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Could You Pass the U.S. Citizenship Test?
Passing the U.S. citizenship test is a vital step toward becoming an American citizen. To pass the civics portion of the naturalization test, an applicant must correctly answer six of up to 10 oral U.S. history and government-related questions administered by a U.S. citizen immigration services officer and gleaned from from a master list of 100 possible questions.
The questions, primarily based on U.S. history, together tell the story of how the 13 colonies fought against Great Britain in the American Revolutionary War, how the U.S. Constitution came to be, and how the federal government was formed by the founding fathers including Benjamin Franklin, George Washington, John Adams, and James Madison.
They also cover U.S. history through World War I and II, the Great Depression, the Vietnam War, the Cold War, and 9/11, as well as great American leaders including Abraham Lincoln, Susan B. Anthony, Rosa Parks, and Martin Luther King Jr. Some questions require knowledge of the Democratic and Republican parties and the U.S. Congress.
Along with knowing specific information about U.S. history, applicants taking the citizenship test must also pay a fee. After passing the test and completing all other necessary paperwork, applicants who were once considered foreigners become full-fledged American citizens under the U.S. Constitution. Once naturalized, new citizens are entitled to the full rights of a person born in the United States.
Think you could pass the test with flying colors? To find out, check out the 100 civics questions and answers below for the naturalization test. Read on to see just how tough the questions are—and how solid your high school history class recall is.
Question #1: What is the supreme law of the land?
Answer #1: The Constitution.
The U.S. Constitution, written in 1787 in the Pennsylvania State House, was ratified by the original 13 colonies in 1788, and went into full effect in 1789, when 38 delegates from each state signed the document. The master copy of the constitution, comprised of seven articles, is on display at the National Archives in Washington D.C.
Question #2: What does the Constitution do?
Answer #2: Sets up the government; defines the government; protects basic rights of Americans.
The U.S. Constitution sets up the government into three branches, including the executive, legislative, and judicial. The executive branch consists of the U.S. president, the vice president, the Cabinet, and members of all federal agencies, departments, committees, and commissions. The legislative branch includes the U.S. Congress, which is made up of the Senate and House of Representatives. The judicial branch is the U.S. Supreme Court and other federal courts. The rights of American citizens are protected under the government laws and by elected members, who must be of a certain age to serve.
Question #3: The idea of self-government is in the first three words of the Constitution. What are these words?
Answer #3: "We the people..."
All citizens who live in the U.S. are included in the first three words, "We the people," of the U.S. Constitution's preamble.
Question #4: What is an amendment?
Answer #4: A change (to the Constitution); an addition (to the Constitution).
The U.S. Constitution has more than two dozen amendments, changes or additions, to clarify its meaning and include provisions not included in the first draft. The changes to the original draft range widely. Notable amendments to the U.S. Constitution include the freedom of religion and speech, the right to bear arms, the abolition of slavery, and allowing African American men and all women to vote.
Question #5: What do we call the first 10 amendments to the Constitution?
Answer #5: The Bill of Rights.
The first 10 amendments to the U.S. Constitution, written by James Madison in 1791, are known as the Bill of Rights. The amendments were added to protect citizens, expand freedoms, and to limit government power. After several representatives objected to the 10 changes, a decision was made to place the Bill of Rights at the end of the document under Article VII, rather than directly editing the original text.
Question #6: What is one right or freedom from the First Amendment?
Answer #6: Speech; religion; assembly; press; petition the government.
There are five fundamental rights in the First Amendment. The first two allow people the right to say and believe whatever they want; the third allows people to assemble peacefully; the fourth allows people the right to report the news without government censorship; and the fifth allows people the right not to be witnesses against themselves in a criminal case.
Question #7: How many amendments does the Constitution have?
Answer #7: 27
The 27 amendments to the U.S. Constitution, including the first 10 in the Bill of Rights, vary widely. The changes made to the original 1787 draft include the direct election of U.S. senators; limiting a president to two terms; the establishment of the federal income tax; allowing women and African Americans to vote; and the abolition of slavery. The only amendment to be repealed was the Eighteenth, which barred the sale and consumption of alcohol in 1919. Alcohol was made legal in 1933 with the creation of the Twenty-First Amendment.
Question #8: What did the Declaration of Independence do?
Answer #8: Announced independence (from Great Britain); declared independence (from Great Britain); said that the United States is free (from Great Britain).
The Declaration of Independence, written on July 4, 1776, was the first document that declared 13 colonies in America would become sovereign and separate from the Kingdom of Great Britain. Members of the Continental Congress, including Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, Roger Livingston, and Roger Sherman, created the document together. The Declaration of Independence is the first of three founding documents of the United States government, including the U.S. Constitution and the Bill of Rights.
Question #9: What are two rights in the Declaration of Independence?
Answer #9: Life; liberty; pursuit of happiness.
The first two rights of the Declaration of Independence guarantee the rights of citizens to exist frequently. The third right, the pursuit of happiness, is commonly understood to refer to the right to one's own wealth and property.
Question #10: What is freedom of religion?
Answer #10: You can practice any religion, or not practice a religion.
The freedom of religion is also known as the separation of church and state. This amendment prohibits the government from making citizens practice a particular set of moral beliefs. There are two accurately named sections in the First Amendment that concern religion. The Establishment Clause forbids the government from setting up a system of faith or favoring one religion, and the Free Exercise Clause prohibits the government from barring the exercise of faith or lack thereof.
Question #11: What is the economic system in the United States?
Answer #11: Capitalist economy; market economy.
Capitalist and market economies make up the U.S. financial system. A capitalist economy consists of private owners and corporations manufacturing goods with minimal government involvement. A market economy is the supply and demand system operated by individual owners and corporations, who produce and price products, and compete to be leaders in their respective industries.
Question #12: What is the "rule of law"?
Answer #12: Everyone must follow the law; Leaders must obey the law; Government must obey the law; No one is above the law.
No man, woman, or child, regardless of his or her economic, education, or societal status, is removed from the regulations set forth by the three branches of government. Even the president, who is commander-in-chief of the U.S. Armed Forces, must follow specific laws to remain the leader of the country.
Question #13: Name one branch or part of the government.
Answer #13: Congress; legislative; president; executive; the courts; judicial.
One branch of the government is the U.S. Congress, which is made up of two chambers including the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Senate is considered the more powerful committee, which is made up of fewer members who collectively hold different rights from those of the House, including the sole authority to conduct an impeachment trial or to reject a presidential appointee to either the executive or judicial branch.
Question #14: What stops one branch of government from becoming too powerful?
Answer #14: Checks and balances; separation of powers.
There must be a check and balance system between the three branches—legislative, executive, and judicial—of government to assure each entity only exercises its specific responsibilities. Each branch has the capacity to affect the decisions of other branches in specific ways. This separation of powers prevents any one branch of government from dominating its counterparts, keeping the federal system fair and equal.
Question #15: Who is in charge of the executive branch?
Answer #15: The president.
The executive branch is made up of the president, vice president, and Cabinet, and the president is in charge as the head of government and the commander-in-chief of the armed forces. The Twenty-Second Amendment forbids any person elected to the office of the president from serving more than two consecutive four-year terms. There have been 13 presidents who have served two terms, including Grover Cleveland, who served in nonconsecutive periods.
Question #16: Who makes federal laws?
Answer #16: Congress; Senate and House (of Representatives); (U.S. or national) legislature.
Federal laws are created when the U.S. Congress passes legislation, the president signs an executive order, and/or a federal court decision is reached based on the U.S. Constitution. When the U.S. Congress creates and passes bills, the proposed legislation must be approved and signed by the president to become federal law.
Question #17: What are the two parts of the U.S. Congress?
Answer #17: Senate and House (of Representatives).
The two chambers of the U.S. Congress include the Senate and the House of Representatives. The upper chamber is the Senate, which is made up of two senators from each of the 50 states. The lower chamber is the House of Representatives, which is made up of a variable number of representatives from each state and the District of Columbia based on that state's population. Since 1911, there have been 435 representatives in the House at any given time.
Question #18: How many U.S. Senators are there?
Answer #18: 100
There are always 100 U.S. Senators serving in Congress, two for each of the 50 states. The specific qualifications and terms of service for a U.S. senator include being at least 30 years old, a citizen for at least nine years, and a resident of the state they want to represent. In January of every odd-numbered year, one-third of the Senate takes the Oath of Office, a procedure that dates back to 1789.
Question #19: We elect a U.S. Senator for how many years?
Answer #19: six
A U.S. Senator is elected every six years, but it was not always this way. It took the 1913 ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment to elect two senators from every state to U.S. Congress. From 1789, senators were appointed by the state legislatures.
Question #20: Who is one of your state's U.S. Senators now?
Answer #20: Answers will vary. District of Columbia residents and residents of U.S. territories should answer that D.C. (or the territory where the applicant lives) has no U.S. Senators.
A U.S. Senator has both enumerated and implied powers to perform various tasks on behalf of their constituents. Some powers include the ability to borrow and coin money, regulate interstate commerce, declare war, and create rules for the naturalization of immigrants. The U.S. Constitution creates a system of checks and balances between the U.S. Senate and the other branches of government.
Question #21: The House of Representatives has how many voting members?
Answer #21: 435
There are 435 voting members in the lower chamber of the House of Representatives, who are all directly elected in their respective congressional districts. With the approval of the U.S. Senate, representatives of the House can pass bills directly related to constituent concerns. Together, the Senate and the House have the power to veto a governor's budget if they deem it fiscally irresponsible.
Question #22: We elect a U.S. representative for how many years?
Answer #22: two
Unlike a Senate member, who serves six-year terms, a House member, also directly elected, serves for only two years. The Apportionment Act of 1911 set the number of House members to 433, but allowed for future states Arizona and New Mexico to be added, placing the total at 435. California has the largest delegation of House representatives with 53 members.
Question #23: Name your U.S. representative.
Answer #23: Answers will vary. Residents of territories with nonvoting delegates or resident commissioners may provide the name of that delegate or commissioner. Also acceptable is any statement that the territory has no (voting) representatives in Congress.
House members in the lower chamber spend much of their time on their statehouse floor debating bills and trying to pass proposed legislation. For representing their constituents during each two-year term, House members get an annual salary, pension, health benefits, travel allowance, and a tax deduction. When a House seat becomes vacant, the U.S. Constitution mandates that a special election be held to fill the position.
Question #24: Who does a U.S. senator represent?
Answer #24: All people of the state.
A U.S. senator protects every man, woman, and child in the state they represent. Two U.S. senators, who serve six-year terms, represent each state regardless of the population. The structure that allows for only two U.S. senators per state was created at the Constitutional Convention and was initially called the Connecticut Compromise, also known as the Great Compromise of 1787.
Question #25: Why do some states have more representatives than other states?
Answer #25: (Because of) the state's population; (because) they have more people; (because) some states have more people.
The number of House members for each congressional district directly depends on how many citizens live in the state. The decision to establish directly elected House members based on population was settled at the 1787 Constitutional Convention after much debate due to population disparity among large and small states. James Madison of Virginia, William Paterson of New Jersey, Charles Pinckney of South Carolina, and Robert Sherman of Connecticut receive credit for the compromise.
Question #26: We elect a president for how many years?
Answer #26: four
The president of the United States (POTUS) is directly elected every four years based on the number of electoral votes in that given year. The election of the president is the only one in the federal government not based on popular vote. All U.S. registered voters indirectly elect the president through the Electoral College, a body of enfranchised people. The U.S. Constitution established the Electoral College.
Question #27: In what month do we vote for president?
Answer #27: November
The U.S. presidential election takes place every four years in November. At the beginning of U.S. history, a national leader was elected by a member of the Electoral College, who cast a vote for the president and vice president. The candidate with the majority of votes won the race, and the runner up became vice president. However, the system for electing a president changed in 1804 with the Twelfth Amendment, which gave electors only one vote for president and one vote for vice president.
Question #28: What is the name of the president of the United States now?
Answer #28: Donald J. Trump
The 45th and current president is Donald J. Trump. He succeeded President Barack Obama after winning the 2016 presidential election against Democrat Hillary J. Clinton under the slogan "Make America Great Again." President Trump, a former television personality and real estate mogul, will serve four years until January 2019 unless he wins reelection. If he wins another term, he will serve until 2024.
Question #29: What is the name of the vice president of the United States now?
Michael R. Pence, a former Indiana governor and House Republican, is serving as the 48th vice president of the U.S. He withdrew from his second gubernatorial campaign to become the vice presidential running mate to then-candidate Donald Trump. When Pence was sworn in alongside President Donald J. Trump on Jan. 20, 2017, he was the first to use President Ronald Reagan's bible to be sworn into office.
Question #30: If the president can no longer serve, who becomes president?
Answer #30: The vice president.
The Twentieth Amendment assures that the vice president, who is elected along with the president, immediately takes over the presidency if the elected president can no longer serve, whether due to removal, death, resignation, or inability. Only four vice presidents, including John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, Martin Van Buren, and George H.W. Bush, ever became the president after serving as the vice president.
Question #31: If both the president and the vice president can no longer serve, who becomes president?
Answer #31: The speaker of the House.
In the rare case that both the president and vice president cannot serve, the speaker of the House, the political and legislative leader of the House of Representatives,
becomes the U.S. leader. To date, no speaker of the House has ever had to become the nation's leader due to the simultaneous loss of both the president and vice president.
Question #32: Who is the commander-in-chief of the military?
Answer #32: The president.
The president is also the commander-in-chief of all military forces including the Army, Navy, Air Force, Marines, and Coast Guard. The president works alongside the Department of Defense and Department of Homeland Security to assure national safety. Though the president is the head of the military, the U.S. Congress is the only entity that can declare war, based on Article One, Section Eight of the U.S. Constitution.
Question #33: Who signs bills to become laws?
Answer #33: The president.
The president signs bills into law after a long process of approval. First, a bill must be introduced by a primary sponsor, a senator or representative. The bill goes to a committee, where changes to the proposed law can be discussed and made. Next, the bill goes before U.S. Congress for debate, when additional modifications to the original proposal take place. After both the upper and lower chamber agrees on all revisions, the bill is passed on to the president to either veto or sign into law.
Question #34: Who vetoes bills?
Answer #34: The president.
Instead of signing a bill into law, the president can veto a bill. A veto bars any specific proposal from becoming law unless Congress overrides the veto by two-thirds of a majority. The president can also choose not to act at all, but after 10 days the bill becomes law. The bill will not become law if Congress adjourns during the 10 days the president does not sign the bill, which is called a pocket veto.
Question #35: What does the president's Cabinet do?
Answer #35: Advises the president.
Established in Article Two, Section Two of the U.S. Constitution at the 1767 Constitutional Convention, the Cabinet, which includes 15 federal department heads and the vice president, advises the president on how to run each respective department. Considered part of the executive branch of the government, the Cabinet can also decide if a sitting president is unable to perform the duties of the office, according to the Twenty-Fifth Amendment.
Question #36: What are two Cabinet-level positions?
Answer #36: Secretary of agriculture; secretary of commerce; secretary of defense; secretary of education; secretary of energy; secretary of health and human services; secretary of homeland security; secretary of housing and urban development; secretary of the interior; secretary of labor; secretary of state; secretary of transportation; secretary of the treasury; secretary of veterans affairs; attorney general; vice president.
Two powerful Cabinet-level positions are the secretary of defense and the secretary of state. As the lead advisor for all military issues, the secretary of defense, who is also a statutory member of the National Security Council, is vital to national security. As the leading adviser of foreign policy and affairs, the secretary of state role is critical to global peace through the interpretation and negotiation of international treaties.
Question #37: What does the judicial branch do?
Answer #37: Reviews laws; explains laws; resolves disputes (disagreements); decides if a law goes against the Constitution.
Unlike the legislative and executive branches of the government, where the people directly elect members, judicial branch judges are appointed by the president and confirmed by the Senate. The federal courts in the judicial branch interpret and determine the constitutionality of the law.
Congress can only decide on the boundaries of federal court jurisdiction and on whether to impeach a federal judge.
Question #38: What is the highest court in the United States?
Answer #38: Supreme Court.
The U.S. Supreme Court is the highest level in the judicial branch of government. The Supreme Court was incorporated after the Judiciary Act of 1789, when President George Washington included a national judiciary system into the U.S. Constitution Article Three, Section One. The Supreme Court, led by the chief justice of the United States, is the only court established in the U.S. Constitution.
Question #39: How many justices are on the Supreme Court?
Answer #39: nine
There are nine justices are on the Supreme Court, including the chief justice of the United States. All nine justices on the Supreme Court are nominated by the president and confirmed by the Senate. The number of justices in the Supreme Court has changed since the original six in 1769. After several adjustments, in 1869 the Circuit Judges Act solidified the number at nine.
Question #40: Who is the chief justice of the United States now?
Answer #40: John G. Roberts
John G. Roberts is the chief justice of the United States and has been the highest ranking federal judicial magistrate since 2005. The Chief Justice of the United States, who serves until death, retirement, or impeachment, is always directly selected by the president and confirmed by the Senate. As the head of the Supreme Court, the chief justice of the United States presides over a presidential impeachment trial.
Question #41: Under our Constitution, some powers belong to the federal government. What is one power of the federal government?
Answer #41: To print money; to declare war; to create an army; to make treaties.
The U.S. government has the power to print money, declare war, create an army, and make treaties, among many other powers. The U.S. Department of Treasury Bureau of Engraving and Printing creates all currency, either in paper or coin form. State of the art technology is used to inspect all currency produced by the federal government. After making money in the Bureau, officials transfer it to the Federal Reserve, the central bank of the U.S.
Question #42: Under our Constitution, some powers belong to the states. What is one power of the states?
Answer #42: Provide schooling and education; provide protection (police); provide safety (fire departments); give a driver's license; approve zoning and land use.
Each of the 50 states in the U.S. has the individual power to govern its own territory. Some of the most vital state powers include providing protection, education, and housing to citizens throughout the state. Each states' demographics differ due to its location and history. For example, a highly populated state may have more school districts, larger police forces, and more housing throughout than a state with fewer people.
Question #43: Who is the governor of your state now?
Answer #43: Answers will vary. District of Columbia residents should answer that D.C. does not have a governor.
As the head of their state's government, every U.S. governor acts as the chief executive officer of the territory. Each state governor, who is directly elected by state residents, has a salary that is determined by the state they serve. Like the president, the governor serves four years and has the power to veto proposed legislation from becoming law. Vermont and New Hampshire are the only two states that elect a governor every two years and not four.
Question #44: What is the capital of your state?
Answer #44: Answers will vary. District of Columbia residents should answer that D.C. is not a state and does not have a capital. Residents of U.S. territories should name the capital of the territory.
Every state in the U.S. has a capital city and building where federal government business takes place. It is the location where the Senate and House meet to propose, debate, and pass legislation, and where the governor signs or vetoes bills. It is also where many other significant events take place, including important government ceremonies and public policy protests.
Question #45: What are the two major political parties in the United States?
Answer #45: Democratic and Republican
The Democratic and Republican political parties are the most powerful political parties in the U.S. The Democratic party has a more liberal view of public policy and economic equality where the Republican party, also referred to as the Grand Old Party (GOP), has a more conservative view and supports free-market capitalism. There have been more GOP presidents than Democratic presidents in U.S. history.
Question #46: What is the political party of the president now?
Answer #46: Visit uscis.gov/citizenship/testupdates for the political party of the president.
President Donald J. Trump is a Republican. Before him, Democratic President Barack H. Obama served for two consecutive terms, and before him, Republican President George W. Bush also served for two successive terms. The first U.S. president, George Washington, was neither a Democrat or a Republican when he served for two terms. At the time, neither of the current major parties existed. The Democratic party was founded in 1828, and the GOP was founded in 1854.
Question #47: What is the name of the speaker of the House of Representatives now?
Answer #47: Visit uscis.gov/citizenship/testupdates for the name of the speaker of the House of Representatives.
The speaker of the House is Democrat Nancy Pelosi. The first speaker of the House, Frederick Muhlenberg of Pennsylvania, presided over the first meeting of Congress. Every speaker of the House controls the Rules Committee, which determines which bills move past committee to continue to the floor for debate.
Question #48: There are four amendments to the Constitution about who can vote. Describe one of them.
Answer #48: Citizens 18 and older can vote; You don't have to pay a poll tax to vote; Any citizen can vote (women and men can vote); A male citizen of any race can vote.
A U.S. citizen must be 18 years old in order to vote, thanks to the Twenty-Sixth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. Other disenfranchised groups, including African American men and women of all races, were not allowed to vote before two subsequent amendments were passed. White women were granted suffrage by the Nineteenth Amendment while the Fifteenth Amendment gave African Americans the right to vote, though access to polling places continues to be limited by systemic voter suppression.
Question #49: What is one responsibility that is only for United States citizens?
Answer #49: Serve on a jury; vote in a federal election.
U.S. citizens have the sole responsibility of serving on a jury and voting in a federal election. The basis of the U.S. Constitution, "All men are created equal," allows for any rightful citizen above the age 18 to serve with a panel of their peers in court and vote in a federal election for candidates and public policy.
Question #50: Name one right only for United States citizens.
Answer #50: Vote in a federal election; run for federal office.
Any U.S. citizen who has not committed a felony can vote in a federal election or run for federal office. Unlike in many other countries, an elected official from the U.S. does not have to be born into influence or money, or be a specific gender, to lead the people if directly elected.
Question #51: What are two rights of everyone living in the United States?
Answer #51: Freedom of expression; freedom of speech; freedom of assembly; freedom to petition the government; freedom of religion; the right to bear arms.
The Bill of Rights, which includes the first 10 amendments to the U.S. Constitution, allows for certain personal freedoms including expression, speech, assembly, petition, religion, and the right to bear arms. The freedoms of expression, speech, assembly, and petition the government all lie in the First Amendment, whereas the right to bear arms is in the Second Amendment.
Question #52: What do we show loyalty to when we say the Pledge of Allegiance?
Answer #52: The United States; the flag.
The Pledge of Allegiance, written by minister Francis Bellamy in 1892, is the official solemn promise of loyalty to the U.S. After the phrase "under God," was added to the pledge at the request of President Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1954, the oath became controversial, with some suggesting it violated their First Amendment rights to freedom of religion. In 2014, the Massachusetts Supreme Court ruled that the Pledge of Allegiance was not religious and the phrase "under God," remains.
Question #53: What is one promise you make when you become a United States citizen?
Answer #53: Give up loyalty to other countries; defend the Constitution and laws of the United States; obey the laws of the United States; serve in the U.S. military (if needed); serve (do important work for) the nation (if needed); be loyal to the United States.
Of the many promises made by U.S. citizens, defending the U.S. Constitution is an especially significant vow because the nation was founded on the U.S. Constitution. By upholding the U.S. Constitution and its laws, a citizen exhibits their loyalty to the nation.
Question #54: How old do citizens have to be to vote for president?
Answer #54: 18 and older.
A U.S. citizen must be at least 18 years old to vote in a federal election; however, that was not always the case. Before 1971, a U.S. citizen had to be 21 years old to vote, but after the U.S. Constitution adopted the Twenty-Sixth Amendment, President Richard M. Nixon signed the change into law. While the Senate voted 94-0 for the change, the House voted 401-19.
Question #55: What are two ways that Americans can participate in their democracy?
Answer #55: Vote; join a political party; help with a campaign; join a civic group; join a community group; give an elected official your opinion on an issue; call senators and representatives; publicly support or oppose an issue or policy; run for office; write to a newspaper.
There are several ways a citizen can participate in their democracy, which range from voting to running for federal office. Citizens can also participate in their democracy by attending local government meetings, sending a letter to the editor of a newspaper, or holding a protest against an existing or proposed public policy.
Question #56: When is the last day you can send in federal income tax forms?
Answer #56: April 15.
The last day any U.S. citizen can file their federal tax forms is April 15 of any given year. If a citizen needs more time to file their taxes, they can request additional time by submitting an IRS Form 4868. By registering for an extension, citizens can avoid penalties otherwise incurred for not filing and paying on time. There are penalties for tax fraud and evasion in the U.S., which include fines and possible imprisonment.
Question #57: When must all men register for the Selective Service?
Answer #57: At age 18; between 18 and 26.
All men of the 18 in the U.S. must register for the Selective Service within the first 30 days of turning 18, and remain recorded until the age 26. Just because U.S. men must register does not mean they will necessarily serve in any of the Armed Forces unless a draft is called. The Vietnam War draft was the only time the federal government mandated men to serve their country overseas.
Question #58: What is one reason colonists came to America?
Answer #58: Freedom; political liberty; religious freedom; economic opportunity; practice their religion; escape persecution.
Colonists broke from Great Britain to seek religious and political freedom. The first colony founded was in Jamestown, Va., in 1607. Thirteen years later, in 1620, more colonists from Great Britain landed in Plymouth, Mass. The Plymouth Rock, a Dedham Granite boulder, later became a significant symbol of the principles of the first European colonists.
Question #59: Who lived in America before the Europeans arrived?
Answer #59: American Indians; Native Americans.
The Native American Indians were the first people to live in the territory that currently makes up the United States. Also referred to as indigenous people, American Indians built cities, traded goods and information, and developed robust and distinctive cultures for many thousands of years before colonists first settled in the U.S. Existing reservations fall under the federal government Department of the Interior Bureau of Indian Affairs.
Question #60: What group of people was taken to America and sold as slaves?
Answer #60: Africans; people from Africa.
During the Atlantic slave trade, European and American slavers trafficked and sold people from Western and Central Africa to Americans to perform forced labor. Three hundred years after the first enslaved Africans arrived on North American shores, the Emancipation Proclamation freed all enslaved people in the South. After the Civil War, the Thirteenth Amendment outlawed slavery, except in the case of those convicted of felonies.
Question #61: Why did the colonists fight the British?
Answer #61: Because of high taxes (taxation without representation); because the British army stayed in their houses (boarding, quartering); because they didn't have self-government.
Taxation without representation and a lack of self-government caused the colonists to rebel against the British crown. Additionally, the Quartering Acts, which required colonists to shelter and feed the British Army in their homes, provoked the American Revolution. The American Revolution ended in 1783, and the U.S. Constitution was formalized in 1789.
Question #62: Who wrote the Declaration of Independence?
Answer #62: Thomas Jefferson
Thomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence, which was signed by members of the Second Continental Congress. The statement of freedom designated the original 13 American colonies as sovereign states. The most famous line from the Declaration of Independence is "that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness."
Question #63: When was the Declaration of Independence adopted?
Answer #63: July 4, 1776
July 4, 1776, is the day the Declaration of Independence was adopted. Considered America's birthday, the date has become a reason for nationwide celebration annually. Citizens throughout the U.S. traditionally celebrate the federal holiday with long weekends or extended vacations since it falls in the summer season.
Question #64: There were 13 original states. Name three.
Answer #64: New Hampshire; Massachusetts; Rhode Island; Connecticut; New York; New Jersey; Pennsylvania; Delaware; Maryland; Virginia; North Carolina; South Carolina; Georgia.
Two of the 13 original states are New Hampshire and Massachusetts. The rest of the original states are also on the Northeast coast of the U.S., where the original colonists who fled from Great Britain and King George III landed and settled. The original copy of the document, authored by Thomas Jefferson, remains in the U.S. Library of Congress.
Question #65: What happened at the Constitutional Convention?
Answer #65: The Constitution was written; the Founding Fathers wrote the Constitution.
The Constitutional Convention, also called the Grand Convention at Philadelphia or the Federal Convention, was the gathering of the Founding Fathers in the Pennsylvania Statehouse. The attendants at the Convention wrote the U.S. Constitution between May and September of 1787. Chief leaders of the convention included George Washington, who presided over the event,; James Madison of Virginia; and John Adams of Massachusetts.
Question #66: When was the Constitution written?
Answer #66: 1787
The U.S. Constitution, authored by founding fathers James Madison, Thomas Jefferson, Thomas Paine, and John Adams, was written at the Pennsylvania State House in 1787. The amended document created the three branches of the federal government. The preamble to the U.S. Constitution, "We the People," represents the union of colonists who sought to provide common defense and general welfare for all who broke from Great Britain.
Question #67: The Federalist Papers supported the passage of the U.S. Constitution. Name one of the writers.
Answer #67: (James) Madison; (Alexander) Hamilton; (John) Jay or "Publius."
The Federalists Papers, a two-volume collection of articles and essays, were partly authored by James Madison, a lawyer and diplomat who was also one of the authors of the U.S. Constitution and the fourth American president. The collection of articles and essays was initially titled "The Federalist" and did not name any of the three authors due to their fear of persecution.
Question #68: What is one thing Benjamin Franklin is famous for?
Answer #68: U.S. diplomat; oldest member of the Constitutional Convention; first postmaster general of the United States; writer of "Poor Richard's Almanac"; started the first free libraries.
Though famous for the many roles he had as a founding father, Benjamin Franklin is renowned for being the first postmaster general of the United States, appointed by the Continental Congress in 1775. Franklin had served in the same post in British Parliament and later became the first to take the position in America. After Benjamin Franklin, Samuel Osgood became the second postmaster general of the United States of America.
Question #69: Who is the "Father of Our Country"?
Answer #69: (George) Washington
George Washington is considered the "Father of Our Country." Presiding over the Continental Congress, Washington, who was also the commander-in-chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War, became the first president of the U.S. He served two terms and later died on Dec. 14, 1799. The capital city of the U.S. is named after Washington.
Question #70: Who was the first president?
Answer #70: (George) Washington
George Washington was the first U.S. president. Washington served two terms between 1789 and 1797 with John Adams as his vice president. Born in 1732 in Virginia to Augustine Sr. and Mary Ball Washington, he later fought in the French and Indian War in 1754 before becoming the commander-in-chief of the Continental Army in 1775.
Question #71: What territory did the United States buy from France in 1803?
Answer #71: The Louisiana Territory; Louisiana.
The Louisiana Purchase was the 1803 land deal between France and the U.S. that transferred ownership of formerly French territories to the U.S., including the districts of St. Louis, St. Charles, St. Genevieve, Cape Girardeau, and New Madrid. The Louisiana Territory was renamed the Missouri Territory in 1812 in order to avoid confusion with the newly announced State of Louisiana.
Question #72: Name one war fought by the United States in the 1800s.
Answer #72: War of 1812; Mexican-American War; Civil War; Spanish-American War.
The Spanish-American War took place in 1898. The war, which lasted three months, three weeks, and two days, resulted in an American victory and the Treaty of Paris that would end the Spanish Empire. The treaty gave the U.S. all rights to Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines, expanding its colonial influence in the Pacific.
Question #73: Name the U.S. war between the North and the South.
Answer #73: The Civil War; the War between the States.
States' rights, westward expansion, and slavery were all critical reasons for the Civil War, also known as the War Between the States, fought between 1861 and 1865. Some southern states and Texas seceded and revolted against the northern states after President Abraham Lincoln was elected in 1860 and struggled to abolish slavery during the Civil War. The Battle of Gettysburg is considered the bloodiest fight in the Civil War.
Question #74: Name one problem that led to the Civil War.
Answer #74: Slavery; economic reasons; states' rights.
Slavery is a notorious reason that led to the Civil War. The tensions between the northern and southern states, including enslaving African Americans, questions about state versus federal powers, and economic disagreements, came to a head when the Confederate Army attempted to seize Fort Sumter in South Carolina. After that, the Civil War continued for four years between 1861 to 1865, killing approximately 620,000.
Question #75: What was one important thing that Abraham Lincoln did?
Answer #75: Freed the slaves (Emancipation Proclamation); saved (or preserved) the Union; led the United States during the Civil War.
Abraham Lincoln was the 16th president and the commander-in-chief during the Civil War. Lincoln preserved the Union by ending the war and simultaneously freed the slaves by signing the Emancipation Proclamation. His accomplishments, especially abolishing slavery, make Lincoln one of the most famous presidents of all time. His 1865 assassination by John Wilkes Booth is an infamous event in U.S. History.
Question #76: What did the Emancipation Proclamation do?
Answer #76: Freed the slaves; freed slaves in the Confederacy; freed slaves in the Confederate states; freed slaves in most southern states.
The Emancipation Proclamation was the first proposal to free African American men and women from slavery since they and their ancestors had been brought to the U.S. against their will. In 1863, during the Civil War, President Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which changed the status of African Americans from slaves to free men and women in some states. The document remains in the National Archives in Washington D.C.
Question #77: What did Susan B. Anthony do?
Answer #77: Fought for women's rights; fought for civil rights.
Most known for her activism for women's rights, Susan B. Anthony, who was born in 1820 and died in 1906, was a leader of the women's suffrage movement. Anthony greatly opposed the amendment to the U.S. Constitution that allowed for African American men to vote, but still barred women from casting ballots. A U.S. dollar coin was minted in her honor during 1979–81 and again in 1999.
Question #78: Name one war fought by the United States in the 1900s.
Answer #78: World War I; World War II; Korean War; Vietnam War; (Persian) Gulf War.
The Vietnam War, caused by the conflict between North and South Vietnam, was fought between 1955 and 1975. As an ally to South Vietnam, the U.S. sent troops overseas to fight on behalf of South Vietnamese civilians. More than 3 million people died in the entirety of the Vietnam War. The Fall of Saigon marked the end of the war and a major loss for the US military. Almost 60,000 Americans died in the Vietnam War.
Question #79: Who was president during World War I?
Answer #79: (Woodrow) Wilson
President Woodrow Wilson, who served two consecutive terms from 1913 to 1921, led the nation during World War I, also known as the Great War. Fought between 1914 and 1918, the war has been called "the war to end all wars," due to the mobilization of tens of millions of soldiers in an armed conflict; however, World War II occurred 20 years later. The Treaty of Versailles ended World War I.
Question #80: Who was president during the Great Depression and World War II?
Answer #80: (Franklin) Roosevelt
Franklin Delano Roosevelt, often called FDR, was the 32nd president and served during both the Great Depression and World War II. During the Great Depression, Roosevelt proposed the New Deal, a domestic agenda that offered financial reform and relief after a stock market crash led to the worst depression in U.S. history.
Question #81: Who did the United States fight in World War II?
Answer #81: Japan, Germany, and Italy.
The U.S. fought Japan, Germany, and Italy in World War II between 1939 and 1945. During the war, the bombing of Pearl Harbor, a surprise attack on a U.S. Naval base in Hawaii, killed thousands of American soldiers and civilians. In total, approximately 55 million people died in World War II during the six years it lasted. War-related famine and disease killed millions more after the war officially ended.
Question #82: Before he was president, Eisenhower was a general. What war was he in?
Answer #82: World War II
The 34th president, Dwight D. Eisenhower, was also a five-star general in the U.S. Army during World War II. Often referred to as Ike, Eisenhower became the supreme commander of the Allied Expeditionary Force in December 1943, spearheading the invasion of Nazi-occupied Europe by Allied troops. Upon arriving home to America in 1945, Ike served as U.S. Army chief of staff until 1948 when he left active duty. He would serve as president of Columbia University in New York City and take command of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization forces in Europe at the request of President Harry S. Truman before serving as U.S. president from 1953–61.
Question #83: During the Cold War, what was the main concern of the United States?
Answer #83: Communism
Soviet Union communism, based on an ideal of a classless political and economic society, was the main concern the U.S. had during the Cold War. Russian leader Joseph Stalin ran an oppressive and murderous regime while the threat of nuclear war grew throughout the world.
Question #84: What movement tried to end racial discrimination?
Answer #84: Civil rights (movement).
The fight for constitutional rights for African Americans gained national prominence with the Civil Rights movement, which occurred during the 1950s and 1960s. Rosa Parks, an African American activist who refused to sit in the back of a segregated bus in 1955, became a symbol of the strategy of civil disobedience in protest of oppressive and exclusionary laws.
Question #85: What did Martin Luther King Jr. do?
Answer #85: Fought for civil rights; worked for equality for all Americans.
Martin Luther King Jr. was a prominent leader of the civil rights movement. The American Baptist minister challenged existing civil structures during the movement from 1954 to 1968 and advocated for complete racial equality in the United States. After King's assassination in 1968, President Ronald Reagan signed legislation in 1983 memorializing the third Monday in January as the federal holiday called Martin Luther King Jr. Day.
Question #86: What major event happened on Sept. 11, 2001, in the United States?
Answer #86: Terrorists attacked the United States.
Sept. 11, 2001, was the single deadliest terrorist attacks on U.S. soil. The attack was carried out by the radical Islamic group al-Qaida, led by Osama bin Laden. Four planes hijacked by terrorists crashed into the World Trade Center, the Pentagon, and a field in Pennsylvania, killing approximately 3,000 people almost simultaneously. Thousands of others were injured, and many cleanup volunteers developed related respiratory disease due to airborne toxins at the World Trade Center site.
Question #87: Name one American Indian tribe in the United States.
Answer #87: [USCIS Officers will be supplied with a list of federally recognized American Indian tribes.]; Cherokee; Navajo; Sioux; Chippewa; Choctaw; Pueblo; Apache; Iroquois; Creek; Blackfeet; Seminole; Cheyenne; Arawak; Shawnee; Mohegan; Huron; Oneida; Lakota; Crow; Teton; Hopi; Inuit.
The Cherokee Indian tribe is currently the largest tribe by membership in the United States. Some of the most populous and powerful Native tribes on the continent during the pre-colonial period were the Iroquois in the Northeast, the Blackfeet in the North-Midwest, and the Seminole in the Southeast; members of these and many other tribes are still fighting for the rights of Native Americans throughout the country.
Question #88: Name one of the two longest rivers in the United States.
Answer #88: Missouri; Mississippi.
The Mississippi River is the second longest in the U.S., with its headwater Lake Itasca in northern Minnesota. The Mississippi River, which courses through 10 states, was an important geographic feature to the Chickasaw, Choctaw, Natchez, and Seminole Native American tribes of that region, among others. They and later American colonists used the river system for transportation, water, and food. After the War of 1812, the primary river system would play a significant part in the industrial revolution in America until approximately 1840.
Question #89: What ocean is on the West Coast of the United States?
Answer #89: Pacific Ocean
The Pacific Ocean is the on the West Coast of the U.S. As the largest and deepest ocean in the world, the Pacific covers almost 63 million square miles of the earth's surface. The deepest part of the Pacific, also named Challenger Deep or the Marianas Trench, is near the Marianas Islands Group and was discovered between 1872 and 1876 by the small British Royal Navy warship and vessel HMS Challenger.
Question #90: What ocean is on the East Coast of the United States?
Answer #90: Atlantic Ocean
The Atlantic Ocean is on the East Coast of the U.S. The Atlantic, the second largest body of water on Earth after the Pacific Ocean, separates "The Old World" of Africa, Asia, and Europe from the "The New World" of the Americas. The Panama Canal, owned by the Republic of Panama, is the only human-made waterway connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.
Question #91: Name one U.S. territory.
Answer #91: Puerto Rico; U.S. Virgin Islands; American Samoa; Northern Marianas Islands; Guam.
One well-known U.S. territory is Puerto Rico. The island in the Caribbean Sea, acquired by American in the Treaty of Paris at the end of the 1800s, is not represented by any member of U.S. Congress. President Woodrow Wilson signed the Jones-Shafroth Act, giving Puerto Ricans U.S. citizenship regardless of their lack of say in the federal government.
Question #92: Name one state that borders Canada.
Answer #92: Maine; New Hampshire; Vermont; New York; Pennsylvania; Ohio; Michigan; Minnesota; North Dakota; Montana; Idaho; Washington; Alaska.
New York State borders the Canadian Provinces of Montreal and Quebec by 445 miles. New York has heavily traveled border crossings, including the famous crossing at Buffalo-Niagara Falls. Other small towns in New York State that border Canada are Alexandria Bay, Ogdensburg, and Massena. To enter Canada from New York, travelers must have a Passport or a New York State Enhanced License.
Question #93: Name one state that borders Mexico.
Answer #93: California; Arizona; New Mexico; Texas.
The state of California borders Mexico. The U.S.-Mexico border, which is 1,933 miles long, has a fence on approximately 700 miles of its length. The border fence between San Diego, Calif., and Mexico extends into the Pacific Ocean while the Rio Grande waterway border between Texas acts as a natural barrier to crossing.
Question #94: What is the capital of the United States?
Answer #94: Washington D.C.
Washington D.C. is the capital of the U.S. Named after President George Washington, who is considered the "Father of Our Country," the city is where all presidents live and conduct federal business during their tenure. The White House, where the U.S. president works and resides, and the U.S. Capitol, where U.S. Congress passes the law, are both in Washington D.C.
Question #95: Where is the Statue of Liberty?
Answer #95: New York (Harbor); Liberty Island; Also acceptable are New Jersey, near New York City, and on the Hudson (River).
The Statue of Liberty national monument, located on Liberty Island in New York Harbor, was a gift from France to the United States in 1886. The statue, sometimes referred to as Lady Liberty, is a copper sculpture of a Roman liberty goddess holding a tablet with America's birthdate, July 4, 1776, in one hand and a torch in another. The famous neoclassical sculpture is a universal sign of freedom around the world.
Question #96: Why does the flag have 13 stripes?
Answer #96: Because there were 13 original colonies; because the stripes represent the original colonies.
The American flag has 13 stripes to represent the original colonies, also known as the Thirteen British Colonies. The original provinces and state capitals in alphabetical order include: Hartford, Connecticut; Dover, Delaware; Atlanta, Georgia; Annapolis, Maryland; Boston, Massachusetts; Trenton, New Jersey; Albany, New York; Concord, New Hampshire; Raleigh, North Carolina; Harrisburg, Pennsylvania; Providence, Rhode Island; Columbia, South Carolina; and Richmond, Virginia.
Question #97: Why does the flag have 50 stars?
Answer #97: Because there is one star for each state; because each star represents a state; because there are 50 states.
Referred to as Stars and Stripes or Old Glory, the flag has 50 stars to represent each of the United States of America. The stripes, which alternate red and white and represent the original 13 colonies of America, were placed on the flag on June 14, 1777, and the 50 stars for 50 states theme was adopted on July 4, 1960. The present version, ordered by President Dwight D. Eisenhower, is the 27th iteration of the American flag.
Question #98: What is the name of the national anthem?
Answer #98: "The Star-Spangled Banner."
The name of America's national anthem is "The Star-Spangled Banner," which was written by lawyer Francis Scott Key in 1814 after he witnessed the Fort Henry bombing in Baltimore, Md., during the War of 1812. John Stafford Smith wrote the music that accompanies the anthem's lyrics. In 1931, President Herbert Hoover signed the congressional resolution to make the song the official U.S. anthem.
Question #99: When do we celebrate Independence Day?
Answer #99: July 4
We celebrate the federal holiday on July 4 to commemorate the Declaration of Independence, the official document that formalized the break between the U.S. and Great Britain, which was signed on the same day in 1776. Every July for nearly 250 years, Americans nationwide have celebrated the nation's birthday with parades, picnics, and fireworks to mark the occasion.
Question #100: Name two national U.S. holidays.
Answer #100: Fourth of July and Memorial Day.
Two national U.S. holidays are 4th of July and Memorial Day. July 4, also called Independence Day, represents America's birthday, and Memorial Day commemorates the death of all armed forces members who lost their lives while fighting for or defending America's freedom. The date of Memorial Day changes annually; however, it always falls on the last Monday of May.


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The more efficient you are, the more effective you are. That's true whether you're working from the office or from home.
Fortunately, most office environments lend themselves to being efficient, so there's probably not much you need to do on that front. So, the tips below are aimed mostly at those who are working from home.
Having said that, if you want to try and squeeze out a bit more efficiency from your office setup, you can certainly apply these ideas there too!
1 - A second monitor
One thing that's true about modern work life is that it's complicated. On any given day, depending on what you do for a living, you need to access a stunning range of online resources. So many in fact, that it can be a little overwhelming.
The advent of tabbed browsing has helped somewhat. However, if you find yourself having to access your email system, several locations on your company's network, and several online applications during a typical workday, having a second monitor can be a real lifesaver. Consider it a matter of "dividing and conquering" digital style.
2 - Remove distractions
This is a big one for anyone working from home. Most offices are inherently designed to minimize distractions. If you're working from home and have decided to set up shop at the kitchen table, you could find your work day to be absolutely riddled with distractions.
Far better than the kitchen table would be a seldom used spare room if you have one. A place you can go and shut the door as needed so you can focus on the task at hand. If that's not possible, then communication with and understanding from your family is key so they know that when you're working, you're working.
3 - A visually interesting space
Our minds don't tolerate monotony and drudgery very well. Most people need at least a splash of color to make a space visually interesting to work at something close to peak efficiency.
That will take different forms for different people. Some might be enchanted by the idea of a small deskside plant. Others will want a visually interesting picture on the wall or on their desk. Find your thing. Find that component that puts your mind at ease and add it to your work environment. You'll be amazed at the results!
Efficiency is as much about organization as it is a state of mind. Both of those elements need to be working in tandem if you want to maximize your efficiency and your productivity.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
The packages in pkg/
are automatically validated on the LUCI CI bots. The validation is largely done by the tools/package_deps
package; it can be tested locally via:
dart tools/package_deps/bin/package_deps.dart
There are several packages developed in pkg/
which are published to pub. Validation of these packages is particularly important because the pub tools are not used for these packages during development; we get our dependency versions from the DEPS file. Its very easy for the dependencies specified in a package's pubspec file to get out of date wrt the packages and versions actually used.
In order to better ensure we're publishing correct packages, we validate some properties of the pubspec files on our CI system. These validations include:
For packages in pkg/ which we do not intend to be published, we put the following comment in the pubspec.yaml file:
# This package is not intended for consumption on pub.dev. DO NOT publish. publish_to: none
These pubspecs are still validated by the package validation tool. The contents are more informational as the pubspecs for these packages are not consumed by the pub tool or ecosystem.
We validate:


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This week Dr.
Surin Pitsuwan conducted the last major briefing before the end of his term as
ASEAN Secretary General next month.
Dr. Surin repeated calls to strengthen the ASEAN Secretariat and his
office, referring to a report that he presented to the ASEAN leadership last
year called "ASEAN's
Challenge: Some Reflections and Recommendations on Strengthening the ASEAN
Secretariat." The subtitle is somewhat
of a misnomer, as Dr. Surin's proposal encompassed all of the ASEAN
institutions, not just the ASEAN Secretariat.
Surin's report reportedly proposes a comprehensive review of the roles of the
ASEAN institutions, including the Secretary General, Deputy Secretaries
General, Secretariat, Committee of Permanent Representatives, National
Secretariats and Sectoral Ministerial Bodies, establishing a hierarchy of
responsibilities for the entities, rules of procedure, as well as mechanisms
for resolving disputes among the ASEAN institutions. The report suggests that roles and
relationships are currently blurred, resulting in confusion as to which entity
is responsible for which aspect of ASEAN's governance. Although I understand that Dr. Surin's report
did not specifically mention the relationship between the ASEAN Chair and the
other ASEAN institutions, that relationship also would appear to need rules of
procedure and governance to avoid a repeat of the July 2012 impasse at the
ASEAN foreign ministers' meeting.
report also appears to call for additional capacity for the Permanent
Representatives to deal with economic and socio-cultural matters. This reflects a sentiment among many ASEAN
observers that the Permanent Representatives have a focus on political-security
matters, limiting their ability to take on other work and preventing a shift in
responsibilities from the many intra-ASEAN meetings to the Permanent
Representatives. For example, the Permanent
Representatives could take on the role of SEOM in the EDSM and other
procedures. Others have noted that the
Permanent Representatives have concentrated on administrative and budgetary
matters at the ASEAN Secretariat, perhaps an instance of work filling the void
left by an absence of responsibility.
However, I believe that if the Permanent Representatives are assigned
economic matters, the ASEAN member states will respond by assigning more
economically trained officials to their Jakarta missions. In other words, the
ASEAN member states would respond to the needs of the situation. Also, giving the Permanent Representatives
more work would help reduce their current focus on less critical internal
administrative and budgetary matters. In any event, although there are Terms of
Reference for the Committee of Permanent Representatives, they are rather
loosely drafted and could use some clarification.
Surin's report also reportedly calls for greater use of Article 20.2 of the
ASEAN Charter, which allows the ASEAN Summit to decide how a decision can be
made in the absence of consensus. By
extension, this would allow the ASEAN Summit to use majority or supermajority
voting to decide matters. Hence Dr.
Surin's report apparently proposes that voting should be used for routine and
operational issues.
regard to the ASEAN Secretariat, Dr. Surin's report suggests that the legal
division should be strengthened. For the
entire ASEAN Secretariat, salaries and career development should be competitive
(e.g., higher compensation), and the
ASEAN Secretariat should have formalized regulations to govern staff and
finances, Dr. Surin's report apparently proposes. According to reports, Dr. Surin also proposed
a "Chief-of-Staff" for the Office of the Secretary General, and that all Deputy
Secretaries General should be hired on open recruitment and not based on the
rotation system as currently happens for two of them. He also reportedly asked for better
information technology, project management, a stronger system for managing
donor funds and the possibility of the ASEAN Secretariat establishing
commercial entities for training and consultancy services on ASEAN (which might
appear controversial but some ASEAN member states such as Singapore have had
such government-sponsored consultancy operations).
Dr. Surin's report may appear to involve small stakes, institutional reform is
the natural result of ASEAN's efforts to formalize its operations, as started
by the passage of the ASEAN Charter. Even daily operations, as noted previously
in this blog, have been affected by the lack of legal and institutional clarity
in the ASEAN institutions. Hence Dr. Surin's report raises issues which, if not
addressed properly, will continue to hamstring the ASEAN institutions. ASEAN leaders should thus seriously consider
what Dr. Surin has raised in his report.
what Dr. Surin has proposed, there are other administrative reforms that could
improve the operations of the ASEAN institutions, particularly for AEC matters.
- The ASEAN Deputy Secretary General for the AEC, or perhaps one or more of the ASEAN Secretariat division directors who are responsible for the AEC, should have a background in the private sector. Personal understanding of the issues arising from the private sector's interactions with the AEC, particularly among the SME community, would help the ASEAN institutions better administer the AEC.
- A secured virtual network of officials from ASEAN institutions and ASEAN member states could be established on the Internet, allowing for electronic interchange of data and documentation. With that, the current practice of using unofficial (and unrecognized) Gmail and Yahoo! e-mail for intra-ASEAN communications would end.
- Also, the ASEAN member states could temporarily second up and coming officials to serve in the ASEAN Secretariat. The EU currently operates a similar program. Not only would this improve the talent pool for the ASEAN Secretariat, it could impart greater understanding of ASEAN within the ASEAN member states.
- Recordkeeping in the ASEAN Secretariat should be completely given over to an electronic system, with a larger, full time staff. For years the ASEAN Secretariat relied solely on a very small group of individuals who administered paper records. When the paper and personnel passed on, so did the institutional memory. This cannot be allowed to continue. The institutional memory is necessary not only to understand and interpret ASEAN agreements, but to avoid repeating past mistakes or even unnecessarily re-doing past decisions (I am aware of an ASEAN initiative for the automotive industry that actually repeated a virtually similar ASEAN initiative undertaken in the Nineties; this was discovered only after an accidental discovery of the original paperwork in the ASEAN archives).
- For that matter, the ASEAN Secretariat needs to maintain a database of its former officials so that they can be recalled to service when necessary. The European Commission does this, yet the ASEAN Secretariat is hard pressed to contact former staff who have only recently departed.
- The current practice of limiting the service of ASEAN Secretariat staff (except for clerical staff recruited from Indonesia) should also end. If ASEAN Secretariat staff wish to make a career with the ASEAN institutions, this should be encouraged, as the human resources are irreplaceable.
Most of
the ideas in Dr. Surin's report and elsewhere are frankly basic and would have
been adopted by any ASEAN member state on its own or even fairly large sized
corporations. The fact that they have
not yet been adopted by the ASEAN institutions themselves is due largely to
lack of funding and political will by the ASEAN member states to support them. However, the increasingly complex nature of
running a 21st Century regional economic bloc dealing with issues of
border and post-border market access needs 21st Century ASEAN
Finally, thank you, Dr. Surin, for your service
to ASEAN. And good luck to your
successor Le Luong Minh, and to the entire ASEAN Secretariat staff who labor in
support of a noble and difficult cause.


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A brief history of Jaguar
The history of Jaguar dates back to the early 1900s. The company started off as the Swallow Sidecar Company in 1922 and made sidecars for motorcycles. The company changed its name to Jaguar Cars and eventually merged with the British Motor Corporation. In 1990, Ford Motor Company bought Jaguar, but it was later sold to Tata Motors with Land Rover in 2008.
Jaguar vehicles are commonly used by the Royal family and the British Prime Minister. They are known to be extremely luxurious vehicles that are also super sporty. Every Jaguar model is known for its performance-oriented drive. You can't go wrong with getting a Jaguar vehicle. They are well designed and will amaze you as you drive around. Whether you decide to drive a Jaguar sports car, sedan, or SUV, the sportiness and performance will surprise you.
Reliable Jaguar Repair
Jaguar vehicles, from the majestic XJ sedan to the rugged F-Pace and all other models, represent the style and distinction of fine British craftsmanship. Your Jaguar requires regular care, and throughout your course of ownership, you'll benefit from having a reliable automotive shop with the highest levels of experience in Jaguar repair. That shop is Pete's Service Center, proudly serving Jaguar drivers in Indianapolis, Indiana, since 1955. While you're sure to enjoy putting the miles on your Jaguar around Marion County and beyond, there's no avoiding wear and tear with time. Fortunately, proper Jaguar repair and service by our certified professionals will protect the health of your Jaguar and keep you driving safely.
Some popular Jaguar models include:
- F-Pace: The F-Pace is a luxury subcompact performance SUV. This SUV has a sporty engine and has superb handling. It comes with a 5.0 liter, 550 horsepower V8 engine.
- E-Pace: The E-Pace is Jaguar's first compact SUV. It is an agile SUV with a driver-focused cockpit. It features all the latest technology such as a 10-inch touch screen navigation system.
- I-Pace: This is Jaguar's electric performance SUV. It is loaded with the latest technology and gets an estimated range of 234 miles. The I-Pace was first announced in 2018.
- F-Type: The F-Type is an iconic sports car that can be configured to be either a coupe or a convertible.
- XE: The XE is Jaguar's luxury performance sports sedan. This is Jaguar's first compact sedan. It has Jaguar's latest technology such as a 4G LTE hotspot and the optional Touch Pro Duo which is Jaguar's dual-screen infotainment system.
- XF: The XF can be configured as the XF Sedan or the XF Sportbrake. It is a mid-size executive car. The model is well crafted and is super luxurious.
Your Quality shop for Jaguar repair
Many people who reside in Carmel, Indiana, Fishers, Indiana, Westfield, Indiana, Zionsville, Indiana, or surrounding areas depend on their vehicles to get around. We at Pete's Service Center understand how important your vehicle is to your daily life. Our Reliable technicians are well trained and have many years of experience repairing vehicles. From new brakes on an F-Pace to engine diagnostics on a XE, to transmission work on an F-Type, we guarantee solid results across the board. We are meticulous with our services and will treat your vehicle with great care for your peace of mind. Come to Pete's Service Center for the best Jaguar repair with competitive pricing!
Reasons You Should Do Business With Us:
- Transparency
- Honesty
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We have a review score of 100 based on reviews from 448 satisfied customers. If you are in or nearby Indianapolis, feel free to give us a call at 317-283-7555 or online to schedule an appointment at Pete's Service Center today! Pete's Service Center - European and Classic Auto Specialists.


text:
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"Properly, we should read for power. Man reading should be man intensely alive. The book should be a ball of light in one's hand."
- Ezra Pound
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text:
Ready Meals
With the growing demand for ready meals and convenience foods across Europe, Ishida has built an unrivalled body of expertise and some of the world's most advanced lines for packing food in trays, packs and bags.
From multihead weighing to inspecting complex and simple ready meals to the most demanding retail standards, we have an in-depth understanding of your packing requirements:
- Optimal weighing and packing speeds to maximise capacity
- Guaranteed hygienic integrity through IP certification and stainless steel components
- Prevention of sticking to optimise flow of meat, vegetables, pasta, sauces etc
- Easy cleaning and maintenance for minimal downtime
- Flexibility for rapid product / pack changeover Improved pack presentation; bags, trays and other formats
- Elongation of shelf life using MAP
- Enhanced product presentation through optimised meal construction.
Typical ready meal line
Ishida has developed a wide range of innovative products and services which offer complete solutions for the fresh produce industry, frommultihead weighing and tray sealing through checkweighing, metal detection and weigh-price-labelling to sealtesting and end of line pick-and-place casepacking. We can design and install bespoke integrated lines to fit precisely with your individual requirements.


text:
Top Mat
Bottom Mat
8.00" x 8.00"
8.00" x 8.00"
Love Remains Wood Print
by Bonnie Bruno
Product Details
Love Remains wood print by Bonnie Bruno. Bring your artwork to life with the texture and added depth of a wood print. Your image gets printed directly onto a sheet of 3/4" thick maple wood. There are D-clips on the back of the print for mounting it to your wall using mounting hooks and nails (included).
Design Details
Wise words for tough times:
Seasons come
Seasons go
But love remains.
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3 - 4 business days
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Artist's Description
Wise words for tough times:
Seasons come
Seasons go
But love remains.
About Bonnie Bruno
Welcome! I am a nature photographer and mixed media artist, inspired by the colors, patterns, and textures God wove into our amazing world. Before I took up art, I spent 30+ years working for both mainstream and inspirational publishers writing books, curriculum, Hallmark cards, columns (Newsday), and magazine articles. My 21 years as a military wife fed my love for travel and adventure. We lived six years in Germany and in three regions of the U.S., eventually settling in the lush green Willamette Valley of Oregon, which we have called Home for the past 33-plus years. Faith, family, and the great outdoors. Life is good and I feel very blessed! Visit my Instagram feed for...


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Conspiracy behind recent rap deaths
HOLLYWOOD – The highest level of gang war – that within Hollywood's elite rap community – has reached fevered pitch. Rather than fighting on the streets like the poor, these hyper-rich stars have resorted to the dirtiest tactics possible. Queen Latifah infected Akon with a genetically modified strain of fast-moving AIDS after rumors had spread throughout Hollywood that Akon once said Queen Latifah's booty was bigger than his career. In response, Queen Latifah's main man, Kanye West, was given a roofie immediately before driving home, leading to his death. At this point, Michael Jackson stepped in to end the war among the opposing factions within his organization. As all Hoaxers agree, there are many clues proving Michael Jackson faked his own death so he could help the hip hop community rebel against the New World Order. Michael Jackson slashed the hell out of Lil Wayne's face till he died just to set an example for the community.
These rappers appear to be still alive to this very day, as the record company has kept a body double on hand to protect their investments in the musician's brand. Kanye West is a computer simulation, and Akon's been replaced by a body double. Lil Wayne's body double is actually a clone, created at birth and subjected to all the exact same tattoos.
May the great Michael Jackson teach us all how to love one another upon his imminent return. May his return be swift, timely and full of groovy dance beats. In Thriller we trust our futures, Amen.


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There is a pointer to the improvements for TCP in the Ericsson
Eifel license that I mentioned. The first paragraph
contains a reference to the Internet-Draft
that describes the Eifel algorithm. Mind you, this is a
draft and not yet an RFC.
In the References section of the draft, there is a link to a
that gives a bit more information about why the Eifel
algorithm could be useful for TCP.
Oh and by the way, I come from the french-speaking part of
Belgium, not from France. 😉
I just saw your AskAdvogato message in which you
ask how to keep ants out without killing them. Although
killing them is usually the easiest solution (using boxes
with small ant-sized holes containing a poison that the ants
eat), the best way to keep them out is to make it hard for
them to get in. If it is not possible for you to seal all
openings in your house, you can try to smear grease in their
path, or to use chalk or talc powder around the openings
through which the ants enter your house. They hate these
things because it makes it harder for them to walk, and they
give up after a while… or find another opening that you
had forgotten. Good luck!


text:
Regrouping with Democrats after a bitter budget fight, President Barack Obama on Friday cast the recent spending-and-debt standoff with Congress as "a symptom of a larger challenge" but one offering Democrats the chance to show voters the virtues of their vision for government ahead of the 2014 midterm elections.
At the heart of the impasse that shuttered the government were deep disagreements about what role the government should play in helping Americans succeed, Obama told about 60 donors at a fundraiser for House Democrats.
"The shutdown was about more than just health care," Obama said. "It was about a contrast of visions, about what our obligations are to each other as fellow citizens."
"And we've got the better side of that argument," Obama added.
It was the first glimpse at how Obama and Democrats will seek to frame the crisis in the minds of donors and voters ahead of next year's pivotal midterm elections. Obama put political events on hold during the 16-day shutdown but returned to campaigning for Democrats Friday with a pair of top-dollar events in New York.
Obama told donors that the impasse was "a symptom of a larger challenge," exposing how American politics, with its intense focus on ideology, has become detached from the problems ordinary Americans face. He portrayed the crisis as an opportunity for Democrats to unite behind a vision of broad-based prosperity, where the government has a hand in giving people the tools to succeed.
"We believe that government has a role to play," Obama said.
Democrats emerged strengthened politically from the crisis, in which Republicans refused for weeks to fund the government unless Obama agreed to debilitating changes to his health care law. Polls show more Americans blamed Republicans than Democrats for the dysfunction.
But how effectively Democrats can turn that leverage into gains in an election more than a year out remains an open question.
"The stakes are high," Obama said. "The one thing I'm absolutely confident about is that if we work hard, that we can make a case to the American people and we can win it."
Although Democrats remained remarkably united during the crisis, Obama acknowledged that members of his party hold a range of views on key issues heading into 2014. But he said they agree on their vision of the U.S. as a place where opportunity and prosperity are broad-based and available to all.
"It's not always pleasant for me and Nancy, but it's healthy," Obama said, referring to House Democratic leader Nancy Pelosi, who joined Obama at the fundraiser in a glitzy home on New York's Upper West Side.
The New York swing kicked off an intense, six-week burst of fundraising for Obama, who will headline at least nine fundraisers from Florida to Texas to California before the end of November for Democratic campaign committees. Michelle Obama and Vice President Joe Biden are holding their own events.
Ahead of the fundraisers, Obama made a surprise stop at a landmark Brooklyn eatery with Bill de Blasio, the Democratic candidate in New York's upcoming mayoral election. Obama, who has endorsed de Blasio, went table to table shaking hands and posing for photos, evoking images of similar campaign stops during Obama's two presidential campaigns.
Obama also toured a Brooklyn high school to showcase a rare program that lets students finish high school with an associate's degree in computers or engineering. A school gymnasium as his backdrop, Obama framed the budget talks set to resume next week by urging Congress to put more money into education and other programs he said lead to growth.
"Don't tell me we can afford to shut down the government, which costs our economy billions of dollars, but we can't afford to invest in our education systems," Obama said.
The political blow to the GOP from the crisis has made some Democrats more bullish about retaking the House next year — a tall order that, if successful, would bolster Obama's prospects for achieving sweeping second-term goals that Republicans refuse to consider.
But at the same time, Obama is weighed down by the calamitous debut of the website for new insurance exchanges, raising the prospect that Obama's health care law will be more of a liability than an asset in 2014 even for Democrats who supported the law.
Obama made no mention of the website or its ongoing issues in his remarks to donors Friday.
"I would take our position over theirs any day of the week," said Mo Elleithee, the Democratic National Committee's communications director. "We have been working to give people more benefits and increase their access to affordable health care, while Republicans shut down the government."
Traditionally, the president is a party's most potent fundraising tool. But say that's where Obama's usefulness to his party ends. After all, the health insurance program remains a tough sell even with independent voters, and Obama is personally unpopular in many of the Southern, conservative-leaning states holding critical Senate elections next year.
"There's still not one Democrat candidate in a toss-up race who wants him visiting their district, because they know he's not wanted anywhere other than New York, San Francisco or Chicago," said Daniel Scarpinato, a National Republican Congressional Committee official.
Follow Josh Lederman on Twitter: https://twitter.com/joshledermanAP
Copyright © 2013 Capitol Hill Blue
Copyright © 2013 The Associated Press. All rights reserved.


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Playing MP3 on Raspberry Pi with low latency
One commercial project I was working on for Raspberry Pi involved playing various MP3 samples when a button is pushed. The original implementation used mplayer to play back the samples, however the issue is that there was up to 1500ms latency between mplayer was executed and start of playback.
I didn't do detailed profiling, but I think two factors causing high latency of mplayer were that (i) just loading all the .so libraries mplayer depends on can take many hundreds of milliseconds (ii) the file is being scanned for whatever stuff, streams detected etc. and that can also take some extra time; perhaps I could force mplayer to realize this is a simple MP3 file, but (i) is still the much bigger factor.
I wanted to avoid recoding all the samples to wav. That would allow me to use aplay directly and the playback starts immediately, but it would also feel really silly; decoding of MP3 is not the bottleneck, just the latency of mammoth software loading and initializing itself is. I also didn't try mpd as that might have been a bit painful to set up.
Another point worth noting is that I didn't use the crappy on-board PWM audio but a $3 chinese USB soundcard (which is still much better than PWM audio). And using reasonably up-to-date Raspbian Wheezy. So I tried…
- mplayer -slave -idle, started in parallel with my program and receiving commands via FIFO. It hangs after the first file (even though it works fine when ran without -slave).
- cmus running in parallel with my program, controlled by cmus-remote. Convincing it to use ALSA device of my choice was really hard, but eventually I managed, only to hear my files sped up about 20x.
- madplay I couldn't convince about using a non-default ALSA device at all.
- mpg123 started immediately and could play back the MP3 files on a non-default ALSA device. Somehow, the quality was very low though (telephone grade) and there was an intense high-pitched clip at the end of the playback.
- mpg321 I couldn't convince to produce any sound and anyway it had about 800ms latency before playback started, probably due to its libao dependency.
- sox, or rather AUDIODEV=hw:1 play worked! (After installing a package with MP3 support for sox.) No latency, normal quality, no clips, no hangs. Whew.
Verdict: There still is a software on Linux that can properly and quickly play MP3 files on Raspberry Pi, though it was a challenge to find it. I didn't think of sox at first and I was almost giving up hope. BTW, normally you would use sox and play for applying a variety of audio transformations and effects in a batch/pipeline fashion and it can do a lot of awesome magic.


text:
Updated December 7, 2022 at 7:42 PM ET
A federal judge in California sentenced former Theranos executive Ramesh "Sunny" Balwani to nearly 13 years in prison for his role in a multimillion-dollar fraud involving Theranos and its now-disgraced CEO, Elizabeth Holmes, who received an 11-year sentence in a separate trial.
In July, a jury found Balwani guilty on all 12 felony counts of defrauding Theranos investors and the patients that used the company's unreliable blood tests.
U.S. District Judge Edward Davila's sentence for Balwani is less than federal prosecutors' demand for at least 15 years in prison, but far more than Balwani's attorney's request for a few months in prison, sentencing memos sent to the court last month show.
In comparison, Holmes was convicted of four wire-fraud related counts and sentenced to a little over 11 years in prison last month.
His attorneys said in court Wednesday, as well as in court documents, that Balwani should be judged differently from Holmes. Balwani invested nearly $5 million of his own money into Theranos and lost it all.
"Mr. Balwani is not the same as Elizabeth Holmes: he actually invested millions of dollars of his own money; he never sought fame or recognition; and he has a long history of quietly giving to those less fortunate (dating to well before his time at Theranos) without seeking recognition or benefit," Balwani's attorneys said in the memo to the judge. "All these attributes define who Mr. Balwani truly is." His attorneys repeated this sentiment in court.
Balwani was Theranos' second in command and Holmes' former romantic partner, though Holmes has claimed the older-Balwani sexually and emotionally abused her during their relationship. Balwani has denied the allegations through his attorney.
While running the company, the two claimed that Theranos provided never-before-seen technology that could scan patients for hundreds of illnesses and other conditions using just a few drops of blood. Holmes, a Stanford dropout, claimed her company had done what no other scientists did before, by using a proprietary blood-testing device.
Prosecutors maintained that those tests were manipulated, the executives lied about the capabilities of both the tests and the device, while bilking nearly $1 billon from investors based off of a lie.
Davila said in court that the financial statements drawn up by Balwani "weren't just projections, they were lies" and "a true flight from honest business practices."
The Associated Press contributed to this report.
Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.


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Melissa Moore and Adria Rae are happy to put on a show for Preston Parker to see if they can't tempt him into joining them on a whirlwind sex adventure. They start by exchanging long lingering kisses and gently caressing all over each other's bodies. As they gradually work one another's clothes off, Preston makes it clear that he is very much interested in being part of the fun.Dropping to their knees, the girls take turns delivering a double blowjob that gets their man rock hard and ready to rock. Preston can't wait to play stud to his two fillies, so he presses his cock deep into Adria while Melissa rides her face like a pro. When Preston decides to switch it up and pound away at Melissa's snatch, the brunette buries her face between Adria's thighs to continue the party for all three of them.A stiffie ride for each of the girls is the next order of business, with each of them bouncing away on Preston's fuck stick until pleasure pours through every inch of her body. Now that they have each taken their fill of fun, the girls know it's Preston's turn to get off. They put their hands and mouths back to work, stopping at nothing until Preston has had a cum shot all over both of their faces.
Care To Join Us – S13:E3
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text:
Perhaps you've noticed a toddler's sagging swim diaper and wondered if it's really keeping the poop out of your neighborhood pool.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has the answer for you: no.
Last summer, researchers at the federal public health agency collected 161 filter samples from public swimming pools in the Atlanta area. More than half of those samples, 58 percent, were contaminated with E. coli.
That, the CDC reported today, "signifies that swimmers introduced fecal matter into pool water."
Toddlers who aren't toilet trained are just one source of the problem, according to the study, which was published in the latest Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report.
People who don't shower with soap before swimming bring E. coli on their backsides, the CDC reports. And people who swim while sick with diarrhea are much more likely to introduce E. coli, Cryptosporidium, and other yucky germs into the water.
That takes some of the shine off the opening of summer pool season, doesn't it?
Fortunately, a properly chlorinated pool can kill E. coli quickly. So if your local pool is doing a good job maintaining chlorine and pH levels, that takes care of that problem.
The testing method used in this study couldn't tell if the E. coli was alive or had already been killed. And no outbreaks of pool-related disease were reported last summer in Atlanta.
Wondering why the lifeguards kick you out of the pool for 30 minutes after a "fecal incident"? That's the amount of time the CDC recommends to make sure that E. coli, by far the most common fecal pathogen, has been killed.
Other bugs are a lot harder to kill, unfortunately. It can take 45 minutes to kill Giardia, which causes diarrhea, in a pool chlorinated with 1 part per million of free chlorine. But it can take more than a day to kill Cryptosporidium, even with 10 times as much chlorine.
The CDC wants you to do your part by showering before you get in the pool. Children should be taken to the bathroom every hour, and diapers should be checked and changed at least that often. Most important, stay out of the pool when suffering from diarrhea.
Oh, and the CDC knows you pee in the pool, too. The nitrogen in urine depletes free chlorine in pool water, making it harder to kill germs. Nitrogen also converts the chlorine into a form that irritates the eyes and lungs. So stop doing that.
But this subject isn't a complete bummer. It's given us here at Shots an excuse to revisit the classic Baby Ruth in the pool scene from the 1980 movie "Caddyshack." Enjoy!
Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.


text:
For most people a visit to Latin America is primarily about experiencing the awe inspiring landscapes and the warm, friendly people, but we also know that where you stay is important. We have included a number of different hotels here for you to choose from; some rather decadent and others that are more affordable.
We have visited every hotel that we offer, allowing us to advise you on the best rooms to stay in at each hotel and whether it is worth paying that little extra to stay in a higher class room. We also believe that a hotels location is absolutely key, so all the hotels we have chosen are right next to where you will want to be.


text:
Mini Cheeseburger Pies
- Base
- Nonstick cooking spray
- 1 1/4 cups (300 mL) original pancake and baking mix
- 2 tbsp (30 mL) butter
- 1/3 cup (75 mL) milk
- 1 egg
- Filling & Topping
- 12 oz (350 g) 95% lean ground beef or 93% lean ground turkey
- 2 green onions
- 3 oz (90 g) sharp cheddar cheese (3/4 cup/175 mL grated), divided
- 1/2 cup (125 mL) ketchup
- 1 tbsp (15 mL) yellow mustard
- 1-2 large firm plum tomatoes
- 1-2 whole dill pickles
- 3 cups (750 mL) shredded romaine lettuce
- Preheat oven to 375°F (190°C). Spray wells of Brownie Pan with nonstick cooking spray.
- Measure baking mix using dry measuring side of Mini Measure-All Cup®; add to Manual Food Processor. Microwave butter in 1-cup (250-mL) Prep Bowl, uncovered, on HIGH 20–30 seconds or until melted. Add melted butter, milk and egg to processor bowl; process until well blended.
- Carefully remove blade from processor bowl. Using a scant Medium Scoop, divide batter evenly into wells. (Batter will be thick and not cover surface of the wells.)
- Place beef in Classic Batter Bowl. Microwave, uncovered on HIGH 4–5 minutes or until no longer pink, breaking into crumbles with Small Mix 'N Scraper® halfway through cooking. Drain, if necessary.
- Thinly slice green onions. Grate cheese with Adjustable Coarse Grater. Add half of the cheese, onions, ketchup and mustard to batter bowl; mix well.
- Using a clean Medium Scoop, place one heaping scoop of meat mixture into center of batter, pressing evenly to let dough slightly spread to corners (see cook's tip). Sprinkle evenly with remaining cheese.
- Bake 14–16 minutes or until edges are golden brown.
- Remove pan from oven to Stackable Cooling Rack; cool 5 minutes. Seed and dice tomato. Dice pickle. Using Mini Nylon Serving Spatula, loosen pies from pan. Serve with tomato, pickle and lettuce on the side.
- 6 servings of 2 pies
Nutrients per serving:
Calories 330, Total Fat 16 g, Saturated Fat 8 g, Cholesterol 95 mg, Sodium 840 mg, Carbohydrate 25 g, Fiber 1 g, Protein 19 g
Cook's Tips:
Press the meat mixture gently into the batter. The batter will spread out into the wells of the Brownie Pan as it bakes. See step 6.


text:
Research by Indiana University paleobotanist David L. Dilcher and colleagues in Europe sheds new light on what Charles Darwin famously called "an abominable mystery": the apparently sudden appearance and rapid spread of flowering plants in the fossil record.
Writing in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, the researchers present a scenario in which flowering plants, or angiosperms, evolved and colonized various types of aquatic environments over about 45 million years in the early to middle Cretaceous Period.
Dilcher is professor emeritus at IU Bloomington in the departments of geological science and biology, both in the College of Arts and Sciences. Co-authors of the paper, published online this week, are Clément Coiffard of the Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Research in Berlin and Bernard Gomez and Véronique Daviero-Gomez of the National Center for Scientific Research in Lyon, France.
The paper draws on extensive fossil data from Europe, providing a comprehensive picture of how angiosperms evolved and connecting their evolution with changes in the physical and biological environments. Dilcher, who has studied the rise and spread of flowering plants for decades, said the scenario is consistent with findings from the fossil record in North America, including his own work showing that angiosperms occupied a variety of aquatic and near-aquatic environments.
"This attention to the total picture of plant groups and the paleo-environment begins to form a pattern," Dilcher said. "We're able to turn the pages of time with a little more precision."
Darwin wrote to Joseph Dalton Hooker in 1879, about 20 years after the publication of "On the Origin of Species," that the rapid development of higher plants in recent geological times was "an abominable mystery." The issue has long preoccupied paleobotanists, with competing theories seeking to explain how angiosperms supplanted ferns and gymnosperms in many regions of the globe.
Dilcher and his colleagues show that angiosperms successfully invaded certain environments, gradually spreading to others. They write that angiosperms migrated to new environments in three phases:
- Freshwater lake-related wetlands between 130 million and 125 million years ago
- Understory floodplains between 125 million and 100 million years ago
- Natural levees, back swamps and coastal swamps between 100 million and 84 million years ago
While paleobotanists once focused on collecting fossil flora and trying to make connections with present-day varieties, Dilcher and his colleagues have produced new insights into the evolutionary biology of flowering plants through close analysis of morphology and anatomy.
Dilcher added that co-evolution with insects gave angiosperms an evolutionary advantage. Insects played a vital role in cross-pollinating plants and accelerating the spread of genetic material. Plants evolved the means to "advertise themselves" with fragrances and bright colors while producing pollen and nectar that provided food for insects.
The article is available online at the PNAS website. To speak with Dilcher, contact Steve Hinnefeld at IU Communications, 812-856-3488 or [email protected].