text:
[Page 50]
47°58' 23°59'
Ruthenian: Crăciuneşti
Hungarian: Karàcsonfalva
Old Hungarian: Tiszakarácsonfalva
Translated by Moshe A. Davis
Year | Jews | Total | % |
1830 | 219 | 874 | |
1880 | 799 | ? | |
1910 | 1330 | 52.8 | |
1921 | 996 | 54.2 | |
1930 | 889 | 47.7 | |
1941 | 911 | 46 |
Table of Contents
Early Jewish Settlement
The first Jews reached Kretchinef in the beginning of the 18th century.
Two Jewish families appear in Kretchinef in the 1728 census. The first family was that of a Jew named Alter Moshe, who was a leaseholder on the estate of the local noble Georgi Pogany. The family of Alter Moshe included his wife and two children. The second household consisted of a single individual, an apparently unmarried Jew named Hirsch, who was under the protection of the noble Marya Balog. These two Jewish families seem not to have stayed in Kretchinef for an extended period of time, for they do not reappear in the in the next census which was taken in the year 1735. However, in that 1735 census appear four other Jewish families living in Kretchinef. The first of those families is that of Yosef Iszak, which included his wife, three children, and two Jewish employees a manager and a servant. He is listed as owning a horse and two cows, and as being a leaseholder on the estate of Ference Szegedy. The second family was that of Israel Moshe, his wife and seven children. This household included a Jewish servant, a horse and a cow, and enjoyed the protection of Adam Pojan. Two additional Jewish women named Rachel and Sara were also counted in this census. They were unmarried [probably widowed], and had between them four children. They owned four cows, and were under the protection of Gersi Szerentsi.
In the 1768 census, five Jewish familes were listed as living in Kretchinef, consisting of a total of 19 individuals, none of whose names appear in the earlier census listings. These five familes are those of: (a) Yaakov Csajnovics [the census taker probably corrupted this surname perhaps it was Chaimovics]. He was apparently a man of means, as he paid a land-usage fee of 60 florins [per year]. His family consisted of two individuals. (b) Solomon Hovics also seems to have been quite well established, as he paid a land-usage fee of 65 florins. His family contained four individuals. (c) Avraham Hershovics, who was married with one child, appears to have been poor, as he was not required to pay any land-usage fees whatsoever. Apparently he worked for the previously listed families. (d) Yecheskiel Yakobovics was also lacking of means, as he only paid 6 florins land-usage fee. His family contained 5 individuals. (e) Hershko Shmilovics was of intermediate economic status, as he paid 32 florins per year. His family also consisted of 5 individuals. According to the data in this census, all of the Jews in Kretchinef supported themselves by the distillation and selling of alcoholic drinks and by peddling.
All of the Jews listed in these early censuses had come to Kretchinef from Galicia.
We have no information as to the continuation of the Jewish population of the town in the years immediately following the period covered by these census records. At the time of this writing [~1983] the compendium of the documentation of Jewish Hungary [Magyar-Zsido Okleveltar] which has at the present time reached 17 volumes has not yet published the data from the Jewish censuses taken after 1768.
In the census of 1830 the following Jewish families were listed as living in Kretchinef (in parentheses is the total number of family members):
Smilovics Avraham (6), Kratz Honic (3), Leiberman Hersch (7), Kratz Avraham (8), Kratz Samuch (4), Taub Hersch (4), Perel Hersch (6), Berkovics Shlomo (7), Smilovics Yane (3), Rotta Mosko (6), the widow of Sheliger Tovi (2), Avraham Leizer (6), Weisel Michal (7), Folk [or perhaps Pollack?] Marko (5), Abraham Shlomo (6), Mayesarosh Yosef (4), Martshel Chaim (3), Rot Yankel (6), Kopel Isaac (7), Zalman Barko (4), Ganz Yankel (4), Zusman Alter (8), Feig Avraham (10), Feig Meir (3), Leiberman Avraham (3), Feig Manio (5), Leiberman Isaac (7), the widow of Ingber Reuven (3), Markovits Moshko (4), Feig Chaim (6), Henig Itzik (8), the widow of [?] Chana Ita (7), Perel David (3), Moskovits Fishel (10), Shultzer Yoshka (10), Dariat Avraham (7), Kratz Mendel (3), Dariat Zelig (8), Lazar Nadel (3), Markovits Yosef (7), Rimer Lazar (9), Sobu Itzik (6), Hoss David (4), Shlomovits Hersh (7), Ganz Yisroel (7), Feig Shlomo (6), Steinmetz Yankel (7), Hamadia Yecheskiel (6), Litman Dariat (8), Feig Isaac (4), Leib Santo (7), Perel Zelig (11), Kiyam Shalom (6), the widow of Kopel Moshko (7), Kiyam Yisroel (6), Eliyash Shechter (8), Chaimovits Ephriam (6), Deutsch Yosef (6), Leiberman Isaac (4), Weisel Chaim (5), Yankelovits David (6), Zindel Avraham (3), Sobu Shmaya (7), Shaya Ephriam (7), Shlomo Leib (6), Dov Moshko (3), Isakovits Asher (4), Kain Yoel (3), Gedalie Barko (9), Gedalie Yankel (3), Gedalie Meir (4), Marko Hersh (3), Weisel Yankel (2)
[translator's note: This list from the year 1830 consists of 73 families totalling 413 individuals. However, this is not consistent with the population chart given at the beginning of the article, in which the Jewish population of Kretchinef in 1830 is listed as 219 individuals.]
Torah Life and Chassidus1. Rabbinical Leaders
The first Rav of Kretchinef was apparently Rabbi Yosef Yoel Deutsch. R' Yosef Yoel Deutsch was known as one of the sharpest of the Rabbinical figures of his generation and as an expert halachic decisor. A large number of responsa were written to him by the sages of his generation, led by none other than the Chasam Sofer [Rabbi Moshe Sofer (1762-1838), a towering figure who was the undisputed leader of greater Hungarian Orthodox Jewry in his generation]. A single one of these responsa, written by his brother-in-law Rabbi Yoel Ashkenazi, serves as the basis for our statement that he served in the capacity of Av Beis Din [the head of the Rabbinical Court] in Kretchinef (see below).
If in fact R' Yosef Yoel Deutsch did serve as Rav in Kretchinef, he apparently did so for only a very short time. Between the years 5592 (1832) and 5599 (1839) he served as Dayan [Rabbinical Judge] in the city Tarnopol. During the period of his stay in Tarnopol, the Chasam Sofer wrote to him 15 separate responsa. Starting approximately 5605 or 5606 [that is, circa 1846] R' Yosef Yoel Deutsch served as Rav in Manistrich in Galicia. It appears from the abovementioned responsa of his brother-in-law R' Yoel Ashkenazi that R' Yosef Yoel Deutsch was chosen as the Rav of Kretchinef in approximately the year 5615 (1855). Towards the end of his life Rabbi Deutsch served as Rav in Chadrov, where he died [in 1859].
In the introduction to the book Nefesh Dovid it is mentioned that Rabbi Yosef Yoel Deutsch's yartzeit was the 8th of Elul, but the year of his passing is not explicitly stated. [Nefesh Dovid was written by Rabbi David Nosan Deutsch, the son of R' Yosef Yoel Deutsch (see below). The introduction to the book Nefesh Dovid was written by a grandson of R' David Nosan Deutsch.] It appears that R' Yosef Yoel Deutsch died circa 5618 [1858], for in a responsa written to his son by Rabbi Yosef Shaul Natanson on the eve of Rosh Chodesh Nisan 5619 [i.e., in the spring of 1859], the author of the responsa expresses his condolences.
R' Yosef Yoel Deutsch was son-in-law of Rabbi Moshe Dovid Ashkenazi, the Rav of Telcheve. Perhaps it is conjecture to assume that R' Yosef Yoel Deutsch was active in the election of the author of Yitav Lev to the Rabbinate of the city Sziget in 5618 (1858). The author of Yitav Lev was another son-in-law of R' Moshe Dovid Ashkenazi, thus the author of Yitav Lev and R' Yosef Yoel Deutsch were brothers-in-law. Towards the end of his life, Rabbi Moshe Dovid Ashkenazi moved to Tzefas [Safed, in the Galilee region of the land of Israel], where he died in the year 5616 [1856].
Rabbi Yosef Yoel Deutsch left behind a large number of written manuscripts, of which only one was destined to be published after his death. That publication is the responsa Yad Yosef on the four sections of Shulchan Aruch, published in Sziget in 5635 (1874), 138 pages. This volume Yad Yosef consists of 124 responsa, almost all of which were written to various Torah scholars and rabbinical figures in Galicia. Yad Yosef was republished in Jerusalem in 5731 [1971] in offset format with a short introduction written by the publisher, R' Avraham Yitzchok Kahan.
A large number of responsa were written to R' Yosef Yoel Deutsch by the sages of his generation, led by the Chasam Sofer, as we previously mentioned. All of these responsa were addressed to him in either Tarnopol, Manistrich, or in Chadrov. The single responsa addressed to him in Kretchinef can be found in Responsa Mahari Ashkenazi, section Yorah Deah, responsa number 20. The text of the responsa begins, To my esteemed brother-in-law, the Rav and gaon, our teacher R' Yosef Yoel Deutsch, whose light shall shine, Av Beis Din of Kretchinef who enlightened us by asking on the words of the Ramban .
The responsa concludes, and of my honored father and teacher [R' Moshe Dovid Ashkenazi, who, as we mentioned previously, towards the end of his life moved to Tzefas in the land of Israel], he should be well, I haven't yet heard from him this entire year. G-d should should give me the merit to hear much of his beloved well-being. R' Moshe Dovid Ashkenazi is known to have died on 18 Tamuz 5616 [1856]. When this responsa was written, we see that he was still alive. Thus, we see that R' Yosef Yoel Deutsch apparently served as Av Beis Din in Kretchenif during the period of the final years of his father-in-law's [R' Moshe Dovid Ashkenazi's] lifetime.
The second Rav of Kretchenif was Rabbi Dovid Nosan Deutsch, the son of R' Yosef Yoel Deutsch. He was the son-in-law of R' Yitzchok Isaac Mistari. He did much to organize and lead the Jewish community in the town. He was a follower of the Ruziner Chassidic Rebbe, R' Yisroel from Ruzin. After the death of R' Yisroel from Ruzin, R' Dovid Nosan Deutsch travelled often to visit his son R' Dovid Moshe from Chartkov. R' Dovid Nosan Deutsch also merited to study the hidden, mystical aspects of the Torah. He passed away on 11 Shevat 5638 (1879). His widow moved to the land of Israel and died in Tiberias on the first day of Rosh Chodesh Teves in the year 5646. One of their sons, R' Yitzchok Isaac Deutsch, also moved to the land of Israel and died in Tiberias on 20 Tishrei 5669.
R' Dovid Nosan Deutsch left behind many written manuscripts, only one of which was published, approximately 50 years after his passing: Nefesh Dovid on the Torah, volume 1 which includes at the end of the volume a public essay delivered by the author on Shabbos HaGadol published in Siani in 5689, 62 pages. In addition to the book Nefesh Dovid, R' Dovid Nosan Deutsch added his own comments to the published responsa of his father, Yad Yosef, which volume in fact includes three responsa of his own (sections 34, 41, and 88).
Responsa written to R' Dovid Nosan Deutsch include:
Divrei Shoel, Yosef Daas on Shulchan Aruch Yorah Deah, published Lemberg 5626, page 76: On the eve of Rosh Chodesh Nisan 5619, I received a letter from the acute thinker, our teacher the Rav Nosan Dovid (note: this should read Dovid Nosan) the son of the late Rav (Yosef) Yoel Deutsch, on the instance where the goose fat for Pesach was soaked in water
Shoel U'Mashiv, volume 3, Part 1, section 291: To the Rav, our teacher Dovid Nosan son of the Rav Av Beis Din Kretchinef in the land of Hungary, about the question that was posed regarding the Jew who was passing through a community. The man was dying (G-d should have mercy), and was asked what his name was, from what town he came from, whether or not he was married, and if he had children. He answered that he was from the town Kretchinef near Sziget, his name was Chaim Tzvi, that he was married with children, that his children were learning with a private teacher, and that one son was working as a shoemaker. Among the man's possessions was found his passport and his late father's ethical will. He had some identifiable facial features, that is, that his nose was long, and part of his nose was dark-colored. On his left cheek, near his beard was a black mole, and his left eye was bad. He died on the Friday of Parashas Vayeshev. There are a number of remaining questions, such as that he did not mention his father's name and he said that he has children, and one son works as a shoemaker it turns out that he has an only son who is a tailor
Chesed L'Avraham volume 2, Yorah Deah section 17 (from the year 5621): regarding a hole found in the spleen of a cow
Beis Shlomo, Orach Chaim section 25 (from the year 5624): Reuven lives in one of the villages [of Marmaros] where there are only a few Jews. He put in extensive efforts and received permission from the local landlords to build a synagogue in his house. He set aside one building, part of his house, as a synagogue. He also purchased with his own money a Torah Scroll, a Holy Ark and the other necessary holy implements All of the Jewish residents of the village prayed there for a period of 8 years. This same Reuven tried to organize the residents to build a Mikveh [ritual bath]. He collected money, but most of the funds came from his own pocket. He bought some land upon which to build a Mikveh. However, before the building was finished, a few of the other residents decided among themselves to rent a building from a local gentile and to organize there a synagogue. Reuven protested that there already existed a synagogue in his house, for which he had put out great efforts to obtain official permission, and he had spent large sums of money (most of which was his own) Also, the place where they wanted to build their synagogue overlooks the river and the mill, that the windows will be facing the area where the male and female gentiles gather together to grind their flour and to bathe in the river. The two sides came to Your Honor to decide the case. The decision was in favor of Reuven. Yet the other side did not accept the decision and went directly to the greatest Rabbis of the generation, who also all agreed with your decision. Still, they refuse to accept the decision. Your Honor requested my opinion in the matter Your decision was correct
Maharam Shick, Even Haezer section 154 (from the year 5629): In truth, I did not want to respond regarding this matter. Apparently the woman in question is sluttish, as she secluded herself with the gentile and slept with him in a wagon. Thus it is a mitzvah to divorce her, and I wanted nothing to do with helping to restore her to her husband. However, according to the letter of the law, the later authorities agree that a woman is not necessarily forbidden to her husband in all questionable circumstances
Menuchas Asher, part 2, in the responsa at the end of the book, section 6:
As to what should be done in the case where the upper part of the letter lamed was extended up into the line above, into the letter hay of one of the holy names of G-d
The son of R' Dovid Nosan Deutsch, Rabbi Moshe Deutsch, was a sort of local folk Admor in Kretchinef. He dispensed natural remedies and treatments and even wrote prescriptions. Occasionally he even crafted mystical amulets. In the 1930s he moved to Sziget. He was martyred in the holocaust.
The next Rav in Kretchinef was Rabbi Tzvi Hirsch Reinman, the son of Yitzchok Meshulam Reinman. He was the son-in-law of R' Abraham Aharon Teitelbaum, the son of the author of Yitav Lev. We do not know exactly when he was chosen as Rav in Kretchinef. If he was chosen immediately after the death of the previous Rav, R' Dovid Nosan Deutsch, that would indicate that R' Tzvi Hersch Reinman served in Kretchinef for a period of about 40 years, which would be the longest period of time that any one individual served as Rav in the town. He died on 25 MarCheshvan 5679 (1918). A short time before his death, he was also chosen as Rav of Bicskof.
Before that time there had lived in Bicskof a great Talmudical scholar named Rabbi Alter Shaul Pepper, who did not hold an official rabbinical position. Before the First World War he moved to the United States (see article on Bicskof for more details). In Bicskof it had not been possible to write a get [halachic divorce document] because of technical questions regarding the proper spelling of the place name in the get. In the year 5670 there was a case of a husband who was dying, who had no children but who did have a infant brother. In such a situation, if the husband was to die childless, his widow would have to wait until his infant brother reached the age of bar-mitzvah [to perform the halachic chalitzah ceremony that would allow her to remarry]. In this emergency case, R' Alter Shaul Pepper arranged a get in Bicskof for the first time in history, on the date Hoshana Rabba in 5670. Afterwards, he contacted the leading Torah scholars of the generation, with whom he engaged in involved halachic discussions which led to their approving of the halachic validity of the get.
After the setting of this precedent in the giving of a get in Bicskof, there were two responsa written to R' Tzvi Hirsch Reinman on the issue. The first responsa was from R' Alter Shaul Pepper himself, written after he was already living in New York:
Avnei Zicharon, part 1, section 40 (written in 5676): on Hoshana Rabba of the year 5670 when I was living in the community of greater Bicksof, I arranged a get for a dying man. I previously wrote at length that even though that was an emergency situation, from now on, since a precedent has been set, it should be possible in the future to arrange additional gittin in Bicksof. Back then, I sent my pamplet to the leading halachic experts of the generation, every which of whom reached total agreement that the woman was divorced [before the death of her husband] and was thus able to remarry, and that based upon this precedent, future gitten could be arranged in Bicksof... Since that time, I moved from there [Bicksof] to here [New York], and I did not arrange any additional gitten in Bicksof. At present, your question and request is that I should write to you a summary of the conclusions that were reached, in order that your son-in-law, who is now the Rav there, can arrange additional gitten based upon the precedent that was set You will find enclosed copies of all of the relevant communications that were exchanged with the halachic authorities on this issue
Imrei Yosher, part 1, section 166:
Regarding the arrangement of a get, and the proper spelling of the name of the town Bicksof which is in the area under your authority, all of what he has written clearly appears to be correct
After the First World War, Rabbi Elazar Reinman (the son of R' Tzvi Hirsch Reinman) served as the Rav of Kretchinef and Bicksof. He was the son-in-law of Rabbi Avraham Chaim Rubin, the Av Beis Din of Glagov in Galicia and grandson of Rabbi Naftali Horwitz from Rofshitz. For a period of time he ran a Yeshiva in Kretchinef which had approximately 50 students. In the 1930s R' Elazar Reinman left Kretchinef and moved to Bicksof. Afterwards, he moved to Glagov to fill the position of his father-in-law. Apparently he was martyred in the holocaust in Poland. None of his writings were published.
Responsa written to R' Elazar Reinman include:
Etzei Chaim, Even Haezer section 6 (from the year 5690): Regarding a woman whose husband, R' Shlomo the son of Yitzchok Keneg, disappeared in the First World War
Etzei Chaim, Even Haezer section 23 (from the year 5695): Regarding a woman whose husband was killed in the [First] World War. The woman gave birth but the child died after a few months. According to the testimony given, the husband was killed before the child died. If so, she is not required to perform the chalitza ceremony
Afrakasta D'aniya, section 112 (from the year 5693): Regarding a woman whose husband, R' Michel Yisroel from Ober Rina, disappeared in the First World War
The last Rav of Kretchinef was Rabbi Avraham Chaim Reinman, the son of R' Elazar Reinman. He served in Kretchinef only, and was a widely accepted and beloved public speaker. His public essays were interwoven with parables and entertaining stories of the lives of Tzadikim. He was deported in 1941 to Kamenetz-Podolsk. In attempting to return from Poland he was murdered in a horrible fashion (see details below).
About a year previously, he published his commentary Yotzei Perach on Pirkei Avos, published Satu-Mare 5700, 109 pages. In his work, the author acknowleges the help of a number of young Torah scholars of sharp minds and well-versed in the hallways of the Torah, among them R' Chaim Kandel [of Kretchinef], who put in strenuous efforts to edit and arrange my writings for publishing. R' Chaim Kandel also had edited the earlier book Pelach HaRimon, adding to it his own glosses, when he was a student in Sepinka (see the article on the town Sepinka).
2. Chassidic Rebbes (Admorim) and Rabbinical Judges (Dayanim)Rabbi Meir Rosenbaum, the son of R' Mordechai Leifer from Nadvorna, lived in Kretchinef towards the end of the 19th century. Almost certainly he lived in Kretchinef after the death of his father in Bistina on the first day of the Succos holiday in 5656 (1895). From the time that R' Meir lived in Kretchinef, the town became a Chassidic center. R' Meir founded the Kretchinef Chassidic dynasty which even to this day is famous, [with extensive branches] even in the land of Israel.
R' Meir's followers built him a Beis Midrash [synagogue / study hall] and family housing in Kretchinef. R' Meir himself participated in the physical building of the Beis Midrash. While he was plastering the walls, he sang Hallel [songs of praise from the Psalms, recited publicly on various holidays]. R' Meir was constantly immersed in prayer and learning, and did not encourage others to become his followers. He never laughed. Still, many chassidim and other Jews in need streamed to see him. He was famous as a miracle worker, and even gave out mystical amulets. He died in Kretchinef on the first day of Rosh Chodesh Tamuz 5668 (1908).
After his death, his son Rabbi Eliezer Zeev Rosenbaum took over his father's position. He put in more efforts to cultivate a personal connection with his followers, and during his lifetime, the Kretchinef chassidic movement broadened considerably. He was the most widely accepted Admor [Chassidic Rebbe] among the many descendants of R' Mordechai from Nadvorna, most of whom lived in various places in broader historical Hungary. He was also a miracle worker, and gave out prescriptions to the ill. Towards the end of the First World War he moved to Sziget (see article on Sziget). [During World War 2,] he was deported from Sziget to Auschwitz.
the Admor of Kretchinef |
The Torah writings and compilations of the customs of R' Meir Rosenbaum and his son R' Eliezer Zeev Rosenbaum were recently published. Those works are described at length in the article on Sziget. Also [in the article on Sziget] is described the continuation of the Kretchinef Chassidic dynasty in Israel, R' Dovid Moshe Rosenbaum, and his activities in the city Rechovot [in Israel].
the Admor of Kretchinef in Rechovot, Israel |
For many years Rabbi Meir Dovid Tabak served as a Dayan in Kretchinef. He was the son of the famous R' Shlomo Yehuda Tabak, the author of Erech Shai and Tshuros Shai. Like his father, he was a Torah gaon who had a sharp mind and broad grasp of the Torah. However, he did not publicize his writings and thus his fame in the Torah world was more limited than that of his father. After his father passed away in 5668 (1908), he was chosen to fill his father's position in Sziget. He died in Sziget on 2 Nisan 5696 (1936) at the age of about 90 years old.
Two responsa written to him, both from the period when he lived in Kretchinef:
Tshuvos Maharsham, part 2, section 229: about the mikveh in which was set up a samovar to heat the water, and many people put hot coals there on Shabbos eve shortly before sunset so that the coals should burn through the night in order that the water should be somewhat warm on Shabbos morning. Your honor raised the question as to whether there is a concern that someone might stir the coals on Shabbos
Avnei Zicharon, part 1, section 97 (from the year 5664): regarding Reuven, who bought in a tender of the non-Jewish court system the rights to the wild apples from the forest owned by the landowner of the village, and afterwards sold to Shimon 300 [units] of mixed apples composed of three quarters wild apples and one quarter cultivated apples
3. Torah Scholars mentioned in the Responsa literatureThe earliest responsa which we have found which mentions the town Kretchinef is from the year 5619 (1859), written to Rabbi Yaakov Reuven, the Av Beis Din of Dalitin in Galicia. The subject of the responsa is the issue of permitting a woman to remarry whose husband was murdered by a gentile who had disposed of his body (see below). The first testimony was collected on the date 24 Teves 5617, and the testimony itself was signed upon by Rabbi Berel Nagil, together with Rabbi Ezra Shub [note: Shub is possibly a surname. It also is an abbreviation for Shochet u'Bodek. This may indicate that R' Ezra possibly was a shochet.], and a third individual whose name is only abbreviated. A second set of testimony was collected on 13 Shevat 5619, and is signed upon only by R' Ezra Shub. It appears that during that period there was not an official Rav in Kretchinef, and that R' Beril Nagil and R' Ezra Shub were local Torah scholars who knew the details of how to collect the testimony necessary for the permitting of an aguna [a woman whose husband has disappeared] to remarry. We do not understand why this particular case was dealt with by a Rav in Galicia, and not by R' Yekutiel Yehuda Teitelbaum, who already by this time was serving for at least a year as the Rav of the neighboring city Sziget.
The actual text of the testimony collected gives us insight into the living conditions of the Jews in Kretchinef in the mid 1800s. Therefore, we take the liberty of quoting at length:
Responsa Bar L'vai, part 2, section 16 (from the year 5619):
The woman in question is from the town Kretchinef in the land of Hungary. Three years ago her husband left Kretchinef for business purposes with the destination Iasin, and disappeared. For these three years she has been waiting for his return, with no knowledge of his whereabouts. After extensive investigation, it has become clear through the collection of testimony by the Beis Din there, that she is waiting in vain for her husband's return. It seems clear that the gentile, who is established to be a murderer, killed him
Testimony collected 24 Teves 5617: Transcription of testimony that was given in the presence of the undersigned for the woman whose husband disappeared two years ago: After extensive investigation it has become clear that on the previously mentioned date the Jew Eliyakim Gatzil, the son of R' Meir met with Tzvi the son of Yirachmiel of our city. He gave to R' Tzvi ninety silver coins for the wood that he bought from him. This same Eliyakim Gatzil then went to R' Dovid Chaim of our city here. The gentile who is suspected to be the murderer was waiting for him at R' Dovid Chaim's place. While there, the gentile invited the Jew to purchase from him some cattle. The Jew bought for the gentile some whiskey from R' Dovid Chaim, and from there the two of them walked to spend the night at the gentile's residence. As they were walking, they met R' Eliezer the son of R' Shmuel of our city, with whom they conversed about the reason for their journey. A number of gentiles also saw them walking together to the area where the gentile lived. R' Eliezer the son of R' Shmuel has already testified under oath, as have the gentile witnesses, in the gentile court. The Jews, and also the Germans and the local authorities, have searched for the abovementioned Jew Eliyakim Gatzil in the entire region where the gentile lives, and have not found him. The Jews questioned the servant-girls of the gentile who denied any knowledge of the Jew, and also they questioned the wife of the gentile who also denied knowing anything. Afterwards, the Jews exited the gentile's house and stood outside, behind the door. The gentile investigators went back inside and spoke to her gently so that she would not be afraid to tell the truth as to whether the Jew in question was in her house on that day. From the questions that were asked and the answers that the gentile's wife gave, the Jews who were standing outside behind the door heard her say the following: The Jew had arrived at the house in the evening with her husband. The two of them spoke about the cattle to be sold, and later went to sleep. She showed them the place where the Jew had slept, and where he had hung up his clothes. When the Jew awoke in the morning, he washed himself and put on his tefillin and recited his morning prayers. After finishing his prayers, the Jew requested of the gentile to give him directions from the forest called Bidilitzar Vald leading towards the main road. The woman described how the Jew was dressed wearing an overcoat, and that her husband had left together with the Jew. Afterwards, the gentile had returned home alone. He took an axe and then left again, into the forest in the direction which the Jew had left. After about two hours, the gentile returned home, again alone. This is what she said to the Germans, which the Jews standing outside the door overheard. There were approximately 20 Jews who overheard her say this. The overcoat is at the present time in the custody of the gentile court. The garment has has in it two holes which are obviously from the axe, and is soaked like liver in congealed blood. Already the gentiles and the Jews have testified that they recognize the garment, and also that they saw the garment in the near vicinity of the accused gentile's home. The Jews testifying are R' Tzvi the son of Yerachmiel, together with a number of other individuals who also signed
In the continuation of the collected testimony is related: Testimony collected R' Aaron the son of Elazar from Rachov came in front of us and said, with respect to the woman Henya the daughter of R' Itzik whose husband has disappeared: He stated that he had been jailed, and in the jail was someone who was in custody for stealing cattle, and that the thief [the same gentile who is suspected in the murder of the Jew R' Eliyakim Gatzil] had said in front of all of the prisoners that he had to get out of the jail as quickly as possible, because he hadn't hidden the clothes of the victim that he had killed, that he had to get home as quickly as possible to burn the clothes, and that he did so. Further, that the murderer stated in front of the Jews that were present that he wasn't afraid at all, for he had hidden the body very well
From the testimony given 13 Shevat 5619: Also, another individual came in front of us and said in the name of the abovementioned R' Aaron that the murderer had clearly stated that the body of the murdered Jew would not be found, as he had hidden the body very well. The undersigned also testifies that he heard from a gentile who lives in the village Iasin, that the brother-in-law of the murderer had said that if he gave him two bulls he would show him the place that the Jew had been buried. He asked him what he had responded to the brother-in-law, and he was told the following story: The father-in-law of the murderer had taken the murderer into his house to hide him. His son, the brother-in-law of the murderer, came and asked his father, Why are you hiding him in your house? In the next few days, they will be looking for him as a murderer. If they find him on your property, they will confiscate all of your possessions. The father-in-law of the murderer asked his son, How do you know about it? He answered, Give me two bulls, and I'll show you where the Jew is buried.
Rabbi Yitzchok Shub:
Responsa Beis Yitzchok, Yorah Deah part 2, section 92 (from the year 5638):
Regarding the twenty year old individual where it is questionable if his Bris Milah was properly done
Rabbi Yitzchok Isaac Shub (perhaps this is the same as the previous):
Rabbi Yosef Friedman (student of Rabbi Eliezer Deutsch of Banihad):
Responsa Pri HaSadeh, part 1, section 4 (from the year 5653):
Regarding what is written in the Shulchan Aruch that food should not be stored under one's bed, if the reference is specifically when someone is sleeping on the bed or not
Rabbi Tzvi Hirsch, Sofer STaM [professional Torah Scribe who writes Torah Scrolls, Tefillin and Mezuzos]:
Responsa Avnei Zicharon, part 1, section 2 (from the year 5663):
Regarding the Torah Scroll which has broken and erased letters
Rabbi Menachem Mendel Saboy (student of the author of Etzei Chaim):
Responsa Etzei Chaim, Yorah Deah section 17:
Regarding the counting of the seven clean days
Between the two World Wars, two outstanding Torah scholars gained prominence in Kretchinef as teachers and Poskim: Rabbi Herschel Berles, and Rabbi Yecheskiel Herbst.
R' Eliezer Berkovits, the shochet R' Ben-Tzion, and R' Meir Berkovits |
It seems probable that there was an established minyan in Kretchinef from sometime in the mid 1700s. However, the community did not fully mature until the mid 1800s. In 1830 there was already an established synagogue and a beis midrash [study hall]. The cemetery was older than the synagogue, apparently having been inaugurated in the early 18th century. As the community became organized, a mikveh was built, and several community organizations were founded. The most important of these community organizations was the Chevrah Kadisha [burial society]. Established in 1894 was the Chevras Bachurim for the support of the poor, with six founding members.
As the number of Jews in the town increased, the community continued to mature and the establishment of various additional community organizations took place. These community organizations included learning groups such as Chevras Shas [Talmud learning group] and Chevras Mishnayos [Mishna learning group], and community service organizations such as Chevras Tzedakah Gedola [general charity], Chevras Bikur Cholim [care of the sick], and various other public welfare organizations. As part of the community structure, there was organized a Chevras Talmud Torah [religious elementary school system]. However, many children learned with private teachers independently of the community framework. Located next to the Talmud Torah was a government school, where the language of instruction was Romanian. [During the later period between the two World Wars], this school was also supported by Jews from Kretchinef who had moved to the United States.
Between the two World Wars, the Jews of the town prayed in four established synagogues: the Great Synagogue, the Beis Midrash of the Talmud Torah, in the Beis Midrash of the [Chevras] Bachurim, and in a fourth Beis Midrash that was a bit distant from the town center located on the road leading to the town Rina, which served the Jews who lived in that vicinity. The vast majority of the Jews who lived in Kretchinef were followers of either the Sziget or Vishnitz chassidic movements.
The official heads of the Jewish community that are known to us are as follows: Before the First World War, the leader of the community was R' Hirsch Berkovits, who was a Kretchinef chassid. He owned a lumber mill and was a cattle merchant. He died shortly after the war. During the period of his tenure, the Gabai was R' Alter Yankelovits, who was a Torah scholar and a shopkeeper. After the death of R' Hirsch Berkovits, R' Zalman Leib Eliyash was chosen to replace him as the head of the community. He was born in Hungary, and was the son-in-law of Yaakov Dovid Hans, who was a wealthy lumber merchant. He was a Torah scholar and a Sziget chassid, and was very active in community affairs. Among his contributions to the community was the refurbishing of the mikveh, and the installation in the mikveh of new modern bathtubs. He died a few years before the outbreak of the Second World War. The next leader of the community was R' Tzvi Elimelech Firewerger, who also was an expert Torah scholar and a Sziget chassid. He was the son-in-law of R' Isaac. He also was very active in community affairs, putting in strenuous efforts for the sake of the community. The last head of the community was R' Hirsch Fogel, who was a shopkeeper and a Torah scholar. He and his wife survived the holocaust. Today [~1983] he lives in Haifa, and is the elder member of the Society of Survivors of Kretchinef in Israel, being all of 93 years old.
In the year 1834 a bitter disagreement broke out in the Kretchinef community, waves from which spread out into the entire country. The Rav of Sziget at that time, Rabbi Eliezer Nisin Teitelbaum, forbade the meat of the shochet of Kretchinef, R' Moshe, who was a Kosov chassid and who had been appointed to the position of shochet in Kretchinef under the auspices of the Rebbes of Kosov. At that time, followers of the Kosov Rebbes made up the majority of the Jewish residents of greater Marmaros. The Kosov chassidim took offence at the action of the Rav of Sziget, and declared war against him. This stormy dispute was one of the causes of R' Eliezer Nisin Teitelbaum's eventually leaving the city Sziget. (For further details, see the article on the city Sziget.)
The Jews of Kretchinef supported themselves in occupations similar to those of the majority of the Jews in the other villages in the Marmaros region. A large proportion of the Jews of Kretchinef worked in various aspects of the local lumber industry as woodcutters in the forests, as raftsmen transporting lumber rafts down the Tisa River into greater Hungary, or as workers in the local wood mills. All of the local wood mills were under Jewish ownership, and a significant percentage of the workers in the mills were Jewish. Most of the Jews of Kretchinef had small plots of land surrounding their houses and outside of the town itself. Most of these were small plots of land whose crops supplied the household needs of the plot owners. Some of the Kretchinef Jews were shopkeepers or innkeepers. Others were craftsmen or simple laborers. Most of the Jews of the town were poor and worked hard to eke out a living.
In the aftermath of the First World War, the southern half of Marmaros (including Kretchinef) was transferred to Romania. The Tisa River and its tributaries were in the northern half of Marmaros which had been given to Czechoslovakia. Thus the major source of income of the Jews of Kretchinef the lumber that was rafted into central Hungary was cut off. This led to a major depression in the local economy, which together with other factors, led to a relatively large number of the Jews of Kretchinef abandoning the town. In the first decade following the First World War (1920-1930), the Jewish population of Kretchinef decreased by at least 100 individuals. Most moved to cities in either Transylvania or Ragat [?]. A minority left Romania entirely. Most of those who left Romania emigrated to the United States. During the interwar period, a significant number of the Jewish residents of Kretchinef were supported by family members living in America, many of whom with the passage of time acclimated themselves in their new country and prospered. Some of these Kretchinef emigres to the United States even eventually became wealthy. Besides the help that individual Jewish Kretchinef families received from family members overseas, there was also financial aid provided by the Kretchinef Society in America through lists organized by the official local community in Kretchinef.
Worthy of note is the righteous convert Abraham Klein. His original Hungarian surname was Ketszi. He came to Kretchinef from the town Niradhaza in Hungary. He married the daughter of Gatzel Katz, the owner of a butcher shop in Kretchinef. This Abraham Klein became known as a Jew with outstanding personal character traits, who and went out of his way to welcome guests and to perform charitable acts. He concentrated on his Torah studies with extreme perseverance and iron will, until he actually became a Torah scholar. He learned to be a shochet from the shochet R' Ben-Tzion of Kretchinef. Afterwards he left Kretchinef and opened a factory producing various meat products.
The HolocaustSigns of the coming Holocaust already appeared in Kretchinef towards the end of the period of Romanian rule, with the marked increase of anti-Semetism that occurred in Romania in the years 1938-1940. The gentile inhabitants of Kretchinef oppressed the local Jews, in particular in the economic sphere.
A great calamity overcame the Jews of Kretchinef in the summer of 1941, when the occupying Nazi Hungarian regime demanded that the Jews obtain within a very short period of time valid Hungarian citizenship papers. Towards the end of the summer of 1941 the deportation took place of 496 Jewish residents of Kretchinef [who had not succeeded in obtaining those citizenship papers]. Almost all of the deportees had lived in Kretchinef for most (if not all) of their lives, and their families had lived in the town for many generations. The majority of these deportees were murdered by the Hungarians and the Germans in the forest near the city Kaminetz-Podolsk in Poland. Others were murdered near the cities Stanislau and Horodanka in Galicia. A few members of only 8 of the deported families succeeded in surviving the slaughter by escaping from Stanislau and fleeing through the fields of Poland for distances of hundreds of kilometers until they finally reached the Hungarian border.
Among the deportees was the Rav of Kretchinef, Rabbi Avraham Chaim Reinman, together with his entire family. His wife and children were murdered near Kaminetz-Podolsk. The Rav succeeded in escaping and even reached the town Iasin, located over the border in occupied Hungarian Marmaros. However, he was recognized there by one of the Hungarian gendarmes who had participated in the deportations. The Rav was tied to a wagon and taken back over the border into Poland. There he was taken into the forest where the Hungarian gendarmes tortured him mercilessly and plucked out his eyes. Finally, they shot and killed him.
Towards the end of April 1944, the remaining Jews in Kretchinef were imprisoned in the Beis Midrash. From there, they were taken to the Slatfina ghetto. During the forced march from Kretchinef to the ghetto, the entire gentile population of Kretchinef accompanied the Jews, singing joyfully and playing on every musical instrument that they had in their possession. On 24 May 1944 the surviving Jews of Kretchinef were deported from the Slatfina ghetto to Auschwitz.
Today there are no Jews living in Kretchinef.
Interviews with a number of Kretchinef survivors.
Arik, Rabbi Meir, Responsa Imrei Yosher, published Munkacs 5673, section 166.
Ashkenazi, Rabbi Yoel, Responsa Mahari Ashkenazi, volume Yorah Deah, published Munkacs 5653, section 2.
Cohen, Rabbi Yitzchok Yosef, Responsa of the the Rabbinical Figures of Transylvania in the 19th Century, Areshet, volume 5 (5732), pp 278-279.
Deutsch, Rabbi Eliezer, Responsa Pri HaSadeh, published Paksh 5666, part 1, section 4.
Drimmer, Rabbi Shlomo, Responsa Beis Shlomo, part 1, published Lemberg 5637, volume Orach Chaim, section 25.
Greenwald, Yekutiel Yehuda, Matzevet Kodesh, section 1, Sziget and the Marmaros Region, published New York 5712, page 30.
Greenwald, Yekutiel Yehuda, One Thousand Years of Jewish Life in Hungary (Yiddish), published New York 5706, page 234.
Horwitz, Rabbi Meshulam Yissachar, Responsa Bar L'vai, part 2, published Lemberg 5632, section 16.
Nathanson, Rabbi Yosef Shaul, Responsa Shoel U'Mashiv, volume 3, published Lemberg 5636, part 1, section 291.
Pepper, Rabbi Alter Shaul, Responsa Avnei Zicharon, part 1, published Sziget 1923, sections 40 and 97, part 2, published Szatmer 5691, sections 28 and 69.
Roseman, Shlomo, Roshei Golas Ariel, part 1, published Brooklyn 5736, pp 174-192.
Sheferber, Rabbi Dovid, Responsa Afrakasta D'aniya, published Satu-Mare 5700, section 112.
Shick, Rabbi Moshe, Responsa Maharam Shick, volume Even HaEzer, published Lemberg 5644, section 144.
Shmelkes, Rabbi Yitzchok, Responsa Beis Yitzchok, volume Yorah Deah, published Premishla 5658, part 2, section 92.
Shwadron, Rabbi Shalom Mordechai, Responsa Maharsham, published Pietrokov 5668, part 2, section 229.
Tannenbaum, Rabbi Shraga Tzvi, Responsa Nota Shorek, volume Orach Chaim, published published Munkacs 5659, section 9.
Teitelbaum, Rabbi Chaim Tzvi, Responsa Eitzei Chaim, published Sziget 5699, volume Yorah Deah, section 17, volume Even HaEzer, sections 6, 23, and 26.
Teomim, Rabbi Avraham, Responsa Chesed L'Avraham, edition 2, published Lemberg 5658, volume Yorah Deah, section 17.
Magyar-Zsido Okleveltar, Budapest, vol VII (1963), pp 139, 306; vol XVI, (1976), p 102.
Magyar-Zsido Lexikon, Budapest (1929), p 1005.
Translated and edited by Moshe A Davis. This translation is dedicated to the memory of my grandfather Benish Davidovits (in America, Bennie Davis), to the members of his family (family surnames mainly Davidovits, Markovits, and Katz) from the village of Leh (Szeleslonka, Shirukiy Lug) in Marmaros, and to the memory of my grandmother Chaya Chaimovits (in America, Helen Hayfer), and to the members of her family (family surnames Chaimovits and Zelminovics) from the village of Drahiv (Kovesliget, Drahova) in Marmaros. Most of their family members were murdered by the accursed Nazis and their accomplices. Hashem Yenakam Damam!In this translation, I have endeavored to maximize ease of readability and the grammatical flow of the material, while keeping true to the spirit and the content of the information contained therein. To this end, in many places I have taken the liberty of rearranging the sentence and/or paragraph structure from that of the original Hebrew in order to improve the clarity and natural flow of ideas in English. Also, in many places I have slightly expanded the material, in order to clarify ideas or to define concepts which may not be familiar to readers who lack background in traditional Jewish customs and who are unfamiliar with Jewish Law. My own additions I have set apart by enclosing them in square brackets [ ].
Please note that many of the original sources used by the authors of Sefer Marmaros were written in languages other than Hebrew, which is the language of the text of Sefer Marmaros itself. Those original sources were not available to the translator, and thus most of the surnames as transliterated here may in fact have been spelled differently in the original source.
List of Jewish surnames from Kretchinef mentioned in this article: Abraham
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By MORGAN LEE
Associated Press
SANTA FE, N.M. (AP) — Prosecutors announced Thursday that actor Alec Baldwin and a weapons specialist will be charged with involuntary manslaughter in the fatal shooting of a cinematographer who was killed in 2021 on a New Mexico movie set.
Santa Fe District Attorney Mary Carmack-Altwies issued a statement announcing the charges against Baldwin and Hannah Gutierrez Reed, who supervised weapons on the set.
Halyna Hutchins died shortly after being wounded during rehearsals for the Western "Rust" at a ranch on the outskirts of Santa Fe on Oct. 21, 2021. Baldwin was pointing a pistol at Hutchins when the gun went off, killing her and wounding the director, Joel Souza.
Authorities said assistant director David Halls has signed a plea agreement for the charge of negligent use of a deadly weapon.
Santa Fe County Sheriff Adan Mendoza, who led the initial investigation into Hutchins' death, described "a degree of neglect" on the film set. But he left decisions about potential criminal charges to prosecutors after delivering the results of a yearlong investigation in October. That report did not specify how live ammunition wound up on the film set.
Baldwin — known for his roles in "30 Rock" and "The Hunt for Red October" and his impression of former President Donald Trump on "Saturday Night Live" — has described the killing as a "tragic accident."
He sought to clear his name by suing people involved in handling and supplying the loaded gun that was handed to him on the set. Baldwin, also a co-producer on "Rust," said he was told the gun was safe.
In his lawsuit, Baldwin said that while working on camera angles with Hutchins during rehearsal for a scene, he pointed the gun in her direction and pulled back and released the hammer of the weapon, which discharged.
New Mexico's Office of the Medical Investigator determined the shooting was an accident following the completion of an autopsy and a review of law enforcement reports.
New Mexico's Occupational Health and Safety Bureau has levied the maximum fine against Rust Movie Productions, based on a scathing narrative of safety failures, including testimony that production managers took limited or no action to address two misfires of blank ammunition on the set prior to the fatal shooting.
Rust Movie Productions continues to challenge the basis of a $137,000 fine by regulators who say production managers on the set failed to follow standard industry protocols for firearms safety.
The armorer who oversaw firearms on the set, Gutierrez Reed, has been the subject of much of the scrutiny in the case, along with an independent ammunition supplier. An attorney for Gutierrez Reed has said she did not put a live round in the gun that killed Hutchins, and she believes she was the victim of sabotage. Authorities said they have found no evidence of that.
Investigators initially found 500 rounds of ammunition at the movie set on the outskirts of Santa Fe — a mix of blanks, dummy rounds and what appeared to be live rounds. Industry experts have said live rounds should never be on set.
In April 2022, the Santa Fe Sheriff's Department released a trove of files, including lapel camera video of the mortally wounded Hutchins slipping in and out of consciousness as a medical helicopter arrived. Witness interrogations, email threads, text conversations, inventories of ammunition and hundreds of photographs rounded out that collection of evidence.
State workplace safety regulators said that immediate gun-safety concerns were addressed when "Rust" ceased filming, and that a return to filming in New Mexico would be accompanied by new safety inspections.
The family of Hutchins — widower Matthew Hutchins and son Andros — settled a lawsuit against producers under an agreement that aims to restart filming with Matthew Hutchin's involvement as executive producer.
"Rust" was beset by disputes from the start in early October 2021. Seven crew members walked off the set just hours before the fatal shooting amid discord over working conditions.
Hutchins' death has influenced negotiations over safety provisions in film crew union contracts with Hollywood producers and spurred other filmmakers to choose computer-generated imagery of gunfire rather than real weapons with blank ammunition to minimize risks.
Copyright 2023 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed without permission.

subset: commoncrawl


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No products were found matching your selection.
Mid-range electric scooters are all-rounded models built for practicality, with substantial range and torque, but not too big in size. They range from affordable entry-level models with basic essential functions to higher-end models that have more room for customisation. Mid-range scooters are perfect for day to day journeys between home and office or even just running errands around your neighbourhood. Their size makes them nimble without compromising on comfort.


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WHO sponsors 9th ISPAH Congress in Abu Dhabi
World Health Organization (WHO) is the official co-sponsor of the 9th ISPAH Congress taking place in Abu Dhabi from 23rd-26th October, announced Abu Dhabi Public Health Centre (ADPHC). With an engaging schedule of workshops, speeches, and sessions, the Congress will drive impactful conversations on encouraging physical activity adoption across all age groups. Collaboration opportunities will also be explored to achieve a shared vision of a healthy and active society.
The WHO's co-sponsorship of the event emphasizes the importance of physical activity as a public health priority, and its impact on reducing the burden of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) as well as improving mental health and wellbeing. The ISPAH conference will bring together researchers, practitioners, and policy makers to strengthen scientific networks in the UAE, regionally and globally. It will also build capacity in the implementation of policy promoting physical activity locally and globally, so more people can start and stay active.
In addition to being the world's largest congress on physical activity and health, ISPAH is widely recognized as a leading global society of researchers and practitioners. This society promotes physical activity across all stages of life, especially during childhood and adolescence. The theme of this year's Congress is "Making Every Move Count".


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Techy tips give families an edge
It's the time of year when family schedules change and their daily routines reset. From coordinating calendars to handling additional demands such as homework and extracurricular activities, it can be a challenging, if not daunting, time for even the most organized family.
The good news is advancements in technology can help organize busy families' schedules, streamline their routines and simplify their days — making sure everyone is in the right place at the right time. Today's technology tools can also help eliminate the stress and worry of whether or not someone remembered to lock the door or adjust the temperature while the house is vacant for the day. Here are a few tips to help families get organized this season.
1. Connecting via social media: Family members can stay connected throughout the day by using private groups on social media platforms, allowing everyone in the family to post quick messages, send photos or ask questions. According to the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, more than 60 percent of teens ages 13 to 17 have signed up for a profile on one social networking site, and many report they spend more than two hours a day using social media. With teenagers' high social activities, parents can often receive responses and information from their children in a more timely and effective manner.
2. Protecting the family: October is National Crime Prevention Month, a time when families should take into account the importance of home security. With approximately one in nine children coming home to an empty house after school, according to U.S. Census data, advancements in home automation and security technology can help parents remotely safeguard their homes and families. ADT Pulse (ADTPulse.com) allows parents to receive email and text alerts when the kids arrive home after school, check in during the day with real-time video monitoring, and even lock and unlock doors if the kids arrive home before they do.
This same technology is also making it easier for parents to keep their homes organized — even in the morning rush. For example, families can also use ADT Pulse to switch off appliances such as the coffee pot, adjust the thermostat and shut off the lights. This can be especially helpful when trying to get the family out the door in time for school.
3. Sharing lists online: Shopping trips can take a lot of time during the week, but the process can be simplified by sharing lists via online spreadsheets and smartphone apps. Organize the lists by categories such as grocery, pharmacy or pets to ensure both parents conveniently have access to the list the next time they make a trip to the store. Not only does this save parents time, it's also a great way to earn brownie points with their spouse. The tip also works for organizing the family chores. Create a to-do list assigning each family member a job, and have them check off the task when completed.
With a secure and efficient home and by staying connected to each other, families can settle into a smooth routine and enjoy the exciting activities of the fall season.
This article is courtesy of Brandpoint.


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Enterprise architecture is a key competency for most large organisations of the present day. This Pocket Guide describes the purpose, role and value of architecture in the enterprise, and the makeup and skillsets of the architecture team in different business contexts.
Enterprise architecture makes a vital contribution to the running of a large organisation. It was originally developed in order to manage a rapid growth in the cost and complexity of IT systems, using knowledge gained from software structure and design. For this reason, enterprise architecture is often thought of as a component of IT governance. However, the discipline has evolved and extended its scope. Enterprise architecture is now about structuring business capabilities and processes in order to support your long-term business strategy. Effective application of enterprise architecture will enable you to improve your productivity and performance.
This pocket guide offers you an invaluable introduction to this business-critical subject. It explains the function of enterprise architecture within the organisation, looks at the skills needed within the enterprise architecture team and provides an overview of the most common enterprise architecture frameworks. As the author emphasises, enterprise architecture is not about creating models and designs for their own sake, but about using these structures to serve the needs of the business.
Tom Graves has been an independent consultant in business transformation, enterprise architecture and knowledge management for almost three decades. His clients in Europe, Australia and the US cover a broad range of industries, including banking, utilities, logistics, engineering, media, telecoms, research, defence and government. He has a special interest in architecture for non-IT-centric enterprises, and integration between IT-based and non-IT-based service.


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When I was eight, Papa Tushka crashed his Chevy Malibu through the front of McCoy's Texaco. Steve McCoy went to high school with Mama, and he didn't file charges. Papa blew way over the limit on the field test, but he swore it was a set-up. He kept a loaded assault rifle next to the front door, and a handgun under the seat of his truck.
"Never trust a man in a suit," he said.
As the procession pulled graveside, the valley clouded over. A wall cloud brewed in the east. The funeral home pitched a tent and set up a few dozen plastic chairs, throwing in a bouquet of white lilies for an extra fifty dollars. Papa's grave was beside a plum tree. Our house, a split-level clapboard heap, sat slightly askew on top of Digger's Hill, next to the cemetery. I could see my bike propped against the porch from my folding-chair under the tent. The graveside had a pretty big turn-out, and I could barely hear the priest over the blowing noses and muffled sobs. The Catholic priest was the only preacher in town who'd do the service for free, and the tribe only covered half the cost of the funeral home. I heard Mama and Uncle Jake talking about it.
We buried Papa Tushka in a plastic casket.
We all lived in Papa's house: Papa, Nana, Mama, me, my sister Lucy, Uncle Jake, and Aunt Judy's girls, Angie and Karen. Aunt Judy lived in a trailer in Winona. Uncle Jake said she was a two-bit junkie whore, but we only saw her at Christmas.
Papa was a champion bareback bronc rider despite four broken noses, a dislocated shoulder, two collapsed lungs, and a fractured vertebra. He had a bite-shaped scar on the back of his neck from a bar brawl in Clinton that left the knuckles of his right hand crushed and knobby. Once, Uncle Jake shot him with a pellet gun. Papa laughed and pushed the metal bb out of his cheek. He popped the bb in his mouth and swallowed it.
He died on a Wednesday. Some farmer saw the accident, said the truck was swerving before it ran off the bridge. Clipped a low-hanging branch on the way down and ripped the cab clean through. The paramedics used the Jaws of Life to cut Papa out of the front seat.
Mama told me I was Papa's favorite because I wore my hair in braids like he did. Papa wrapped his braids in strips of red cloth like the singers at the pow-wow. My braids were skinny and the color of straw.
The night Papa died, Uncle Jake caught me sitting on his bucket in the garage. The house was more crowded than ever with Papa and Nana's friends, and I didn't like to cry where anyone could see me. Uncle Jake sat down on the steel frame of a car he was stripping, a bottle of beer in his hand. He took a sip and lit a smoke. He had a heavy silver lighter that clicked shut.
"What're you doin' in here, Tree?" His mustache bristled as he chewed the filter.
"I didn't want to stay in there anymore," I said. I tucked my knees into my t-shirt.
"Yeah, I hear ya," Uncle Jake said. "You okay?"
"Yeah," I said. I stared at a pile of cat litter soaking up an oil slick. "Do you think Papa's in hell?"
Uncle Jake chuckled. "That'd be about right, huh?" I let out a little cry and he straightened up. "Nah, nah, I'm just kidding. Don't let any of that hell shit get under your skin." He sucked on his smoke and exhaled through his nose. He looked out through the open garage door and waved his arm across the sky. "See those stars? I like to think that's the spirit of the Tushkas. Each and every one of us'll be up there someday, lookin' down on what's left."
I sniffled. "That sounds alright."
"Pretty good, huh?" he said. He swigged the rest of his beer. "I got it from The Lion King."
Papa was afraid of flying, crowds, and cops. He didn't trust doctors or insurance men, and he slept upside down in a recliner. He said it relieved the pressure.
The funeral reception was a tribal affair at the Community Center, and Francis Strike Axe manned the door. He had a smoldering bundle of sage that he waved over everyone as they came in. It was supposed to get rid of the bad spirits anyone might be carrying around, but I still felt an angry knot in my chest. Mama was busy taking care of Nana, so I stuck close to Uncle Jake. After he'd made the rounds, grasping my shoulder and nodding gravely at all the well-wishers, he pointed me towards the buffet and headed to the back. Angie was showing Karen and Lucy the crooked hoop earring she'd pierced her own belly button with. It had bled through the front of her dress. I turned and followed him.
I found him back by the Center's air conditioner smoking a hand rolled cigarette. The smell was sweet like pine needles. He held the cigarette behind his back.
"Go on inside," he said. "I'll be in in a sec." He coughed.
"I'll wait," I said. I sat on the air conditioner next to him. I pointed at his cigarette. "That smells nice."
"Shit," he said. He dug the heel of his boot in the gravel. "How old are you now?"
"Twelve and a half," I said. I smoothed my black dress over my knees. There was white cat hair stuck in its weave.
Uncle Jake sighed. "It's a joint, girl," he said. "You know, weed?"
"It smells like Nana's room."
"Now you know the Tushka secret," Uncle Jake said. He held up the joint and pointed to the wet crease along the paper's gum. "We're a bunch of stoners."
Inside, the dinner was starting. I heard Greg Murphy, Papa's best VFW buddy, giving orders to try his wife's chili.
I didn't notice when Papa was drunk, like I never noticed when Nana, Uncle Jake, or even Mama had been smoking pot. These were just states they sometimes occupied. Papa was funnier after a few drinks, mostly.
When Lucy was a baby, Papa's yappy little dog snapped at her and Mama kicked it across the room. He yanked Mama by the back of her dress and threw her out of the house. Papa sat in the doorway with the assault rifle across his lap and lectured the empty driveway on the merits of responsible dog ownership.
"If you wanna act like an animal," he shouted into the dark, "you can sleep with the coyotes, all of you!"
He fell asleep there. Mama woke him up when she came home in the morning and made him a pot of coffee.
I sat next to Mama on the couch when she called our relatives. She had Papa's rolodex on her lap and was flicking quickly through the cards, running the tip of her figure over each number as she dialed. Papa had filed Aunt Judy under "U," penciling in "ungrateful." Mama choked when she saw it, smiled a little, and began to cry again. Her eyeliner ran into the bags beneath her eyes and her nose was red and swollen. We had the same straight nose.
I didn't know what to say to her.
Mama wiped her eyes and hugged me to her chest. She was wearing a sweater she'd cut the neck out of, and I could see two sets of footprints tattooed on her chest. The set on the left was mine, "Treena" written in script beside it. The other was Lucy's, but Mama hadn't gotten the money together to get her name, too.
"My biggest baby," she said into my hair. "I miss him, Tree."
She kissed the top of my head and rubbed my back. It made my skin itch, but I let her do it. I didn't want to make her take care of me. I bit my lip, grinding my teeth over the inside of my cheek at the same time. I felt a hiccupping sob waiting in my throat and I swallowed it.
The night before the funeral, Mama and Uncle Jake took Nana to the bar. Angie, Karen, Lucy and I were sleeping in the living room. The VFW was throwing a wake of its own, and Mama had left Angie in charge. We watched a handful of Disney movies before Angie wanted to do something else.
"I know a game," she said. "It's called 'Night Light,' and what you do is you put your arms like this—" she crossed her arms over her chest—"and hold your head down—" she leaned forward as if to touch her toes—"and you breathe really fast, then push yourself on the wall—" she reared back against it—"and then somebody pushes on your chest and you pass out." She put her hands on her hips. "Who's first?"
Karen stepped forward. She was much darker than Angie, probably because her dad was rumored to be Mexican. That's what Papa said, anyway. I watched Angie directing her from my seat on the floor.
"Are you gonna do it?" Lucy sat next to me on the floor.
"Pfft," I blew a raspberry. "No. It's stupid."
Angie let Karen double over and pant. She narrowed her eyes at me. "You've been weird all week. What's wrong with you?"
"What if Karen goes retarded or something? What if you hurt her?" I asked. Lucy nodded beside me.
"I've done it!" Angie said. She turned to Karen. "Now, up!"
Karen threw herself back on the wall and Angie pressed hard on her collarbone with both hands. Karen gasped for a second and then her eyes rolled back and she slid down. Angie let her fall to the floor, grinning from ear to ear. Lucy pulled on my arm.
"Oh man, oh man," Lucy whispered. Her nails dug into my skin.
Karen came to a few seconds later, cross-eyed and mumbling.
"Did you like it?" she asked. "It's fun, right?"
Karen smiled and nodded. "I wanna do it again!"
"Not yet. It's someone else's turn," Angie said. She fished a potato chip out of a bag on the couch. "Who's next?"
After the army band played and they gave Nana the flag, the pallbearers lowered Papa's casket in the ground. Most of the crowd headed straight for their cars, eager to change clothes and get to the reception. The hearse drove Mama and Nana home, and Uncle Jake agreed to take us home in Nana's Lincoln. He was talking to someone by the road, passing a cigarette between them. The funeral director asked us to give up our seats so they could pack everything up. We waited under the plum tree.
When he'd finished, he came and stood next to the grave. "One last service for the old man, huh?" he said. He motioned us to get up and join hands, and we did. "Everybody close your eyes." I didn't. "You, too, Tree." Uncle Jake took a deep breath. "Papa Tushka, father, grandfather—you were kind of an asshole." Lucy squeaked and almost jerked her hand from mine. I squeezed her fingers. "But either way, we'll miss you." I squinted out from one eye. Uncle Jake was looking at the sky. "Amen. Now spit!" He spit on the dirt and Angie was the only one to follow suit. "And run!" He took off toward Nana's Lincoln, whooping like a kid.


text:
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text:
(You may have been directed here from www.ke0og.net) You've landed on my ham radio home page. I'm KEØOG, an Extra-Class ham radio operator. I'm active on HF, 2-meters, and 440 MHz. I use this page as an index to ham-radio-related material on this site.
What is ham radio? Watch this video from the Radio Society of Great Britain (RSGB)
Current Geomagnetic Conditions for HF Bands
This chart shows various geomagnetic indicies and what the sun looks like now. These indicies show what HF propagation is like right now. You can use data like this to help you find a good HF band for operations. You can refresh this page to get the latest data.
Courtesy Paul, N0NBH, www.hamqsl.com
Becoming a ham radio operator
- The three amateur (ham) radio license classes. Some background material on license grades, the difficulty of the test, and the operating privileges.
- Videos to aid your self study for your ham radio Technician Class license: Technician Class Ham License – On-Line Help for Your Self Study, which you can also access directly from
. The purpose of this series of videos is to talk you through the self study you'll be doing with the ARRL Ham Radio License Manual. There's one video for each section of the book, on the theory that it's easier to study if someone's given you a little overview. - A similar set of videos for General Class
- A similar set of videos for Amateur Extra Class
- Randy Cassingham's intro to ham radio
- How much does it cost to become a Technician Class (entry level) ham?
- How much does it cost to upgrade to General or Extra Class and get on HF radio?
- What do I do once I become a ham?
- Wouxun KG-UV3D: Inexpensive Dual Band HT
- BaoFeng UV-5R+ ham radio — incredibly inexpensive dual-band handheld
- Programming the Wouxun KG-UV3D and the Baofeng UV-5R+
How I do it (which will be different from the way you do it, but it's sometimes nice to have something to compare to)
- Using a rubber stamp to turn a spiral-bound notebook into a logbook.
- My new Yaesu FTdx3000. I review my new FTdx3000. Great radio!
- New addition to my shack: Oak Hills Research OHR100A 5-watt (QRP) CW 20-meter-only transceiver. See my notes and review here.
- Ten-Tec Jupiter: My 2001 review
- Ten-Tec Jupiter: what I think of it after ten years
- The 12 vdc system at KEØOG
- Hy-gain 14-AVQ—My First Amateur Radio HF Antenna
- The MFJ-993B IntelliTuner
- HF Antenna Repairs
Getting the 80-meter Loop Back in Shape
- Creating antenna masts using chain link fence top rail
- My single point ground
Getting on HF with your General Class License – a look at station necessities
- Ham radio 40-meter dipole: your first antenna
- Ham radio power supplies: 12 vdc (or 13.8 vdc)
- ICOM 9100—New HF/VHF/UHF Radio
- Kenwood's Ham Radio HF Lineup
- Yaesu's Ham Radio HF Rig Lineup
- Icom's Ham Radio HF Rig Lineup
- Tuning HF SSB Signals. Tuning HF voice signals (SSB) can be a little daunting the first time around. Here's a video that shows you how.
Special Techniques
- Packet Radio
- APRS (and motorcycling) with pictures of my APRS tracker
- APRS vs handheld GPS location discrepancies
- Using the Wouxun KG-UV3D with TinyTrak4 APRS unit. Provides costs for each item.
- Using the Baofeng UV-5R+ with TinyTrak4 APRS unit
- APRS: Making UI-View and Weatherlink Cooperate
- Interfacing the Byonics TinyTrak4 (TT4) with various handheld radios. Pays special attention to JP8.
- Software-Defined Radio
- A presentation I gave at the Nov, 2013, meeting of the Montrose (Colorado) Amateur Radio Club on software defined radio, specifically the FiFi.
- Fox Hunting (hidden transmitter hunting)
- Byonics PicCon Fox Controller
- Circuit diagram for hidden transmitter hunting (my Fantastic Fox Finder), circuit by Dave Sharpe, KIØHG
- Hidden transmitter hunting links and sites
- HF Digital Modes
- The JT-65 digital mode: my first QSO. (For some background, see this YouTube video in which Joe Taylor, Nobel Laureate, discusses his invention of JT-65, JT-9, and other digital modes.)
- Information on DSTAR at dstarinfo.com.
Computer Issues
- Cool QSL cards from www.hamtoons.net. Jim is a cartoonist and can make colorful custom QSLs just for you. Here's the one he sent me. He's got a cool website worth looking at.
- App to create azimuthal maps based on where you live. Reader Rob, M6KOT, provides this link for those who want to make an azimuthal map based on your location. An azimuthal map shows the direction (azimuth) from your station to any place on earth and is handy if you want to know where to point your beam.
- Logging and QSLing for the Radio Amateur in the Electronic Age (narrated slide show). I gave this presentation on 20 Feb 2015 at a meeting of the Montrose Amateur Radio Club held in Olathe, Colorado. I added a narration to cover the main points and put it on YouTube.
- A list of things to bring next year for Field Day!
- Chronology of ham radio history, used for a presentation given at the Montrose Amateur Radio Club.
- Radio Frequency Interference in your Ham Shack: A Case Study
- A close-up view of an Electro-Bug Jr., apparently made in 1927
- ACP 131 lists all Q and Z signals. This is my old copy from when I was in the Air Force. I've put high-quality scanned, text-selectable pages here.
- An SET is a Simulated Emergency Test. I tried one out for the first time, and here are my notes to myself. They may help you be prepared too!
- Bob Schaeffer, KJØG, recalls early history of Montrose Amateur Radio Club
- Communicating is a critical element of preparedness (link to news article)
- Trebuchet for Punkin' Chunkin'—Royce Seymour's (AAØJD) 2010 PieceMaker at the Olathe (Colorado) Punkin Chunkin event
- And here's Royce's 2011 entry at the Olathe (Colorado) Punkin Chunkin event!
- Emergency Communications: Alternatives to Ham Radio
- NVIS Links from Dave Coombs, KØEUS
- Ham4Ham, a site set up by John Borchers, KC3ASE, for those interested in software development for ham radio.
On-the-air Activities on the Colorado Western Slope
- VHF/UHF Repeaters (voice)
- Standard packet radio, as found on 145.01 MHz
- APRS (Amateur Packet Reporting System), as found on 144.39 MHz
- The Montrose Amateur Radio Club (direct link to club website)
- 2010 Field Day with the Montrose Amateur Radio Club (photographs)
- 2010 Montrose Amateur Radio Club Field Day (video)
- A Montrose Amateur Radio Club antenna repair party. We repaired and upgraded the antennas for Field Day use.
- 2014 Field Day with the Montrose Amateur Radio Club (video).
- Near Real Time F2 Layer Critical Frequency (useful for NVIS propagation prediction—if the freq shown on the website is a bit more than the NVIS frequency you want to use, you're in business. If less, well, try a lower frequency.
LDS (Mormon) Church ham-related activites
- Our monthly "First Sunday" net (anyone can join) Net more or less permanently in hiatus


text:
Welcome to Hogeland Auto Plaza where we have been offering our vehicle services since 1948.
We provide towing, new and used auto parts, and auto repair services. With our 24 hour emergency towing and lock out services, you can rest assured you will not be left out in the cold.
We take pride in our services leaving you with a smile! We treat our customers like we would expect to be treated.


text:
New legislation may affect your philanthropic strategy.
Donations are more crucial than ever. In response to recent natural disasters, global inflation, war and a worldwide pandemic, givers stepped-up and expanded the charitable landscape. And now, the SECURE Act 2.0 could bring about a fresh shift in generosity thanks to its new incentive for charitable giving.
Since 2006, philanthropically inclined IRA holders who are 70 1/2 or older have been able to transfer up to $100,000 each year directly from one or more IRAs to qualified charities without being taxed on the withdrawal. The donation is classed as a tax-free qualified charitable distribution or QCD.
Signed into law last December, the SECURE 2.0 Act incentivizes charitable donations by expanding the QCD rules. First, beginning in 2024, the $100,000 annual IRA QCD limit will be indexed for inflation. Within that annual QCD limit, you can now make a one-time-only distribution of up to $50,000 (also indexed for inflation) from one or more IRAs to a qualified "split-interest" entity – in this context, a charitable annuity trust (CRAT), charitable remainder unitrust (CRUT) or charitable gift annuity (CGA).
At first glance, the new split-entity QCD provision may appeal to tax-conscious donors who'd like to continue generating income from their donated assets. However, several critical caveats apply, so consult your team of professionals to understand the requirements and tax implications fully.
Charitable remainder annuity trust (CRAT): The CRAT empowers you to fulfill your philanthropic intentions while capitalizing on immediate tax savings, and it provides a steady income for an extended period. You (or your beneficiaries) receive a fixed amount each year, and the remainder of the donated assets go to your chosen charities. To qualify within the new split-entity QCD provisions, the CRAT must be funded exclusively by QCDs, and the only income beneficiaries can be you, your spouse or the two of you.
Charitable remainder unitrust (CRUT): The CRUT also allows you to take advantage of immediate tax savings and provides income for you or your beneficiaries. The CRUT shares the same stipulations as the CRAT. It differs only in that the annual distribution is a set percentage of the trust, between 5% and 50%. Your named charities get the remainder.
Charitable gift annuity (CGA): Many large nonprofits offer charitable gift annuities. You donate to a single charity, which is set aside and invested. You get immediate tax savings and a fixed monthly or quarterly payment from the charity (supported by the investment account) for the rest of your life. At the end of your life, the charity receives the remainder of the gift. As with the CRAT and CRUT, the CGA needs to be funded exclusively by QCDs; fixed payments must exceed 5% of the contributed amount and begin within one year.
There are other ways to use your IRA to make a difference to charities. From an estate planning perspective, consider putting your favorite charities as beneficiaries of your IRA.
Or you can name a donor advised fund (DAF) as the beneficiary of your IRA and list your children, grandchildren or both as DAF advisors to reap the tax benefit of the donation while empowering your heirs to make grants from the DAF. This is one way to help your legacy live on.
A QCD could be a smart strategy to enhance your giving and win significant tax savings. Of course, it's wise to take a holistic look at your entire estate and determine which assets you should leave to charities and which to your heirs, and then consider which strategies best fit your intentions. Talk to your advisor to learn about your options and how to take advantage of the SECURE 2.0 Act provisions.
Sources: fidelitycharitable.org; charitynavigator.org; irs.gov; forbes.com


text:
Friday, December 25, 2009
47 comments:
- Bonni said...
I have really enjoyed sharing the Christmas countdown with you guys and Nunu! What a great little friend she is. Thank you for the past 25 days of delight. :-)
- December 25, 2009 at 1:19 AM
- Dr Mum said...
Is there anything NuNU doesnt chew?
Happy Chrimbo. - December 25, 2009 at 1:44 AM
- Along the Ausable said...
Oh Nunu! Happy Holidays, I hope "Santa" brings you lots of fun things to chew for 2010.
- December 25, 2009 at 3:38 AM
- Sandy said...
sShe is such a cutie! Merry Christmas to Nunu and her human. :-)
- December 25, 2009 at 4:20 AM
- David said...
merry christmas, Jorge,Beth and Nunu!
all the best to you,your friends and family. - December 25, 2009 at 5:03 AM
- Erin said...
Wait, wait... Does this mean what I think it means??
If Nunu has been chewing on Santa Claus, methinks she has earned herself a spot on the naughty list... :-P
Merry Christmas!!! :D - December 25, 2009 at 5:15 AM
- Michele said...
Thanks so much! I thoroughly enjoyed Nunu's Advent calendar.
- December 25, 2009 at 5:26 AM
- turquoisemoon said...
Is that not the cutest pic ever!!!
- December 25, 2009 at 5:52 AM
So cute! This was the best Advent Calendar ever!
- December 25, 2009 at 6:24 AM
- Kiraa said...
Merry Christmas Jorge & Beth!
- December 25, 2009 at 6:39 AM
- Michelle said...
This advent calendar was too cute! Thanks for the laugh every day.
- December 25, 2009 at 6:39 AM
- Bad_Robot said...
Thanks for all the cool Nunu pics Jorge.
Merry Christmas to you and Beth! - December 25, 2009 at 6:40 AM
- Eugen Caitaz said...
Nunu, you "finally" - ate Santa????
- December 25, 2009 at 6:44 AM
- Unknown said...
Perfect!! Merry Christmas to you, Jorge~~and Beth and Nunu as well.
May you all have a wonderful day!!
Love and besos~~ - December 25, 2009 at 7:12 AM
Jorge I have loved your advent calendar... it's been a real treat. Thanks for sharing it with us!
- December 25, 2009 at 7:15 AM
- randyman said...
Merry Christmas to Jorge, Beth, Nunu, and all the regulars!
This will be a big year for you, Jorge - I don't want to see it end, but I can't wait to see how it plays out.
Hope all the stockings are filled with Joy. - December 25, 2009 at 7:17 AM
- Lafeva said...
I've been lurking your blog for a while now, but I've really enjoyed this advent calendar and had to leave a comment. Thanks for sharing part of your life. You made me smile or laugh out loud everyday. Merry Christmas and Happy New Year from Texas
- December 25, 2009 at 8:02 AM
- Bianca said...
Awww Merry Christmas Jorge, Beth & Nunu! Blessings for an awesome 2010 to you all :)
- December 25, 2009 at 8:18 AM
- Tammy said...
Merry Christmas Nunu! I hope Santa rought you 25 more fun things to chew. My Doogie, Beau, ate a tray of cookies to celebrate the holiday-he is now laying in his bed(w/ a belly ache), without his presents, to think Santa Paws brought him a new bone and doggie bagles and he cant have them because he was naughty. I hope you were a good girl :) Merry Christmas to your parents too, I hope Santa was good to them.
- December 25, 2009 at 8:40 AM
- Unknown said...
Happy Christmas to you and yours!
- December 25, 2009 at 8:41 AM
- Sue Wacvet said...
And where is the REST of Santa? Did she eat him?
- December 25, 2009 at 9:11 AM
- Alisha Rene' said...
very cute! Merry X-Mas Jorge and Beth!!!
- December 25, 2009 at 9:15 AM
- Jules said...
Merry Christmas, Jorge, Beth, and Nunu!
- December 25, 2009 at 9:57 AM
- Unknown said...
We are from canary island (spain)
We like your dog and we have a chihuahua too, her name is "Blanquita".
We love lost and your blog.
Merry Christmas!! - December 25, 2009 at 10:26 AM
- yellowdoggranny said...
arghghgh nunu ate santa
- December 25, 2009 at 11:18 AM
- Lady Hermione said...
Nunu has resorted to eating elves at Christmas!!!
Love the whole idea!!!!
Merry Christmas Jorge, Beth and Nunu.... oh and maybe a few mice still running amuk.... - December 25, 2009 at 2:41 PM
- Tiffany Noélli said...
Merry Christmas, Jorge! Peace, love and hope not only for today, but all the others days. God bless... And I wish that 2010 Nunu has beautiful puppies and you give me a gift! rsrs... Kissesssssss ;)
- December 25, 2009 at 5:37 PM
- Trisha said...
Hi Jorge, Beth and Nunu. Thanks for sharing your Christmas calendar with us all. Wish you a happy Christmas and fantastic New Year from Australia. It is actually Boxing Day here now, but what the heck!
- December 25, 2009 at 7:13 PM
- ecb said...
So cute!! Merry Christmas! :D
- December 25, 2009 at 7:28 PM
- jennY said...
merry merry merry christmas to yooou! hope it was a most enjoyable day with beth and nunuuu!
- December 25, 2009 at 7:41 PM
One more Merry Christmas to you.
thank you for a month of ahhs and giggles with your Nunu Advent calendar.
Looking forward to spending lots of time on your blog in 2010
Pen2 - December 25, 2009 at 8:54 PM
- Malea said...
Feliz Navidad, Nunu! These post's were really cute, Jorge. Merry Christmas to you, too!
- December 25, 2009 at 11:04 PM
- New Yorker wannabes said...
Happy Christmas! Health and happiness for you, Beth and Nunu!
Greetings from Greece!
xoxo - December 26, 2009 at 12:47 AM
- ReNaTo UêGa said...
Ahahaha! Nunu awesome! Nice picture.
She ate Santa Claus!
I promise not to tell it for the kids :X
FELIZ NATAL Jorgeman, Bethy and Nunu.
LOL - December 26, 2009 at 1:16 PM
- Goof said...
:D Awwwwwwwwwe
Merry (Belated) Christmas Jorge, Beth and Nunu! And have a Fantastic New Year!
((((HUGS)))) - December 26, 2009 at 2:16 PM
- john (not lennon) said...
Happy Christmas, I enjoyed your Nunu Chew Calendar very much, hope you're having a jolly good time and that you don't have any little visitors to deal with.
Here's to a great new year also.
Not too long now to wait for the final season of Lost.
Just finished watching Season 3 on my annual rewatch to refresh the memory for the upcoming new season and it's still great the umpteenth time around.
Now all we need is a 12 days of Christmas list to Nunu.
"On the first day of Christmas Jorge gave to me..."
;) - December 26, 2009 at 5:13 PM
- nollyposh said...
Hope you are having a fabulous ChriSSy guyz Luv from SuNNy AuSSyLand X:-)
- December 26, 2009 at 7:45 PM
- Leililaloo said...
So great to have found your blog (found it trough the moldavian Jeana's blog).. Hope you have had some great christmas days and wish you a great new years to come.
- December 26, 2009 at 9:31 PM
- cathescomicz said...
all of our giftmas was about the furbabies-we get our boy chihuahua in 17 days..and a wheelchair charger for me.. it was a blast reading the chew-ventures!
- December 27, 2009 at 8:14 PM
- Kelly Deneen Raymond said...
She is SO cute!!
Merry Christmas! - December 27, 2009 at 9:23 PM
- Bear said...
Nunu is an awesome pup, and very entertaining (like her dad)! :)
Hoping your holidays have been wonderful, and your New Year is even better! - December 28, 2009 at 1:24 AM
- The Nicholsons said...
Aw, thank you Nunu - we enjoyed it!
- December 28, 2009 at 9:55 AM
- James Hernandez said...
Nice! Nunu ate Santa whole!
- December 28, 2009 at 2:33 PM
- mabochda said...
Enjoyed Nunu's Daily Chewables!
- December 30, 2009 at 5:13 PM
Merry Christmas Dear Jorge )
- January 6, 2010 at 7:55 AM
- Nuno da Costa said...
well... I am now complete.
your dog aparently is called Nunu.
Well, I'm Nuno, nice to meet you hahaha - May 13, 2010 at 8:53 AM
- Unknown said...
Jorge, I truly enjoyed reading the Nunu advent calendar and will miss it very much! With this blog, I feel in a way emotionally connected to the things that happen in your life, because you've given us this window into your life. I still laugh about the rat incident and feel like you're just that guy down the street who is an average joe like the rest of us. So forgive me by saying that I felt like a little piece of me died yesterday. Even though Nunu was yours and Beth's, you shared her with the world and all of us who frequent your blog share in your grief. I will never be able to look at "Everyone loves Hugo" the same anymore.
With sincerest condolences and love,
Ian - May 31, 2010 at 6:09 PM


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Hide AdThose keen to enjoy more pace and sportiness will need to wait a few weeks before details and prices of the Polo GTI are confirmed.
It will come as no surprise to learn that Volkswagen says the design refresh is primarily centred around bringing the Polo into line with the newer Golf. While the Polo's lighting strip has bee updated, across the range all cars get LED headlights as standard, plus LED tail-lights. For the first time in the Polo, the LEDs are available with matrix technology, labelled IQ Light.There's also new front and rear bumpers, and the tailgate has been redesigned. The bootlid now boasts the VW family signage, with the large VW logo with Polo lettering underneath. And while the new model is slightly longer than its predecessor, namely because of the reprofiled bumpers, the actual wheelbase remains the same.
Also for the first time in the Polo, Travel Assist is available as an option. First seen on the VW Passat, the level two autonomous driving feature combines adaptive cruise control and lane-keeping assistance to enable partly automated driving at up to 130mph. Fitted as standard across the range is a more regular version of lane-keeping assistance.
There are a number of changes to the cabin. There's a redesigned, multifunction steering wheel fitted as standard, while the driver gets an eight-inch digital instrument display. Also standard-fit is VW's latest infotainment system with a eight-inch touchscreen, though a 9.2-inch version is available as an option. Carried over from the Golf, and again sitting lower on the centre console, is the new slider temperature control.
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Hide AdAcross the range, the choice of engines remains the same. That means an all-petrol three-cylinder line-up delivering power outputs from 79bhp to 108bhp. Buyers can also choose from a five-speed manual or seven-speed dual-clutch automatic gearbox. As you would probably expect, there are no plans to add a an electric variant of the Polo. VW understandably points to the ID range as currently plugging that gap and recently revealed plans for a sub-£20,000 EV that will sit below the Golf-sized ID 3.
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Be your own titan of cycling safety—gear up and be seen with the compact and highly visible Serfas Titan Helmet Tail Light. With a higher up and more easily noticed helmet safety light, motorists will appreciate your improved visibility and your mother will thank you for playing it safe. It features a magnetic retention system that safely breaks away during a crash, a Last Mode Memory that remembers the last mode used when you turn the light on, and easily replaceable batteries.
- Powerful magnetic helmet mount system with simple install/removal
- Ultra Bright Red LED (15 Lumens Max. Output)
- Weight: 18g w/ Bracket
- Battery: (2x) Lithium CR2032 (Pre-Installed Batteries Included w/ Plastic Pull Tab To Activate Before First Use)
- Light Body Dimensions: 29 x 29 x 20mm
- Solid: High – 35 Hours (6 Lumens) / Low – 45 Hours (3 Lumens)
- Flash: Daytime High Flash – 60 Hours (15 Lumens) / High Flash – 40 Hours (8 Lumens) / Low Flash – 100 Hours (3 Lumens)
Part Numbers
Option | UPC | MPN | Store SKU |
Black | 713835997048 | HLMT-1 | 9034 |


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Welcome to Historic Canterbury Updated March 13, 2021 If the site has helped you at all with your Canterbury family history research, please donate to help keep it up and running, and AD free. Every small amount helps make a difference. Your generosity is always be greatly appreciated. If you'd like your name posted as a donor please let me know. Photos - Can you tell me where this is? A "Clickable" Map of Canterbury Cathedral & Grounds St. Lawrence Cricket Ground & Memorials *when sending me an e-mail, please mark the subject line as "CANTERBURY", so it doesn't get deleted by accident If you have a photograph or a piece of history that you would like to share about Canterbury and her families, we would love to be able to add it to the site. My aim is to help the generations now see what Canterbury was like in the late 1890's and early 1900's when our ancestors were living, working and growing up in Canterbury. What jobs did they have, where did they play, who were their neighbours, and where did they go to school? Anything that you wish to add, from the smallest tidbit would be most helpful for the other's out there searching for their Canterbury Roots. A number of years ago I began researching my family who lived in Canterbury, and in the process, fell in love with the city's historical uniqueness. Since then I've spent time researching my family, the history, the buildings, and many other things pertaining to the city. I've now managed a few short trips to see the city. I've decided to share what I have gathered so far, and what I truly love in the hope that it may help someone else understand the roots of their family history better, or allow them to appreciate this truly historic city. The contents of the site are areas which are of particular interest to me personally, and I'm certain with time, this site will continue to grow as I gather more information and insight into this beautiful city. My family were Grocers, Upholsterers, Carpenters, Labourers, Printers & Freemen of this historic city. This personal site is a testament to my fascination and love of all things Canterbury. I'd like to say a special thank you to Tricia Baxter for all of her extra knowledge, time, and photographs which have enhanced the site considerably. Also to all the other wonderful people who have loaned me items for the site, a big "THANK YOU" to all of you. Thank you to Paul Crampton for the use of some of his photographs, and for his great love and dedication to Canterbury. You can find all things "Canterbury" at www.paulcramptonbooks.co.uk/ please take the time to check out his wonderful site. A small sample of his work...."Canterbury's Lost Heritage," "Canterbury: Then & Now" and "Canterbury in the late 1940's: The Buddleia Years," are great reference tools, as well as an illustration of the rich history of the city itself. This site is for PERSONAL use only. The pictures used on the site are all from OLD original books/pamphlets/photo's/etchings/postcards in my collection, (with the exception of the directories). The pages are fairly heavy in "visual" references, so I would recommend a high-speed connection as well as the Flash player which is used on several pages. |
© T. Machado