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On this page I want to walk you through the process of how to make money blogging. It's perfect for those who already have a blog but if you don't I recommend you check out our guide to starting a blog (it's step 1).
My Story Of Making Money Blogging
In 2002 I began to blog one day on impulse after seeing another blog and being fascinated by the medium. I had no idea at the time that what I was doing would ultimately lead to a complete change in my career path and end up being something I'd make a full time income from in several years later.
I had no experience or profile in the online space, no technical ability and while I had done some public speaking had done very little in the way of communicating through the written word.
I did not make any money from my first blogs for almost 18 months (I didn't even know you could so did not try) and when I did start to try to make money from them the first income was just a few dollars a week – but gradually in time my income grew from a part time income to a full time income and then beyond.
How to make money Blogging?
I'm often asked how to make money blogging so want in this article to lay out some basic steps that I see most bloggers who make a living from blogging go through.
Here is how to make money from a blog:
- Set up your blog
- Start creating useful content
- Get off your blog and start finding readers
- Build engagement with the readers that come
- Start making money from the readership you have through one or more of a variety of income streams
Sounds easy doesn't it! On some levels the process is simple – but you need to know up front that there's a lot to each step and below I'm going to give you some pointers on each including some further reading.
Here's how to make money from a blog.
1. Start a Blog
In order to make money blogging you're going to need to have a blog. While this is pretty obvious it is also a stumbling block for many PreBloggers who come to the idea of blogging with little or no technical background.
If that's you – don't worry! It was my story too and most bloggers start out feeling a little overwhelmed by the process of starting their blog.
If you need a little help I would highly recommend you check out my article How to Start a Blog in which I run through the steps you need to take to get up and running. It's really not as hard as you might think!
Further Reading on starting a blog:
2. Start Creating Useful Content
A blog is not a blog without content so once you've set your blog up you need to focus your attention upon creating useful content. What you choose to create will depend a little on the topic that you choose to write about (on that note, most successful bloggers have some focus to their blogging whether that be a niche or a demographic that they write for).
The key with creating content is to make it as useful as possible. Focus upon creating content that changes people's lives in some way will be the type of content that people will value the most and it will help people to feel like they know, like and trust you – which is really important if you later want to make money from your blog.
Further Reading on creating content:
There are thousands of articles and podcast episodes on ProBlogger about how to create content. See our latest stuff in the content category on our blog and on the podcast. Also check out some of these popular articles on different aspects of creating content.
- How to Craft a Blog Post – 10 Crucial Points to Pause
- How to Create Blog Posts that People Remember
- The 4 Pillars of Writing Exceptional Blogs
- How to Come Up With Fresh Ideas to Write About On Your Blog
- 11 Quick Tips for Writing Compelling Blog Posts
- How Often Should You Blog? (Hint: The Answer Might Surprise You)
- 21 Ways to Write Posts that Are Guaranteed to Grow Your Blog
- 10 Ways to Switch Your Brain to Writing Mode When Working From Home
3. Get off your blog and start finding readers
As you create the most useful content that you possibly can it is easy to get very insular with your focus and spend most of your time looking at building your blog. Many bloggers have a 'build it and they will come mentality' with their blogging but this is a bit of a trap.
If you want to make money from your blog you need to not only focus upon building a great blog but it is also necessary to get off your blog and to start promoting it.
There are many ways to experiment with growing your blog's audience that I've written in previous blog posts and talked about in podcasts (I'll share some further reading and listening below) but it is important to enter into all these strategies remembering that you should not just be looking for 'traffic' but 'readers'.
Start by thinking carefully about the type of reader you'd like to have read your blog. You might like to create an avatar of that reader (sometimes called a reader persona or profile) to help you work out who you're trying to attract.
Once you know who you're hoping to have read your blog ask yourself where that type of person might already be gathering online. Begin to list where they might be gathering:
- Are they reading certain blogs? List the top 3
- Are they participating in certain forums? List the top 3
- Are they listening to podcasts? List the top 3
- Are they engaging on certain social networks? List the top 3
- Which accounts are they following on each of these social networks? List the top 3
Each of these places that you reader might already be gathering has opportunities to develop a presence whether that be by leaving good comments, offering to create guest posts or simply by being helpful and answering questions.
With this list of blogs, focus, podcasts, social media accounts in hand you will have some good spots to begin to hang out and create value.
The key is to build a presence, to add value, to foster relationships – not to engage in spammy practices.
Further Reading/Listening on the topic of Finding Readers for your Blog:
See our latest posts and podcasts on finding readers in the finding readers section of the podcast and here on the blog. Here are a few other links to check out on the topic:
- 5 Mistakes Bloggers Make with SEO and What To Do About Them
- Here's How My 2 Blogs Grew
- How to Socialize Your Posts for Maximum Effect
- How to Promote Yourself Without Coming Across as a Jerk
- 11 Ways I Diversified Traffic Sources for My Blogs to Become Less Reliant Upon Google [With a Surprising Twist]
- Grow Traffic to Your Blog Through Guest Posting and Creating Content for Other Blogs, Forums, Media and Events
- 2 Types of Content that Help You to Find Readers for Your Blog
4. Build engagement with the readers that come
With sustained focus upon creating great content and finding readers for your blog you'll begin to notice people visiting your blog and engaging with your content.
At this point you need to switch your focus to engaging with those readers and building community.
Respond to comments, reach out to those readers personally and do everything that you can to keep them coming back again and again by building a 'sticky blog'.
Look after the readers you already have well and you'll find they spread the word of your blog for you and help make your blog even more widely read.
Having an engaged reader is also much easier to make money from.
Further Reading on deepening reader engagement on your blog:
5. Start making money from the readership you have through one or more of a variety of income streams
OK – the first four steps of starting a blog, creating content, finding readers and building engagement with those readers are important foundations that you really do need to get in place before you'll be able to build long term income for your blog.
There's no avoiding that what we've covered is a lot of work but if you do it well you'll be setting yourself up well and giving yourself every chance of being able to make money from your blog.
With these foundations in place you're now ready to start attempting to make money from your blog but you do need to be aware that just because you have set up your blog, have content and have engaged readers that the money won't just automatically flow.
It takes continued work and experimentation to make money from your blog.
I've written many articles here on ProBlogger on the topic of making money blogging and will link to some suggested further reading on the topic below but let me share a few introductory words on the topic first.
There are Many Ways to Make Money Blogging
One of the biggest misconceptions that I see bloggers having about monetising blogs is that they have to do it in one of a handful of ways. The reality is that there are many ways to make money from blogs.
A few years ago I decided to sit down and list all the ways that I saw bloggers making money from their blogs and created this 'money map' (click to enlarge).
Note: this money map was updated in September 2016.
As you'll see there are quite a few options that bloggers have to derive income from their blogs.
Don't worry though – while this map is quite overwhelming at a first glance there are a few main 'clusters' of income streams that you might want to focus upon rather than all the specific ones.
1. Advertising Income
This is where many bloggers start. In many ways this model of making money from blogs is not dissimilar to how a magazine or newspaper sells ads. As your traffic and brand grows you'll find advertisers will be willing to pay to get exposure to your audience.
While you need decent traffic to do a direct deal with an advertisers there are ad networks (like Google AdSense) that act as a middleman and enable smaller publishers to run ads on their blogs. This is where many bloggers start (I did too).
2. Affiliate Income
A recent survey of ProBlogger readers found that affiliate promotions was the most common type of income that our readers have.
To put it most simply – affiliate income is when you link to a product that is for sale on another site (take Amazon for example) and if someone follows your link and ends up buying that product you earn a commission on that sale.
There's more to it than that but this is another great place to start with monetising your blog as affiliate programs are easy to sign up for and if you have an engaged audience you will find they follow the recommendations that you make on products.
Further reading on affiliate income:
- The Ultimate Guide to Making Money with the Amazon Affiliate Program
- 10 Popular Affiliate Programs for Small and Medium Sized Blogs
3. Events
While not something most bloggers do I have noticed an increase in the number of bloggers making money by running events.
These range from big conferences and events like our ProBlogger Conference which hosts hundreds of bloggers every year right down to smaller meet-ups for a blogger's readers where money is made either through charging readers to attend or by finding a sponsor for the event.
Alternatively online events or summits are getting more popular.
4. Recurring Income
Another growing category of income that I'm seeing more and more bloggers are experimenting is recurring income streams (sometimes called continuity programs or membership programs).
This is where readers pay a regular recurring amount (usually on a monthly or annual basis) for access to either premium content, a community area, some kind of service, tools, coaching (or some combination of these things).
6. Promoting a Business
Many brick and mortar businesses indirectly make money from their blogs by using their blogs to grow their profile and direct readers to their business.
7. Services
A common way that many bloggers make money is through offering services to their readers. These might be anything from coaching and consulting, to writing or copywriting, to design, training or other freelance services.
8. Products
While I started out making money from my blogs through advertising and affiliate promotions today my #1 source of income is through selling eBooks and courses on my blogs. These 'virtual products' take work to create but have been lucrative for me and many other bloggers.
Products can of course take many forms and income virtual information products like eBooks or courses but also other virtual products like software, reports etc.
The other type of product some bloggers sell is physical products. This is most common when the blogger has a business but sometimes bloggers also create merchandise (T-shirts etc) or other physical products to sell.
Other Income Streams
There are of course other forms of income that bloggers experiment with. Some include asking for donations, syndicating content to other sites and lastly selling their blogs.
Multiple Income Streams
Most full time bloggers make money more than one way and end up with multiple income streams.
Diversifying your income in this way not only is smart and helps you spread the risk from having all your eggs in one basket but it also speeds up the journey to going full time.
I learned this lesson the hard way after having most of my income coming from one source in the early days but after a bit of a bad experience began to diversify my income streams (read about that here) – it was one of the best things I ever did!
Today I make money from around 12 different streams.
This didn't just happen overnight though – read about how I added them one at a time here.
Update: I more recently reported on how I made money blogging in this income report.
Direct or Indirect Income?
One last little distinction in terms of income streams…. Some bloggers make money directly 'from' their blog while others make money indirectly 'because' of their blog.
Direct Income – when I started making money from my blogs it was through 'direct' income streams. I put AdSense ads on my blog and promoted some products on Amazon as an affiliate and the more readers I had the more income began to trickle in (it really was a trickle at first). In time as my traffic grew this income grew and I was also able to experiment with other direct forms of income such as selling advertising directly to advertisers.
Indirect Income – later on in my blogging journey opportunity has come for 'indirect' income streams. As my blogs and profile grew as a result of my blogging I was able to sell my services as a speaker and consultant and was offered the opportunity to author a book with the publisher Wiley. Later I was able to start an event for bloggers which also made money. None of this income came directly from the blog – but rather it came 'because' of my blog.
While the way that I make money blogging is a combination of direct and indirect income many bloggers focus upon one or the other.
Let's Share the Journey to Make Money from Your Blog
I hope that this article has helped you on your journey to make money from a blog.
I'm constantly publishing new tutorials on this topic of monetizing blogs so please join our ProBloggerPLUS Membership for all our latest information and access to our free Resource Library (it's completely free).
Lastly, connect with me on Facebook here – I'd love to hear how you're going in your journey to make money with your blog.


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Earth's Atmospheric Layers Seen from Space
A spectacular new image taken by astronauts on the International Space Station shows the various layers of Earth's atmosphere during sunset over the Indian Ocean.
A brilliant sequence of colors in the image denotes each of the layers of Earth's atmosphere, which are visible here because the picture was taken while the space station had an edge-on, or limb, view of the Earth. From this vantage point, the Earth's curvature can also be made out.
The troposphere the lowest layer of Earth's atmosphere and the one in which humans dwell and weather occurs appears in deep oranges and yellows. The troposphere can extend from the planet's surface to a height between 3.5 to 12.5 miles (6 and 20 km).
This lowest layer contains more than 80 percent of the mass of the atmosphere and almost all of the water vapor, clouds and precipitation. Several dark cloud layers are visible within this layer in the image. Variations in the colors are due mainly to varying concentrations of either clouds or aerosols (airborne particles or droplets).
Next up is the stratosphere, which appears as a pink to white region above the clouds. This atmospheric layer generally has little or no clouds and extends up to approximately 30 miles (50 km) above the Earth's surface.
The stratosphere is also home to the layer of ozone that protects the Earth's surface and the creatures that live on it from the sun's harmful ultraviolet rays.
Above the stratosphere, blue layers mark the upper atmosphere (including the mesosphere, thermosphere, ionosphere, and exosphere) as it gradually fades into the blackness of outer space.
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The astronaut aboard the space station was facing west when they snapped this picture. Astronauts in low-Earth orbit see 16 sunrises and sunsets every day due to their high orbital velocity (more than 17,000 mph, or 28,000 kph).

subset: commoncrawl


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St. Louis-based Classroom Library Co., a six-month old educational distributor and publisher for books for grades K-8, is already finding a niche through its Book Retriever app launched last month. The app, which hit #4 on the iTunes list of paid education apps when it was initially released, is still hovering in the top 25 even though school is out for the summer.
Book Retriever builds on the expertise of Classroom Library founders Benjamin Conn, who also founded and owned school book distributor Knowledge Industries Inc., and his wife, Marla Conn, a reading specialist who has leveled books for many children's publishers. Parents can use it to scan a book's ISBN bar code and find out if it's the right reading level for their child. Teachers can use it to determine what students should read next. The database of leveling information is patent pending and incorporates four different leveling systems across the country.
The app, which has a 136,000 title database, debuted at IRA in Chicago, where, says Benjamin (who continues to update it almost weekly) "it went through the roof. Other people have different apps that you can use to catalog your books. This is meant for parents and teachers." In addition to the scanning function, Book Retriever contains a "hot list" of 10 books that change monthly that parents and teachers might be especially interested in. This month's list includes The Hunger Games, several titles by Rick Riordan, Seriously Scary Poems by John Foster, Eve Bunting's The Wednesday Surprise, and Miss Bindergarden Takes a Field Trip with Kindergarten by Joseph Slate, illustrated by Ashley Wolff. Teachers can use the app to create ISBN barcode labels for their classroom libraries and to keep track of who checked out which titles. Orders placed using the app go directly to Classroom Library, which offers a flat 30% discount.
So far, according to Benjamin, most of the feedback that Classroom Library has gotten has been positive. "The nice thing is that the customers are giving us free product development," Benjamin says. "They really want to use this as a tool." Among the difficulties parents have had are how to distinguish what an ISBN is and how to use technology in general. For now, Book Retriever only works for physical books. But that could change with the growing popularity of digital books.


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Please read the description in the Help and Infos panels to find out how this App works. Note: if Ground on the Options panel is selected, the ground is drawn in green if the points are viewed from above the surface, and brown if viewed from below the surface.
GNSS Data File: Rainy_Lake_Radius_of_Earth
Click the button Get App Parameters and copy the parameters at the begin of your data file (see Upload Geo-Data) so this App starts with the current setting when called with your data.
Red, Blue and Green Info Boxes
Hell: Height of point above Reference Ellipsoid
Hgeo: Geoid height wrt. Reference Ellipsoid
Leng: Distance of data point to the center of the earth
Dref: line of sight distance to Reference Point
Hlvl: distance of the point width the same color as the info box to the eye level plane of the other point
Rell: Geocentric Radius of Ellipsoid = distance of ellipsoid at point location from the center of the earth
ECEF: data source for this value is Earth Centered Earth Fixed coordinates
EGM96: data source for this value is Earth Gravitaional Model 1996 (Geoid)
Elev: Elevation = Height above Geoid EGM96
Hsrf: Height above Surface, depending on SurfaceElevation (Camera panel)
Zang: Zenith angle at the location of the point with the same color as the info box to the other point
Angl: Angle between perpendiculars of point with the same color as the info box and the red reference point
Rmer: Meridial Ellipsoid Radius = radius of ellipsoid at point location in northsouth meridian direction
Rver: Prime Vertical Ellipsoid Radius = radius of ellipsoid at point location in east-west direction
Note: if no elevation data is specified for the data points, a mean Geoid height may be entered in the field GeoidHeight on the Camera panel. In this case Elev and Hsrf are only estimations and indicated by a ~ before the value and user is indicated as the data source behind the value.
Magenta Info Box (displayed if blue and green Points are selected)
Leng: distance of line of sight between blue and green point
Angl: angle between the vectors perpendicular to the reference ellspsoid at the blue and green points. R = Leng / Angl gives an approximation of the radius of the earth (Angl in radian, see Options panel).
R3pt: Measured radius of the earth from 3 selected data points, see Method to calculate the Radius of the Earth from 3 Points. The line below indicates the maximal deviation of the calculated radius from the ellipsoid radii Rmer or Rver in km and %. If the sign is +/- then the calculated radius lies between the two ellipsoid radii. The correct radius is dependent on the direction of the data points and lies between the two ellipsoid radii. So a +/- sign indicated a minimal error in the measurement (max ~0.5%).
For the calculations the red point is projected onto the plane defined by the blue and green point and the perpendiculars of the blue and green points. The calculated center of the arc is drawn as a big blue cross (zoom out to see it). To get correct results, use only points with the same elevation (minimal value dHel) and the greatest distance between the points.
Dref: shortest distance of red Reference Point from line of sight between blue and green point (magenta line)
Hlvl: vertical distance of line of sight between blue and green points to the eye level plane of the Reference Point.
Sref: horizontal distance of line of sight between blue and green points along the eye level plane to the red Reference Point.
Re12: Radius of ellipsoid calculated from length of line of sight between projection of blue and green point onto ellipsoid and angle Angl between the verticals of this points. This value sould lie between Rmer and Rver in the red info box. It is approximately equal to Re12 ≈ Leng / Angl.
Rerr gives the maximal error margin in the calculated earth radius R3pt per cm uncertainty in the elevation of the selected points. It is calculated by varying the elevations of the 3 point +/- 1 cm and taking the biggest differences in R2pt.
dHel: maximal difference in ellipsoid height of the selected points. Chose points where this difference is minimal for most accurate calculation of radius R3pt.
The measured radius of the earth from 3 points R2pt differs from the Geocentric Radius of the Ellipsoid Rell, the Meridial Ellipsoid Radius Rmer and the Prime Vertical Ellipsoid Radius Rver due to Geoid variations and uncertainties in the measured elevations. The calculated radius is very sensitive to elevation uncertainties ΔH: typically ΔR/ΔH ≈ 300 m/mm and more for a distance between the outer 2 points of about 30 km. The longer the distances between the measured points is, the more accurate the calculated radius. Distances of less than 10 km may result in errors in the measured radius of hundreds of km or 5 to 10%.
The radius Re12 is the best approximation of the actual radius of the ellipsoid at the location of the red reference point.
Mouse Controls: Use the following controls while the mouse pointer is in the window above:
Zoom using the mouse wheel. Press the Ctrl key to increas or the Alt key to decrease the increment.
Rotate around the viewing center by click and move. Press the Ctrl key to increas or the Alt key to decrease the increment.
Note the camera position changes. Click the display button 3 to reset the camera position to the last stored position, if button 3 is selected (green triangle). Click the display button 1 to reset the view to the initial setting.
Pan by Shift click and move. The camera position will not change. Panning sets the View Center Mode to fixed, indicated by the green triangle above the display button 3. Click the display button 2 to center the view on the selected red Reference Point without changing the camera position.
Set Camera to any Point location by Shift+Ctrl click a point. The camera will be aimed to the red Reference Point. The View Center mode changes to fixed to prevent camera movement by panning around or selecting other points. The camera position will be stored and can be recalled by clicking the display button 3.
Note: the camera data point is not visible. You have to increase the Camera Distance as described below to get this point into view.
Change the Camera Distance along the line of sight using the mouse wheel while pressing the shift key. Note that changing the camera distance looks almost the same like changing the Zoom value, but if you are near the data points moving the camera changes the perspective drastically and may distort the image unnaturally in extrem cases, while zooming does not.
Select the red Reference Point by clicking it without any keyboard keys pressed or by clicking the corresponding line in the table below. If the View Center mode is Ref Point (indicated by the green triange above display button 2), the camera moves to the new point without changing Azimuth, Elevation and Distance, so that the new Reference Point is centered and viewed from the same perspective. If the View Center mode is fixed (green triangle is above button 3) the viewing angle and camera position stay fixed.
Note: Azimuth and Elevation to the camera are calculated with respect to the local North/East/Up coordinate system of the red Reference Point.
The data of the Reference Point is displayed in the red info box if Visuals = Infos is selected in the Info panel.
Select the blue Point to get measurements with respect to the red Reference Point by clicking it while pressing the shift key on the keyboard. To deselect the point, shift click anywhere on the display.
You can also select/deselect the blue point by shift click any point in the table below.
Select the green Point to get measurements with respect to the red Reference Point by clicking it while pressing the ctrl key on the keyboard. To deselect the point, ctrl click anywhere on the display.
You can also select/deselect the green point by ctrl click any point in the table below.
If both the blue and the green point are selected, a magenta line between this two points is drawn and additional data between all selected points is calculated and displayed in the magenta info box.
To read a description of the values in the info boxes select the Infos panel above.


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Archaeologists excavating the ruins of Sardis, onetime capital of Lydia, home of King Croesus whose control of gold deposits in the area made his name synonymous with enormous wealth, in western Turkey have unearthed two votive deposits buried under the floor of a Roman-era home. Both votives have the same ingredient list: a coin, a group of pointed metal nail or needle-like objects and an egg, all placed inside pottery vessels which were covered and buried. One was a jug found broken into pieces, its fragile egg smashed. The other was a bowl topped with an inverted bowl to act as lid and its egg was found intact except for a hole that was deliberately poked in its shell in antiquity probably to remove the contents so the egg wouldn't rot and make the newly renovated home it was supposed to bless smell like sulfur.
The votive pottery dates to between 54 and 68 A.D. when Sardis was part of the Roman province of Asia. A few decades before then in 17 A.D. Sardis had been nearly leveled by a massive earthquake. Pliny the Elder called it "the greatest earthquake which has occurred in our memory." Tacitus described the extent of the devastation in Annals II: 47:
In the same year, twelve important cities of Asia collapsed in an earthquake, the time being night, so that the havoc was the less foreseen and the more devastating. Even the usual resource in these catastrophes, a rush to open ground, was unavailing, as the fugitives were swallowed up in yawning chasms. Accounts are given of huge mountains sinking, of former plains seen heaved aloft, of fires flashing out amid the ruin. As the disaster fell heaviest on the Sardians, it brought them the largest measure of sympathy, the Caesar promising ten million sesterces, and remitting for five years their payments to the national and imperial exchequers.
So Sardis was rebuilt, thanks to a significant capital investment and tax breaks from the emperor Tiberius. The scars from the earthquake never did fade, however, and the city never regained its former splendor. The house in which the votives were found was built over the ruins of a previous structure that archaeologists believe was destroyed in the earthquake of 17 A.D.. It's possible that the homeowners had that destruction in mind when they buried the votives under their new floor to protect it from any future such ravages.
They could also have been a simple purification ritual. Burying votives in a wall or under a floor was a relatively common practice in antiquity. The Lustratio ceremony, a Greco-Roman purification ritual, was used to bless and purify buildings after new construction or renovation. Eggs were used in the Lustratio ceremony. An egg was placed on the fire and if it cracked, it was a bad portent warning the owner of danger to the property. The Sardis home shows signs of having been renovated several times.
The coin found in the bowl along with the egg and pointy metal things may also provide a clue to the ritual purpose of the votives.
"The coin has a portrait of Nero on the front. The original reverse was hammered flat, and the image of a lion engraved in its place, which is very odd." Expert numismatists have never seen anything like it. "The image of the lion is important because it is emblematic of the Lydian kings and of their native mother goddess Cybele," [University of Wisconsin-Madison art history professor Nicholas] Cahill says.
There are references in the ancient sources connected Cybele and eggs. In Juvenal's Satire V, the priests of Cybele (called "Galli" which also means roosters) are presented as effective against "black hobgoblins, and dangers from a broken egg." That danger was sorcery, mainly. Pierced or broken eggs were an indication that they had been used in spell-casting.
Cybele isn't the only deity with a possible votive egg connection in Sardis. In 1911, Princeton University archaeologists led by Howard Crosby Butler unearthed the temple of Artemis, long since buried by landslides. They found a number of vessels holding coins, eggs and pointy metal objects, but at the time there was little interest in such quotidian items and excavations were interrupted by World War I. When Butler returned in 1922, he found most of the artifacts had been destroyed or stolen. According to notes from the 1911 excavation, the votive eggs at the temple of Artemis were also deliberately perforated in antiquity.


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Early in the history of this blog, I showed some disdain for some of my reductionist biologist brethren who in their frenzy to tie religion to brain impulses ascribed the visions of Mohammed and Joseph Smith to epilepsy. The desire to reduce the entire unseen world into mechanisms, impulses, and a pile of biological functions drives some science worshippers to distraction. In the comments, I commented on how rare these seizures really are, and I stand by that comment. As a child neurologist, I don't run into spiritual seizures. However, In fairness, any child who feels a profound oneness with God during his seizures, likely does not have the vocabulary to express the wonder of their experience. I may just have patients who have this experience who cannot express it.
While the experience is rare, it is not unique. There are many who have described these spiritual seizures. Perhaps the most verbal and most eloquent description comes from the great Russian author and epileptic, Fyodor Dostoevsky.
In fact, Dostoevsky himself stated the belief that Mohammed in his great vision of God must have had epilepsy because he recognized the experience. Curiously, though he knew and recognized this event as a seizure, It did absolutely nothing to cast doubt on the singular spiritual reality of his experience. Even though the seizure was an event happening within his brain, he was convinced that it was a physical event within his brain that gave him a very priveleged glimpse of the face of God. Far from throwing doubt on God's existence, this experience drove him forward in the face of all kinds of obstacles, trials and discouragement. This siezure formed the absolute foundation of his faith.
The folly of discounting subjective experience with a materialist explanation is that the impulses in the brain simply do not mean that what we are sensing from those impulses is in any way not real. It would be silly to say that because you measure visual impulses in the occipital lobe as you look at an apple, olfactory impulses as you smell it, gustatory impulses as you taste it, that therefore the apple did not exist. Similarly, Dostoevsky saw the ecstatic and profound euphoria he experienced preceding his siezures as an inborn gift that put him in touch with a higher truth that people cannot ordinarily experience.
Working in this same vein, the 1996 movie Phenomenon features John Travolta as George Malley, an ordinary man who develops a brain tumor that enhances and supplements his brain function rather than destroying it as an ordinary tumor would. A neurosurgeon sees an opportunity to advance scientific knowledge by operation on his tumor in order to learn about brain function in a way that had never been done before, calling himself George's "biographer" in a sense. George then point out that " that isn't me, it's just my brain."
The real challenge for any of us when we come to any profound experience or realization is to embrace it, to share it and to help others experience it as well. What the fictional George had to offer was a glimpse of what was inside each of us, our true human potential. While the story is fictional, the moral rings true. We are more than our synapses and neuronal impulses. These represent sensations, ideas, inferences and experiences of something more, something real and powerful, something central to our humanity.
So when an atheist lazily discounts religious experience and accounts of the divine as simply seizures, he is missing the point. He is buying into an all to prevalent attitude that sees brokenness or dysfunction where true beauty and mystery might lie. This theme is masterfully explored by author Mark Salzman, in his book, Lying Awake. Based on a true story, he recounts the story of a Carmelite Nun who experiences the very seizures Dostoevsky describes, which drive her lifes choices to enter the sisterhood. Over time these ecstatic visions are accompanied by a more and more severe headache, leading to the discovery that seizures are behind her experience with the divine. The Nun is then given a heartbreaking choice, have her temporal lobe lesion removed surgically and cure her headache, losing a profound connection with God in the process, or to keep the connection, knowing her headaches may grow worse, and the episodes may eventually debilitate her. Salzman makes a very strong case for the counterintuitive, that one could very reasonably choose to keep their seizures, seeing them as key to their sense of self identity and happiness. That to lose her seizures would be to lose something wonderful and amazing. Doubtless the New Atheist crowd would be stupefied at such a crazy idea. Perhaps because they have already severed this profoundly human connection and experience from themselves, leaving them the poorer for it.
Tagged: biology, Dostoevsky, epilepsy, experience, God, Islam, Joseph Smith, mohammed, neuroscience, Phenomenon, seizures, Travolta, truth, visions
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- Colours may vary slightly based on monitor/phone/tablet settings
Find our Tumbler Accessories HERE


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LAS VEGAS — A lucky cat is safe, thanks to Nevada Highway Patrol (NHP).
NHP tweeted photos of the feline on Wednesday, saying the department received calls of a cat in the center median of the Interstate 15 near Spring Mountain Road during rush hour.
Troopers responded to the call and said, "the cat was very scared, soaking wet and dirty."
The agency says the cat is safe and was brought to the Animal Foundation.
To learn more about adopting an animal from the Animal Foundation, visit AnimalFoundation.com.
#kittyrescue Troopers received a call of a cat in the center median at I-15/Spring Mtn during rush hour. The cat was located and didn't put up much of fight when located, the cat was very scared, soaking wet and dirty. Troopers brought the feline to the Animal Foundation. 🐈 #nhp pic.twitter.com/RQwyqKNCgH
— NHP Southern Command (@NHPSouthernComm) December 5, 2019
This story was originally published by Amy Abdelsayed on KTNV in Las Vegas.


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Surf Groms
Woolworths SurfGroms
Woolworths SurfGroms adopts an approach to learning that uses group-based games to not only equip your child with the skills they need to surf and/or SUP, but also to encourage their participation by having fun. Every Woolworths SurfGroms lesson is designed purposefully to create a positive and supportive learning environment.
Woolworths SurfGroms teaches children from 5-12 years old core skills in the ocean across five incremental skill levels, as well as fundamental Ocean Awareness and Beach Safety skills such as surf survival and rescue techniques; basic first aid skills; and about varying surf conditions at the beach.


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Looking southeast toward mill
yard circa 1905
Welcome to The Alger Sullivan Historical Society! This site is a tribute
to the foresight and preparation by the founders of our town in
establishing a planned sawmill community that has lasted decades longer
than first expected. This has to be because of the character of the
people who first came here to seek their livelihood and make this their
Join us by entering this site and join us to take you into the past while holding on to your future! This page last modified on Tuesday, March 5, 2019


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We respect your privacy. However, this website will sometimes use cookies in order to utilize specific uses from third-party sites. If you agree with these guidelines, please click the button bellow. Or you can customize how cookies are used here : Manage your cookies
Please note: Rates advertised on the listing can vary based on the season and are subject to change without prior notice based on the length of stay and number of people. Please contact with your Rental Specialist today about your travel dates.


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Coq Repository at Nijmegen
The CoRN library has very roughly been developed in the following stages, chronologically:
Fundamental Theorem of Algebra and the algebraic hierarchy. (Geuvers, Pollack, Wiedijk and Zwanenburg)
Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, closely following the Bishop-Bridges book on Constructive Analysis. (PhD: Cruz-Filipe, advisor: Geuvers)
Program extraction for real computation (Cruz-Filipe, Letouzey, Spitters)
Abstract model of the real numbers (PhD: Niqui, advisor: Geuvers)
Efficient computation with real numbers and metric spaces (PhD: O'Connor, advisor: Spitters)
Riemann integration (O'Connor, Spitters)
Interface with Coq's standard library reals (Kaliszyk, O'Connor).
project (Spitters, Krebbers, van der Weegen, Makarov):
Fast computation inside Coq
Development of the
library using type classes.
Development of a simple ODE-solver.
See the publications section for a longer description.


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All our front house windows have Xmas light motifs. Large Christmas statues on our veranda (Santa, snowman and elf stack) string lights through our hedges and various large light motifs on our lawn :)
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Amanda Bynes -- Fender Bender While STILL Driving Illegally
Amanda Bynes FENDER BENDER While Still Driving Illegally
Amanda Bynes came one step closer to disaster Thursday night when she was driving around West Hollywood -- on a suspended license -- and got into an accident ... though, luckily, it was minor.
Amanda was driving her black BMW 5-series out of a parking lot on Sunset Boulevard around 10:30 PM when she tapped the bumper of a white car in front of her, leaving little or no damage.
Amanda was attempting to cover her face when she love-tapped the other vehicle -- and both drivers left without exchanging information on the scene. In fairness to Amanda, some of the photogs were very close ... training bright lights on her face.
It's unclear if the other driver reported the fender bender to cops, but it's a damn good bet Amanda and her suspended license did NOT.
TMZ published photos of Amanda smoking a marijuana pipe during a day of aimless driving around the San Fernando Valley on Tuesday.
Those pics and Amanda's recent driving record -- DUI arrest, multiple hit-and-run allegations -- have several cops worried she's going to kill someone on the road.


text: London Paris New York is a film that captures the angst of the twenties, the most dramatic period of one's life – when you have to find a career, you have your first significant relationship and most importantly form your identity in this world. This is story about Lalitha, a middle class south Indian girl from Chembur (an eastern suburb in Mumbai) who is on her way to New York to study politics with full scholarship, and Nikhil, a Punjabi, rich kid from Bandra (a posh western suburb of Mumbai) who is going to study Film Making in London on 100% dad's money. They decide to hangout together one evening in London and find that they are completely drawn to each other even as their future lies on separate continents. The film follows their personal journey and their love story as they meet in London, Paris and New York for a night each over eight years. The film is in three chapters and each chapter is shot in a manner that mirrors the mental state of Nikhil and Lalitha.


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Driving north to Hoover Dam from Arizona via US 93, I noticed people walking alongside the Mike O'Callaghan – Pat Tillman Memorial Bridge, a concrete barrier separating freeway traffic from the pedestrians. A few minutes later, I was among those people on the bridge, getting an awesome view of Hoover Dam and the Colorado River. Read more
Hoover Dam from 3 Views
Arizona, Attractions & Events, Nevada
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The Complete Lojban Language
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The formatting of this page has been checked for following the guidelines of le uitki. |
The Complete Lojban Language (also referred to as The CLL, The Red Book, and The Refgram), originally published in 1997, is a complete description of the artificial language Lojban. It serves as a reference grammar for the language, offering an overview of the language, as well as linguistic details on every aspect of the language. This book serves as the standard defining the language design.
Though this description may sound imposing, technical and formal, the book is written in a light, often humorous style that teaches the reader about the Lojban language, about logic, and about linguistics in general.
The Logical Language Group, Inc. takes great pride in publishing The Complete Lojban Language, by John Woldemar Cowan.
This book has two editions. The latest edition is CLL v1.1, generated 2016-08-26; its ISBN-13 is 978-0966028324
. Revisions of this version are tracked by date of production; you can see details of each revision in the changelog. It is available, in its entirety as published, in the following formats:
- As A Hardcover Book; the default edition sold directly by Amazon is the one provided by the LLG. The book is in hard cover and includes a thorough index and glossary. We do not ship the book ourselves except in special cases; send email to [email protected] if you have such a special case. PLEASE NOTE that we currently (Jun 2016) are selling it for $50 USD. If it's much more than that, that's not us.
- CLL v1.1 EPUB (the ebook format) and CLL v1.1 MOBI (another ebook format, generated from the EPUB using Kindle's tools, so it should work on all Kindle devices)
- CLL v1.1 PDF and CLL v1.1 PDF Cover ; these are the actual files we sent to the printer, so it's exactly what you get if you buy a copy
- In HTML in various chunks: CLL v1.1 HTML One Big File, CLL v1.1 HTML One File Per Chapter, CLL v1.1 HTML One File Per Section
The older edition, the original Red Book, has ISBN 0-9660283-0-9
and can be distinguished by the cover lettering being gold rather than white. It is available in the following formats:
- An online draft version
- It used to be available for purchase on Amazon and from the LLG, but all copies have been sold. Send email to [email protected] if you'd like to try to get a copy anyway.
- PLEASE NOTE that the most the LLG has *ever* sold *any* version of this book for is about $50 USD. If you see it offered for much more than that, it is *not* us, and we won't be getting any of that extra money (we've seen copies on sale on Amazon for up to $1,000 USD!).
Ongoing Work
The language design described by the first edition was declared frozen for a minimum 5 year period so that anyone who learned the language from this book could be assured that it wouldn't change unexpectedly. This period ended in 2002.
- A list of CLL, aka Reference Grammar, Errata is also available, most of which have been approved by the book's author.
- Suggestions for CLL, second edition (uncategorized suggestions for improvements or changes in the CLL)
- CLL dot side Errata, arising from The Case Against LA.
- CLL PEG Errata, for work pertaining to PEG requiring changes to the CLL.
Further Description
Lojban is a current version of Loglan, the artificial language project described in the June 1960 Scientific American article of that name. "Loglan" was also referred to by name in Robert Heinlein's classic novel The Moon is a Harsh Mistress, as well as in other novels.
Loglan/Lojban is a language designed for several purposes, including linguistics research (especially involving a proposed test of the Sapir/Whorf hypothesis), foreign language instruction, artificial intelligence research, machine translation and related human/computer interaction applications, and as a stimulating educational and entertaining mental exercise. A few people are interested in Lojban as a prospective international auxiliary language. An international community of aficionados has appeared, writing in and about the language, primarily on the Internet.
Other names
CLL is known jocularly as the Codex Woldemar, The Red Book, Woldy Codex, The Woldy and Lojbanically as la braxu'e (Big Red Thing), or le gencukta.
General Information About The LLG
The Logical Language Group, Inc. is a tax-exempt 501(c)(3) scientific- educational organization, and donations may be tax deductible within the U.S. We acknowledge all donations over $250 in accordance with IRS regulations, and other donations by request.
Please make your donations by sending a cheque to the address above, or by donating through PayPal to the LLG.
We can accept Internet advance orders via e-mail, but you must followup with verification via postal mail or telephone within 2 weeks. No C.O.D. orders. We require prepayment on purchase orders.
Queries should be addressed to the LLG Secretary at the above address or via email to [email protected]


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The most rigorous study of performance-based teacher compensation ever conducted in the United States shows that a nationally watched bonus-pay system had no overall impact on student achievement—results released today that are certain to set off a firestorm of debate.
Nearly 300 middle school mathematics teachers in Nashville, Tenn., voluntarily took part in the Project on Incentives in Teaching, a three-year randomized experiment conducted by researchers affiliated with the National Center on Performance Incentives at Vanderbilt University. It was designed to study the hypothesis that a large monetary incentive would cause teachers to seek ways to be more effective and boost student scores as a result.
But it yielded only two small positive findings, limited to 5th graders in the second and third year of the experiment. No effects were seen for students in grades 6-8 in any year of study.
At the same time, however, participating teachers did not report finding the pay program's goals for students out of reach or its impact on school culture damaging, two concerns that have been among those voiced by opponents of performance pay.
SOURCE: National Center on Performance Incentives
The implementation of the pay program "did not set off significant negative reactions of the kind that have attended the introduction of merit pay elsewhere," the study's authors write. "But neither did it yield consistent and lasting gains in test scores. It simply did not do much of anything."
The findings arrive in a highly charged teacher-quality policy environment, in which many states and districts, with support from the Obama administration, are overhauling current practices for preparing, evaluating, and compensating teachers.
And they come at a particularly inopportune time for the U.S. Department of Education, which is scheduled to announce a fresh slate of grantees this month under a federal program designed to seed merit-pay programs for teachers and principals.
Union Cooperation
The study, known as POINT for the Project on Incentives in Teaching, was designed by the researchers, with the input of the 76,000-student school district and the support of the local teachers' union affiliate and the Tennessee Education Association. Matthew G. Springer, the director of the Nashville-based center, cited the unions' cooperation as a crucial factor in the study's successful implementation.
The executive director of the Tennessee Education Association said the reputation of the researchers played an important role in the union's decision to sign on. "We thought it was a chance to work with researchers whose processes and reputation we trust, and they were coming at this question with no particular ideology," said Al Mance. "We said, 'OK, this is something we really want to know. We won't have a better opportunity than this.' "
The program was instituted in Nashville between 2006-07 and 2008-09 and covered 296 middle school math teachers in grades 5-8.
Participating teachers, all volunteers, were assigned to either a treatment group eligible to receive significant pay bonuses or a control group earning normal wages. Those in the treatment group were rewarded with bonuses between $5,000 and $15,000 based on whether their students' achievement rose by a specified amount over the course of a year. The gains were calculated using a value-added methodology designed to filter out other aspects that could have influenced the scores.
The teachers were also randomized in clusters, so that there was at least one treatment and one control teacher in every middle school. And the program contained no quotas, so all teachers whose students performed at the specified targets earned the additional pay.
Over the course of the study, attrition reduced the number of participating teachers to only 148, and researchers carefully tracked that pattern over time to make sure it did not change the equivalence of the two groups in such a way as to skew the results. Only one teacher withdrew from the study; most of the attrition occurred because teachers were reassigned or left the district.
On average, students taught by the teachers taking part in the program did not make larger academic gains than those taught by teachers in the normal wage group.The sole exception was in grade 5 in the second and third years of study.
In those years, the incentive pay was linked to statistically significant increases in student scores—an increase, the report states, equal to between a third and a half year of learning. But the effect did not appear to persist.
"By the end of 6th grade," the study states, "it does not matter whether a student had a treatment teacher in grade 5."
The researchers performed a number of tests to try to make sense of the grade 5 findings, including to see whether there was evidence of a reallocation of time from other subjects to math, or cheating on the exams. But none of them turned up any firm explanation.
"It really is puzzling," said Mr. Springer. "It just raises questions about what's different about 5th grade and what factors played a role. Was it student development? The curriculum? Teaching or classroom structures?"
A Sparse Field
In interviews, scholars who study performance-based pay and teacher incentives and who were familiar with the POINT findings but not involved in the experiment, widely praised its rigorous design.
"It's a really well-designed study, and it's really important because a lot of the debate about performance pay has been evidence-free," said Steven N. Glazerman, a principal researcher at Mathematica Policy Research, a Princeton, N.J.-based evaluation firm.
The existing empirical research literature on incentive pay has been limited in scope, size, and relevance. Much of the experimental research concerns programs in other countries.
What's more, many of the existing performance-pay programs studied in the United States award far smaller bonuses, and scholars have questioned whether those amounts were enough to affect a change in teacher behavior. ("Merit-Pay Model Pushed by Duncan Shows No Achievement Edge," June 9, 2010.)
But the POINT findings, said some researchers and advocates, appear to put to rest the idea that incentive pay in and of itself is enough to spur better teacher performance.
"A lot of the discussion about performance pay is based on a faulty assumption that the reason we don't have higher test scores is that teachers are shirking their responsibilities," said Helen F. Ladd, a professor of public policy and economics at Duke University in Durham, N.C., about the findings.
Ms. Ladd added, however, that she was "a little surprised" that the findings were not more mixed. She anticipated that teachers might work even harder over the short term to win bonuses. But that supposition was not borne out by the study.
Mr. Mance of the Tennessee Education Association said the study confirms what many teachers and unions have long believed: that teachers are already hardworking. For this study to show positive results, he said, "you'd have to have teachers who were saving their best strategies for an opportunity to get paid for them, and that is an absurd proposition."
Researchers cautioned, however, that the Nashville experiment does not provide answers to many other questions about incentive pay. For instance, it wasn't designed to test the hypotheses that pay incentives might serve as a draw to a different population of teacher-candidates or as an incentive for other candidates to stay in the profession—thus potentially changing the quality of the teacher workforce.
"I personally believe that the biggest role of incentives has to do with selection of who enters and who stays in teaching—how incentives change the teaching corps through entrance and exits," said Eric A. Hanushek, a professor of economics at the Hoover Institution at Stanford University. "The study has nothing to say about this."
And because the study looks at an incentive program strictly as pay, it remains unclear how far the findings can be extrapolated to incentives with more features, such as professional development, differentiated roles, or a new teacher-evaluation system.Many well-known incentive-pay models, including Denver's ProComp system and the popular Teacher Advancement Program, sponsored by the Santa Monica, Calif.-based National Institute for Excellence in Teaching, contain such elements. ("Denver Voters Approve Tax Hike to Underwrite Incentive-Based Teacher Pay ," Nov. 11, 2005, and "TAP: More Than Performance Pay," April 1, 2009.)
One finding suggests that the debate over the use of test scores as a measure of student learning and teacher effectiveness remains a top concern for teachers. Surveys of participants for POINT found that a majority generally supported higher pay for teachers whose students made achievement gains. Yet in 2009, about 85 percent said they felt the test-based criteria for determining effectiveness were too narrow.
That lack of buy-in, the study's authors postulated, might have contributed to the finding of no differences in how the control and treatment groups affected instruction.
Inopportune Moment
From a policy perspective, performance pay has experienced a type of renaissance over the past six years, following the introduction in 2004 of the ProComp and in 2006 of the federal Teacher Incentive Fund, or TIF, a program established under the administration of President George W. Bush to seed performance-pay systems.
Since 2008, the Obama administration has embraced TIF and has put its own stamp on performance pay through the Race to the Top competition, which encouraged states to institute new systems for evaluating teachers and for using the results of those evaluations to inform pay decisions.
"While this is a good study, it only looked at the narrow question of whether more pay motivates teachers to try harder," a spokeswoman for the U.S. Department of Education said in an e-mail. "What we are trying to do is change the culture of teaching by giving all educators the feedback they need to get better while rewarding and incentivizing the best to teach in high need schools and hard-to-staff subjects."
The effects of the report on that policy agenda are not clear, but in the short run at least, proponents of merit pay are likely to steer clear of replicating the features of the Nashville program.
"Anyone about to implement a performance-based pay system will want to pay very close attention to this study, to learn from the POINT program's successes, but especially its shortcomings," said Mr. Glazerman of Mathematica. "These groups bear a heavy burden to figure out how their own programs can demonstrate a greater impact than what we've seen so far."
"I think most people today agree that the existing compensation structure for teachers is broken, but we don't know what a better way is," added Mr. Springer of the Vanderbilt center. "This experiment is one step in the right direction in terms of building our knowledge base, but we need to continue to build that base and test other program designs."


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Facts about Ossie Davis
Ossie Davis Biography
Modern audiences know Ossie Davis from his many appearances in Spike Lee movies, from Do the Right Thing (1988) to She Hate Me (2004). But Davis has made hundreds of appearances in films, plays and TV shows since 1946, when he made his Broadway debut after serving in the U.S. Army during World War II. In 1961 he was celebrated for his starring performance in his play Purlie Victorious (the 1963 film version of which was titled Gone Are the Days!). Davis also has written, produced and directed both plays and films. His first feature as a director, Cotton Comes to Harlem (1970), was a box-office success and a landmark moment in the history of African-American cinema for its realistic portrayal of black, urban cops. Davis has co-starred many times with his wife, actress Ruby Dee, whom he married in 1948. Davis and Dee are one of the theater world's best-known celebrity couples, thanks to their long careers, their successful marriage and their social and political activism. Davis also appeared in the films Let's Do It Again (1975, with Sidney Poitier), Grumpy Old Men (1993, with Jack Lemmon and Walter Matthau) and the 2002 cult film Bubba Ho-tep (Davis plays a character who claims to be John F. Kennedy).
Extra credit
Davis spoke at the funeral of Malcolm X; he recreated his speech in the Spike Lee film Malcolm X (1992, starring Denzel Washington)… In 2004 Ossie Davis and Ruby Dee were honored at Washington's Kennedy Center for their contribution to American culture.


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Your back is a complex structure of highly sensitive nerves, small joints and discs, as well as tendons, muscles and tissue. A problem with any one of these components can cause back pain. In fact, most people have back pain at some point in their lives. Fortunately most back problems typically improve without surgical intervention.
Because of the complexity of the human back, treatment may sometimes require specially trained experts in sports medicine, neuroscience or orthopedics. In the Sutter Health network, experts offer comprehensive care for a wide range of back and spine problems, from degenerative discs and scoliosis to osteoporosis and spinal stenosis.
We provide advanced diagnostic and evaluation services in order to create the most effective treatment plan for you.