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Great Britain (commonly shortened to Britain) is an island in the North Atlantic Ocean off the north-west coast of continental Europe, consisting of the countries England, Scotland and Wales. With an area of 209,331 km2 (80,823 sq mi), it is the largest of the British Isles, the largest European island and the ninth-largest island in the world.[6][b] It is dominated by a maritime climate with narrow temperature differences between seasons. The island of Ireland, with an area 40 per cent that of Great Britain, is to the west—these islands, along with over 1,000 smaller surrounding islands and named substantial rocks, form the British Isles archipelago.[7]
Other native names
| |
Geography | |
Location | North-western Europe |
Coordinates | 54°N 2°W / 54°N 2°W |
Archipelago | British Isles |
Adjacent to | Atlantic Ocean |
Area | 209,331 km2 (80,823 sq mi)[1] |
Area rank | 9th |
Highest elevation | 1,345 m (4413 ft) |
Highest point | Ben Nevis, Scotland[2] |
Administration | |
Countries | |
Largest city | London (pop. 8,866,180 in 2022[3]) |
Demographics | |
Population | 65,685,738 (2022)[3] |
Population rank | 3rd |
Pop. density | 287/km2 (743/sq mi) |
Languages | |
Ethnic groups | |
Additional information | |
Time zone | |
• Summer (DST) |
Connected to mainland Europe until 9,000 years ago by a landbridge now known as Doggerland,[8] Great Britain has been inhabited by modern humans for around 30,000 years. In 2011, it had a population of about 61 million, making it the world's third-most-populous island after Honshu in Japan and Java in Indonesia,[9][10] and the most populated island outside of Asia.
The term "Great Britain" can also refer to the political territory of England, Scotland and Wales, which includes their offshore islands.[11] This territory and Northern Ireland constitute the United Kingdom.[12] The single Kingdom of Great Britain resulted from the 1707 Acts of Union between the kingdoms of England (which at the time incorporated Wales) and Scotland.
The archipelago has been referred to by a single name for over 2000 years: the term 'British Isles' derives from terms used by classical geographers to describe this island group. By 50 BC, Greek geographers were using equivalents of Prettanikē as a collective name for the British Isles.[13] However, with the Roman conquest of Britain, the Latin term Britannia was used for the island of Great Britain, and later Roman-occupied Britain south of Caledonia.[14][15][16]
The earliest known name for Great Britain is Albion (Greek: Ἀλβιών) or insula Albionum, from either the Latin albus meaning "white" (possibly referring to the white cliffs of Dover, the first view of Britain from the continent) or the "island of the Albiones".[17] The oldest mention of terms related to Great Britain was by Aristotle (384–322 BC), or possibly by Pseudo-Aristotle, in his text On the Universe, Vol. III. To quote his works, "There are two very large islands in it, called the British Isles, Albion and Ierne".[18]
The first known written use of the word Britain was an ancient Greek transliteration of the original Proto-Celtic term in a work on the travels and discoveries of Pytheas that has not survived. The earliest existing records of the word are quotations of the periplus by later authors, such as those within Strabo's Geographica, Pliny's Natural History and Diodorus of Sicily's Bibliotheca historica.[19] Pliny the Elder (AD 23–79) in his Natural History records of Great Britain: "Its former name was Albion; but at a later period, all the islands, of which we shall just now briefly make mention, were included under the name of 'Britanniæ.'"[20]
The name Britain descends from the Latin name for Britain, Britannia or Brittānia, the land of the Britons.[21] Old French Bretaigne (whence also Modern French Bretagne) and Middle English Bretayne, Breteyne. The French form replaced the Old English Breoton, Breoten, Bryten, Breten (also Breoton-lond, Breten-lond). Britannia was used by the Romans from the 1st century BC for the British Isles taken together. It is derived from the travel writings of Pytheas around 320 BC, which described various islands in the North Atlantic as far north as Thule (probably Norway).
The peoples of these islands of Prettanike were called the Πρεττανοί, Priteni or Pretani.[17] Priteni is the source of the Welsh language term Prydain, Britain, which has the same source as the Goidelic term Cruithne used to refer to the early Brythonic-speaking inhabitants of Ireland.[22] The latter were later called Picts or Caledonians by the Romans. Greek historians Diodorus of Sicily and Strabo preserved variants of Prettanike from the work of Greek explorer Pytheas of Massalia, who travelled from his home in Hellenistic southern Gaul to Britain in the 4th century BC. The term used by Pytheas may derive from a Celtic word meaning "the painted ones" or "the tattooed folk" in reference to body decorations.[23] According to Strabo, Pytheas referred to Britain as Bretannikē, which is treated a feminine noun.[24][25][26][27] Marcian of Heraclea, in his Periplus maris exteri, described the island group as αἱ Πρεττανικαὶ νῆσοι (the Prettanic Isles).[28]
Derivation of Great
The Greco-Egyptian scientist Ptolemy referred to the larger island as great Britain (μεγάλη Βρεττανία megale Brettania) and to Ireland as little Britain (μικρὰ Βρεττανία mikra Brettania) in his work Almagest (147–148 AD).[30] In his later work, Geography (c. 150 AD), he gave the islands the names Alwion, Iwernia, and Mona (the Isle of Man),[31] suggesting these may have been the names of the individual islands not known to him at the time of writing Almagest.[32] The name Albion appears to have fallen out of use sometime after the Roman conquest of Britain, after which Britain became the more commonplace name for the island.[17]
After the Anglo-Saxon period, Britain was used as a historical term only. Geoffrey of Monmouth in his pseudohistorical Historia Regum Britanniae (c. 1136) refers to the island of Great Britain as Britannia major ("Greater Britain"), to distinguish it from Britannia minor ("Lesser Britain"), the continental region which approximates to modern Brittany and had been settled in the fifth and sixth centuries by Celtic Briton migrants from Great Britain.[citation needed]
The term Great Britain was first used officially in 1474, in the instrument drawing up the proposal for a marriage between Cecily, daughter of Edward IV of England, and James, son of James III of Scotland, which described it as "this Nobill Isle, callit Gret Britanee". The Scottish philosopher and historian, John Major (Mair), published his 'History of Great Britain, both England and Scotland' (Historia majoris Britanniae, tam Angliae quam Scotiae) in 1521. While promoting a possible royal match in 1548, Lord Protector Somerset said that the English and Scots were, "like as twoo brethren of one Islande of great Britaynes again." In 1604, James VI and I styled himself "King of Great Brittaine, France and Ireland".[33]
Modern use of the term Great Britain
Great Britain refers geographically to the island of Great Britain. Politically, it may refer to the whole of England, Scotland and Wales, including their smaller offshore islands.[34] It is not technically correct to use the term to refer to the whole of the United Kingdom which includes Northern Ireland, though the Oxford English Dictionary states "...the term is also used loosely to refer to the United Kingdom."[35][36]
Similarly, Britain can refer to either all islands in Great Britain, the largest island, or the political grouping of countries.[37] There is no clear distinction, even in government documents: the UK government yearbooks have used both Britain[38] and United Kingdom.[39]
GB and GBR are used instead of UK in some international codes to refer to the United Kingdom, including the Universal Postal Union, international sports teams, NATO, and the International Organization for Standardization country codes ISO 3166-2 and ISO 3166-1 alpha-3, whilst the aircraft registration prefix is G.
On the Internet, .uk is the country code top-level domain for the United Kingdom. A .gb top-level domain was used to a limited extent, but is now deprecated; although existing registrations still exist (mainly by government organizations and email providers), the domain name registrar will not take new registrations.
In the Olympics, Team GB is used by the British Olympic Association to represent the British Olympic team. The Olympic Federation of Ireland represents the whole island of Ireland, and Northern Irish sportspeople may choose to compete for either team,[40] most choosing to represent Ireland.[41]
Political definition
Politically, Great Britain refers to the whole of England, Scotland and Wales in combination,[42] but not Northern Ireland; it includes islands, such as the Isle of Wight, Anglesey, the Isles of Scilly, the Hebrides and the island groups of Orkney and Shetland, that are part of England, Wales, or Scotland. It does not include the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands.[42][43]
The political union that joined the kingdoms of England and Scotland happened in 1707 when the Acts of Union ratified the 1706 Treaty of Union and merged the parliaments of the two nations, forming the Kingdom of Great Britain, which covered the entire island. Before this, a personal union had existed between these two countries since the 1603 Union of the Crowns under James VI of Scotland and I of England.[citation needed]
Prehistoric period
The oldest evidence for archaic humans in Britain are the Happisburgh footprints and associated stone tools found in Norfolk, dating to around 950-850,000 years ago.[44] Prior to 450,000 years ago, Britain formed a peninsular extension of mainland Europe until catastrophic flooding between then and 130,000 years ago resulted in the creation of the English Channel and Britain becoming an island during warm interglacial periods like the Last Interglacial/Eemian (130-115,000 years ago), though it remained connected to mainland Europe during glacial periods when sea levels were low.[45][44] Archaic humans repeatedly occupied Britain before abandoning the area during cooler periods.[44] Modern humans arrived in Britain about 40,000 years ago, as evidenced by remains found in Kents Cavern in Devon, following the disappearance of Neanderthals.[44] Prior to 9,000 years ago Britain retained a land connection to the continent, with an area of mostly low marshland (Doggerland) joining it to what are now Denmark and the Netherlands.[46][47]
During the Mesolithic period, Britain was inhabited by hunter gatherers. Neolithic farmers, of Anatolian origin, arrived in Britain around 4000 BC, replacing the pre-existing hunter gatherers.[48] Around 2000 BC, the Bronze Age Bell Beaker Culture arrived in Britain, which genetic evidence suggests was associated with another episode of nearly complete population replacement.[49] Later significant migration to southern Britain around 1000 BC may have brought the Celtic languages to the island.[50]
During the Iron Age, Britain was inhabited by various different Celtic tribes.[51]
Roman and medieval period
The Romans conquered most of the island (up to Hadrian's Wall in northern England) and this became the Ancient Roman province of Britannia. In the course of the 500 years after the Roman Empire fell, the Britons of the south and east of the island were assimilated or displaced by invading Germanic tribes (Angles, Saxons, and Jutes, often referred to collectively as Anglo-Saxons). At about the same time, Gaelic tribes from Ireland invaded the north-west, absorbing both the Picts and Britons of northern Britain, eventually forming the Kingdom of Scotland in the 9th century. The south-east of Scotland was colonised by the Angles and formed, until 1018, a part of the Kingdom of Northumbria. Ultimately, the population of south-east Britain came to be referred to as the English people, so-named after the Angles.
Germanic speakers referred to Britons as Welsh. This term came to be applied exclusively to the inhabitants of what is now Wales, but it also survives in names such as Wallace and in the second syllable of Cornwall. Cymry, a name the Britons used to describe themselves, is similarly restricted in modern Welsh to people from Wales, but also survives in English in the place name of Cumbria. The Britons living in the areas now known as Wales, Cumbria and Cornwall were not assimilated by the Germanic tribes, a fact reflected in the survival of Celtic languages in these areas into more recent times.[52] At the time of the Germanic invasion of southern Britain, many Britons emigrated to the area now known as Brittany, where Breton, a Celtic language closely related to Welsh and Cornish and descended from the language of the emigrants, is still spoken. In the 9th century, a series of Danish assaults on northern English kingdoms led to them coming under Danish control (an area known as the Danelaw). In the 10th century, however, all the English kingdoms were unified under one ruler as the kingdom of England when the last constituent kingdom, Northumbria, submitted to Edgar in 959. In 1066, England was conquered by the Normans, who introduced a Norman-speaking administration that was eventually assimilated. Wales came under Anglo-Norman control in 1282, and was officially annexed to England in the 16th century.
Early modern period
On 20 October 1604 King James, who had succeeded separately to the two thrones of England and Scotland, proclaimed himself "King of Great Brittaine, France, and Ireland".[53] When James died in 1625 and the Privy Council of England was drafting the proclamation of the new king, Charles I, a Scottish peer, Thomas Erskine, 1st Earl of Kellie, succeeded in insisting that it use the phrase "King of Great Britain", which James had preferred, rather than King of Scotland and England (or vice versa).[54] While that title was also used by some of James's successors, England and Scotland each remained legally separate countries, each with its own parliament, until 1707, when each parliament passed an Act of Union to ratify the Treaty of Union that had been agreed the previous year. This created a single kingdom with one parliament with effect from 1 May 1707. The Treaty of Union specified the name of the new all-island state as "Great Britain", while describing it as "One Kingdom" and "the United Kingdom". To most historians, therefore, the all-island state that existed between 1707 and 1800 is either "Great Britain" or the "Kingdom of Great Britain".
Great Britain lies on the European continental shelf, part of the Eurasian Plate and off the north-west coast of continental Europe, separated from this European mainland by the North Sea and by the English Channel, which narrows to 34 km (18 nmi; 21 mi) at the Straits of Dover.[55] It stretches over about ten degrees of latitude on its longer, north–south axis and covers 209,331 km2 (80,823 sq mi), excluding the much smaller surrounding islands.[56] The North Channel, Irish Sea, St George's Channel and Celtic Sea separate the island from the island of Ireland to its west.[57] The island is since 1993 joined, via one structure, with continental Europe: the Channel Tunnel, the longest undersea rail tunnel in the world. The island is marked by low, rolling countryside in the east and south, while hills and mountains predominate in the western and northern regions. It is surrounded by over 1,000 smaller islands and islets. The greatest distance between two points is 968.0 km (601+1⁄2 mi) (between Land's End, Cornwall and John o' Groats, Caithness), 838 miles (1,349 km) by road.
The English Channel is thought to have been created between 450,000 and 180,000 years ago by two catastrophic glacial lake outburst floods caused by the breaching of the Weald-Artois Anticline, a ridge that held back a large proglacial lake, now submerged under the North Sea.[58] Around 10,000 years ago, during the Devensian glaciation with its lower sea level, Great Britain was not an island, but an upland region of continental north-western Europe, lying partially underneath the Eurasian ice sheet. The sea level was about 120 metres (390 ft) lower than today, and the bed of the North Sea was dry and acted as a land bridge, now known as Doggerland, to the Continent. It is generally thought that as sea levels gradually rose after the end of the last glacial period of the current ice age, Doggerland reflooded cutting off what was the British peninsula from the European mainland by around 6500 BC.[59]
Great Britain has been subject to a variety of plate tectonic processes over a very extended period of time. Changing latitude and sea levels have been important factors in the nature of sedimentary sequences, whilst successive continental collisions have affected its geological structure with major faulting and folding being a legacy of each orogeny (mountain-building period), often associated with volcanic activity and the metamorphism of existing rock sequences. As a result of this eventful geological history, the island shows a rich variety of landscapes.
The oldest rocks in Great Britain are the Lewisian gneisses, metamorphic rocks found in the far north west of the island and in the Hebrides (with a few small outcrops elsewhere), which date from at least 2,700 My ago. South of the gneisses are a complex mixture of rocks forming the North West Highlands and Grampian Highlands in Scotland. These are essentially the remains of folded sedimentary rocks that were deposited between 1,000 My and 670 My ago over the gneiss on what was then the floor of the Iapetus Ocean.
In the current era the north of the island is rising as a result of the weight of Devensian ice being lifted. Counterbalanced, the south and east is sinking, generally estimated at 1 mm (1⁄25 inch) per year, with the London area sinking at double this partly due to the continuing compaction of the recent clay deposits.
Animal diversity is modest, as a result of factors including the island's small land area, the relatively recent age of the habitats developed since the last glacial period and the island's physical separation from continental Europe, and the effects of seasonal variability.[61] Great Britain also experienced early industrialisation and is subject to continuing urbanisation, which have contributed towards the overall loss of species.[62] A DEFRA (Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs) study from 2006 suggested that 100 species have become extinct in the UK during the 20th century, about 100 times the background extinction rate. However, some species, such as the brown rat, red fox, and introduced grey squirrel, are well adapted to urban areas.
Rodents make up 40% of the mammal species.[citation needed] These include squirrels, mice, voles, rats and the recently reintroduced European beaver.[62] There is also an abundance of European rabbit, European hare, shrews, European mole and several species of bat.[62] Carnivorous mammals include the red fox, Eurasian badger, Eurasian otter, weasel, stoat and elusive Scottish wildcat.[63] Various species of seal, whale and dolphin are found on or around British shores and coastlines. The largest land-based wild animals today are deer. The red deer is the largest species, with roe deer and fallow deer also prominent; the latter was introduced by the Normans.[63][64] Sika deer and two more species of smaller deer, muntjac and Chinese water deer, have been introduced, muntjac becoming widespread in England and parts of Wales while Chinese water deer are restricted mainly to East Anglia. Habitat loss has affected many species. Extinct large mammals include the brown bear, grey wolf and wild boar; the latter has had a limited reintroduction in recent times.[62]
There is a wealth of birdlife, with 628 species recorded,[65] of which 258 breed on the island or remain during winter.[66] Because of its mild winters for its latitude, Great Britain hosts important numbers of many wintering species, particularly waders, ducks, geese and swans.[67] Other well known bird species include the golden eagle, grey heron, common kingfisher, common wood pigeon, house sparrow, European robin, grey partridge, and various species of crow, finch, gull, auk, grouse, owl and falcon.[68] There are six species of reptile on the island; three snakes and three lizards including the legless slowworm. One snake, the adder, is venomous but rarely deadly.[69] Amphibians present are frogs, toads and newts.[62] There are also several introduced species of reptile and amphibian.[70]
In a similar sense to fauna, and for similar reasons, the flora consists of fewer species compared to much larger continental Europe.[71] The flora comprises 3,354 vascular plant species, of which 2,297 are native and 1,057 have been introduced.[72] The island has a wide variety of trees, including native species of birch, beech, ash, hawthorn, elm, oak, yew, pine, cherry and apple.[73] Other trees have been naturalised, introduced especially from other parts of Europe (particularly Norway) and North America. Introduced trees include several varieties of pine, chestnut, maple, spruce, sycamore and fir, as well as cherry plum and pear trees.[73] The tallest species are the Douglas firs; two specimens have been recorded measuring 65 metres or 212 feet.[74] The Fortingall Yew in Perthshire is the oldest tree in Europe.[75]
There are at least 1,500 different species of wildflower.[76] Some 107 species are particularly rare or vulnerable and are protected by the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981. It is illegal to uproot any wildflowers without the landowner's permission.[76][77]
A vote in 2002 nominated various wildflowers to represent specific counties.[78] These include red poppies, bluebells, daisies, daffodils, rosemary, gorse, iris, ivy, mint, orchids, brambles, thistles, buttercups, primrose, thyme, tulips, violets, cowslip, heather and many more.[79][80][81][82]
There is also more than 1000 species of bryophyte including algae and mosses across the island. The currently known species include 767 mosses, 298 liverworts and 4 hornworts.[83]
There are many species of fungi including lichen-forming species, and the mycobiota is less poorly known than in many other parts of the world. The most recent checklist of Basidiomycota (bracket fungi, jelly fungi, mushrooms and toadstools, puffballs, rusts and smuts), published in 2005, accepts over 3600 species.[84] The most recent checklist of Ascomycota (cup fungi and their allies, including most lichen-forming fungi), published in 1985, accepts another 5100 species.[85] These two lists did not include conidial fungi (fungi mostly with affinities in the Ascomycota but known only in their asexual state) or any of the other main fungal groups (Chytridiomycota, Glomeromycota and Zygomycota). The number of fungal species known very probably exceeds 10,000. There is widespread agreement among mycologists that many others are yet to be discovered.
London is the capital of England and the United Kingdom as a whole, and is the seat of the United Kingdom's government. Edinburgh is the capital city of Scotland, and is the seat of the Scottish Government as well as the highest courts in Scotland. The Palace of Holyroodhouse in Edinburgh is the official residence of the British monarch in Scotland. Cardiff is the capital city of Wales, and is the seat of the Welsh Government.
- Largest urban areas
Rank | City-region | Built-up area[86] | Population (2011 Census) |
Area (km2) |
Density (people/km2) |
1 | London | Greater London | 9,787,426 | 1,737.9 | 5,630 |
2 | Manchester–Salford | Greater Manchester | 2,553,379 | 630.3 | 4,051 |
3 | Birmingham–Wolverhampton | West Midlands | 2,440,986 | 598.9 | 4,076 |
4 | Leeds–Bradford | West Yorkshire | 1,777,934 | 487.8 | 3,645 |
5 | Glasgow | Greater Glasgow | 1,209,143 | 368.5 | 3,390 |
6 | Liverpool | Liverpool | 864,122 | 199.6 | 4,329 |
7 | Southampton–Portsmouth | South Hampshire | 855,569 | 192.0 | 4,455 |
8 | Newcastle upon Tyne–Sunderland | Tyneside | 774,891 | 180.5 | 4,292 |
9 | Nottingham | Nottingham | 729,977 | 176.4 | 4,139 |
10 | Sheffield | Sheffield | 685,368 | 167.5 | 4,092 |
In the Late Bronze Age, Britain was part of a culture called the Atlantic Bronze Age, held together by maritime trading, which also included Ireland, France, Spain and Portugal. In contrast to the generally accepted view[87] that Celtic originated in the context of the Hallstatt culture, since 2009, John T. Koch and others have proposed that the origins of the Celtic languages are to be sought in Bronze Age Western Europe, especially the Iberian Peninsula.[88][89][90][91] Koch et al.'s proposal has failed to find wide acceptance among experts on the Celtic languages.[87]
All the modern Brythonic languages (Breton, Cornish, Welsh) are generally considered to derive from a common ancestral language termed Brittonic, British, Common Brythonic, Old Brythonic or Proto-Brythonic, which is thought to have developed from Proto-Celtic or early Insular Celtic by the 6th century AD.[92] Brythonic languages were probably spoken before the Roman invasion at least in the majority of Great Britain south of the rivers Forth and Clyde, though the Isle of Man later had a Goidelic language, Manx. Northern Scotland mainly spoke Pritennic, which became Pictish, which may have been a Brythonic language. During the period of the Roman occupation of Southern Britain (AD 43 to c. 410), Common Brythonic borrowed a large stock of Latin words. Approximately 800 of these Latin loan-words have survived in the three modern Brythonic languages. Romano-British is the name for the Latinised form of the language used by Roman authors.
British English is spoken in the present day across the island, and developed from the Old English brought to the island by Anglo-Saxon settlers from the mid 5th century. Some 1.5 million people speak Scots—which was indigenous language of Scotland and has become closer to English over centuries.[93][94] An estimated 700,000 people speak Welsh,[95] an official language in Wales.[96] In parts of north west Scotland, Scottish Gaelic remains widely spoken. There are various regional dialects of English, and numerous languages spoken by some immigrant populations.
Christianity has been the largest religion by number of adherents since the Early Middle Ages: it was introduced under the ancient Romans, developing as Celtic Christianity. According to tradition, Christianity arrived in the 1st or 2nd century. The most popular form is Anglicanism (known as Episcopalism in Scotland). Dating from the 16th-century Reformation, it regards itself as both Catholic and Reformed. The Head of the Church is the monarch of the United Kingdom, as the Supreme Governor. It has the status of established church in England. There are just over 26 million adherents to Anglicanism in Britain today,[97] although only around one million regularly attend services. The second largest Christian practice is the Latin Church of the Catholic Church, which traces its history to the 6th century with Augustine of Canterbury and the Gregorian mission. It was the main religion for around a thousand years. There are over 5 million adherents today, 4.5 million Catholics in England and Wales[98] and 750,000 in Scotland,[99] although fewer than a million Catholics regularly attend mass.[100]
The Church of Scotland, a form of Protestantism with a Presbyterian system of ecclesiastical polity, is the third most numerous on the island with around 2.1 million members.[101] Introduced in Scotland by clergyman John Knox, it has the status of national church in Scotland. The monarch of the United Kingdom is represented by a Lord High Commissioner. Methodism is the fourth largest and grew out of Anglicanism through John Wesley.[102] It gained popularity in the old mill towns of Lancashire and Yorkshire, also amongst tin miners in Cornwall.[103] The Presbyterian Church of Wales, which follows Calvinistic Methodism, is the largest denomination in Wales. There are other non-conformist minorities, such as Baptists, Quakers, the United Reformed Church (a union of Congregationalists and English Presbyterians), Unitarians.[104] The first patron saint of Great Britain was Saint Alban.[105] He was the first Christian martyr dating from the Romano-British period, condemned to death for his faith and sacrificed to the pagan gods.[106] In more recent times, some have suggested the adoption of St Aidan as another patron saint of Britain.[107] From Ireland, he worked at Iona amongst the Dál Riata and then Lindisfarne where he restored Christianity to Northumbria.[107]
The three constituent countries of the United Kingdom have patron saints: Saint George and Saint Andrew are represented in the flags of England and Scotland respectively.[108] These two flags combined to form the basis of the Great Britain royal flag of 1604.[108] Saint David is the patron saint of Wales.[109] There are many other British saints. Some of the best known are Cuthbert, Columba, Patrick, Margaret, Edward the Confessor, Mungo, Thomas More, Petroc, Bede, and Thomas Becket.[109]
Numerous other religions are practised.[110] The 2011 census recorded that Islam had around 2.7 million adherents (excluding Scotland with about 76,000).[111] More than 1.4 million people (excluding Scotland's about 38,000) believe in Hinduism, Sikhism, or Buddhism—religions that developed in the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia.[111] Judaism figured slightly more than Buddhism at the 2011 census, having 263,000 adherents (excluding Scotland's about 6000).[111] Jews have inhabited Britain since 1070. However, those resident and open about their religion were expelled from England in 1290, replicated in some other Catholic countries of the era. Jews were permitted to re-establish settlement as of 1656, in the interregnum which was a peak of anti-Catholicism.[112] Most Jews in Great Britain have ancestors who fled for their lives, particularly from 19th century Lithuania and the territories occupied by Nazi Germany.[113]
See also
- ^ Scotland held its census a year later after England and Wales due to the COVID-19 pandemic. As a result, the data shown is from two separate years.
- ^ The political definition of Great Britain – that is, England, Scotland, and Wales combined – includes a number of offshore islands such as the Isle of Wight, Anglesey, and Shetland, which are not part of the geographical island of Great Britain. Those three countries combined have a total land area of 228,948 km2 (88,397 sq mi).[3]
- ^ ISLAND DIRECTORY Archived 8 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine, United Nations Environment Programme. Retrieved 9 August 2015.
- ^ "A Beginners Guide to UK Geography (2023)". Open Geography Portal. Office for National Statistics. 12 March 2024. Retrieved 31 May 2024.
- ^ a b c "Estimates of the population for the UK, England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland". Office for National Statistics. 26 March 2024. Retrieved 9 April 2024.
- ^ "Ethnic group". Office for National Statistics. 28 March 2023. Retrieved 28 May 2024.
- ^ "Ethnic group, national identity, language and religion". Scotland's Census. Retrieved 28 May 2024.
- ^ "Islands by land area, United Nations Environment Programme". Islands.unep.ch. Archived from the original on 20 February 2018. Retrieved 24 February 2012.
- ^ "says 803 islands which have a distinguishable coastline on an Ordnance Survey map, and several thousand more exist which are too small to be shown as anything but a dot". Mapzone.ordnancesurvey.co.uk. Retrieved 24 February 2012.
- ^ Nora McGreevy. "Study Rewrites History of Ancient Land Bridge Between Britain and Europe". smithsonianmag.com. Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 25 April 2022.
- ^ "Population Estimates" (PDF). National Statistics Online. Newport, Wales: Office for National Statistics. 24 June 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 November 2010. Retrieved 24 September 2010.
- ^ See Geohive.com Country data Archived 21 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine; Japan Census of 2000; United Kingdom Census of 2001. The editors of List of islands by population appear to have used similar data from the relevant statistics bureaux and totalled up the various administrative districts that make up each island, and then done the same for less populous islands. An editor of this article has not repeated that work. Therefore this plausible and eminently reasonable ranking is posted as unsourced common knowledge.
- ^ "Who, What, Why: Why is it Team GB, not Team UK?". BBC News. 14 August 2016. Retrieved 6 August 2018.
- ^ Oliver, Clare (2003). Great Britain. Black Rabbit Books. p. 4. ISBN 978-1-58340-204-7.
- ^ O'Rahilly 1946
- ^ 4.20 provides a translation describing Caesar's first invasion, using terms which from IV.XX appear in Latin as arriving in "Britannia", the inhabitants being "Britanni", and on p30 "principes Britanniae" (i.e., "chiefs of Britannia") is translated as "chiefs of Britain".
- ^ Cunliffe 2002, pp. 94–95
- ^ "Anglo-Saxons". BBC News. Retrieved 5 September 2009.
- ^ a b c Snyder, Christopher A. (2003). The Britons. Blackwell Publishing. p. 12. ISBN 978-0-631-22260-6.
- ^ "... ἐν τούτῳ γε μὴν νῆσοι μέγιστοι τυγχάνουσιν οὖσαι δύο, Βρεττανικαὶ λεγόμεναι, Ἀλβίων καὶ Ἰέρνη, ...", transliteration "... en toutôi ge mên nêsoi megistoi tynchanousin ousai dyo, Brettanikai legomenai, Albiôn kai Iernê, ...", Aristotle: On Sophistical Refutations. On Coming-to-be and Passing Away. On the Cosmos., 393b, pages 360–361, Loeb Classical Library No. 400, London William Heinemann LTD, Cambridge, Massachusetts University Press MCMLV
- ^ Book I.4.2–4, Book II.3.5, Book III.2.11 and 4.4, Book IV.2.1, Book IV.4.1, Book IV.5.5, Book VII.3.1
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{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Cunliffe, Barry (2012). Britain Begins. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. p. 4, ISBN 978-0-19-967945-4.
- ^ Βρεττανική. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project
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Great Britain: England, Wales, and Scotland considered as a unit. The name is also often used loosely to refer to the United Kingdom.
Great Britain is the name of the island that comprises England, Scotland, and Wales, although the term is also used loosely to refer to the United Kingdom. The United Kingdom is a political unit that includes these countries and Northern Ireland. The British Isles is a geographical term that refers to the United Kingdom, Ireland, and surrounding smaller islands such as the Hebrides and the Channel Islands. - ^ Brock, Colin (2018), Geography of Education: Scale, Space and Location in the Study of Education, London: Bloomsbury,
The political territory of Northern Ireland is not part of Britain, but is part of the nation 'The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland' (UK). Great Britain comprises England, Scotland and Wales.
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Britain:/ˈbrɪt(ə)n/ the island containing England, Wales, and Scotland. The name is broadly synonymous with Great Britain, but the longer form is more usual for the political unit.
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- Pliny the Elder (translated by Rackham, Harris) (1938). Natural History. Harvard University Press.
- Ball, Martin John (1994). The Celtic Languages. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-01035-1.
- Butler, Alban (1997). Butler's Lives of the Saints. Continuum International Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-86012-255-5.
- Frodin, D. G. (2001). Guide to Standard Floras of the World. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-79077-2.
- Spencer, Colin (2003). British Food: An Extraordinary Thousand Years of History. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-13110-0.
- Andrews, Robert (2004). The Rough Guide to Britain. Rough Guides Ltd. ISBN 978-1-84353-301-6.
- Dawkins, Peter (2004). The Shakespeare Enigma. Polair Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9545389-4-1.
- Major, John (2004). History in Quotations. Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-35387-3.
- Else, David (2005). Great Britain. Lonely Planet. ISBN 978-1-74059-921-4.
- Kaufman, Will; Slettedahl, Heidi Macpherson (2005). Britain and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History. ABC-Clio. ISBN 978-1-85109-431-8.
- Oppenheimer, Stephen (2006). Origins of the British. Carroll & Graf. ISBN 978-0-7867-1890-0.
- Room, Adrian (2006). Placenames of the World. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-2248-7.
- Massey, Gerald (2007). A Book of the Beginnings, Vol. 1. Cosimo. ISBN 978-1-60206-829-2.
- Taylor, Isaac (2008). Names and Their Histories: A Handbook of Historical Geography and Topographical Nomenclature. BiblioBazaar. ISBN 978-0-559-29667-3.
- Legon, N.W.; Henrici, A. (2005). Checklist of the British & Irish Basidiomycota. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. ISBN 978-1-84246-121-1.
- Cannon, P.F.; Hawksworth, D.L.; M.A., Sherwood-Pike (1985). The British Ascomycotina. An Annotated Checklist. Commonwealth Mycological Institute & British Mycological Society. ISBN 978-0-85198-546-6.
- Cunliffe, Barry (2002). The extraordinary voyage of Pytheas the Greek (revised ed.). New York: Walker & Co. ISBN 0-14-029784-7. OCLC 49692050.
- O'Rahilly, T. F. (1946). Early Irish History and Mythology (reprinted 1964, 1971, 1984 ed.). Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. ISBN 0-901282-29-4.
External links
- Coast – the BBC explores the coast of Great Britain.
- The British Isles
- 200 major towns and cities in the British Isles
Video links
- Pathe travelogue, 1960, Journey through Britain Archived 4 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine
- Pathe newsreel, 1960, Know the British Archived 4 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine
- Pathe newsreel, 1950, Festival of Britain Archived 5 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine


text:
I have long tried to convince people that the United States is well on its way to being a full-fledged police state. I've even written on "How Police States Are Born." Despite the signs, people who I usually think of as intelligent still think I'm being — at best — eccentric. At worst, they just write me off as a nut job.
The truth is, the United States actually already is a police state. We just haven't all been put on lockdown yet.
But we're getting there. This past week, we've taken a major step forward, and the process has kicked into a higher gear. (Edit 3/21/2017: YouTube video has vanished; link removed.)
If you ask me, the hunt for Chris Dorner has laid bare the fact that we are no longer "on the way" to being a police state: we've arrived. It's just that nothing significant has been cause for a roll-out until now. Now, with Dorner, the police show their true colors. As another attorney noted on my Facebook page, they aren't even pretending anymore:
"The chief said there had been a 'night of extreme tragedy in the Los Angeles area' and that the department was taking measures to ensure the safety of officers." My favorite quote…….What about ensuring others' safety from innocent-victim-shooting officers? Three innocent people shot at in two separate incidents? I guess we are all just necessary collateral damage in their quest to protect the Brotherhood….How many innocents will be shot in their not so professional manhunt? [1]I've corrected some typographical elements, but otherwise, this is her quote.
Good question. They shoot indiscriminately at innocent people because they happen to be driving — and Dorner, they believe, was driving at some point — so you can see that there's a similarity. In an excessive display of fairness, I'll say that the cops believed those people were driving vehicles that matched the description of that driven by Dorner. However, if you follow the links and read the stories, you'll see something like this:
His [the citizen in the second shooting based on "mistaken identity"] pickup, police later explained, matched the description of the one belonging to Christopher Jordan Dorner — the ex-cop who has evaded authorities after allegedly killing three and wounding two more. But the pickups were different makes and colors. And Perdue looks nothing like Dorner: He's several inches shorter and about a hundred pounds lighter. And Perdue is white; Dorner is black.
The two Hispanic women shot by seven police officers earlier were not black, either. And the vehicle they were driving was a different model and color than that Dorner drove.
This isn't the first time the police have fired on citizens without good cause. But getting back to Dorner, police have surrounded the homes of ordinary citizens with snipers and conducted door-to-door searches without warrants. They've shut down freeways with Homeland Security doing vehicle-to-vehicle searches.
Oh, and now they're talking about using drones to go after Dorner.
The police state of which we are getting a glimpse did not develop overnight. Nor did it necessarily — for those of my friends who think I'm just anti-cop — develop for nefarious reasons.
What's happening is just part-and-parcel of the growing transformation of police agencies throughout the United States over at least the last couple of decades. You can't transform public servants into warriors and then not expect them to go to war.
As Brian Mockenhaupt wrote back in 2007 concerning his experience in Iraq:
I'm glad to be home, to have put away my uniforms, to wake up next to my wife each morning. I worry about my friends who are in Iraq now, and I wish they weren't. Often I hated being there, when the frustrations and lack of control over my life were complete and mind-bending. I questioned my role in the occupation and whether good could come of it. I wondered if it was worth dying or killing for. The suffering and ugliness I saw disgusted me. But war twists and shifts the landmarks by which we navigate our lives, casting light on darkened areas that for many people remain forever unexplored. And once those darkened spaces are lit, they become part of us. At a party several years ago, long before the Army, I listened to a friend who had served several years in the Marines tell a woman that if she carried a pistol for a day, just tucked in her waistband and out of sight, she would feel different. She would see the world differently, for better or worse. Guns empower. She disagreed and he shrugged. No use arguing the point; he was just offering a little piece of truth. He was right, of course. And that's just the beginning.
Over the last two or so decades, we've given more power than ever before to local police forces. We've armed them with assault weapons.
(That last link, by the way, takes you to a story from TechDirt, of all places, discussing a police chief who allegedly stated that in 2013, he will be sending SWAT teams armed with officers into so-called "high crime areas" to stop and request identification from anyone they encounter. I wonder how much longer my friends will tell me I'm crazy for calling the United States a "police state.")
We've given them armored personnel carriers. That last linked story is about "tanks," but shows a picture of what is actually an armored personnel carrier. (Here are more.) But some police departments do have actual tanks.
And they post snipers at football games, ready to take out anyone in the crowd "as necessary."
And drones. We really can't forget about the drones — especially when police "weaponize" them.
Despite how often it appears so, this is no joke.
But Mockenhaupt is right. This sort of thing changes the police.
You don't have to "blame the police" to recognize this. Talking about it — doing something about it — does not have to mean that you are "anti-cop," as I am so often accused of being. Because I'm not actually anti-cop. I'm anti-dishonest cop. I'm anti-cop-as-overlord cop. I'm anti-you-will-lie-prostrate-before-me cop.
The problem is, folks, Andy Griffith has left the building.
"If we're training cops as soldiers, giving them equipment like soldiers, dressing them up as soldiers, when are they going to pick up the mentality of soldiers? If you look at the police department, their creed is to protect and to serve. A soldier's mission is to engage his enemy in close combat and kill him. Do we want police officers to have that mentality? Of course not." — Arthur Rizer, former civilian police officer and member of the military
Yeah, that's right. That was a cop who said that. And he's not the only one.
Are we a police state? Of course we are. You just didn't — maybe still don't, if you won't pull your head out of…the sand — know it. Even PBS talks about it. (NPR is content to document steps in that direction without naming it what it is.)
What is it going to take to turn this back around? I'm not sure it can be turned back around. But, for starters, people have to wake up. They need to start talking. To each other. To their state representatives. To their federal representatives. Complain. And complain loudly. If you see cops mishandling citizens, or are mishandled yourself: file a complaint. You don't have to do it on the spot. You don't have to risk your own life. You can go to the police station where they will give you a form to fill out. Sure, they will ignore your form…for now. But if everyone who witnessed police misconduct would file a complaint, something would get done about it — believe me, there's enough misconduct that the police department would be flooded with forms if people would just complain.
If you don't want to complain about out-of-control militarized police-with-attitude-problems, then just help do something to stop the failed war on drugs — because that's what started this mess. Prohibition. Just as the prohibition of alcohol lead to the birth of organized crime, so has the prohibition on marijuana and other drugs lead directly to the police state.
And it's only going to get worse, unless you do something. Hell, if you can't do anything else, at least click one of the buttons at the end of this post to spread it on Google+, Facebook, and to others who might do more.
Because at the moment — and with the ongoing calls of idiot liberals to disarm us all it's only going to get worse — they have us outgunned.
They aren't afraid to show us.
And that, my friends, is what makes a police state.
↑1 | I've corrected some typographical elements, but otherwise, this is her quote. |

subset: commoncrawl


text:
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text:
Oldest person's death "not sudden" quotes an item in New Scientist 25 August 2007, p12. Yone Minagawa, a Japanese woman, died aged 114 years and 7 months on Monday 13 Aug 2007. According to Japan News Review, 14 Aug 2007, she "died of old age at a nursing home in Fukuchi, Fukuoka Prefecture". She was born on 4 January 1893. Toshiro Tachibana, an official at the nursing home, commented: "The death was not sudden."
Editorial Comment: Waiting 114 years to die is not sudden, and it's a sad reminder that death is inevitable for all people. However, let's make the unpopular point that Yone did not actually die of old age. Deep down everyone knows that death is not a natural part of life, because given the chance of a healthy life everyone wants to live longer. Death is moral penalty for disobeying our Creator. In the beginning one man Adam died for sin, and all the human race inherited the problem and the penalty. But God sent His sinless Son, the Lord Jesus Christ to die and his death has paid the penalty for all those who will repent of their rebellion and put their trust in Him. The solution to death is not to help people live to be 114 or beyond, but to accept the solution offered by the Creator of life. (Ref. geriatrics, degeneration, centenarians)
Evidence News 10 October 2007


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Solving problems in the urban environment of Hong Kong.
The aim of the course is to develop the skills necessary to explore, think about, and design intelligently responsive kinetic objects and systems and spaces. The primary goal of the course is to expose students to innovative way of thinking about design in terms of adaptability with respect to both contextual systems and building programming. The idea is to create spaces and objects that can physically re-configure themselves to meet changing needs. The central issues explored are human and environmental interaction, embedded computational infrastructures, physical control mechanisms and the processes that architects and designers can use in creating and demonstrating of such systems. Within the framework of this course, design processes and methodologies will be developed so that students will have the practical confidence to explore such systems in future design explorations.


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On the fence? Or just have a question?
Still unsure if you're ready for this or which plan makes the most sense for you? Schedule a quick call with us so we can learn more about you and see if we are a good fit to work together.
Fill in the form with the best times to catch you on the phone and we'll give you a call.
Juicy Reads


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The Mountain Crest Mustangs at Roy Royals broadcast is scheduled to begin at approximately 6:45 p.m.
Friday's broadcast is brought to you with LIVE commentary from Jake Ellis and "The Coach" John Olsen on 107.7 FM and streamed online here.
To see which future games will be broadcast, click here.
To watch other High School games that have aired this season, click here.
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Women in Tech Africa (Ghana Chapter) in collaboration wit USAID and IREX on the 27th of April organized a special session Women and Technology at the Alissa Hotel in Accra.
Speaking at the events was :
CEO Airtel Ghana ( Lucy Quist) first female CEO of a multinational telecommunications company in Ghana
Deputy Managing Director UT Bank and one of the most powerful personalities in Banking in Ghana( Pearl Esua-Mensah)
Director of Mobile Web Ghana ( Florence Toffa)
Director of Innovation Grameen Foundation
CEO of EDEL Technology Consulting and Founder Women in Tech Africa
Citifm was on hand to feature our speakers on their #Cititrends program . listenhere


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Born of a Unique Dedication to the NICU
Where every day the smallest patients make the largest demands on every caregiver involved!
Comprehensive, specialized and designed to fill an important gap in healthcare IT, Crib Notes™ is the first ever global information management and workflow solution dedicated — like your entire neonatal team — to providing the highest level of care to tiny, fragile patients in the NICU.
Crib Notes™ brings computer-aided precision and efficiency to every aspect of day-to-day NICU workflow, from admission notes to discharge summaries, for your entire NICU staff. This includes physicians, nurses, dietitians, therapists and every healthcare professional even peripherally involved in a baby's care.
The solution enables hospitals to maximize the value of their robust NICU data by gathering, organizing and sharing it with the entire treatment team to more precisely guide patient care.


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Tax season readiness
Tax season is right around the corner. Are you ready? It can be a hectic time of year, but don't worry—you'll be well on your way to a stress-free tax season if you follow our five tips.
1. Start planning now
It's important to get started early. Don't wait until April 14 to rush to make a tax appointment or file your tax return. Rushing leads to mistakes—like leaving money on the table because you forgot to claim a particular deduction.
If your accountant hasn't provided one already, reach out and request a checklist to ensure you're gathering all required information, including important tax documents and business expenses. Also, don't forget to make your tax planning appointment with your accountant—the earlier, the better.
2. Organize and digitize your documents
During the month of January, companies will begin sending out and receiving essential tax documents. Use this time to find the documentation you'll need and start scanning and organizing it. Not only will you be able to recycle the paperwork, but you'll make it easier to organize and submit your documents for tax preparation. Accountants love clients that go digital!
While this list isn't all-inclusive (check with your accountant for exactly what you need), below are the general documents you'll want to prepare for your accountant:
Income items may include gross receipts from sales or services, interest or dividends from business checking or savings accounts, and other income such as that from rentals, grants, etc.
Cost of goods sold such as beginning and ending inventory dollar amounts, inventory purchases, and materials and supplies.
Expenses like advertising, transportation and travel, computer and internet, contract labor, commissions and fees, insurance, interest expenses, and depreciation.
Other items such as advance payment notices, estimated tax payments, charitable contributions and financial statements (e.g., balance sheet, profit/loss statement, cash flow statement).
3. Know important deadlines
While your tax preparer will provide important tax deadlines, it's also important for you to keep track of them, too. Be sure to check the IRS website for the most accurate and up-to-date information.
4. Familiarize yourself with tax credits
Tax laws are constantly changing, which means tax credits are, too. Your accountant will help you navigate through possible credits, but you want to make sure you're aware of those that will help you and your business.
The first place you want to look is the IRS website¹—as it lists a large number of possible business credits you may qualify for to reduce your total tax bill. They can include credits for small business health insurance premiums (Form 8941), employer credit for paid family and medical leave (Form 8994), work opportunity credits (Form 5884), or credit for employer-provided childcare facilities and services (Form 8882), among others.
5. Use your accountant's client portal
Keeping up with paper documents makes tax preparation a bit clunky and unorganized. Be sure to use your accountant's online portal to store and organize your financial documents securely. Doing this will help save you (and your accountant) valuable time during tax prep.
Using a portal streamlines the tax preparation process and gives your accountant easy access to your essential tax information at any time and from anywhere. And many firms use portals that offer you access via a smart device, such as a phone or tablet. Quickly and easily review your tax return and provide an e-signature—all in one place
The time is now
Before you know it, tax season will be here. Stay as stress-free as can be with these five tips. Our best advice? Get started now and reach out to your accountant with any questions. Here's to a successful tax season in 2023!
¹"Business Tax Credits," IRS, November 10, 2022.
Back to issue


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This advanced edition of slim and light MOTOTRBO portable radios connects you with true sophistication. Pocket-sized yet powerful, the SL 7000e Series radios are turbo-charged with special enhancements and innovative features that put you in total control. With 3 watts of power, integrated Bluetooth and Wi-Fi connectivity, amped-up audio, double the energy efficiency, a durable body and intuitive accessories, the SL 7000e Series is your smart super-portable.
The MOTOTRBO SL 7000e Series is a family of DMR-standard slim and light portable radios that connects you with sophistication. Pocket-sized and with a smooth outline, the radios feature a full keypad and 5-line color screen with customizable display schemes. A built-in vibrate function alerts you quietly when you need to be discreet, and a comprehensive range of audio accessories allows you to stay connected without disturbing your customers.
With integrated voice and data, the SL 7000e Series delivers operations-critical communications. Bluetooth® lets you talk without wires, while also enabling precise indoor location-tracking. Powerful audio and advanced noise cancellation ensure your call is heard, even in noisy environments, and 280-character text messaging simplifies complex communications. Integrated Wi-Fi® enables remote software updates.
With a clear user interface designed to support productivity applications such as Work Order Ticketing, the SL 7000e Series helps your staff make the most of their work day. Voice Announcement and Text-to-Speech features allow you to monitor radio settings and text communications hands-free, and sophisticated scan functions keep you in touch with many teams at once.
More Powerful
More Connected
More Effective
The Motorola SL 7550e is available in the following models:
Motorola SL 7550e
AAH81QCN9TA2AN 403-470 MHz, 3 Watts, 1000 Channels
AAH81TCN9TA2AN 450-512 MHz, 3 Watts, 1000 Channels
On July 16, 2018, Motorola Solutions announced new enhancements to the MOTOTRBO platform with new service packages that include access to software updates, premium software features and extended hardware repair services. Your business's security and technology needs are rapidly evolving, and we want to make sure you have a world-class experience each and every time you use your MOTOTRBO products.
There are three pieces of the Essential Services offer:
Buying Motorola Solutions' Essential Services package is the fastest and easiest way for you to have peace of mind that you are fully covered from a hardware and software perspective, and that your software is up-to-date.
MOTOTRBO connects people wherever they need instant, clear and reliable communications. It combines the best of two-way radio functionality with the latest digital technology. MOTOTRBO is a computing system that enables instant and clear communication with added intelligence.
As with any computing system, MOTOTRBO is composed of hardware and software. From ultra-light portables to extra-tough mobiles, MOTOTRBO equipment/hardware provide the best of two-way radio functionality with the latest digital technology, but their value over time is static. Three years after purchase, your physical radio is the same radio. Software, on the other hand, keeps adding value over time. With every new software release, you get improved performance, reliability, security and capabilities. Going back to the same example, three years after purchase, because of software updates, your radio is a better radio which increases the value of your investment with every update.
Contact us to learn more about Motorola Essential Services for MOTOTRBO
You'll Rethink What's an Accessory – and What's a Necessity
Motorola radios are already best in class, but to help you work at your best, you need enhancements targeted to your specific workplace. Motorola has developed a line of accessories with unique features designed to optimize the performance of your radio in your work environment, unleashing the full power of the industry's most advanced digital radio platform.
As you walk from the production line, across hotel grounds, or to the store stockroom, you can work more easily and efficiently wearing a comfortable, convenient accessory. Combine Motorola's best-in-class radios with accessories to achieve even greater productivity and cost-savings. Together, you'll rethink what's an accessory – and what's a necessity.
That's why it's important to use Motorola tested and certified accessories with your Motorola radios. They're the only ones designed, built and tested with your radio to optimize its performance.
View the Motorola Original Accessories for the Motorola SL 7000 Series
Click here to see MOTOTRBO Application Briefs
MOTOTRBO SL 7000e Series Data Sheet
MOTOTRBO SL 7000 Series Accessory Brochure
MOTOTRBO Systems At a Glance
MOTOTRBO At a Glance
Click here to see MOTOTRBO Case Studies


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Tortoise Pickguard Material for Archtop Instruments
Beautiful handmade solid acrylic tortoise for making an elevated guitar or mandolin pickguard.
The pattern is swirled throughout the gloss-surface material, not printed on a layer like many other pickguards, producing a handsome dark traditional color depth. Made of acrylic, with better stiffness and resistance to warping than celluloid when suspended over a carved-top guitar or mandolin.
Available in 6-11/16" x 11-13/16" (170mm x 300mm) sheets. Add your own edge bindings for a traditional finished look.
Note: This is a solid non-laminated material; translucency will vary with the darkness of the instrument body. Because this tortoise is handmade, individual thicknesses may vary slightly.


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American Spring
Even the cold early spring of 2012 could not deter Occupy Wall Street (OWS) activists in New York city. People from different backgrounds continue to come out onto the streets. The agenda driving all the protesters remains the same: income inequality, corruption among banks and multinational corporations, foreclosures, climate change, police brutality and above all, the need to get together and talk in person – not just via mobile phones. It is all about the courage of ordinary men and women to tell the truth to those who hold power.
Please rate this film
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Published: 25 May 2012 00:00


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"Better Than Love" and "Wonderful Life":
Here's the Kylie duet, Devotion:
Hurts ft Kylie – Devotion by iwantmorenewmusic
I'm intrigued in a very 80's way by Hurts, the Manchester synth pop duo of Theo Hutchcraft and Adam Anderson, who were mentioned earlier in this week's music post. Their debut album, Happiness, is out at the beginning of September, and features a duet with Kylie Minogue.
Here they are covering Kylie's track "Confide in Me" (via arjan). I've also posted the videos for their first tracks "Wonderful Life" and "Better Than Love".
Watch all the clips, and listen to the Kylie duet, AFTER THE JUMP…


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GoLocalise specialises in professional English to Shina and Shina to English translation. We can also translate Shina to and from over 600 different languages.
GoLocalise is the only translation agency offering translations from Shina to any language in the world.
The most important consideration when selecting a translation agency to handle your Shina translation is trust. Only professional translators whose native language is Shina carry out our English to Shina translations. Here's why you should choose us:
GoLocalise is proud to provide a comprehensive Shina translation service, specialising in audio and video content and tailored to our clients' needs
We also offer high-quality translation from Shina to English with a quick turnaround. We make sure that all information and nuances are properly communicated.
Thanks to our native English translators who are not only linguists and language enthusiasts, but also carry expertise in specialist subjects such as law, marketing, business, economics, physics, medicine, IT and more.
With our expertise in re-versioning audio and video content, we can help you access new markets and promote your content. You will receive a comprehensive, cost-effective, and trouble-free video translation service. We can do everything from transcribing, translating, and voicing a video, to creating Shina subtitles and artistically modifying captions or on-screen text for a foreign language version of your film.
Subtitles occur on the screen as text in reaction to the characters' speech or dialogue. They are typically used to transform media into a language that the audience can comprehend. If subtitles are not accurate to the spoken word on screen, the viewers' understanding of the content can be negatively impacted. Precisely created subtitles, on the other hand, enhance the value of your video content.
That's why we have professional linguists in place to create subtitles for your film or other video content. Our team consists of both local and foreign resources to ensure that every uttered word in another language is correctly translated.
We provide Shina transcription services for your audio and video files. If required, we can also arrange for that French transcription to be translated into over 600 different languages. You can rest assured that your Shina transcriptions are returned on time and with our guarantee of quality.
Whether you are looking for a Shina voice over artist for your TV commercial, in-store announcement, animation, or any other form of content, look no further than our native Shina voice over services. We are a reliable voice over agency with professional voice over talents who can perform in a variety of languages and dialects for a range of purposes. No matter how complicated your voice over requirements are, we guarantee you the quickest possible turnaround with top quality. Here are some convincing reasons to choose our Shina voice over services:
We provide Shina audio recording services for the following projects:
Leave your project to the experts at GoLocalise so that you can relax and be assured of getting top-notch results
Every single detail will be analysed, studied and looked
after so that you do not need to worry. Some would say it's not too classy to blow our own trumpet… but we just like to point out two very important details. We have achieved ISO 9001 Quality Management certification in recognition of our consistent performance and high standards, and ISO 14001 Environmental Management because we care about our planet! And if you are still curious and want to know more about us, why not have a look at our studio page.
Having a strong audiovisual department on your side makes all the difference!
With GoLocalise you get an experienced and motivated team of professionals that work regularly alongside translation and production companies. We understand the technical requirements necessary to produce perfect foreign language and English voice overs. Our project managers will assist you along the way and we'll break down the process and present it to you without the big words or technical industry jargon, so you don't need to worry about the technical aspects and can simply concentrate on growing your business. By working with GoLocalise you'll be able to offer additional services, i.e., voice over, subtitling and translation to your clients, with a partner who will deliver and on whom you can truly rely.
When working with translation companies we provide easy-to-follow guidelines so that you can provide your own translations for us to "convert" into subtitles, or voice over your translated scripts. Or if you prefer, we can take the entire project off your hands and keep things simple for you – it' your call! We're equally used to working with production companies, so we can deliver your translations or subtitles in any language and format of your choice – either burning-in the subtitles onto the video for you, or supplying you with XML or PNG files for you to do yourself – Adobe After Effects and Final Cut Pro ready files.
Don't leave your important communication to chance. Make sure your message is clearly understood by your audience and choose GoLocalise for your next voice over project.
We have thousands of passionate and professional voice over artists ready to work with you. No matter the type of voice you are looking for, we'll either have it in our books or find it and source it for you. We'll organise a casting and ensure you get the perfect voice to suit your needs.
You will also benefit from having your own dedicated project manager – a single point of contact – to guide you through your project, answer any questions you may have and make things a whole lot easier.
Your project will be in the safe hands of one of our multilingual project managers.
They will guide you through every step and ensure you understand the process. Our industry has a tendency to use lots of technical jargon but your dedicated project manager will be on-hand to untangle the mess and explain all you need to know to ensure you only pay for what you need.
If you need help in choosing the right voice over talent to deliver your message then just ask your project manager. From booking our voice over recording studios to ensuring you project is delivered on time in your chosen media, relax and let your experienced project manager take care of everything. You will receive unparalleled attention to detail and customer focus at competitive prices. You'll wish everything was as easy as a GoLocalise voice over!
Your recordings will sound beautiful and crystal clear thanks to our high-end studio soundproofing and audio equipment, i.e. ProTools HD and Neumann microphones.
Maximise your budget by reducing the need for retakes with the help of our experienced in-house sound engineers who will professionally capture and edit your audio. And for those recordings in languages which neither you nor your client speak, we'll bring a qualified pro to your session to add that essential ingredient. To make you feel right at home, we provide high-speed Wi-Fi Internet and air-con is available. And last but not least, we have the biggest cookie jar you've ever seen, that'll make your custom brew taste even sweeter!
Shina is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by the Shina people. In Pakistan, Shina is the major language in Gilgit-Baltistan spoken by an estimated 1,146,000 people living mainly in Gilgit-Baltistan and Kohistan. A small community of Shina speakers is also found in India, in the Guraiz valley of Jammu and Kashmir and in Dras valley of Ladakh. Outliers of Shina language such as Brokskat are found in Ladakh, Kundal Shahi in Azad Kashmir, Palula and Sawi in Chitral, Ushojo in the Swat Valley and Kalkoti in Dir.
Until recently, there was no writing system for the language. A number of schemes have been proposed, and there is no single writing system used by speakers of Shina language. Shina is mostly a spoken language and not a written language. Most Shina speakers do not write their language.
Lucas Cole
Sales and Marketing Director at Epipheo
Patricia Leon-Fedorko
Account Specialist at Advanced Language
Josie Gallo
Content Co-ordinator at Medical Aid Films
Kerry Gillies
Director at Synergy Language Services
Jo Samuel
Animator at Pixel Circus
Adam Ruddick
Head of Production at Casual Films
Looking to get your entire project under one roof? Look no further, we can help you make life easier for you!
Contact us


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A few weeks ago, I asked my frankfurts a question: tell me a message worth sharing. After thousands of submissions, my we found a winner. Meet Fallon. My babes sat down with her to find out about the babe behind the words.
Fallon, thank you so much for entering this competition, we loved your response. Can you tell our frankfurts, what's a message you you think is worth sharing?
Inclusion for all. As a proud Indigenous Australian woman, growing up in Australian society was tiring emotionally, mentally and physically..tiring which to this day, continues. Breaking down the negative stereotypes that are placed not only on ourselves but also projected onto our non-indigenous peers is a struggle as we haven't always been the definition of beauty given our colonial history.
Yet we find beauty within ourselves, mentally guided by the strong indigenous women that have raised and come before us. I remember specifically the first time i felt Physically included amongst my high school peers, it was when Samantha Harris graced the cover of Girlfriend Magazine in 2006 as the first indigenous girl to do so. Having similar features such as our full lips and tanned skin, immediately I felt a sense of self worth.
Representation is everything to our young women, men and trans. A sense of belonging, connection and inclusion speaks volumes for those who still feel emotionally caged in our society. Trust me, i know..
Why did you choose to enter and what does this mean to you?
I wanted to help other people realise there's a whole other world than to what some are living.
With this opportunity I hope to spread insight, I hope to spread education to all women and walks of life that they are beautiful, that their voice matters and that we should show the same kindness to all and to judge people as one thing. I am a an Indigenous woman, a Mother, an Australian woman, so many different walks of life and people have influenced the person I am today, I am not one dimensional. Through understanding others and including everyone, we can be better people. So with this I hope to bring insight, education and awareness – especially and cultural understanding and sensitivity
In your own words, what's inclusion?
It's everybody. We are all one body of people, one species. People put so much pressure on what differentiates us from each other, there is a constant division between who we are but it's unnecessary. Inclusion for me means accepting everyone regardless of race, religion, disability, sexual orientation.. whatever you identify with. We should all feel needed and wanted because at the end of the day, we're all the same.
How did you feel when you found out you won?
So I was sitting at home, a few weeks later and for some reason I check my email and see my acceptance into this contest that I totally forgot I entered. When I saw the email that I won, I was in shock. For the first time, I felt nervous about something, but it was good nerves. I had made an impact and my message was people who have loved what I said and what happens in such a short time, you never think that things happen like this but when you get opportunities like this you have to run with it. Life's too short to overthink everything. I felt that I was accepted and they loved that message and why not share that with everyone! It's been a lot of fun and it was exciting and nerve wracking and everything. I'm just excited for today and the shoot and what's to come! Anything could happen!
What advice do you have for other babes who aren't feeling included?
To take a break from things, especially social media. Spend time doing things for yourself that make you happy and remind yourself that the negativity of other people and situations aren't a reflection of all people or you. Spend time doing things for yourself and take as much time as you need for yourself.
What's a message that you want people to keep sharing?
Be kind to one another. Take into consideration other people's feelings. We all go through things in our life, some are expected, some aren't. Have that sensitivity to go out of your way to understand where someone else is coming from. We all come from different walks of life, so just take into consideration what other people are feeling and what they could be going through in their life because no one has a perfect life.


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WordPress supports image galleries without having to use any plugins. The native WordPress image gallery displays as a grid of image thumbnails. This plugin will help you to make the thumbnails in the grid will display the large version of the image in lightbox mode on top of the content rather than taking the user away from the page easily.
We also provide the best image carousel plugin that will allow you to make your default WordPress gallery into awesome image carousel. Just download Image Carousel Plugin, install, sit back and enjoy 🙂
With free version you will get the following gallery feature :
- Extends the default Gallery options
- Automatically add lightbox to WordPress image galleries
- Set Slideshow Auto Play
- Change Slideshow Interval
- Show / hide Bottom Thumbnails
- Change Slider Overlay Color
- Ability to display gallery as Carousel, just install Image Carousel Plugin
- and more free feature will available every release new version
Demo with Gallery Block
Demo with Classic Editor
Recommended Plugins
The following are other recommended plugins by the author:
- Best Gallery Plugin – Easy Media Gallery is a wordpress plugin designed to display various media support including grid gallery, galleries, photo album, multiple photo albums, portfolio, photo gallery or image gallery.
- Best Contact Form – The Best Contact Form Plugin to create awesome Contact Form in minutes.
- Best Image Slider Plugin – Easy Image Slider Widget – Displaying your image as slider in widget/sidebar area with very easy. Allows you to customize it to looking exactly what you want.
- Best Popup Plugin – The Best Notify and Subscription Form Plugin to display notify popup, announcement and subscribe form with very ease, fancy and elegant.
- Best Image Carousel – Touch enabled WordPress plugin that lets you create a beautiful responsive image carousel.
- Deutsch / Deutschland
- Espanol / Espana
- Francais / France
- អ៊ីតាលី
- Swedish
- Bahasa Indonesia
- Hebrew
- ម៉ាលេស៊ី
- Polish
If you would like to create your own language pack or update the existing one, you can send the text of PO and MO files for GhozyLab and we'll add it to the plugin. You can download the latest version of the program for work with PO and MO files Poedit.
Technical Support
If any problem occurs or if you think, that you found a bug please contact us at firstname.lastname@example.com.
Gallery Lightbox step by step guide
There are no complicated instructions for using Gallery Lightbox plugin because this Lightbox plugin designed to make all easy. Please watch the following video and we believe that you will easily to understand it just in minutes :
For automatic installation:
The simplest way to install is to click on 'Plugins' then 'Add' and type 'Gallery Lightbox' in the search field.
For manual installation 1:
- Login to your website and go to the Plugins section of your admin panel.
- Click the Add New button.
- Under Install Plugins, click the Upload link.
- Select the plugin zip file (gallery-lightbox-slider.x.x.x.zip) from your computer then click the Install Now button.
- You should see a message stating that the plugin was installed successfully.
- Click the Activate Plugin link.
For manual installation 2:
- You should have access to the server where WordPress is installed. If you don't, see your system administrator.
- Copy the plugin zip file (gallery-lightbox-slider.zip) up to your server and unzip it somewhere on the file system.
- Copy the "gallery-lightbox-slider" folder into the /wp-content/plugins directory of your WordPress installation.
- Login to your website and go to the Plugins section of your admin panel.
- Look for "Gallery Lightbox" and click Activate.
How to use Gallery Lightbox Plugin?
There are no complicated instructions for using Gallery Lightbox plugin because this Lightbox plugin designed to make all easy. Please watch the following video and we believe that you will easily to understand it just in minutes :
This is for WordPress with Gallery Block
This is for WordPress with Classic Editor
How can I get support?
- We are not able to provide anything other than community based support for Gallery Lightbox Plugin.
How can I say thanks?
- Just recommend our plugin to your friends! or
- If you really love Gallery Lightbox Plugin any donation would be appreciated! It helps to continue the development and support of the plugin.
But seriously, I just want to drink coffee for free, so help a developer out. You can use this link Donate to Gallery Lightbox.
Contributors & Developers
"Gallery Lightbox" is open source software. The following people have contributed to this plugin.
Contributors"Gallery Lightbox" has been translated into 4 locales. Thank you to the translators for their contributions.
Translate "Gallery Lightbox" into your language.
Interested in development?
Browse the code, check out the SVN repository, or subscribe to the development log by RSS.
- Fixed : Compatibility issue with new Gallery Block
- Update : WordPress 6.3 compatibility
- Fixed : Javascript issue in frontend
- Update : WordPress 5.5 compatibility
- Tweak : Replace selectbox (dropdown mode) with button animation in gallery settings page
- Fixed : Wrong plugin name in PHP variable
- Fixed : Many other PHP and CSS clean and optimization
- Fixed : RTL language issue
- Fixed : jQuery selector for several markup, thanks to @ov3rfly
- Fixed : Many other PHP and CSS clean and optimization
- Tweak : Compatibility with the latest Image Carousel plugin
- Tweak : Gutenberg Gallery Block compatibility
- New : Malaysia Language ( ms_MY )
- Timestamp : none
- Update : WordPress 4.8 compatibility
- Update : POT file and all Languages
- Timestamp : 03/13/16 00:01:17
- Added : New Option to Enable / Disable Lightbox Fancy Caption
- Timestamp : 02/06/16 17:14:18
- Tweak : Free Plugins Page styles
- Timestamp : 02/01/16 08:58:12
- Tweak : Retrieving Premium and Free plugin page via AJAX to speed page load
- Timestamp : 01/29/16 08:16:55
- Tweak : Update Lightbox selector to make it compatible with custom link feature from Image Carousel Plugin ( version 220.127.116.11 ) that will released within a few days
- Timestamp : 01/28/16 14:24:02
- Added : New Option to show/hide thumbnails caption
- Timestamp : 01/24/16 07:29:30
- Tweak : Settings Link in plugin list
- Timestamp : 01/17/16 15:06:04
- Tweak : Move admin notice from Documentation Tab to Settings Tab
- Timestamp : 01/08/16 16:23:05
- Tweak : Documentation Page
- Timestamp : 01/06/16 15:10:40
- Fixed : Thickbox ( add_thickbox ) issue on Free Install Plugins Page
- Timestamp : 12/17/15 13:19:48
- New : Language ( he_IL )
- Fixed : Slider interval from 1 seconds to 3 seconds when interval not set
- Timestamp : 11/25/15 01:50:20
- New : Language ( sv_SE )
- Timestamp : 11/06/15 10:37:57
- Tweak : Change text domain to plugin slug
- Timestamp : 10/01/15 12:10:50
- Fixed : Many other PHP and CSS clean and optimization
- Timestamp : 09/04/15 23:15:44
- This is the launch version. No changes yet.
- Timestamp : 08/19/15 12:07:22


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Fast tracked BBMP War Room Combats COVID-19 utilizing Aurora VLX AV over IP
The Client
The Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike (BBMP), is the administrative body responsible for civic amenities and some infrastructural assets of the greater Bengaluru metropolitan area. It is the fourth largest municipal corporation in India being responsible for a population of 6.8 million in an area of 741 km2. In view of monitoring COVID-19 cases and fighting effectively, local Karnataka Government and BBMP took an early initiative and decided to set-up the war room to help health offcials to monitor this situation. This war room was the first control and command center for COVID-19 crisis management in all of India. This idea was given by the Commissioner to Government and approved on war footing basis, given a deadline of 48 hours to inaugurate this new facility with full functioning Network Operations Center.
The Challenge
In the midst of COVID-19 breakdown in India, Aurora Multimedia India put its best foot forward to support its partner Prodigital India Pvt Ltd in setting up a 24/7 command center and control room (War Room for COVID-19) at BBMP headquarters, Bengaluru, Karnataka to keep a check on COVID-19 cases. In a very fast track scenario, this ambitious project was executed in just 36 hours from the time Aurora Multimedia India received the green signal from its partner Prodigital India Pvt Ltd.
The Solution
Prodigital worked together with Aurora Multimedia India (Powered by AVDynamics India Pvt Ltd) to develop and propose the complete sophisticated AV solution to the client. Since the set up was 24/7, Aurora India along with its partner recommended to go with Aurora's VLX 4K AV over IP solution. Aurora India stocks most products in their facility, making it possible to execute on such a short notice. Since this being a very critical project, the Aurora India tech team guided Prodigital team during the complete installation and configuration processes.
Every member of the Aurora Multimedia Team worked together to get this achieved. This helped Prodigital complete and commission the very fast track war room project within 36 hours of official confirmation from client.
This is truly inspiring and proud moment for Aurora Multimedia India which helped relentlessly in the fight. The Aurora Multimedia USA team also extended their support and expertise which really helped during these difficult times, which makes it clear that Aurora Multimedia product surely fall under essential commodity items to fight COVID-19 cases.


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Here you can find all the products, including tailored, waterproof seat covers and rubber mats, that we supply for the Land Rover Defender 1983-2007.
Please check the year of your vehicle.
Our tailored seat covers are 100% waterproof and are designed to fit the Defender.
Our rubber mats are made out of a high quality 3mm rubber that is bound in a cloth trim; not only are they practical, but they are easy to clean, and smart looking too.