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Cholesterol is one type of lipid or fat in the body. It is synthesized predominately in the liver and used to make steroid hormones and is required for bile acid which aids in digestion and absorption of dietary fats. Cholesterol is also found in our diet, with a vast majority consumed from animal products. When animal products and processed foods rich in saturated and trans fats are consumed in excess amounts, high cholesterol, along with the inflammation produced from eating a low nutrient diet, will result in cholesterol plaques leading to cardiovascular disease.
An estimated 31.9 million adults (>/= 20 years of age) have a total serum cholesterol greater than 240, with a prevalence rate of 13.8%. The prevalence of abnormal lipids in youths ages 12 to 19 was 20.3%.1 As the dietary habits found in the Standard American Diet continue, prevalence rates will continue to increase among adults and children.
A cholesterol panel includes total cholesterol, LDL (low density lipoprotein), and HDL (high density lipoprotein) levels. LDL is referred to as "bad cholesterol" and HDL as "good cholesterol." Cholesterol is packaged into lipoproteins when circulating in the blood; LDL carries cholesterol to the cells, and HDL delivers the excess back to the liver where it is broken down. Specialized lipid blood tests are able to evaluate the size and particle number of LDL. Having elevated numbers of small dense LDL particles increases CV risk. As these particles interact with and are degraded by white blood cells in an inflammatory environment that can arise from eating a SAD diet, foam cells form, and LDL can now easily accumulate as plaque build-up. Cholesterol plaque that covers the inner lining of arteries can cause obstruction and block blood flow to various organs. Ruptured cholesterol plaque can quickly form clots in arteries, leading to blockages.
Medications used to treat high cholesterol include those that stop the production of cholesterol in the liver or those that inhibit absorption of dietary cholesterol in the intestines. Statins like Lipitor and Crestor have been shown to increase the risk of myalgias, liver dysfunction, renal disease, macular degeneration, and diabetes.2 Not only is treating high cholesterol with a Nutritarian diet safer but it has been found to be even more effective at lowering LDL levels than medications.3
For supplement recommendations personalized to you, your health condition and goals, visit the Personalized Vitamin Advisor and answer a few questions.
Consuming a Nutritarian diet, which provides a substantial amount of plant sterols and stanols, works synergistically with exercise regimens to lower cholesterol levels. It changes the way cholesterol is absorbed, transported, and metabolized.6
* Foods containing at least 0.4 grams per serving of plant sterols, taken twice a day with meals for a daily total intake of at least 0.8 grams, as part of a diet low in saturated fat and cholesterol, may reduce the risk of heart disease. LDL Biotect provides 0.54 grams of plant sterols in each two-capsule serving.
ONLINE: All members of DrFuhrman.com can search the Ask the Doctor archives for discussions on this topic. Platinum and Diamond members can connect with Dr. Fuhrman by posting questions in the forum. Not a member? Join now.
IN PERSON: Book a stay at Dr. Fuhrman's Eat to Live Retreat in San Diego, California. With options ranging from one, two and three months (and sometimes longer) you will be under Dr. Fuhrman's direct medical supervision as you hit the "reset" button on your health. For more information: (949) 432-6295 or [email protected].
EVENTS: Join Dr. Fuhrman for an online boot camp, detox or other event. During these immersive online events, you'll attend zoom lectures, follow a special meal plan, and have access to a special, live Q&A session with Dr. Fuhrman. Learn more about events.
The following are sample questions from the Ask the Doctor Community Platinum and higher members can post their health questions directly to Dr. Fuhrman. (All members can browse questions and answers.)
I work for a company where we have a significant financial incentive to score well on our BMI, cholesterol, and blood pressure. I have read several threads from those who are eating a Nutritarian diet, yet still scoring high on their blood tests, but you have stated that as long as they are eating predominantly high-nutrient foods and exercising, that high cholesterol number is not important. Then why do certain companies/doctors focus on these numbers?
I have followed a Nutritarian diet and practiced a very healthy lifestyle for years. I am at my optimal weight, (and have high cholesterol) so I will not be rewarded, however, my co-worker, who eats fast food but is on a statin, will!
I feel this encourages us to take the easy route (prescription drugs), rather than do what is best for our health (Nutritarian diet). Any comments? I have done everything you have suggested to bring my numbers down. My blood pressure is good, BMI great, triglycerides fine. Should I take a supplement?
I agree with you that a healthy diet with higher cholesterol is much healthier than a less healthy diet with lower cholesterol or medicated lower cholesterol. Plus, total cholesterol is not a good measurement of risk. One needs to consider the LDL particle number and size. The LDL particle size on a Nutritarian diet is much more favorable too, as are other markers demonstrating low inflammation. In conclusion, you are in phenomenal health, even if your LDL cholesterol does not drop below 100 as favored on those guidelines, whether it is recognized by your company's standards or not.
After following a Nutritarian diet for several years now, I still struggle with less than ideal cholesterol. After the first year, my cholesterol went down below 200 (like 175). It has steadily crept up over the years. Last week, I had blood drawn for my annual physical and was shocked that the cholesterol number was 227. My LDL was 141. I'm 53, female, 5'7" and weigh 126 (this is my lowest weight in years).
My disappointment stems from me doubling my efforts to follow a Nutritarian diet. I have been making smoothies with spinach in the AM, salads for lunch, and salads and veggies for dinner. I have lost 5 pounds in the last 6 weeks alone!
One thing I have not done is keep up with my LDL protect supplements. I have not taken them for a few months. Could lack of the LDL Protect for a few months have caused such a difference when I am eating so well? Also, can stress cause a higher cholesterol level in the absence of bad eating? I recently lost my job.
Stopping the LDL and the increased stress can play a role, but most likely, this is caused by the recent weight loss and burning off more body fat (full of cholesterol). You must consider that you had plenty of stored saturated fats on your body that you autolysized, contributing to your continued utilization of those fats for cholesterol metabolism. In other words, you burned body fat for energy. Remember, you lost weight. The fat that was burned was animal fat (you are an animal). That fat was highly saturated and contributes to your high cholesterol production. Once that fat is off your body completely the picture will be different. In other words, once your weight has stabilized at this lower level, you will see an improvement in your cholesterol results, including a better LDL particle size and number.
I am a thin female, age 60, 5' 7", weight 119-120. I eat a very strict Nutritarian diet and exercise 3-4 days per week. How much fat (percentage) is allowable and will not elevate my cholesterol level or clog my arteries? I really love nuts/seeds and avocados but just am never sure how much fat is safe. I went to a local health lecture by Dr. Caldwell Esselstyn, who states all fat is detrimental and causes damage to arterial walls. He recommends only 8-10%, but I know from reading your books that fat is necessary for brain health and heart health. I just get very confused. If I have a percentage to go by, like 20% or 25% of total calories from fat, I can better gauge how much is healthy. I tend to lose weight easily and really don't like getting too thin.
There is no level of fat that is detrimental to the body if you are thin and utilizing the fat for energy, and it is from healthy food sources such as seeds and nuts. In fact, higher intake of seeds and nuts lower LDL cholesterol even more than lower amounts. Plus, seeds and nuts enlarge the LDL molecule (fluffy) reducing risk further, so the number does not even represent the degree of protection. Nevertheless, a small difference in cholesterol would not make much difference when every other parameter of risk improves, including less risk of arrhythmia and sudden cardiac death, as well as lower risk of cancer with the inclusion of seeds and nuts.
Did you ask the doctor making that claim to show the studies that determine that conclusion, and what type of fats were used in those studies? If you did, you would find no evidence for that conclusion. That was only from processed oil; in fact when they tried to reproduce inflammatory markers with nuts and seeds they found the opposite, that it decreased inflammation. There are more than one hundred studies documenting that nuts and seeds are favorable foods for the heart and blood vessels and none demonstrating unfavorable effects, so excluding them has no basis in science.
Julie lost 60 pounds, lowered her cholesterol, and avoided going on medication... Read More
Results may vary.
Jeff lost 35 pounds and is thankful to have his health back again; he no longer suffers from irritable bowel syndrome and lowered his cholesterol... Read More
Results may vary.
For years Tom tried to lower his cholesterol, only by following the Nutritarian diet style was he successful... Read More
Results may vary.
Steffi lost 18 pounds and with it went her constant cravings for sugar and her high cholesterol... Read More
Results may vary.
A genetic disordor caused Gloria's very high cholesterol; after stopping her meds and changing her diet for just 3 months her cholesterol is significantly lower... Read More
Results may vary.
Averill lowered his cholesterol; learned older age doesn't mean more medication and is determined not to follow his family's history of bad health... Read More
Results may vary.
Jean so quickly lowered her cholesterol that her doctor now recommends Eat To Live to patients... Read More
Results may vary.


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ICOC RATIFIES KEY POLICIES FOR CIRM-FUNDED RESEARCH Members Unanimously Approve CIRM Regulations and Intellectual Property Policy
STANFORD, CA – The Independent Citizens' Oversight Committee (ICOC) today ratified two key policies for research funded by the California Institute for Regenerative Medicine (CIRM): the CIRM Regulations for ethical, medical and scientific accountability and the Intellectual Property (IP) Policy for Non-Profit Organizations. These policies were recommended by the Standards Working Group and IP Task Force after months of deliberations.
Developed with input from the California public and state legislature, the policies include provisions that enhance and surpass federal and state guidelines for scientific standards and intellectual property.
"These policies are representative of the ICOC's commitment to ensuring that CIRM-funded research is conducted under the highest levels of public oversight and transparency," ICOC Chairman Robert Klein said. "The working group and task force members went above and beyond the gold standards recommended by the National Academies to enhance those standards and policies, reflecting the leadership of California in protecting patients and advancing scientific research."
"The CIRM Regulations and IP Policy provide CIRM with a strong foundation to carry out its mission of funding stem cell research in California," CIRM President Zach Hall, PhD, said. "With the approval of these policies, CIRM has the most stringent ethical, medical and scientific standards in the country."
CIRM is now the first agency in the United States to require specialized review by a Stem Cell Research Oversight (SCRO) committee and to provide for medical costs resulting from any immediate complications of egg retrieval. It also enhances state and federal policies in the areas of voluntary-informed consent and guarantees that all cell lines used by CIRM-funded researchers are derived without compensation to egg donors. The regulations were developed under the guidance of the Standards Working Group, which is comprised of nine nationally recognized scientists, four ethicists and five ICOC patient advocates.
The IP Policy for Non-Profit Organizations also sets a high bar for CIRM, surpassing the federal statute on the sharing of data and biomedical materials and allowing California research institutions to freely use all CIRM-funded patented inventions. Written by the 11-member IP Task Force, this subcommittee held four public meetings and twice reported to the ICOC with their findings. In developing the CIRM Regulations and IP Policy for Non-Profit Organizations, multiple public hearings and meetings were held throughout California to gather input and incorporate public feedback into the final recommendations. Members of the California State Legislature personally contributed recommendations that included in the final policies.
With the ICOC's approval, these policies will now enter into the formal rule-making process governed by the Administrative Procedures Act and have the force of California law.
About CIRM
CIRM was established in 2004 with the passage of Proposition 71, the California Stem Cell Research and Cures Initiative. The institute is responsible for disbursing $3 billion in State funds for stem cell research to California universities and research institutions over the next ten years and is overseen and governed by the Independent Citizens Oversight Committee (ICOC). For more information, please visit CIRM's Web site at www.cirm.ca.gov.
CIRM Contact: | Nicole Pagano |
(415) 396-9100 |

subset: commoncrawl


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text:
Dear Friend,
If you've got money (or lack of it) on your mind right now, then I've got good news.
You read that right ... good news. GREAT news, in fact.
There has never been a better moment for you to become wealthy.
Oh, I know, I know. You've got every TV talking head, every know-it-all economist, and every headline-hungry journalist out there shouting the exact opposite thing in your face 24/7.
Don't worry. I'm not asking you not to believe them ... not yet, anyway.
(Although I sure don't, and I've got the bank statements and lifestyle to prove I'm right and they're wrong. More on that later ...)
I will tell you that the money-making secrets I'm about to share with you have nothing to do with the economy, the stock market, real estate, your investments, or any of the things people usually associate with the word money.
No. What I'm talking about is an income source that is infinitely more stable, secure, reliable, and controllable than any of those.
I'm talking about the foundation of income.
The place where it all comes from.
And how YOU can gain access to that place.
Many years ago, I was introduced to something called the Law of Attraction. That was the first step on a journey that led me to this income source. I tapped into it, and my life was completely and utterly transformed.
Fast-forward to the present day: The Secret hit the Internet, became a worldwide sensation, and catapulted the Law of Attraction into the awareness of millions and millions of people - introducing them to the mind-blowing truth that your thoughts ... your mindset ... attract and create your reality.
I was fortunate enough to be one of the co-stars of The Secret. Then, not long after, I authored the Nightingale-Conant bestseller The Missing Secret.
Those two accomplishments, combined with a career spent teaching people about the Law of Attraction in one form or another, mean that I've been the happy target of a million questions about this amazing law. And, not surprisingly, the one I hear more than any other is:
"Joe, how do I use the Law of Attraction
to attract more money?"
Well, you couldn't bring that question to a better guy.
Before I discovered the Law of Attraction, I was about as UN-rich as a person can get. Jobless. Homeless. Directionless. I wanted a better life. But I didn't have the slightest idea how to get it.
Today I'm a millionaire many, many times over, with a life of luxury and an ability to "give back" that few people can imagine.
What made that transformation possible was indeed The Law of Attraction.
But it was also something more ...
.... a set of other "secrets" that I uncovered, refined, expanded, and - over a period of many years - shaped into an organized system for money and wealth creation.
This completely original combination of spiritual wisdom and practical knowledge is what ultimately enabled me to harness the power of the Law of Attraction ... concentrate it ... and focus it like a laser beam on the single-minded task of attracting large amounts of money into my life.
These secrets have made me immune to the ebbs and flows of the economy.
These secrets have made it possible for me to have everything I want, from beautiful cars to magnificent homes to dream vacations and so much more.
These secrets have freed me from every anxiety about money, wealth, security, and financial freedom.
Best of all, these secrets have enabled me to give more, do more, help more, and make more good things happen in the world than I ever thought a single person could.
But in order for that to happen, you must first accept something fundamental and incontrovertible about the way the universe works. Something few people know, and even fewer act on.
You are either a) attracting wealth, or b) attracting poverty. There IS no option c.
That's a pretty startling proposition when you first encounter it. It took me a while to believe it, and even longer to figure out what to do about it.
What about you? I'll bet that at this very moment, you're scanning your brain for thoughts and beliefs that might be keeping you from having more money, and coming up short. You're thinking that YOU don't have any negative beliefs about money ... YOU think money is a good thing, that having more of it will only bring good things into your life. Right?
See, that's the problem. The negative beliefs are insidious. Planted so deep down, buried so far beneath your awareness, operating at such a fundamental level that they are all but invisible to your conscious mind.
And there, in that dark, silent place, they wreak havoc - attracting exactly what you THINK you DON'T want. You can dream about, wish, and even work for more money all day long. But until you identify and eliminate those deep-seated beliefs, you'll never attract it.
I had to look way back into my past and deep into my soul to figure out how to root out and eradicate my own negative money beliefs. It was hard. It was stressful. And it took a long time.
Luckily, that's not going to happen to you. In a minute, I'll tell you how you can get rid of the blocks that are stopping you from attracting money, painlessly and in a remarkably short amount of time.
That's Step One. And once you've taken it, you will have gone a long way toward clearing the path for wealth to flow your way.
But you're not there yet. Because if you really want to maximize the money-attracting power of The Law of Attraction, you need something more. You need ...
The 'Other Law' that will make you a literal
MAGNET for money ... IF you know how to use it
It's called the Law of Right Action - a little-understood and even less talked-about universal principle. Yet as I discovered during my own journey to prosperity, it is a critical component of wealth-attraction.
Why? Because money doesn't "work" if it's static.
In order for it to flow, grow, enhance your life, enhance other people's lives, bring you the things you want - do all that good stuff that makes a pile of paper and metal so valuable in the first place - money has to circulate. It has to move to you, through you, from you, and back again, in certain specific ways.
That's where the Law of Right Action comes in.
The Law of Attraction brings money to you. The Law of Right Action gets it circulating. Put the two together, and more money will start flowing your way in a steady stream and growing in a satisfying way.
That's what happened to me once I figured out how to combine the power of these two principles. Things were good. Really good. But I had to wonder ...
Could they get even better?
So I started thinking. And tinkering.
I took what I'd learned about these two laws and committed myself to learning more. I added the practical skills and expertise I'd developed in order to successfully launch my career as an author and entrepreneur - expertise in marketing, business-building, publicity, and more. And I paid attention to the results I was getting as I started to make my way in the world armed with this new body of combined knowledge.
Step by step, through trial and error, I worked out the kinks and filled in the gaps until I'd come up with the system I told you about before. A system for money attraction that was watertight, streamlined, replicable, and as far as I've experienced, virtually foolproof.
I rode this system to massive riches myself. Here and there, bit by bit, I shared it with others. They, too, experienced incredible results. And that was really exciting for me.
But I have to confess, I've never revealed my complete system, all at once and in its entirety, to anyone.
To be honest, I wasn't sure that people were ready for wealth-creation information of this depth and detail.
I may have been right, too ... before now.
Times have changed.
And it's time for these secrets to come out.
In response to more letters, emails, phone calls, messages, and one-on-one conversations than I can count ...
In response to my own frustration, watching so many people needlessly give away their God-given wealth-creating power to the economy, the media, their job, and all sorts of other destructive, dangerous, and powerful forces ...
In response to an urgent need for the TRUTH about where money really comes from and what really enables people to have it ...
... I have decided to unveil my COMPLETE PERSONAL SYSTEM FOR ATTRACTING MONEY. Uncensored. Unedited. Every single thing I have done, what I'm doing right now, and will continue to do , in order to sustain, increase, and share my wealth.
It's called The Secret to Attracting Money: A Practical Spiritual System for Abundance and Prosperity. It contains information you will not hear or find anywhere else. And I am here to tell you that if you listen to it, believe it, and take inspired action, you will experience a financial transformation the likes of which will blow you away.
So, what ARE my Secrets to Attracting Money?
Go ahead. Take a peek ...
I've organized my system into six secret-and-strategy-packed audio sessions that will lead you logically and organically through the process of attracting money - from the foundational mindset stuff, all the way through to real-world, cash-generating action.
We didn't waste a single second of recording time on this program. Everything you hear is going to ramp up your money-attracting power to an unprecedented level.
We hit the ground running in Session One: "The Spirit of Wealth Building: Your Money Attractor Assessment."
I've already mentioned that identifying, eliminating, and replacing your money-blocking beliefs is the essential first step in the process of wealth attraction.
This is where we do it - full blast, no-holds-barred - with my 33-point Money Attractor Assessment that will empower you to peer into the depths of your mind, see the hurdles that are standing between you and prosperity, and jump over them right then and there. You'll also discover:
- Where your beliefs about money come from. They're not as obvious as you may think, which is why it's essential that you examine them all.
- The only thing you have to do if you want to change your beliefs. With this, the process becomes virtually automatic.
- Why you have to stop needing money if you really want to attract it ... and how to let go of "need" without getting rid of "want."
The timing has never been better for Session Two: "How to Make Money in Any Economic Climate." After all, some of the greatest fortunes in history - and plenty of under-the-radar ones too - have been made during economic downturns, recessions, and depressions. And it's happening right now too.
You know it. Now I'll show you how to DO it. Not by taking advantage of others' misfortunes, but by expanding your own wealth-attracting force with the secrets I'll share with you in this amazing and extremely timely session. You'll find out:
- Why the economic climate - good, bad, or indifferent - doesn't matter. You won't hear this on TV or read about it in the paper – too bad, because it is an indisputable truth that could change millions of lives and the disposition of the whole planet.
- 7 principles that will get you in the right mindset to attract money now – including one that was profoundly life-changing for me (and might be for you too).
- How to "complain" your way to riches. But not the way you might think! Say it aloud, but then do THESE 4 THINGS right afterwards. You'll turn complaints into intentions and intentions into dollars-and-cents results. Magic!
- The counterintuitive way to kick your money-attracting power into high gear. You'll think I'm crazy when you hear it. But trust me, it works. I tried it - and ended the day $15,000 richer than when I started it. No reason you can't experience something just as amazing or even better.
- The thoughts you need to let go of today. This will surprise you.
- WARNING: Your most precious money-attracting resource is in grave danger. And who is putting it there? YOU! But these 7 steps will help you erect a wall of armor around it. You will feel an immediate difference in the quality of your life and the effectiveness of your actions.
- Confused about your life's purpose? Ask yourself this ONE QUESTION, and you'll get instant clarity and direction.
In Session Three, "The Nine Secrets to Attracting Money," we get to the core principles of the money-attracting process. I'm not saying you don't need everything else I give you in the program, but the secrets I share in this session are among the most powerful ones I know, including:
- Why you need to give money AWAY now if you want to attract it later. Do you feel yourself instinctively resisting that idea? I'll tell you what that means, and how to use it to your advantage.
- REVEALED HERE FOR THE FIRST TIME EVER: A belief-cleaning process so intense, I almost didn't put it in this program. I'm still a little hesitant - it's extremely powerful. But if you make it this far, I think you might be ready for it.
- A new way to think about your job. This simple, subtle mindset distinction will end up making a huge difference in your attitude, performance, and results at work.
- The single greatest reason for attracting money. A lot of people, maybe you, think it's a little bit "wrong" to openly want money. You won't anymore, though, once you realize that it gives you the power to do THIS.
- Three ways you can stop poverty. You? Yes, you! Stop it your own life. Stop it in other people's lives. It all comes down to a few simple actions.
- The most effective money-making idea I can give you. It's the secret to most of the world's great fortunes. Once you know it, you'll find ways to use it every day. It will change the landscape of your life. And, of course, make you VERY rich in the process.
- How to shift your mind so it always expects opportunities. Your everyday world is packed with cash-generating opportunities that are impossible for you to see with your current mindset. Think of this secret as night-vision goggles for your consciousness.
- What's happening in wealthy people's minds that ISN'T happening in yours ... YET.
Session Four: "Money Myths Revealed" is a real mind blower. The fact is, most of us are walking around in a cultural trance. Conditioned from birth and encouraged all our lives to believe all kinds of things about money that are out-and-out LIES!
They're messing you up and blocking your power, and you need to stop them now. So we'll take them one by one and explode them once and for all in this session, including:
- Do you want to do good things in the world? Help people? Make a difference? This myth makes that virtually impossible - and an astonishing number of people believe it unquestioningly.
- The widely promoted myth about abundance that is a self-fulfilling prophecy of doom. If you think it's true, then it becomes true. And what a shame that is. Thankfully, it's an easy one to let go of once you recognize it.
- Women, take note! There's an especially destructive (not to mention insulting) myth floating around about YOUR ability to make money that may be undermining you right now. I expose it here so you can shatter it and move on. (Men, do you have a daughter, granddaughter, or other female you care about? You'll also want to pay special attention to this.)
- The dangerous myth about financial crises. Financial institutions are real, and so are the bad things that sometimes happen to them. But the perceived notions of how people should respond to these events are as wrong as wrong can be. If you're stressing over the current economy, you need to hear this NOW!
- The destructive myth you can overturn when you let go of fear. Hard, but oh-so-powerful. I'll walk you through it.
- Rewire your brain for wealth and success. My "money biography" exercise will help you do it.
You may be tempted to skip ahead to Session Five: "Shortcuts to Attracting Whatever You Want." Don't. These work only if you've absorbed the information in Sessions One through Four. But if you have ... they work like MAGIC. Among other things, you'll learn:
- The biggest, greatest, most profound shortcut I can give you. Do this (it's something soooo easy) and you'll actually create a new vibrational signal that will cut through all the blocks and attract exactly what you want in that very moment. Amazing.
- Need money right NOW? Here's what you must do - and what you must stop doing - immediately, to change your energy dynamic and get cash flowing back in your direction fast.
- EFT body-tapping techniques that will "clear" you instantly. This incredible process bypasses conscious thought entirely and goes right to the source, clearing them in a matter of seconds.
- How to painlessly remove negative people from your life. Naysayers. Glass-half-emptyers. Do-nothings. Grumps. If they're in your life, they're in your way - jamming your attracting signals with their negativity. I'll show you how to clear them out without harm, foul, or hurt feelings.
- The four-statement mantra that will change everything for you. Words can't describe it. You just have to experience it.
You might recall that I've subtitled my program, "A Practical Spiritual System." In the sixth and final session, "Money Mastery Seminar: 10 Wealth-Building Innovations," WE GET PRACTICAL.
This, my friend, is where ATTRACTION MEETS ACTION in an explosive combination that's going to pump money into your life from sources, in amounts, and with a speed that will stun you.
I've spent 30 years creating, launching, marketing, and profiting from more businesses, products, and enterprises than I can count - and helping my friends and students do the same. In this session I download for you the very best of everything I've learned and done. Tools. Strategies. Websites. Actual turnkey business ideas. Everything.
There's way too much going on in this CD to completely detail here. This is just a taste:
- My own personal "golden shelf." Knowledge has gotten me where I am today. And the more than a dozen book and audio titles I share with you in this session are, to me, the Holy Grail of knowledge. The ideas they contain are remarkable, priceless, and life-changing. Read. Listen. Profit.
- One of the most important time-management secrets you'll ever hear. My income multiplied 10 times over when I finally figured this one out. You can apply it in all kinds of ways, and the results will shock you.
- How to put your to-do list on autopilot. Most days I wake up with fewer things to do than I had when I went to sleep. And I don't sleepwalk! The simple technique I share works like a charm, virtually doubling your results with no extra work.
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text:
I spent the weekend in the woods again. On the way to the woods, my very cool grand-dog, Scout, watched clouds from the car window.
A couple of hitchhikers tried to convince us to give them a ride.
But, we left them standing on the side of the road and headed to the cabin, where three of my grands and Scout studied the woods from our new screened porch.
We watched the horses and cows graze.
We picked sunflowers.
and saw baled hay and growing crops.
A vintage truck in the cornfield was a fun discovery, and a good photo op.
We saw lily pads growing on the water,
and we did a little bird watching too.
We jumped into the lake,
and swam in the lake.
We had a picnic on a pallet, and
then watched the sun set.
We went to bed with a full moon in the sky,
and got up in time to watch the sun rising.
We had a full and beautiful weekend, enjoying our grands and God's creation. I'm so glad you joined us for the recap. laurie


text:
We keep you up to date on the latest tax changes and news in the industry.
Article Summary:
Each month, we will send you a roundup of our latest blog content covering the tax and accounting tips & insights you need to know.
We care about the protection of your data.


text:
Moodle 2.0
Note: This page is a work-in-progress. Feedback and suggested improvements are welcome. Please join the discussion on moodle.org or use the page comments.
This page tries to explain, from a development perspective, how to implement the backup feature for various Moodle 2.x plugins, mainly, modules and blocks.
Note that, at the time of writing this, the backup & restore subsystem itself is under development, so still there are some missing bits, specially about the way to handle subplugins (question types, data fields...) under the new backup infrastructure, so any module using such artifacts, like data, assignment, quiz, workshop, aren't good candidates right now. This will be addressed (and this Docs updated) once we have determined how each subplugin is expected to work (from a DB / backup perspective).
Everything in backup is about tasks and steps (see Backup 2.0 general architecture for more information), all them conforming one backup plan. Each module instance and each block instance will be backup by one backup task instance that is, basically, one collection of backup steps. How steps are organized within the task will dictate to the backup system what to do and in which order.
Another important point is that Moodle backup 2.0, supports multiple backup formats ("moodle2", "imscc"...) each one having its own tasks/steps, completely unrelated between them. In any case, for now, we are focusing all the explanations below in the "moodle2" format, that is the one required in order to keep any module/block transportable between Moodle instances without any loss of data. Surely, for the rest of formats, we'll end with other documents describing them, since each one can have its own particularities.
Talking about backup steps we must differentiate two type of steps:
- Execution steps: That, simply, execute arbitrary PHP code. They are useful to prepare different structures, create directories, whatever have to be done not involving the generation of XML files. Normally you won't need them.
- Structure steps: That, using one PHP API (detailed below) define completely the XML structure to be exported and its contents. Hopefully, "normal" modules only will have to use one step of this type in order to have the backup functionality 100% implemented.
Said that, in the next steps we are going through all the steps necessary to create the backup of one simple module and one block, in order to get all the possibilities covered.
How to backup one module
For this section, we have selected one simple module (choice) that requires practically all the backup "machinery" to be used, so it will get explained as we progress in the development. The only point not covered here are the "subplugin" facilities, covered later in a separate section.
In order to achieve the backup implementation for the module, some prerequisites should be fulfilled. They are default recommendations that are especially helpful while getting used to the backup process.
- Learn about the module. If you aren't the creator of the module, spend some time playing with the module, creating and using it, exploring each one of its functionalities. By doing this you will end with some "real" data in the module instances that will be really useful when testing / debugging how the module backup is being generated.
- Draw one schema of the module DB structures. While you are playing with the module, look continuously to the DB, how records are saved and what the relationships are between the module's tables. Since a backup is, basically, one "selective dump" of those tables, knowing the maximum about them is highly recommended. At the end, you must end with one tree structure will be the basis for the generated XML file.
- Annotate which tables contain user-related info and which ones don't. One of the core functionalities that must be present on each module is the ability to include user related information or skip it, as you will need that information later.
Tip: If the module already existed before Moodle 2.0, it can be a good idea to look at its 1.9 backuplib.php file, since the structure is already defined there and can help to understand the organization better and, at the same time, keeping the XML structure as similar as possible, that will, definitively, make things easier when converting 1.9 backup files to the new backup 2.0 format.
Note: It's important to highlight that the structure schema, should be as stable as possible moving forward, because any change in the structure makes restore much more complex to implement. There aren't problems with adding/deleting fields, nor adding new elements to the structure. The structure (tree) itself must persist as stable as possible, so be careful when deciding it, as it will have implications on future maintenance.
Applying these pre-requisites to our candidate module (choice), here it's the corresponding schema. We'll use it along the whole process.
In the schema, you must try to put as much information as possible, so that will produce the coding process later to be quicker and easier while keeping the final results free from errors and missing bits. So, once more, don't start coding immediately, instead spend some time with the requisites above, understanding how the module works and designing the final structure that represents it better.
The (correct) candidate
The tree on the left shows the ER/DB structure of the choice module, where one choice have one or more options and each option is answered by users one or more times (note: ignore cardinality accuracy in the previous phrase).
And that's the best schema representing the structure of the module, with each element properly nested so, we won't have any problem with restore since the order required by restore (1, 2, 3) are naturally given.
Looks easy, cool, but continue reading… you will get surprised! :-)
The (chosen) candidate
Instead we are going to use the (complete this time) diagram below. See the rationale about that after the image.
The main reason to use this tree (instead of the "correct" one) is that this is the structure that has been used by Moodle 1.9 backup since ages ago for the choice module and, of course have done its work ok. As commented above we must try to reduce the number of structural changes in one module backup in order to keep the restore operations working along the time (the same is applicable for the conversion of 1.9 backup files to the new 2.0 format). Finally, this is a good example about how one module can have different XML representations and we need to try to get that best one (this is not the case) on each case. So, once more, spending some time analyzing the activity is worth it.
Let's analyze the schema with some detail:
- Detecting user information: We must be able to define the entities (tables) in the diagram that are used to store user information. One of the core features of the backup subsystem since its early days have been the ability to produce backup with and without user information. So we need that info. Hence, the "no user info" in the choice and choice_options elements (they are configuration, user-independent), while the choice_answers is marked as "user info" (contains user's answers to the choice).
- Determining the correct order of backup: This, while simple, is critical too (especially from a restore perspective). Since the restore reads progressively the xml file and performs actions in that order, we must guarantee that the "read order" is the correct one, fulfilling any possible dependency. Back to our schema it's clear that we need to backup the "choice" element at first, and then the "choice_options" and "choice_answers" ones. Moreover, the "choice_options" must be backup before "choice_answers", since the later needs to save the values of the former (the "optionid" information). Note that, as commented some paragraphs above, the "correct" alternative really gave us that order information easily. Doesn't matter, since we have been able to establish it also in the "chosen" schema.
- Attributes and elements: Now it's time to decide which fields will be considered attributes in the resulting XML file and which ones will be child elements (tags). The rule is simple: All the "id" fields must (should) be defined as attributes. Note this is just one arbitrary rule without much rationale behind it since, from a restore perspective, everything (attributes and child tags) will be handled in the same way (object attributes). So, in our schema, all the "id" fields have been marked as "attr".
- Not needed elements: If we have designed the schema properly, we'll find that some fields aren't necessary, since such information is already included in some parent element. In our schema, the field "choiceid", pointing to the "choice->id", both in the options and in the answer elements, have been marked as "not needed" since their parent "choice" already contains it. Something similar happens with the "course" field in the choice element. It doesn't need to be included in the backup file since something above it (course element, outside the module scope) already has it defined. Finally, there is one element marked as "needed" that shows us, once more, that the schema we are using is not the best. Since "choice_answers" isn't nested under "choice_options", we must keep the "choice_answers->optionid" field in the backup, or restore won't know to which option each answer belongs to. Instead, with the "correct" schema, where answers are nested under options, that field is not needed. Summarizing, any field except those already existing in parent elements must be included in backup.
- Detecting file areas used by the module: Along the module we can be using various file areas in different elements and fields. We need to know exactly which file area is handled by which element and the (optional) itemid information used for that file area. In general, anything being one text field, or anything looking like one attachment has high chances to have one (hidden) file area associated. In our schema, we have one file area (choice_intro) corresponding to the introduction of the module and available to put any images or whatever in that field. Also, in general, all the "xxx_intro" file areas use to have no itemid, since the module's context is enough to define them without ambiguities. So, we mark the choice->intro as "choice_intro" file area and "no itemid"). From our expertise playing with the module we know there are no more file areas associated with this module.
- Annotating some important bits: Due to the modularity of the backup and in order to know exactly which information must be saved (because it's used) and which one can be skipped, it's important to annotate some important elements along the whole backup process. So, back to our schema, we have marked the "choice_answer->userid" field as "annotation" (so backup will, automatically, add all the information for that user). Here it's the list of elements that we must not forget to annotate (or we could end with non-restorable backups). Note that we must, always, be annotating "id" values and not other types of data:
- user: Any field pointing to one user->id present along the schema (as said above, our schema has one).
- grouping: Any field pointing to one grouping->id
- group: Any field pointing to one group->id
- role: Any field pointing to one role->id
- scale: Any field pointing to one scale->id
- outcome: Any field pointing to one outcome->id
And this is all the information we need to know, before starting to code. Surely, once used to backup and restore, you will be able to start coding sooner, but don't forget about the importance of choosing one good and stable structure before anything else. It's really the critical part of any module's backup.
That said, let's see how to code all this information in order to get one cool backup for our beloved module.
Already here? Have you read, at least once, all the explanations and comments in the previous sections? Yes? Sure? I can imagine it's hard to read so much text, just imagine how hard is to write it! Go, go, go and read it!
Jokes aside, in this section we are going to code the module's (choice, in our example) backup code. As you'll see soon, all the information gathered in previous steps is really important and will make the coding task easier and less prone to errors.
Setting up the environment
By default, any backup operation will end with one .zip file stored in some course / section / activity area. That means that, each time you execute one backup, you'll need to go across the web interface to that file area, download the generated .zip file, uncompress it, and then see how things have been generated. And you will be executing a bunch of backup files until you get everything working as expected, so the whole develop / test process isn't really "agile". To improve things a bit, there is one $CFG setting that you should consider using in your development environment. Just put this in your config.php:
$CFG->keeptempdirectoriesonbackup = true;
With this setting enabled, backup won't delete the temporary directory where everything is calculated, so you will be able to access to it directly, skipping all the ui / download / unzip steps above. Those temp directories are under $CFG->dataroot/temp/backup. Note that, for each backup invocation, a new directory is created.
Also, in order to be able to execute backups quickly (instead of navigating along the UI), you can, simply, put one script like this in your $CFG->dirroot directory:
define('CLI_SCRIPT', 1);
require_once($CFG->dirroot . '/backup/util/includes/backup_includes.php');
$course_module_to_backup = XX; // Set this to one existing choice cmid in your dev site
$user_doing_the_backup = YY; // Set this to the id of your admin account
$bc = new backup_controller(backup::TYPE_1ACTIVITY, $course_module_to_backup, backup::FORMAT_MOODLE,
backup::INTERACTIVE_NO, backup::MODE_GENERAL, $user_doing_the_backup);
Just set proper values for XX and YY above and execute it from the command line. If you get one error about one not found class (with the name of your module) everything is ok.
To get the analogous restore code please see: https://docs.moodle.org/dev/Restore_2.0_for_developers#Automatically_triggering_restore_in_code
Required stuff
The first thing you need to make is to, explicitly, declare that your module (choice in our example) is going to support the MOODLE2 backup format, to do so, you need to go to mod/choice/lib.php and, in the choice_supports() function add one new feature by adding this line:
case FEATURE_BACKUP_MOODLE2: return true;
If you execute another backup (with the script provided above, you will continue getting one error, since we haven't still coded anything related to backup, that's ok.
Next step is to create the directory where all the backup code for the choice module will be. Just create the directory(s) mod/choice/backup/moodle2
At this point, we have all the required stuff ready and all the pending tasks will be done under that recently created directory.
Settings, Steps and Tasks
In the introduction of the tutorial, we commented about backup being structured into tasks, each one being one collection of steps (and potentially using some custom settings). Those are, exactly, the objects that we need to create to achieve the backup functionality in our module.
First of all, lets' create the settings file, where all the custom settings to be used by our module will be defined and implemented. It must be named mod/choice/backup/moodle2/backup_choice_settingslib.php and their contents are really meaningful:
// This file is part of Moodle - http://moodle.org/
// Moodle is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
// (at your option) any later version.
// Moodle is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
// GNU General Public License for more details.
// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
// along with Moodle. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
* @package moodlecore
* @subpackage backup-moodle2
* @copyright 2010 onwards YOUR_NAME_GOES_HERE {@link YOUR_URL_GOES_HERE}
* @license http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html GNU GPL v3 or later
// This activity has not particular settings but the inherited from the generic
// backup_activity_task so here there isn't any class definition, like the ones
// existing in /backup/moodle2/backup_settingslib.php (activities section)
Looks simple, isn't it? Nothing but a few comments. This is looking really easy. For now, we aren't going to introduce any custom setting for any module, only the "core activity settings" will be used. Once backup and Moodle 2.0 is stable we can start analyzing useful settings to customize how the module's backup is performed. For now, just leave it blank, please. In fact, if it's empty, you can safely not create it at all. It's here just for explanation purposes.
Side note: To save some space, we only will be showing the © message/license in the code above. Just add it to each file created.
Now we are going to create the steps file, where all the steps to be executed by our backup activity task will be defined and implemented. It must be named mod/choice/backup/moodle2/backup_choice_stepslib.php and their contents are these:
* Define all the backup steps that will be used by the backup_choice_activity_task
Yes, it's another empty file. No worries we'll fill it later.
Finally we need to create the task file, where our just created settings and steps files will be included and used. It must be named mod/choice/backup/moodle2/backup_choice_activity_task.class.php and their contents are these:
require_once($CFG->dirroot . '/mod/choice/backup/moodle2/backup_choice_stepslib.php'); // Because it exists (must)
require_once($CFG->dirroot . '/mod/choice/backup/moodle2/backup_choice_settingslib.php'); // Because it exists (optional)
* choice backup task that provides all the settings and steps to perform one
* complete backup of the activity
class backup_choice_activity_task extends backup_activity_task {
* Define (add) particular settings this activity can have
protected function define_my_settings() {
// No particular settings for this activity
* Define (add) particular steps this activity can have
protected function define_my_steps() {
// Choice only has one structure step
* Code the transformations to perform in the activity in
* order to get transportable (encoded) links
static public function encode_content_links($content) {
return $content;
This is the main file (class) of the choice backup and it will be used to define any setting (define_my_settings() method) and any step (define_my_steps() method) to be executed in the backup process. It also contains one 3rd method (encode_content_links($content)) that will allow manually URLs pointing to the choice to be properly converted when the choice is moved to other site / course using the backup / restore functionality.
As you see, for now, the three required methods are doing nothing. Just execute the backup again. Wow, no errors anymore. We have already fulfilled all the minimum coding needs in order to have the choice backup working.
Now you should go to your $CFG->dataroot/temp/backup/xxxx directory (the more recent) and spend some time looking what has been created under the activities/choice_XX directory. There is already a lot of stuff that backup has generated for you: comments, blocks, logs, grades, module info, roles... some of them empty and others already showing real information.
In any case, now, we need to add one important file there, the "choice.xml" where the real information for your module will be present, following the specs given by the schema we decided some sections above.
So, let's go, it's time to create our choice structure step. To do so, we edit the mod/choice/backup/moodle2/backup_choice_stepslib.php file and add this code after the existing comments:
* Define the complete choice structure for backup, with file and id annotations
class backup_choice_activity_structure_step extends backup_activity_structure_step {
protected function define_structure() {
// To know if we are including userinfo
$userinfo = $this->get_setting_value('userinfo');
// Define each element separated
// Build the tree
// Define sources
// Define id annotations
// Define file annotations
// Return the root element (choice), wrapped into standard activity structure
So, we have defined one structure step that will be the responsible, using one PHP API to provide backup with all the information needed to generate the choice.xml file. Now, go back to the task file and add these contents in the define_my_steps() methods:
$this->add_step(new backup_choice_activity_structure_step('choice_structure', 'choice.xml'));
That way, our choice task knows it must execute one new step, the one involving the generation of the choice.xml file. Let's execute one new backup and see results.You should be getting one new error with something like that "backup_structure_step_wrong_structure". It means that everything is ok up to now, the task has tried to execute the structure step, but this is not properly defined.
Defining each element
So, next step is about to define the choice structure. Going back to our step, under the // Define each element separate comment we'll add this code:
$choice = new backup_nested_element('choice', array('id'), array(
'name', 'intro', 'introformat', 'publish',
'showresults', 'display', 'allowupdate', 'allowunanswered',
'limitanswers', 'timeopen', 'timeclose', 'timemodified'));
$options = new backup_nested_element('options');
$option = new backup_nested_element('option', array('id'), array(
'text', 'maxanswers', 'timemodified'));
$answers = new backup_nested_element('answers');
$answer = new backup_nested_element('answer', array('id'), array(
'userid', 'optionid', 'timemodified'));
Return the root element
And also, in order to get it working, let's define the return element, so, after the // Return the root element comment, add this code:
return $this->prepare_activity_structure($choice);
Now we can execute the backup again and, as long as we have already defined the root element of the module, should have now one choice.xml file created (without proper contents but must be there).
About the code above, all we have done is to define, separately each element that will be part of the choice.xml file. Special note about the $options and $answers elements. Since Moodle 1.9 we use to enclose real elements (the singular ones) inside one extra plural element, hence we create them here (as empty elements without attributes nor child tags). About the rest (the singular ones) we use 3 params in the instantiation:
- The name of the element
- One array of attributes of the element
- One array of child tags (fields) of the element.
And we include all the fields that previously we had defined in our schema but the ones marked as not needed.
Building the tree
Now it's time to declare the relations between all those elements, so, after the // Build the tree comment we'll add this code:
Self explanatory, using $choice as root element, we define the whole tree using the add_child() method. And, of course, we respect the order that we had decided, so $options will be physically before $answers in the tree (and in the generated XML).
Defining the sources
After this, it's the moment to instruct our tree about how to fetch information from DB in order to generate the choice.xml file, so after the // Define sources comment, we'll add this code:
$choice->set_source_table('choice', array('id' => backup::VAR_ACTIVITYID));
FROM {choice_options}
WHERE choiceid = ?',
// All the rest of elements only happen if we are including user info
if ($userinfo) {
$answer->set_source_table('choice_answers', array('choiceid' => '../../id'));
So we define the source for the $choice element as the information present in the 'choice' table for the id that is being backup (backup::VAR_ACTIVITYID). Or we define the source for the $option element like one SQL (could have been one table too, just to show more possibilities of the API, using the parent (the choice one) as value for the query (backup::VAR_PARENTID).
And finally, conditionally, if user information is going to be included, we define the source for the $answer (note we had already annotated in our schema that this element was dependent of that).
And we define the source condition as having the 'choiceid' field matching the value of the 'id' field two levels above (../../id). If you follow the tree created in the previous code section, that's exactly the choice->id (remember we have introduced one extra level (the plural one between the 'choice' and the 'answer' singular elements). Note this is 100% equivalent to use backup::VAR_PARENTID (as we have done in the $option source) just used to show possibilities of the API.
Summarizing, with the API, we have these 3 method for defining sources:
- set_source_table($tablename, array $conditions): When the information is get straight from one table (vast majority of cases in backup)
- set_source_sql($sql, array $params): When the information doesn't map one table directly and we need something more complex
- set_source_array($array): When we have some fixed information to backup. Not really useful in nested information, but used by core here and there.
Note that both the $conditions and $params above only accept one limited number of constants or values (not all available in all backups!), mainly:
- backup::VAR_COURSEID: The id of the course this activity belongs to / the course id being backup
- backup::VAR_SECTIONID: The id of the section this activity belongs to / the section id being backup
- backup::VAR_ACTIVITYID: The id of the activity id being backup
- backup::VAR_MODID: The id of the course_module being backup
- backup::VAR_MODULENAME: The name of the module being backup
- backup::VAR_BLOCKID: The id of the block being backup
- backup::VAR_BLOCKNAME: The name of the block being backup
- backup::VAR_CONTEXTID: The context id of the activity / course being backup
- backup::VAR_PARENTID: The value of the first parent id found in the structure.
- ../some/path/to/parent: To manually point to other value of any parent.
Is important to note that, in 99% of the case we should be using, exclusively, some of the constants above, and backup, automatically will handle them properly. In case we have any other condition or param to be added like, for example, the number 23, or the string 'user', we cannot add them directly, but enclose them with the helper backup_helper::is_sqlparam(23) or backup_helper::is_sqlparam('user'). That way backup will know they are raw SQL params not needing any special handling, like the constants above.
Well, now it's time to run backup again and take a look to our activities/choice_XX/choice.xml file. Now everything should be there, properly nested, the choice, the options and the answers. We are really near finishing now.
Annotating IDs
Now it's time to perform all the annotations that we had already detected in our analysis of the module. So, after the // Define id annotations comment we'll be adding:
$answer->annotate_ids('user', 'userid');
It simply means, annotate for each $answer element, the value of the 'userid' field as one 'user' to be backup. In other words we are instructing backup that there is one new user to include later, when generating the users information and, at the same time, we are determining that those users are needed for the choice XX, so, if on restore we decide to skip that choice and such user isn't necessary for any other module / subsystem, it won't be restored. All this "uses" information is handled by the "inforef.xml" files within each activity backup, just in case you're interested to take a look to them. Else, just consider them, "dark magic".
Note: If you're not sure about which elements must be annotated, review "Annotating some important bits" above for details about must-be-done annotations.
Annotating files
And, finally, reviewing our elaborate and detailed schema, the last thing we need to take care of are the file areas used, so, after the // Define file annotations comment we'll add:
$choice->annotate_files('mod_choice', 'intro', null, $contextid = null); // This file area does not have an itemid.
That means that, within the $choice element we have one file area in use, of course belonging to the 'mod_choice' component (where all the choice module files belong to), named 'intro' and not using itemid (null). Note that, since it is possible to have multiple file areas in the same element (table), you may end up having multiple calls to the annotate_files() method, one for each filearea to be added to backup. The third parameter, if it is needed, must be the name of one of the attributes or fields of the $choice element (usually, in the vast majority of cases, the 'id' of the element), otherwise we'll use null. The fourth parameter is optional and will default to the context id of the backup, but if you want to specify the context id you do so here.
One encoded wor(l)d
Already out from the step definition, that should be working ok now, with the choice.xml file being generated and all the annotations being processed and added to the inforef.xml file, there is one more point to fulfill before considering choice's backup 100% finished.
And it's about how to provide the ability to transform some links to the choice module when the backup file is restored into another server / course. That is automatically handled by a two-step approach:
- On backup, we transform as many well-know URLs as possible to one encoded form.
- On restore, we transform those encoded URLS back to their original form, but pointing to their new targets.
So, in backup, we must provide services for the point 1 above, and that is done by adding some "encoding" conversions to the encode_content_links() method in our backup_choice_activity_task. So, define it to look like this
* Code the transformations to perform in the activity in
* order to get transportable (encoded) links
static public function encode_content_links($content) {
global $CFG;
$base = preg_quote($CFG->wwwroot,"/");
// Link to the list of choices
$content= preg_replace($search, '$@CHOICEINDEX*$2@$', $content);
// Link to choice view by moduleid
$content= preg_replace($search, '$@CHOICEVIEWBYID*$2@$', $content);
return $content;
Básically, it gets any URL (manually written) in any content of the backup being generated and transform some (well-known) URLs to one encoded alternative. In this case we are encoding:
- Any URL pointing to the list of choices in a course == is changed to ==> $@CHOICEINDEX*XX@$
- Any URL pointing to one exact choice == is changed to ==> $@CHOICEVIEWBYID*YY@$
In restore, well have the opposite conversions happening, replacing the XX and YY above to their new equivalents, so those links will be transportable via backup/restore without any need to edit them manually later.
Tip: Don't forget to look to the module's 1.9 backup code, as far as there you'll find which conversions must be considered to be added here.
Final notes
- Don't get stressed, it's really more difficult / longer to explain than to do it. 100% guaranteed, else we'll return your money. :-P
- If you've become lost, or your code is not working properly, you always can see the complete choice working code in git. Or, alternatively, look to other well known modules, like forum or also the big core library of steps, where you will find all sort of uses of the API.
- If you are going to implement backup for module XXXX, just copy this document, replace any "choice" occurrence within it by XXXX and follow it from the beginning to the end. Should work.
- If the module already existed in Moodle 1.x, try to follow the same structure if possible, that will make things easier for restore / conversion.
- Right now there are some pending tasks related with different exceptions that will be thrown if you code something wrongly (bad nesting, incorrect field names, bad constant/sql param uses...) and how they are shown. Fix for that will be coming soon.
- Also, as stated at the beginning of this tutorial, we are still missing "subplugins" final support in modules, so try to avoid implementing backup on them for now. Once ready, there will be one new section in this document about them.
- Any question / improvement / comment, feel free to contact with Moodle HQ, better if using the Tracker or, alternatively, forums / email / direct contact with your very-best-developer-friend. Note this is version x.0 (dot zero) of the backup API, so sure there are possibilities to improve it along the time.
Other components that can be backed up
Most plugins which can be added to a course can also include data in a course backup. Some examples:
- Course formats
- Themes: Backup 2.0 theme data
- Plagiarism plugins


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Bible Encyclopedias
Jew (the Word)
The 1901 Jewish Encyclopedia
Up to the seventeenth century this word was spelled in Middle English in various ways: "Gyu," "Giu," "Gyw," "Iu," "luu," "Iuw," "Ieu," "Ieuu," "Ieuz," "Iwe," "Iow," "Iewe," "Ieue," "lue" ("Ive"), "Iew," "Jew." All these forms were derived from the Old French "Giu," which was earlier written "Juieu," derived from the Latin accusative "Judæum" with the elision of the letter "d." The Latin form "Judæus" was derived from the Greek 'Iουδαĩοσ; and this in turn from the Aramaic , corresponding to the Hebrew a gentilic adjective from the proper name "Judah," seemingly never applied to members of the tribe, however, but to members of the nationality inhabiting the south of Palestine (Jeremiah 43:9). It appears to have been afterward extended to apply to Israelites (2 Kings 16:3) in the north. The English word is met with in the plural form as early as 1175, in the Lambert "Homilies"; in earlier English the form "Iudea," derived from the place-name "Iudea," is found in the Anglo-Saxon Gospels (John 18:35) of about the year 1000. Ormin, about 1200, uses the form "Judeow," derived from Old High German "Judeo," from which the modern German "Jude" is also derived.
In the Old Testament the term "Jew" appears to be applied to adherents of the worship of Yhwh as conducted at Jerusalem after the Exile: it is thus used in the late Book of Esther. In more modern usage the word is often applied to any person of the Hebrew race, apart from his religious creed. At one time during the emancipation era there was a tendency among Jews to avoid the application of the term to themselves; and from 1860 onward the words "Hebrew" and "Israelite" were employed to represent persons of Jewish faith and race, as in the titles "Alliance Israélite Universelle" and "United Hebrew Charities." At the present time the name "Jew" is being more commonly employed.
The word is sometimes used as an adjective, as in "Jew Bill," "Jew boy," etc.; frequently in special combinations, as in "Jew-baiting," corresponding to the German "Juden Hetze," and in "Jew bail," insufficient bail; but more often in the genitive, as "Jew's eye," a proverbial expression for something very valuable, used by Shakespeare ("Merchant of Venice," Act II., Scene V., line 43); "Jews' houses," remains of ancient smelting-furnaces in Cornwall; "Jews' tin," lumps of tin found in the "Jews' houses." The term occurs in very many names ofplants, as "Jews'-apple," the egg-plant (Solanum esculentum); "Jew-bush" (Pedilanthus tithymaloides); "Jews'-myrtle," butchers'-broom; "Jews' frankincense," a plant of the genus Styrax; "Jews'-mallow" (Corchorus olitorius), a plant of the linden family; "Jews'-thorn," the Christ's-thorn.
Of the several terms derived from the word "Jew" the only derivations in common use are "Jewess," "Jewish," and JEWRY; but there are several curious more or less obsolete forms, as "Jewhead" (1300), "Jewhood" (Carlyle), "Jewishness," "Jewdom," "Jewism," and "Jewship," all used for the religious system of the Jews, as well as "Jewling," used by Purchas (1613) for a small or young Jew. As adverbs are used "Jewishly" and "Jewly" (Wyclif, 1382). In more modern English the adjectival and adverbial derivations are from the original Latin form—"Judaic," "Judaical" (rare), "Judaically," radically connected with the word "Judaism." The chief derivations, however, "Judaizer," "Judaist," and "Judaistic," with the verb "Judaize," and the noun "Judaization," refer rather to Jewish tendencies in the Christian Church than to any specifically Jewish characteristics.
Special classes of Jews have often specific names; thus, in the Caucasus, Bergjuden"; those in Maga, near Shemachi, "Biki." Those of Jamaica used to be called "Smouse Jews" (H. Adams, "History of the Jews," p. 459); those of northwest Africa are termed DAGGATUN and "Riff Jews"; while those who have nominally left Judaism have often special names, such as Maranos, "Chuetas," "Anusim," "Maimin," "Jedid al-Islam," and CRYPTO-JEWS. Symbolic epithets for the Jews are: "Chosen People," "People of the Book" (supposed to be derived from Mohammed, who, however, used the term "Peoples of a Book" (or Scripture) as applying equally to Jews, Christians, and Sabeans), "Peculiar People" (comp. M. Ḳ. 16b), "Israel," "Jeshurun," "Keneset Yisrael," "Dove" (comp. D. Kohan, "Yonah," in "Ha-Asif," 1889, ), "The Nation," "The Race," "The Lily" (comp. Song of Solomon 5:13).
Slang names, given to the Jews by their opponents, also occur, as "Sheeny" in English, "Zit" in Russian, "Youtre" in French. Among Russian Jews a distinction is made between "Yehudi," a Jew of German origin, and "Yid," one of Russian or Lithuanian extraction.
- Jellinek, Jüdische Stamm, 1:10-19, 2:97-98;
- Allg. Zeit. Jud. 2:241;
- Jewish Voice, Feb. 23, 1900;
- Murray's New English Dict.
These files are public domain.
Singer, Isidore, Ph.D, Projector and Managing Editor. Entry for 'Jew (the Word)'. 1901 The Jewish Encyclopedia. https://www.studylight.org/encyclopedias/eng/tje/j/jew-the-word.html. 1901.


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And I liked the idea of the popular Yellow Brick Road quilts. But again, I couldn't bring myself to buy a pattern for what looked so simple. Rather than try and copy it I drafted my own pattern. When I went to make the quilt I decided I didn't want the look of a whole bunch of squares and rectangles. So I combined the wonky log cabin look with the pattern I drew and came up with this.
(Sorry about the crappy photo, I could only find a tiny one. The original is on the old computer and that's packed away for the renos.)
When you are looking to break free from patterns and kits, remember you don't have to throw out everything from traditional quilting. It is always still a good idea to use a scant quarter inch seam, press well, and trim your blocks square. You can still take those traditional ideas and make them into something new. Don't be afraid. Just start sewing.


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21 January 2012
Digimon - Growlmon Papercraft
Growlmon is a Champion-level / Dark Dragon Digimon that is the evolved form of Guilmon.
Red Wizzrobe Papercraft v2
Here's an updated version of Squeezycheesecake's Red Wizzrobe papercraft from the Legend of Zelda series.
Parasyte Papercraft - Migi
Migi from the manga Parasyte, it's a worm-like creature that enters human hosts through their ears or nose and take over their brain, Migi ended up on the protagonist's hand.
Star Wars - B2 Super Battle Droid Papercraft
B2 super battle droids are heavily armored droids mainly used by the Trade Federation, they're equipped with dual built-in laser cannon (wrist blasters & rockets).
Super Mario - Fuzzy Papercraft (Moving)
Fuzzys are parasitic creatures from the Super Mario series that suck HP to heal themselves.
Dragstrip Papercraft
Dragstrip = a strip of pavement with a racing area at least 1/4 mile long, this dragstrip papercraft is approx. 1:43 scale.
20 January 2012
Tetris Paper Toy
Smiling ^^ Tetris blocks from Alex Gwynne, all but one of the Tetriminos are represented.
Heavy Bramble Papercraft / Brummble Paper Toy
Matthijs Kamstra has created a papercraft version/tribute (called Brummble) of one of my favorite collectible figures by ThreeA Toys, the Heavy Bramble - based on the World War Robot series designed by Ashley Wood.
Adventure Time - Fionna and Cake Papercraft
Fionna and Cake are the gender-swapped version of Finn and Jake that appeared in Season 3, Episode 9 of the Adventure Time animated TV series.
Idolmaster Papercraft - Tako Takane Shijou
Anime-style octopus (tako) version of Takane Shijou - one of the many idols from the Idolmaster game series.
Pak Raden Papercraft
Pak Raden is the moustachioed and grouchy character from "Si Unyil", Indonesia's first children's TV show that started airing in the 80's, the show featured hand puppets.
19 January 2012
Assassin's Creed - Hellequin Mask Papercraft
Venetian-style Carnival mask worn by the Hellequin (aka Caha) - she's one of the many genetic memories used by Abstergo Industries for training Animus recruits.
TMBG Monster Truck Hearse Papercraft
Official Monster Truck Hearse papercraft from alternative rock band They Might Be Giants, as seen from their music video "When Will You Die?".
Tales of Symphonia Papercraft - Alicia Combatir
Alicia Combatir is pink haired, younger sibling of Presea from the Tales of Symphonia video game series, she worked as a maid for Regal Bryant (protagonist).
Street Racer Paper Toy - Killer Snake
Paper Street Racer from Sinner with an original designed Killer Snake car graphic.
Fantasy RPG - Red Dragon Papercraft
New updates from Fantasy Paper Mini Models featuring a fiery Red Dragon, Werewolf, and Beastman.
18 January 2012
Legend of Zelda: Skyward Sword - Moblin Papercraft
The "Moblin" is the Legend of Zelda's version of the goblin creature, but is much larger and meaner (and they carry weapons).
Star Fox 64 - Venomian Tank Papercraft
Tank unit used by the Venomian Army (aka Androssians) in the Star Fox 64 video game.
Star Wars - Droidel Papercraft (Hanukkah)
R2D2-themed (a droid) Hanukkah dreidel (four-sided spinning top) from StarWars.com.
Star Wars - V-wing Papercraft
The V-wing is an airspeeder-class planetary defense craft / orbital-insertion assault craft used by the New Repulic in the Star Wars universe.
Cubicity Paper Toy
Digitprop has a new line of simple paper toys with the commonly used rectangular prism as its platform, it's called Cubicity and it's cute in a finger puppet way ^^.
17 January 2012
Little Dragon Papercraft
Little Dragon papercraft from Didier Martin @ My Little House to celebrate the Chinese Zodiac year of 2012 / Year of the Dragon.
Star Wars Papercraft - Jabba's Palace Diorama Box
Cool little Star Wars papercraft from Goobeetsa, it's diorama-in-a-box showing the famous scene in Jabba the Hutt's palace with an enslaved Princess Leia Organa and C-3PO.
2012 Rilakkuma Dragon Papercraft
New year, new outfits - here's Rilakkuma and his pals Kiiritori and Korilakkuma (in pink) in their 2012 Year of the Dragon costumes, papercraft created by kuma0rila.
16 January 2012
Kizuna Avenue - Musupi Papercraft (Mascot)
Musupi is the adorable little chick mascot for Kizuna Avenue (Japan).
15 January 2012
Lich Papercraft
In fantasy fiction, a Lich is said to be an undead sorcerer who possesses tremendous magical power.
Pokemon Scyther Papercraft
Scyther (aka Strike) is a bug-type and Mantis Pokemon that is the pre-evolved form of Scizor.
Father of Ultra Paper Toy
Chemical 9's paper toy tribute to the Ultraman series (Japanese tokusatsu TV series), Father of Ultra (aka Ultra Father) is the leader and founder of the Space Garrison.
Bright Red Paper Toys (1 and 2)
Marshall Alexander's paper toy tribute to the Viewmaster 3D viewer and the Etch-a-Sketch mechanical drawing toy.
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