text:
Izinto ezingcono kakhulu ze-microdosing
Le ndlela, eyathandwa kwaye yafumana ingqalelo ngenxa yabantu abadotcom abathathe iidosi ezincinci ZE-LSD ukwandisa imveliso, iguqukile kwaye iphuculwe ukusukela ngoko.
Welcome to StrainLists.com and related sub-domains (together, the "Site"), mobile and/or software applications, provided by StrainLists.com, and its affiliates, subsidiaries, parent company and other related companies ("Us", "We", or StrainLists). This StrainLists Privacy Notice ("Notice") describes the information we collect, use, and disclose about you when you use the Site, mobile applications, and related services (together, the "Services") and how we use, process, and disclose that information. We may supplement this Notice with other notices. This Notice applies to Services that display or reference this Notice, but it does not apply to any services that display or reference a different privacy statement.
Information We Collect from You Through Your Use of the Services
The information we collect depends on how you interact with us, the Services you use, and the choices you make.
We collect information about you from different sources and in various ways when you use our Services, including information you provide directly, information collected automatically, third-party data sources, and information we infer or generate from other data.
Provided By You Directly. You may provide us with additional information by filling in forms on the Services or by corresponding with us by phone, text, email, live chat, or otherwise. If you create an account, we may collect the following types of information from you:
Contact information. We collect contact information such as your name, username, email address, and phone number;
Demographics data. When you register or at other times, we request that you provide demographics information such as your gender and location;
Content and files. We collect photos, documents, files, and any other information that you provide us, such as reviews, content, and bio information. If you send us email messages or other communications, we will collect and retain those communications; and
Payment information. If you make a purchase or other financial transaction, we collect credit card numbers, financial account information, shipping address, billing address, and other payment details.
Information Collected Automatically. When you use the Services, se automatically collect information about you, for example:
Usage data. We automatically log your activity on our Services, including pages you have viewed and actions you take on the Services and the URL of the website from which you came to our sites.
Identifiers and device information. When you visit our Services, our servers automatically collect certain technical information about your device including your Internet protocol address and information about your device, including device identifiers (such as MAC address), your browser type, language and identifying information, your operating system and application version, device types, device model and manufacturer, and your device operating system type and version. As further described in the Cookies and Similar Technologies section below, our Services store and retrieve cookie identifiers, mobile IDs, and other data.
Geolocation data. Depending on your device and app settings, we collect geolocation data when you use our apps or online services.
Cookies and Similar Technologies. We also use cookies, Web beacons, mobile analytics and advertising IDs, URL information, and other similar technologies to operate our Services and to gather data, including other identifiers, device information, and usage data. Cookies are small pieces of information that a website sends to your computer's hard drive while you are viewing a website. We may use both session cookies (which expire once you close your web browser) and persistent cookies (which usually stay on your computer until you delete them) to provide you with a more personal and interactive experience on our Site. The text in a cookie often consists of a string of numbers and letters that uniquely identifies your device, but it can contain other information as well. We use cookies on our websites to store your preferences and settings, enable you to sign-in, provide interest-based advertising, combat fraud, analyze how our Services perform, and fulfill other legitimate purposes.
Our web pages may also contain electronic images known as web beacons (also called single-pixel gifs) that we use to help deliver cookies on our websites, count users who have visited those websites, and gather usage and performance data. We also include web beacons in our promotional email messages or newsletters to determine whether you open and act on them.
Mobile analytics and advertising IDs are generated by operating systems for mobile devices (iOS and Android) and can be accessed and used by apps in much the same way that websites access and use cookies. Our apps contain software that enables our third-party analytics and advertising partners to access the mobile IDs.
We, together with our third-party analytics service providers and advertising partners, use these technologies in our Services to collect personal information (such as the cookies stored on your browser, the advertising identifier on your mobile device, or the IP address of your device) when you visit our Services. We and our partners may also use these technologies to collect personal information about your online activities over time and across different Web sites. This information is used to store your preferences and settings, enable you to sign-in, analyze how our Services perform, track your interaction with the Services, develop inferences, deliver and tailor interest-based advertising, combat fraud, and fulfill other legitimate purposes. We and/or our partners also share the information we collect or infer with third parties for these purposes.
The third-party analytics and advertising providers we use on our websites include:
Company/Service | Purpose(s) | Privacy Notices | Manage Settings (opt-out) |
DoubleClick (Google) | Advertising, analytics | See association links below. | |
Google Analytics | Analytics | ||
Google Tag Manager | |||
Facebook Audiences | Advertising | https://www.facebook.com/settings?tab=ads See association links below. | |
Facebook Connect | See association links below. | ||
Chartbeat | Analytics | ||
StackAdapt | Advertising | ||
MiQ | Advertising |
We permit advertisements to be delivered to you by third-party Internet advertising companies (also called ad networks or network advertisers). These companies may use cookies, Web beacons, platform device identifiers, software agents, and other technologies to collect non-personally identifiable information about your visits over time on our Service and across other websites to deliver advertisements to you targeted to your interests, measure their effectiveness and personalize advertising content, and to understand the usage and visitation of the Services and the other applications and websites tracked by these advertising companies. We do not have access to or control over cookies, Web beacons, platform device identifiers, software agents, or other technologies that they may use. We are not responsible for the privacy practices of third party advertisers. You should check the privacy policy of the third-party advertiser to determine how it handles information it separately collects from you. In addition, the Network Advertising Initiative offers information about some of the Internet advertising companies we may use.
To learn about the privacy practices of these third parties and how to opt-out from their use of cookie data for targeted advertising purposes, click on the links above.
Many of these companies are also members of associations, which provide a simple way to opt out of analytics and ad targeting, which you can access at:
United States: NAI (http://www.networkadvertising.org/managing/opt_out.aspx) and DAA (http://www.aboutads.info/choices/)
Canada: Digital Advertising Alliance of Canada (https://youradchoices.ca/)
Europe: European Digital Advertising Alliance (http://www.youronlinechoices.com/)
California"Do Not Sell My Info"
The California Consumer Protection Act ("CCPA") requires us to disclose categories of personal data sold to third parties and how to opt-out of future sales. The CCPA defines personal information to include online identifiers, including IP address, cookies IDs, and mobile IDs. The law also defines a "sale" to include simply making data available to third parties in some cases. We let advertising and analytics providers collect IP addresses, cookie IDs, mobile IDs through our sites and apps when you use our online services, but do not "sell" any other types of personal information.
If you do not wish for us or our partners to "sell" your personal data to third parties for advertising purposes, you can make your Do Not Sell Request by emailing email@example.com.
Note that although we will not "sell" your personal data after we receive your email, we will continue to share some personal information with our partners (acting as our service providers) to help us perform advertising-related functions such as, but not limited to, measuring the effectiveness of our ads, managing how many times you may see an ad, reporting on the performance of our ads, ensuring services are working correctly and securely, providing aggregate statistics and analytics, improving when and where you may see ads, and/or reducing ad fraud. Further, emailing us will not necessarily opt you out of the use of previously sold personal information or stop all interest-based advertising. If you access this site (or app) from other devices or browsers, visit the link below from those devices or browsers to ensure your choice applies to the data collected when you use those devices or browsers.
Other information related to your right to opt-out from sales of personal data is contained in the California Privacy Rights section of this Notice.
Cookie controls. Most web browsers are set to accept cookies by default. If you prefer, you can go to your browser settings to learn how to delete or reject cookies. If you choose to delete or reject cookies, this could affect certain features or services of our website. If you choose to delete cookies, settings and preferences controlled by those cookies, including advertising preferences, may be deleted and may need to be recreated.
Mobile advertising ID controls. iOS and Android operating systems provide options to limit tracking and/or reset the advertising IDs.
Email web beacons. Most email clients have settings which allow you prevent the automatic downloading of images, which will disable web beacons in the email messages you read.
Do Not Track. Some browsers have incorporated "Do Not Track" (DNT) features that can send a signal to the websites you visit indicating you do not wish to be tracked. Because there is not a common understanding of how to interpret the DNT signal, our websites do not currently respond to browser DNT signals. Instead, you can use the range of other tools to control data collection and use, including the cookie controls and advertising controls described above.
Information obtained from third-party sources. We also obtain information from third parties. We protect information obtained from third parties according to the practices described in this Notice, plus any additional restrictions imposed by the source of the information. These third-party sources include, for example:
Third Party Sources | Categories of Personal Data |
Third party partners. Third party applications and services, including social networks you choose to connect with or interact with through our services. For example, if you create an account using, or otherwise connect your account to, a social networking services account (e.g. Twitter or Facebook), we may also collect information provided to us by such social networking service. | Contact information, demographic data, content and files, identifiers and device information, geolocation data, usage data, inferences |
Co-Branding/Joint Partners. Partners with which we offer co-branded services or engage in joint marketing activities | Contact information, demographic data, content and files, identifiers and device information, geolocation data, usage data, inferences |
Service providers. Third parties that collect or provide data in connection with work they do on our behalf, for example companies that determine your device's location based on its IP address. | Contact information, demographic data, payment information, content and files, and device information, geolocation data, usage data, inferences |
Publicly available sources. Public sources of information such as open government databases. | Contact information, demographic data, content and files, geolocation data. |
Information created or generated. We infer new information from other data we collect, including using automated means to generate information about your likely preferences or other characteristics ("inferences"). For example, we infer your city, state, and country location based on your IP address.
When you are asked to provide information, you may decline. And you may use app or device controls to prevent certain types of automatic data collection. But if you choose not to provide or allow information that is necessary for certain products or features, those products or features may not be available or function correctly.
Your Sharing of Your Information
The StrainLists Services may allow you to connect and share your actions, comments, content, profile, and information publicly or with other people. Depending on what domain your account is on and what type of account you have created, you may be able to control some of the categories of personal information shared via your profile from the account settings menu on the Site. Please be mindful of your own privacy needs as you choose who to connect with and what to share and make public. We cannot control the privacy or security of information you choose to make public or share with others.
The Services may also provide you with the option to share certain information from your StrainLists account with social networking services like Facebook, Google, or Twitter. We are not responsible for the use or re-sharing by others of any of your information once it is made public. If you do not want your information to be made public, you should not use the StrainLists Services in this manner and/or you should adjust your privacy settings on the applicable social networking service accordingly. We are not responsible for and we do not control these social networking services privacy practices. Please review the applicable privacy policy for information about how they use your information.
How StrainLists Uses Your Information
We use the information we collect for purposes described in this Notice or otherwise disclosed to you. For example, StrainLists generally uses your information to:
Purposes of Use | Categories of Personal Data |
Product and Service Delivery. To provide and deliver our Services, including creating accounts on, securing, troubleshooting, improving, and personalizing those Services. | Contact information, demographic data, payment information, content and files, identifiers and device information, geolocation data, usage data, inferences |
Business Operations. To operate our business, such as billing, accounting, improving our internal operations, securing our systems, and detecting and protecting against fraudulent or illegal activity. | Contact information, demographic data, payment information, content and files, identifiers and device information, geolocation data, usage data, inferences |
Product and Service Improvement, Development, and Research. To improve our Services, develop new products or features, and conduct research. | Contact information, demographic data, payment information, content and files, identifiers and device information, geolocation data, usage data, inferences |
Personalization. To understand you and your preferences to enhance your experience and enjoyment using our Services. | Contact information, demographic data, content and files, identifiers and device information, geolocation data, usage data, inferences |
Customer Support. To provide customer support and respond to your questions. | Contact information, demographic data, payment information, content and files, identifiers and device information, geolocation data, usage data, inferences |
Communications. To send you information about your use of the Services, including confirmations, invoices, technical notices, updates, security alerts, and support and administrative messages. | Contact information, demographic data, content and files, identifiers and device information, geolocation data, usage data. |
Marketing. To communicate with you about new products, offers, promotions, rewards, contests, upcoming events, and other information about our products and those of our selected partners (see the Information Choices section of this Notice for how to change your preferences for promotional communications). | Contact information, demographic data, content and files, identifiers and device information, geolocation data, usage data, inferences |
Advertising. To display advertising to you (see the Cookies and Similar Technologies section of this Notice for information about personalized advertising and your advertising choices). | Contact information, demographic data, content and files, identifiers and device information, geolocation data, usage data, inferences |
In carrying out these purposes, we combine data we collect from different sources to give you a more seamless, consistent, and personalized experience.
We may also use your information to verify your geographic location. We may use your geographic location data to personalize our Service, to recommend content, determine whether the information you have requested is available in your location, or to determine whether Service offerings are available in your location. If Information is aggregated or de-identified so it is no longer reasonably associated with an identified or identifiable natural person, StrainLists may use it for any business purpose.
How StrainLists Discloses Your Information
We may share your information as follows:
We may share your personal information with your consent or at your direction or as otherwise as necessary to complete your transactions or provide the Services you have requested or authorized.
With our subsidiaries and affiliates, who may share common data systems and process information as needed to provide the Services and operate our business.
We may also share your personal information with others who perform services on our behalf (for example, with Twilio if you make a call or receive/respond to a text using the Service).
We may share your information with third-party service providers to fulfill your requests and to perform functions on our behalf. Examples include product reservation requests, fulfilling orders, processing credit card payments, and delivering orders. We only share information necessary for these third-party service providers to perform their functions, and any information shared may not be used for any other purpose.
We may disclose your information if we believe we are required to do so by law, or to comply with a court order, judicial or other government subpoena, or warrant.
We also may disclose your information if we believe doing so is appropriate or necessary to prevent any liability, or fraudulent, abusive, or unlawful uses or to protect StrainLists and our Services; or any rights, property, or personal safety of StrainLists or others, including as we believe is necessary to enforce our agreements, terms, and policies.
In the event that StrainLists is or may be acquired by or merged with another company or involved in any other business deal (or negotiation of a business deal), including a financing, transfer, or divestiture, involving sale or transfer of all or part of our business or assets, we may transfer or assign your information as part of or in connection with the transaction. Finally, in the event of insolvency, dissolution, bankruptcy, or receivership, information may be transferred as a business asset.
Third party analytics and advertising companies also collect personal information through our Services including, account information, marketing and communications data, demographic data, content and files, geolocation data, usage data, and inferences associated with identifiers and device information (such as cookie IDs, device IDs, and IP address) as described in the Cookies and Similar Technologies section of this Notice.
We may also share aggregated and anonymized data with our partners, advertisers, and other third parties as authorized by law.
Please note that some of our products include references or links to products provided by third parties whose privacy practices differ from ours. If you provide information to any of those third parties, or consent to our sharing information with them, that information is governed by their privacy statements.
Data Security
StrainLists uses various safeguards designed to protect personal information submitted to us, including, where appropriate, encryption of data stored and encrypting information in transit. Where StrainLists uses third party providers to store and transmit personal information, StrainLists utilizes the security tools offered by these providers that are designed to protect personal information. In addition to use of certain security tools made available by third party providers, StrainLists takes reasonable and appropriate steps to help protect your Information against loss, misuse, and unauthorized access, or disclosure. No company can fully prevent security risks, however. While we strive to protect your personal information, we cannot guarantee its absolute security. To help protect yourself and your information, choose a unique password for our Services and do not use a password on our Services that you would use on any other website or online service.
Location of Personal Data
The information we collect may be stored and processed in your country or region, or in any other country where we or our affiliates, subsidiaries, or service providers maintain facilities. Currently, we primarily use data centers in the United States where our servers are located. We have chosen this location to operate efficiently and improve performance. That information may then be transferred within the United States or back out of the United States to other countries outside of your country of residence, depending on the type of information and how it is stored by us. These countries (including the United States) may not necessarily have the data protection laws as comprehensive or protective as those in your country of residence; however we take steps designed to ensure that the information we collect under this Notice is processed according to the provisions of this Notice and applicable law wherever the information is located.
Accordingly, we transfer personal data from the European Economic Area and Switzerland to other countries, some of which have not been determined by the European Commission to have an adequate level of data protection. When we do so, we use a variety of legal mechanisms, including contracts, to help ensure your rights and protections. To learn more about the European Commission's decisions on the adequacy of personal data protections, please visit: https://ec.europa.eu/info/law/law-topic/data-protection/data-transfers-outside-eu/adequacy-protection-personal-data-non-eu-countries_en.
Retention of Information
We retain information for as long as necessary to provide the Services and fulfill the transactions you have requested, comply with our legal obligations, resolve disputes, enforce our agreements, and other legitimate and lawful business purposes. Because these needs can vary for different data types in the context of different products, actual retention periods can vary significantly based on criteria such as user expectations or consent, the sensitivity of the data, the availability of automated controls that enable users to delete data, and our legal or contractual obligations.
Information Choices
Access, correction, and deletion. If you wish to request access to, or correction or deletion of, information about you that we hold, you may email your request to email@example.com.
To the extent permitted by applicable law, we reserve the right to charge a fee or decline requests that are unreasonable or excessive, where providing the information would be prohibited by law or could adversely affect the privacy or other rights of another person, or where we are unable to authenticate you as the person to whom the information relates.
Communication Preferences. You may opt out of receiving marketing/promotional emails from StrainLists by following the instructions in those emails or by reviewing the settings in your account, depending on what type of account you have. You may opt out of receiving marketing/promotional text messages from StrainLists at any time by replying STOP to a marketing/promotional text message. If you opt out of receiving marketing/promotional emails and/or text messages, we may still send you non-promotional emails, such as emails about your accounts or our ongoing business relations.
Choices for Cookies and Similar Technologies. See the Cookies and Similar Technologies section for choices about cookies and other analytics and advertising controls.
Many third-party tracking companies are also members of associations, which provide a simple way to opt out of analytics and ad targeting, which you can access at:
United States: NAI (http://www.networkadvertising.org/managing/opt_out.aspx) and DAA (http://www.abouads.info/choices/)
Canada: Digital Advertising Alliance of Canada (https://youradchoices.ca/)
Europe: European Digital Advertising Alliance (http://www.youronlinechoices.com/)
Mobile advertising ID controls. Apple and Android mobile devices each generate an advertising identifier that can be accessed by apps and used by advertisers in much the same way that cookies are used on websites. Each operating system provides options to limit tracking and/or reset the advertising ID.
You may decline to share certain data with StrainLists, in which case we may not be able to provide you with some of the features and functionality of the Site or Service. You may have the right to know what personal information StrainLists has about you and to correct any inaccuracies. Please direct any such requests by email to email@example.com. or by one of the other means listed at the end of this notice.
Your EU Privacy Rights
If the processing of personal data about you is subject to European Union data protection law, you have certain rights with respect to that data:
You can request access to, and rectification or erasure of, personal data;
If any automated processing of personal data is based on your consent or a contract with you, you have a right to transfer or receive a copy of the personal data in a usable and portable format;
If the processing of personal data is based on your consent, you can withdraw consent at any time for future processing;
You can to object to, or obtain a restriction of, the processing of personal data under certain circumstances; and
For residents of France, you can send us specific instructions regarding the use of your data after your death.
To make such request, contact us at the contact information set forth below. When we are processing data on behalf of another party that is the "data controller," you should direct your request to that party. You also have the right to lodge a complaint with a supervisory authority, but we encourage you to first contact us with any questions or concerns.
We rely on different lawful bases for collecting and processing personal data about you, for example, with your consent and/or as necessary to provide the Services you use, operate our business, meet our contractual and legal obligations, protect the security of our systems and our customers, or fulfill other legitimate interests.
California Privacy Rights
If you are a California resident and the processing of personal information about you is subject to the California Consumer Privacy Act ("CCPA"), you have certain rights with respect to that information.
Right to Know. You have a right to request that companies provide you with the following information:
The categories and specific pieces of personal information we have collected about you.
The categories of sources from which we collect personal information.
The purposes for collecting, using, or selling personal information.
The categories of third parties with which we share personal information.
The categories of personal information we have disclosed about you for a business purpose. Note that the CCPA defines "business purpose" broadly; and because we use service providers for a number of business purposes that require access to our systems that hold personal information (such as supplying cloud data storage, maintaining the security of our systems, and providing customer support), in the past 12 months we have disclosed for a business purpose data from each of the categories of personal information we maintain.
The categories of personal information we have sold about you (if any), for each category of third parties to which the personal information was sold. Note that the CCPA defines "sell" and "personal information" very broadly, and some of our data sharing described in this Notice may be considered a "sale" under that definition. In particular, we let advertising and analytics providers collect IP addresses, cookie IDs, and mobile IDs through our sites and apps when you use our online services, but do not "sell" any other types of personal information. We provide our "Do Not Sell My Info" disclosures in the Cookies and Similar Technologies section of this Notice.
You may make such a "request to know" by contacting us at firstname.lastname@example.com.. Note that we have provided much of this information in this Notice.
Right to Request Deletion. You also have a right to request that we delete personal information under certain circumstances, subject to a number of exceptions. To make a request to delete, contact us at email@example.com..
Right to Opt-Out. You have a right to opt-out from future "sales" of personal information. To do so, please visit our "Do Not Sell My Info" page in the Cookies and Similar Technologies section of this Notice.
You may designate, in writing or through a power of attorney, an authorized agent to make requests on your behalf to exercise your rights under the CCPA. Before accepting such a request from an agent, we will require the agent to provide proof you have authorized it to act on your behalf, and we may need you to verify your identity directly with us. Further, to provide or delete specific pieces of personal information we will need to verify your identity to the degree of certainty required by law. Finally, you have a right to not be discriminated against for exercising rights set out in the CCPA.
Additionally, under California Civil Code section 1798.83, also known as the "Shine the Light" law, California residents who have provided personal information to a business with which the individual has established a business relationship for personal, family, or household purposes ("California Customers") may request information about whether the business has disclosed personal information to any third parties for the third parties' direct marketing purposes. Please be aware that we do not disclose personal information to any third parties for their direct marketing purposes as defined by this law. California Customers may request further information about our compliance with this law by e-mailing firstname.lastname@example.com. Please note that businesses are required to respond to one request per California Customer each year and may not be required to respond to requests made by means other than through the designated e-mail address.
Changes and Updates to this Privacy Notice
From time to time, we may revise this Notice to reflect changes in our Services, how we use information, or applicable law. To help you stay current of any changes, we note the date the Privacy Notice was last updated above. If we make material changes to the Notice, we will provide notice or obtain consent regarding such changes as may be required by law.
Ukuba unayo nayiphi na imibuzo okanye ufuna uncedo, mhlawumbi uzakufumana zonke impendulo oyifunayo Kuluhlu Loxinzelelo Faq.
Uluhlu loxinzelelo yindawo inikezelwe ekufundiseni abantu malunga neenkanunu ezininzi ezahlukileyo apho; funda kancinane ngathi kwaye yintoni esiyenzayo.
Xa Uluhlu Uxinzelelo sisoloko ndonwabile ukuva kuwe ngemibuzo okanye impendulo ungaba njalo nceda ungathandabuzi ukuqhagamshelana nathi.
Ukusebenzisa Uluhlu Loxinzelelo sitemap ungafumana lonke ulwazi olufunayo ngemizuzwana kwaye aluchitha nangaliphi na ixesha ukukhangela isayithi.


text:
Later this year the Belgian parliament is due to report on the murder of the Congo's first prime minister after independence, Patrice Lumumba in January 1961. The circumstances of Lumumba's death have been shrouded in mystery for forty years, but as the Congo's vast mineral wealth is once again becoming a focus for imperialist rivalries, documents long hidden in official archives have been brought to light.
Last year, the BBC ran two documentaries on the tragic history of this central African state. Who Killed Lumumba?, was screened as part of the channel's Correspondent series. It drew heavily on the forthcoming new book by Belgian historian Ludo de Witte (The Murder of Lumumba, Verso Books, ISBN: 1859846181, published June 2001). De Witte has put together the facts of the case from official Belgian archives and the documentary also used archive film footage and interviewed surviving witnesses, to show that Lumumba was murdered in a plot masterminded by Western governments.
Mobutu, from the BBC's Storyville documentary series, reveals how the Western powers put Joseph Sese Seko Mobutu in power after the death of Lumumba, keeping him there for 32 years while he systematically looted the country. Mobutu became the west's main Cold War ally in Africa, and the Congo formed the staging post for CIA operations against Soviet-backed African regimes.
The film reveals the very close personal and political relationship that existed between Mobutu and several Western leaders. We see film clips of Mobutu being embraced by Jacques Chirac (now President of France), and sitting next to the British Queen in the royal carriage. For many years, until he fell out of favour at the end of the Cold War, Mobutu remained a friend of the Belgian king, but his closest friends were President George Bush Snr. and his family.
Between 1885 and 1908, some five to eight million fell victim to King Leopold of Belgium's personal rule over the Congo, under a barbarous system of forced labour and systematic terror. In 1959, the Belgium government finally decided to grant the Congo independence. The first elections brought Patrice Lumumba to power as prime minister. But his government was an unstable coalition of regional interests, and collapsed within a week. Sections of the army mutinied and the mineral rich province of Katanga seceded.
Who Killed Lumumba? featured important new material about the Katanga secession. Ludo de Witte has uncovered documents in the Belgian archives showing that Moise Tshombe, who led the secession, acted on orders from the Belgian government, which has always claimed that it only sent troops into Katanga to protect Belgian lives and property. De Witte's researches have shown that the Belgians plotted to dismember the Congo.
US Documents released last August reveal that President Eisenhower directly ordered the CIA to assassinate Lumumba. Minutes of an August 1960 National Security Council meeting confirm that Eisenhower told CIA chief Allen Dulles to "eliminate" Lumumba. The official note taker, Robert H. Johnson, had told the Senate Intelligence Committee this in 1975, but no documentary evidence was previously available to back up his statement.
Larry Devlin, the CIA's man in the Congo at the time, told the BBC filmmakers how he had been told to meet "Joe from Paris", who turned out to be the CIA's chief technical officer, Dr Sidney Gottlieb. "I recognised him as he walked towards my car," recalled Devlin, "but when he told me what they wanted done I was totally, totally taken aback." Gottlieb gave him a tube of poisoned toothpaste, which Devlin was to smuggle into Lumumba's bathroom.
He claims he never did so, because "I had never suggested assassination, nor did I believe it was advisable." Instead, "I threw it in the Congo River when its usefulness had expired."
The "usefulness" of the poison expired rather quickly because Lumumba was murdered very soon afterwards, at the hands of Belgian agents.
Eisenhower was not alone in coming to the conclusion that Lumumba must die. A British Foreign Office document from September 1960 notes the opinion of a top ranking official, who later became the head of MI5, that, "I see only two possible solutions to the [Lumumba] problem. The first is the simple one of ensuring [his] removal from the scene by killing him." What steps, if any, were taken to put this plan into action remain unknown.
De Witte's work reveals the steps that the Belgian government took to remove Lumumba. Belgian military chiefs made nightly visits to Mobutu, then head of the army, and President Kasavubu, to plot Lumumba's downfall. Colonel Louis Maliere spoke of the millions of francs he brought over for this purpose. The plot to kill Lumumba was called "Operation Barracuda" and was run by the Belgian Minister for African Affairs, Count d'Aspremont.
The Belgium government ordered Kasavubu to sack Lumumba, who turned to the new parliament and won two votes of confidence. Mobutu then lead a coup d'état and Lumumba was placed under house arrest, from which he escaped only to be captured by troops loyal to Mobutu.
Contemporary film shows UN troops standing by while Lumumba is first beaten in front of Mobutu, then paraded through the streets of Leopoldville (now Kinshasa) and finally beaten again. When taken to Thysville prison, he almost provoked a mutiny among the guards.
Count d'Aspremont ordered him be taken to Katanga province and certain death. On the flight there, he and two supporters—Maurice Mpolo and Joseph Okite—were beaten so badly the pilot complained the plane was in danger of crashing. All three were shot by a firing squad commanded by Belgian officers and watched by Moise Tshombe.
The Belgian commander of the Katangan police force, Gerard Soete, was given the grisly job of destroying the bodies. Enlisting the support of a friend, they chopped up the corpses before dissolving them in acid. Soete recalls that they were drunk for the two days because, "We did things an animal wouldn't do."
Both these films do a valuable job in bringing to the attention of a wider audience the new evidence about Lumumba's death and in revealing the way in which the imperialist powers supported Mobutu's dictatorial regime. However, what neither of them fully explains is why the West acted as it did. They present the assassination of Lumumba and the installation of Mobutu as simply part of the Cold War rivalry between the West and Moscow.
The central mystery of Lumumba's death remains. Why was he killed? Why was the might of at least three Western powers bent on eliminating this one man—even as he was held prisoner, reviled and beaten by his captors and was without military or political power. Some say the answer is that he posed a threat to the West because he was a committed Pan-Africanist, and since his death he has certainly taken on the status of a Pan-African martyr.
By late 1959 Britain and America had concluded that, far from representing a threat, Pan-Africanism offered the best chance for preventing revolution in Africa. And Pan-Africanists of much longer standing than Lumumba, such as Nkrumah, Kenyatta, Nyerere, Obote and Azikiwe had also come to power around this time.
The experience of the Congo, with its million-strong working class the largest on the continent outside South Africa, was a powerful factor in bringing them to that conclusion. When strikes and demonstrations broke out in 1959 as the mineral boom ended, the Belgian government decided to grant its colony independence. Their repressive apparatus was geared up to brutalising a divided and dispersed rural population, not an increasingly well-organised working class that was losing its local and communal loyalties.
When Lumumba showed that he could not be relied upon to control the Congolese working class, his fate was sealed. The West decided to make an example of him to the masses and to other African leaders, to show what would happen if they opposed imperialist dictates. Mobutu, who had impressed the CIA on his brief visits to Brussels as Lumumba's secretary, was chosen as the better candidate to safeguard Western interests. Through a mixture of brutality and political guile, Mobutu succeeded in ensuring that the Congo (renamed Zaire) did not become the flashpoint for an African socialist revolution.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
"CopperGarden®" still - column still 400 liters
Large column still for steam distillation. Ideal for the production of brandy, but also suitable for pomace brandy and other types of alcohol, as well as alternative fuels.
Item number: E-2791
Product weight: 111000 g
Shipping Weight: 190000 g
Currently out of stock, reordered
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"CopperGarden®" still – column still 400 liters
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text:
First of five parts
In a surprise move this year, the Pentagon has reduced spending for two aerial drones. A version of the RQ-4 Global Hawk will be relegated to storage to be superseded by more capable versions, and future production of the MQ-9 Reaper is to be reduced from 48 per year to 24.
The decisions were surprising. Drones are widely touted as the future of warfare. How can it be that the 40-year old, manned U-2 reconnaissance aircraft can do the mission better than even an early-generation drone?
The Reaper decision was not attached to any admission of disappointment; it was just a matter of budget constraints and skilled manpower shortages, DOD said. The minor setback with Global Hawk notwithstanding, the aura of a leap-ahead in war-fighting technology is left intact, or so it is to be believed.
Much has been written about unmanned aerial drones.[1] Some of it has questioned the morality of how they are being used, and in a few cases, some aspects of technical performance is questioned.[2] Much more of the writing and the vast majority of expert opinion is that drones are cheaper to buy and operate than manned aircraft, can do things aircraft cannot do, and when they perform aircraft-type missions, they often do them at least as well, if not better—all without endangering an American pilot. Some even proclaim the F-35 Joint Strike Fighter to be the Air Force's last manned tactical aircraft, and the Air Force is seriously contemplating an "optionally manned" long range, nuclear bomber.
For example, Peter Singer of the Brookings Institution argues that "an amazing revolution is taking place on the battlefield;"[3] drones "will increasingly be available as autonomous force multipliers."[4] Singer's colleague at Brookings, Michael O'Hanlon, argues that "The era of manned airplanes should be seen as over,"[5] and they both argue that those who persist in supporting manned systems are standing in the way of progress in defense technology, if not history. Even some promoters of manned systems tend to agree for the long term; one advocate of all things Air Force, John A. Tirpak, executive editor of Air Force Magazine, favorably compares the Reaper drone to the F-16 as a bomber,[6] and retired Air Force General David Deptula, often quoted by the media on drone topics, has argued that the next step is to reduce, if not eliminate, the role of humans in operating drones, even from the ground.[7]
The defense trade press assiduously reports advances in drone technology;[8] Congress has called for "one-third of the aircraft in the operational deep strike force aircraft fleet" to be unmanned,[9] and there is a bipartisan Unmanned Systems Caucus in Congress, co-chaired by the ubiquitous chairman of the House Armed Services Committee, Cong. Buck McKeon (R-CA).[10]
All of it gives the aura of inevitability to the future of drones and an impression of cutting edge insight to those who opine on what should seem obvious to thinking, informed analysts and commentators.
The rhetoric harks back to the "revolution in military affairs" proclaimed shortly before the first Gulf War (Operation Desert Storm) in 1991, the "one bomb one target" precision affirmed after that war, and the "shock and awe" that experts predicted would implode Saddam Hussein's regime in a matter of hours at the start of the 2003 war.
This author has some experience with such prognostications. From 1992 to 1996, I worked with a team in the Government Accountability Office (GAO) to assess the effectiveness of the air war in Operation Desert Storm. It was not "one bomb one target;" for bridges, for example, it was an average of eleven laser guided bombs to make any bridge un-useable; for other targets it was more.[11] Other data show that "precision" attacks on Saddam Hussein's air defenses on the first night of Operation Desert Storm and on Saddam Hussein himself in Operation Iraqi Freedom in 2003 definitively failed to achieve the intended objectives and frequently missed their aim points.[12]
Today's augury on drones makes the same facile predictions and uses the same rhetoric. It has meant more money. In the twelve years before the 9/11 attacks (1988-2000), DOD spent just $3.9 billion for drones. After 9/11, spending increased dramatically, from $667 million in 2001[13] to $5.1 billion in 2011 [14] in known [15] drone costs, totaling $30 billion. CBO estimates that spending will increase again in the next decade, to $37 billion.[16] But even that estimate will probably turn out to be low, the new downturns announced for Global Hawk and Reaper notwithstanding.
Amidst the enthusiasm for drones and the increasing money, there has been little public diagnostic analysis of what a specific drone can and cannot do, how well or poorly, the cost, and how it all compares to relevant comparison manned aircraft. A recent and informative report from the Congressional Research Service (CRS) suggests at least three areas of comparison: unmanned aerial systems "eliminate the risk to a pilot's life, and their aeronautical capabilities, such as endurance, are not bound by human limitations…. [They] may also be cheaper to procure and operate than manned aircraft."[17]
Selection of Reaper
The Air Force's MQ-9 Reaper is selected for analysis. In combat since October 2007, it has been employed long enough to have an operational record for a reality-based analysis, and as a successor to the earlier MQ-1B Predator (deployed in 2002 as the first U.S. armed aerial drone in the modern age [18]), it is not so new to be dismissed, or defended, as too embryonic for meaningful analysis.
Various websites provide a physical description of Reaper. These include sites that convey some useful basic information but also tend to describe performance as uncompromised by limitations and planned upgrades as fully in hand; sometimes important data is completely missing. Such sites include those of the producer, General Atomics, GlobalSecurity.org, and the Air Force.[19] The Wikipedia entry for Reaper provides more details and links, but it also gives the impression of being written by advocates.[20] Others, such as the Government Accountability Office (GAO) and the Defense Department's Director of Operational Test and Evaluation (DOT&E), are more objective, but they are also cryptic.[21] More complete descriptions and analysis are provided by the Congressional Research Service [22] and the Congressional Budget Office (CBO);[23] however, even the more informative of these (CRS's) only touches on issues that when scratched can be quite revealing.
The first point that almost all descriptions make about Reaper is that it is not a stand-alone, pilot-less aircraft. It is a system with elements that go beyond what piloted aircraft require. A Reaper unit does not consist of one "aircraft;" it consists of four (why will be explained in subsequent parts), and it requires a manned ground control station (GCS) that is typically remotely located, often in the US.[24] It also requires a dedicated Primary Satellite Link (PSL)[25] and a local control unit for landings and take-offs where the air vehicles are based. In comparing drones to manned aircraft, CRS points out, for example, it is necessary to include these components that are essential for flight.[26]
Unclassified DOD records show Reaper spending to have started in 2002. Congress quickly became a major advocate and increased the purchase by 58 air vehicles.[27] Production had been planned to terminate at the end of 2016 at 399 individual air vehicles, and total Reaper spending had been projected at $12.497 billion in nominal ("then year") dollars.[28] The 2013 budget request included the reduction in Reaper's production rate from 48 to 24 per year for the years 2013-2017,[29] which would imply a reduction in the total buy by either 96 or 72 air vehicles.[30] It is also not clear how much this change would reduce the cost of the total buy; unit costs will go up with the rate change, and one budget document addressed buying more ground control stations with the money that is saved from the reduced production.
In any case, the total amount for Reaper costs is not borne by the Reaper program alone: Reaper uses the same ground equipment as Predator B; there may be GCS and other ground equipment paid for by the Predator B program but employed by Reapers, and more than one DOD official informally speculated that other Reaper costs may be buried in other programs, such as Gorgon Stare.
Distinguishing Between Reapers
Important to appreciate about Reaper is that it is not a Predator, nor a minor modification of it as the producer's moniker, "Predator B,"[31] might lead one to believe. The Air Force makes the distinction between them clear in its "factsheets."[32] While they dissemble on issues like cost and performance, they can at least be taken at face value on some basics:
Characteristic | MQ-1B Predator | MQ-9 Reaper |
Wingspan | 55 ft. | 66 ft. or 86 ft. |
Empty Weight | 1,130 lbs. | 4,900 lbs. for 66 ft. wingspan variant |
Maximum Take Off Weight | 2,250 lbs. with up to 665 lbs. of fuel and 450 lbs. of weapons | 10,500 lbs. with up to 4,000 lbs. of fuel and up to 3,000 lbs. of external wing stores (fuel and/or weapons) and a 750 lb. internal sensor payload. Any payload combination may not exceed 5,600 lbs. |
Sensor Package | Multi-spectral Targeting System (MTS-A) with infrared sensor, daylight TV camera with image-intensifier & laser illuminator/designator | MTS-B with basically same sensors, plus synthetic aperture radar (SAR) to enable GBU-38 JDAM targeting. (See SAR/JDAM discussion below.) |
Armament | 2 laser-guided AGM-114 Hellfire[33] missiles | Hellfire and/or 500 lb. GBU-12 laser guided bombs up to a total of 3,000 lbs.[34] |
Speed (kt) | 70 (cruise/loiter); 118 (max.)[35] | 120 (cruise/loiter); 240 (max.)[36] |
Range | Up to 770 miles | Up to 1,150 miles |
Ceiling | Up to 25,000 ft. depending on payload | Up to 50,000 ft. depending on variant and payload |
Endurance | Up to 40 hours; 14-16 hours with wing stores[37] | Up to 24 to 30 hours with no external stores; 14 hours with typical munitions; up to 42 hours with 2 wing fuel tanks and 1,000 lbs. of weapons[38] |
Initially Deployed | March 2005 | October 2007 |
Note that, despite some similarity in appearance, Reaper is an entirely different air vehicle from the MQ-1B Predator (or the original, unarmed RQ-1A Predator). At 4,900 pounds, Reaper's empty weight is four times that of Predator, and its wingspan is 20 to 56 percent wider. Reaper has loiter and maximum speeds that are roughly twice Predator's, but both are slow compared, for example, to modern combat aircraft. (The slow speed is a real advantage for finding and identifying targets.) Perhaps the most noticeable difference in the table above is the much larger payload of weapons that Reaper can carry, up to 3,000 pounds rather than Predator B's very modest 450 pounds.
There are also important similarities. Both can loiter above the battlefield searching for targets for long periods (up to 40 hours), much longer than manned aircraft—even when the latter can be refueled in the air. Similarly, loiter endurance is significantly reduced depending on the weight and drag of munitions, down to 14-16 hours, perhaps less. The two may differ little in their maximum ceiling with no or light payloads, but there is a high altitude, longer wingspan version of Reaper for as high as 50,000 feet claimed.
Next: Cost and Performance
Winslow T. Wheeler is the Director of the Straus Military Reform Project of the Center for Defense Information in Washington.
[1] Several titles have been applied to drones: unmanned aerial systems (UASs), unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), and remotely piloted vehicles (RPAs) are the most common.
[2] For example, see David Cortright's "License to Kill" at http://www.cato-unbound.org/2012/01/09/david-cortright/license-to-kill/, the work of David S. Cloud at the LA Times, such as at http://articles.latimes.com/2011/dec/29/world/la-fg-drones-civilians-20111230, work at the U.K.'s The Guardian, such as at http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/cifamerica/2011/nov/07/cia-unaccountable-drone-war or at http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/jul/17/us-drone-strikes-pakistan-waziristan. There is also an excellent summary of the aftereffects of drones and occupation in Iraq at Salon.com. http://www.salon.com/2012/01/30/lessons_from_iraqi_outrage_over_us_drones/singleton/. See also Nick Turse's work at TomDispath.com at http://www.tomdispatch.com/post/175489/tomgram%3A_nick_turse%2C_drone_disasters_/ and http://www.tomdispatch.com/post/175482/tomgram%3A_nick_turse%2C_the_life_and_death_of_american_drones/
[3] See the website for P.W. Singer's Wired for War at http://wiredforwar.pwsinger.com/.
[4] See "With more details coming, analysts split on new DOD strategy," Chris Carroll & Leo Shane III, Stars and Stripes, January 25, 2012 at http://www.stripes.com/news/with-more-details-coming-analysts-split-on-new-dod-strategy-1.166755.
[5] See "Rest in Peace, Manned Aircraft," Air Force Times, April 16, 2011, posted by David Larter at http://militarytimes.com/blogs/flightlines/2011/08/16/rest-in-peace-manned-aircraft/.
[6] See "The RPA Boom," Air Force Magazine, John A. Tirpak, August 2010 at http://www.airforce-magazine.com/MagazineArchive/Pages/2010/August%202010/0810RPA.aspx.
[7] See "Former ISR Chief Calls for More Autonomy in UAVs," Areas A Technology Blog, by Paul McLeary, Aviation Week, January 25, 2012 at http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/blogs/defense/index.jsp?plckController=Blog&plckScript=blogScript&plckElementId=blogDest&plckBlogPage=BlogViewPost&plckPostId=Blog%3A27ec4a53-dcc8-42d0-bd3a-01329aef79a7Post%3Aca1e0ff0-837f-4b24-8e09-acb9eebe7bb9.
[8] See "MQ-9 to Provide Full HD Video by 2015 after Two-Phased MTS Upgrade," Inside the Air Force, 1/20/12 at http://defensenewsstand.com/Inside-the-Air-Force/Inside-the-Air-Force-01/20/2012/menu-id-290.html.
[9] See section 220 of PL 106-398.
[10] Find the website at http://unmannedsystemscaucus.mckeon.house.gov/.
[11] P. 189 ff., Operation Desert Storm: Evaluation of the Air Campaign," General Accounting Office, June 1997, GAO/NSIAD-97-134 at http://www.gao.gov/archive/1997/ns97134.pdf.
[12] Pp. 135-139, GAO, Operation Desert Storm: Evaluation of the Air Campaign, at http://www.gao.gov/archive/1997/ns97134.pdf.
[13] P. 13 of "U.S. Unmanned Aerial Systems," Jeremiah Gertler, Congressional Research Service, R42136 at http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/R42136.pdf.
[14] P. ix of "Summary" of "Policy Options for Unmanned Aircraft Systems, Congressional Budget Office, June 2011 at http://www.cbo.gov/ftpdocs/121xx/doc12163/06-08-UAS.pdf.
[15] There are additional drone costs in the DOD budget, but they are classified and for the Central Intelligence Agency.
[16] P. vii of "Summary" of CBO, "Policy Options," at http://www.cbo.gov/ftpdocs/121xx/doc12163/06-08-UAS.pdf.
[17] P. 1, CRS, "U.S. Unmanned Aerial Systems,"at http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/R42136.pdf.
[18] For a discussion of unmanned systems in the previous century, see "Air Force UAVs: The Secret History," Thomas Erhardt, July 2010, A Mitchell Institute Study, at http://www.afa.org/mitchell/reports/MS_UAV_0710.pdf.
[19] See, for example, the descriptions of Reaper at the General Atomics website at http://www.ga-asi.com/products/aircraft/predator_b.php, which describes endurance as 30 hours without caveat (discussed below in text) and the description by GlobalSecurity.org at http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/aircraft/mq-9.htm, which, for example, describes the performance of Reaper's Synthetic Aperture Radar without any issues and available munitions to include GPS-guided Joint Direct Attack Munitions without the issues pointed out by others. The Air Force's "factsheet" is at http://www.af.mil/information/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=6405.
[20] For example, see the Wikipedia entry for Reaper, as of February 2012, at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MQ-9_Reaper.
[21] See the system descriptions by GAO (at p. 113 of "Defense Acquisitions: Assessments of Selected Weapons Programs," Government Accountability Office, March 2011, GAO-11-233SP, at http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d11233sp.pdf ) or by DOD's DOT&E at http://www.dote.osd.mil/pub/reports/FY2011/.
[22] See CRS' "U.S. Unmanned Aerial Systems." An informative and useful report, it is at http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/R42136.pdf.
[23] See CBO's "Policy Options" volume at http://www.cbo.gov/ftpdocs/121xx/doc12163/06-08-UAS.pdf. This report contains some basic system information, but is mostly devoted to "policy options" which are limited to only a mix of current and planned drones, not other platforms that in some cases are clearly cheaper and more effective—see following text in main body.
[24] At Cannon and Holloman AFBs, NM; Creech AFB, NV, and Syracuse NY plus "several locations in CENTCOM and AFRICOM." The Air Force will start MQ-9 operations at Ellsworth AFB SD in 20012. P. 7 & 11 of United States Air Force, Report to Congressional Committees , "Report on Future Unmanned Aerial Systems Training, Operations, and Sustainability," September 2011, submitted to Congress pursuant to House Report 111-491, page 509.
[25] See the Air Force fact sheet at http://www.af.mil/information/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=6405.
[26] P. 13 of CRS's "U.S. Unmanned Aerial Systems," at http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/R42136.pdf.
[27] P. 4, "Selected Acquisition Report (SAR) RCS: DD-A&T (Q&A) 823-424; MQ-9 UAS Predator, as of June 30, 2010." Not available on line but available from the author.
[28] Pp. 14-18 of the DOD SAR for Reaper.
[29] See "Service Scales Back MQ-9 Purchases: Lt. Gen. James: Air Force Could Provide More Than 65 CAPs If Needed," Maggie Ybarra, Inside the Air Force, 2/17/12.
[30] The previous production plan was scheduled to end after 2016; if it is extended to 2017 with the additional 24 air vehicles, the reduction would be 72 rather than 96.
[31] See the General Atomics advert for "Predator B," rather Reaper, at http://www.ga-asi.com/products/aircraft/predator_b.php.
[32] Find the Air Force Fact sheet on MQ-1B Predator at http://www.af.mil/information/factsheets/factsheet.asp?fsID=122; on Reaper at http://www.af.mil/information/factsheets/factsheet.asp?fsID=6405.
[33] Hellfire is a short range 100 pound missile with a 20 pound warhead; find a discussion of it at the Wikipedia website at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGM-114_Hellfire. There is also a useful system description of Hellfire at the Federation of American Scientists website at http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/missile/agm-114.htm.
[34] See text in main body below; while the fact sheet asserts Reaper can employ GPS-guided JDAM GBU-38, that appears not to be the case.
[35] See p. 63 of "FY 2009-2034 Unmanned Systems Integrated Roadmap," Department of Defense, 2009, at http://www.acq.osd.mil/psa/docs/UMSIntegratedRoadmap2009.pdf.
[36] See p. 67 of "FY 2009-2034 Unmanned Systems Integrated Roadmap," at http://www.acq.osd.mil/psa/docs/UMSIntegratedRoadmap2009.pdf.
[37] This data not from USAF Fact Sheet; see instead General Atomics brochure at http://www.ga-asi.com/products/aircraft/predator.php. CBO limits the endurance to 24 hours with no weapons payload; 20 hours with weapons; see p. 4 of http://www.cbo.gov/ftpdocs/121xx/doc12163/06-08-UAS.pdf. A different DOD source limits loiter to 16 hours with external stores; see http://www.acq.osd.mil/psa/docs/UMSIntegratedRoadmap2009.pdf.
[38] These data not from USAF Fact Sheet; see instead General Atomics brochure at http://www.ga-asi.com/products/aircraft/predator_b.php, and Global Security at http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/aircraft/mq-9.htm. CBO cites 21 and 17 hours for with and without weapons; see p. 4 of http://www.cbo.gov/ftpdocs/121xx/doc12163/06-08-UAS.pdf. DOD cites 24 hours with no external stores at http://www.acq.osd.mil/psa/docs/UMSIntegratedRoadmap2009.pdf.


text:
Dec 11, 2019
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IHIBILI Logo by Cubbyhole Studio www.cubbyhole.studio


text: Atul endeavours to create a workplace, coming to which is a joy and not a job. In an age where stress at work has reached its most amplified form, the Company distinguishes itself by extending an opportunity of holistic wellbeing. An environment of affinity, inspiration and equanimity helps build a motivated team, set to take up challenging roles and responsibilities.


text:
Upgrading from 2.0.0 to 2.0.1¶
Before performing an update you should take your site offline by replacing the index.php file with a static one.
Step 1: Update your CodeIgniter files¶
Replace all files and directories in your "system" folder and replace your index.php file. If any modifications were made to your index.php they will need to be made fresh in this new one.
If you have any custom developed files in these folders please make copies of them first.
Step 2: Replace config/mimes.php¶
This config file has been updated to contain more mime types, please copy it to application/config/mimes.php.
Step 3: Check for forms posting to default controller¶
The default behavior for form_open() when called with no parameters used to be to post to the default controller, but it will now just leave an empty action="" meaning the form will submit to the current URL. If submitting to the default controller was the expected behavior it will need to be changed from:
echo form_open(); //<form action="" method="post" accept-charset="utf-8">
to use either a / or base_url():
echo form_open('/'); //<form action="http://example.com/index.php/" method="post" accept-charset="utf-8">
echo form_open(base_url()); //<form action="http://example.com/" method="post" accept-charset="utf-8">


text:
It may be the most hated bull market ever, but it's not over.
That's according to Michael Hartnett, chief investment strategist at BofA (BAC) Merrill Lynch, who argues that stocks will continue to hit new highs this year.
"I'll go on record saying this is one of the most detested bull markets of all time," Hartnett told reporters Wednesday at a conference in New York.
It may sound strange that investors are unhappy with a market in which stocks have hit all-time highs. But some traders say the bull market, now in its fourth year, has gone on too long and needs to be corrected.
Still, just because some of the guests want to go home doesn't mean the party is over, according to Hartnett.
The prediction comes at a particularly volatile time in financial markets.
Investors have been grappling with uncertainty since Federal Reserve chairman Ben Bernanke hinted in May that the central bank could begin to taper the pace of its bond buying. There are also questions about the Japanese government's commitment to monetary and fiscal stimulus, and signs of weakness in the Chinese economy.
Related: The upside of current market turbulence
Hartnett acknowledged that the outlook for U.S. interest rates is a risk. The yield on the 10-year Treasury note has pushed higher in recent weeks as investors brace for a slowdown in Fed purchases.
But he argued that the era of highly accommodative central banks is not yet over. That, coupled with continued modest economic growth, should continue to propel stocks higher, said Hartnett.
In addition, he expects the "great rotation" out of safe-haven investments into more risky assets will continue to support stocks.
Hartnett said the recent boom in the U.S. housing market is a "very reliable leading indicator" for the economy. The strength in housing means the financial sector will lead the market as investors move back into shares of banks that had been beaten down during the financial crisis.
"The banks were like a ghetto that investors refused to enter," he said. "But they've been the best performers over the past 18 months."
Related: 5 great stocks for the long haul
Meanwhile, the bond market is now the no-go zone for investors.
Hartnett said global fixed income assets are down for the year, with global government bonds on track for their worst decline in 30 years.


text:
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The most important component of everyday pet care is prevention. Even if your pet is healthy, you should keep an eye out for health issues and address them promptly.
However, if your pet is unwell, starting treatment immediately will prevent their condition from worsening. Our veterinarians can create a treatment plan that is best for your pet's symptoms.
A routine veterinarian visit is an important part of keeping your pet healthy and happy. Proper health maintenance enables you to spend more time caring for your pet, and there are numerous options for determining how frequently you should bring them in for an examination.
We can assist you in maintaining your pet's optimal health! For more information please contact Suffield Veterinary Hospital today.


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Started by Japanese lure designer Seiji Kato and tournament angler Ty Ono in 1999, Jackall Lures is a Japanese-based manufacturer known for innovative and highly sought-after designs. From the first product, the three inch cross-tail shad, to the very latest – quality, innovation, and helping anglers catch more fish are the top priorities. Seiji Kato's goal of creating lures with a more natural action, material, and undulation has been realized in his Jackall designs.
Seijo Kato and the Jackall team utilize hundreds of prototypes over the course of multiple years with each new lure creation. Using the latest engineering technologies, Jackall lures are some of the most technologically advanced options available today. Body shape, balance, hook placement, sound, and so much more go into each lure design to create the perfect performance on the water.
Through a partnership with Shimano North America Holding in 2010, Jackall has introduced North American anglers to this premium tackle. The lure product lines from Jackall include everything an angler could need for fresh or saltwater, from lipless crankbaits and wire baits to soft plastics and hard swimbaits. Products available in the United States have been created with US waters, techniques, and needs in mind. Those products are then methodically field-tested to ensure success for the angler before launching in the US market. North American anglers can feel confident in their fishing with these meticulously designed, torture tested lures each and every time they hit the water.
Browse each of our available lures on this website. Order online or find the latest products at your local fishing tackle retailer. EAT. SLEEP. JACKALL.


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Juicy Couture discount codes
Top Juicy Couture Discount Codes for July 2024
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No matter how professional they are, members of your team – yourself included – are going to make mistakes. It's true of every organization on earth. They'll spill scalding coffee into the company copier. They'll work overtime until the office is empty, then head home without thinking to arm the security system. They'll neglect key accounts, muck up workflows and waste hours developing convoluted solutions to simple problems. And, worst of all, they may unknowingly bumble into the cyber-attack that forces your business to go belly-up for good. This last one is called social engineering.
There's a saying in the cyber security industry, coined by renowned cryptographer Bruce Schneier: "Only amateurs attack machines; professionals target people." When it comes to repeating the same process safely and autonomously, machines are less fallible than the average person sitting at a desk. Savvy hackers looking to boost funds from unsuspecting small businesses know this. So instead of developing a complex program that dances around the security measures baked into sophisticated modern technology, they target the hapless folks on the other side of the screen.
The strategy works disturbingly well. According to IBM's 2018 X-Force Threat Intelligence Index, more than two-thirds of company records compromised in 2017 were due to what they call "inadvertent insiders" – employees who left the front door wide-open for the bad guys without even realizing it. Negligence, lack of awareness and sheer bad luck put the best-laid plans to shame on both sides.
But how does it happen? There are three primary causes of employee-related breaches, each of them contributing to a sizable portion of hacks across the country.
Phishing remains one of the most prominent strategies deployed by hackers to lift data from small and midsize businesses. The majority of these social engineering attacks stem from an employee clicking on a suspicious link that is embedded in a dubious or absolutely convincing e-mail. To lure your team into the trap, cybercriminals often use data gathered from cursory investigations of your organization from the Internet or social media. Maybe they pose as a security expert contracting with your company or a member of a customer support team behind one of your employees' personal devices. Whatever mask they wear, it doesn't take much to convince an uninformed individual to click on anything at all, resulting in a high success rate for phishing attacks.
Even if you do everything you can to protect your business from digital attack, your team may just dodge those measures anyway. According to a report by cyber security firm Dtex Systems, around 95% of companies have employees who will attempt to override previously implemented security processes. And that's if the security measures are configured, patched and installed properly in the first place. The IBM X-Force report lists "misconfigured cloud servers and networked backup incidents" among the chief concerns of last year. Social engineering hacks take advantage of this fact and attempt to identify and target these weak points.
"Negligence, lack of awareness and sheer bad luck put the best-laid plans to shame on both sides."
Hell hath no fury like an employee scorned. A strikingly large number of breaches come not from error at all, but from insidious tactics by disgruntled employees or undercover criminals looking to make a quick buck. It's not quite a "you can't trust anyone" scenario, but there are definitely folks out there who would sell your business right out from under your nose.
With each of these in mind, it's vital that you incorporate extensive employee training and vetting protocols to maximize their cyber security know-how. In addition, you need to implement safe practices that reduce the room for human error, alert employees when something is amiss and protect them from the worst.
We can help. It's difficult to overhaul your cyber security, especially on the people side, without a round-the-clock team dedicated to pinpointing the weaknesses in your organization and working to patch them up. In 2019, human error is poised to take an even more central role on the stage of digital crime. Don't leave it up to chance. With RJ2 Technologies, we can help to educate and prevent your team from experiencing a social engineering scam and keep your business data safe.


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Our door is always open to those who are seeking international education at YU.
Our services accommodate the interests not only of foreign scholars who intend to study, to research, or to teach at YU, but of students and faculty at YU who want to experience education as part of the global community.
One of our major goals is to inspire the faculty and students of Yeungnam University (YU) to cultivate global perspectives for their academic and intellectual growth. Another objective is to give scholars from foreign institutions opportunities to join our international programs and to benefit from the process of our educational reforms. The last, but not the least, of the objectives is to assist the students and faculty of foreign institutions and YU to achieve their goals through international collaboration. We believe that the key element of these activities lies in the efficient organization of links between YU and the rest of the world.
While successfully managing the current programs, we are always striving to develop various kinds of new exchange programs to enhance the educational opportunities at YU. Because we offer a wide spectrum of support, we hope your visit to our office or our website will be a meaningful step towards reaching a new world of discovery.
Surely, we welcome any suggestions or comments that might help us to achieve our mission.
Hoping your dreams find success,
Taek-Dong Teo, Ph.D.
Vice-President for External Cooperation


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Flipkart Company is invites an application for the Post Of Delivery boy, Office Staff and Others Various Post. We are request you if you are Interested and eligible then you may apply for this Online Or Offline have to check . You can find all the details about Educational qualification and other are describe bellow.
Read All The Details
Post Name :
. Delivery boy
. Office Staff
. Office Attendant
. Packaging
. Order Picker
Type Of Employment : Private Job
No of Seat : Various Posts
Applying Mode : Online
Salary : Rs. 15000/- (Per Month)
Grade Pay : Not Mention
Name Of Organisation : Flipkart Company
Candidate Selection Process : (i) Interview .
To apply for the online mode, follow these steps:
. Go to https://www.flipkartcareers.com/ to access the official website.
. Candidates can submit their applications online.
. To submit your application, click the submit button.
. Print the application for future reference.
You are requested to visit official website for more details regarding candidates' selection norms and eligibility norms e describe bellow.


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Return to the Borderland: M. John Harrison's Empty Space
October 31st, 2012
Note 4 – Empty Space: A Haunting
It's important to read new M. John Harrison novels while on holiday. No other author is able to describe with such alarming clarity the necessity of escaping yourself.
Harrison's latest novel Empty Space is the conclusion of a trilogy of science fiction novels that started with Light in 2002 and was continued in 2006′s Nova Swing.
Like both of its predecessors, Empty Space presents the reader with a future that dazzles with the romance of a thousand yesterdays: women who've chosen to be rebuilt with the "Mona" package, but who base their look on that of Marilyn Monroe; virtual fantasy lives that play out like an episode of Mad Men drained of all sex and drama (until, of course, that sex and drama forces its way on in there); covert action groups who, with their lattes and general sense of boyish intrigue, can't help but remind you of the sort of spooks you've never quite managed to catch out of the corner of your eye; Harrison manages to make all of these fantasies gleam briefly in the pages of this book.
This is an exhausted vision of the future, but it's still a vision of the future for all that, one that sees past the ever-present apocollapse and on to a possible reality that's like right now stretched out some more. Whether that seems like a hopeful vision or a dystopian nightmare is very much up to you.


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Welcome Home
We take a common-sense approach to consumer agricultural and business banking.
Homestead Bank is proud to serve the Nebraska communities of Cozad, Lexington, St. Paul, Wolbach, Schuyler, Albion, Howells, Chadron, and Ainsworth.
Our common sense approach to banking has helped us stay fiscally strong, standing the tests of time, economic downturns, and weather. As a result, we've continued to grow with our communities, taking pride in the fact that so many consumers, farmers, ranchers and commercial businesses have turned to us for financial assistance.
New at Homestead
Homestead Bank's new & improved app is here! Click one of the links to download it now!
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If you were to drive the freeways of southern California, you would see from time to time billboards proclaiming the Judgment Day on May 21, 2011 and declaring that the Bible guarantees it. Presumably these billboards may be seen in many other parts of the country as well. Who is responsible for these signs and what do they really mean theologically?
The signs have been placed by Harold Camping and his followers to warn people that the end is at hand. To understand these signs we must know something of the history as well as the theology of Harold Camping. I am in a somewhat distinctive position to write on this subject since I first met Camping in the late 1950s. I learned a great deal from him then, and so I find what follows a very sad story. I pray for him that the Lord will deliver him from the serious errors into which he has fallen.
Christian Reformed
While a high school student in Alameda, California, I began to attend the Alameda Christian Reformed Church. It was there that I was converted through the influence of a number of people in the congregation, including Harold Camping. At that time he was an elder in the congregation and taught the Bible lessons for the high school youth group. He was a conservative, traditional adherent of the Christian Reformed Church and would remain so for many years.
In those days the Christian Reformed Church was a strongly ethnic denomination and the congregation in Alameda was almost entirely Dutch in background. The CRC was also still strictly Reformed, interpreting the Bible in light of the church's confessional standards: the Belgic Confession, the Heidelberg Catechism, and the Canons of Dort. Camping strongly embraced and taught the doctrine and piety of the CRC in which he had been raised.
The Christian Reformed Church, like all Presbyterian and Reformed churches, also stressed the importance of a carefully and thoroughly educated ministry. The church certainly taught the Reformation doctrine that the Scripture is clear in its teaching of the message of salvation. At the same time it also recognized that the Lord had given his church pastors to open the Word of God and preserve the church in the truth (Ephesians 4:4-14). The faithful preaching of these pastors was a means of grace by which the saints were built up. For this vital calling, ministers were educated to read the Bible in Greek and Hebrew, to understand how to read the various genres in the Bible, and how to interpret each part of the Bible in light of the whole. The best handling of the Scriptures required excellent education.
Camping was a bright and studious man who had been educated as an engineer. In the 1950s he owned a very successful construction company which built churches as well as other significant buildings. This educational background is critical to understanding Camping. His education was not in the liberal arts or theology. He had not been prepared to read literature or ancient texts. He knew no Greek or Hebrew. He was not formally introduced to the study of theology. His reading of the Bible, as it evolved over the decades, reflected his training in engineering. He reads the Bible like a mathematical or scientific textbook.
Camping developed, as a good businessman, his construction company and then sold it. With the money he began to build the Christian radio network called Family Radio. This network was very much his own property and his skill developed Family Radio into a group of stations spread throughout the country. Family Radio appealed to many Christians through its programming of Christian music, Bible reading, Bible lessons and messages from various pastors and conference speakers. The teaching was basically Reformed and Camping sought to have as many recordings of Reformed speakers as possible.
Camping himself had a regular program of his own called "Open Forum." During this program he invited people to call in with questions about the Bible and theology. He promoted a Reformed approach to the Bible and especially confronted and refuted dispensational, Pentecostal, and Arminian theologies. He had a broad and detailed knowledge of the Bible which he used to very good effect in answering questions. He was at one time a most effective and influential promoter of Reformed theology and won many listeners to the Reformed cause.
After Camping began to work full-time with Family Radio, he spent much time studying the Bible. His knowledge of Bible verses is impressive indeed. But his study of the Bible was undertaken in isolation from other Christians and theologians. He adopted a proud individualism. He did not really learn from Bible scholars. He studied the Bible in isolation from the church and the consensus of the faithful. As a result his understanding of the Bible became more and more idiosyncratic. No one could help, direct, or restrain him. He was really an autodidact, that is, someone who teaches himself. He never really submitted his ideas to be challenged and improved by others. He was truly his only teacher. He has repeatedly said that he would be glad to change his views if he is shown that he is wrong from the Bible. But this humble statement covers a very arrogant attitude, because no one can ever show him that he is wrong. He alone really understands the Bible.
Part 2 will appear next week!


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While upgrades in the cab and under the hood are a must, nothing sets off your build like premium exterior accessories. Upgrading your truck, Jeep, or SUV's exterior showcases not only your style but your personality! No matter your vehicle's use, whether a daily driver, dedicated wheeler, tow rig, weekend cruiser, or work truck, RealTruck has the exterior accessories for you! We carry it all, from body protection to wheels and tires, bed racks, and more!
For our first gift recipient, we're looking at classic aesthetic accessories. If your resident gearhead has a knack for anything that boosts exterior styling and attracts compliments on the road or at the gas pump, this is the section for you! Here, we're covering some of our favorite gift ideas to boost exterior styling without breaking the bank!
While you may assume that all aftermarket tail lights cost an arm and a leg, that couldn't be further from the truth! At RealTruck, we carry high-end, stylish automotive lighting from reputable manufacturers like Spec-D Tuning and Anzo. These products enhance aesthetics and visibility at a price that won't break the bank, ranging from $75 to $300!
If you're looking for more of a stocking stuffer, check out our selection of aftermarket emblems and badges! These products significantly enhance styling, whether you opt for illuminated and custom-colored factory-style emblems, like Recon Illuminated Fender Emblems, or premium automotive badges depicting a favorite sports team's logos, like FanMats NBA Emblems!
At RealTruck, we carry every exterior accessory you could ever want or need! Check out some of our most popular categories below:
While some accessories are strictly aesthetic, others preserve your ride's exterior finish and resale value! These categories provide excellent aesthetics and superior protection against rock chips, bug splatter, paint fading, and more!
Car Bras: These rugged, vinyl front-end protectors feature simple no-drill installations and sleek aesthetics. The soft-touch, marine-grade vinyl construction is moisture and UV resistant for superior longevity. Especially if you routinely drive on the highway, bras protect your ride's hood, front bumper, and grille against rock chips and bug splatter, keeping the paint in tip-top shape!
Car Covers: Are you looking to increase protection against harsh sunlight or extreme weather conditions? Then check out RealTruck's selection of premium car covers! These covers help to prevent sun fading, oxidation, and paint contamination while parked outdoors, keeping your ride looking fresher for longer!
Bug Shields: Protect your hood, windshield, and roof from bug splatter and rock chips with our selection of premium bug shields! These rugged ABS plastic or acrylic bug shields feature simple no-drill installations and come in several finishes, ranging from classic smoked to chrome and camouflage!
Deflectors: Keep unwanted wind and precipitation out of your truck's interior with high-quality deflectors! We carry in-channel and tape-on deflectors in various finishes to complement your ride.
Mud Flaps: Guard your ride's paint against unsightly rock chips, splatter, and road grime with our selection of rugged mud flaps! We offer universal and vehicle-specific kits for all makes and models.
Bed Liners & Mats: Your bed needs love too! Bed liners and mats help to guard the inside of your truck's bed against impacts and abrasions; they also offer such benefits as skid resistance, increased comfort, and improved aesthetics!
Fender Flares: Increase tire coverage and styling with our wide selection of fender flares! We offer various styles and finishes, ensuring a product that best suits your ride.
Wheel Well Liners: Keep excess road salt, dirt, and debris out of your truck's inner fenders and off the chassis with RealTruck's selection of rugged, impact-resistant wheel well liners! We offer bolt-on, vehicle-specific liners that guarantee a perfect fit and simple installation.
Grille Guards & Bull Bars: Whether you're mowing down brush or tired of finding fresh dents and scuffs on your bumpers from negligent drivers, our inventory of heavy-duty grille guards and bull bars are here to help! We offer several styles, materials, and finishes.
Up next is accessibility accessories; these products serve a functional purpose–making your ride more usable and your life more enjoyable!
Nerf Bars & Running Boards: Regarding accessibility mods, nerf bars, running boards, and side steps are tough to beat. These accessories make climbing in and out of your ride a breeze, especially after installing a lift kit and oversized tires. We offer a wide selection of steps, from off-road-inspired nerf bars to power running boards!
Side View Mirrors: Increase visibility with our aftermarket side view mirrors, including OE-style replacements and oversized towing mirrors, to better monitor your trailer.
Back-Up Cameras: Keep an eye on your ride's rear end with our back-up cameras, monitors, and sensors. Whether you're looking to increase visibility while navigating tight parking lots or looking to hitch up a trailer without a spotter, we carry the system for you!
Winches & Accessories: Don't get caught on the trail without ample recovery gear; instead, check out our inventory of heavy-duty winches and recovery equipment! We offer everything you'll need to pull yourself or others out of even the stickiest and trickiest obstacles.
Lighting: Bolster your ride's light output with our premium lighting upgrades, ranging from bolt-in headlight housings to premium LED off-road lights.
Towing Equipment: Revamp your towing setup with towing equipment from RealTruck. We carry hitches, trailer brakes, ball mounts, and more!
Bolster your ride's cargo capacity and organization with our selection of storage-centric exterior upgrades and accessories.
Racks & Carriers: Upgrade your pickup's cargo capacity with our selection of racks and carriers! We offer all styles, including bed racks, headache racks, and ladder racks, to haul anything and everything.
Bed Covers & Tonneau Covers: Protect your cargo against thieves and extreme weather conditions with a premium bed cover from RealTruck! We offer everything from budget-friendly roll-up soft covers to heavy-duty lockable hard covers!
Tool Boxes: Get your tools out of the cab and into a stylish, secure, and functional toolbox from RealTruck! We offer various styles, finishes, sizes, and constructions to suit any sized bed.
Even seemingly aesthetic upgrades have a purpose, aside from making your ride look better!
Wheels & Tires: Shop our selection of wheels and tires to spruce up your ride's aesthetics and traction. No matter the terrain, whether loose dirt, deep snow, or slippery pavement, we carry multiple tires to suit your needs.
Bumpers: Did someone say "rugged?" At RealTruck, we carry all the top bumper brands and styles, bolstering impact resistance, styling, and providing mounts for various accessories.
Tops: Whether you're hunting for a breezy soft top or a weather-resistant hard top, RealTruck has you covered! We carry various styles of tops for Jeeps, Broncos, and more.
We also offer a wide selection of interior accessories, including storage solutions, upholstery protection, and more!
Not only are we a retailer but a source of information for all things trucks, Jeeps, and SUVs! For additional inspiration, comparisons, and buyer's guides, check out our articles on RealSource.
We cover the accessories for off-roading, camping, work trucks, fishing, and more!