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Edited Appleton's American Image Copyright© 2001 by VirtualologyTM
Robert E. Lee Steel Engraving
LEE, Robert Edward, soldier, born in Stratford, Westmoreland County, Virginia, 19 Jan., 1807; died in Lexington, Virginia, 12 Oct., 1870. He was the son of the Revolutionary general Henry Lee (q. v.), known as " Light-Horse Harry," was graduated from the U. S. military academy at West Point in 1829, ranking second in a class of forty-six, and was commissioned as a 2d lieutenant in the engineers.
At the beginning of the Mexican war he was assigned to duty as chief engineer of the army under General Wool, his rank being that of captain. His abilities as an engineer, and his conduct as a soldier, won the special admiration of General Scott, who attributed the fall of Vera Cruz to his skill, and repeatedly singled him out for commendation. Lee was thrice brevetted during the war, his last brevet to the rank of colonel being for services at the storming of Chapultepec.
In 1852 he was assigned to the command of the military academy at West Point, where he remained for about three years. He brought great improvements in the academy, notably enlarging its course of study and bringing it to a rank equal to that of the best European military schools. In 1855 he was appointed lieutenant-colonel of the 2d regiment of cavalry, and assigned to duty on the Texan frontier, where he remained until near the beginning of the civil war, with the exception of an interval when, in 1859, he was ordered to Washington and placed in command of the force that was sent against John Brown at Harper's Ferry.
On 20 April, 1861, three days after the Virginia convention adopted an ordinance of secession, he resigned his commission, in obedience to his conscientious conviction that he was bound by the act of his state. His only authenticated expression of opinion and sentiment on the subject of secession is found in the following passage from a letter written at the time of his resignation to his sister, the wife of an officer in the National army; "We are now in a state of war which will yield to nothing. The whole south is in a state of revolution, into which Virginia, after a long struggle, has been drawn; and though I recognize no necessity for this state of things, and would have forborne and pleaded to the end for redress of grievances, real or supposed, yet in my own person I had to meet the question whether I should take part against my native state. With all my devotion to the Union, and the feeling of loyalty and duty of an American citizen, I have not been able to make up my mind to raise my hand against my relatives, my children, my home. I have therefore resigned my commission m the army, and, save in defense of my native state--with the sincere hope that my poor services may never be needed--I hope I may never be called upon to draw my sword."
Repairing to Richmond, he was made commander-in-chief of the Virginia state forces, and in May, 1861, when the Confederate government was removed from Montgomery to Richmond, he was appointed a full general under that government. During the early months of the war he served inconspicuously in the western part of Virginia. In the autumn Lee was sent to the coast of South Carolina, where he planned, and in part constructed, the defensive lines that successfully resisted all efforts directed against them until the very end of the war. He was ordered to Richmond, and on 13 March, 1862, assigned to duty "under the direction of the president," and "charged with the conduct of military operations in the armies of the Confederacy." The campaign of the preceding year in Virginia had embraced but one battle of importance, that of Bull Run or Manassas, and the Confederate success there had not been followed by anything more active than an advance to Centreville and Fairfax Court House, with advanced posts on Mason's and Munson's hills. Meantime McClellan had been engaged in reorganizing the National army, and converting the raw levies into disciplined troops. When he was finally ready to advance, the Confederates retired to the south side of the Rappahannock, and when McClellan transferred his base to Fort Monroe and advanced upon Richmond by way of the peninsula, General Joseph E. Johnston removed his army to Williamsburg, leaving Jackson's division in the valley and Ewell's on the line of the Rappahannock.
Johnston fell back in May to make his stand in defense of Richmond immediately in front of the town. McClellan advanced to a line near the city with his army of more than 100,000 men, and, under the mistaken impression that Johnston's force outnumbered his own, waited for McDowell, who was advancing with 40,000 men from the neighborhood of Fredericksburg to join him. To prevent the coming of this re-enforcement, Lee ordered Ewell to join Jackson, and directed the latter to attack Banks in the valley of the Shenandoah, drive him across the Potomac, and thus seem to threaten Washington city. Jackson executed the task assigned him with such celerity and success as to cause serious apprehension in Washington. McDowell was recalled, and the re-enforcement of McClellan was prevented. The latter now established himself on the Chickahominy, with a part of his army thrown across that stream. A flood came at the end of May, and, believing that the swollen river effectually isolated this force, General Johnston attacked it on 31 May, hoping to crush it before assistance could reach it from the northern side of the river. Thus resulted the battle of Seven Pines, or Fair Oaks, in which Johnston was seriously wounded and rendered unfit for further service for a time. McClellan fortified his lines, his left wing lying near White Oak Swamp, on the south of the Chickahominy, his right extending up the river to Mechanicsville, and his depot being at the White House on the York river railroad and the Pamunkey River.
Now, for the first time, General Lee had direct command of a great army confronting an enemy strongly posted, and his capacity as a strategist 'and commander was first demonstrated in that bloody and brilliant, but only in part successful, series of maneuvers and contests known as "the seven days' battle." He determined to adopt that offensive defense which was always his favorite method. Instead of awaiting McClellan's attack, he resolved to defend Richmond by dislodging the foe that threatened it. His plan was secretly to bring Jackson's force to his aid, and, while holding McClellan in check on the south side of the river with a part of his force securely entrenched, to transfer the rest of it to the north side, turn the enemy's flank, and move down the river in his rear, threatening his communications and compelling him to quit his entrenchments for a battle in the open, or to abandon his position altogether and retreat. The first necessity was to fortify the lines south of the river, and when that was done, General J. E. B. Stuart, with a cavalry column, was sent to march around McClellan's position, ascertain the condition of the roads in his rear, and gather such other information as was needed. Jackson, with his entire force, was brought to Ashland, on the Fredericksburg railroad, from which point he was to move on 25 June to the neighborhood of Atlee's Station, and turn the enemy's positions at Mechanicsville and Beaver Dam on the next day. A. P. Hill's division was to cross the river at Meadow Bridge as soon as Jackson's movement should uncover it, and Longstreet and D. H. Hill were to cross in their turn when the passage should be clear. There was a delay of one day in Jackson's movement, however, so that he did not turn the position at Beaver Dam until the 27th. A. P. Hill, after waiting until the afternoon of the 26th for the movement of Jackson to accomplish the intended purpose, pushed across the river at Meadow Bridge and drove out the force that occupied Mechanicsville. Longstreet and D. H. Hill also crossed, and the next morning the works at Beaver Dam were turned and the Confederates pushed forward in their march down the river, Jackson in advance with D. H. Hill for support, while Longstreet and A. P. Hill were held in reserve, and upon the right, to attack McClellan in flank and rear, should he seriously oppose Jackson's advance toward the York river railroad. There was some miscarriage of plans, due to a mistake in Jackson's movement, and, in consequence, Longstreet and Hill encountered the right wing of McClellan's force in a strong position near Gaines's Mills before the advance under Jackson was engaged at all.
The resistance of the National troops was stubborn, and it was not until after Jackson came up and joined in the conflict that the position was forced. The National troops suffered severely, and were finally driven across the river. Lee now commanded McClellan's communications, and no course was open to the National general but to save his army by a retreat to the James river, during which severe battles were fought at Savage's Station and Frazier's Farm. The series of maneuvers and battles ended in a fierce conflict at Malvern Hill, where the Confederates suffered terribly in a series of partial and ill-directed assaults upon a strong position taken by the retreating foe. The bloody repulses thus inflicted consoled the retreating army somewhat for their disaster, but could not repair the loss of position already suffered or do more than delay the retreat. The operations outlined above had brought McClellan's movement against Richmond to naught, and their moral effect was very great; but Lee was convinced that he had had and lost an opportunity to compel the actual surrender of his enemy, though stronger than himself in numbers, and regarded McClellan's escape upon any terms as a partial failure of his plans, due to accidental miscarriages.
Having driven McClellan from his position in front of Richmond, and having thus raised what was in effect the siege of that city, General Lee's desire was to transfer the scene of operations to a distance from the Confederate capital, and thus relieve the depression of the southern people which had followed the general falling back of their armies and the disasters sustained in the west. McClellan lay at Harrison's Landing, below Richmond, with an army that was still strong, and while the Confederate capital was no longer in immediate danger, the withdrawal of the army defending it would invite attack and capture unless McClellan's withdrawal at the same time could be forced. For effecting that, Lee calculated upon the apparently excessive concern felt at the north for the safety of Washington. If he could so dispose of his forces as to put Washington in actual or seeming danger, he was confident that McClellan's army would be speedily recalled.
In the mean time, General John Pope, in command of another National army, had advanced by way of the Orange and Alexandria railroad, with the purpose of effecting a junction with McClellan and it was necessary to meet the danger from that quarter without exposing Richmond, as already explained; for if the people of the north laid excessive stress upon the preservation of Washington from capture, the people of the south held Richmond in a like sentimental regard. Jackson was ordered, on 13 July, to Gordonsville with his own and Ewell's divisions, and he moved thence to Orange Court House, where A. P. Hill was ordered to join him at the end of the month. With this force Jackson crossed the Rapidan, attacked a part of Pope's army at Cedar Mountain on 9 Aug., and gained an advantage, holding the ground until Pope advanced in force two days later, when he retired to the south of the river.
Lee now hurried troops forward as rapidly as possible, and on 14 Aug. took personal command on the Rapidan. His force was slightly superior to Pope's, and, as the National commander seemed at that time unaware of the presence of the main body of the Confederate army, Lee hoped, by a prompt attack, to take him somewhat unprepared. The movement was planned for 19 Aug., but there was a delay of a day, and in the mean time Pope had become aware of his danger and withdrawn behind the Rappahannock, where he had posted his army in a strong position to oppose a crossing. Finding the advantage of position to be with the enemy, Lee moved up the river, Pope keeping pace with him until a point near Warrenton Springs was reached. There Lee halted and made a demonstration as if to cross, on 24 Aug., while Jackson, crossing about eight miles above, made a rapid march around Bull Run Mountain and through Thoroughfare Gap, to gain the enemy's rear. The movement was completely successful, and on the 26th Jackson reached Manassas Junction, capturing the supply depots there. As soon as Pope discovered the movement he withdrew to protect his communications. Longstreet at once marched to join Jackson, following the same route and effecting a junction on the morning of 29 Aug., on the same field on which the first battle of Manassas or Bull Run was fought in 1861. Pope's army, re-enforced from McClellan's, was in position, and battle was joined that afternoon. The National assaults upon Lee's lines on that day and the next were determined but unsuccessful, and on 30 Aug. the Confederates succeeded in driving their enemy across Bull Run to Centreville. Lee, re-enforced, turned the position on 1 Sept., and Pope retired toward Washington.
The way was now clear for the further offensive operations that Lee contemplated. The transfer of McClellan's invading force to Washington had been made imperative, and Lee's army, encouraged by success, was again filled with that confidence in itself and its leader which alone can make an army a fit tool with which to undertake aggressive enterprises. He determined to transfer the scene of operations to the enemy's territory. The plan involved the practical abandonment of his communications so far as the means of subsisting his army was concerned, but the region into which he planned to march was rich in food and forage, and, with the aid of his active cavalry under Stuart, he trusted to his ability to live upon the country. The movement was begun at once, and on 5 Sept. the army, 45.000 strong, crossed the Potomac and took up a position near Frederick, Md., from which it might move at will against Washington or Baltimore or invade Pennsylvania. A strong garrison of National troops still held Harper's Ferry, to Lee's surprise and somewhat to the disturbance of his plans, as it was necessary for him to have the route to the valley of Virginia open to his ammunition trains. On 10 Sept., therefore, he directed Jackson to return to the south side of the river and advance upon Harper's Ferry from the direction of Martinsburg while McLaws should seize Maryland Heights, Walker hold Loudon Heights, and D. H. Hill post himself at Boonsboro' Pass to prevent the escape of the garrison. Having made these dispositions, Lee moved to Hagerstown to collect subsistence and to await the capture of Harper's Ferry by his lieutenant, after which the several divisions were to unite at Boonsboro' or Sharpsburg, as occasion should determine.
McClellan was at this time advancing at the head of the National army from Washington, but with unusual deliberation. By one of those mishaps which play so large a part in military operations, a copy of Lee's order, giving minute details of his dispositions and plans, fell into McClellan's hands, and that general, thus fully apprised of the exact whereabouts of every subdivision of Lee's temporarily scattered forces, made haste to take advantage of his adversary's unprepared situation. Making a rapid march, on 14 Sept. he fell upon D. H. Hill's division at Boonsboro' Pass. Hill resisted stubbornly and held his ground until assistance arrived. During the night Lee withdrew to Sharpsburg, where news soon reached him of the surrender of Harper's Ferry with about 11,000 men and all its stores. By the 16th the army was again united, except that A. P. Hill's division had remained at Harper's Ferry to care for the prisoners and stores. Meantime McClellan had reached Sharpsburg also, and on the 17th battle was joined. (For an account of tile battle, see McClellan.)
Neither side having gained a decisive victory, neither was disposed to renew the contest on the lath, and the day was passed in inactivity. During the night following Lee re-crossed the Potomac and marched to the neighborhood of Winchester, where he remained until late in October, the enemy also remaining inactive until that time, when Lee retired to the line of the Rappahannock. The conflict at Sharpsburg or Antietam is called a drawn battle, and it was such if we consider only the immediate result. Neither army overcame the other or gained a decisive advantage, and neither was in condition, at the end of the affair, to make effective pursuit should the other retire. But McClellan had had the best of it in the fight, and Lee's invasion of northern territory was brought to an end; the battle was thus in effect a victory for the National arms. On the other hand, if we include tile capture of the garrison at Harper's Ferry, Lee had inflicted greater loss upon the enemy than he had himself suffered. So far as the definite objects with which he had undertaken the campaign were concerned, it had been successful. Richmond had been relieved of present danger. The moral situation had been reversed for a time. From standing on the defensive, and hard pressed in front of their own capital, the Confederates had been able to march into their enemy's country, overthrowing an army on their way, and to put the National capital upon its defense. The spirits of the southern army and people were revived, and from that time until the last hour of the war the confidence of both in the skill of their commander was implicit and unquestioning. Lee was thenceforth their reliance and the supreme object of their devotion.
General Burnside, having succeeded McClellan in command of the National army, adopted a new plan of campaign that should threaten Richmond by an advance over a short line, and at the same time keep Washington always covered. He made his base upon the Potomac at Acquia Creek. and planned to cross the Rappahannock at Fredericksburg. The head of his column reached Falmouth, opposite Fredericksburg, on 17 Nov. Lee moved promptly to meet this new advance, and occupied a line of hills in rear of the town, which commanded the plain below and afforded excellent conditions for defense. Here he posted about half his army, under Longstreet, while D. H.. Hill was at Port Royal, twenty miles below, and Jackson lay between, prepared to support either wing that might be attacked. Lee's total force numbered about 80,000 men of all arms; Burnside's about 120,000, of whom 100,000 were thrown across the river on the day of the battle.
The crossing was made on 12 Dec. in two columns, the one at Fredericksburg and the other three miles below. No serious opposition was made to the crossing, it being Lee's plan to await attack in his strong position on the crests of the hills rather than risk an action in the plain below. Burnside spent the 12th in preparation, and did not advance to the assault until the next morning about ten o'clock. Two points of attack were chosen, one upon the Confederate right, the other upon the left. The attack upon the Confederate right was for a time successful, breaking through the first line of defense at a weak point, but it was quickly met and repelled by Jackson, who had hurried to the point of danger. The National troops were forced back and pressed almost to the river, where a heavy artillery fire checked Jackson's pursuit, and upon his return to the original line of defense the battle in that quarter ended in Confederate success, but with about equal losses to the two armies.
On the other side of the field the assaults were repeated and determined, and resulted in much graver loss to the assailants and much less damage to the Confederates. The nature of the ground forbade all attempts to turn Lee's left, and the National troops had no choice but to make a direct advance upon Marye's Heights. Here Lee was strongly posted with artillery so placed as to enfilade the line of advance. A little in front of his main line, and on the side of the hill below, lay a sunken road, flanked by a stone wall running athwart the line of the National advance, and forming a thoroughly protected ditch. Into this road about 2,000 infantry had been thrown, and Burnside's columns, as they made their successive advances up a narrow field, swept by the artillery from above, came suddenly upon this concealed and well-protected force, and encountered a withering fire of musketry at short range, which swept them back. The nature of the obstacle was not discovered by the National commanders, and assault after assault was made, always with the same result, until the approach of night put an end to the conflict. The next day Lee waited for the renewal of the assault, which he had repelled with a comparatively small part of his force, but, although Burnside remained on the Confederate side of the river, he made no further attempt to force his adversary's position. He had lost nearly 13,000 men, while Lee's loss was but a little more than 5,000. The National army re-crossed the river on the 15th, and military operations were suspended for the winter. (For a further account of this battle, see BURNSIDE, AMBROSE EVERETT.)
General Joseph Hooker, who succeeded Burnside in command of the Army of the Potomac, planned a spring campaign, the purpose of which was to force Lee out of his entrenched position at Fredericksburg and overcome him in the field. His plan of operations was to throw a strong detachment across the river below Fredericksburg, threatening an assault upon the works there, while with the main body of his army he should cross the river into the region known as the Wilderness above the Confederate position, thus compelling Lee to move out of his entrenchments and march to meet his advance at Chancellorsville. Lee's army had been weakened by detachments to 57,000 men, while Hooker's strength was about 120,000, and the National commander hoped to compel the further division of his adversary's force by occupying a part of it at Fredericksburg. The plan was admirably conceived, and no operation of the war so severely tested the skill of Lee or so illustrated his character as did the brief campaign that followed.
About the end of April, 1863, the plan was put in operation. Sedgwick, with 30,000 men, crossed below Fredericksburg, while Hooker, with the main body, crossed at the fords above and marched through the Wilderness to gain a position upon the Confederate flank. Leaving about 9,000 men in the works at Fredericksburg, Lee marched on 1 May to meet Hooker's advance, which he encountered near Chancellorsville. He attacked the advance force at once, and it retired upon the main body, which occupied a strong position and seemed disposed to act upon the defensive. Notwithstanding the great inferiority of his force (48,000 men), Lee decided upon the hazardous experiment of dividing it. Retaining about 12,000 or 14,000 men with whom to make a demonstration in front, he sent Jackson with the remainder of the army to march around Hooker's right flank and strike him in the rear. The maneuver was extremely hazardous, but was made necessary by the situation, and was fully justified by its success. Jackson made his march without discovery of his purpose, and, late in the afternoon of 2 May, came upon Hooker's rear with a suddenness and determination that threw a part of the National army into confusion and gave the Confederates a great advantage.
The contest lasted until after nightfall, and the armies lay upon their arms throughout the night. Jackson having received a mortal wound from the fire of his own men, the command of his force devolved upon Stuart, who renewed the attack early next day and pressed it with vigor until about ten o'clock, when a junction was formed with the troops under Lee, operating from in front. The whole line then advanced with great impetuosity, under the immediate command of General Lee. and the enemy was driven with great loss from the field, retiring to the works that defended the river crossings. Meantime Sedgwick had carried the position at Fredericksburg, and was advancing on Lee's right flank. He had reached a point within six miles of Chancellorsville before forces detached for the purpose could check his advance.
On the next day Early came up, and Lee succeeded in driving Sedgwick across the river. A storm interfered with plans for pressing Hooker's retreat, and by the 6th he had withdrawn completely from the southern side of the river, and was resuming his position opposite Fredericksburg. Lee also returned to his works, facing the enemy, with the river between. It was now incumbent upon General Lee to determine, so far as the matter was within his control, where and how the campaign of the approaching summer should be carried on. his policy was in a general sense defensive, but it was open to him to choose between a rigid adherence to that policy and the adoption of offensive measures with a defensive intent. He wished to avoid the depressing moral effect of a second near approach of the enemy to Richmond, and, notwithstanding the inferiority of his force to that which he was likely to encounter, he resolved to risk another attempt to transfer operations to northern soil. His army now consisted of three corps, under Longstreet, Ewell, and A. P. Hill. Early in June Ewell was sent into the valley of Virginia with orders to drive out General Milroy's small force and advance toward the Potomac. As soon as he had cleared the lower valley, Longstreet took up his march, moving northward east of the Blue Ridge, and, in exact fulfillment of General Bee's expectation, Hooker withdrew from in front of Fredericksburg and retired to cover and defend Washington, establishing his army south of the Potomac, near Leesburg, to await the further development of his adversary's plans. A.P. Hill now followed Ewell's line of march, and Longstreet also passed into the valley. Ewell had crossed the Potomac, and Lee followed with the other two corps, arriving at Chambersburg on 27 June, Ewell being then at Carlisle.
Stuart, in command of the cavalry, had been left to observe the enemy, with orders to cross the river and place himself on Ewell's right as soon as possible after the National army should have left Virginia. Some discretion was given to him, however, and in the exercise of it he made a successful march around the National army, but meantime left Lee without cavalry in an enemy's country, and without that information of the enemy's movements which was indispensable to the wise ordering of his own. Moreover, Stuart's absence misled Lee. Confident that his cavalry commander, who was a marvel of alertness and promptitude, would not delay to join him after the passage of the river by the adversary, Lee argued from his absence that the main body of the enemy was still south of the river, and perhaps planning a counter-operation against Richmond, while in fact the entire army under Meade was hastening toward Gettysburg, where Lee encountered its advance on 1 July, unexpectedly and under a complete misapprehension as to its strength, which constituted Lee's advance, met the enemy first, and was directed to ascertain his strength, with orders to avoid a general engagement if he should find anything more than cavalry present. He then undertook to feel of the force in his front, and, as it consisted of infantry and artillery in large bodies, he was soon hotly engaged in spite of his endeavor to confine his operation to a reconnaissance. When Lee arrived on the field, it was evident that a general engagement was not to be avoided, and he ordered up such re-enforcements as were at hand, at the same time sending directions for the remainder of his forces to hasten forward. Two divisions of Hill's corps and two of Ewell's were brought into action, and during the afternoon, after a sharp contest, the enemy was driven to a position south of the town, where he occupied a line of hills and awaited a renewal of the attack. .
In the absence of his cavalry, Lee was without any other information as to the strength or the purposes of his enemy than that which he could get from the prisoners taken, from whom he learned that Meade's entire army was approaching. It was important, if possible, to seize the position held by the enemy before further bodies of Meade's troops should arrive, as the line of hills afforded many advantages to the commander who could occupy it, and Lee directed Ewell to gain possession of it if possible, leaving him certain discretion, however, in the exercise of which Ewell delayed the attempt, to await the arrival of his remaining division, and so the opportunity was lost. It was Lee's intention to attack with his whole available force on the morning of the 2d, but it was not until late in the afternoon that Longstreet, whose troops had been some miles in the rear, was ready to bear his important part in the assault, and in the mean time the greater part of Meade's force had arrived and taken position. The assault was made at four o'clock, with Ewell on the left, Hill in the centre, and Longstreet on the right. The plan was for Longstreet to carry the position occupied by the enemy's left, Ewell and Hill making demonstrations on the left and centre, but converting their operations into a real attack should it appear that troops from their front were withdrawn to aid in opposing Longstreet. This was done, and a part of the enemy's works was carried by the Confederate left, but relinquished because of Rhodes's inability to render support to Early as promptly as had been intended. Meantime Longstreet had forced back the enemy's left for some distance, and gained a favorable position for further operations. The day came to an end with no decisive result, but Lee was encouraged to believe that by a carefully concerted assault on the next day he might win a victory that would go far to decide the issue of the war in favor of the Confederates, or at any rate to compensate for the continued disasters suffered by the Confederate arms in the west, and perhaps compel the withdrawal of the National forces from that quarter for the defense of the middle and eastern states. The value of such a victory, if he could achieve it, would be incalculable, and, as Longstreet has declared, the army under Lee's command at that time "was in condition to undertake anything."
It was therefore decided to make a supreme effort on the next day to carry the enemy's position and put him to rout. Longstreet, strengthened by three brigades under Pickett, and additionally re-enforced from Hill's corps, was to make the main assault upon the enemy's right, while Ewell should attack his left and Hill menace his centre. There was some slight miscarriage in preparation, however, which resulted in Ewell's becoming engaged before Longstreet advanced to the assault. Moreover, for reasons that have since been the subject of somewhat acrimonious controversy, and the discussion of which would be manifestly improper in this place, Longstreet's attack was not made with his entire force, as had been intended; and although by that charge, which has become historically famous as perhaps the most brilliant feat of arms performed by Confederates on any field, Pickett's division succeeded in carrying the hill in their front and entering the enemy's lines, it was left without adequate support and was quickly hurled back, broken, and almost annihilated. This in effect ended the battle of Gettysburg. As at Antietam, so on this field, no decisive victory had been won by either army, but Lee's supreme effort had ended in a repulse, and the advantage rested with the National arms. "It is with an invading army as with an insurrection: an indecisive action is equivalent to a defeat." Lee was not driven from the field, and his army was still unbroken; but he had failed to overthrow his adversary, and his project of successful invasion of tile enemy's country was necessarily at an end. He tarried a day in inactivity, and then retired without, serious molestation to Virginia, whither Meade followed. The two armies having returned to the line of the Rapidan, and neither being disposed to undertake active operations, the campaign of 1863 ended in August.
The campaign of 1864 was begun by the advance of the National army under General Grant, who crossed the Rapidan on 4 May with about 120,000 men, including non-combatants, teamsters, etc. Lee's force at that time was about 66,000 men, not including commissioned officers, teamsters, and other non-combatants, but he determined to attack his adversary as quickly as possible. There followed a succession of stubbornly contested battles and movements by flank from the Wilderness, where the adversaries first met, by way of Spottsylvania Court-House and Cold Harbor, to Petersburg, for an account of which, and of the siege of Petersburg, see GRANT, ULYSSES S.
Grant sat down before Petersburg about the middle of June, and prepared for a patient siege of that place and of Richmond, to which it afforded a key. By extending his lines farther and farther to the south, and pressing his left forward, he forced Lee to stretch his own correspondingly, until they were drawn out to dangerous tenuity, there being no source from which the Confederate commander could draw re-enforcements, while his already scant force was slowly wasting away under the operations of the siege. Grant was gradually enveloping the position, and pushing back the Confederate right, so as to secure the lines of railway leading to the south, and it was manifestly only a question of time when Petersburg, and Richmond with it, must fall into the hands of the enemy. By all military considerations it was the part of wisdom for the Confederates to withdraw from the obviously untenable position while there was yet opportunity for them to retire to the line of the Roanoke, and there is the best authority for saying that if he had been free to determine the matter for himself, Lee would have abandoned Richmond many weeks before the date of its actual fall, and would have endeavored, by concentration, to win important advantages in the field, where strategy, celerity of movement, and advantages of position might offset disparity of forces. But the Confederate government had decided upon the policy of holding Richmond at all hazards, and Lee was bound by its decision. The end of his power of resistance in that false position came early in the spring of 1865. Grant broke through his defenses, south of Petersburg, and compelled the hasty evacuation of the entire Richmond line on 2 April. Meantime Sherman had successfully transferred his base from northern Georgia to Savannah, and was following Johnston in his retreat toward North Carolina and Virginia. Lee made an ineffectual attempt to retreat and form a junction with Johnston somewhere south of the Roanoke ; but the head of Grant's column was so far in advance on his left as to be able to beat him back toward the upper James river, capturing a large portion of his force, and the small remnant, in a state of actual starvation, was surrendered on 9 April, at Appomattox Court-House, its total strength being fewer than 10,000 men. The war being at an end, Lee withdrew at once from public affairs, betaking himself to the work of a simple citizen, not morosely, or in sullen vexation of spirit, but manfully, and with a firm conviction of duty. He frankly accepted the result, and used his great influence for the restoration of friendly relations between the lately warring sections, for the prompt return of his soldiers to peaceful pursuits, and for the turning of their devotion to the southern cause into a patriotic pride of American citizenship. He became president of Washington College, at Lexington, Va. (now Washington and Lee university), and passed the remainder of his life in earnest work as an educator of youth. Physically, intellectually, and morally, Lee was a man of large proportions and unusual symmetry. Whether or not he possessed the highest order of genius, he had a mind of large grasp, great vigor and activity, and perfect self-possession. He was modest in his estimate of himself, but not lacking in that self-confidence which gives strength. His mind was pure, and his character upright in an eminent degree. His ruling characteristic was an inflexible devotion to duty, as he understood it, accompanied by a perfect readiness to make any and every sacrifice of self that ,night be required of him by circumstance. In manner he was dignified, courteous, and perfectly simple in temper he was calm, with the placidity of strength that is accustomed to rigid self-control. He was a type of perfectly healthy manhood, in which body and mind are equally under the control of clearly defined conceptions of right and duty. Descended from men who had won distinction by worth, and allied to others of like character, he was deeply imbued with a sense of his obligation to live and act in all things worthily. As a military commander he had thorough knowledge of the art of war, and large ability in its practice. His combinations were sound, and where opportunity permitted, brilliant, and his courage in undertaking great enterprises with scantily adequate means was supported by great skill in the effective employment of such means as were at his command. The tasks he set himself were almost uniformly such as a man of smaller courage would have shrunk from, and a man of less ability would have undertaken only to meet disaster. His military problem was so to employ an inferior force as to baffle the designs of an enemy possessed of a superior one. His great strength lay in that form of defense which involves the employment of offensive maneuvers as a means of choosing the times, places, and conditions of conflict. A military critic has said that he lacked the gift to seize upon the right moment for converting a successful defense into a successful attack, and the judgment appears to be in some measure sound.
In the seven days' fight around Richmond his success was rendered much less complete than it apparently ought to have been by his failure so to handle his force as to bring its full strength to bear upon his adversary's retreating column at the critical moment. At Fredericksburg he seems to have put aside an opportunity to crush the enemy whom he had repelled, when he neglected to press Burnside on the river bank, and permitted him to withdraw to the other side unmolested. After his victory at Chaneellorsville a greater readiness to press his retreating foe would have promised results that for lack of that readiness were not achieved. A critical study of his campaigns seems also to show that he erred in giving too much discretion to his lieutenants at critical junctures, when his own fuller knowledge of the entire situation and plan of battle or campaign should have been an absolutely controlling force. It is no reflection upon those lieutenants to say that they did not always make the wisest or most fortunate use of the discretion thus given to them, for with their less complete information concerning matters not immediately within their purview, their decisions rested, of necessity, upon an inadequate knowledge of the conditions of the problem presented. Instances of the kind to which we refer are found in Stuart's absence with the cavalry during all that part of t, he Gettysburg campaign which preceded the battle, and in Ewell's failure to seize the strong position at Gettysburg while it was still possible to do so. In both these eases Lee directed the doing of that which wisdom dictated; in both he left a large discretion to his lieutenant, in the conscientious exercise of which an opportunity was lost. Three days after General Lee's death his remains were buried beneath the chapel of the university at Lexington. in accordance with his request, no funeral oration was pronounced. The corner-stone of a monument to his memory was laid in Richmond, Va., on 27 Oet., 1887. There is a recumbent statue by Valentine over his grave, and a bronze statue on a column in New Orleans. A portrait of him was painted from life by John Elder, for the commonwealth of Virginia, which is now in the senate chamber at Richmond; another by Elder, for the city of Savannah, is in the council chamber of that city ; and still another is at the University of Virginia. The vignette is copied from an early portrait, while the steel engraving is from a photograph taken in Richmond, during the last year of the war. General Lee edited, with a memoir, a new edition of his father's "Memoirs of the Wars of the Southern Department of the United States" (New York, 1869). See "Life and Campaigns of Robert Edward Lee," by E. Lee Childe (London, 1875);"Life of Robert E. Lee," by John Esten Cooke (New York, 1871) ; "Life and Times of Robert E. Lee," by Edward A. Pollard (1871); "Personal Reminiscences of Robert E. Lee," by John W. Jones (1874); "Four Years with Gen. Lee," by Walter H. Taylor (1877)" and "5"lemoirs of Robert E. Lee," by General A. L. Long (1886). A life of General Lee is now (1887) in preparation by Col. Charles Marshall, aide - decamp on his staff, 1861-'5, to whom the original papers of General Lee have been committed by the family.
Mary Randolph Custis Lee, born at, Arlington House, Alexandria co., Va., in 1806; died in Lexington, Va., 6 Nov., 1873, was the only daughter of George Washington Parke Custis, the adopted son of Washington, and the grandson of his wife. In June, 1831, she married Robert E. Lee, by which event he came into possession of Arlington, on the Potomac river, and of the White House, on the Pamunkey. Mrs. Lee had strong intellectual powers, and persistently favored the Confederate cause. She was in Richmond during the civil war, and afterward accompanied her husband to Lexington, where she resided until her death. Lee's eldest son, George Washington Custis Lee, soldier, born at Arlington, Va., 16 Sept., 1832, was graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1854 at the head of his class. He was commissioned 2d lieutenant of engineers and assigned to the engineer bureau at Washington. In the spring" of 1855 he was assigned to duty on Amelia island, Fla., where he was engaged in constructing the fort at the mouth of St. Mary's river, and in the autumn of 1857 was ordered to San Francisco, Cal., fox' the construction of the works at Fort Point. In October, 1859, he was promoted 1st lieutenant and ordered to the engineer bureau at Washington, where he remained until the beginning of the civil war, when he resigned his commission and entered the Confederate service. He was commissioned major of engineers of the provisional army of Virginia, 10 May, 1861, and on 1 July was appointed captain in the Confederate corps of engineers. He located and constructed the fortifications around Richmond, and on 31 Aug., 1861, was appointed aide-de-camp to Jefferson Davis, with the rank of colonel of cavalry.
On 25 June, 1863, he was commissioned brigadier-general and assigned to a brigade organized for local defense around Richmond. In the autumn of 1864 he was commissioned major-general and given the command of a division in the Army of Northern Virginia, which he led bravely and skillfully till he was captured at Sailor's Creek. In October, 1865, he became professor of military and civil engineering and applied mechanics in Virginia military institute, and in February, 1871. succeeded his father as president of Washington college (now Washington and Lee university). Tulane university gave him the degree of LL.D. in 1887.--
His brother, William Henry Fitzhugh Lee, soldier, second son of Robert E. Lee, born at Arlington, Va., 31 May, 1837, was graduated at Harvard in 1857, and in the same year appointed 2d lieutenant in the 6th infantry, U. S. army, and served in the Utah campaign of General Albert Sidney Johnston, and afterward in California. Early in 1859 he resigned his commission and took charge of his farm, the historic White House, on the Pamunkey. In the spring of 1861 he raised a tawdry company for the Confederate service, was made captain, and was soon promoted major and made chief of cavalry to General Loring in the West Virginia campaign. In the winter of 1861-'2 he was ordered to Fredericksburg and was made lieutenant-colonel. In the spring of 1862 he was made colonel, and not long afterward was attached to the brigade of General J. E. B. Stuart, in most of whose campaigns he participated. On 3 Oct., 1862, he was made brigadier-general, to date from 15 Sept. At Brandy Station, 9 June, 1863, he was severely wounded, and was afterward captured by a raiding party and carried to Fortress Monroe, where he was held for some time as a hostage. In the early spring of 1864 he was exchanged, on 23 April was promoted major-general of cavalry, and led his division in the fights from the Rapidan to Appomattox, where he surrendered. He soon went to work at the White House, rebuilding the dwelling, and became a farmer. For some years he was president of the Virginia agricultural society, in 1875 he was elected to the state senate, and in 1886 to congress. --
Robert Edward's nephew, Fitzhugh Lee, soldier, b. in Clermont, Fairfax co., Va., 19 Nov., 1835, was graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1856, and commissioned 2d lieutenant in the 2d cavalry. He was severely wounded in a fight with Indians, and in May, 1860, was ordered to report at West Point as instructor of cavalry. At the beginning of the civil war in 1861 he resigned his commission and entered the Confederate service. He was first placed on staff duty, and was adjutant-general of Ewell's brigade until September, 1861, when he was made lieutenant-colonel of the 1st Virginia cavalry, and later was promoted colonel, and he participated in all the campaigns of the Army of Northern Virginia. On 25 July, 1862, he was made brigadier-general, and on 3 Sept., 1863, Major-general. In the battle of Winchester, 19 Sept., 1864, three horses were shot under him, and he was disabled by a severe wound, which kept him from duty for several months. In March, 1865, he was put in command of the whole cavalry corps of the Army of Northern Virginia, and a month later he surrendered to General Meade at Farmville, after which he retired to his home in Stafford county. In 1874 he made a speech at Bunker Hill which attracted wide attention. In the winter and spring of 1882-'3 he made a tour through the southern states, in the interest of the Southern historical society. He was elected governor of Virginia in 1885.-- Edited Appleton's Cyclopedia American Biography Copyright© 2001 by VirtualologyTM


text:
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subset: commoncrawl


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text:
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9. Tumbleweed ft. X-Perience of Oldominion and A. Samori (background vocals Toni Hill; guitar by Cody Dean)
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12. Rap Rehab (guitar and piano Charles Cliff)
13. Broke (background vocals Tony Ozier; bass by Skylar Blake, keys by Danny Haigh; drums by Nate Gendron


text:
Thursday, September 9, 2010
42 comments:
- d. moll, l.ac. said...
ooh no, so sorry RG and BL, these little guys leave such huge holes in our hearts....sending hugs.
- September 9, 2010 at 8:55 PM
Hugs to you and BL. Zoey too, as she will miss her Baxter.
- September 9, 2010 at 9:24 PM
- Ann (bunnygirl) said...
I'm so sorry, RG, BL and Zoey. Wish I was there to hug you all right now, but all of us in bunny blogland know the pain you're going through.
It's our last act of kindness to these dear friends of ours to suffer their loss so they won't have to suffer any more.
Binky free with your many bunny blogfriends at the Bridge, Baxter! - September 9, 2010 at 9:49 PM
- Lavender Rabbit said...
I'm so sorry to read about Baxter! Run free little Baxter.
Nose bonks from our crew - September 9, 2010 at 9:54 PM
- Added Entry said...
So sad ... I loved his ears in your pictures.
Thanks for sharing your life with Baxter. - September 9, 2010 at 10:11 PM
- Lorna said...
I'm sure Scout will meet Baxter at the rainbow bridge so she can show off her bacon tree.
*Hugs* to you and BL and the rest of the furry gang. - September 9, 2010 at 10:54 PM
- bunnits said...
I am so sorry that Baxter had to go. I know how hard it is when we have to say good by to these little ones. It's been six months since I held my Periwinkle while the vet helped him across the Bridge and there is still an empty spot in my heart. I was just getting over the loss of our Bobbin, a good, gentle bun who was a shy sweetheart, when my beloved Periwinkle had to leave us.
Baxter had a wonderful life while he was with you. I'm sending hugs to all of you. Give Zoey lots of extra hugs and cuddles while she adjusts. - September 9, 2010 at 11:21 PM
- Crafty Green Poet said...
I'm so sorry to hear that, you'll all miss him, specially Zoey. Sending hugs and warm wishes to you all
- September 9, 2010 at 11:51 PM
- Christina said...
Love you Baxter and Zoey. Rest in peace,pain free Baxter sweetheart.
- September 10, 2010 at 1:01 AM
- Christina and Mats said...
Oh no, we are so sorry to hear about Baxter. It felt as if we knew him, and we will miss him.
It is so sad.
Christina and Mats - September 10, 2010 at 1:11 AM
- Michelle May-The Raspberry Rabbits said...
Ohhhhh noooo! Oh I am so sorry. Poor Zoey too. I know she will be so sad.
Razzy met him in the distant grass and they talked about how much they were loved by us. Baxter had a beautiful life with ya'll and you with him.
Sending lots of hugs for your hearts.
xx, shell - September 10, 2010 at 4:28 AM
- nneeki said...
i'm so sorry for your loss, rg and bl. baxter was incredibly lucky to have you guys as his bunny slaves, and i will miss seeing his wonderful bunny cheeks on this blog. cuddles for zoey, i hope she's doing okay.
- September 10, 2010 at 4:57 AM
- Hef's Mom said...
such a sweet story, got some tears in my eyes sitting at work, my heart goes out to you both!
- September 10, 2010 at 5:45 AM
- SixBunnies said...
Thank you for not letting him suffer! My Tucker Bunz and my Beagle Poky will run to meet him with the rest of the crowd at the bridge! I am so sorry for your loss and for Zoey's. My thoughts are with you.
- September 10, 2010 at 5:54 AM
- Deb Cushman said...
Our eyes are leaking. Dear sweet Baxter. Binky on big guy.
And our love to you all. We know this is hard. - September 10, 2010 at 6:00 AM
- The Fab Furs said...
We're so sorry to hear about Baxter. He did have a wonderful life at the House of Rabbits and made a lot of new friends, some of whom he never met. Parting is never easy, for any of those involved. Enjoy the clover, Baxter Bunny.
- September 10, 2010 at 6:00 AM
- Glenna said...
Oh, no, RG and BL and Zoey! Tom and Pink and Peaches and Elvis and I are so very, very sad for you all. Bunnyman and Tidbit and so many others were waiting at the bridge to show him the ropes and run in the clover.
- September 10, 2010 at 6:06 AM
Our condolences to the House of Rabbits.
- September 10, 2010 at 6:45 AM
- tfangel said...
I'm so sorry, my condolences. :(
- September 10, 2010 at 6:47 AM
- Mel said...
Binky free dear Baxter. I'm so sorry for your loss. Hugs to you, BL and sweet Zoey.
- September 10, 2010 at 7:03 AM
- Lisa said...
I am so sorry for your loss, but I think Baxter was probably excited to finally see Lovey again after all this time apart. Baxter has many friends at the Bridge and they're probably throwing a huge blowout bash all weekend long, to welcome him.
- September 10, 2010 at 7:21 AM
- Elizabeth E. said...
I know it doesn't mean much, but I am truly sorry for your loss. It has been lovely to become acquainted with all of your rabbits, but Baxter and Zoey have always been my favorites.
- September 10, 2010 at 7:40 AM
- Karen M said...
We are so sorry for your loss. Its so tough to make these decisions. Baxter was a lucky boy to live with you and Zoey for so long, and be surrounded by such love. Hugs and prayers to you, Zoey, and Baxter.
- September 10, 2010 at 8:03 AM
Happy binkies in endless fields of dandelion greens and basil sweet Baxter. Hugs to RG and BL.
- September 10, 2010 at 9:01 AM
- Lisa Alto said...
Oh no. We are so sad to hear about Baxter, but consoled that he had such a wonderful family and great friends at the Houseful of rabbits. My heart just sunk on seeing the blog title. Sigh.
Hugs to you all
Lisa and Buttons xxx - September 10, 2010 at 1:03 PM
- Jans Funny Farm said...
We're sorry for the loss of Baxter. We know furries can leave a big hole in your heart when they leave. Purrs and tail wags.
- September 10, 2010 at 4:13 PM
- Natascha said...
- This comment has been removed by the author.
- September 10, 2010 at 6:25 PM
- Natascha said...
Aww. I had a bunny named Baxter too that I put down on Jun 29th. He was a character and I am sorry that you lost your little guy too.
- September 10, 2010 at 6:27 PM
So sad to hear! Hugs to all!
- September 10, 2010 at 6:58 PM
- Herman said...
Very sad news. But you will always have the memories.
- September 10, 2010 at 10:14 PM
- tamara said...
I'm so sorry for your loss. I love reading about all the buns...thank you for sharing them. Big sweet Baxter, the lap-bun. What a lovely life you gave him, and what a lot he gave you in return.
- September 11, 2010 at 2:46 PM
- Jan said...
I am so sorry. We just love our buns SO MUCH! Baxter was a lucky bunny to be part of your family.
- September 11, 2010 at 4:09 PM
- Friend of the Animals said...
Thinking of you and all the buns. Glad I got to see him last weekend. Like I said, you gave him a great life, and that is what is most important.
- September 11, 2010 at 11:08 PM
I am sooo sad to hear this!:( Im sorry!! I will miss Baxter!:( Hope you guys are doing well. xo_Tara
- September 12, 2010 at 3:52 PM
- LauraHinNJ said...
Aww... so sorry to read this.
- September 12, 2010 at 6:11 PM
- Jade said...
I read about your loss while I was away, but couldn't respond until I got home (my phone has web capacity, but it no like word verification stuff much). So very sorry to hear of Baxter's passing, but glad to know that you spared him the possibility of much suffering. You are all in thoughts and prayers, and Mickey and I will be sending extra special thoughts out to Baxter as he moves on to his next adventures.
Many hugs and much love,
Jade and Mickey - September 12, 2010 at 6:57 PM
We're so sorry to hear about Baxter but at the same time, glad that he will no longer be in pain. Hugs to RG, BL and Zoey.. losing a beloved one is always so very sad :( Hans will show Baxter around the Bridge.
- September 12, 2010 at 11:29 PM
- Erin said...
I just saw this! I'm so so sorry, BL & RG. You will be in my thoughts. Hugs to sweet Zoey. Binki free Baxter bunny. We will miss you.
- September 13, 2010 at 6:14 AM
I read your blog often and love seeing pics of your beautiful bunns. I just wanted to say sorry for your loss, losing bunnies is just awful, but I'm glad he lived most of his life in such a happy place.
Sending extra cuddles to the beautiful Zooey.
x - September 13, 2010 at 7:07 AM
- Heart of a Cowgirl said...
So sorry to hear about your beautiful Baxter... but 9 years - what a great long life he had! They leave us all too soon. :(
Hugs from all our bunnies to you and yours. - September 13, 2010 at 1:52 PM
- Pepper said...
So sorry to hear of your loss. What a lucky guy he was to have found a home with you - and how lucky you were to have been able to share his life too.
We don't have them for a long time - but they get deep into our hearts don't they? I'm sure he will be very much missed but remembered with much love and happy memories.
Hugs to everyone there. - September 13, 2010 at 2:22 PM
- RoadBunner said...
RG, BL and The Buns:
I am so sorry to hear about Baxter. I am sending lots of hugs and nose bumps your way. I am sure he is in a great place surrounded by loving friends. - September 20, 2010 at 12:15 PM


text:
'Superman' Actress Margot Kidder's Death Ruled a Suicide
HELENA, Mont. (AP) — "Superman" actress Margot Kidder's death has been ruled a suicide, and her daughter said Wednesday it's a relief to finally have the truth out.
Kidder, who played Lois Lane opposite Christopher Reeve's Superman in her most famous role, was found by a friend in her Montana home on May 13.
At the time, Kidder's manager, Camilla Fluxman Pines, said Kidder died peacefully in her sleep.
A statement released Wednesday by Park County coroner Richard Wood said the 69-year-old Kidder "died as a result of a self-inflicted drug and alcohol overdose" and that no further details would be released.
Maggie McGuane, Kidder's daughter by her ex-husband Thomas McGuane, told The Associated Press in a phone interview that she knew her mother died by suicide the moment authorities took her to Kidder's home in Livingston, a small town near Yellowstone National Park.
"It's a big relief that the truth is out there," she said. "It's important to be open and honest so there's not a cloud of shame in dealing with this."
Kidder's death is one of several high-profile suicides this year that include celebrity chef Anthony Bourdain and fashion designer Kate Spade.
McGuane noted that Montana has one of the highest suicide rates in the nation and she urged people with mental illness to seek help.
"It's a very unique sort of grief and pain," McGuane said. "Knowing how many families in this state go through this, I wish that I could reach out to each one of them."
Kidder struggled with mental illness much of her life, and it was made worse by a 1990 car accident that left her in debt and led to her using a wheelchair for almost two years.
Kidder and Reeve starred in four Superman movies between 1978 and 1987. She also appeared in "The Great Waldo Pepper" with Robert Redford in 1975, Brian De Palma's "Sisters" in 1973 and "The Amityville Horror" in 1979.
She later appeared in small films and television shows until 2017, including "R.L. Stine's the Haunting Hour." She received a Daytime Emmy Award as outstanding performer in a kids' series in 2015 for that role.
Kidder, a native of Yellowknife, Canada, was a political activist who was arrested in 2011 in a Washington, D.C., protest over the proposed Keystone XL pipeline from Canada's oil sands.
Her final years were troubled by conflicts with people who were down on their luck that she took into her home. Between August 2016 and her death in May, authorities were called to her house 40 times on reports of people trespassing, theft and other disturbances, according to police logs released to the AP under a public-records request.
The calls include responses by ambulances five times in seven months, including at the time of her death.
Joan Kesich, a longtime friend who found Kidder's body, said Kidder was fearless and always spoke the truth, regardless of the consequences.
"In her last months, she was herself — same kind of love, same kind of energy," Kesich said. "The challenges that she had were very public. I want what I know about her to be out there because it was glorious. She was really a blazing energy."


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NFL teaming with Jay-Z and Roc Nation on entertainment and social activism
NEW YORK (AP) - The NFL and Jay-Z's entertainment and sports representation company are teaming up for events and social activism.
The league not only will use Jay-Z's Roc Nation to consult on its entertainment presentations, including the Super Bowl halftime show, but will work with the rapper and entrepreneur's company to "strengthen community through music and the NFL's Inspire Change initiative."
(Photo by Craig Barritt/Getty Images)
Inspire Change was created by the league after an agreement with a coalition of players who demonstrated during the national anthem to protest social and racial injustice in this country. Those demonstrations were sparked by former San Francisco 49ers quarterback Colin Kaepernick kneeling during the national anthem in 2016.
NFL owners agreed to contribute up to $89 million over six years toward causes players were supporting. Commissioner Roger Goodell sees the partnership with Roc Nation as a significant step in several directions.
"Roc Nation is one of the most globally influential and impactful organizations in entertainment," Goodell said. "The NFL and Roc Nation share a vision of inspiring meaningful social change across our country. We are thrilled to partner with Roc Nation and look forward to making a difference in our communities together."
While the entertainment portion of the deal is important — Roc Nation's stable includes Rihanna, Mariah Carey, Shakira and, of course, Jay-Z — much emphasis from both the league and the representation group is being placed on the social relations aspect of the agreement. For Inspire Change to succeed, it must have strong roots within the communities that are most affected by the issues the players want addressed: criminal justice reform; relationships with police; economic growth opportunities; and educational progress.
"With its global reach, the National Football League has the platform and opportunity to inspire change across the country," said Jay-Z, whose real name is Shawn Carter. "Roc Nation has shown that entertainment and enacting change are not mutually exclusive ideas — instead, we unify them. This partnership is an opportunity to strengthen the fabric of communities across America."
Jay-Z has been a strong supporter of Kaepernick, who has not played in the NFL the past two seasons and is not with a team now. He has turned down invitations to perform at the Super Bowl, as has Rihanna.
But now there is a working agreement between the league and Roc Nation, which also represents such NFL stars as Todd Gurley, Saquon Barkley and Ndamukong Suh. How that plays out on both the entertainment and social initiatives fronts figures to be newsworthy.
© 2019 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed


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CHICAGO -- Have you ever called off work because a psychic advised you to stay home, or decided not to go to work because you thought your dog was too stressed out after a family reunion?
An annual survey on absenteeism shows 33 percent of workers have played hooky from the office, calling in sick when they were well at least once this year, CareerBuilder.com reported Wednesday.
While the majority of employers told the nation's largest online employment site that they typically don't question the reason for the absence, 31 percent reported they have checked up on an employee who called in sick and 18 percent said they have fired a worker for missing work without a legitimate excuse.
The nationwide survey, which included more than 6,800 workers and 3,300 employers, showed that nearly one in ten employees called off work because they wanted to miss a meeting, buy some time to work on a project that was due or avoid the wrath of a boss or a colleague.
Thirty percent missed work because they wanted to relax and recharge, 27 percent took time off for a doctor's appointment, 22 percent wanted to catch up on sleep, 14 percent ran personal errands, 11 percent caught up on housework, and another 11 percent wanted said they took off to spend time with family and friends.
Another 34 percent just didn't feel like going to work that day, the survey found.
Of the 31 percent of employers who checked up on an employee who called in sick, most -- 71 percent -- said they required the employee to show them a doctor's note. Fifty-six percent called the employee at home, 18 percent had another worker call the employee, and 17 percent drove by the employee's house or apartment.
Among the most unusual excuses employees gave their boss' for missing work:


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Hand stamped aluminum bracelet -Pura Vida
Regular price
Hand stamped aluminum bracelet. Each letter, as well as the two textures, are hand stamped by me. The metal is also bent by me. No two pieces are exactly alike. Can be bent to fit any wrist.
Bracelet: 1/4 inch wide (thinner)
Material: aluminum (no tarnishing, light weight)
hand stamped...each letter...and texture to cuff
***this is not aromatherapy jewelry***


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Database is OPEN 1
Olesky Associates |
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Under no circumstances will Olesky Associates sell any personal information given to us. Usage TrackingOlesky Associates tracks user traffic patterns on our sites. However, we do not correlate this information with data about individual users. Olesky Associates does break down overall usage statistics according to a user's domain name, browser type, and other information supplied by your browser when you connect to our web site. This is standard information supplied by every user's browser. Olesky Associates tracks and catalogs the search terms that users enter in our Search Jobs page, but this tracking is never associated with individual users. CookiesWe may place a small bit of information in your browser called a "session cookie". This is not the same as the "permanent cookie", which is stored with other browser files in your computer. The cookie simply identifies your session as you move through the pages on the web site. The cookie does not contain personal information, nor is it retained after you exit your browser. You can refuse cookies by turning them off in your browser. If you've set your browser to warn you before accepting cookies, you will receive the warning message with each cookie. You do not need to have cookies turned on to use this site. SecurityTo prevent unauthorized access, maintain data accuracy, and ensure the correct use of information, we have put in place appropriate physical, electronic, and managerial procedures to safeguard and secure the information we collect. Our security and privacy policies are periodically reviewed and enhanced as necessary. Only authorized individuals have access to the information provided by our clients. Opt-Out PolicyOlesky Associates sends out email opportunity announcements from time to time. These announcements are sent to email addresses gathered by Olesky Associates. The source of the email addresses includes, but is not limited to, professional organizations that develop physican directories, professional organizations that make their mailing list available to us, and web sites that feature physician job opprotunities. You may choose to opt-out of all future email announcements from Olesky Associates. Sinply use the link located at the bottom of any email announcement we send you. Your email address will be immediately and permanently removed from all future announcements. Your ConsentBy using this site, you consent to the collection and use of this information by Olesky Associates, Inc. If this policy changes in the future, it will be announced on the web site and this page will be updated. Questions? Contact UsIf you have questions or concerns regarding the privacy of information stored with Olesky Associates, please contact us. Revised June 2, 2006. The electronic mail addresses listed on this web site are for Olesky Associates Inc. business only, and are not intended for commercial use such as Unsolicited Commercial Email, also known as spam or junk email. Inappropriate use of the email addresses on this web site will be considered theft of service. Copyright © 1999, 2024 Olesky Associates, Inc., all rights reserved. Privacy policy. Site by Scott Web Services. |


text: Nothing transforms the spirit like a country garden, and our charming new bouquet is designed to inspire. Loosely gathered blooms in shades of pink, yellow and peach are mixed with lush, draping greenery for a rustic farmhouse design. From its carefree style to its vibrant colors, it's the kind of gift they'll love putting on display for all to enjoy.


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Fibs, whoppers and flat-out lies: What makes kids tell untruths?
How important is telling the truth? Even the most honest person might occasionally bend or omit the facts in order to spare someone's feelings (also known as the 'little white' type of lie), and recently some have suggested we're in a "post-truth" era. But still, most parents understand the importance of teaching children to be honest.
Why? Because deep down we know that deliberately misleading someone by saying something that is not true, especially to gain some advantage for ourselves, is unacceptable in any decent society. It undermines trust and healthy relationships. It can easily spiral out of control, as one lie leads to another. And it eats away at self-esteem.
There may be times when the subtleties of less-than-brutal honesty may appear contradictory to children ("But why did you tell Auntie Louise her cake was delicious when you said before it tasted like old socks?"). But ultimately, children need to learn that even when there may be consequences, they must still tell the truth. As they develop their sense of integrity and see that people trust and believe them, they grow to adulthood with confidence and feelings of self-worth.
Younger children sometimes give themselves away by telling a story that just doesn't sound right, or smile or laugh nervously as their hastily concocted plot unravels.
If you think a child might be lying, a few simple questions can help reveal the truth. If you suspect your child has stolen money, for example, you might ask some calm, clear questions about the order of events, where they were and who was with them. Remember that a full-scale interrogation can be interpreted as a threat of punishment and may backfire, encouraging the child to retreat further into a lie. And keep an open mind – perhaps they really did find some money on the ground.
It's important to understand that young preschool children sometimes mix up reality and fantasy, and may tell stories as though they really happened without intending to tell lies. This is quite normal as they test out ideas, learn different ways to express their thoughts and develop vital communication skills.
By about primary school age, children should know the difference between truth and fantasy. If they tell a lie, they know it and have a reason for it. So why would your child lie? There could be a number of reasons, such as:
- They've seen other people lie and get away with it. Maybe they've been a witness to a parent or grandparent not being honest when asked how much something cost, where they've been or why they haven't done something. Or perhaps an older friend, sibling or cousin has denied wrongdoing when your child has seen with their own eyes what really happened. Kids may just be testing out the boundaries, and while this isn't what you want, it's understandable, especially if they've seen the apparent 'benefits' without the long-term negative consequences.
- They get extra attention and approval. Your child may make up stories about toys they don't have, events that never took place or books they've never read, all of which may impress their peers (again, this is likely to only work in the short-term). Children who tell such boastful lies may also be lonely, bored, or have low self-esteem.
- They're scared of the consequences. If a child thinks they'll be severely or unfairly punished for doing something wrong, they may learn to avoid this by lying. This is where it can be a little tricky for parents, because if you don't keep the two issues separate, kids can get confused.
A recent study at the University of Michigan has found that when it comes to lying about a misdeed, kids are more likely to 'fess up if they think their parents will be pleased that they've told the truth, even if there might be separate consequences for having done something wrong.
So it's important to acknowledge that a child has told the truth, even when there are separate consequences for the misbehavior. If your child owns up to doing something wrong, make sure you praise them for their honesty before you deal with the misbehavior.
To discourage lying, parents need to discuss the problem with their children. Explain, in a very calm way, that lying is unacceptable; how it makes you feel when someone lies to you; and how it also creates problems for the person who is lying. You can also tell your child the benefits of being honest: Even though it can be hard sometimes to tell the truth, it lets people know you are honest and trustworthy. It feels good and helps you have better relationships with your family and friends.
Give your child opportunities to be honest, and reward and praise them for telling the truth. This gives your child a positive response to their behavior, and helps make them more likely to repeat their honesty in future.
If your child is finding it hard to learn not to tell lies, you might need to set up a written contract signed by both yourself and your child. For more details on how to do this, you can talk to your Triple P provider as there's a specific type of Triple P (Level 3 Individual) that will help you with this. As your child learns to not lie, you'll no longer need a written contract as you and your child will have established a more permanent contract of trust.


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Excel Sign Works is committed to the highest levels of satisfaction for all elements of our products and services including your experience on our website. As part of these efforts, Excel Sign Works is dedicated to creating a quality online experience for those with disabilities that equal to that provided to customers without disabilities.
In order to support these accessibility goals on the Excel Sign Works website, we are committed to the site's development, design, and operation in general accordance with the best practices as defined by Section 508 of the U.S. Rehabilitation Act and level A World Wide Web Consortium Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 2.0/2.1, which outlines how to make websites more accessible.
As best practices continue to evolve, these efforts are ongoing. We will continue to monitor and make changes, as needed, to our website regarding accessibility. If you have any feedback, concerns, or questions about the accessibility of any particular web page on https://excelsignworks.com, please contact us here. If you do have any issues regarding an accessibility issue, we would love to know about it. Please email us and include the web page URL and we will make all reasonable efforts to address your concerns.


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I am not new to coding. I have been coding (seriously) for over 15 years now. I have always had some testing for my code. However, over the last few months I have been learning test driven design/development (TDD) using Ruby on Rails. So far, I'm not seeing the benefit.
I see some benefit to writing tests for some things, but very few. And while I like the idea of writing the test first, I find I spend substantially more time trying to debug my tests to get them to say what I really mean than I do debugging actual code. This is probably because the test code is often substantially more complicated than the code it tests. I hope this is just inexperience with the available tools (RSpec in this case).
I must say though, at this point, the level of frustration mixed with the disappointing lack of performance is beyond unacceptable. So far, the only value I'm seeing from TDD is a growing library of RSpec files that serve as templates for other projects/files. Which is not much more useful, maybe less useful, than the actual project code files.
In reading the available literature, I notice that TDD seems to be a massive time sink up front, but pays off in the end. I'm just wondering, are there any real world examples? Does this massive frustration ever pay off in the real world?
I really hope I did not miss this question somewhere else on here. I searched, but all the questions/answers are several years old at this point. It was a rare occasion when I found a developer who would say anything bad about TDD, which is why I have spent as much time on this as I have. However, I noticed that nobody seems to point to specific real-world examples. I did read one answer that said the guy debugging the code in 2011 would thank you for have a complete unit testing suite (I think that comment was made in 2008).
So, I'm just wondering, after all these years, do we finally have any examples showing the payoff is real? Has anybody actually inherited or gone back to code that was designed/developed with TDD and has a complete set of unit tests and actually felt a payoff? Or did you find that you were spending so much time trying to figure out what the test was testing (and why it was important) that you just tossed out the whole mess and dug into the code?


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What should we look for in a gaming mouse that would also be used for other stuff?
Obviously any gaming mouse will work fine for anything else, but, for instance, I wish to have 2 axis wheel for horizontal scrolling (use it a lot on internet browsing and image manipulation and yes, I'm on a mac). So, which other feature a gaming mice usually lacks that we should look for?
Here are few more instances of features I could think of:
Are there particular advantages to laser, optical or infrared tracking options? I've read somewhere laser mice are bad options for irregular surfaces.
Does DPI matter? Is this a feature I should consider? If so, are there any relevant thresholds?
What ergonomic features matter? Handedness, shape?
Obviously the best choice is wired mouse, but just wondering about technical aspects: battery and responsiveness wise should I look for bluetooth or other wireless technology?
As for wheels, is there any kind of 2 axis wheel that will not be bad for gaming?


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kim likes the socks i gave her. these are the first pair she's had for herself. something tells me she might end up on my sock list.
i landed yesterday around lunchtime and snuck up on kim at the airport
you remember her, right? i just love kim, and it's so good to be here with her family. they have the coolest house and yard, that they have been building over the last number of years. we are eating citrus fruit and juices right off the trees out back
i feel so spoiled, and david is so jealous (he's home right now, planting our front hill with ground cover to try to stem the erosion we're seeing there. sounds like WAY more fun than hiking near the ocean all afternoon).
and of course there are pets
this is pal and chica (guess which one is which . . .just guess. i'll give you a hint: chica was rescued at a taco stand in mexico). there are more (and more odd) pets but i haven't gotten their photos yet.
not to change the subject too abruptly or anything, but this is a knitting blog and i though you might like to hear a little about that too. last night while we watched pheonix get spanked by san antonio, kim and i worked on our knitting.
i was pretty exhausted and disoriented from the flight, so i cast on for my new scarf in woolen rabbit whisper lace yarn, and settled in with the easy-to-learn pattern.
on the plane i finished up the first spectator sock,
while my seat mate simmered about having to sit next to me with my "weapons" (he was a little disgruntled that i got to have weapons, but he had to leave his liquids behind. sigh)
since he was so nice and friendly, i couldn't help but tease him by proceeding to knit for the whole 5.5-hour flight. i put a bunch of work onto the star shawl too.
ok, we are heading out to cole's volleyball game, so i'll be back later with more. i got some awesome pictures today at the ocean.


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The Auchinleck Manuscript (NLS Adv MS 19.2.1) is one of the National Library of Scotland's greatest treasures. Produced in London in the 1330s, it provides a unique insight into the English language and literature that Chaucer and his generation grew up with and were influenced by. It acquired its name from its first known owner, Lord Auchinleck, who discovered the manuscript in 1740 and donated it to the precursor of the National Library in 1744. Among the features offered by this site are:
This edition was co-edited by Professor David Burnley and Dr Alison Wiggins |


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