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Privacy Policy
This privacy policy tells you how we collect, use, and protect your personal information. By visiting our website, you accept and agree to the terms and conditions of this privacy policy. In particular, you consent to our collection and use of your personal information as described in this privacy policy. - MINORS.
We do not provide services or sell products to children. If you are below the age of 18, you may use our website only with the permission and active involvement of a parent or legal guardian. If you are a minor, please do not provide us or other website visitors with any personal information. - POLICY IS PART OF OUR TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF USE.
Our privacy policy is part of, and subject to, our website's terms and conditions of use. You may view these terms and conditions on our website. - THE TYPE OF INFORMATION WE COLLECT FROM YOU.
Like most places on the Internet, simply by visiting our website you automatically tell us certain information. This includes basic information such as your IP address, when you visited, the website from where you came prior to visiting us, the website where you go when you leave our website, your computer's operating system, and the type of web browser that you are using. Our website automatically records this basic information about you. And like many other websites, we may use cookies. In plain English, this means information that our website's server transfers to your computer. This information can be used to track your session on our website. Cookies may also be used to customize our website content for you as an individual. If you are using one of the common Internet web browsers, you can set up your browser to either let you know when you receive a cookie or to deny cookie access to your computer.We may also collect any data that you provide us by posting it at our website or by e-mail. You can always choose not to provide us with information. However, if you do withhold information, we may deny you access to some or all of our website's services and features.Some transactions between you and our website may involve payment by credit card, debit card, checks, money orders, and/or third party online payment services. In such transactions, we will collect information related to the transaction as part of the course of doing business with you, including your billing address, telephone number, and other information related to the transaction.
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This policy was last updated on 12-19-2011.


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Mercury Testing Recommended Before Pregnancy
Recent testing of mercury concentrations in three national brands of canned tuna found that:
"55% of all tuna examined was above the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's safety level for human consumption."
And the problem appears to be getting worse. Previous studies on canned tuna, in 1993 and 2004, showed concerning levels of mercury contamination, but not as bad as it is now. See my profile of the paper in my 2-min. video Which brand of tuna has the most mercury?
Given the average level of mercury pollution found in canned tuna, researchers suggest that your average 9 year old would exceed the EPA limit even if they only ate a can of tuna every 6 weeks! They conclude: "These results indicate that stricter regulation of the canned tuna industry is necessary to ensure the safety of sensitive populations such as pregnant women, infants, and children."
Some question whether the federal safety limits are even sufficiently protective. A recent review from researchers at Harvard and elsewhere on the adverse effects of mercury in fish proposed that the exposure limits set in the United States should be cut in half. Already, current regulations in the United States allow up to 10 times as much mercury in fish as the EPA limit allows, and so our fish is allowed to have 20 times more mercury than may be considered safe.
Because the EPA safety limit on mercury in fish may not sufficiently protect pregnant women in the United States, a recommendation has been put forth that fish-eating women may want to get tested for mercury before considering getting pregnant. It's a simple test. Since mercury basically contaminates our whole body, all they need is a hair sample. See more details in my 2-min. video Hair Testing for Mercury Before Consider Pregnancy.
Studies on children of the neurobehavioral toxicity of mercury suggest that no level of mercury exposure can truly be considered safe, but pressure from the fish industry may be preventing safety limits from dropping further. In my video Nerves of Mercury I profile a famous study published in the Journal of Pediatrics showing brain damage in adolescents at below the mercury limits placed on fish in this country. As one former EPA toxicologist told the Wall Street Journal, "They really consider the fish industry to be their clients, rather than the U.S. public."
Mercury is not just a problem for children. Mercury and other toxic pollutants in fish is thought to be why the consumption of dark fish (such as salmon, swordfish, bluefish, mackerel, and sardines) may increase one's risk of atrial fibrillation, an irregularity of heart beat rhythm associated with stroke, dementia, heart failure, and a shortened lifespan. See my 2-min. video Red Fish, White Fish; Dark Fish, Atrial Fibrillation. Also check out Fish Fog, which discusses the link between fish consumption and neurobehavioral abnormalities in adults. For more information on industrial pollutants in fish, see Xenoestrogens & Sperm Counts and Fish Intake Biomarker.
There are also natural toxins that can bioaccumulate up the aquatic food chain. See my 2-min. video Amnesic Seafood Poisoning about a rare toxin called domoic acid. It can turn up in tuna and other seafood and can cause anterograde amnesia, the loss of short-term memory popularized in the movie Memento. Even drugs can build up in fish. In my 1-min. video A Fine Kettle of Fluoxetine, I follow up on my earlier video Prozac Residues in Fish about the occurrence of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in fish fillets.
For more on canned tuna specifically, see Carcinogenic Putrescine, The Effect of Canned Tuna on Future Wages, Amalgam Fillings vs. Canned Tuna, and Mercury in Vaccinations vs. Tuna.
Fish aren't the only source of toxic heavy metals, though. Mercury has been found in both high fructose corn syrup-containing products (see Mercury in Corn Syrup?) and Ayurvedic dietary supplements (Get the Lead Out).

subset: commoncrawl


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Become Aware!
Clearing Up the Mystery of Disabilities
Most people want to show respect and sensitivity to people with disabilities. But they simply don't know how, and with good reason: amid dozens of disabilities and millions who have them, there is so much to know that it overwhelms most people.
That's where David Whalen comes in.
An engaging speaker with nearly 20 years in the field of disabilities, he strips down the complex issues to their understandable essence — and clearly communicates the steps anyone can take to respond properly to people with disabilities.
Moreover, because every organization is different, every seminar is different. Whalen customizes his presentations to the specific issues, sensitivities, and level of awareness within each organization.
As a result, you get precisely the seminar your organization needs. Your people get an up close look at the lives of people with disabilities — and a wealth of tips for treating them with respect. Your organization becomes more welcoming — and better able to attract a greater diversity of experience and talent.


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Follow along with the video below to see how to install our site as a web app on your home screen.
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Adtunes features the longest running and most popular forum about songs featured in television commercials, movie trailers, television shows, movie soundtracks, video games and more.
Register for a free account and join our community to post messages about the ad music you are looking for or help answer other advertising soundtrack questions. As a registered member, you will have greater access to the site and more features.
If you have any questions or comments, contact us anytime.
You gave this same answer here:Originally posted by jasonalexander88@May 15 2008, 07:26 PM
I know that in one of them its Ana Laan - Paradise.


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Hot Packs are the "old school" method for promoting blood flow. Heat up the affected area and your body will respond with increased blood flow to keep the area cool. The trouble with the hot pack solution is that they use conductive heat meaning that they heat your body from the outside in. First the hot pack heats your skin and then heat leaks down to the fat tissue beneath the skin and then heat moves from the fat into the underlying tissue. This is called conductive heating. Conductive heating is good in theory, but it is unfortunately quite ineffective.
Our skin and our fat are protective layers to our underlying tissue. They are designed in large part to insulate our insides from external changes in temperature and they do that very well. As you heat your skin, blood flow increases there to whisk away the heat and protecting the underlying tissue. The same thing happens in the fatty layer. In reality, there is very little heat that actually can make it through the skin and fat into the underlying tissue. By comparison, conductive cooling (or cryotherapy) to control pain and swelling is more effective for that purpose because the cooling at least reduces the blood flow and as the blood flow lessens, the effective ability for the body to remove the cold becomes less.
If your desire is to truly stimulate blood flow and relax underlying muscle tissue, BFST® is a far superior choice. BFST® treatments are designed to stimulate blood flow in the underlying tissues while minimizing the amount of surface heating. BFST® provides much better results than the traditional conductive heating approach.
If you are determined on using hot packs though, our ColdCure® packs heated up are the best you will find in that regard. The same benefits of colder storage power, the gel remaining rigid and in place, and the benefits of extra replaceable packs all apply to their use as hot packs as well. If you are going to use hot packs, our ColdCure® line of products is still the best option available.
The same way you need to be careful about making cold packs too cold by putting them in the freezer, you need to take care about heating up hot packs. It is very easy to heat any hot pack to the point where it can damage the skin. Burns from over heated hot packs are very common and we do not recommend this choice. Our packs will heat up quickly in a microwave without damaging the gel, but microwaves can easily heat up a gel pack to be much too hot for the skin. No matter what hot compress you are putting on your body, you should always heat the gel pack in hot water and not a microwave. If the hot water you are using to heat the pack is too hot to touch, then your gel pack can be too hot as well. Always test carefully before putting anything hot on your skin.
Again, the safest and most effective way to stimulate blood flow and relax stiff muscles is by using Blood Flow Stimulation Therapy (BFST®) not hot packs. BFST® is much safer and much, much more effective.
If you're serious about treating your body with the best possible solutions, get BFST Technology® from King Brand®.


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A very interesting subject, about which little is known, is the subject of the koi shedding their teeth. I am quite often asked at the facility why the koi "convulse" at the pond's bottom. It has to be added that this is after they have stopped eating for the last 2-3 days. This phenomenon can often be observed in the spring. As a matter of fact the koi don't shed their throat teeth at regular intervals, they just do it when required. When the old ones stop functioning perfectly, so to speak, then it's time for new ones!
While their teeth are being replaced the koi prefer softened food from the bottom and some of them even "starve" for these 2-3 days.
You can clearly see the discarded teeth as small white dots at the bottom (on a dark bottom without gravel).
The koi have a row of throat teeth each in the upper and lower jaws, not directly in the mouth but in the throat. The koi use the throat teeth to grind their food but also to communicate. They grind their teeth to communicate with each other.
With best regards Mr. Koi


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Kristian Olaf Bernhard Birkeland (13 December 1867 – 15 June 1917) was a Norwegian scientist who has been called "the first space scientist"[1] and "the father of plasma experiments in the laboratory and space"[2] [3] [4]. He is perhaps most well-known for his scientific work on the aurora using a terrella (a magnetized globe), and as inventor of an electromagnetic cannon, and, a method of electrically producing artificial fertilizer. He also became a full professor of physics at the University of Oslo at the age of 31.
Birkeland also had astrophysical research published on cathode rays,[5] the Zodiacal lights,[6] comets,[7] the Sun and sunspots,[8] the origin of planets and their satellites,[9] the Earth's magnetism.[10]
Some of Birkeland's other contributions to science included:[2] • Derived the general expression for the Poynting vector • Gave the first general solution to Maxwell's equations [11] • Pioneered the field of charged-particle beams • Utilized the concept of "longitudinal mass" • Constructed the first foil diodes • Pioneered the field of visible-light photography of electrical discharges • Advocated charged-particle propulsion engines for space travel • Created Norsk Hydro's nitrogen-fertilizer industry (the Birkeland-Eyde method for production of potassium nitrate) • Invented an electromagnetic rail gun capable of firing a 10-kg projectile • Established Birkeland's Firearms company • Anticipated cosmic rays (discovered in 1911) with his calculations involving energies of several billion electron volts • Held patents on the electromagnetic cannon,[12] electric blankets, solid margarine, and hearing aids.
In 1969 when field-align currents had been identified in the Earth's atmosphere, they were named in his honor: Birkeland currents.[13]
Investigating the aurora
After encouragement from his maths teacher encouraged, Birkeland bought a bar magnetic, and read about William Gilbert's (1544-1603) study of the Earth's magnetism, and his terrella made from naturally magnetized lodestone. Gilbert surmised that the Earth was like a bar magnet whose magnetism was somehow related to electricity.
He organized several expeditions to Norway's high-latitude regions where he established a network of observatories under the auroral regions to collect magnetic field data. The results of the Norwegian Polar Expedition conducted from 1899 to 1900 contained the first determination of the global pattern of electric currents in the polar region from ground magnetic field measurements. The discovery of X-rays inspired Birkeland to develop vacuum chambers to study the influence of magnets on cathode rays. An example of one of his experiments is depicted on the left front of the bank note. It shows a magnetized terrella, simulating the Earth, suspended in an evacuated box. Birkeland noticed that an electron beam directed toward the terrella was guided toward the magnetic poles and produced rings of light around the poles and concluded that the aurora could be produced in a similar way. He developed a theory in which energetic electrons were ejected from sunspots on the solar surface, directed to the Earth, and guided to the Earth's polar regions by the geomagnetic field where they produced the visible aurora. Birkeland was nominated for the Nobel Prize no less than seven times.
Electromagnetic cannon
- See also: A. Egeland, "Birkeland's electromagnetic gun: a historical review", IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, Apr 1989, Volume: 17, Issue: 2, page(s): 73-82, ISSN: 0093-3813. PEER REVIEWED
The scale of Birkeland's research enterprises was such that the time-honored matter of funding became an overwhelming obstacle. Recognizing that technological invention could bring wealth, he developed an electromagnetic cannon. In 1900, he obtained patents on what we now call an electromagnetic-coil-gun and, with some investors, formed a firearms company. The coil-gun worked, except the high muzzle velocities he predicted (600 m/s) were not produced. The most he could get from his largest machine was 100 m/s, corresponding to a disappointing projectile range of only 1 km. So he renamed the device an aerial torpedo and arranged a demonstration with the express aim of selling the company. At the demonstration, one of the coils shorted and produced a sensational inductive arc complete with noise, flame, and smoke. This was the first failure of any of the launchers that Birkeland had built. It could easily have been repaired and another demonstration organized.
However, fate intervened in the form of an engineer named Sam Eyde.
At a dinner party only one week later, Eyde told Birkeland that there was an industrial need for the biggest flash of lightning that can be brought down to Earth in order to make artificial fertilizer. Birkeland's climactic reply was: I have it! There were no more attempts to sell the firearms company, and he worked with Eyde only long enough to build a plasma arc device for the nitrogen fixation process. The pair worked to develop the prototype furnace into a design that was economically viable for large-scale manufacture. Birkeland then enjoyed adequate funding for his only real interest: research.
The fact that Birkeland joined with Eyde as a business partner, appears to have been one of the reasons why Birkeland was unsuccessful in being awarded the Nobel Prize for his idea. Eyde wanted to be nominated along with Birkeland, however the Nobel Prize is designed to recognise the original idea, not any commercial applications. This resulted in a possibly contentious nomination, and this combined with the fact that at that time relations between Sweden and Norway were delicate, meant that he wasn't nominated by the committee.
Cosmic theories
In 1913, Birkeland may have been the first to predict that plasma was ubiquitous in space. He wrote: "It seems to be a natural consequence of our points of view to assume that the whole of space is filled with electrons and flying electric ions of all kinds. We have assumed that each stellar system in evolutions throws off electric corpuscles into space. It does not seem unreasonable therefore to think that the greater part of the material masses in the universe is found, not in the solar systems or nebulae, but in "empty" space. [15]
In 1916, Birkeland was probably the first person to successful predict that the solar wind behaves as do all charged particles in an electric field, "From a physical point of view it is most probable that these new solar rays are neither exclusively negative nor positive rays, but of both kinds"; in other words, the Solar Wind consists of both negative electrons and positive ions.[16]
Field-aligned "Birkeland" currents
- See also: "On Possible Electric Phenomena in Solar Systems and Nebulae" by Kristian_Birkeland
Birkeland suggested that polar electric currents — today referred to as auroral electrojets — were connected to a system of currents that flowed along geomagnetic field lines into and away from the polar region. He provided a diagram of field-aligned currents in his book, "The Norwegian Aurora Polaris Expedition 1902-1903". This diagram is reproduced on the back of the bank note in the lower right corner. This book contains chapters on magnetic storms on the Earth and their relationship to the Sun, the origin of the Sun itself, comets, and the rings of Saturn. Birkeland's vision of field-aligned currents became the source of a controversy that continued for a quarter of a century, because their existence could not be confirmed from ground-based measurements alone.
The absolute proof of Birkeland's field-aligned currents could only come from observations made above the ionosphere with satellites. A magnetometer onboard a U.S. Navy navigation satellite launched in 1963 observed magnetic disturbances on nearly every pass over the high-latitude regions of the Earth.
The magnetic disturbances were originally interpreted as hydromagnetic waves, but it was soon realized that they were due to field-aligned or Birkeland currents. The first complete map of the statistical location of Birkeland currents in the Earth's polar region was developed in 1974 by A.J. Zmuda and J.C. Armstrong and refined in 1976 by T. Iijima and T.A. Potemra from satellite-borne magnetic field observations.
The ring encircling the magnetic pole depicted on the back of the bank note is similar to the patterns of Birkeland and current derived from satellites. Birkeland's face appears a second time in a watermark in the blank space above the drawing of the Terrella, and his rudimentary magnetosphere appears on the back but is only visible under ultraviolet light.
Personal life
Kristian Birkeland was born on 13 December 1867 in Christiania (now called Oslo) in Norway, to Reinert Tønnesen Birkeland (1838–1899) and his wife Ingeborg Susanne Ege 1841-1913). He also had an older brother called Tønnes, [17] and one of his cousins, Richard Birkeland (1879–1928) became a professor of Applied Mathematics. His ancestors were farmers from a district called Birkeland in southern Norway.
Finishing school in 1885, Birkeland entered the University of Oslo studying chemistry and mathematics for two year, then switching to theoretical physics before graduating in 1890 with a Candidatus Realium degree. Two years later, he became a full-time research assistant, and was offered a scholarship, so he decide to travel abroad where he studied with French physicist Henri Poincaré, and Swiss physicists Lucien De La Rive, and Edouard Sarasin, investigating the energy transfer of electromagnetic waves.[4]
Kristian married fairly late in life (aged 37) to Ida Charlotte Hammer in May 1905. They had no children, and due to Kristian's work, their marriage eventually broke down, and in 1911, they divorced.[18]
- It seems to be a natural consequence of our points of view to assume that the whole of space is filled with electrons and flying electric ions of all kinds. — Kristian Birkeland
- A very few lonely pioneers make their way to high places never before visited . . . they create the living conditions of mankind and the majority are living on their work. — Kristian Birkeland
- ↑ *Kristian Birkeland, The First Space Scientist (2005) [ISBN 1-4020-3293-5] by Egeland, Alv, Burke, William J. PEER REVIEWED (Contents)
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 A. L. Peratt; C.-G. Fälthammar, N. Rynn, "Guest Editorial: Plasma Experiments in the Laboratory and in Space" IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science Vol. 20 No.6 (Dec 1992) PEER REVIEWED (full text) FULL TEXT PDF
- ↑ Kristian Birkeland, The Norwegian Aurora Polaris Expedition 1902-1903, Publ. H. Aschehoug & Co. Section 1 publ. 1908, Section 2 publ. 1913. Online in full FULL TEXT
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 A. Egeland, E. Leer, "Professor Kr. Birkeland: His Life and Work", in IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science Vol 14 No. 6 Dec 1986, p. 666-677, ISSN: 0093-3813 PEER REVIEWED
- ↑ "Sur un spectre des rayons cathodiques" FULL TEXT (On a spectrum of the cathode rays;) (1896) Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séance de I'Academie des sciences, T. 123, 492-495. PEER REVIEWED
- ↑ "Calcul des lignes d'intensités égales dans la lumière zodiacal" PEER REVIEWED (Calculation of the lines of equal intensities in the zodiacal light) (1914) Birkeland et Skolem, Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des sciences, T. 159, 495-497. PEER REVIEWED
- ↑ The Norwegian Aurora Polaris Expedition 1902-1903 Part II, Chapter 5. Is It Possible To Explain Zodiacal Light, Comets' Tails, And Saturn's Ring By Means Of Corpuscular Rays? (1913) ACADEMIC BOOK Section 124. Comet Tails FULL TEXT
- ↑ "Le soleil et ses taches" FULL TEXT (The Sun and its spots). (1911) Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des sciences, T. 153, 456-459. PEER REVIEWED
- ↑ "Sur l'origine de planètes et de leurs satellites" FULL TEXT (On the origin of planets and their satellites) (1912) Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des sciences, T. 155, 892-895. PEER REVIEWED
- ↑ "Sur la conservation et l'origine du magnetisme terrestre" FULL TEXT (On the conservation and origin of terrestrial magnetism). Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de I'Académie des sciences, T. 157, 275-277. PEER REVIEWED
- ↑ Kr. Birkeland, "Solution generale des equations de Maxwell pour un milieu absorbant homogene et isotrope" FULL TEXT Comptes Rendus (Paris), vol. CXXI, 1895. PEER REVIEWED
- ↑ US Patent number 754637 (1902) Electromagnetic Gun FULL TEXT
- ↑ * Schield, M. A.; Freeman, J. W.; Dessler, A. J., (1969) "A Source for Field-Aligned Currents at Auroral Latitudes", Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 74, p.247. PEER REVIEWED
- ↑ "Electromagnetic Gun", US Patent number 754637
- ↑ Kristian Birkeland, The Norwegian Aurora Polaris Expedition 1902-1903, Publ. H. Aschehoug & Co. Section 1 publ. 1908, Section 2 publ. 1913. Online in full FULL TEXT p.720
- ↑ Kristian Birkeland, "Are the Solar Corpuscular Rays that penetrate the Earth's Atmosphere Negative or Positive Rays?" Videnskapsselskapets Skrifter, I Mat — Naturv. Klasse No.1, Christiania, 1916.
- ↑ Professor Alf Egeland, "Olav Christian Bernhard Birkeland", Web site, Research group for Plasma and Space Physics, University of Oslo
- ↑ Lucy Jago, The Northern Lights: The True Story of the Man Who Unlocked the Secrets of the Aurora Borealis (2001) [ISBN 0-375-40980-7]
External links
- The NOK 200 note with Kristian Brikeland (Norwegian) (English)
- On Possible Electric Phenomena in Solar Systems and Nebulae, Extract from The Norwegian Aurora Polaris Expedition 1902-1903
- Kristian Olaf Bernhard Birkeland at The Norwegian Museum of Science and Technology
- Kristian Birkeland, The Norwegian Aurora Polaris Expedition 1902-1903, Publ. H. Aschehoug & Co. Section 1 publ. 1908, Section 2 publ. 1913. Online in full FULL TEXT
- Kristian Birkeland, The First Space Scientist (2005) [ISBN 1-4020-3293-5] by Egeland, Alv, Burke, William J. PEER REVIEWED (Contents)
- The Northern Lights: The True Story of the Man Who Unlocked the Secrets of the Aurora Borealis (2001) [ISBN 0-375-40980-7] by Lucy Jago
- Kristian Birkeland bibliography
- Kristian Birkeland, 1867–1917 FULL TEXT, Monthly Weather Review, Article: pp. 300–300 (reprinted from Nature, London, June 31,1917, 99: 349.1) PEER REVIEWED
- The contributions of Kristian Birkeland to space physics (1997), Potemra, T. A., Geomagnetism and Aeronomy with Special Historical Case Studies. IAGA Newsletters 29/1997. Sponsored by the Interdivisional Commission on History IAGA, and the Historical Commission on History of the German Geophysical Society. Edited by Wilfried Schröder. ISSN 0179-5658. Published by IAGA, Germany, 1997, p.107 PEER REVIEWED
- Birkeland, Kristian (1868-1917) (2001) Murdin, P. in Encyclopedia of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Edited by Paul Murdin, article 5443
- J. A. Harker, "Solar Electrical Phenomena", Nature 92, 131-132 (02 October 1913)
- More articles from the NASA Astrophysics Data System
- Sydney Borowitz, "The Norwegian and the Englishman", Physics in Perspective, Volume 10, Issue 3, pp.287-294 PEER REVIEWED
- A. Egeland, E. Leer, "Professor Kr. Birkeland: His Life and Work", in IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science Vol 14 No. 6 Dec 1986, p. 666-677, ISSN: 0093-3813 PEER REVIEWED
- A. Egeland, "Kristian Birkeland – The man and the scientist", in Magnetospheric currents Chapman Conference, Irvington, VA; United States; 5-8 Apr. 1983. pp. 1-16. 1984
- A. Egeland, "Birkeland's electromagnetic gun: a historical review", IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, Apr 1989, Volume: 17, Issue: 2, page(s): 73-82, ISSN: 0093-3813. PEER REVIEWED
- Witkowski Nicolas, "Kristian Birkeland, prophète électromagnétique" (Kristian Birkeland, the prophet of electromagnetism), Recherche N°345 – Septembre 2001, ISSN 0029-5671
- Witkowski Nicolas, "Kristian Birkeland, fabricant d'aurores boréales" (Un physicien norvégien reproduit en laboratoire les effets du vent solaire), Sommaire, Hors série n°15 – Soleil
- Northern Lights by Lucy Jago, reviewed by David Smith in Physics Education, May 2002, p.269 FULL TEXT
- "1905: Three remarkable men (Kristian Birkeland, Sam Eyde and Marcus Wallenberg)", Norsk Hydro ASA Web site
- Roger Smith, "The quest for the Northern Lights" (review of The Northern Lights by Lucy Jago) at physicsworld.com Sep 1, 2001 FULL TEXT
- "A New Electric Gun" (Prof. Birkeland's Invention May Be Able to Throw Two Tons Ninety Miles), New York Times, May 8, 1902
- "Pictures Universe Electrified Space" (Prof. Birkeland of Norway Holds That Suns and Stars Are Charged Negatively), New York Times, February 23, 1913,
- "Electro-Magnetic Cannon]", New York Times February 28, 1902 (81 words)
- Peratt, Anthony L., "Birkeland and the Electromagnetic Cosmology", Sky and Telescope, volume 69, page 389. (full text) FULL TEXT
- Potemra, T. A.; Dessler, A. J., "Space scientist honored on Norwegian currency" (1995) Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union, Volume 76, Issue 17, p. 174-174 PEER REVIEWED (Full text) FULL TEXT
Other Articles
- C. Chree, "Kristian Birkeland 1867–1917", Monthly Weather Review, June 1917, Volume 45 Issue 6, p.300 (ref)
- "Birkeland's Theory of the Zodiacal Light", Monthly Weather Review, April 1914, Volume 42 Issue 4 , pp.209–211. (ref)
- John A. Anderson, Ph. D., "The Work of Prof. Carl Störmer on Birkeland's Theory of the Aurora Borealis", Monthly Weather Review, May 1908, Volume 36 Issue 5, pp.129–131 (ref)
- "Biographical sketch of Kr. Birkeland", Terrestrial Magnetism and Atmospheric Electricity, Volume 14, Issue 2, pages 84–84a, June 1909 (ref)
- 1902, US Patent number 754637, Electromagnetic Gun FULL TEXT
- 1902, US Patent number 772862, Apparatus for Electrically Treating Gases FULL TEXT
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The situation in Mexico is explosive - revolution is once again on the agenda in the land of Emiliano Zapata and Pancho Villa. Not since the massive student movements of 1968 or perhaps even since the Mexican Revolution in the first years of the 20th century has the situation been this combustible. The main issue convulsing the entire country is the question of the presidential elections. But this is only the tip of the iceberg, the "straw that broke the camel's back", which has unleashed decades of pent up contradictions and frustrated aspirations for a better life.
Electoral Fraud
Despite the "official" pronouncements in favor of the conservative candidate Felipe Calderon of the ruling National Action Party (PAN), millions of Mexican workers, peasants, and youth see things differently. There is overwhelming evidence that the real winner of the July 2nd elections is Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador (AMLO) of the Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD). After decades (centuries!) of corruption, fraud, and deception, the Mexican masses have had enough, and simply are not going to take it any more. They see AMLO as a genuine alternative to the candidates of misery and privatization, as someone who will fight in their interests and really improve their conditions of life.
This is what has inspired them to mobilize by the millions to defend his victory, just as they mobilized to stop the desafuero last year, an attempt to prevent him from even presenting himself as a candidate. The Mexican ruling class and imperialism have moved might and main to keep AMLO from coming to power - not so much because of the left-reformism of Obrador himself, but because of the millions of workers and peasants that would be massively pressuring his government for real change. After nearly 80 years of right-wing PRI and PAN governments, even the modest reforms he proposes are seen as something worth fighting for. By attacking first his candidacy and now his electoral victory, the ruling class has succeeded only in radicalizing the masses even further, and things are rapidly getting out of their control.
The Fox government goes on the offensive
The pre-electoral period was marked by extreme polarization, including ferment in the trade unions and student movement, and a series of violent attacks by the state: against the steel workers in the city of Lazaro Cardenas in the state of Michoacan; the repression of supporters of the EZLN in San Salvador Atenco; and raids against an encampment of striking teachers in the city of Oaxaca.
These attacks were part of an overall strategy on behalf of the ruling class to take on and defeat some of the most combative sectors in Mexican society before the elections. They wanted to create an atmosphere of violence and insecurity, so as to present Calderon as the candidate who could restore "order and stability". The attacks were also intended to justify in advance the repression of the inevitable protests against the electoral fraud, which was planned and prepared for long before July 2. But none of these attacks had the desired effect: the masses' mood was not dampened, and opposition to the electoral fraud was far greater than the ruling class had expected. Once again, their shortsighted strategy backfired and served only to strengthen the resolve of the Mexican workers, peasants, and youth. The masses instinctively understand that six more years of the PAN will mean six more years of cuts, privatizations, unemployment, forced economic emigration, corruption, falling living standards, inflation, and repression.
The government's strategy has been to wear out and tire the masses, using the media and the high clergy of the Catholic Church to throw cold water on the movement. But contrary to what the mainstream media reports, the movement against the electoral fraud is steadily growing, not subsiding. The mass protest demonstrations that converged on Mexico City increased in size as the weeks went on: 700,000, 2 million, then 3 million. Then the Zocalo, the massive central plaza in Mexico City, was occupied by a permanent encampment that stretches for six miles up the principal thoroughfare of the Mexican capital. For several weeks now, AMLO has held daily mass meetings and the mood of radicalization has deepened.
One by one, the allegedly "impartial" institutions of the state: the Federal Electoral Institute (IFE), the Electoral Tribunal, the courts, etc., have been exposed as active participants in the fraud. The frustration of the masses at the lack of genuine democracy has been converted into rage and the realization that they can trust only their own forces and organization.
To this end, action and education committees have been formed in thousands of neighborhoods throughout the capital and around the country. These committees are organizing not only against the electoral fraud, but also around concrete questions affecting the community such as clean water, gang violence, etc. As such, they have the potential to become embryos of an alternative form of workers' power. There is also pressure mounting within the unions to call a general strike as the only way to stop the electoral theft. University students are organizing and mobilizing in defense of public education for all. A pre-revolutionary situation is developing in Mexico, and events can change dramatically from one day to the next.
There are several key dates in the coming weeks, which will almost certainly mark points of inflection in the struggle:
1) September 1 - Current President Vicente Fox's final State of the Union Address
A massive demonstration is planned outside the Congress, and PRD representatives plan to disrupt the speech from within. The Presidential Guard has been preparing to repress the protests for weeks now, with thousands of anti-riot police, massive walls, water cannon trucks, and even armored personnel carriers encircling the building. The potential for violence on behalf of the state is tremendous - but it could quickly get out of their control.
2) September 6 - The deadline for formally declaring the winner of the elections
By this date, the Federal Electoral Tribunal must formally validate the winner. In practice, they have already declared Calderon the new president, as they have rejected the vast majority of the evidence of electoral fraud, after a recount of less than 10 percent of the voting stations. Massive protests are planned against this usurpation of the genuine will of the people.
3) September 16 - Mexican Independence Day
A massive "National Democratic Convention" is being called by AMLO, with over one million delegates from around the country expected to attend. This meeting will decide how to proceed, with the declaration of a parallel government of the people not ruled out.
In the coming weeks, things will reach the boiling point in the capital. But already, things have gone far beyond this in the state of Oaxaca, where the crisis has already taken on an insurrectionary character, calling into question the very legitimacy of the bourgeois state.
Oaxaca: the Opening Shots of the Mexican Revolution
Oaxaca, located in the far south of the country to the west of Chiapas, is one of Mexico's poorest states, with a large indigenous population, and long traditions of struggle. Benito Juarez, Mexico's first indigenous president and the leader of the struggle to end the French imperial occupation of Mexico in the 1860s, was born in Oaxaca. In recent years, community and labor organizations as well as indigenous and peasant social movements in Oaxaca have been growing by leaps and bounds, as it became clear that the federal and local governments were not able or willing to improve their dire conditions of life. At the forefront of these movements have been the teachers.
For more pictures see www.asambleapopulardeoaxaca.com |
For many years, the 40,000-strong teachers' union of Oaxaca - Section 21 of the National Education Workers' Union (SNTE) - has fought for better wages and conditions, proper funding for schools, supplies, uniforms, and increased student grants, which currently amount to less than $40 a month (unable to afford school uniforms or supplies, and compelled to bring more money into the household, thousands of children drop out of school at an early age in order to work and never receive even a primary education).
Like most Mexicans, the teachers of Oaxaca were sick and tired of a government more interested in back-room political deals and looting the treasury than combating poverty. They were sick of a government that sat idly by while torrential floods swept away entire villages. They were sick of a government that turned a blind eye to the rampant murders of community activists. They were sick of a government that spent millions on un-necessary projects (contracted out to political cronies), while basic services were neglected or non-existent. Above all, they were sick of Oaxaca's Governor Ulises Ruiz Ortega, the personification of this rotten system. Ruiz is a classic specimen of an old-guard PRI party boss - a corrupt and violent thug with close ties to big business and drug traffickers - which in Mexico are often one and the same.
In an effort to take the struggle for their basic demands to the next level, the teachers of SNTE began a permanent occupation of the City of Oaxaca's central plaza, the Zocalo, on May 15th. The plantón, as the encampment is known, covers 56 city blocks and is barricaded every night, controlling all access to the center of the city. But the teachers' immediate economic demands rapidly took on a political character after the state government responded to their encampment with brutal repression.
Chronology of a Revolutionary Situation
Late on the night of June 14, the government launched a raid on the Zocalo in an effort to dislodge the encampment. The center of Oaxaca City looked and sounded like a war zone. Unwilling to back down in the face of this state repression, the determination of the teachers and the community as a whole was strengthened, and the events of the following days took on a logic of their own. Just as the pent-up frustration of decades has set in motion a national struggle that transcends the immediate issue of the electoral fraud, the teachers' strike in Oaxaca has become the spearhead of the struggle for the whole of Oaxacan society - with important implications for the entire country.
Confronted by an intransigent and repressive government, the teachers' struggle for economic demands was transformed almost overnight into a community-wide effort to overthrow the Ruiz administration. In the days and weeks that followed, the people of Oaxaca began to question the very legitimacy of bourgeois democracy itself. After all, if even the most modest demands of the working class cannot be met within the limits of the existing system, then the system has no right to continue.
Demonstration demanding the resignation of Ruiz Ortega |
The masses responded magnificently to the attack, by re-taking the Zocalo on the following day, setting up barricades across the city, blockading highways, and convening a massive march demanding the resignation of governor Ruiz. Other sectors of the working class as well as students, peasants, and indigenous peoples' movements rallied behind the teachers, giving the movement a truly mass character. On the 16th of June, 300,000 marched along a 10 km route, again demanding the fall of Ruiz' government. Other mega-marches have followed in the last few weeks, steadily growing in size and militancy. By some accounts, 1,000,000 of the City of Oaxaca's 4,000,000 inhabitants participated in the largest of these demonstrations.
By the 19th of June, negotiations between the teachers' union and the government were broken off, several municipal government offices were occupied, and the highways shut down.
Also on the 19th, a mass assembly of the people voted to form the "Popular Assembly of the People of Oaxaca" (APPO). This was a qualitative step forward in the revolutionary process and reflects the infinite creative and combative power of the working class. The APPO has emerged as an alternative and genuinely popular power - the first seed of workers' power in Oaxaca and Mexico. Representatives to the neighborhood assemblies are elected in every street, which in turn elect representatives to the APPO. These elected and recallable representatives are responsible for security and for ensuring the smooth running of day-to-day life in the neighborhoods and the city.
To this end, the APPO has formed a "teachers' police" which has evolved into a highly disciplined, efficient, and popularly controlled self-defense force, capable of going on the offensive if necessary. In addition, classes were resumed so the children would not lose an entire school year, and so as to avoid the pressure to end the struggle from parents worried about the effects all of this would have on their children's education.
Pupils in solidarity with their teachers |
Several community radio stations have been set up, including Radio Plantón, which constantly transmits the latest information, sending out alerts and calls to action and defense. These stations have been a vital tool for communicating with and organizing the entire community. Several other stations have been occupied, including the radio at the University, further increasing the communicative power of the APPO.
Fed up with the lies and distortions of the government, thousands of women marched through the streets on August 1st and occupied the Oaxaca state government radio and television stations. They transmitted their demands and plans of action for future mobilizations for several hours. The building remains occupied and transmitting to this day.
In another example of the revolutionary instincts of the masses, the APPO launched an aggressive campaign in the days before the elections to mobilize the vote for the PRD. Hundreds of APPO representatives traveled around the state to explain that what was needed was a "punishment" vote against the PAN and PRI - but by no means offering a blank check to the PRD. This resulted in a crushing defeat of the PRI, and to a PRD victory in Oaxaca, thus tying the local situation even more closely with the national struggle against the electoral fraud.
Violent repression and the response of the masses
APPO activists protesting against the repression |
In the past few weeks, several activists have been attacked, murdered and kidnapped by the government and its lumpen thugs, which are sent to harass and attack the encampment almost every night, seeking to cause as much destruction and confusion as possible. But the APPO self-defense force has played an admirable role in resisting provocations and defending the plantón.
When the University radio station was raided by a gang of some 50 paramilitaries armed with automatic weapons, the radio kept transmitting during the shooting, as the comrades called for help and reinforcements. This attack was repelled with no major injuries reported. In another incident in which a leader of the movement was arrested by the police, hundreds of APPO supporters "rescued" the detainee and destroyed the police station in the process.
On several occasions, the government has attempted to re-establish control, arresting prominent leaders of the movement, and calling on the national government to send in federal anti-riot police. When three people were murdered within 48 hours, the masses again responded by intensifying their efforts to topple the government, once again occupying several municipal government buildings, shutting down the highways, and threatening to occupy all municipal government buildings in the state. The self-defense force succeeded in detaining the majority of the murderers.
Then, on the 22nd of August, the government raised the stakes even further by characterizing the APPO as an "urban guerrilla" organization. This is a clear attempt to prepare public opinion for even greater repression.
But these attacks and threats are signs of weakness, not of strength. The federal government of Vicente Fox has been paralyzed by the massive movement, and has refused to send federal troops, claiming that it is the responsibility of the state government of Oaxaca to resolve the crisis. They understand that a bloody confrontation between federal forces and the Oaxacan workers could send things spiraling completely out of their control.
Remember, the PAN and PRI's intention was to defeat this movement well before the elections in order to dampen the mood of the masses and facilitate the fraud. Instead, they have turned Oaxaca into a point of reference for the whole of the country. As was the case during the coup against Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez in April, 2002, the "whip of counter-revolution" has served only to strengthen the resolve of the masses and push them into more militant and decisive action.
Elements of Dual Power
"The Commune was formed of the municipal councillors, chosen by universal suffrage in the various wards of the town, responsible and revocable at any time. The majority of its members were naturally working men, or acknowledged representatives of the working class... The police, which until then had been the instrument of the Government, was at once stripped of its political attributes, and turned into the responsible, and at all times revocable, agent of the Commune. So were the officials of all other branches of the administration. From the members of the Commune downwards, the public service had to be done at workmen's wages. The privileges and the representation allowances of the high dignitaries of state disappeared along with the high dignitaries themselves.... Having once got rid of the standing army and the police, the instruments of physical force of the old government, the Commune proceeded at once to break the instrument of spiritual suppression, the power of the priests... The judicial functionaries lost that sham independence... they were thenceforward to be elective, responsible, and revocable."
- Karl Marx on the experience of the Paris Commune of 1871 in The Civil War in France
The ruling class condemns the situation in Oaxaca as "chaos". But for the working class, it is nothing of the sort - it is the birth pangs of a new social order. These are the convulsions of a socialist revolution, of a monumental effort by the Oaxacan working class to overthrow their exploiters and end the system that enslaves them once and for all. This is an inspiring movement, full of marvelous lessons for all working people. It is a classic example of just how quickly consciousness can be transformed on the basis of changing conditions; of how under certain conditions, a "routine" teachers' strike can be converted into an all-out struggle for workers' power.
There are in effect two governments in Oaxaca: the "shadow" government of Ulises Ruiz, supported by a handful of local big businessmen and the corrupt national ruling class, and the Popular Assembly of the People of Oaxaca, supported by hundreds of thousands of workers and peasants. Few are willing or able to defend the old state. Many local police and private security guards have already declared that they support the APPO and should not be considered enemies of the people - they have even called on the APPO to occupy their buildings, as they too are sick and tired of the present government. As the comrades of Militante in the City of Oaxaca point out, the traffic lights are just about the only aspect of the old state apparatus that is still functioning as before. For the vast majority of Oaxacans, the APPO is the only legitimate government in the state. It is the embryo of genuine workers' power and must be strengthened, extended, and linked up throughout the state and the country.
For their part, the business owners' association in Oaxaca has threatened a lockout if the conflict isn't resolved soon. They claim that they are "impartial" in the conflict, and seek only a return to "order". But this is a clear attack on the struggle of the workers and peasants: a shut down of industry would serve to deprive those conducting the struggle for basic necessities. With this threat, they seek to frighten the movement and bring about a speedy resolution to the conflict - in favor of the government and the capitalist system. The business owners simply cannot imagine a society without bosses, a society without the repressive machinery of the bourgeois state - a society run by and for the workers and peasants of Mexico.
If the bosses go ahead with this lockout, the only option for the Oaxacan workers would be to occupy the factories and businesses and run them under the democratic control of workers' committees elected in every workplace, in overall coordination with the APPO. This would deal a double blow to the enemies of the movement. It would prevent them from depriving the workers of basic necessities, and would also be a giant step forward in developing the struggle along socialist lines. In this way, the workers would have direct democratic control over production, distribution, and exchange, coordinated through a democratically elected and accountable workers' government - the APPO.
Prepare a General Strike!
Along with the demand for the resignation of Governor Ruiz (who has currently gone "underground"), the movement in Oaxaca needs to find ways to link up more closely with the national struggle against the electoral fraud. Building a united front with all the other sectors in struggle in the country would be the best way to defend the workers of Oaxaca, stop the electoral fraud, end the oppression of indigenous communities, combat the anti-worker policies of the Fox government, and extend the struggle for socialism.
The Popular Assembly of the People of Oaxaca (APPO) should be replicated on a national level. The National Democratic Convention called by AMLO for September 16 should follow the example of the APPO and form a workers' government of Mexico, linked up through Revolutionary Committees across the country. Given the current relation of forces, support for this would be overwhelming.
To lay the ground for this, immediate preparations should be made for a 24-hour general strike, by making a clear class appeal to all the workers, peasants, and youth of Oaxaca and Mexico. The best way to prepare for a general strike is by forming revolutionary committees of struggle and information in every workplace, marketplace, and school. This would lay the basis for the democratic and efficient convening of the strike and ultimately, for the running of Mexican society by the working masses themselves. This would not only ensure the fall of governor Ruiz, but would also strike directly at the root of all the problems of the Oaxacan and Mexican masses: the corrupt federal government and above all, the capitalist system itself.
The masses of Oaxaca cannot remain in a state of ferment forever. There are only two options: either the victory of the Oaxacan workers and peasants, which must spread to the rest of the country, or the restoration of some variant of the former regime, if not that of Ulises Ruiz himself.
The Fox government now hopes to sow confusion and wear out the movement, and may indeed offer some concessions to try and calm things down. But one thing is clear: they will defend governor Ulises Ruiz to the last possible moment. His fall would be a tremendous and inspiring victory for the masses, spurring them on to fight even more determinedly against the electoral fraud and the Fox regime itself.
The comrades of Militante are appealing to the Mexican trade unions to call a one-day nationwide General Strike as the only way to stop the fraud, to prevent the repression of the Oaxacan masses, and to show in practice who really controls society - the workers or the bosses. Not a single wheel turns or light shines without the labor of the working class! If a one-day general strike does not suffice, then an indefinite general strike is the only solution, which in the current situation would have an insurrectionary character and would directly pose the question of power on a national scale.
World Revolution
In the context of the revolutionary wave sweeping the whole of Latin America, Mexico is in a key position: on the frontier of the world's most powerful imperialist power. Revolutions do not respect borders, and with millions of Mexicans and other Latin Americans living within the United States, the American ruling class is preparing for a showdown. The recent militarization of the US-Mexico border in response to a so-called "illegal immigration emergency" is not an accident. The Border Patrol has recently increased the number of SWAT-style troops on the frontier, and the US Navy is guarding Mexican oil platforms in the Gulf of Mexico.
If Lopez Obrador comes to power on the basis of the tremendous mobilizations we have witnessed in recent weeks, the pressure to push through significant social reforms will be overwhelming. If Calderon is installed as President, his government would be paralyzed by crisis from day one - it would be virtually impossible that he last his full six-year term.
The events in Oaxaca are just the beginning of the Mexican Socialist Revolution. There are piles of combustible material in every corner of the country which will be lit up in the coming period. The situation is changing rapidly and we must be prepared at a moment's notice to support the workers and peasants of Oaxaca and Mexico in the event of further state repression.
The comrades of Militante in Mexico are on the front lines of this struggle. They have recently come under attack by the bourgeois press, which only goes to show that they are having an effect. For regular updates on the situation in Mexico (in Spanish), you can visit their website www.elmilitante.org, where you can also sign a petition of support for the workers and peasants of Oaxaca: http://www.elmilitante.org/index.php?option=com_facileforms&Itemid=72
Stay tuned to Marxist.com for the latest developments and for a solidarity campaign against the calumnies of El Universal, which are intended to prepare public opinion for the violent repression of the movement and the comrades of Militante.
See also:
- Militante website for daily updates (in Spanish)
- Mexico: mass protest against electoral fraud acquires insurrectionary proportions by Erik Demeester (August 30, 2006)
- 1,5 million march in Mexico against electoral fraud (July 17, 2006)
- July 14th: International day of action against the electoral fraud in Mexico
- Mexico: preparing for a massive protest on Sunday (July 14, 2006)
- The Financial Times calls for a recount in Mexico (July 12, 2006)
- To defeat electoral fraud in Mexico – call a general strike! (July 11, 2006)
- Mexico: Mobilise the masses and call a general strike to stop the electoral fraud (July 5, 2006)


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By Adam Satariano, Peter Burrows and Ian King
Apple is exploring ways to replace Intel processors in its Mac personal computers with a version of the chip technology it uses in the iPhone and iPad, according to people familiar with the company's research.
Apple engineers have grown confident that the chip designs used for its mobile devices will one day be powerful enough to run its desktops and laptops, said three people with knowledge of the work, who asked to remain anonymous because the plans are confidential. Apple began using Intel chips for Macs in 2005.
While Apple is now committed to Intel in computers and is unlikely to switch in the next few years, some engineers say a shift to its own designs is inevitable as the features of mobile devices and PCs become more similar, two people said. Any change would be a blow to Intel, the world's largest processor maker, which has already been hurt by a stagnating market for computers running Microsoft's Windows software and its failure to gain a foothold in mobile gadgets. A move by Apple may lead others to follow suit.
"Apple is a trendsetter, and once they did their own chip many others may pursue a similar path," said Sergis Mushell, an analyst at Gartner. "If mobility is more important than functionality, then we will have a completely different environment than we are dealing with today."
As handheld devices increasingly function like PCs, the engineers working on this project within Apple envision machines that use a common chip design. If Apple chief executive Tim Cook wants to offer the consumer of 2017 and beyond a seamless experience on laptops, phones, tablets and televisions, it will be easier to build if all the devices have a consistent underlying chip architecture, according to one of the people.
ARM technology
Bill Evans, a spokesman for Cupertino, California-based Apple, declined to comment. Intel referred questions on Apple's plans to Apple.
Apple announced the switch to Intel chips seven years ago because they ran faster and generated less heat than the products built by Motorola and IBM that Apple had used. The Mac maker has in the past few years acquired chip companies, added engineers and created designs based on technology from ARM for its best-selling iPhone and iPad.
ARM, based in Cambridge, England, licenses chip designs and the technology behind them to phone-chip companies such as Qualcomm.
'Ambitious plans'
Semiconductor development was part of Apple's management overhaul announced on October 29. Chip research is being led by Bob Mansfield, whom Cook put in charge of a new group called Technologies. In the statement announcing the leadership changes, Apple said that its semiconductor teams have "ambitious plans for the future."
Mansfield has overseen Apple's investigations into other chip alternatives, though he didn't have authority over some of the computer scientists who specialise in writing the software that govern these chips, according to one person. These people formerly worked for software chief Scott Forstall, who left the company in the management shakeup.
While Forstall was focussed mostly on improving the mobile iOS operating system his group created, Mansfield has been more interested in melding iOS with the Mac to create a more uniform experience for all Apple devices, this person said. Craig Federighi, who now runs development of all of Apple's software, is also considered likely to push for this more integrated experience, the person said.
Thinner, smaller
The shift is part of Apple's push to make products thinner and smaller without sacrificing performance. It is aiming to move computing tasks that now require separate parts into the central chip, said one person, who said this has long been an interest of Mansfield's. The MacBook Air, Apple's least power-hungry line of computers, would be easiest to transition to a new chip design, said Gartner's Mushell.
To make this switch, Apple could hire a contract manufacturer such as Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing to build the Apple-designed component based on ARM's technology, similar to how Samsung now builds the semiconductor inside the iPhone and iPad. Intel manufactures its own chips. Apple's $US121.3 billion in cash and investments would give Cook the ability to tap new suppliers.
In addition, Cook has experience managing such a sweeping technological shift. When Apple made the switch to Intel, Apple co-founder Steve Jobs put Cook in charge, having him negotiate terms of the deal with Intel and organise the supply chain so the products were ready for release on time.
Past lessons
To be sure, no final decision has been made and Apple may opt to continue working with Intel for years to come. For Apple, the risk of turning its back on Intel is a repeat of its situation in 2005, when it had to abandon the PowerPC chips — made by Motorola and IBM — it had used in its Mac line. At the time, its processors had fallen so far behind Intel's in performance that it decided to team up with the chipmaker. The first Mac models running Intel chips were unveiled in January 2006.
Now, as consumers and businesses increasingly turn to smartphones and tablets, mobile devices like Apple's are playing a leading role in component development. Smartphone shipments rose 62 per cent last year, while sales of the iPad and other tablets more than doubled, according to market researcher IDC. By contrast, the PC industry grew just 1.7 per cent.
The lacklustre growth is hurting Intel. The Santa Clara, California-based company recently reported its first sequential decline in third-quarter sales in two decades.
Intel's challenge
While Intel so far has failed to parlay its more than 80 per cent market share in PCs into a slice of the mobile-phone and tablet market, it has forced all of its rivals out of the PC-chip business except Advanced Micro Devices.
Intel spent $US10.8 billion on new plants and equipment last year and a further $US8.4 billion on research and development, and says its manufacturing-process technology is more than a year ahead of other chipmakers'. Only South Korea's Samsung spends about as much on its facilities.
As the PC market evolves, Intel is increasingly designing its processors to work better while consuming less power, an effort to compete in the world of limited battery power and mobile devices. Its latest Clover Trail product is designed to fit into the thinnest tablets and laptops without requiring a fan to cool them.
Mobile shift
Apple's success in mobile computing has been central to the rise of ARM technology and its expansion into larger devices, such as tablets, that have challenged the role of larger computers running Intel chips. Apple engineers won a fight with Jobs to have the iPad built on phone chips — which use ARM technology — rather than Intel's PC processors, according to Jobs' biographer Walter Isaacson.
Apple's technologists have grown more concerned in recent years about Intel's ability to create lower-power chips. The computer maker has brought out thinner, lighter products such as the MacBook Air that have less room for the batteries needed to keep Intel's powerful chips running all day, according to three people familiar with the relationship.
The concerns came to a head in late 2011. Apple was working on thinner versions of its MacBook line, featuring its power-hungry high-resolution Retina display, and Intel had failed to convince Apple executives it was serious about focusing on lower-power chips. Apple executives, including Mansfield, met repeatedly with their Intel counterparts to share their questions, and to tell the chipmaker it was examining ways to use its own chips in the Mac line, one of the people said.
Intel's pledge
Intel helped allay some of Apple's most pressing concerns when it announced that it would develop chips that don't require as much power as existing chips, this person said. That pledge to prioritise power conservation led some within Apple to conclude the company has a few years before it would need to make any change, if it makes a switch at all, this person said.
And if Apple can't design ARM-based chips that are far more powerful than current models, the company would probably need to stay with Intel to satisfy Mac power users, who need lots of computing performance for tasks such as developing software or doing high-end graphics.
"This is a geek technical issue, but the ultimate question is could Apple keep up with what Intel is doing in terms of speed and graphics?" said Tim Bajarin, an analyst at Creative Strategies. "At this moment, I'm not sure."
Even so, Apple continues to explore moving in a new direction. The iPhone, iPad and Mac operating systems are increasingly sharing features. Yet the different chip technology makes it difficult to build features that work together seamlessly. For example, the thousands of applications for the iPhone and iPad and some of Apple's newest features, such as the Siri voice-command tool, don't work on Intel-based Macs.


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Pulley system efficiency tests with MAESTRO, I'D S, PRO TRAXION, ROLLCLIP...
There can be a big difference between the theoretical efficiency of a pulley system and its actual efficiency. Here are test results from the Petzl lab.
- Carefully read the Instructions for Use used in this technical advice before consulting the advice itself. You must have already read and understood the information in the Instructions for Use to be able to understand this supplementary information.
- Mastering these techniques requires specific training. Work with a professional to confirm your ability to perform these techniques safely and independently before attempting them unsupervised.
- We provide examples of techniques related to your activity. There may be others that we do not describe here.
1. Efficiency depending on the device used at the head of the system.
The force required to raise a 100 kg mass was tested under several configurations with different devices at the head of the system and with ropes of various diameters.
Test protocol:
- Ropes tested: RAD LINE 6 mm, 7 mm cord, SEGMENT 8 mm, PUSH 9 mm, CLUB 10 mm, PARALLEL 10.5 mm, AXIS 11 mm, VECTOR 12.5 mm.
- Measurements were made with a constant pull rate of 1.5 meters/minute, on new devices and ropes.
- The results are given for information only; in the field there are numerous variables to take into account (position of haul system elements, rope diameter and construction, hauling speed, hauling smoothness, the haul load...).
Simple directional (1:1)
Note: pulley efficiency ratings in the Instructions for Use are based on values measured with a simple 1:1 directional.
Hauling efficiency F = xx M is the value obtained with the smallest compatible rope diameter for the device.
The pulley efficiency expressed in % is calculated from this value.
Efficiency is always less than 100%, which is the efficiency of an ideal pulley (impossible in reality).
Example for MAESTRO S: F = 116 M, efficiency = 86%


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ProVideoMeeting, a video communication platform designed for entrepreneurs, offers an all-in-one video meeting solution. It goes beyond traditional online meetings by providing features like document signing (InstasignTM), integrated meeting scheduling, and personalized links. The platform includes custom waiting rooms for better engagement, addressing the needs of small businesses and solopreneurs. Founder and CEO Vito Lomanaco emphasizes a customer-centric approach, aiming to fulfill daily business needs. ProVideoMeeting generates unique, reusable links, overcoming the issue of expiring links in competitors' platforms. It seamlessly integrates with popular calendar apps and offers a "don't use, don't pay" policy. Notably, ProVideoMeeting introduces the first natively integrated document signing tool, InstasignTM, streamlining virtual meetings. For more information, visit https://provideomeeting.com/.
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States, 24th Aug 2023 –
ProVideoMeeting, a video communication platform designed by and for entrepreneurs, offers an easy-to-use, all-in-one video meeting solution to empower folks who are busy running their businesses.
ProVideoMeeting delivers much more than just online meetings, as document signing (InstasignTM), integrated meeting scheduling, and link personalization are included at no additional cost to users.
Additionally, ProVideoMeeting provides custom waiting rooms where users can send messages, visit a website, or schedule to meet at a later time. Instead of logging on to dead air, the meeting room allows users to communicate with their next guest to ensure they don't take off before wrapping up their last meeting.
"We designed a platform with features that our industry peers are currently lacking," said Vito Lomanaco, the Founder and CEO of ProVideoMeeting. "The big players in this space are not responding to the needs of small businesses and solopreneurs. As serial entrepreneurs, we believe that the customer is owed a better product that is meticulously tailored to fit their daily needs."
ProVideoMeeting, also known as PVM, makes the entire process of video meetings seamless, beginning with the generation of unique and memorable personalized links that can be reused in the future.
"Often, the biggest stumbling block to successful video meetings is long garbled links that expire, so we zeroed in on a solution to this constant issue on competitor platforms," said Mr. Lomonaco.
PVM also seamlessly integrates with the most commonly used calendar applications, including Google and Outlook, while its waiting room scheduling capability extends to Calendly, Chilipiper, and most any scheduling platform.
Additionally, the PVM has a "don't use, don't pay" policy where users with licenses are only charged when they use the platform in a given month.
The platform also has the first natively integrated document signing tool for video conferences. Users can review, execute, and share documents with InstasignTM without ever leaving a virtual meeting.
"We are most proud of being the first-to-market with our InstasignTM feature," said Vito Lomanaco. "We believe that this feature allows entrepreneurs to save money by combining what was traditionally two subscriptions into one."
For more information on PVM and to learn more about our innovative features, influential partners, and more, visit our website:
Media Contact
Organization: ProVideoMeeting
Contact Person: Vito Lomonaco
Website: https://provideomeeting.com/
Email: email@example.com
Contact Number: 8667553559
Address: 744 South Street #1081
City: Philadelphia
State: Pennsylvania
Country: United States
Release Id: 2408235822
The post Effortless Meetings for Entrepreneurs: ProVideoMeeting Redefines Video Communication appeared first on King Newswire. It is provided by a third-party content provider. King Newswire makes no warranties or representations in connection with it.
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The thrill of easing our foot down and feeling the car speed toward the horizon is one that will never get old, but that familiar act of stepping on the gas and hearing a combustion engine's rumbling response is giving way to the soothing whir of an electric engine.
While electric cars and hybrids have been on our roads for several years now, 2017 represented a turning point for the fast-growing electric car and sustainable development segment of the auto industry.
First, there was the unveiling of Tesla's Model 3 – an electric car rolled out with the technology fanfare of the very first iPhone ten years ago. The Model 3 presents an interesting opportunity for anyone in the market for a new vehicle in the next several years, with its aggressive price point and low cost of ownership. With a sticker cost of US$35k, it is positioned competitively with traditional automobiles, but with two key benefits: lower operating costs and lower carbon emissions.
In a 2016 MIT study of the per-mile transportation cost of operating various types of vehicles, cars with lower carbon emissions were highlighted among the least expensive vehicles to own.
MIT's Jessika Trancik, the senior author of the paper, said in an MIT release accompanying the study that, "If you look in aggregate at the most popular vehicles on the market today, one doesn't have to pay more for a lower carbon-emitting vehicle."
Not everyone will be sold on the Model 3, especially as availability, battery life, and some reluctance to embrace a relatively new technology are still factors. But Tesla and other electric car manufacturers are certainly now part of the conversation that happens before investing in a car. As Trancik observes, it is not car manufacturers who will decide the success of electric cars, but the consumers.
"Private citizens are the investors that will ultimately decide whether a clean-energy transition occurs in personal transportation," she said.
Other developments may help nudge consumers toward buying electric instead of sticking with a diesel or petrol-powered car. Announcements by the governments of France and the United Kingdom show that the writing is on the wall for diesel and petrol cars, which will no longer be sold in those countries after 2040.
In Germany, some cities are pointing to emissions from diesel cars as a significant health risk and taking action to ban the vehicles from urban areas.
While the trends may tip the scales in favor of electric vehicles as the car of choice for private consumers, personal cars aren't the only ones out on the roads. The European Automobile Manufacturers Association estimated that in 2015, there were more than 200 million commercial vehicles on the roads. Will replacing an entire fleet of commercial vehicles be as viable as replacing a single personal car?
DHL, at least, seems to think so.
In 2013, DHL's parent company – Deutsche Post DHL Group – announced a pilot project known as the CO2-free Bonn initiative. It envisioned a carbon-free delivery service in the German city of Bonn, where the company is headquartered.
The project has been a success, thanks in large part to the company's decision to implement the StreetScooter, an electric delivery van purpose built by a former start-up of the same name, for deliveries in Bonn. The partnership was so effective that Deutsche Post DHL purchased the StreetScooter company in 2014.
Since its implementation in Bonn in 2013, Deutsche Post DHL Group now has more than 2,500 StreetScooters on the roads in Germany, and city delivery testing is underway in other countries. Eventually, the company's entire fleet is to be transitioned to electric or other carbon-free vehicles, such as bicycles, for fully green logistics.
While implementing green vehicles into DHL's 220 countries and territories around the world has a direct impact on the company's goal of zero-emission logistics by 2050, the shift has an impact on the company's bottom line as well.
"E-mobility is crucial," said DPDHL Group CEO Frank Appel in a recent article on the company's Delivering Tomorrow blog, "because it means growth no longer translates automatically into a larger environmental burden."
Like the private consumers targeted in the MIT study, corporate efforts at implementing electric vehicles end up saving money in the long run, and with traditional combustion engines increasingly on their way out, adopting electric vehicles today means future-proofing a business for tomorrow.
The auto industry is in the midst of a dramatic shift that is seeing a logistics company in the driver's seat when it comes to large-scale production and implementation of an electric vehicle. While no one ever envisioned a delivery van would be considered cutting edge, stepping on the (electric) gas pedal is the future of moving forward.


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How Can I Be Saved?Hear - Romans 10:17Believe - Hebrews 11:6Repent - Acts 2:38Confess - Romans 10:9Be Baptized - 1 Peter 3:21Live Faithfully - Revelation 2:10We Would Love to Study!We see it as our purpose to teach others the good news of Jesus Christ. Please contact us if you would like to study the Bible together or would like more information about our congregation.


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WASHINGTON, D.C. – U.S. Sen. Lisa Murkowski, R-Alaska, today made the following opening statement at the Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee hearing on the administration's proposed fiscal year 2013 budget for the Department of Energy.
"It almost goes without saying that I was disappointed by the administration's overall request for fiscal year 2013. We all hoped – and expected – that the president would lead the way by presenting a good plan to reduce our debt and grow our economy. It was an opportunity to address entitlements, reform the tax code and make swift progress in balancing the federal budget.
"We instead received a document that largely ignores the greatest threat to our economy – the more than $15 trillion in debt that led to the United States' first-ever credit downgrade last summer. Last year's budget request lamented the 'special interest loopholes' that riddle our tax code, but this year's proposes even more. It describes an economy 'built to last' and yet, is filled with proposals that have virtually no chance of passage.
"Unfortunately, I look at the energy budget and I think this is clear within the energy policy as well. I can understand and even support many of the proposals within DOE's budget. I appreciate the emphasis on science and research. More money for geothermal research will be a good thing, and the emphasis on drop-in biofuels is a worthy endeavor.
"At the same time, I disagree with the decision to reduce funding for renewable water power. Research and development efforts that could help unlock massive volumes of unconventional resources are again zeroed out. And I'm also concerned by many of the big ticket expenses that are either directly or indirectly tied to this budget – new and renewed tax credits, an extension of the 1603 grants program, a $1 billion vehicle deployment program, $5 billion for advanced manufacturing, and $6 billion for the HOME STAR efficiency program.
"I understand why people want to fund all of those. But given the state of the federal budget, I would stress that now is a time to differentiate between what we want to fund and what we need to fund. While DOE's discretionary budget grows by just over three percent in this request, adding all of the programs and subsidies included in the broader budget would nearly double our spending on energy.
"I am willing to support more spending in this area – but only if the revenues are derived from new, and not existing, production. But that's another problem with this budget. It re-ignites a fight that the administration has waged, and overwhelmingly lost, for the past three years. Instead of taking steps to extract new domestic energy from our tremendous resource base, the administration has decided to again try to extract $40 billion from the consumers of oil and gas and coal – regardless of the consequences that could have for our energy supply, our economy and our security.
"Just weeks ago the president joined our repeated calls for an "all of the above" approach to energy policy. That is certainly something I've embraced and I think most of our colleagues here have as well. But I'm just not seeing that play out within the budget. It causes me to wonder if the budget planners were working together with the president when he enunciated those words in his speech. I'd like to see us get to that point."
Murkowski is the ranking Republican on both the Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee and the Senate Interior Appropriations Subcommittee.
Source:Office of Senator Murkowski


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Oral Care Market: BRICS Industry Analysis Research Report 2020; Future Market Insights
Future market insights - Wednesday, April 15, 2015.
Future Market Insights (FMI) in its latest offering, "BRICS Oral Care - Market Analysis and Opportunity Assessment, 2014–2020", provides in-depth analysis and strategic recommendations on the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa) oral care market. Personal care includes categories such as skin care, hair care, cosmetics, oral care and toiletries. The global oral care market represents 15% of the personal care market in 2014, and is expected to account for almost 20% of the overall market by 2020. Organised retailing, rising per capita income, increasing consumer spending on personal care products and consumer preferences for value-added products are some of the factors contributing to growth of the BRICS personal care market. The BRICS region represents a major segment of the global market.FMI forecasts that the overall oral care market in BRICS will grow at a moderate single-digit CAGR between 2014 and 2020.
Product-wise, the BRICS oral care market is broadly segmented into primary oral care and secondary oral care products. The primary oral care products segment comprises toothpaste and toothbrush. The secondary oral care products segment includes dental floss, mouthwash, denture care and others. The others segment includes whitening strips, dental chewing gums and mouth fresheners.
"Increasing consumer awareness with regard to better oral hygiene is the primary driver of the overall BRICS oral care market. Furthermore, dentist recommendations for adoption of various-related products is projected to lead to a shift in consumer preference from basic oral care products to secondary oral care products in the coming years," said Vipassa.K
Browse the full "BRICS Oral Care Market Analysis & Opportunity Assessment, 2014 - 2020" report at http://www.futuremarketinsights.com/reports/details/brics-oral-care-market-opportunity-assessment
Growing awareness about better oral hygiene opens up ample opportunities for international players operating in the BRICS oral care market to introduce enhanced and innovative products, further increasing competition among the players in this region. This has led key players to adopt various approaches to increase product visibility in modern retail formats, coupled with branding and advertisement to sustain in the competitive oral care market in BRICS. As a result, demand for secondary oral care products in BRICS is expected to increase considerably between 2018 and 2020.
Product-wise, toothpaste, in the primary oral care product segment currently dominates the BRICS oral care market and is expected to grow substantially between 2014 and 2020. This growth can be attributed to the fact that the BRICS region consists of emerging nations and awareness of basic oral hygiene is currently growing rapidly, supported by product launches in the region. Hence, consumers are demonstrating greater demand for primary oral care products such as toothpaste and toothbrush, as compared to that for secondary oral care hygiene products in these nations.
Furthermore, dentist recommendations will add to the rising consumer awareness about secondary oral hygiene products towards the end of the forecast period. This will result in growing preference for mouthwash, thereby driving the demand for this product category among the expanding middle-class population in the BRICS. Thus, secondary products in the BRICS oral care market such as mouthwash and dental floss will demonstrate an above-average annual growth percentage.
Request Sample Report: http://www.futuremarketinsights.com/reports/sample/rep-br-27
Some other factors such as adoption of digital marketing and introduction of product variants at affordable prices are also expected to contribute to growth of the BRICS oral care market. Research results reveal that in 2013, the top key distribution channels, which are general merchandise retailers and direct selling, accounted for around 50% share of the BRICS oral care market.
Players in the BRICS oral care market are widening their distribution channels and strengthening partnerships across the value chain to enhance profitability and increase adoption of oral care products in the region.
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OAKLAND-Fighting to ensure the safety of children's playgrounds and ball fields, Attorney General Edmund G. Brown Jr. today signed off on an agreement requiring Georgia-based AstroTurf, LLC to virtually eliminate lead from its artificial grass, creating the country's first enforceable lead standards for artificial turf products.
"As schools and daycare centers replace grass with artificial turf, extreme care must be taken to minimize lead exposure," Brown said. "This agreement is the first of its kind and will help make playgrounds and ball fields safe for our children."
In 2008, Brown filed suit against AstroTurf and two other companies for excessive lead levels after testing by the Center for Environmental Health (CEH) found high levels in artificial turf products. Brown's office independently tested AstroTurf and other artificial turf products and confirmed CEH's findings. AstroTurf immediately took steps to begin reformulating its products.
Today's consent judgment requires AstroTurf to reformulate its products so that they contain less than 100 parts per million (ppm), and to further reduce lead levels to 50 ppm by June 2010. Lab results found that some AstroTurf products contained more than 5,000 ppm lead. Lead was added to keep the colors vibrant over time. AstroTurf will be prohibited from selling any existing stock that doesn't meet these standards.
AstroTurf will also provide a grant of $60,000 to the Public Health Trust to fund "wipe testing" of dislodgeable lead on artificial turf fields at daycare centers, schools and public playing fields in California. If the level of dislodgeable lead exceeds the specified replacement level, AstroTurf will provide replacement turf to the daycare center, school or public field at no cost.
AstroTurf will also provide a mailed warning to all customers who purchased its products in California in the past five years. The warning will (1) inform customers that the turf products contain lead; (2) explain "good maintenance practices" that can effectively reduce exposures to lead; and (3) advise the customers of the availability of the program to test and replace old turf products. AstroTurf will also establish a website to provide information to the public on lead content in its products.
The Los Angeles City Attorney and Solano County District Attorney joined Brown in the case against AstroTurf. In addition to its obligation to replace products that exceed acceptable lead levels, the company will pay $170,000 in civil penalties, grants and attorney fees.
"Today's agreement with AstroTurf sets a strong standard for other companies who have not yet agreed to eliminate lead risks to children from turf,' said CEH Executive Director Michael Green. 'Lead is a stunningly toxic chemical that has no place in playing fields for children. We applaud the Attorney General, the LA City Attorney, the Solano County DA and AstroTurf for this accord to protect California's children.'
A copy of the consent judgment is attached.


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Software | BitScope DSO | User Guide |
The oscilloscope display above is selected when DSO is first powered on. It comprises:
This is BitScope DSO's standard dual channel oscilloscope display format. In this example, two 4kHz 3.3Vpp waveforms sampled at 10MHz are shown each with a 1.65V DC (bias) voltage. Display Format MenuThere are many other display formats available. They are grouped by virtual instrument. For example, logic capture offers timing diagrams and mixed signal displays whereas analog capture includes spectrum analyzer and X-Y plot displays. Most displays support a range of other features including decay phosphors, time and frequency cursors, region bands and signal variables. The active display is selected via Act On Gestures on the capture control display format widget. A Click or Select switches between the current format and the previous one and a Menu-Click pops up the format menu for other display formats. In this example (taken from the SCOPE virtual instrument running on a BS10) the options include WAVEFORM, WAVE SPECTRUM, SPECTRUM, X-Y PLOT and SPECTRUM PHASE. The display formats supported across all instruments in the current DSO version are:
Below are some screenshots of some of the more commonly used display formats. Mixed Signal (Analog+Logic) DisplayWhen DSO captures analog and logic signals together, the default is a split analog and logic display. The timing of the analog and logic waveforms is synchronized so that time measurements can be made between any combination of analog and logic channels. Mixed Domain (Time+Frequency) DisplayOften it is desirable to see a waveform and its associated spectrum together. This example shows a triange waveform and its magnitude spectrum. The graticule switched off and cursors are enabled. The cursors measure magnitude and frequency at the top and time and voltage at the bottom. Some of the measurements are shown on the display (e.g. the frequency measured from the spectrum is 4kHz) and others on the cursor panel (which in this example reports the Vpp and waveform period). X-Y Phase PlotLike most dual channel scopes, DSO provides a X-Y phase plot display. Here two sinusoidal waveforms of almost the same frequency are shown plotted against other. Spectrum Magnitude and PhaseSeveral spectrum display formats are available. This one shows magnitude and phase. This shows a phase density plot and magnitude spectrum of a pair of related signals. This screenshot looks a little different to the others because it was taken on a very high resolution display with the DSO maximized to full-screen. Click the image to see it full size. |
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