to… is carried.") or ("The motion is lost")
Based on: Sturgis, A. (2001). The Standard Code of Parliamentary Procedure (4th ed.) New York: McGraw-Hill.
A Parliamentarian's Cheat Sheet
Here are several classes of motions you may encounter in meetings:
- Main Motion
- The main motion is the basis of all parliamentary procedure. All business to be considered by an assembly is introduced by a main motion. This type of motion may only be considered if no other business is pending.
- Restorative Main Motions
- These are five main motions that follow different rules than most main motions. Instead of presenting new business, they refer to previous actions. They include: Amend a previous action, Ratify, Reconsider, Rescind, Resume consideration (take from the table).
- Subsidiary Motions
- May be applied to another motion for the purpose of modifying it, delaying action on it, or disposing of it. These include: Postpone temporarily (lay on the table), Close debate, Limit or extend debate, Postpone to a certain time, Refer to a committee, and Amend.
- Privileged Motions
- Unrelated to the current motion, but are of such urgency or importance that they are considered immediately. These motions are related to members, the organization, and meeting procedure rather than the item of business being considered. These include: Adjourn, Recess, and Question of Privilege.
- Incidental Motions
- Related to, or incidental to, the business being considered, but do not directly modify the pending motion. As by their nature they interrupt business, they should be dealt with immediately. These include: Appeal from a decision of the chair, Suspend the rules, Consider informally, Point of order, Parliamentary inquiry, Withdrawal of a motion, Division of a question and Division of the assembly.
Adapted from parliamentarians.org/basics-motions.php (retrieved 7/5/05, Copyright © 2005 National Association of Parliamentarians) and The Standard Code of Parliamentary Procedure, 4th Ed, by Alice Sturgis.
Presiding Officer phrases/Order of Meeting
- Open the meeting
- Approve the Minutes
Presiding Officer can lead with ("Are there any corrections to the minutes?") pause ("If not, the minutes are approved as read/distributed") or another member can move to approve the minutes.
If there are corrections, Presiding Officer can state ("If there is no objection, the minutes will be approved as corrected. Is there any objection?") or another member can move to approve corrections.
- Recognize a member
This is when the member is proposing a motion, in essence the Presiding Officer is giving them the floor to speak.
- NO second to a motion
Presiding Officer requests ("Is there a second?") At this time, the Presiding Officer can restate the motion in clearer terms and ask again for a second. If no one seconds state ("Since there is no second, the motion is not before the assembly.")
- State the question on a motion
("It has been moved and seconded that..., Is there any discussion?)
- Statement when discussion appears to have ended
("Is there any further discussion?")
- Take a vote
("Those in favor say aye, those opposed no")
- Announce the result of the vote
("The motion is carried", "The motion to... is carried" or "The motion is lost")
- Announce the next piece of business
("The next item of business is...")
- Adjourn
Presiding officer can ask ("Is there any further business?") then say ("Hearing no objection, if there is no further business, the meeting is adjourned.") But keep in mind, the decision to adjourn is that of the members and not that of the presiding officer, so as long as they are bringing up additional business you have to continue.
Based on: Sturgis, A. (2001). The Standard Code of Parliamentary Procedure (4th ed.) New York: McGraw-Hill.
Last Revised: April 2013


text: Millions of years have passed since the times of legends, when the worlds of man and gods were still the same. In these times it was the desires of man that moved the world. It is the era of the 500 year war - The . Kingdom is the story of a young boy named Shin who grew into a great general and all the trials and bloodshed that lead him there.


text: Downy Unstopables FRESH In-Wash Scent Booster beads are small laundry scent beads that work inside your washing machine, giving your laundry up to 12 weeks of freshness.* Before adding clothes, simply shake as many Downy Unstopables scent beads as desired into the cap, and then toss them into the washer drum. Use scent booster beads along with your laundry detergent and fabric softener for long-lasting freshness. Add to each load of laundry for fresh, delightful-smelling clothes, sheets, and towels. It's a fresh too feisty to quit.


text:
Pune based startup AppSurfer, which allows Android app publishers to "publish" their apps on the web, so that buyers can try out the app in a browser before having to download it to their mobile phone, has just been covered by TechCrunch.
Here is an excerpt from the article:
Amazon's Appstore for Android has long allowed consumers to test apps in the browser before purchase, but a new startup debuting now wants to offer an alternative. AppSurfer, as the company is called, has a bigger vision: it wants to become the "YouTube of Android apps." Whether or not the company can get there is still an unknown, but there's something interesting about this idea of making apps browser experiences which can be tried, tested, shared, run and embedded anywhere.
AppSurfer was first covered by PuneTech last year, when it was one of the companies selected to be part of the PuneConnect 2011 event. (It was called DroidCloud in those days.) As a result of being one of the top companies of PuneConnect 2011, they were invited by Economic Times' ET Now TV Channel on their Super Angel Show. AppSufer went on to win at Super Angels show, getting Rs. 1cr of Angel Funding.
App developers interested in using AppSurfer technology can sign up here.


text:
Social Media
Dear Social Media participants,
On the following site you find a complete list of Olympus' official social media accounts, which are operated under the authorization of Olympus: http://www.olympus-global.com/en/socialmedia/.
Please take note that due to the nature of social media, the content transmitted here by Olympus does not necessarily represent the views, positions or official announcements of Olympus. For the official announcements by Olympus, please visit the Olympus Corporate Website http://www.olympus-global.com or http://www.olympus-europa.com or consult press releases.
The method of dialogue varies from account to account. Please note that we cannot respond to every comment posted to the official accounts. The official accounts treat personal information in accordance with the Policy on the Handling of Personal Information, which is available here for your review.


text:
Please login in order to access this content.
The content you're trying to view is for Surfnetkids Printables Club members only.
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Attention K-12 teachers and homeschoolers tired of spending hours searching the Internet for quality sites to recommend. Sit back, and let Surfnetkids do all the work, with this ten-day preview membership.
Learn more: click here.


text:
Heart Breaker is an aubergine creme.
Artistic Colour Gloss soak off gel nail colour with a patented LED formula. Cured with an Artistic LED Light.
- Up to 21 days of wear Ultimate high-gloss shine.
- Easy soak off removal Applies like lacquer.
- Requires Artistic Bonding Gel and Artistic Glossing Gel for optimum results.


text:
Before mugging someone would you consider it a good idea to fill out a detailed job application at the crime scene?
If you said "yes", then congratulations. You made Dr. Grumpy's blog.
Here's the article. And thank you, Shannon, for sending this in.
A Blog detailing the insanity of my medical practice and the stupidity of everyday life.
Contemplating the infinite stupidity of this guy gave me a raging headache. MTV and VH1 does this to 18 year old kids, parents be warned.
I actually worked in a department store HR part time as store nurse (hospital the rest of the time) and the kid that broke into my car and did major damage removing my stereo system in the hospital parking lot at night - came in soon after and submitted his resume. I am sure he recognized me since I attended his "trial" as a witness since I saw him do the B&E from the window of our Surgical unit(he was a minor at the time). I am all for second chances....but I have to admit that I stamped that one DON'T HIRE and put it in the resume file.
Well, since he committed the robbery after, at least he could honestly fill out "no criminal record" on his application.
Did he get the job at Subway?
i think maybe he was more of a moron for committing the offense rather than applying for the job.
Reminds me of the Thieve's Guild in Discworld. I think that's a marvelous plan.


text:
Important Birthdays Over 50
Most children stop being "and-a-half" somewhere around age 12. Kids add "and-a-half" to make sure everyone knows they're closer to the next age than the last.
When you are older, "and-a-half" birthdays start making a comeback. In fact, starting at age 50, several birthdays and "half-birthdays" are critical to understand because they have implications regarding your retirement income.
Age 50
At age 50, workers in certain qualified retirement plans are able to begin making annual catch-up contributions in addition to their normal contributions. Those who participate in 401(k), 403(b), and 457 plans can contribute an additional $7,500 per year in 2024. Those who participate in Simple Individual Retirement Account (IRA) or Simple 401(k) plans can make a catch-up contribution of up to $3,500 in 2024. And those who participate in traditional or Roth IRAs can set aside an additional $1,000 a year.1,2
Age 59½
At age 59½, workers are able to start making withdrawals from qualified retirement plans without incurring a 10% federal income tax penalty. This applies to workers who have contributed to IRAs and employer-sponsored plans, such as 401(k) and 403(b) plans (457 plans are never subject to the 10% penalty). Keep in mind that distributions from traditional IRAs, 401(k) plans, and other employer-sponsored retirement plans are taxed as ordinary income.
Age 62
At age 62 workers are first able to draw Social Security retirement benefits. However, if a person continues to work, those benefits will be reduced. The Social Security Administration will deduct $1 in benefits for each $2 an individual earns above an annual limit. In 2024, the income limit is $22,320.3
Age 65
At age 65, individuals can qualify for Medicare. The Social Security Administration recommends applying three months before reaching age 65. It's important to note that if you are already receiving Social Security benefits, you will automatically be enrolled in Medicare Part A (hospitalization) and Part B (medical insurance) without an additional application.4
Age 65 to 67
Between ages 65 and 67, individuals become eligible to receive 100% of their Social Security benefit. The age varies, depending on birth year. Individuals born in 1955, for example, become eligible to receive 100% of their benefits when they reach age 66 years and 2 months. Those born in 1960 or later need to reach age 67 before they'll become eligible to receive full benefits.5
Age 73
In most circumstances, once you reach age 73, you must begin taking required minimum distributions from a traditional Individual Retirement Account and other defined contribution plans. You may continue to contribute to a traditional IRA past age 70½ as long as you meet the earned-income requirement.
Understanding key birthdays may help you better prepare for certain retirement income and benefits. But perhaps more importantly, knowing key birthdays can help you avoid penalties that may be imposed if you miss the date.
1. If you reach the age of 50 before the end of the calendar year.
2. IRS.gov, 2023
3. SSA.gov, 2023
4. SSA.gov, 2023. Individuals can decline Part B coverage because it requires an additional premium payment.
5. SSA.gov, 2023
The content is developed from sources believed to be providing accurate information. The information in this material is not intended as tax or legal advice. It may not be used for the purpose of avoiding any federal tax penalties. Please consult legal or tax professionals for specific information regarding your individual situation. This material was developed and produced by FMG Suite to provide information on a topic that may be of interest. FMG Suite is not affiliated with the named broker-dealer, state- or SEC-registered investment advisory firm. The opinions expressed and material provided are for general information, and should not be considered a solicitation for the purchase or sale of any security. Copyright FMG Suite.


text:
object Event_Dispatcher Event_Dispatcher::getInstance (
string $name = '__default'
Create a new Event_Dispatcher object.
As Event_Dispatcher uses the singleton pattern, you must not use the new operator to create a new instance of Event_Dispatcher, but use getInstance() instead.
If you need more than one instance of Event_Dispatcher, pass different names to the method.
string $name = '__default'
object Event_Dispatcher Event_Dispatcher instance
This function should be called statically.


text:
On either side the printer lie
Fat stacks of paper six feet high
That stun the mind and blur the eye,
And Lo! Still more comes streaming by,
A fresh SYSABEND dump.
Ye printer clacketh merrily,
"Completion code is 043"
Alack! What can the matter be
That made SYSABEND dump?
My TCAM hath no MCP?
My data cannot OPENed be?
Consult my neighborhood SE?
The devil take thy dam and thee,
Thou vile SYSABEND dump!
Assemble modules on the fly,
And link for yet another try.
With SUPERZAP a patch apply.
This time THOU SHALL NOT DUMP!
. . .
On either side the printer lie
Fat stacks of paper twelve feet high
That blow the mind and blast the eye.
Gadzooks! How shrill yon varlet's cry
As sixteen megabytes go by
In yet another dump.
--J. C. L. Guest
Have Fun


text:
Western Ecosystems Technology Inc (WEST)
WEST provides environmental and statistical consulting services and contract research nationally and internationally to industry, government, and private organizations. We offer clients a unique combination of field ecology and statistics to help solve on-going and contemporary natural resource problems.
Through the use of state-of-the-art statistical principles in the design, conduct and analysis of ecological field studies, WEST specializes in a common sense, defensible, and professional approach to the solution of natural resource problems facing government and industry. WEST has a permanent core of ecologists and biometricians with broad experience in basic and applied ecological studies and the sophisticated analysis of natural resource data.


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Mr. Rakesh Kumar, Chairman-IEML & Mr. Sudeep Sarcar, CEO IEML, Shri G. Krishna Reddy Hon'ble Minister, Shri Ajay Bhat Hon'ble Minister of State
NEW DELHI/GREATER NOIDA, September 29: India Expo Centre & Mart, Greater Noida is one of the India's largest integrated venue providers, that offers technology driven, world- class facilities and safety standards suitable for hosting international business-to- business exhibitions, conferences, congresses, product launches, and promotional events, amongst others.
Today, in a "National Tourism Awards'2022" ceremony held at Vigyan Bhawan, New Delhi, India Expo Centre & Mart got the prestigious "NATIONAL TOURISM AWARD 2018-19 FOR BEST STANDALONE CONVENTION CENTRE" in the august presence of Shri Jagdeep Dhankhar, his Excellency Vice-President of India. Shri G. Krishna Reddy, Hon'ble Minister of Tourism, Culture and Development of North Eastern Region of India, Govt. of India, Shri Ajay Bhatt, Hon'ble Minister of State for Tourism, Govt. of India and Shri Arvind Singh, IAS, Secretary (Tourism), Govt. of India were also present alongwith other dignitaries. The award was received by Shri Rakesh Kumar, Chairman, India Exposition Mart Ltd. and Shri Sudeep Sarcar, CEO, India Exposition Mart Ltd.
Shri Rakesh Kumar, Chairman-IEML speaking on the occasion informed that it has been a great honour for IEML to receive this prestigious award. He thanked the Government of India for recognising the hard work and dedication of entire team of India Exposition Mart Ltd (IEML). Adding further, he said, this will surely add another feather in the IEML's cap which has over the years received many awards.
He further informed, the venue is strategically located in Greater Noida which is a prominent MICE destination in India. It is a world-class venue with facilities for all kinds of business events in a covered area of 2,35,000 square meters. India Expo Centre & Mart houses around 800 permanent showrooms of Indian exporters and has 14 multi-purpose halls (73,308 sqm) 29 meeting rooms (25,000 seating capacity for conferences and 2 lac footfall per day for exhibitions), 4 open areas and 4 speciality restaurants. It also has a buyers' lounge, foreign exchange outlet, logistic support, extensive parking for 2000 cars and completely Wi-Fi with modern security & safety features. The venue will soon have an in-house 134-bedded hotel inside the premises. An uninterrupted power supply of 34 MW. Energy saving has been a priority at the venue and its 3MW Solar Power Generation plant, installed on rooftops of halls proves this endeavour. The facility has also received ISO 9001:2015, 14001:2015 and 45001:2018 certifications for the Standalone MICE venue.
India Expo Mart has approximately 16 years of operating experience in the management and organization of exhibitions and trade fairs. Many VVIP's including Hon'ble PM of India, Hon'ble Union Home Minister, various cabinet Ministers and Chief Ministers of states have visited the venue for various exhibitions and conventions including Indian Handicrafts and Gifts Fair, Elecrama, Auto Expo – The Motor Show, CPHI&P-MEC and Print Pack, COP 14, Petrotech'22, and recently World Dairy Congress'22 and many more others exhibitions were organized at India Expo Centre & Mart, Greater Noida, informed Shri Sudeep Sarcar, CEO, India Exposition Mart Ltd.
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From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
Tooth | |
Details | |
Identifiers | |
Latin | dens |
MeSH | D014070 |
Anatomical terminology |
A tooth (pl.: teeth) is a hard, calcified structure found in the jaws (or mouths) of many vertebrates and used to break down food. Some animals, particularly carnivores and omnivores, also use teeth to help with capturing or wounding prey, tearing food, for defensive purposes, to intimidate other animals often including their own, or to carry prey or their young. The roots of teeth are covered by gums. Teeth are not made of bone, but rather of multiple tissues of varying density and hardness that originate from the outermost embryonic germ layer, the ectoderm.
The general structure of teeth is similar across the vertebrates, although there is considerable variation in their form and position. The teeth of mammals have deep roots, and this pattern is also found in some fish, and in crocodilians. In most teleost fish, however, the teeth are attached to the outer surface of the bone, while in lizards they are attached to the inner surface of the jaw by one side. In cartilaginous fish, such as sharks, the teeth are attached by tough ligaments to the hoops of cartilage that form the jaw.[1]
Monophyodonts are animals that develop only one set of teeth, while diphyodonts grow an early set of deciduous teeth and a later set of permanent or "adult" teeth. Polyphyodonts grow many sets of teeth. For example, sharks, grow a new set of teeth every two weeks to replace worn teeth. Most extant mammals including humans are diphyodonts, but there are exceptions including elephants, kangaroos, and manatees, all of which are polyphyodonts.
Rodent incisors grow and wear away continually through gnawing, which helps maintain relatively constant length. The industry of the beaver is due in part to this qualification. Some rodents, such as voles and guinea pigs (but not mice), as well as lagomorpha (rabbits, hares and pikas), have continuously growing molars in addition to incisors.[2][3] Also, tusks (in tusked mammals) grow almost throughout life.[4]
Teeth are not always attached to the jaw, as they are in mammals. In many reptiles and fish, teeth are attached to the palate or to the floor of the mouth, forming additional rows inside those on the jaws proper. Some teleosts even have teeth in the pharynx. While not true teeth in the usual sense, the dermal denticles of sharks are almost identical in structure and are likely to have the same evolutionary origin. Indeed, teeth appear to have first evolved in sharks, and are not found in the more primitive jawless fish – while lampreys do have tooth-like structures on the tongue, these are in fact, composed of keratin, not of dentine or enamel, and bear no relationship to true teeth.[1] Though "modern" teeth-like structures with dentine and enamel have been found in late conodonts, they are now supposed to have evolved independently of later vertebrates' teeth.[5][6]
Living amphibians typically have small teeth, or none at all, since they commonly feed only on soft foods. In reptiles, teeth are generally simple and conical in shape, although there is some variation between species, most notably the venom-injecting fangs of snakes. The pattern of incisors, canines, premolars and molars is found only in mammals, and to varying extents, in their evolutionary ancestors. The numbers of these types of teeth vary greatly between species; zoologists use a standardised dental formula to describe the precise pattern in any given group.[1]
The word tooth comes from Proto-Germanic *tanþs, derived from the Proto-Indo-European *h₁dent-, which was composed of the root *h₁ed- 'to eat' plus the active participle suffix *-nt, therefore literally meaning 'that which eats'.[7]
The irregular plural form teeth is the result of Germanic umlaut whereby vowels immediately preceding a high vocalic in the following syllable were raised. As the nominative plural ending of the Proto-Germanic consonant stems (to which *tanþs belonged) was *-iz, the root vowel in the plural form *tanþiz (changed by this point to *tą̄þi via unrelated phonological processes) was raised to /œː/, and later unrounded to /eː/, resulting in the tōþ/tēþ alternation attested from Old English. Cf. also Old English bōc/bēċ 'book/books' and 'mūs/mȳs' 'mouse/mice', from Proto-Germanic *bōks/bōkiz and *mūs/mūsiz respectively.
Cognate with Latin dēns, Greek ὀδούς (odous), and Sanskrit dát.
Teeth are assumed to have evolved either from ectoderm denticles (scales, much like those on the skin of sharks) that folded and integrated into the mouth (called the "outside–in" theory), or from endoderm pharyngeal teeth (primarily formed in the pharynx of jawless vertebrates) (the "inside–out" theory). In addition, there is another theory stating that neural crest gene regulatory network, and neural crest-derived ectomesenchyme are the key to generate teeth (with any epithelium, either ectoderm or endoderm).[4][8]
The genes governing tooth development in mammals are homologous to those involved in the development of fish scales.[9] Study of a tooth plate of a fossil of the extinct fish Romundina stellina showed that the teeth and scales were made of the same tissues, also found in mammal teeth, lending support to the theory that teeth evolved as a modification of scales.[10]
Teeth are among the most distinctive (and long-lasting) features of mammal species. Paleontologists use teeth to identify fossil species and determine their relationships. The shape of the animal's teeth are related to its diet. For example, plant matter is hard to digest, so herbivores have many molars for chewing and grinding. Carnivores, on the other hand, have canine teeth to kill prey and to tear meat.
Mammals, in general, are diphyodont, meaning that they develop two sets of teeth. In humans, the first set (the "baby", "milk", "primary" or "deciduous" set) normally starts to appear at about six months of age, although some babies are born with one or more visible teeth, known as neonatal teeth. Normal tooth eruption at about six months is known as teething and can be painful. Kangaroos, elephants, and manatees are unusual among mammals because they are polyphyodonts.
In aardvarks, teeth lack enamel and have many pulp tubules, hence the name of the order Tubulidentata.[11]
In dogs, the teeth are less likely than humans to form dental cavities because of the very high pH of dog saliva, which prevents enamel from demineralizing.[12] Sometimes called cuspids, these teeth are shaped like points (cusps) and are used for tearing and grasping food.[13]
Like human teeth, whale teeth have polyp-like protrusions located on the root surface of the tooth. These polyps are made of cementum in both species, but in human teeth, the protrusions are located on the outside of the root, while in whales the nodule is located on the inside of the pulp chamber. While the roots of human teeth are made of cementum on the outer surface, whales have cementum on the entire surface of the tooth with a very small layer of enamel at the tip. This small enamel layer is only seen in older whales where the cementum has been worn away to show the underlying enamel.[14]
The toothed whale is a suborder of the cetaceans characterized by having teeth. The teeth differ considerably among the species. They may be numerous, with some dolphins bearing over 100 teeth in their jaws. On the other hand, the narwhals have a giant unicorn-like tusk, which is a tooth containing millions of sensory pathways and used for sensing during feeding, navigation, and mating. It is the most neurologically complex tooth known. Beaked whales are almost toothless, with only bizarre teeth found in males. These teeth may be used for feeding but also for demonstrating aggression and showmanship.
In humans (and most other primates), there are usually 20 primary (also "baby" or "milk") teeth, and later up to 32 permanent teeth. Four of these 32 may be third molars or wisdom teeth, although these are not present in all adults, and may be removed surgically later in life.[15]
Among primary teeth, 10 of them are usually found in the maxilla (i.e. upper jaw) and the other 10 in the mandible (i.e. lower jaw). Among permanent teeth, 16 are found in the maxilla and the other 16 in the mandible. Most of the teeth have uniquely distinguishing features.
An adult horse has between 36 and 44 teeth. The enamel and dentin layers of horse teeth are intertwined.[16] All horses have 12 premolars, 12 molars, and 12 incisors.[17] Generally, all male equines also have four canine teeth (called tushes) between the molars and incisors. However, few female horses (less than 28%) have canines, and those that do usually have only one or two, which many times are only partially erupted.[18] A few horses have one to four wolf teeth, which are vestigial premolars, with most of those having only one or two. They are equally common in male and female horses and much more likely to be on the upper jaw. If present these can cause problems as they can interfere with the horse's bit contact. Therefore, wolf teeth are commonly removed.[17]
Horse teeth can be used to estimate the animal's age. Between birth and five years, age can be closely estimated by observing the eruption pattern on milk teeth and then permanent teeth. By age five, all permanent teeth have usually erupted. The horse is then said to have a "full" mouth. After the age of five, age can only be conjectured by studying the wear patterns on the incisors, shape, the angle at which the incisors meet, and other factors. The wear of teeth may also be affected by diet, natural abnormalities, and cribbing. Two horses of the same age may have different wear patterns.
A horse's incisors, premolars, and molars, once fully developed, continue to erupt as the grinding surface is worn down through chewing. A young adult horse will have teeth, which are 110–130 mm (4.5–5 inches) long, with the majority of the crown remaining below the gumline in the dental socket. The rest of the tooth will slowly emerge from the jaw, erupting about 3 mm (1⁄8 in) each year, as the horse ages. When the animal reaches old age, the crowns of the teeth are very short and the teeth are often lost altogether. Very old horses, if lacking molars, may need to have their fodder ground up and soaked in water to create a soft mush for them to eat in order to obtain adequate nutrition.
Elephants' tusks are specialized incisors for digging food up and fighting. Some elephant teeth are similar to those in manatees, and elephants are believed to have undergone an aquatic phase in their evolution.
At birth, elephants have a total of 28 molar plate-like grinding teeth not including the tusks. These are organized into four sets of seven successively larger teeth which the elephant will slowly wear through during its lifetime of chewing rough plant material. Only four teeth are used for chewing at a given time, and as each tooth wears out, another tooth moves forward to take its place in a process similar to a conveyor belt. The last and largest of these teeth usually becomes exposed when the animal is around 40 years of age, and will often last for an additional 20 years. When the last of these teeth has fallen out, regardless of the elephant's age, the animal will no longer be able to chew food and will die of starvation.[19][20]
Rabbits and other lagomorphs usually shed their deciduous teeth before (or very shortly after) their birth, and are usually born with their permanent teeth.[21] The teeth of rabbits complement their diet, which consists of a wide range of vegetation. Since many of the foods are abrasive enough to cause attrition, rabbit teeth grow continuously throughout life.[22] Rabbits have a total of six incisors, three upper premolars, three upper molars, two lower premolars, and two lower molars on each side. There are no canines. Dental formula is 188.8.131.52.0.2.3 = 28. Three to four millimeters of the tooth is worn away by incisors every week, whereas the cheek teeth require a month to wear away the same amount.[23]
The incisors and cheek teeth of rabbits are called aradicular hypsodont teeth. This is sometimes referred to as an elodent dentition. These teeth grow or erupt continuously. The growth or eruption is held in balance by dental abrasion from chewing a diet high in fiber.
Rodents have upper and lower hypselodont incisors that can continuously grow enamel throughout its life without having properly formed roots.[24] These teeth are also known as aradicular teeth, and unlike humans whose ameloblasts die after tooth development, rodents continually produce enamel, they must wear down their teeth by gnawing on various materials.[25] Enamel and dentin are produced by the enamel organ, and growth is dependent on the presence of stem cells, cellular amplification, and cellular maturation structures in the odontogenic region.[26] Rodent incisors are used for cutting wood, biting through the skin of fruit, or for defense. This allows for the rate of wear and tooth growth to be at equilibrium.[24] The microstructure of rodent incisor enamel has shown to be useful in studying the phylogeny and systematics of rodents because of its independent evolution from the other dental traits. The enamel on rodent incisors are composed of two layers: the inner portio interna (PI) with Hunter-Schreger bands (HSB) and an outer portio externa (PE) with radial enamel (RE).[27] It usually involves the differential regulation of the epithelial stem cell niche in the tooth of two rodent species, such as guinea pigs.[28][29]
The teeth have enamel on the outside and exposed dentin on the inside, so they self-sharpen during gnawing. On the other hand, continually growing molars are found in some rodent species, such as the sibling vole and the guinea pig.[28][29] There is variation in the dentition of the rodents, but generally, rodents lack canines and premolars, and have a space between their incisors and molars, called the diastema region.
Manatees are polyphyodont with mandibular molars developing separately from the jaw and are encased in a bony shell separated by soft tissue.[30][31]
Walrus tusks are canine teeth that grow continuously throughout life.[32]
Fish, such as sharks, may go through many teeth in their lifetime. The replacement of multiple teeth is known as polyphyodontia.
A class of prehistoric shark are called cladodonts for their strange forked teeth.
Unlike the continuous shedding of functional teeth seen in modern sharks,[33][34] the majority of stem chondrichthyan lineages retained all tooth generations developed throughout the life of the animal.[35] This replacement mechanism is exemplified by the tooth whorl-based dentitions of acanthodians,[36] which include the oldest known toothed vertebrate, Qianodus duplicis[37].
All amphibians have pedicellate teeth, which are modified to be flexible due to connective tissue and uncalcified dentine that separates the crown from the base of the tooth.[38]
Most amphibians exhibit teeth that have a slight attachment to the jaw or acrodont teeth. Acrodont teeth exhibit limited connection to the dentary and have little enervation.[39] This is ideal for organisms who mostly use their teeth for grasping, but not for crushing and allows for rapid regeneration of teeth at a low energy cost. Teeth are usually lost in the course of feeding if the prey is struggling. Additionally, amphibians that undergo a metamorphosis develop bicuspid shaped teeth.[40]
The teeth of reptiles are replaced constantly throughout their lives. Crocodilian juveniles replace teeth with larger ones at a rate as high as one new tooth per socket every month. Once mature, tooth replacement rates can slow to two years and even longer. Overall, crocodilians may use 3,000 teeth from birth to death. New teeth are created within old teeth.[41]
A skull of Ichthyornis discovered in 2014 suggests that the beak of birds may have evolved from teeth to allow chicks to escape their shells earlier, and thus avoid predators and also to penetrate protective covers such as hard earth to access underlying food.[42][43]
True teeth are unique to vertebrates,[44] although many invertebrates have analogous structures often referred to as teeth. The organisms with the simplest genome bearing such tooth-like structures are perhaps the parasitic worms of the family Ancylostomatidae.[45] For example, the hookworm Necator americanus has two dorsal and two ventral cutting plates or teeth around the anterior margin of the buccal capsule. It also has a pair of subdorsal and a pair of subventral teeth located close to the rear.[46]
Historically, the European medicinal leech, another invertebrate parasite, has been used in medicine to remove blood from patients.[47] They have three jaws (tripartite) that resemble saws in both appearance and function, and on them are about 100 sharp teeth used to incise the host. The incision leaves a mark that is an inverted Y inside of a circle. After piercing the skin and injecting anticoagulants (hirudin) and anaesthetics, they suck out blood, consuming up to ten times their body weight in a single meal.[48]
In some species of Bryozoa, the first part of the stomach forms a muscular gizzard lined with chitinous teeth that crush armoured prey such as diatoms. Wave-like peristaltic contractions then move the food through the stomach for digestion.[49]
Molluscs have a structure called a radula, which bears a ribbon of chitinous teeth. However, these teeth are histologically and developmentally different from vertebrate teeth and are unlikely to be homologous. For example, vertebrate teeth develop from a neural crest mesenchyme-derived dental papilla, and the neural crest is specific to vertebrates, as are tissues such as enamel.[44]
The radula is used by molluscs for feeding and is sometimes compared rather inaccurately to a tongue. It is a minutely toothed, chitinous ribbon, typically used for scraping or cutting food before the food enters the oesophagus. The radula is unique to molluscs, and is found in every class of mollusc apart from bivalves.
Within the gastropods, the radula is used in feeding by both herbivorous and carnivorous snails and slugs. The arrangement of teeth (also known as denticles) on the radula ribbon varies considerably from one group to another as shown in the diagram on the left.
Predatory marine snails such as the Naticidae use the radula plus an acidic secretion to bore through the shell of other molluscs. Other predatory marine snails, such as the Conidae, use a specialized radula tooth as a poisoned harpoon. Predatory pulmonate land slugs, such as the ghost slug, use elongated razor-sharp teeth on the radula to seize and devour earthworms. Predatory cephalopods, such as squid, use the radula for cutting prey.
In most of the more ancient lineages of gastropods, the radula is used to graze by scraping diatoms and other microscopic algae off rock surfaces and other substrates. Limpets scrape algae from rocks using radula equipped with exceptionally hard rasping teeth.[50] These teeth have the strongest known tensile strength of any biological material, outperforming spider silk.[50] The mineral protein of the limpet teeth can withstand a tensile stress of 4.9 GPa, compared to 4 GPa of spider silk and 0.5 GPa of human teeth.[51]
Fossilization and taphonomy
Because teeth are very resistant, often preserved when bones are not,[52] and reflect the diet of the host organism, they are very valuable to archaeologists and palaeontologists.[53] Early fish such as the thelodonts had scales composed of dentine and an enamel-like compound, suggesting that the origin of teeth was from scales which were retained in the mouth. Fish as early as the late Cambrian had dentine in their exoskeletons, which may have functioned in defense or for sensing their environments.[54] Dentine can be as hard as the rest of teeth and is composed of collagen fibres, reinforced with hydroxyapatite.[54]
Though teeth are very resistant, they also can be brittle and highly susceptible to cracking.[55] However, cracking of the tooth can be used as a diagnostic tool for predicting bite force. Additionally, enamel fractures can also give valuable insight into the diet and behaviour of archaeological and fossil samples.
Decalcification removes the enamel from teeth and leaves only the organic interior intact, which comprises dentine and cementine.[56] Enamel is quickly decalcified in acids,[57] perhaps by dissolution by plant acids or via diagenetic solutions, or in the stomachs of vertebrate predators.[56] Enamel can be lost by abrasion or spalling,[56] and is lost before dentine or bone are destroyed by the fossilisation process.[57] In such a case, the 'skeleton' of the teeth would consist of the dentine, with a hollow pulp cavity.[56] The organic part of dentine, conversely, is destroyed by alkalis.[57]
See also
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- ^ Pough, Harvey. Vertebrate Life. 9th Ed. Boston: Pearson Education, Inc., 2013. 211-252. Print.
- ^ Kardong, Kenneth (1995). Vertebrate: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution. New York: McGraw-HIll. pp. 215–225. ISBN 9780078023026.
- ^ Xiong, Jianli (2014). "Comparison of vomerine tooth rows in juvenile and adult Hynobius guabangshanensis". Vertebrate Zoology. 64: 215–220.
- ^ Poole, D. F. G. (January 1961). "Notes on Tooth Replacement in the Nile Crocodile Crocodilus niloticus". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 136 (1): 131–140. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1961.tb06083.x.
- ^ Hersher, Rebecca (May 2, 2018). "How Did Birds Lose Their Teeth And Get Their Beaks? Study Offers Clues". NPR.
- ^ Field, Daniel J.; Hanson, Michael; Burnham, David; Wilson, Laura E.; Super, Kristopher; Ehret, Dana; Ebersole, Jun A.; Bhullar, Bhart-Anjan S. (May 31, 2018). "Complete Ichthyornis skull illuminates mosaic assembly of the avian head". Nature Vol 557, pp 96 - 100.
- ^ a b Kardong, Kenneth V. (1995). Vertebrates: comparative anatomy, function, evolution. McGraw-Hill. pp. 55, 57. ISBN 978-0-697-21991-6.
- ^ "Ancylostoma duodenale". Nematode.net Genome Sequencing Center. Archived from the original on 2008-05-16. Retrieved 2009-10-27.
- ^ Roberts, Larry S., and John Janovy, Jr. Foundations of Parasitology. Seventh ed. Singapore: McGraw-Hill, 2006.
- ^ Brian Payton (1981). Kenneth Muller; John Nicholls; Gunther Stent (eds.). Neurobiology of the Leech. New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. pp. 27–34. ISBN 978-0-87969-146-2.
- ^ Wells MD, Manktelow RT, Boyd JB, Bowen V (1993). "The medical leech: an old treatment revisited". Microsurgery. 14 (3): 183–6. doi:10.1002/micr.1920140309. PMID 8479316. S2CID 27891377.
- ^ Ruppert, E.E.; Fox, R.S.; Barnes, R.D. (2004). "Lophoporata". Invertebrate Zoology (7 ed.). Brooks / Cole. pp. 829–845. ISBN 978-0-03-025982-1.
- ^ a b Asa H. Barber; Dun Lu; Nicola M. Pugno (18 February 2015), "Extreme strength observed in limpet teeth", Journal of the Royal Society Interface, 12 (105): 20141326, doi:10.1098/rsif.2014.1326, PMC 4387522, PMID 25694539
- ^ Zachary Davies Boren (18 February 2015). "The strongest materials in the world: Limpet teeth beats record resistance of spider silk". The Independent. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
- ^ Taphonomy: A Process Approach. Ronald E. Martin. Illustrated edition. Cambridge University Press, 1999. ISBN 978-0-521-59833-0
- ^ Towle, Ian; Irish, Joel D.; De Groote, Isabelle (2017). "Behavioral inferences from the high levels of dental chipping in Homo naledi". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 164 (1): 184–192. doi:10.1002/ajpa.23250. PMID 28542710. S2CID 24296825. Retrieved 2019-01-09.
- ^ a b Teaford, Mark F and Smith, Moya Meredith, 2007. Development, Function and Evolution of Teeth, Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-03372-5, Chapter 5.
- ^ Lee, James J.-W.; Constantino, Paul J.; Lucas, Peter W.; Lawn, Brian R. (2011-11-01). "Fracture in teeth—a diagnostic for inferring bite force and tooth function". Biological Reviews. 86 (4): 959–974. doi:10.1111/j.1469-185x.2011.00181.x. ISSN 1469-185X. PMID 21507194. S2CID 205599560.
- ^ a b c d Fisher, Daniel C (1981). "Taphonomic Interpretation of Enamel-Less Teeth in the Shotgun Local Fauna (Paleocene, Wyoming)". Museum of Paleontology Contributions, the University of Michigan. 25 (13): 259–275. hdl:2027.42/48503.
- ^ a b c Fernandez-Jalvo, Y.; Sanchez-Chillon, B.; Andrews, P.; Fernandez-Lopez, S.; Alcala Martinez, L. (2002). "Morphological taphonomic transformations of fossil bones in continental environments, and repercussions on their chemical composition" (PDF). Archaeometry. 44 (3): 353–361. doi:10.1111/1475-4754.t01-1-00068.
- Shoshani, Jeheskel (2002). "Tubulidentata". In Robertson, Sarah (ed.). Encyclopedia of Life Sciences. Vol. 18: Svedberg, Theodor to Two-hybrid and Related Systems. London, UK: Nature Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1-56159-274-6.
External links
- Beach, Chandler B., ed. (1914). . . Chicago: F. E. Compton and Co.


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"Amor Vincit Omnia" is a limited edition print by polish artist Karolina Miła from a small town called Siemianowice Slaskie.
Living by the mantra, in the so called "La Dolce Vita Lifestyle", Karolina is passionate about colours, allowing her true love to life filter into her artworks.
This print is available in two different sizes (W x H):
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A limited edition print of 50 copies only per size, printed on either Paper or Canvas.
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350gms artist canvas, poly-cotton acid free base with archival pigment inks.
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This print is sold unframed.
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Emotional Eating
What Is Emotional Eating?
Emotional eating is when people use food as a way to deal with feelings instead of to satisfy hunger. We've all been there, finishing a whole bag of chips out of boredom or downing cookie after cookie while cramming for a big test. But when done a lot — especially without realizing it — emotional eating can affect weight, health, and overall well-being.
Not many of us make the connection between eating and our feelings. But understanding what drives emotional eating can help people take steps to change it.
People often turn to food when they're stressed out, lonely, sad, anxious, or bored. Little daily stresses can cause someone to seek comfort or distraction in food. But emotional eating can be linked to positive feelings too, like the romance of sharing dessert on Valentine's Day or the celebration of a holiday feast.
People learn emotional eating patterns: A child who gets candy after a big achievement may grow up using candy as a reward for a job well done. A kid who is given cookies as a way to stop crying may learn to link cookies with comfort.
It's not easy to "unlearn" patterns of emotional eating. But it is possible. And it starts with an awareness of what's going on.
Physical Hunger vs. Emotional Hunger
We're all emotional eaters to some extent (who hasn't suddenly found room for dessert after a filling dinner?). But for some people, emotional eating can be a real problem, causing weight gain or cycles of binge eating.
The trouble with emotional eating is that after the pleasure of eating is gone, the feelings that cause it remain. And you often may feel worse about eating the amount or type of food you did. That's why it helps to know the differences between physical hunger and emotional hunger.
Next time you reach for a snack, check in and see which type of hunger is driving it.
Physical hunger:
- comes on gradually and can be postponed
- can be satisfied with any number of foods
- means you're likely to stop eating when full
- doesn't cause feelings of guilt
Emotional hunger:
- feels sudden and urgent
- may cause specific cravings (e.g., for pizza or ice cream)
- can make you eat more than you normally would
- can cause guilt afterward
Questions to Ask Yourself
The main question to ask yourself is: Is your eating triggered by a specific situation or mood?
Also ask yourself:
- Am I stressed, sad, or anxious over something, like school, a social situation, or at home?
- Has there been an event in my life that I'm having trouble dealing with?
- Am I eating more than usual?
- Do I eat at unusual times, like late at night?
- Do other people in my family use food to soothe their feelings too?
If you answered yes to some of these questions, it's possible that eating has become a coping mechanism instead of a way to fuel your body.
Breaking the Cycle
Managing emotional eating means finding other ways to deal with the situations and feelings that make someone turn to food.
For example, do you come home from school each day and automatically head to the kitchen? Stop and ask yourself, "Am I really hungry?" Is your stomach growling? Are you having trouble concentrating or feeling irritable? If these signs point to hunger, choose a healthy snack to take the edge off until dinner.
Not really hungry? If looking for food after school has just become part of your routine, think about why. Then try to change the routine. Instead of eating when you get in the door, take a few minutes to move from one part of your day to another. Go over the things that happened that day. Acknowledge how they made you feel: Happy? Grateful? Excited? Angry? Worried? Jealous? Left out?
Tips to Try
Try these tips to help get emotional eating under control.
- Explore why you're eating and find a replacement activity.
- Too often, we rush through the day without really checking in with ourselves. Pause before you reach for food. Are you hungry or is it something else? For example:
- If you're bored or lonely: Call or text a friend or family member.
- If you're stressed out: Try a yoga routine or go outside for walk or run. Or listen to some feel-good tunes and let off some steam by dancing around your room until the urge to eat passes.
- If you're tired: Rethink your bedtime routine. Set a bedtime that allows you to get enough sleep and turn off electronics at least 1 hour before that time.
- If you're eating to procrastinate: Open those books and get that homework over with. You'll feel better afterward (truly!).
- Write down the emotions or events that trigger your eating. One of the best ways to keep track is with a mood and food journal. Write down what you ate, how much, and how you were feeling (e.g., bored, happy, worried, sad, mad) and what was happening before you ate. Were you really hungry or just eating for comfort? Through journaling, you'll start to see patterns between what you feel and what you eat. You can use this information to make better choices (like choosing to clear your head with a walk around the block instead of a bag of chips).
- Practice mindful eating. Pay attention to what you eat and notice when you feel full.
Getting Help
Even when we understand what's going on, many of us still need help breaking the cycle of emotional eating. It's not easy — especially when emotional eating has already led to weight and self-esteem issues. So don't go it alone when you don't have to.
Take advantage of expert help. Counselors and therapists can help you deal with your feelings. Nutritionists and dietitians can help you identify your eating patterns and get you on track with a better diet. Fitness experts can get your body's feel-good chemicals firing through exercise instead of food.
If you're worried about your eating habits, talk to your doctor. They can help you reach set goals and put you in touch with professionals who can help you get on a path to a new, healthier relationship with food.


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Shape | Chuka-bocho |
Blade Length | 190 mm |
Blade Height | 95 mm |
Blade Thickness Above Heel | 2.3 mm |
Weight | 340 g |
Steel Type | Molybdenum Vanadium Stainless Steel with Stainless Steel Cladding |
Rockwell Hardness | 57–59 |
Edge/Bevel | Double (50/50) |
Handle | Western Handle - |
Brand | Sugimoto |
We aim to ship your order within 1 business day at Knifewear, if there is a hold up, we'll aim to let you know and give you a timeline.
We offer $3 shipping on orders over $100* anywhere in Canada and $200* to customers in the USA. We ship worldwide, and offer up to the minute rates from our shipping partner DHL.
*Konro Grills and some other larger items are excluded from the free shipping offer.
How do I make a return on an online order?
No worries, we've got you sorted. Head over to https://knifewear.com/returns and follow the prompts.
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While the Saturn brand was discontinued in 2009, the car was quite popular in its early years and many are still on the road today. In fact, it could be argued that Saturn was ahead of its time. The Saturn S Series line of vehicles were among the most fuel-efficient cars of their day, offering up to 40 miles per gallon with a manual transmission.
When your Saturn needs a repair, we'll take the time to thoroughly diagnose the problem and pinpoint the component or system that's causing your car to perform poorly. We're honest mechanics, so we'll never suggest a repair that you don't actually need, or replace parts that still have life in them. Simply because one part has gone bad doesn't automatically mean you need to replace every belt, hose, or bolt in its vicinity. Our mechanics will let you know what you need to do to make sure your Saturn is safe and reliable once again—no more and no less.
We know it's inconvenient to be without your Saturn for any amount of time, whether you drive it every day or not. That's why we take care of your Saturn services in Fort Collins as quickly and efficiently as possible. We also treat every vehicle we work on as if it were our own, paying attention to details and answering your questions all along the way. Our team, from our owner to our service writer to our mechanics, want you to be completely comfortable with the auto repairs we provide, and we want to help your Saturn run better for many years to come!
Let Fort Collins Complete Automotive Repair show you how easy auto repairs and maintenance for your Saturn can be! If you've come in before, we look forward to seeing you again. If you're new to Fort Collins, CO, we look forward to meeting you. We know you won't be disappointed!


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Note: Measurements taken in the anechoic chamber at Canada's National Research Council can be found through this link.
KEF's R loudspeakers comprise an affordably priced line of nine models: three floorstanders (R500, R700, R900), two stand-mounts (R100, R300), two center-channels (R200c, R600c), one surround (R800ds), and one subwoofer (R400b). The R series followed the release of the Blade, launched in 2011 for $29,999 USD per pair. The Blade is a unique loudspeaker that not only showcases KEF's newest technologies and latest thinking about how a speaker should be made; I believe it to be a groundbreaking design. Its cabinet's shape, its Uni-Q driver, and the way its four woofers surround the Uni-Q to create what KEF calls a Single Apparent Source (a configuration that allows the speaker to act as a point source at all frequencies), are just a few examples of the original thinking that went into this technological triumph.
The subject of this review is the R500 ($2599.98/pair). I suspect that a speaker at this price from most manufacturers would likely have been rather ordinary, given the cost constraints. But coming from the company that created the Blade, and containing some of that speaker's advanced features, what might have been ordinary is instead something extraordinary.
By a large margin, the R500 is KEF's smallest, least-expensive R-series floorstander (in the US, the R700 and R900 respectively sell for $3599.98 and $4999.98/pair), but that doesn't make it a "lesser" speaker. All R-series cabinets are made of MDF and are built to the same high standard -- one much higher than is indicated by the R500's modest price. One reason KEF can offer such quality at a reasonable price is simple: the R speakers are designed in the UK but built in China.
The Rs are available in four finishes: Walnut and Rosewood real-wood veneers, and Piano Black and Piano White high-gloss lacquer; the review samples' Walnut finish was superb. KEF has included some other nice touches, the most obvious of which is the metal trim around all the drivers, to conceal unsightly screws and bolts, and the solid-aluminum outrigger feet with adjustable carpet spikes. Around back are fantastic binding posts that allow for single- or biwiring without any need for jumpers -- a dial labeled Link, between each pair of upper and lower posts, turns to join or separate the posts internally. Clever. One thing I didn't like: the grille, which is quite plain and brings down the look of the entire speaker. With its grille off, the R500 looks high-tech and sharp; with the grille on, it's humdrum to the point of being lame. That's the one nit I had to pick.
Performance-wise, the differences among the R floorstanders appear to have mostly to do with the bass, something that's affected mainly by cabinet and woofer size. KEF's measurements for the R700 and R900 are, respectively, 42.1"H x 8.3"W x 13.6"D and 44.5"H x 9.4"W x 14.4"D (sans outrigger feet), vs. 40"H x 7.1"W x 12"D for the R500. The R700's and R900's woofers are 6.5" and 8", respectively, vs. 5.25" for the R500. The larger cabinets and bigger woofers allow the R700 and R900 to reach deeper in the bass and have higher output capability in that range. Essentially, you pick the speaker based on your room size, and the importance you place on bass depth and output capability. But that doesn't mean the R500 is lightweight -- KEF specs the R500's -6dB point in the bass as a deep 39Hz, which is believable, based on its performance in my room. (KEF says 37Hz and 35Hz for the R700 and R900, which doesn't sound like much of a difference, but I suspect they have far greater SPL capability in that region, something that simply stating the frequency limits doesn't show.)
All three R floorstanders have two front-mounted woofers, each operating in its own internal enclosure, and each with a port on the rear to increase its output. If the overall bass output proves too much for your room, foam plugs are supplied to reduce the ports' contribution (I listened to the R500 without plugs). The woofers' aluminum cones have an interesting profile: a shallow depression obviously inspired by the Blade's transducers. I have no idea if the shape is performance-oriented, or if KEF made them that way to make the speaker look cooler with its grille off -- or both.
Mounted between the woofers is KEF's newest, Blade-inspired Uni-Q coaxial driver: a 1" aluminum-dome tweeter at the center of a 5" aluminum-cone midrange driver. Coaxial drivers aren't unique to KEF, but for decades now the company has made it their mission to perfect the technology. A coaxial's main strength is the uniform wave launch made possible by having the tweeter in the center of the midrange cone -- something that separate tweeter and midrange drivers can't do, no matter how expensive the speaker. The main downside of coaxials is that because the tweeter works inside the midrange, its behavior is affected by it -- mostly negatively. As a result, the shape of the Uni-Q's midrange cone, the fins surrounding the tweeter, and the seemingly nonexistent midrange surround all serve to eliminate the deleterious effects the midrange cone can have on the tweeter's output. The R500's tweeter crosses over to the midrange at 2.8kHz, and the midrange to the woofers at 500Hz.
Some of KEF's claimed specs for the R500 are typical -- a sensitivity of 88dB (2.83V/m), an 8-ohm impedance with a 3.2-ohm minimum, recommended amplification of 25-150W, and a frequency response of 46Hz-28kHz, +/-3dB -- but some are not. KEF says that the R500's distortion at 90dB output when measured at 1m is less than 0.4% from 120Hz to 20kHz (you can assume the distortion is higher in the bass, which is typical). That's not only very low for a loudspeaker, it's a spec that manufacturers seldom state, for two reasons: 1) few manufacturers have the facilities and abilities to measure distortion (we do measure distortion as part of our battery of tests in the NRC's anechoic chamber, where we tested KEF's claim; it's true); and 2) even if they can measure distortion, their figures are rarely so low, so it's better not to mention it at all. Also, KEF claims that the R500 can generate SPLs of 111dB, though they don't give the frequency range and measuring distance for this spec. Still, that kind of output, combined with the claim of exceedingly low distortion, indicate that the moderately sized R500 was designed to play loud and clean -- which it did in my room, to a shocking degree, with every kind of music I played.
Loud and clean weren't the only things the KEF R500 did exceedingly well. The moment I hooked them up to the Eximus S1 amplifier I have in for review (125Wpc into 8 ohms), I heard a sound so full, pure, and refined that I knew in an instant that this $2600 pair of speakers was special. When I pressed on, and drove the R500s with the Bryston 4B SST2 (300Wpc into 8 ohms), I knew that what I was hearing could set a new standard for performance at this price. It wasn't only that the R500s could use all the power the Bryston could provide, but that the 4B SST2's world-class sound allowed the R500s to fulfill their potential -- which I found to be sky high.
What did the R500 do so well to win such praise? Many things -- but what jumped to the fore was the entire midrange region, which had amazing clarity and dazzling transparency at all volume levels. Whether I was playing an ultra-pure-sounding recording of a female voice such as Mariza's on her Transparente (16/44.1 FLAC, Times Square), or Leonard Cohen's deep, raspy baritone on his latest release, Old Ideas (16/44.1 FLAC, Columbia), what came out of the R500s was so utterly clean, composed, refined, and realistic that I knew that, at least in this regard, the KEFs could hold their own against the best speakers out there -- even against my reference Revel Ultima Salon2s, which sell for $21,998/pair.
However, it's important to know that this kind of ultrasmooth, extremely natural midrange sound in a cost-effective speaker isn't unique to the R500, and it's not something I haven't written about recently -- PSB's overachieving Imagine T2 ($3500/pair), which I reviewed a few months ago, sounds almost the same through the mids. Likewise, PSB's Synchrony One ($5500/pair) has a midrange clarity and neutrality incredible enough to shame the most expensive, cost-no-object designs. But it's been over a year since the Ones were in my room, so I couldn't directly compare the R500s with them. But I could directly compare the KEFs with the PSB Imagine T2s. As I said, the speakers were similar through the mids -- but where the R500 stepped ahead of the T2 was in the former's ability to deliver this kind of midrange purity at far higher SPLs. The T2, while impressive, crapped out a little earlier; the R500 played every bit as loud as my Revels while keeping their composure. Shockingly good performance for the price.
As remarkable as was the R500s' midrange, the solidity of their center imaging and the way they positioned the performers so precisely on the soundstage, from left to right and from front to back, was better than the T2s and the Salon2s -- something I attribute to the acoustic benefits of that Uni-Q driver. This, to me, is not insignificant -- the clarity and rock-solid focus that result from placing the tweeter at the center of the midrange is something you can't get from a discrete tweeter and midrange at any price -- and once you've experienced it, it's tough to live without it.
Moving up into the topmost frequencies, I wasn't disappointed in the least, which surprised me -- I've been spoiled the last few years by having a pair of Salon2s as a reference, and by having reviewed what I believe to be one of the very best speakers on the planet: Vivid Audio's Giya G2 ($50,000/pair). Once you hear the fantastically clean sound that both models' tweeters provide, most "typical" speakers' tweeters are a letdown. Not so with the KEF. Where the R500's tweeter takes over from its midrange sounded absolutely seamless -- no telltale shifts in sound. And while the R500 couldn't quite match the effortlessness and the airy, open quality of the G2's or the Salon2's top end, it did sound every bit as clean, extended, and refined, which I certainly didn't expect for the price. KEF's designers have done some remarkable things with their latest Uni-Q drivers.
Nor did the R500's performance lower in the audioband disappoint, although here there were some indicators of the speaker's modest size and price. Like the midrange-to-tweeter handoff, the outputs of the R500's woofers blended seamlessly with the midrange to produce rich, voluminous bass that easily extended below 40Hz in my room with surprising weight and fullness, even at high volume levels. Granted, that's still not 20Hz terrain, which is what's considered "full-range" performance, but I don't think anyone expects a speaker of this size or price to go that low. In fact, the PSB Imagine T2's bass performance sounded largely the same as the R500's.
When I played through the R500s "Misguided Angel," from the Cowboy Junkies' The Trinity Session (16/44.1 FLAC, RCA), the bass surged like a wave about to engulf me. Ola Gjeilo's robust-sounding acoustic piano in "North Country II," from our high-resolution 2L-TWBAS 2012 Sampler (24/176.4 FLAC, 2L/SoundStageRecordings.com), was incredibly rich and remarkably well controlled. The piano is notoriously tough for a pair of speakers to re-create, but the R500s aced it. Øystein Baadsvik's tuba in Erlend Skomsvoll's Prince Igor: Fantasy on a Theme by A. Borodin, from Baadsvik's Ferry Tales (16/48 FLAC, BIS), sounded forceful and full, as it should. The R500's bass depth, fullness, and control were excellent for a smallish loudspeaker.
Where the R500 fell back in the bass mirrored the same deficiency in the Imagine T2: detail. In short, the R500's bass lacked the awe-inspiring low-frequency definition that speakers like the Revel Ultima Salon2 and Vivid Giya G2 can provide. As a result, the rich bass textures present in the recordings I've mentioned were somewhat obscured, meaning the bass in the R500 sounded a touch more loose than tight.
Is that a problem? If a pair of R500s cost as much as, say, Vivid's B1, which I consider to be close to the state of the art for a moderate-size floorstander, it would be. But those speakers cost $15,000/pair -- for that much cash, you expect to get everything. The R500s cost less than 20% of that -- so, no, no problem at all.
When KEF told me they'd ship me a box speaker costing just $2599.98/pair, it never occurred to me that I'd have for it the same sort of admiration or enthusiasm that I've felt for their Blade since that speaker's debut. But I have to give the R500 equal praise -- not for its build and styling, which are simply very good for the price, but for its sound, which is nothing short of extraordinary, and sets a new standard for what can be expected at this price.
The R500's sultry-smooth, extraordinarily clean, natural-sounding midrange allows this small floorstander to compete with speakers at any price. Its highs approach what the best speakers offer, and its soundstaging and imaging are beyond reproach. The R500's bass is deep and robust, and what it lacks in definition it makes up for in a fullness and heft that allow this moderate-size speaker to sound big -- really big. Then there's the transparent, seamless coherence of its drivers' outputs: The R500 sounds as if it has only a single driver.
The result is a loudspeaker that sounds remarkably complete and uncompromised, despite its low price. In fact, calling the R500 a great-sounding speaker for the price doesn't tell the whole story -- the KEF R500 is a great-sounding loudspeaker by any measure. The fact that its price is so low simply makes it all that much better.
. . . Doug Schneider
Associated Equipment
- Speakers -- PSB Imagine T2, Revel Ultima Salon2
- Amplifiers -- Eximus S1, Bryston 4B SST2
- Preamplifier-DAC -- Eximus DP1
- Computer -- Sony Vaio laptop running Windows Vista and JRiver Media Center 17
- Digital interconnect -- AudioQuest Carbon USB
- Analog interconnects -- Nordost Valhalla
- Speaker cables -- Nirvana S-L, AudioQuest Comet
KEF R500 Loudspeakers
Price: $2599.98 USD per pair.
Warranty: Five years parts and labor.
Eccleston Road, Tovil, Maidstone
Kent, England ME15 6QP
Phone: +44 (0)1622-672261
Fax: +44 (0)1622-750653
Website: www.kef.com
North America:
KEF America / KEF Canada, Inc.
10 Timber Lane
Marlboro, NJ 07746
Phone: (732) 683-2356
E-mail: email@example.com


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Specialized's Top Cap Chain Tool replaces your top cap and places a chain tool and spare chain quick link inside your bicycle fork's steerer tube. This way you'll never forget your chain tool. This tool can be installed in any 1-1/8th inch steerer tube that is at least 32mm deep. It's available in models that work with either aluminum or carbon steerer tubes.
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About Us
About Us
Dedicated to the treatment of acute and chronic Pain
Delaware Valley Pain & Spine Institute is dedicated to providing the highest quality of care to treat patients with pain. Our team of highly specialized physicians uses the most advanced, minimally invasive techniques to restore function and renew hope in our patients.
Chronic pain can lead to physical, psychological, and mental distress. At Delaware Valley Pain & Spine Institute, we understand the complex nature of pain and offer a comprehensive treatment plan in hopes of restoring quality of life


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This Cheddar Bacon Ranch Corn on the Cob Will Rock Your World
There are people in this world who say that traditional corn on the cob should never be messed with. And then there are people in this world that are constantly trying to up their corn on the cob game.
Well, for those people, we have the recipe for you.
In honor of National Corn on the Cob Day on Tuesday (June 11), this Cheddar Bacon Ranch Corn on the Cob is the perfect way to throw a twist in your traditional summer grub. Borrowed from our friends at Delish.com, Cheddar Bacon Ranch Corn on the Cob joins together a mixture of irresistible ingredients including cheddar cheese, bacon and ranch seasoning that you can apply soon after the corn comes off the grill.
Not only will this unique corn on the cob recipe taste delicious, but it will also look gorgeous on your picnic table ... especially when you drizzle those final ingredients, including Ranch dressing and freshly chopped chives.
So, what are you waiting for?
It's time to fire up that grill.
Cheddar Bacon Ranch Corn on the Cob
1/2 c. (1 stick) Butter, softened
1 packet ranch seasoning
Freshly ground black pepper
10 ears corn
2 c. shredded Cheddar
6 slices cooked bacon, finely crumbled
Freshly chopped chives
Ranch Dressing, for drizzling
Heat grill to medium-high. In a small bowl, stir together butter and ranch seasoning and season with pepper. Rub ranch butter on corn. Grill until lightly charred, 10 minutes. Top with cheddar and cover grill to melt, two minutes. Top with cooked bacon and chives and drizzle with ranch.
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