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Objective Proficiency
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Objective Proficiency Second edition provides Official Exam Preparation for Cambridge C2 Proficiency. Everything you need to be confident for exam day.
A variety of challenging, lively topics provide thorough training in exam skills and high-level language development. Each unit contains three double-page lessons ensuring flexibility, even pacing and progress. This motivating material is also suitable for high-level students keen to improve their general English.
The Workbook without answers provides opportunities for further practice of new language and exam skills either at home or in the classroom. The CD contains the audio material for the Workbook listening tasks.
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The Official Cambridge Guide to IELTS
Student's Book with Answers with DVD-ROMPerfect for students at band 4.0 and above, this study guide has EVERYTHING you need to prepare for IELTS Academic or General Training.
Authors: Pauline Cullen, Amanda French, Vanessa JakemanEnglish Type: International EnglishCEF Level: B2 - C1Publication date: February 2014
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Friday, January 22, 2010
Come and Visit a Tropical Vireya Grower in Hawaii
The Big Island of Hawaii has an amazing plethora of growers that export food commodities to the world, and also amazing floral businesses that are a huge part of our agro-economy. I'm going to take you on a visit to one of our local growers of specialty Vireyas or Tropical Rhododendrons.
We are visiting the White Cloud nursery in the Ka'eohe Homesteads on the east side of Hawaii Island. This area really feels and looks like we are in the cloud forests where vireyas tend to flourish in higher altitude conditions.
Pete and Jane Adams are the owners of the nursery and they have been growing and selling vireyas at White Cloud exclusively. This nursery specializes in subtropical vireyas and comprises of five acres with over 300 species of hybrid Vireya and Madenni Rhododendrons. There is also a wonderful show garden and green house that is open to the public on Saturdays from 9 to 2 pm.
Shall we start our tour with Pete and Jane, they promised to spare us a few minutes from their busy schedule to show us some amazing plants today! The show gardens are very well laid out and bordered with logs from paper bark tree's that were cut down to open up the growing display areas. The walkways are cinder rock so that makes it very easy to walk around the display areas. I didn't ask about wheel chair accessibility but it looks doable if your willing to push someone through the cindered pathways.
Here's one of the first beauties that caught my eye while we were walking. Its called Will Silent, I should have asked why this was called that name, but I was just to stunned by the color and wanted to capture the amazing flower clusters and the burst of sunlight.
Let me introduce you to Christo Rey which has vivid orange and a yellow throat base, its dazzling and the flowers look just soo perfect.
If you like pink and frilly then you will love Queensland which has dark maroon leaves, showy flowers and is fragrant with spicy scents.
This showy bi-colored Vireya is called Haloed Gold and it is a frequent bloomer and is very sun tolerant. A nice upright shrub with glossy foliage.
I love peach colored flowers like this one called lulu, its got a zany name that makes me smile.
Now this flower is all yellow and its name is a mouthful, its called Laetum X Arigeranum. The leaves were so green and glossy, it made the yellow really pop!
I think I caught the light really well on this flower called Aravir, its just stunning and the scent is just amazing, light floral and jasmine scent. I would love to get a few of these please.
For those that want a smaller gem, this one is still dramatic. Its called R. Commonae and the small bells are almost pure red, what a drama queen!
This one is my favorite on the tour, its called Candy Halo and it really has it all. Showy pink framing a white star and deep yellow throat and a large flower. ..humm you had me at hello!
I think I could go on and on through their beautiful display garden, but it was getting really hot outside so we decided to check out the green house for some well deserved shade. This is the interior shot of the green house. It is over 3000 square feet and used primarily for propagating their export certified plants.
We toured the inside briefly and I saw alot of the propagated plants, minatures and new varieties that are currently being tested. I also saw a few beauties that were actually more interesting for their foliage like this one called R. Polyanthemum, it has rusty and furry leaves and would add alot of texture and color to an all green garden.
Well I'm feeling a little sun stroke and I thank Jane and Pete for spending some time with us. If you would like to check out their website for more information about growing these amazing plants and adding some to your collection, here's their website below. http://www.whitecloudnursery.com/
If your ever on the Big Island of Hawaii, please stop and visit the White Cloud nursery outside of Pahoa Village, Pete and Jane are such wonderful garden friends, and I'm sure you'll enjoy meeting them. Also, If you enjoyed our tour, please feel free to make a comment below, I would appreciate hearing from you.
Thanks for joining me on our vireya tour and I'll look forward to visiting another favorite plant grower from Hawaii soon.
9 comments:
- Rothschild Orchid said...
How beautiful. Wonderful post noel, thank you.
RO :o) - January 22, 2010 at 12:44 PM
- Jim Groble said...
it is always a treat to visit your blog. the pictures and story are wonderful. it almost makes me forget that it's 20 outside.
jim - January 22, 2010 at 2:19 PM
- Carol said...
Great photos Noel... the light is magic though it may have been hot for you! Fun to see so much color in January! ;>) Carol
- January 22, 2010 at 10:50 PM
- BernieH said...
What beautiful varieties ... thanks for sharing these. They really are stunning blooms.
- January 22, 2010 at 11:33 PM
- Ami said...
How pretty! Especially love the color richness of Queensland and Candy Halo. Thanks for showing us this, Noel!
- January 23, 2010 at 7:24 AM
- Yan said...
Beautiful, I'd never heard of vireyas. I learn so much at blotanical. I particularly like the laetum and aravir and lulu ......in fact I like (and want) them all.
- January 24, 2010 at 12:44 AM
- Rosie Nixon Fluerty said...
These are wonderful - I've never seen plants like this before. Candy Halo would be my favourite and then the white one.
- January 24, 2010 at 2:58 AM
- Jean Campbell said...
Beautiful, all of them! I was looking forward to seeing the vireyas. Thank you for the tour. Interesting to see them out in the bright sun. Ours prefer high shade.
Next cold, miserable day, I'm going to spend time looking at Henning's Rhodoendron web site and looking for more vireyas. - January 24, 2010 at 5:03 AM
I'll take the pink one, the white one and, let's see...all the rest. Plant gluttony at its finest. What a delightful day it must have been.
- January 24, 2010 at 5:52 PM

subset: commoncrawl


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Jessica Courtney-Tickle
Find children's books you like and we will recommend others.
Discover what it would be like to travel through the four seasons in one day, following a little girl called Isabelle and her dog, Pickle, as they take on the adventure of a lifetime. As a sign of the changing seasons, Isabelle carries a little apple tree with her, and we see it bud, blossom and lose its leaves. Each spread features a musical note to press and a 10 second sound clip from the original score of Vivaldi's Four Seasons. Illustrated by artist Jessica Courtney-Tickle, the book also features a biography of Vivaldi at the back along with a guide to the music. This is the first title in a series of sound books that bring classical music to life for young children.
Publication Date 06 October 2016
Publisher Frances Lincoln Children's Books
Book Type Hardback
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Vatican City, 15 December 2014 (VIS) –
This morning in the Vatican Apostolic Palace the Holy Father received
in audience Dragan Covic, Croatian member of the Collegial Presidency
of Bosnia and Herzegovina, who subsequently met with Cardinal
Secretary of State Pietro Parolin, accompanied by Archbishop
Dominique Mamberti, secretary for Relations with States.
During the cordial discussions, the
Parties focused on the situation in the country, with particular
reference to the contribution of Catholics to the edification of
society and especially their commitment in the field of
reconstruction following the devastation caused by floods last
spring. Satisfaction was expressed regarding the good bilateral
relations, and several issues were discussed in relation to the
application of the 2006 Basic Agreement, which governs the
relationships and collaboration between the Church and the State for
the common good.
Finally, various themes relating to
regional and international politics were considered.


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Job Information
The Bartell Drug Company Pharmacy Technician & Technician Trainee - JR037332 in Kennard Corner, Washington
*Pharmacy TechnicianTechnician in Training* Contribute to our mission to improve Health and Wellness in your community. Become a Rite Aid Pharmacy Technician today! As a Pharmacy Technician in Training, you receive free training with our exclusive Rite Aid Pharmacy Technician Training & Certification Program. Your purpose is to successfully complete the program and continue working as a Rite Aid Pharmacy Technician. Click here to check out our Pharmacy Technician Video! Why you will THRIVE here: You love to help people. You care about the Health and Wellness of your community. You have an innate need to find answers where they aren't obvious. You have a way of making people feel comfortable. You enjoy an organized environment. You always remember details. Your email and phone etiquette are top-notch. Day-in-the-Life of a Pharmacy Technician in-Training:
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Many of our students opt to stay with a local family while they are here studying in Nicaragua. This is a great option for those who really want the "complete immersion" experience. You will eat meals with the family (of course, its not mandatory that you eat every meal with them), hang out, chat and spend family time.
The benefits to this set-up are obvious; you get 24 hours of Spanish practice and you get to see how Nicaraguans live. It is not for everybody however, as it consists of a single room with a fan and a shared bathroom. A homestay is a great option for most students and this option is available at all of our locations.
There are hostels in all of the cities where we have study programs and they are all near the schools. They range in cost from $16 a day to about $30 a day, again depending on your desired level of comfort and privacy. Just ask and we will direct you to local hostels.
Homestays and hostels are not for everyone. Some of us really want to sleep in air-conditioned comfort and like some ammenities. Just ask and we can let you know of hotels in the area of the school you will attend and get you reserved!
Each of the locations have hotels within walking distance and they range anywhere from $45-$175/night. Just let us know what you are looking for and we will help you set it up.


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10 U.S. Code § 2405 - Repealed. Pub. L. 105–85, div. A, title VIII, § 810(a)(1), Nov. 18, 1997, 111 Stat. 1839]
Section, added Pub. L. 98–525, title XII, § 1234(a), Oct. 19, 1984, 98 Stat. 2604; amended Pub. L. 102–484, div. A, title VIII, § 813(c), Oct. 23, 1992, 106 Stat. 2453; Pub. L. 103–355, title II, § 2302(a), (b), Oct. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 3321; Pub. L. 104–106, div. D, title XLIII, § 4321(b)(14), Feb. 10, 1996, 110 Stat. 673, related to limitation on adjustment of shipbuilding contracts.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of Repeal
Pub. L. 105–85, div. A, title VIII, § 810(b), Nov. 18, 1997, 111 Stat. 1839, provided that:
Except as provided in paragraph (2), the repeal made by subsection (a) [repealing this section] shall be effective with respect to claims, requests for equitable adjustment, and demands for payment under shipbuilding contracts that have been or are submitted before, on, or after the date of the enactment of this Act [Nov. 18, 1997].
"(2) Section 2405 of title 10, United States Code, as in effect immediately before the date of the enactment of this Act, shall continue to apply to a contractor's claim, request for equitable adjustment, or demand for payment under a shipbuilding contract that was submitted before such date if—
a contracting officer denied the claim, request, or demand, and the period for appealing the decision to a court or board under the Contract Disputes Act of 1978 [see 41 U.S.C. 7101 et seq.] expired before such date;
a court or board of contract appeals considering the claim, request, or demand (including any appeal of a decision of a contracting officer to deny the claim, request, or demand) denied or dismissed the claim, request, or demand (or the appeal), and the action of the court or board became final and unappealable before such date; or
the contractor released or releases the claim, request, or demand."


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When Mr. Bolts began his humble journey of his dream construction company,Bolts in 1970 with nothing but ability, enthusiasm and a vision, little did he realize that in less than 50 years, his company would rate amongst the top construction company of the country with a global presence.
With a goal and clear vision, he started with his carefully handpicked team of skilled professionals who shared his passion for delivering the highest ever quality of work possible. Normally reputed as an industry which is resistant to change, he sought to do something different and tried to change the perception of the construction industry from a manufacturing niche business to a service oriented business.
Starting with just a team of dozen extremely motivated and committed people, with eight of them still with us, the company is reputed to be one of the fastest growing companies under the leadership of the great Mr. Bolts. With the company today worth over $3 billion, he has passed on the reins to his dynamic son Mr. Bolts.
When asked about the historic moment, young Mr. ** states of not yet reaching to it and still a long way to go. Treating employees more like a family member and customer above all else, the company's prosperity may reach the sky.


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C19H Automatic Ultrasonic Drip Coffee Bag Packing Machine
It is suitable for 5 to 15gram drip coffee inner and outer bag packaging.
1. Outer bag sealing is controlled by the stepper motor, ensuring accurate and stable bag length positioning.
2. Adopts PID temperature controller for more accurate temperature adjustment.
3. Adopts PLC control system and touch screen color monitor device, machine is very easy to operate.
4. The main machine parts is made of SUS304 stainless steel, so it ensures hygiene products output.
5. Some cylinders are imported, ensuring the accuracy and stability of the machines' performance.
6. It can make the inner and outer bag at the same time automatically, which would highly improve the working efficiency.
7. Adopts automatic conveyor system.
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Standard Technical Data
Type Drip Coffee Packaging Machine Series
Model C19H
Product name Automatic Ultrasonic Drip Coffee Bag Packing Machine with Outer Envelope
Bag type Ultrasonic sealing
Packing material Paper/Plastic, Plastic/Aluminum/Plastic, Paper/Aluminum/Plastic,
Filter paper
Feeding system Volumetric cup filler
Package range 5-15g
Inner bag size L:50-75mm , W:50-90mm
Outer bag size L:85-120mm , W:75-100mm
Inner bag film width (180mm) Bag size: L90mm*W75mm
Outer bag film width(200mm) Bag size: L120mm*W100mm
Power supply Single phase, 220V, 50HZ, 3.7KW
Packing speed 30-60bags/min
Weight 800KG
Dimension (L*W*H) 1200*900*1900mm


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May 15, 2023 at 8:32 amSolutionParticipant
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Introducing Ansys Electronics Desktop on Ansys Cloud
The Watch & Learn video article provides an overview of cloud computing from Electronics Desktop and details the product licenses and subscriptions to ANSYS Cloud Service that are...
How to Create a Reflector for a Center High-Mounted Stop Lamp (CHMSL)
This video article demonstrates how to create a reflector for a center high-mounted stop lamp. Optical Part design in Ansys SPEOS enables the design and validation of multiple...
Introducing the GEKO Turbulence Model in Ansys Fluent
The GEKO (GEneralized K-Omega) turbulence model offers a flexible, robust, general-purpose approach to RANS turbulence modeling. Introducing 2 videos: Part 1 provides background information on the model and a...
Postprocessing on Ansys EnSight
This video demonstrates exporting data from Fluent in EnSight Case Gold format, and it reviews the basic postprocessing capabilities of EnSight.
- How to deal with ""Problem terminated — energy error too large""?"
- The LS-DYNA equivalent of *MODEL_CHANGE card (in ABAQUS). Which keywords can be used to introduce(activate)/delete(deactivate) elements in the middle of a calculation (at user-specific time/load steps).
- Contact Definitions in ANSYS Workbench Mechanical
- How do I request ANSYS Mechanical to use more number of cores for solution?
- There is a unit systems mismatch between the environments involved in the solution.
- After Workbench crashes, how can I recover the project from a .mechdb file?
- How to resolve "Error: Invalid Geometry"?
- How to restore the corrupted project in ANSYS Workbench?
- Model has a large number of contacts – how to reduce them?
- Please explain the difference between Point Mass and Distributed Mass.
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The sooner girls are vaccinated against human papillomavirus (HPV), the lower their future risk of cervical cancer, a new study finds.
Compared to unvaccinated women, the risk of cervical cancer was 87% lower among those who received the bivalent vaccine Cervarix at ages 12 or 13. By contrast, it was 62% lower in those who got the vaccine at ages 14-16 and 34% lower those vaccinated at ages 16-18.
The findings are from an analysis of cancer registry data gathered from women in England between January 2006 and June 2019. They were 20 to 64 years old by the end of 2019.
The HPV vaccination program began in England in 2008. By June 2019, there were about 450 fewer cases of cervical cancer and 17,200 fewer cases of cervical carcinomas (pre-cancers) than expected among vaccinated women there, according to the study. The results were published Nov. 3 in The Lancet journal.
The researchers said their findings offer the first direct evidence that a bivalent vaccine prevents cervical cancer. Bivalent means the vaccine fights off two types of HPV.
"Although previous studies have shown the usefulness of HPV vaccination in preventing HPV infection in England, direct evidence on cervical cancer prevention was limited," said study author Peter Sasieni, a professor at King's College London.
"Early modeling studies suggested that the impact of the vaccination program on cervical cancer rates would be substantial in women aged 20-29 by the end of 2019. Our new study aims to quantify this early impact. The observed impact is even greater than the models predicted," he said in a journal news release.
The bivalent vaccine Cervarix protects against the two most common types of HPV that cause 70%-80% of all cervical cancers. These two targets are present in as many as 92% of women diagnosed with cervical cancer before the age of 30.
Cervarix was used in the United Kingdom from 2008-2012. The quadrivalent vaccine Gardasil, which fights four different types of HPV, is now used instead. In the United States, Gardasil-9, which combats nine types of HPV, is the vaccine in use.
"The scale of HPV vaccination effect reported by this study should stimulate vaccination programs in low- and middle-income countries where the problem of cervical cancer is a far greater public health issue than those with well-established systems of vaccination and screening," Dr. Maggie Cruickshank, a professor at the University of Aberdeen, wrote in an accompanying commentary.
"The most important issue, besides the availability of the vaccine [related to the decision-makers in the health policy], is the education of the population to accept the vaccination, as an increase in the rate of immunization is a key element of success," Cruickshank wrote.
More information
The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has more on HPV vaccination.
SOURCE: The Lancet, news release, Nov. 3, 2021


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Home » Publications
Putting Soul in the City – Towards a Manifesto
Using public art to transform the 21st Century urban landscape
Working with Beam, Poet in the City and the Place Alliance, we looked into the role of art in place-making and urban development, as advocated in the Farrell Review.
Terry Farrell: Manifesto for London
20 Propositions for a Better London
Introducing this special issue of the Architectural Review on London, Terry Farrell considers the dynamic, intricate and rapidly evolving nature of the metropolis and how propositions for urban planning must respond to its unique spirit of place.
London Essays
"Far from being bad for nature, London's development can bolster London's claims to become a National Park City." – an essay by Sir Terry Farrell for the Centre for London's 'London Essays'.
Thames Gateway Parklands Vision
In collaboration with the Department for Communities and Local Government
This document sets out an aspirational vision, which will guide and support improvements to the environment and define Parklands' contribution to the UK's first 'eco-region' in the Thames Gateway.
Smithfield Market Understanding the Site
Written by Farrells London
Smithfield Market August 2019
Cities are complex places, rich in overlaps, history event and futures. Smithfield is, in our assessment, one of those quintessential places in London, very much on the overlap between the City, the legal quarter and Westminster beyond, and between north and south.
Thames Gateway Parklands
Delivering Environmental Transformation
"Working together in partnership, we know that the re-development of the Thames Gateway will only succeed if we create a network of green open spaces to enrich existing and new communities, attract investment and raise spirits." – Sir Terry Farrell, Design Champion for the Thames Gateway.
Bridging East London
Unlocking housing capacity with low-level river crossings
Working with Burohappold, Farrells have carried out research into the need for river crossings in East London. This is a summary of that work. Awarded the 2015 London Planning Awards for Best Conceptual Project, the call for more low-level river crossings east of Tower Bridge is more relevant than ever.
North Essex Garden Communities Peer Review
Lord Bob Kerslake
In October 2016 the Leaders and Chief Executives of Braintree, Colchester, Tendring and Essex Councils asked Lord Bob Kerslake to lead a peer review to look at their approach to delivering Garden Communities in North Essex. Farrells, with ystudio, supported the review.
Farrells 2015 Vision for London
Sir Terry Farrell reveals his new London masterplan
London's future success will depend on bold and innovative planning on a city-wide scale. Architect Sir Terry Farrell talks Emily Wright through his new vision for the capital
A Sir, not a Star
Interview with The Peak Magazine
"Sir Terry Farrell is responsible for some of Hong Kong's best known landmarks. His work is not yet done, and his fondness for bridging old and new remains the key to his thinking." Dominique Afacan interviews Sir Terry for The Peak Magazine.
Vowels are special letters that help build a word and render the way we pronounce it. Similarly in architecture, there are common design traits that exude certain visions, connect and stimulate particular mental associations, influence the way we register shapes, and change the way we experience architecture.
This book captures the studio's pursuit of innovative, social-minded, and transformative design. We honed in on five broad architectural components – Arcs, Triangles, Oblongs, Waves, and Blades – using a selection of sketches, process renderings, and photography to reflect on our work from new angles.
Documenting a time of intense creative energy in one of the world's busiest architectural offices. This snapshot of work comprises evocative drawings, models and collages, ranging from first concepts through explanatory investigations to presentation images. By showing the way in which ideas are elaborated, explored and developed, it offers a unique insight into the creative processes of the architect.
Trees in the Urban Landscape
Planning in London April 2014
"Trees simply make our towns and cities a better place to be, as well as bringing health, food, oxygen, fuel, environmental and climatic benefits as well as sustenance and habitats for other species."
Smithfield Market Ideas
Written by Farrells London
August 2019
Our vision is a new public square in the City of London, introducing much needed open and green spaces to the surrounding communities. The proposal celebrates the site location – a place of intersections – between Farringdon and the City, between Thames Link and Crossrail, between the Cultural Spine and a potential N-S link to St. Paul's and the river.
Our goal is to promote a vibrant and healthy public realm to accommodate the multitude of users passing through everyday, The market is to be opened to public – no closing times – catering multiple daily and sporadic uses and encouraging creative occupation of spaces, promoting any kind of civic manifestations. The Rotunda Garden sits at the heart of the scheme, at the junction between the lively Culture Mile and the wandering link between the area and some of the most remarkable places of the city.
Smithfield is to become London's new creative square – a place for people!
Field Grain – A mixed use vision.
Written by Farrells London
January 2022
A recent competition for redevelopment of a green belt land in
the Southeast of England has led to us revisiting our earlier
thinking on the matter. We live in challenging times where we
need to question and revisit our ways of thinking. The debate
for and against the green belt has to move on as a result of the
pandemic reminding us how essential nature is. It does not just
form the background to our lives but an intrinsic part of who
we are and how we are going to live in the future. We have to
think and design for long-term, if a tree grows 25m tall in 20-
25 years for instance, we need to give nature its time and
space, and learn to live alongside it.
The Instant City
Farrells Focus
An article looking at rapid urban expansion and 'instant cities' with a focus on Farrells One Excellence project in Shenzhen, China
Sir Terry Farrell's Banister Fletcher lecture
Planning in London January 2017
A transcription of Sir Terry's 2016 London Society Banister Fletcher Lecture.
Pro Architect 13
Sir Terry Farrell
Published in 1999, the contemporarily bi-monthly Korean magazine Pro Architect focused issue 13 on Sir Terry Farrell and Farrells projects, including TV-am and Vauxhall Cross.
Shaping West London
An Illustrated Guide to the History of Earls Court
As part of our work on Earls Court, we have carefully studied the area's history in order to come to terms with this complex and fascinating part of London.
The Thames Gateway Core Vision
November 2009
As part of our work on the Thames Estuary, Farrells created a core vision for the area in 2009, building upon the Parklands Model.
UK>HK Farrells Placemaking
From London to Hong Kong and Beyond
Since establishing a foothold in Hong Kong in early 1990, Farrells have gone on to design and construct place-making buildings and railway related projects throughout the Asia-Pacific region. A collection of these projects are presented here, photographed in full colour, and accompanied by plans, elevations, diagrams and explanatory texts.
Farrells Focus – Nam Tong
Farrells Hong Kong
Hong Kong is growing and land supply is a pressing concern. How we grow is integral to ensuring the city's continuing liveability, sustainability, and competitiveness.
The future presents uncertainties and the precise nature and extent of long-term urban growth can never be fully predicted. We believe in a flexible, incremental growth strategy that works to enhance the existing urban context and builds on existing plans.
Nam Tong is a conceptual new town for 500,000 residents at the eastern edge of the urban area.
Ten Propositions for Planning in London
Planning in London April 2017
In January 2017, Max Farrell was invited to present to the All Party Parliamentary Group for London's Planning and the Built Environment in Parliament, organised by the London Society and chaired by the MP Rupa Huq. Here's what he said to them…
Earls Court 2030
A future imagined
A Time Out supplement "fast-forwarding to the furture and imagining what Earls Court could be like in 2030."
A Modular Masterplan
Written by Farrells London
The Royal Albert Dock as reinvented by Farrells has been successfully unveiled in East London, creating an exemplar of adaptable architectural thinking, from its masterplan to its modular delivery. This is the first commercially led phase of the 35 acre site set to be transformed into a gateway for international businesses looking to establish tangible roots on UK soil.
Making best use of London's industrial land
Planning in London April 2018
The pressure on London's housing, workplaces, leisure and services is evident. We have all heard the latest numbers for London's growth: increasing population of 10.8 million by 2041, i.e. +20 percent – with a demand for 19,000 new jobs and 66,000 additional homes to be created every year, all in a constrained and limited land area.
In dynamic cities such as London, change is imminent. The clear practical distinction between uses; residential, industrial and entertainment, is slowly disappearing. London could drastically change in the future; live, work and play could be further blurred.
So, what is the new pattern for London's urban growth? How do we make sure we fulfil the needs of the Londoners to come?What building typologies should we deliver to achieve the best balance for both the residential and workspace demand? What are the new truly mixed-development models for London?
The Role of the Estates
From Agriculture to Urbiculture
Sir Terry looks at how this long-term custodianship has impacted on the development of the fabric of the city and its strong sense of place, explaining how it is a model that we have tried to draw from in our Earl's Court masterplan.
The Farrell Review
The Farrell Review of Architecture & the Built Environment
In January 2013 Ed Vaizey, then Minister for Culture, Communications and the Creative Industries, asked Farrells to undertake a national review of architecture and the built environment. Advised by a panel of eleven industry leaders with a breadth of experience that covers education, outreach, urbanism, architecture, property and philosophy, the Review has been described as "the most thorough and wide-ranging exercise that has taken place in this sector for generations".
Making Cities Work as 24-hour Places to Live
Planning in London July 2017
What if we imagined a flexible, moving market, where stalls
might sell croissants in the morning and mojitos at night?
This was the initial premise of the entry Farrells submitted, just
over two months ago, in response to the Built Environment
Trust's call for ideas to make cities work as 24-hour places to
It turned out that what we imagined would be a fun opportunity
to engage in out-of-the-box thinking was much more successful
than we had anticipated. In fact, when we learned that
our project had been selected as the winning entry, the team's
screams of joy could be heard from one end of Hatton Street
Studios to the other and, arguably, all the way to Paddington.
The Road to Renewal
Taming the Urban Motorway
"We must reclaim London's Inner Ring Road and make new pedestrian places" – a look into London's central road networks and the expansion of the central core.
Farrells Workplace Brochure
Farrells London
There is a radical transformation underway for workspace in London and the way it is designed, marketed and occupied. New emerging models for co-working, social enterprises and different types of ownership are rapidly changing the established paradigm of 'CAT A' commercial space prevalent in the capital over the last 20 years. Our challenge as practitioners, designers and occupiers is to go beyond the trend and to understand the deeper socio-economic shifts and changes informing this new 'rental economy'.
Farrells has extensive experience in this area spanning five decades. From the TVam studios in Camden (recently voted 'Britain's most maverick building' by the Royal Academy) to the office buildings starting on site at Royal Albert Dock which are unique to the UK market. We have always been at the forefront of thinking about the modern workplace. Our recently established research unit within the 'Farrells Laboratory' at the Hatton Street Studios looks into the past, present and future of workplace design and this innovative thinking is informing our projects.
Terry Farrell: Selected and Current Works
The Master Architect Series
The Master Architect Series is a series of monographs on some of the greatest architects and architectural firms of our time.
Autonomous vehicles and future placemaking
Planning in London July 2016
Connectivity between rural areas and urban centres would be transformed by autonomous vehicles says Nigel Bidwell.
Shaping London
The Patterns and Forms that Make the Metropolis
In this wholly new and dynamic view of London, Sir Terry Farrell looks beyond the contribution of individual buildings to the city. He creates a larger, more exciting frame, charting how the capital's messy and complex shape has been hewn out of a series of layers – natural and manmade. Illustrated with original sketches, maps, archive photographs and paintings, this book provides a vibrant and intriguing collage of London's patterns and its history.
Farrells Masterplanning Brochure
Farrells London
For over fifty years, Farrells has championed place-making, the public realm and world-class masterplanning, leading to the government commissioned Farrell Review of architecture. Our unique collaborative design process results in places where landscape is the first infrastructure. We are acknowledged as the country's leading architect planners, implementing truly mixed-use environments with high quality public realm, always creating memorable places that people want to live, work and play in.
As we move towards a denser London, is it time to rethink the rules?
Planning in London January 2016
It may seem ironic that in looking for ideas for the future, we are starting with the solutions of the past says Sir Farrell – a discussion piece on the issues facing us as we move towards a denser London.
Twenty-five Years in China
Exhibition Summary
To celebrate the 25th anniversary of Farrells in China, a travelling architectural exhibition named Urban Dialogue began in Hong Kong, hosted later in Beijing, Shanghai and in October 2017 in Singapore.
Creating quality – Garden Cities
Planning in London April 2018
Settlements have been evolving for at least 6000 years if not longer, but we seem to have learned very little about making good ones. The present crop is so focused on housing that places for the cultural diversity of contented citizens seem long forgotten.
Civilised Quality New Settlements are Places to Live, Work and Enjoy, rather than merely be beautiful places to visit. They must not be the husks of half-forgotten rules and codes but the spirit that embodies them.
True and quality placemaking responds to underlying spatial significance e.g. history, topography, environment, connections, convenience and community in order to make a legible and coherent visual strategy, otherwise the simple question of what happened where and what goes where are not adequately answered. Also, the necessary ambition for a new settlement is lost.
The future of workspace in London
Planning in London January 2017
The most successful commercial buildings are those that consider the ever-changing nature of the workplace from the outset says Farrells Partner Peter Barbalov.
Transport oriented development – the key to sustainable urbanism
Planning in London October 2016
We should look long and hard at all the opportunities to intensify development around transport hubs to create more homes as well as easier access to jobs, services and green spaces says Farrells Managing Partner Laura Mazzeo.
The Eagle has landed
Estates Gazette London
"In Art Deco style, reflecting the original 1930s building, it punctuates the Old Street grime while mirroring the colours and hues of some of the area's more traditional stock, such as the iconic Moorfields Eye Hospital. It stands out yet somehow also fits right in." Janie Manzoori-Stamford reports on the completion of The Eagle, London in 2016.
Farrells Residential Interiors Brochure
Farrells London
Farrells offer world class interior design with an international brand and a profound understanding of London's residential markets. We have designed award winning interiors within our own architectural projects as well as buildings designed by others for over fifty years.
21st Century Kent
A Blueprint for the County's Future
Over the last 30 years Kent has seen major change. Its population has grown by more than 10% from £1.45 million in 1980 to 1.66 million today. Billions of pounds have been invested in the county's infrastructure including over £5 billion on the UK's only high speed rail line. Our work builds on Kent's powerful identity, painting a portrait of how Kent can capitalise on this investment over the next 20 to 30 years. Its aim is to describe a Kent that we are proud to hand over to future generations, one which will be enriched further and developed by constructive dialogue and creative collaboration with Kent's District and Borough Councils, Medway Council and local communities.
Work of the Hong Kong & London Offices
Continuum focuses on the work of Farrells between 2001 and 2011. The book includes such major works as the Home Office Building in London and Guangzhou station in China, which will be the largest railway station in the world. As well as several other major projects in the UK and China, there are also buildings and masterplans from Australia, South Africa, Singapore and India.
Continuity in the work of Farrells: 1981-2011
"Postmodernism was not a style: it was a period of profound change that affected all aspects of our culture, not just architecture." – Professor Colin Fournier on the legacy of Postmodernism and Farrells work.
A Story of Modelmaking, Menageries and Paper Rounds: Terry Farrell - Life and Work - Early Years to 1981
As one of the world's foremost architects and urban designers, Sir Terry Farrell has an acute awareness of the significance of place. Starting from his earliest years, as a child growing up in 1940s Manchester, Farrell's imagination has been shaped and inspired by the many cities in which he has lived, visited and worked. This is Farrell's story, embracing four decades of observation of our built environment.
The Deep
The World's Only Submarium - An Icon for Hull
A totally new concept in visitor attraction, the Submarium is a dramatic fusion of aquaria and state of the art interactives telling the story of the world's oceans through time, latitude and depth. Part of the regeneration of Hull, The Deep has become an internationally recognised landmark and project the pioneering heart of the 2017 UK City of Culture.
This book describes the project from conception through to completion in full-colour photos, text, and plans.
Sustainbility Mobility
Written by Farrells London
April 2021
This past year has tested our lifestyles in many ways. This has included city residents re-evaluating urban living, with an increased interest for the countryside and village locations as people search for green space and bigger homes to accommodate working from home during the pandemic and beyond. Rightmove signified this increased desire for outer City living, with buyers enquiring for homes in rural locations increasing by 126% in 2020 (Rightmove).
Shortening the food chain
Planning in London April 2016
We must design for planned urban agriculture and urban infrastructure which encompasses green technology with food and closed-loop waste-biased city living, say Terry and Bee Farrell.
A Life in Planning
Planning in London October 2017
"These are exciting times to be a planner. City making is the biggest business of the 21st Century across the globe and urban planning has a critical role to play. There is a huge demand for the very particular skill sets required, and in particular for creative, collaborative and proactive planning led by visionary people who want to make things happen.
In my view we are not yet rising to the challenge."
The high street has to evolve or die
Planning in London January 2019
Against a background of accelerating change, Farrells work with the GLA on 21st Century High Streets, across London, and most recently with London Borough of Sutton on Sutton High Street, has demonstrated the pressing need to re-consider the role of our High Streets. At a time of significant and rapid change high streets need to adapt and change with the chang-ing world about them. The internet, smart city technologies and autonomous vehicles have and will dramatically change the way we live. Similar to many high streets across London, the course of our work in Sutton saw Toys R Us, Maplin and PoundWorld close. There are further threats to one of the adja-cent Asda and Sainsburys food stores, if their planned merger is achieved.
A smaller high street also faces competition from the larger shopping centres where new retail investment is tending to get concentrated. In Sutton's case, this is both Kingston and Croydon, the latter with its forthcoming Westfield.
Boosting amenity provision in London
Written by Russ Hamilton for Planning in London
February 2020
Our population is booming and London is changing as a result, but change is only good if it means more affordable homes and better social and cultural infrastructure to support new development coming forward. The new London Plan addresses this change and looks at how we can densify our city appropriately without compromising the standard of living.
The Streets We Choose
Planning in London July 2018
Two years ago, here at Farrells we began to explore the likely
impacts of the autonomous vehicles on our future streets and
places (PiL issue 98, July-September 2016). With advances in
knowledge and predictions, we provide an update on how our
own analysis and thinking has moved on.
We recently demonstrated our vision of how we can 'Reclaim
the Streets' in our entry for an international competition organised
by World Architecture News, and we were delighted to be
the only UK participant in a global shortlist of 12 with a strong
concept. Our multi-ethnic team of urban designers and architects:
Neil Bennett, Giulia Robba, Daria Zakharova, Jaewon Shin,
Edward Powe and myself, pulled together a vision which I am
going to capture in this article.
Vauxhall Cross
The Story of the Design and Construction of a New London Landmark
This headquarters building for MI6, on the banks of the River Thames, is an iconic London landmark made famous by the James Bond films. The building is a group of three blocks – low-rise on the river side and medium-rise onto Albert Embankment – which are linked by glazed courtyards and atria. This book tells the story of its design and transformation into an icon.
Design Codes
Written by Farrells London
Design Codes are not something new and have been used in the built environment for quite a while. Most recently, the launch of the National Model Design Code (NMDC) programme and creation of the Office for Place (following the Building Better Building Beautiful Commission Living with Beauty report and Planning White Paper),added some flame to the debate of its role in the planning system and in driving 'beauty' in the built environment.
Farrells Residential Brochure
Farrells London
Farrells has a proud 50-year pedigree of delivering housing that works brilliantly at every level and for every stakeholder.
A globally recognised leader in the realm of masterplanning and urban design, Farrells understands what makes a space a place: A plot is a community; a house is a home for someone to spend their life in. Furthermore, projects truly in tune with the local culture and context create greater long term value, for investors, residents and the wider community.
This core belief is utterly consistent with the origins of Farrells 50 years ago, challenging the then orthodoxy with a 'bottom up' rather than 'top down' view of how architectural work is approached. This ethos remains critical today in a world where local identity is becoming increasingly important and evermore valued.
For this to happen, though, we match the passion of our clients and work closely with them and local authorities to achieve their ambitions. This ultimately improves our work and results in projects that amplify existing heritage, inflected with modern architectural flourishes.
In this respect, completion is just as, if not more, important than conception. Good schemes deserve delivery and Farrells produce working drawings for clients to see projects through from start to finish.
Nam Tong
Proposal for a new town in Hong Kong
Nam Tong is a conceptual new town for 350,000 residents at the eastern edge of Hong Kong's urban core.
Terry Farrell in Scotland
This book explores the philosophy and implementation of responding to context in creating sensitive, yet innovative and bold, interventions to the design culture of a capital.
Farrells designed three major buildings and two public squares in the capital, Edinburgh, including the Exchange Financial District master plan and the Edinburgh International Conference Centre.
A City for All Londoners
Our Response to the Mayor's Vision
Farrells has been developing a vision for the future of London that is very closely related to the one presented in "A City for All Londoners"; all in all, we can help. Farrells has always been a practice highly engaged with urban issues, particularly those of London, and every part of our vision builds on our extensive experience with holistic, collaborative, place-based masterplanning and urban design.
Ten Years Ten Cities
The Work of Terry Farrell and Partners 1991-2001
Ten Years Ten Cities covers projects between 1991-2001; each chapter is devoted to a city where we have worked on a large-scale project.
Social Value
Written by Farrells London
As architects and urban designers, we hold the responsibility to ensure that our actions generate positive effects and contribution to the built environment and communities.
Over the past years, considering the wider economic, social and environmental effect of our actions – defined as Social Value – has become a key measure to enable real and tangible benefits of a project.
This is why a key driver in our design ethos and in our projects is the consideration of how to contribute to the long-term wellbeing and resilience of individuals, communities and society in general.
Transport Super City
The book celebrates Kowloon Station – a demanding project which integrates architecture, transportation and urban development.
London's future considered today
Planning in London July 2015
Growth is happening – it is something we can't avoid. But we can plan for it, and with long term, proactive planning, we can turn the issue of growth into an opportunity for placemaking says Farrells Partner Nigel Bidwell.
Buckingham Palace Redesigned
A Radical New Approach to London's Royal Parks
London's royal parks and palaces play a vital role: they highlight the difference between the City of Westminster and the City of London, or the seat of government and monarchy, and the seat of commerce.
The primary motivation for drawing up these concepts on Buckingham Palace arises from the long-held belief that the Royal Parks and palaces are London's primary public realm and virtually the only world-class public realm in the urban metropolis of this great capital city.
Smithfield Square
Written by Farrells London
August 2019
Smithfield Market has long since been a much loved part of London. Nearly 15 years ago, Terry Farrell and Partners, with our work for English Heritage, were instrumental helping in a Public Enquiry to save the General and Poultry Market from demolition and proposed viable scenarios to keep the old market buildings alive in the 21st Century.
We argued for an amnesty of the existing historic building, in imagining the future of London. We proposed a range of diverse uses – from the Museum of London to a concert hall, and from new schools and colleges to urban markets.
Smithfield has played a vital role within the City of London as a social hub and meeting place for centuries prior to the current market use. Since the construction of the existing Victorian structure, Smithfield has adapted to ever-changing uses over a century and a half, allowing people to exchange goods and as a result the building has grown and expanded in response.
So what happens 150 years later, when trade of meat is no longer viable in inner city; what replaces trade but keeps the space a public place, which it has been for over 800 years? How do we stop one of the last public places in the City of London from acquiring a front door and a lock?
We now have the unique opportunity to let it be, free from trying to adapt its old bones to a prediction, and let it be what it is best at – a shelter for people for people to meet. We propose to give the old, distinguished building a 10-point manifesto for the next century. Pointers to how
best to adapt and re-purpose. An amnesty for the existing and a freedom to adapt over the next 150 years.
Palace on the River
Terry Farrell's Design for the Redevelopment of Charing Cross
The primary development at Embankment Place was a new office building occupying the air-rights space above Charing Cross Station. It was technologically innovative, involving the suspension of nine storeys of offices above the railway tracks, isolating the space from railway vibration. The resulting bowstring arch over the tracks, supported on 18 columns rising through the platforms, framed a new waterfront landmark at this prominent point on the River Thames. This book tells the story of its design and transformation into a landmark on the river Thames.
Making Better Places: Autonomous Vehicles
WSP | Parsons Brinckerhoff in association with Farrells
Autonomous vehicles will be transformational. They have the potential to
support a better quality of life, economic growth, health, safety and social
connections. They offer convenient and affordable mobility to all of us,
regardless of where we live, our age or ability to drive. They could also help
to improve the way that our existing places and routes work, while offering
new potential for more valuable land, and additional homes and jobs.
Working together, WSP | Parsons Brinckerhoff and Farrells have built on
leading-edge research into connected and autonomous vehicles to explore
new thinking and ideas. From this, we have created future visions of what we
think five places in the UK might look like in an autonomous vehicle world.
Farrells General Brochure
Farrells London
Farrells are internationally recognised architects & urban designers. We have designed award-winning buildings and masterplans throughout the world for over half a century. Our specialism is high quality, mixed-use urban complexes, often based around transport interchanges. We are responsive, imaginative and skilled in design and have a passion for environmental sustainability, using resources wisely and creating resilient communities.
Lives in Architecture
Terry Farrell
Lives in Architecture offers the inside view of what it is like to be an architect at the top of his profession, including insights into the defining projects and watershed moments of Sir Terry Farrell's career. This book also provides the inside story on some of Terry Farrell's most significant buildings and projects, including Charing Cross Station, The MI6 Building, Alban Gate and Beijing South Railway Station, abundantly illustrated with over 80 images, including personal photos and images of key buildings.
Terry Farrell
Urban Design
Urban design should be based on a number of principles: a notion of continuum with the history and traditions of a specific area, a priority given to the pedestrian and the experience of the street and a desire to create new places with an identity to encourage the return of the diversity of traditional urban life. Each chapter of this illustrated book presents a series of projects within London.
The City as a Tangled Bank
Urban Design vs. Urban Evolution
Here Sir Terry Farrell, who has built an international career as an architect-planner, encourages other planners and architects to follow the biologists—look at, learn from, and, indeed, admire the nature of the forces that drive the change, and then with humility and respect work with them to nudge, anticipate and prepare for where it takes us. Farrell brings his considerable experience in practice to bear, elucidating his thoughts with examples from cities across the world, including Beijing, Hong Kong, London, New York, and Paris.
Collage & Context
The work of Terry Farrell & Partners 1981-1991
Collage & Context covers the 1980s, when the practice was founded, and features the work that established Terry Farrell's reputation. It includes such seminal projects as Clifton Nurseries, the TVam building, Charing Cross and the MI6 building.
Key Principles for Adaptive Communities
Farrells Case Studies
Farrells are committed to sustainable urbanism and have put together a set of key principles to create adaptive communities, using our projects as case studies.
Rethinking The Greenbelt
London Essays: Issue 8 Futures
"Not all of the green belt is working for us. We need a more radical approach," argues Max Farrell in the eighth issue of London Essays, titled "Futures."
Starter homes: design moves up the agenda
Planning in London April 2015
The constant challenge for the design profession is to meet demands and retain relevance in a changing economic, environmental and cultural landscape says Farrells Partner Gary Young.
Post-Modernism Post-Brexit
Planning in London April 2017
Many have questioned the future of the architectural profession
following Brexit but very few have enquired about the
direction architecture itself might take in a post-Brexit scenario. Sir Terry and Giuseppe Parita discuss.
Bridging East London
Planning in London October 2015
There are 34 bridges across the Thames but only one to the East of Tower Bridge – Sir Terry discusses the need to unlock housing capacity with low-level river crossings.
Interiors and the Legacy of Postmodernism
With essays by Professor Colin Fournier and Professor Tim Makower
As well as the original design for TV-am, this book includes a dozen of Sir Terry Farrell's most striking interiors, such as the Charles Jencks House, Upwood House, and Charing Cross Station.
Terry Farrell
The Master Architect Series
The Master Architect Series is a series of monographs on some of the greatest architects and architectural firms of our time.


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15 September 2021 Privacy Policy of www.hayleyria.co.uk/privacy-policy


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Crete is the largest and southern-most island in Greece. It's location guarantees a Mediterranean climate, one of the mildest in Europe. Nearly a third of the land is under cultivation producing citrus fruit, grapes for wine, chestnuts, cherries, almonds, vegetables and nearly half of Greece's total olive oil.
Crete is largely mountains and is surrounded by the Cretan, Ionian and Lybian Seas. The mountains on the south shore create a dramatic backdrop, and the water around some of the sheer coasts exceeds a depth of 3,000 metres.
The contrasts co-exist well on the island. Even in the larger base towns, tranquil and remote regions are not very far away. On the north shore, major urban centres such as Iraklio, Rethymno, and Hania are within easy reach of town beaches, but a short distance out will get you into varied stunny scenery, and tranquility.
Hania and Rethymno are captivating in their own right. Stay in the old town city centres on the harbour and stroll through Venetian streets where mansions have been turned into elegant hotels and restaurants.
Iraklion is the capital and business centre of the island and it is a busy city. Many people stay here because of it's proximity to Knossos, and to visit the very worthwhile Archaeological Museum, one of the finest in the world. Most Greek Island cruise ships will stop for a few hours at the harbour. But, as with all big cities in Greece, you can find entertaining squares and streets to sit, enjoy a drink and just people watch.
Crete has beautiful beaches and picturesque coves. On the east of Crete you'll find Europe's only palm forest at the beach of Vai. On the west, visit the underdeveloped Elefonisi Islet, and see the pink sand. On the south of Crete, visit Frangokastello Castle with it's famous ghost story and enjoy the quiet and beautiful beach.
The landscape of Crete is dramatic. The interior of the island is rugged and the mountains are pierced with spectacular gorges, the most famous of which is Samaria Gorge, Europe's longest and a popular destination for hikers.
According to ancient Greek mythology Zeus, father of the Olympian Gods, was born on Crete and raised in the island's caves. And, of course, you'll want to visit the Palace of Knossos, linked to the myth of Theseaus and the Minotaur, and the centre of rule for the ancient and mysterious Minoan Civilization that ruled the Aegean thousands of years
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First Recorded Weekly Release: Week 1 Sunday
Last Recorded Weekly Release: Week 6 Sunday
The Recorded Weekly Package consists of 6 Recorded Weekly Meetings for the course Economics and Business to get a headstart for the upcoming course. Our tutor will walk you through the course in an intuitive manner and you will review the most relevant exam concepts. Moreover, any unclear questions about the slides or related content can be asked below each video and our tutors will answer them on a regular basis.
The Recorded Exam Training for Economics and Business is a recorded program during which our tutor goes through brand new questions made for you. Our tutor will explain the solution and give you tips. We crafted the questions in a way that we believe is similar to the exam. The questions are ordered by Weekly Meetings topic so it is easier for you to review the material if you want to. We strongly believe this program is the perfect complement to the Recorded Weekly Meetings. As always, you can watch the recordings unlimitedly for a period of 6 months.
You can either purchase the Recorded Exam Training only or have a package with the Recorded Weekly Meetings so that you also have all the material explained.
- By purchasing this product, you will also be able to download the program slides via your Success Formula account (once the order is paid).
- Our tutors will regularly check for questions under the Recordings of either category.
- This session is covered under our satisfied or reimbursed policy.


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Pocket Park with greenspace, seating.
Balfour Park
Pocket park with greenspace.
Pocket Park with greenspace, seating.
For information about renting any of the POA Parks for a special event, please contact our office at firstname.lastname@example.com or 843.971.9200.
Daniel Island has hundreds of acres of land that are home to beautiful parks, passive and greenspaces. The extensive 25+ mile trail system winds through maritime forest, along the marsh and the water's edge, and through neighborhoods and the island's downtown, offering scenic views and a safe and convenient environment for runners, walkers, and cyclists.
Pocket park with greenspace.
Bordered by Dark Timber Street, Chimney Back Street, and Black Powder Lane (Daniel Island Park) Features a pocket park with greenspace and fitness equipment. Residents in the area have nicknamed the site "Bamboo Park" for the fitness equipment's resemblance to bamboo...
This park is characterized by its marsh-oriented setting. Winding paths through a natural Lowcountry setting make Barfield Park a favorite place to take a quiet walk or run. A picnic gazebo is located at the edge of the park and makes a great place for a...
Pocket park/greenspace with gazebo.
Nature preserve surrounded by marsh and creeks. Adjacent to the Beresford Creek Boat Landing. The site features trails, sitting areas, a fishing dock, and locked storage for kayak and paddleboard rentals.
Located at Beekman and Sailmaker streets. Features a pocket park with greenspace.
Bordered by Bellona and Frissel streets, this park features greenspace and seating.
Paved trail winding behind the Bishop England School to the Daniel Island School and Library.
Located on Bounty Street, with greenspace and seating.
Pond, fishing, seating, boardwalk area, and large oak tree.


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An approach to help developers write meaningful tests
Over the last few years we have been adding unit tests to our existing product to improve its internal quality. During this period we always had the challenge of choosing unit-vs-Integration tests. I would like to mention some of the approaches we have applied to improve the quality of existing system.
At its core, unit testing is about testing a single component at a time by isolating its dependencies. The classical Unit tests have these properties "Fast, Independent, Repeatable, Self-Validating,Timely". Typically in java a method is considered as a unit. So traditional (and most common) approach is to test the single method of a class separated from all its dependencies.
Interestingly there is no hard-core definition of "what makes a unit". Many times a combination of methods which spread across multiple classes can form a single behavior. So in this context the behavior should be considered as a unit. I have seen people breaking these units and writing multiple tests for the sake of testing a single method. If the intermediate results are not significant this will only increase the complexity of the system. The best way to test a system is to test with its dependencies where ever we can accommodate them. Hence we should try to use the actual implementation and not mocks. Uncle bob puts this point very well, "Mock across architecturally significant boundaries, but not within those boundaries." in his article.
If the software is build with TDD approach it might not be a challenge to isolate dependencies or adding a test for your next feature. But not all software's built like these. Unfortunately we have systems where there are only few or none of the test are written. When working with these systems we can make use of the above principle and use tests at different levels. Terry Yin provides an excellent graphics (which is show below) in his presentation titled Misconceptions of unit testing. This shows how different tests can add values and what are its drawbacks.
Many of our projects uses Java and Spring framework. We have used springs @RunWith and SpringJUnit4ClassRunner to create AppLevel Tests which gives you the objects with all its dependencies initiated. You could selectively mock certain dependencies if you would like to isolate them. This sets a nice platform to write unit tests with multiple collaborating objects. we call them App level tests. These are still fast running test with no external dependencies. A different term was chosen to differentiate itself from the classical unit test. We also had Integration test which would connect with external systems. So, the overall picture of developer tests can be summarized as below,
Tests | Naming convention | Runs at | When to use | Exec Time |
Unit Test | Ends with Test | Every build | Rule based implementations where the logic can be tested in isolation | Few Milliseconds |
App Level Tests | Ends with TestApp | Every build / Nightly builds (Teams choice) | Tests the service layers in connection with others. Frees you from creation of mock objects. Application context is loaded in the tests. | Few Seconds |
Integration Test | Ends with TestIntg | Runs on demand when a special profile is used in build. | All the above + Use when you need to connect to external points like DB, web services etc.. | Depends on the integration points. |
Manually Running Tests | Ends withTestIntgManual | Manually running tests, Used debugging a specific problem locally | All the above – Can't be automated. | Depends on the integration points. |
This approach gives the developers choose the right level of abstractions to test and helps in optimizing their time. Nowadays my default choice is App Level tests and I go to unit tests if I have a complicated logic to implement.
Further reading:
- http://martinfowler.com/bliki/UnitTest.html
- http://blog.manupk.com/2011/11/when-to-replace-unit-tests-with.html
- http://blog.8thlight.com/uncle-bob/2013/03/05/TheStartUpTrap.html
- http://codeofrob.com/entries/uncle-bobs-viewpoint-considered-harmful.html
- http://blog.8thlight.com/uncle-bob/2014/05/10/WhenToMock.html
- http://bryanpendleton.blogspot.in/2015/04/on-testing-strategies-and-end-to- end.html
- https://www.symphonious.net/2015/04/30/making-end-to-end-tests-work/
- https://www.thoughtworks.com/insights/blog/mockists-are-dead-long-live-classicists
Reference: | An approach to help developers write meaningful tests from our JCG partner Manu PK at the The Object Oriented Life blog. |


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Report: Netflix Has Looked Into Buying Its Own Movie Theaters
Netflix wants to be your one-stop shop for all things entertainment. They make movies. They make sitcoms. They do standup specials. They have talk shows. There's a bunch of cooking shows. I don't think they have workout videos yet, but otherwise they pretty much every possible film or TV interest covered. (Note: They may have workout videos. I'm lazy and don't work out.) Their whole model seems to be plant your butt in front of your television and we'll take care of the rest.
But apparently there are some things you can't do from the comfort of your own home, like, for example, qualifying for an Academy Award, or the legitimacy that comes with a real theatrical release. And so we now get news from the Los Angeles Times that Netflix "has explored the idea of buying movie theaters in Los Angeles and New York that would enable it to screen a growing pipeline of feature films and documentaries."
One of the ideas Netflix reportedly considered was trying to acquire Landmark Theatres, the arthouse chain co-owned by Mark Cuban. The streaming giant supposedly decided not to go through with the deal because "executives believed the sale price for Landmark was too high."
[Netflix opening title noise fading to cash register noise]
This news comes amidst an ongoing battle between Netflix and the Cannes Film Festival, which changed its rules to disallow Netflix movies from its competition (because Netflix movies don't get theatrical releases) followed by Netflix retaliating by pulling its non-competition Cannes titles from the festival. Having its own theater to screen all of its movies would give Netflix access to spaces where only theatrical films dwell, and (assuming the movies made money) a new revenue stream.
That's a pretty big if, though. There are one or two theaters in New York City that occasionally book Netflix movies, and I have never gone out of my way to watch something there. Why would I spend upwards of $15 to watch one movie once, when I can watch it an unlimited number of times (along with hundreds of other things) at home for the $12 I'm already spending?
There is one other major upside for Netflix if they do decide to buy into the theatrical space: It would help the company attract filmmakers who still want to make movies for the big screen, rather than for an iPhone. (Although that didn't stop Martin Scorsese from making The Irishman with Netflix.) And it would also make a convenient defense against those who see Netflix as systematically destroying the movie theater experience. Can't destroy movie theaters when you own movie theaters yourself, I suppose.
Gallery - The Best Netflix Original TV Shows and Films Ever: