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The Gunsmith's Shop
Text by Ed Crews
Photos by Dave Doody
A customer, in the person of interpreter Ron Carnegie, considers a purchase from the Colonial Williamsburg shop of journeyman gunsmith George Suiter.
Gunsmith George Suiter leans over his workbench, engrossed in intricate metal work. Bright sunlight pours in a large window, and he sees clearly the parts he is fitting together. He has more than thirty years of gun-making experience, but this is unexplored territory. Suiter is reproducing an eighteenth-century swivel gun.
Used by wealthy Europeans, swivel guns had two barrels, set one atop the other. One barrel has a smooth interior and fires pellets for hunting birds and other small game. The second barrel is rifled, which means it has spiraled grooves cut into its interior. The grooves make the bullet spin as it heads toward a target, which increases range, stability, and accuracy. This barrel is for big game.
The swivel gun's design allowed a 1700s hunter to rotate barrels to choose the best ammunition for his target. To make that choice, a marksman flipped a metal tab to unlock the barrels. He turned the appropriate barrel to the top, locked it in place with another flip of the tab, and fired.
"This is the first time we've made a swivel gun," said Suiter, the Colonial Williamsburg gun shop's senior journeyman and supervisor. "I learned a lot in the process. Probably, the most important thing I've learned is that precision work is possible with hand-tool technology. For example, using equipment we have here, I've been able to ream the barrels so their interior diameters differ by only 0.0005 of an inch."
The swivel-gun mechanism.
Projects like the swivel gun always are under way in the small Historic Area shop between the Capitol and Francis Street. Another gunsmith is reproducing a long-rifle used by frontier hunters and Indian fighters. A third is making an elegant copy of a boy's fowling piece, a hunting weapon scaled-down so that a ten-year old could use it easily and comfortably. Rich in detail and silver highlights, it was something only a wealthy plantation owner's son could have had.
These craftsmen, and their predecessors, have tackled hundreds of similar projects since Colonial Williamsburg's gunsmithing program began in 1963. It combines their production talents with a mission to educate visitors. Wallace Gusler, master of the gun shop, has been essential from the start. He arrived in 1962 to get the operation going. He was twenty then. A self-taught gunsmith from Southwest Virginia, he had built his first muzzleloader, a pistol, six years before without instruction.
"I grew up hunting and fishing," Gusler said. "I also was interested in Indian artifacts and the history of the Virginia frontier during the French and Indian War. My father had a percussion, muzzle-loading rifle made about 1830. One day, I started cleaning it and got intrigued with how it worked. This led me to make my first pistol. I tried to copy one I had seen in Antiques Magazine. I made the firing mechanism, figuring out how to build it by disassembling my father's rifle. I made parts and salvaged some springs from a Model T. The pistol worked, and I even used it for squirrel hunting."
Gusler's interest became a passion. To learn more, he talked with local gunsmiths, read, and began repairing antique weapons. He connected with a growing network of firearms enthusiasts interested in shooting and collecting old American weapons. Impressed, Gusler's high school principal and shop teacher allowed him to build a reproduction of a nineteenth-century rifle in shop class. "At that point in my life, gunsmithing became an obsession," he said.
Through friends interested in antique guns, Gusler learned of Colonial Williamsburg's hope to open a shop and its need for a gunsmith. He applied on the strength of his knowledge and his talents as demonstrated by the high-school rifle. "The gun I made in high school was the one that got me the job in Colonial Williamsburg."
From the outset, Colonial Williamsburg's gunsmithing program has been dedicated to preserving the craft and expanding the knowledge of it. Master Blacksmith John Allgood and Gusler worked together, accumulating tools, information, and skills during the 1960s. In 1965, Gusler made Colonial Williamsburg's first hand-forged barrel. It was a difficult, time-consuming operation. He soon understood the words of an old gunsmith who had told him that the process required "a big fire and three crazy men."
Journeyman gunsmith Richar Frazier words on a lock at a bench vise.
The shop also made a boring machine and a rifling machine to groove the barrels. That year, Gusler used them to construct his first rifle fabricated entirely of hand-made parts. It established the shop and launched its program.
Two gunsmiths have become a staff of six: Gusler and Suiter; Richard Frazier, journeyman; Clay Smith, journeyman; Jeff Geyer, apprentice; and Byron Smith, interpreter. Everybody is familiar with eighteenth-century firearms technology.
Overwhelmingly, civilian and military weapons of the period in Europe and America were flintlocks. The name refers to the ignition system, which relied on a piece of flint set in a movable cock. The cock fell when the trigger was pulled. The flint struck a piece of steel, creating sparks. The sparks fell into a gunpowder charge in an external pan. The powder ignited the main charge in the barrel by passing through a small hole in the barrel.
In 1700s Virginia, the flintlock system was used on all military muskets, which were smoothbores, and on civilian arms, which included fowling pieces, trade guns, and rifles.
The fowling piece probably was the most popular civilian arm of the day. Men liked them for their versatility. Hunters could load them with small lead balls for birds and other small game. They also could use a single large ball or several smaller ones-buckshot-for large game like deer. The long fowler was a variation of the fowling piece. It was heavy and big, and designed to kill as many waterfowl in a shot as possible.
The trade gun was a smoothbore. It was a simple, inexpensive piece made in Europe for use in America.
The rifle was, in comparison to fowling pieces and smoothbores, highly accurate at long distances, and well suited to the frontier.
"To be an accomplished gun maker can require knowledge about working with a variety of materials: iron, steel, brass, silver, and wood," Gusler said. "You need to know a little bit about the skills required by a carver, engraver, machinist, blacksmith, silversmith, and tool maker, although you don't need mastery in all. The mix is intriguing and demanding."
The mix reflects the complexity of firearms. Consider the three major components of all guns in this period:
Firelock, or lock. This was the firing mechanism. It included a trigger, an external powder pan, a hammer, springs, and other small internal parts. Making the lock required mechanical skill and steady hands. Each part, every screw, was handmade and required forging, filing, and fitting.
Stock. This was the wooden part of the weapon. It held the barrel and firing mechanism, and allowed a shooter to grip and to steady the weapon. Stock makers of the 1700s used well-seasoned hardwoods like curly maple. The stock could be plain or ornately carved. The firelock and the barrel had to be carefully fitted into the stock. Stock making required woodworking skills of a high order.
Barrel. The barrel was the long tube through which the bullet passed. Barrel makers began work with a flat wrought-iron bar. This was forged into a tube by heating, hammering, and fusing with flux. The tube was bored with a reamer for a uniform interior. The barrel was tested, or proofed. That involved firing the barrel with four times the normal amount of gunpowder. This was done at stationary stand, and barrel testers used a fuse to clear the area. If the barrel could withstand this without exploding, it was ready to use.
Colonial Williamsburg gunsmiths can perform all the work required, but most eighteenth-century guns were not made by a single man producing all the components for a single weapon. Most guns in North America came from Europe where they were assembled from parts built by subcontractors who spent their lifetimes making one or two parts, such as barrels or triggers. This approach allowed European gun makers to keep production steady and costs low through economies of scale and the division of labor. This manufacturing system, particularly in Great Britain, reflected the evolution from a rural to an urban society. It also was the beginning of interchangeable parts and assembly line production which characterized the Industrial Revolution.
A barrel takes shape on an anvil beside the forge under the hammer of journeyman gunsmith Clay Smith with Suiter's help.
"There was an agricultural revolution in England during the 1700s. The market for wool was strong. So, sheep production grew. It was more economical to move people off farmland and use it for sheep," Suiter said. "These displaced people went to cities, where they formed a pool of cheap labor. There, they also picked up work skills and could specialize in specific tasks for various producers. This trend had an impact on gun making, which needed many components. In London, during the 1740s, twenty-one trades were involved in gun production."
Many subcontractor gun parts were produced in cottage industry settings. One part of a home, for example, might be used exclusively for making springs used in firing mechanisms. In the end, all parts were sent to a central facility where complete weapons were assembled. Small parts makers tended to live close to gun assembly shops, creating vibrant and economically close-knit communities.
American gun makers could not compete with the efficiency or scale of this system. Colonial gunsmiths typically did repairs rather than production. They often took on non-gun related tasks, applying their blacksmithing and mechanical skills to whatever job came along. In peacetime, this seemed to be the case in eighteenth-century Williamsburg. The Geddy family was perhaps the best-known of all the city's gunsmiths then. Among the other gunsmiths were William Willis and John Brush.
Colonial gunmakers, however, could and did control one niche in the North American market. That was rifle making. "The long rifle was the only gun made in numbers in America in the 1700s," Gusler said. "During its time, it was the highest expression of the gun maker's art in this country."
The long rifle apparently evolved from German hunting rifles; the gunsmiths who created this New World weapon initially shared a German heritage. The American long rifle grew from these roots to meet frontier needs and conditions. The conventional wisdom has been that these rifles were made exclusively in Kentucky and Pennsylvania. Gusler's research, conducted over his lifetime, shows, however, that long rifles were also made in Virginia, especially around Shepherdstown, Winchester, Augusta County, and the central Shenandoah Valley.
The long rifle was the weapon for the frontier. Its long range allowed hunters to take large game, such as deer and elk, at a distance. A marksman could hit targets at two hundred yards. Powder and shot were short on the frontier, and long rifles let hunters get food with one round, reducing the ammunition they needed to buy and to carry.
Because of the long rifle's handsome appearance and its reputation as an especially American tool, modern day Williamsburg gunsmiths regularly make them for enthusiasts. The waiting list is long, about four years, and the price for a weapon is high, averaging $20,000.
Apprentice gunsmith Jeff Geyer uses a candle to supplement sunlight from the windows to work on a flintlock's stock.
Not only are gun making and gun history important to today's Colonial Williamsburg smiths, so is helping visitors understand the role of the gun in early American history.
Many Americans have never held or fired a pistol or a rifle and lack knowledge of their functioning and capabilities. In the 1960s, when Gusler started, and into the 1970s, this wasn't the case. Many visitors had grown up on farms and used guns for hunting and recreation. In addition, veterans of World War II, the Korean Conflict, and Vietnam had learned to use rifles in basic training. But shifts from rural areas to urban areas, and a decline in the veteran population and military service has changed this. Moreover, concerns about guns and crime have inspired emotions about weapons ranging from fear to anger-all of which gun shop personnel have seen firsthand.
When Suiter came to Colonial Williamsburg about twenty-five years ago, many gun shop visitors questions dealt with technical issues about gun performance and production. Fewer of these questions are asked today. Instead, people want to understand the social history of the gun in America and the evolution of the Second Amendment.
Gun shop staff say that tackling these issues and bridging the knowledge gap is made easier by interpretative themes in the restored area. This year's theme-"Taking Possession"-is a perfect vehicle.
Focusing on "Taking Possession," which addresses exploration, expansion, and settlement of colonial America, Suiter likes to explain how important a role the gun played in frontier life. What was then the West teemed with big game. Firearms allowed settlers to take it with comparative ease, ensuring their survival as well as that of their family, and their community.
Guns also had an impact on the colonial economies. At certain points in the 1700s, deer-hide shipments to Europe were a large and crucial part of Virginia's commerce.
Finally, Suiter said, guns, particularly rifles, helped settlers defend themselves. Armed frontiersmen could fight and overpower Native Americans using superior weapons technology.
Gusler and Suiter believe that talking about the role of guns in colonial America will help people to understand perceptions of them today. Perhaps as important is the shop's preservation of the gunsmith's art, rapidly vanishing in the industrialized age.
"We want to preserve the trade so we can pass it on," Suiter said. "Preservation, for us, means practice. We look on each gun we make as a research project. All of them give us a chance to learn and to expand our skills."
Richmond writer Ed Crews contributed to the summer journal "A Bad Girl Goes Good in Early Virginia," an article about eighteenth-century novelist Daniel Defoe's Moll Flanders.
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Local Web agency produces new design, architecture, and brand
Salt Lake City, UT – MWI, a brand management and Web development firm today announced the launch of a new Web design the firm provided for Advance Fiber Optics, a Salt Lake City based network management company.
The new design capitalizes on AFO's background as a leading technological provider by using professional Web site design and subtle Flash animation to produce a cutting-edge look and feel. A large part of the project focused on presenting large amounts of technical information within a site architecture that was intuitive and easy to use. MWI also produce a new brand identity for AFO during the process.
"The new identity wasn't part of the original bid," said chief executive officer Joshua Steimle. "But upon doing some research we found out that almost everyone who knows Advance Fiber Optics refers to them as AFO. Based on that and other information, we made some suggestions about introducing a new brand and did some spec work, and that led to the new identity you can see on the Web site today."
Advance Fiber Optics provides fiber optic and network management solutions to companies around the world. OSPInsight, Advance Fiber's core software product, allows companies to view any network as a whole, and allows companies to determine where networks can be improved, or where a breakdown has occurred. Companies like AT&T and Time Warner Telecom use OSPInsight to manage their networks. The new website can be found at www.ospinsight.com.
About AFO
Founded in 1993, Advance Fiber Optics has five offices in the western United States, and distributes their products and services to companies worldwide. Advance Fiber Optics created OSPInsight, a software product that allows companies to optimize their networks. They also provide data services and field services to telecommunications companies. Clients include AT&T, Time Warner Telecom, Comcast, MCI, Southern Company, and the Departments of Transportation for Utah, Florida and Texas.

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The Kebra Nagast, by E.A.W. Budge, [1922], at sacred-texts.com
And Solomon answered and said unto her, "I swear unto thee that I will not take thee by force, but thou must swear unto me that thou wilt not take by force
anything that is in my house." And the Queen laughed and said unto him, "Being a wise man why dost thou speak as a fool? Shall I steal anything, or shall I carry out of the house of the King that which the King hath not given to me? Do not imagine that I have come hither through love of riches. Moreover, my own kingdom is as wealthy as thine, and there is nothing which I wish for that I lack. Assuredly I have only come in quest of thy wisdom." And he said unto her, "If thou wouldst make me swear, swear thou to me, for a swearing is meet for both [of us], so that neither of us may be unjustly treated. And if thou wilt not make me swear I will not make thee swear." And she said unto him, "Swear to me that thou wilt not take me by force, and I on my part will swear not to take by force thy possessions"; and he swore to her and made her swear.
And the King went up on his bed on the one side [of the chamber], and the servants made ready for her a bed on the other side. And Solomon said unto a young manservant, "Wash out the bowl and set in it a vessel of water whilst the Queen is looking on, and shut the doors and go and sleep." And Solomon spake to the servant in another tongue which the Queen did not understand, and he did as the King commanded, and went and slept. And the King had not as yet fallen asleep, but he only pretended to be asleep, and he was watching the Queen intently. Now the house of Solomon the King was illumined as by day, for in his wisdom he had made shining pearls which were like unto the sun, and moon, and stars [and had set them] in the roof of his house.
And the Queen slept a little. And when she woke up her mouth was dry with thirst, for the food which Solomon had given her in his wisdom had made her thirsty, and she was very thirsty indeed, and her mouth was dry; and she moved her lips and sucked with her mouth and found no moisture. And she determined to drink the water which she had seen, and she looked
at King Solomon and watched him carefully, and she thought that he was sleeping a sound sleep. But he was not asleep, and he was waiting until she should rise up to steal the water to [quench] her thirst. And she rose up and, making no sound with her feet, she went to the water in the bowl and lifted up the jar to drink the water. And Solomon seized her hand before she could drink the water, and said unto her, "Why hast thou broken the oath that thou hast sworn that thou wouldst not take by force anything that is in my house?" And she answered and said unto him in fear, "Is the oath broken by my drinking water?" And the King said unto her, "Is there anything that thou hast seen under the heavens that is better than water?" And the Queen said, "I have sinned against myself, and thou art free from [thy] oath. But let me drink water for my thirst." Then Solomon said unto her, "Am I perchance free from the oath which thou hast made me swear?" And the Queen said, "Be free from thy oath, only let me drink water." And he permitted her to drink water, and after she had drunk water he worked his will with her and they slept together.
And after he slept there appeared unto King Solomon [in a dream] a brilliant sun, and it came down from heaven and shed exceedingly great splendour over Israel. And when it had tarried there for a time it suddenly withdrew itself, and it flew away to the country of Ethiopia, and it shone there with exceedingly great brightness for ever, for it willed to dwell there. And [the King said], "I waited [to see] if it would come back to Israel, but it did not return. And again while I waited a light rose up in the heavens, and a Sun came down from them in the country of Judah, and it sent forth light which was very much stronger than before." And 1 Israel, because of the
flame of that Sun entreated that Sun evilly and would not walk in the light thereof. And that Sun paid no heed to Israel, and the Israelites hated Him, and it became impossible that peace should exist between them and the Sun. And they lifted up their hands against Him with staves and knives, and they wished to extinguish that Sun. And they cast darkness upon the whole world with earthquake and thick darkness, and they imagined that that Sun would never more rise upon them. And they destroyed His light and cast themselves upon Him and they set a guard over His tomb wherein they had cast Him.. And He came forth where they did not look for Him, and illumined the whole world, more especially the First Sea and the Last Sea, Ethiopia and Rôm. And He paid no heed whatsoever to Israel, and He ascended His former throne.
And when Solomon the King saw this vision in his sleep, his soul became disturbed, and his understanding was snatched away as by [a flash of] lightning, and he woke up with an agitated mind. And moreover, Solomon marvelled concerning the Queen, for she was vigorous in strength, and beautiful of form, and she was undefiled in her virginity; and she had reigned for six years in her own country, and, notwithstanding her gracious attraction and her splendid form, had preserved her body pure. And the Queen said unto Solomon, "Dismiss me, and let me depart to my own country." And he went into his house and gave unto her whatsoever she wished for of splendid things and riches, and beautiful apparel which bewitched the eyes, and everything on which great store was set in the country of Ethiopia, and camels and wagons, six thousand in number, which were laden with beautiful things of the most desirable kind, and wagons wherein loads were carried over the desert, and a vessel wherein one could travel over the sea, and a vessel wherein one
could traverse the air (or winds), which Solomon had made by the wisdom that God had given unto him.
35:1 The remainder of this paragraph is a comment by the author of this work.


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Babylonian Talmud: Tractate BerakothIf one draws out his prayer and expects therefore its fulfilment, he will in the end suffer vexation of heart, as it says, Hope deferred maketh the heart sick;1 and R. Isaac also said: Three things cause a man's sins to be remembered [on high], namely, [passing under] a shaky wall,2 expectation of [the fulfilment of] prayer, and calling on heaven to punish his neighbour?3 — There is no contradiction; one statement speaks of a man who expects the fulfilment of his prayer, the other of one who does not count upon it. What then does he do? — He simply utters many supplications. 'He who draws out his meal', because perhaps a poor man will come and he will give him something, as it is written, The altar of wood three cubits high … and he said to me, This is the table that is before the Lord4 [Now the verse] opens with 'altar' and finishes with 'table'? R. Johanan and R. Eleazar both explain that as long as the Temple stood, the altar atoned for Israel, but now a man's table atones for him. 'To draw out one's stay in a privy', is this a good thing? Has it not been taught: Ten things bring on piles; eating the leaves of reeds, and the leaves of vines, and the sprouts of vines, and the rough parts of the flesh of an animal,5 and the backbone of a fish, and salted fish not sufficiently cooked, and drinking wine lees, and wiping oneself with lime, potters' clay or pebbles which have been used by another. Some add, to strain oneself unduly in a privy! — There is no contradiction: one statement refers to one who stays long and strains himself, the other to one who stays long without straining himself. This may be illustrated by what a certain matron said to R. Judah b. R. Ila'i: Your face is [red] like that of pig-breeders and usurers,6 to which he replied: On my faith, both [occupations] are forbidden me, but there are twenty-four privies between my lodging and the Beth ha-Midrash, and when I go there I test myself in all of them.7 Rab Judah also said:8 Three things shorten a man's days and years: To be given a scroll of the Law to read from and to refuse, to be given a cup of benediction to say grace over and to refuse, and to assume airs of authority. 'To be given a scroll of the Law to read from and to refuse', as it is written: For that is thy life and the length of thy days.9 'To be given a cup of benediction to say grace over and to refuse', as it is written: I will bless them that bless thee.10 'To assume airs of authority', as R. Hama b. Hanina said: Why did Joseph die before his brethren?11 Because he assumed airs of authority. Rab Judah also said in the name of Rab: There are three things for which one should supplicate: a good king, a good year, and a good dream.12 'A good king', as it is written: A king's heart is in the hands of the Lord as the water-courses.13 'A good year', as it is written: The eyes of the Lord thy God are always upon it, from the beginning of the year even unto the end of the year.14 'A good dream', as it is written; Wherefore cause Thou me to dream15 and make me to live.16 R. Johanan said: There are three things which the Holy One, blessed be He, Himself proclaims, namely, famine, plenty, and a good leader. 'Famine', as it is written: The Lord hath called for a famine.17 'Plenty', as it is written: I will call for the corn and will increase it.18 'A good leader', as it is written: And the Lord spoke unto Moses, saying, See I have called by name Bezalel, the son of Uri.19 R. Isaac said: We must not appoint a leader over a Community without first consulting it, as it says: See, the Lord hath called by name Bezalel, the son of Uri.20 The Holy One, blessed be He, said to Moses: Do you consider Bezalel suitable? He replied: Sovereign of the Universe, if Thou thinkest him suitable, surely I must also! Said [God] to him: All the same, go and consult them. He went and asked Israel: Do you consider Bezalel suitable? They replied: If the Holy One, blessed be He, and you consider him suitable, surely we must! R. Samuel b. Nahmani said in the name of R. Johanan: Bezalel was so called on account of his wisdom. At the time when the Holy One, blessed be He, said to Moses; Go and tell Bezalel to make me a tabernacle, an ark and vessels,21 Moses went and reversed the order, saying, Make an ark and vessels and a tabernacle. Bezalel said to him: Moses, our Teacher, as a rule a man first builds a house and then brings vessels into it; but you say, Make me an ark and vessels and a tabernacle. Where shall I put the vessels that I am to make? Can it be that the Holy One, blessed be He, said to you, Make a tabernacle, an ark and vessels? Moses replied: Perhaps you were in the shadow of God22 and knew! |
Rab Judah said in the name of Rab: Bezalel knew how to combine the letters by which the heavens and earth were created.23 It is written here, And He hath filled him with the spirit of God, in wisdom and in understanding, and in knowledge,24 and it is written elsewhere, The Lord by wisdom founded the earth; by understanding He established the heavens,25 and it is also written, By His knowledge the depths were broken up.26
R. Johanan said: The Holy One, blessed be He, gives wisdom only to one who already has wisdom, as it says, He giveth wisdom unto the wise, and knowledge to them that know understanding.27 R. Tahlifa from the West28 heard and repeated it before R. Abbahu. He said to him: You learn it from there, but we learn it from this text, namely, In the hearts of all that are wise-hearted I have put wisdom.29 R. Hisda said: Any dream rather than one of a fast.30 R. Hisda also said: A dream which is not interpreted is like a letter which is not read.31 R. Hisda also said: Neither a good dream nor a bad dream is ever wholly fulfilled. R. Hisda also said: A bad dream is better than a good dream.32 R. Hisda also said: The sadness caused by a bad dream is sufficient for it and the joy which a good dream gives is sufficient for it.33 R. Joseph said: Even for me34 the joy caused by a good dream nullifies it. R. Hisda also said: A bad dream is worse than scourging, since it says, God hath so made it that men should fear before Him,35 and Rabbah b. Bar Hanah said in the name of R. Johanan: This refers to a bad dream. A prophet that hath a dream let him tell a dream: and he that hath My word let him speak My word faithfully. What hath the straw to do with the wheat, saith the Lord.36 What is the connection of straw and wheat with a dream? The truth is, said R. Johanan in the name of R. Simeon b. Yohai, that just as wheat cannot be without straw, so there cannot be a dream without some nonsense. R. Berekiah said: While a part of a dream may be fulfilled, the whole of it is never fulfilled. Whence do we know this? From Joseph, as it is written, And behold the sun and the moon [and eleven stars bowed down to me,]37 and
Berakoth 55bat that time his mother was not living. R. Levi said: A man should await the fulfilment of a good dream for as much as twenty-two years. Whence do we know this? From Joseph. For it is written: These are the generations of Jacob. Joseph being seventeen years old, etc.;1 and it is further written, And Joseph was thirty years old when he stood before Pharaoh.2 How many years is it from seventeen to thirty? Thirteen. Add the seven years of plenty and two of famine,3 and you have twenty-two. R. Huna said: A good man is not shown a good dream, and a bad man is not shown a bad dream.4 It has been taught similarly; David, during the whole of his lifetime, never saw a good dream and Ahitophel, during the whole of his lifetime, never saw a bad dream. But it is written, There shall no evil befall thee,5 and R. Hisda said, in the name of R. Jeremiah: this means that you will not be disturbed either by bad dreams or by evil thoughts, neither shall any plague come nigh thy tent5 … i.e., thou shalt not find thy wife doubtfully menstruous when thou returnest from a journey? — Though he does not see an evil dream, others see one about him. But if he does not see one, is this considered an advantage? Has not R. Ze'ira said: If a man goes seven days without a dream he is called evil, since it says, He shall abide satisfied, he shall not be visited by evil?6 — Read not sabe'a [satisfied] but [seven] sheba'.7 What he means is this: He sees, but he does not remember what he has seen. R. Huna b. Ammi said in the name of R. Pedath who had it from R. Johanan: If one has a dream which makes him sad he should go and have it interpreted in the presence of three. He should have it interpreted! Has not R. Hisda said: A dream which is not interpreted is like a letter which is not read?8 — Say rather then, he should have a good turn given to it in the presence of three. Let him bring three and say to them: I have seen a good dream; and they should say to him, Good it is and good may it be. May the All-Merciful turn it to good; seven times may it be decreed from heaven that it should be good and may it be good. They should say three verses with the word hapak [turn], and three with the word padah [redeem] and three with the word shalom [peace]. Three with the word 'turn', namely (i) Thou didst turn for me my mourning into dancing, Thou didst loose my sackcloth and gird me with gladness;9 (ii) Then shall the virgin rejoice in the dance, and the young men and the old together; for I will turn their mourning into joy and will comfort them and make them rejoice from their sorrow;10 (iii) Nevertheless the Lord thy God would not hearken unto Balaam; but the Lord thy God turned the curse into a blessing unto thee.11 Three verses with the word 'redeem', namely, (i) He hath redeemed my soul in peace, so that none came nigh me;12 (ii) And the redeemed of the Lord shall return and come with singing unto Zion … and sorrow and sighing shall flee away;13 (iii) And the people said unto Saul, Shall Jonathan die who hath wrought this great salvation in Israel? … So the people redeemed Jonathan that he died not.14 Three verses with the word 'peace', namely, (i) Peace, peace, to him that is far off and to him that is near, saith the Lord that createth the fruit of the lips; and I will heal him;15 (ii) Then the spirit clothed Amasai who was chief of the captains: Thine are we, David, and on thy side, thou son of Jesse: Peace, peace, be unto thee and peace be to thy helpers, for thy God helpeth thee;16 (iii) Thus ye shall say: All hail! and peace be both unto thee, and peace be to thy house, and peace be unto all that thou hast.17 Amemar, Mar Zutra and R. Ashi were once sitting together. They said: Let each of us say something which the others have not heard. One of them began: If one has seen a dream and does not remember what he saw, let him stand before the priests at the time when they spread out their hands,18 and say as follows: 'Sovereign of the Universe, I am Thine and my dreams are Thine. I have dreamt a dream and I do not know what it is. Whether I have dreamt about myself or my companions have dreamt about me, or I have dreamt about others, if they are good dreams, confirm them and reinforce them19 like the dreams of Joseph, and if they require a remedy, heal them, as the waters of Marah were healed by Moses, our teacher, and as Miriam was healed of her leprosy and Hezekiah of his sickness, and the waters of Jericho by Elisha. As thou didst turn the curse of the wicked Balaam into a blessing, so turn all my dreams into something good for me'.20 He should conclude his prayer along with the priests, so that the congregation may answer, Amen! If he cannot manage this,21 he should say: Thou who art majestic on high, who abidest in might, Thou art peace and Thy name is peace. May it be Thy will to bestow peace on us. The second commenced and said: If a man on going into a town is afraid of the Evil Eye,22 let him take the thumb of his right hand in his left hand and the thumb of his left hand in his right hand, and say: I, so-and-so, am of the seed of Joseph over which the evil eye has no power, as it says: Joseph is a fruitful vine, a fruitful vine by a fountain.23 Do not read 'ale 'ayin [by a fountain] but 'ole 'ayin [overcoming the evil eye]. R. Jose b. R. Hanina derived it from here: And let them grow into a multitude [weyidgu] in the midst of the earth;24 just as the fishes [dagim] in the sea are covered by the waters and the evil eye has no power over them so the evil eye has no power over the seed of Joseph.25 If he is afraid of his own evil eye, he should look at the side of his left nostril. The third commenced and said: If a man falls ill, the first day he should not tell anyone, so that he should not have bad luck; but after that he may tell. So when Raba fell ill, on the first day he did not tell anyone, but after that he said to his attendant: Go and announce that Raba is ill. Whoever loves him, let him pray for him, and whoever hates him, let him rejoice over him; for it is written: Rejoice not when thine enemy falleth, and let not thy heart be glad when he stumbleth, lest the Lord see it and it displease Him and He turn away His wrath from him.26 When Samuel had a bad dream, he used to say, The dreams speak falsely.27 When he had a good dream, he used to say, Do the dreams speak falsely, seeing that it is written, I [God] do speak with him in a dream?28 Raba pointed out a contradiction. It is written, 'I do speak with him in a dream', and it is written, 'the dreams speak falsely'. — There is no contradiction; in the one case it is through an angel, in the other through a demon. R. Bizna b. Zabda said in the name of R. Akiba who had it from R. Panda who had it from R. Nahum, who had it from R. Biryam reporting a certain elder — and who was this? R. Bana'ah: There were twenty-four interpreters of dreams in Jerusalem. Once I dreamt a dream and I went round to all of them and they all gave different interpretations, and all were fulfilled, thus confirming that which is said: All dreams follow the mouth.29 Is the statement that all dreams follow the mouth Scriptural?30 Yes, as stated by R. Eleazar. For R. Eleazar said: Whence do we know that all dreams follow the mouth? Because it says, and it came to pass, as he interpreted to us, so it was.31 Raba said: This is only if the interpretation corresponds to the content of the dream: for it says, to each man according to his dream he did interpret.32 When the chief baker saw that the interpretation was good.33 How did he know this? R. Eleazar says: This tells us that each of them was shown his own dream and the interpretation of the other one's dream.34 R. Johanan said: If one rises early and a Scriptural verse comes to his mouth,35 this is a kind of minor prophecy. R. Johanan also said: Three kinds of dream are fulfilled: an early morning dream, a dream which a friend has about one, and a dream which is interpreted in the midst of a dream. Some add also, a dream which is repeated, as it says, and for that the dream was doubled unto Pharoah twice, etc.36 R. Samuel b. Nahmani said in the name of R. Jonathan: A man is shown in a dream only what is suggested by his own thoughts, as it says, As for thee, Oh King, thy thoughts came into thy mind upon thy bed.37 Or if you like, I can derive it from here: That thou mayest know the thoughts of the heart.38 Raba said: This is proved by the fact that a man is never shown in a dream a date palm of gold, or an elephant going through the eye of a needle.39 - To Next Folio -


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Daher-Socata brought the newest model of its popular TBM 850 turboprop to Sun 'n Fun last week. The 2013 Elite version features integrated electronic solid-state standby instruments by L-3 Avionics, the Trilogy ESI-2000, to replace the previous electro-mechanical instrument version. The unit has an internal battery and a 4-by-3-inch active matrix liquid crystal display. Interior enhancements include a new perforated seatback design that improves comfort on hot days, the company said. The company is also offering a special interior upgrade package, and an extended maintenance program good for five years or 1,000 hours.
Additional safety options in the 2013 Elite package are a GPS-linked emergency locator transmitter and a pulsed light system that alternately flashes the landing, taxi and recognition lights 45 times per minute to increase the aircraft's visibility. Socata also has extended its recommended maintenance intervals on new production aircraft from 100 hours to 200 hours or 12 months. To celebrate 150 years since the founding of Daher, the company is working on a film about the history of aviation in France that will debut later this summer at EAA AirVenture.


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"There are many windows through
which we can look out into the
world, searching for meaning ...
... Most of us, when we ponder on the
meaning of our existence,
peer through but one of these
windows onto the world.
And even that one is often misted over
by the breath of our finite humanity.
We clear a tiny peephole and stare through.
No wonder we are confused by the
tiny fraction of a whole that we see.
It is, after all, like trying to
comprehend the panorama of the
desert or the sea through
a rolled-up newspaper."
— Jane Goodall
Primatologist/Anthropologist (1924- )


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Insurance requirements for studying in China
Insurance information for China
Studying in China is a great experience. But you want to make sure that you won't run any risks. That's why you need insurance in case anything unforeseen happens. Applying for the right insurance can be tricky, because you need to comply with the law and regulations of China. Your university might also have additional insurance requirements. We can help you with the right insurance for your situation, so your insurance is accepted by universities and immigration authorities in China.
If you already have insurance, have a second look, as it might not be enough. You must follow the criteria set by your university, local laws and regulations, and immigration laws.
What is typically missing in local or other insurances:
- Additional medical costs
- Repatriation
- Liability
- Home contents and baggage
- Accidents
- Legal aid


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Fleece Neck Wrap (Wine)
per item
Plush Fleece is a wonderful fabric for winter. When heated, the wrap will provide a moist, deep penetrating heat that relieves achy, sore muscles and joints. Melts away stress while you relax with aromatherapy. Removable inserts are with flax seed mixed with lavender buds then infused with pure essential lavender oil.
All of our Day Spa products are made to heat in the microwave.
Soft Fleece fabric. Machine wash - warm. Tumble dry low.
Approximately 32 oz.


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PLEASE BE ADVISED Allegany State Park now has overnight coverage for your non-emergency maintenance needs. Located in the Red House Administration Building, the Night Desk is staffed every night from 4:00 PM – 8:00 AM the following day. If you have a specific maintenance need, would like to report an issue or concern, or simply have a general inquiry, the Night Desk can be reached at 716-379-6919, or you can stop in to speak with a staff member in the lobby of the Administration Building.
Allegany State Park-Primary Occupant
Please note, permits for all cabin, campsite, and cottage reservations are non-transferable. Only the Primary Occupant listed on the reservation will be permitted to check in.
NYS Route 280 Construction
NYS Route 280 between Interstate 86 and Allegany State Park is currently under construction, with sections of the road only one lane. Please be aware of the temporary traffic lights along this route and give yourself extra time when traveling into the Park.
The Red House Area is known for the historic tudor-style Administration Building with everything centrally located around Red House Lake. It offers 5 miles of paved bike paths, boat and bike rentals, a sandy beach for swimming, fishing and snowmobiling. Feel free to exercise by walking, cross-country skiing, snowshoeing, playing softball, tennis, horseshoes or even a game of volleyball. The Administration Building features a natural history museum, regional headquarters and a gift shop. Thunder Rocks is an impressive bedrock city that allows for the nature lover to see the hidden beauty that this park is known for. The Stone Tower structure shows vistas of the rolling hills of mature forests. The many beaver ponds are a good place to observe the diversity of wildlife located in the park.
Campers are offered anything from a weekend retreat to an extended vacation with a total of 125 campsites, 144 cabins, and two group camps for rent. The Pitt Cottage is Allegany's vacation rental. Reminiscent of a classic hunting lodge, the cottage offers the same amenities as the Fancher Cottages in the Quaker Area. Located on Allegany State Park Rte. 2, the cottage is adjacent to Congdon Trail and three miles from the Administration Building. Please note: Pitt Cottage is not accessible.
Make the most of your visit to Allegany State Park and the surrounding area. See what the Enchanted Mountains have to offer: Enchanted Mountains.
Pavilion Information
Allegany has three pavilions. Prices range from $82.25 to $107.25 a day and can accommodate a maximum of 50 people. Check availability at ReserveAmerica.com
Current Water Quality - Beach Results.
Pet Policy: A maximum of two pets are allowed in campsites and day use areas unless prohibited by sign or directive. Pets are to be supervised at all times and either crated or on a leash not more than 6-feet in length. Proof of rabies inoculation shall be produced if requested by staff. Pets are not permitted in playgrounds, buildings, golf courses, boardwalks, pools and spray-grounds or guarded beaches (this does not apply to service animals).
Most New York State Parks charge a vehicle use fee to enter the facility. Fees vary by location and season. A list of entry fees and other park use fees is available below. For fees not listed or to verify information, please contact the park directly.
The easy-to-use Empire Pass card is $80- and your key to all-season enjoyment with unlimited day-use entry at most facilities operated by State Parks and the State Dept. of Environmental Conservation including forests, beaches, trails and more. Purchase online or contact your favorite park for more information. Learn more about our Admission Programs including the Empire Pass.
New! Download this park's digital map to your iOS Apple and Android device.
Firewood source maps show a 50-mile radius from which untreated firewood may be moved to this campground. For more information see firewood restrictions.
Allegany State Park is Western New York's natural playground. 65,000 acres of mature forest, open fields, three lakes plus access to the Kinzua Reservoir and abundant wildlife make this one of the most beautiful areas to spend time outdoors. Hiking, fishing, camping, boating/kayaking, snowmobiling, X-country skiing and wildlife viewing makes this the premier, year-round place to experience nature up close.
The park is divided into two sections: Red House Area, the Regional Headquarters, can be accessed off I-86, exits 19 and 21 and Quaker Run accessed off I-86 at exit 18. Also an entrance in the south from Bradford, PA, can be accessed off Interstate Parkway.
Highlights of Allegany State Park:
What will you see? Plan your visit today!
Look and listen for these birds at our Park:
Everyone is a Steward: Be an Allegany State Park Hero!
Know the rules and concerns for the area you'll be visiting.
Use a map and compass instead of flagging, rock cairns, or marking paint.
Hike and camp on established, durable trails and campsites.
Leave all natural objects as you find them.
Be careful with your fire.
Respect wildlife and observe from a distance.
For more information, please read our Trail Tips!
Ask a Naturalist!
Q: Do bears live in the Bear Caves?
A: No, the caves are too cold and damp; bears prefer to den under downed trees or logs and beneath roots where it is dry and warm.
Q: Did the glaciers put the big rocks up at Thunder Rocks?
A: No, the rocks are a result of erosion exposing the bedrock and then weathering them down to what you see today. This area was not glaciated in the last ice age.
Q: Can I feed the bears and raccoons?
A: No, these are wild animals and they bite! If you encounter a bear, make a lot of noise and stay in a group if possible. Do not approach the animal but back away slowly. If the bear stands there and watches you, you are too close. If it huffs or paws the ground, you are way too close. It's best to attend one of the bear programs while at the park to learn how to safely coexist with bears. Remember to store all food and anything with a fragrance in secure containers. Bears can recognize coolers and shopping bags as a food source, so these need to be out of sight.
Did You Know?
- DID YOU KNOW? Synchronous fire flies were discovered in 2011 by Adele Wellman, the lead naturalist in the park. Prior to their 2010 discovery in the Allegheny National Forest in Pennsylvania, synchronous fire flies were only known to exist in the Great Smokey Mountains of North Carolina.
- DID YOU KNOW? Allegany State Park is home to 14 different species of salamanders.
- DID YOU KNOW? Allegany State Park is 100 square miles, so it never seems crowded.
- DID YOU KNOW? Allegany State Park has an extensive Environmental Education Program.
Key BCA Criteria:
-Migratory concentration site
-Diverse species concentration site
-Individual species concentration site
-Species at risk site
-Bird research site
The Allegany BCA is located within Allegany State Park, the largest park in the New York State Park system. Allegany BCA contains one of the largest tracts of interior forest within New York, and the entire BCA is over 95% forested. This extensive forest provides breeding and migratory stopover habitat for forest-interior species such as Swainson's Thrush, Blackburnian Warbler, and Scarlet Tanager. Of 75 Neotropical migratory songbird species that breed in New York, 64 have been observed within the park. The park supports a large breeding population of Osprey and one of the largest breeding concentrations of Cerulean Warblers found in New York, both of which are state species of special concern. The BCA also provides habitat for other state-listed species, including Bald Eagle (threatened), Northern Goshawk, Red-shouldered Hawk, Cooper's Hawk, and Sharp-shinned Hawk (all species of special concern). Finally, the park has supported many previous long-term research projects, and continues to support long-term bird banding projects.
Download a copy of the BCA map.


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Roads and utilities in need of big fix
ADDISON COUNTY / BRANDON — Officials responsible for maintaining the Vermont transportation and utility infrastructure faced a daunting task this week after flooding rivaling the historic deluge of 1927 overwhelmed dozens of local roads and bridges, closed portions of every state highway in Addison County for a time and knocked out electricity to more than 2,500 area power customers.
Towns in the eastern part of Addison County — those in the Green Mountains — were particularly hard hit by flooding from Tropical Storm Irene rains, though roads and power customers in the western part of the county were also affected.
"Anything that's in the Champlain Valley looks fairly decent," said Chris Cole, an officials with the Vermont Agency of Transportation (VTrans). "But those that are bordering the Green Mountains … have really felt the impact."
Accordingly, several highways on the eastern half of Addison County were closed during Sunday's storm. Two of the most critical local transportation links — Route 7 through Brandon and Route 100 through Hancock and Granville — were still impassable on Wednesday.
Other state highways were also closed, including Route 17 at Memorial Park on the border of Bristol and Starksboro was washed out, which restricted access to the Appalachian Gap. Parts of Route 125 between East Middlebury and Ripton were closed due to washouts. Route 73 between Goshen and Rochester was completely washed away.
In addition, portions of the county's other state highways were closed for a time on Monday, though they were opened later in the day. These included a portion of Route 7 south of East Middlebury, Route 73 between Routes 30 and 7, Route 74 at its intersection with Route 73, Route 22A between Routes 73 and 74, and Route 116 near the intersection with Carlstrom Road in Bristol.
In addition, the following roads were still closed on Monday morning, though most opened by Wednesday:
• Lincoln Road in Bristol was closed between Bartlett Falls and Circle Current because the road was washed out.
"It's totally gone," said Bristol town administrator Bill Bryant. "About 150-250 feet were completely washed out."
• New Haven's Nash Bridge was still blockaded on Monday with "Road Closed" signs after town officials said high waters poured over the bridge on Sunday. Waters receded later that day.
• Bristol's Carlstrom Road.
• Bristol's Lower Notch Road and Upper Notch Road were blocked by downed power lines.
• The bridge on Hall Road in Lincoln that connects to Robinson Road was under construction after part of it was washed away. The bridge was partially restored and deemed "passable" by local officials on Monday afternoon.
• South Lincoln Road was washed out near the town garage.
"One lane is completely gone," said Lincoln Selectboard Chair Barb Rainville on Monday. "We're hoping to get it filled in enough to open it up to one-lane traffic by the end of the day. That was our largest damage area and about 50 feet or so were washed out to the center line."
• Lincoln's French Settlement Road was washed away.
• Starksboro's Jerusalem Road was also washed out.
"We had water over the bridges and water coming down the middle of the road," said Starksboro Town Clerk Cheryl Estey. "It washed away part of the road."
• Leicester's Jerusalem Road was closed Wednesday as rising waters from the Otter Creek rushed over it.
The status of repairs to Route 100 and local roads in Hancock and Granville was still up in the air Wednesday, as residents were counting themselves lucky to get food and water relief airlifted in by the National Guard.
Another key transportation link in the area was Bridge 114 in Brandon, the Route 7 span over the Neshobe River.
It looks as though the bridge could have traffic moving through Brandon by the end of the week.
According to a statement released by Brandon selectboard Chair Richard Baker, bridge inspectors arrived on Tuesday morning and were able to at least partially assess the integrity of the bridge. Baker said the inspectors were able to inspect the north arch of the double arch bridge, but the water was still too high to inspect the south arch.
"Inspectors are assessing bridges all over the state and are tentatively planning for another inspection on Thursday," Baker said. "In the meantime, town officials working with Markowski's (Excavating) will be prepping the roadways on both sides of the bridge with a base in anticipation of a positive inspection on Thursday. After a final inspection and approval, the bridge will then be prepared for traffic. Two-way traffic, over one lane at least, will be prepared. If all goes as planned, the potential for Route 7 to be reopened could be sometime late Friday. Again, that is if all goes as planned."
Baker said the north arch was considered to be in "good shape," and that if the south arch is as good or better, the road will open by the end of the week. The question is still whether it will be one lane or two.
At the peak of the storm about 70,000 Central Vermont Public Service customers statewide were without power, and a few thousand from other utilities.
At about 10 a.m. on Monday, CVPS was reporting 2,518 outages in Addison County and Green Mountain Power was reporting 91. CVPS said more than 811 Lincoln customers — most of the town — were without power. The town of New Haven was listed as having more than 500 customers without power; Cornwall and Ripton had 151-500 customers without electricity, and most other towns in the county had many outages.
CVPS was hoping to finish work to restore power to Addison County customers on Wednesday, but presumably that didn't include those served by a power transfer station in Rochester that was destroyed and could take months to replace.
CVPS hired 600 outside contractors to assist its own workers in the power restoration effort. On Wednesday, a CVPS spokeswoman said that crews and support staff had been working 18- and 20-hour shifts since before the storm began, and would continue to do so until the restoration work was done.
State officials are applying for recovery funding from the Federal Emergency Management Agency, as well as the Federal Highway Administration to help repair Vermont's state highways. The amount of aid depends on the extent of the damage, which Cole could not even begin to estimate.
"This is such an unprecedented disaster for Vermont in modern history," said Cole. "This is a statewide disaster of significant historical proportions."
Reporters Ian Trombulak, Andrew Stein, Lee Kahrs and John Flowers contributed to this story.
Where to get help
• Residents who have been affected by Tropical Storm Irene are asked to call 211 to report their situation. Individual reports helps state officials document the extent of the damage and form the basis for Vermont's requests for federal disaster relief funding.
• Businesses in need of assistance may call a special Department of Commerce hotline: 802-828-3211 between 7:45 a.m. and 4:30 p.m. Addison County Economic Development Corporation (388-7953) and the Addison County Chamber of Commerce (388-7951) may also be able to reference specific programs available.
• For up to date information about state road and bridge closures, visit www.511vt.com.
Where to give help
A number of organizations are soliciting donations and volunteers to help with recovery efforts. Contact the organizations at:
• The Red Cross of Vermont and New Hampshire at www.redcrossvtnhuv.org.
• Vermont Foodbank at www.vtfoodbank.org.
• A grassroots recovery effort is connecting those who want to help with those across the state who need help. Go to vtresponse.wordpress.com.
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What Is Laughter?
First of all, laughter is not the same as humor. Laughter is the physiological response to humor. Laughter consists of two parts -- a set of gestures and the production of a sound. When we laugh, the brain pressures us to conduct both those activities simultaneously. When we laugh heartily, changes occur in many parts of the body, even the arm, leg and trunk muscles.
Under certain conditions, our bodies perform what the Encyclopedia Britannica describes as "rhythmic, vocalized, expiratory and involuntary actions" -- better known as laughter. Fifteen facial muscles contract and stimulation of the zygomatic major muscle (the main lifting mechanism of your upper lip) occurs. Meanwhile, the respiratory system is upset by the epiglottis half-closing the larynx, so that air intake occurs irregularly, making you gasp. In extreme circumstances, the tear ducts are activated, so that while the mouth is opening and closing and the struggle for oxygen intake continues, the face becomes moist and often red (or purple). The noises that usually accompany this bizarre behavior range from sedate giggles to boisterous guffaws.
Behavioral neurobiologist and pioneering laughter researcher Robert Provine jokes that he has encountered one major problem in his study of laughter. The problem is that laughter disappears just when he is ready to observe it -- especially in the laboratory. One of his studies looked at the sonic structure of laughter. He discovered that all human laughter consists of variations on a basic form that consists of short, vowel-like notes repeated every 210 milliseconds. Laughter can be of the "ha-ha-ha" variety or the "ho-ho-ho" type but not a mixture of both, he says. Provine also suggests that humans have a "detector" that responds to laughter by triggering other neural circuits in the brain, which, in turn, generates more laughter. This explains why laughter is contagious.
Humor researcher Peter Derks describes laughter response as "a really quick, automatic type of behavior." "In fact, how quickly our brain recognizes the incongruity that lies at the heart of most humor and attaches an abstract meaning to it determines whether we laugh," he says.
In the next section, we'll learn why we laugh.


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Graduate Courses
Each course 45 hrs, 3 cr, unless otherwise noted. Prior to registration, students must obtain the approval of the instructor and/or graduate adviser to attend courses. The specific prerequisites listed below are aids for evaluation of the background required.
BIOL 710.13 Molecular Biology Lecture Structure and function of biomolecules; enzyme mechanisms; replication, transcription, translation; regulation of macromolecular biosynthesis; energy transformations. prereq: 1 yr of organic chemistry 75 hrs, 5 cr fall only
BIOL 710.14 Molecular Biology Laboratory Isolation of RNA and DNA, construction and screening of DNA libraries, Southern and Northern blot analysis, cloning, DNA sequencing. coreq: BIOL 710.13 or comparable course in biochemistry 105 hrs lab and conf, 4 cr fall only
BIOL 714.01 Cell Biology In-depth examination of cellular and subcellular organization and activity. Topics include membrane structure, biogenesis, transport; cell surface interactions, cells in culture, the cell cycle; organelle structure, function and assembly; modern experimental tools and techniques. prereq: undergraduate organic chemistry or biochemistry 60 hrs, 4 cr spring only
BIOL 700.05 Genetics Prokaryotic and eukaryotic genetics; organization of DNA, replication repair, mutagenesis, recombination, control of gene expression, genetic engineering and molecular techniques. prereq: undergraduate genetics and molecular biology (or biochemistry)60 hrs lec, 4 cr fall only
BIOL 750.03 Developmental Biology Analysis of morphological and molecular aspects of development and differentiation. Topics include gametogenesis, fertilization, early development, differentiative processes, organogenesis, neoplasia and aging with emphasis on genetic regulation in development. prereq or coreq: BIOL 710.13 and BIOL 714.01
60 hrs lec, 4 cr spring only
* BIOL 790.51 Neuroscience I Given at CUNY Graduate Center. Comprehensive introduction to neuroscience with regard to structure and function at the cellular level. fall only
BIOL 790.70 Neuroscience II Given at CUNY Graduate Center. Introduction to sensory and motor systems and to neural behavioral development. spring only*Students must register for Neuroscience I at City College of CUNY.
BIOL 610 Workshop in Biotechnology Laboratory-intensive experimental projects which introduce current research techniques and include individual participation in planning and preparation for experiments. The focus is on a broad biotechnology topic such as the isolation, cloning, and expression of a gene, utilizing the techniques of molecular genetics. prereq: BIOL 710 or permission of instructor30 hrs/wk for 4 wks, 4 cr
BIOL 620 Internship Students who successfully complete BIOL 610 are eligible for a 3-month internship as an opportunity to acquire research experience and additional skills in industrial/private laboratory settings. A paper on the internship is required. prereq: BIOL 610 3 months, 4 cr
BIOL 790.51-BIOL 790.99 Seminars may be offered in any of the following areas: cell biology, genetics, biochemistry, molecular genetics, physiology, developmental biology, neuroscience, biotechnology, and other special topics. prereq: BIOL 700.05 and BIOL 710.13 fall and spring
BIOL 792.02 and BIOL 792.04 prereq: perm grad adviser
30 or 60 hrs, 2 or 4 cr
BIOL 799.1, BIOL 799.2, BIOL 799.3 prereq: perm grad adviser
15, 30, or 45 hrs, 1, 2, or 3 cr, respectively
BIOL U899.1-U899.10 prereq: perm grad adviser each 15 to 150 hrs, 1 to 10 cr
(course listed in the schedule of classes at the CUNY Graduate Center)
BIOL 600 Molecular Biology for Science Teachers Molecular aspects of cellular function; properties of biomolecules, their biosynthesis and breakdown; structure and function of proteins and enzymes, metabolites, membranes, and nucleic acids; cellular mechanisms of energy transduction; integration and control of cell metabolism. prereq: an undergraduate degree in biology and a course in organic chemistry and permission of instructor fall only
BIOL 602.10 Molecular Genetics for Science Teachers A comparison of viral, procaryotic, and eucaryotic systems; review of classical Mendelian principles and mechanisms; bacterial DNA replication, transcription, and their control; mechanisms of gene mutation, repair, recombination, and transposition; applications of recombinant DNA technology; organization of nucleic acid into chromosomes; control of gene expression in procaryotes, in the eucaryotic cell cycle, and in cell development. prereq: BIOL 600 or equivalent and permission of instructor spring only
BIOL 610.55 Laboratory Workshop in Biology Education A series of laboratory-intensive experimental projects, each lasting one week or more, which introduce current research techniques and include individual participation in planning, preparation, and analysis of experiments. The focus is on broad biotechnology topics such as the isolation, cloning, and expression of a gene, utilizing the techniques of molecular genetics, and how these topics may be applied to the high school science classroom. prereq: a graduate course in biology or permission of instructor
120 hrs, 3 cr
BIOL 630 Science and Society A study of the interactions between technological and societal changes, with an emphasis on eliciting within the classroom productive oral and written critiques and debates concerning potentially controversial technological change. Focusing on present-day issues, students will learn various models for analyzing the impact scientific change has on society and how social change directs science. prereq:
BIOL 640 Biodiversity and Evolution This course is designed to prepare secondary science educators to examine essential questions in the life sciences and prepare them to teach the Living Environment regents course for ninth grade high school students and eighth grade middle school students, through the use of resources at the American Museum of Natural History. Students will be shown different approaches to developing, applying and planning science investigations for life sciences at all grade levels. prereq:BA degree in Biology/Biology Education, or permission of instructor.
Courses offered only upon sufficient student demand
BIOL 650 Cell and Tissue Culture
BIOL 722.02 Endocrinology
BIOL 770.06 Fine Structure of Cells
BIOL 771.01 Analysis of Mammalian


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Transportation Economics/About
Transportation Economics is aimed at advanced undergraduate and graduate civil engineering, planning, business, and economics students, though the material may provide a useful review for practitioners. While incorporating theory, there is a very applied bent to the course, as all the ideas covered are intended to help inform the real decisions that are made (or should be made) in practice.
This book uses two core ideas:
- Individuals (firms, agencies, agents, actors) behave according to incentives provided by their environment.
- The environment is shaped by the collective behavior of individuals.
The material of each page can be covered in a ninety-minute lecture.
editAuthors of this book include David Levinson, David Gillen, Michael Iacono, and others ...


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Watching the Republican and Democratic conventions, with the stark visual contrast in the kinds of people on those different floors, always gets me thinking about how we vote, in part, by tribe. Those people just don't look like my people, I can't help thinking, and I'm sure those people think the same thing about my people. Large swaths of the country trust and identify with the convention of those who are overwhelmingly white, blond, neatly suited, perfectly coiffed, and highly shaved. Others find those faces terrifying, and trust the multicolored, untucked, multi-patterned hordes, many of whom appear never to have met a razor or a hairbrush, who will gather next week.
You may have read some of the psychological research into of which kinds of people head toward which political points of view, such as the most recent writings by Jonathan Haidt. Haidt emphasizes how we defend what we consider sacred. I think of it like sports teams: We want our team to win-the righteous team-not that other, evil team.
Of course, being an American means belonging to a lot of overlapping tribes. Am I first a nerd, a woman, a writer, a lesbian, a stepmother, or a Jewish Midwesterner (and New York exile) who has been grateful to find a refuge among East Coast cosmopolitans? Given those various affiliations, my political affiliation is, as the academics would say, overdetermined. I do feel for the white, church-going Midwestern Protestant gay man who has to reconcile those conflicting allegiances; his personal/political Venn diagram isn't as easy as mine.
All of this is a particularly meandering introduction to a new racial identity art project that I discovered, via ColorLines. When I became the white stepmother of an African-American boy, I started to study up on the development of racial identity. (Did I mention, above, that I'm a nerd?) Years ago, when I first met my black aunt and biracial cousins, I read a passel of memoirs by black and biracial folks raised by white parents, either after adoption or abandonment by the black parent, some of which I reviewed for The American Prospect. (I repeat: nerd. I can't help myself. I was born that way.) I took to heart many of the lessons therein, and added another study guide, I'm Chocolate, You're Vanilla: Raising Healthy Black and Biracial Children in a Race-Conscious World, by research psychologist Marguerite White. White clarifies that up through about age five, children can identify their color, but aren't quite clear on color-fixedness (could you wake up a different color-or sex-tomorrow?). Not until ages 7 through 11 do they fully start to develop a racial identity, which goes beyond the relatively superficial question of skin tint to the more complex question of which group you belong to.
All that made sense to me. When I was about five, my father and his brother were accidentally visiting their father, my grandfather, at the same time, with their kids. As I've written before, the Graff brothers were estranged, mostly for painful family reasons but partly-and most irreconcilably-because of my father's racist comment when my uncle married a black woman. I don't remember much about that early accidental encounter with my cousins, the first and only one until I sought them out in my thirties. What I do remember, very clearly, was my mother asking me, when I got back, whether my cousins were "different colors." I was utterly puzzled by the question: How could a person be different colors? Had they been polka-dotted and I failed to notice? (I honestly thought that, about the polka dots. It stuck with me for years.)
With our boy, we've mostly talked about "having brown skin" or "having light skin." He's clearly learned, by now, that he's not just brown but black while we're white, which are racial identities, not precise colors. As you'd guess, we talk about what that does and doesn't mean, and make sure he has a wide range of models around him, in school and on our street, so he knows that there are many different ways-more than thirteen!-to be a black man.
And so I fell in love when ColorLines pointed me to the website of the Humanae art project, which deconstructs us back out of our racial identities and brings us back to the kindergarten sense of actual color. It does so incredibly literally: by matching pictures of people of various hues with a background of the same Pantone shade. Pantone is a color-classification system beloved by graphic designers and art editors everywhere. I am now dying to know my Pantone number--and those of our political figures. Where in the world would Obama and Romney get classified? Of course this project fails to take into account other aspects of race: the shape of our noses and eyes, the ways we learned to speak and think, all those things where deviation can get you classified as an Oreo, a banana, a self-hating race traitor. Still, it does let you see us differently, if only for a moment.
Or is my pleasure in this art project exactly the kind of dreamy ideological escapism that someone in my political tribe would have? Ah, identity: wherever you go, there you are.


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- This event has passed.
Dance for Parkinsons
May 31, 2023 @ 12:00 pm - 1:00 pm
An event every week that begins at 12:00 pm on Wednesday, repeating until August 28, 2024
Dance for Parkinson's brings their award-winning dance program to Stretford Public Hall every Wednesday from 12 pm.
It is run by Lewis Bailey who is the Dance Teacher and Exercise Provider for the Parkinson's group. He has over 20 years of experience as a Latin and Ballroom dancer and thoroughly enjoys teaching others to dance.
The class is for anyone affected by Parkinson's. The dance for Parkinson's class is a great way to get the body moving in a fun and inclusive environment. Dancing is known to reduce stress and alleviate physical and emotional pressures from the body and is therefore cited as being one of the best forms of exercise to take part in.
The class involves a number of warm up activities which range from breathing exercises, stretches for the body, and movement sequences. We then move onto some Latin and Ballroom steps, or some creative movement to music. It caters for a wide range of abilities and the class can be done seated throughout if required.
No, all classes are funded by the Trafford branch of Parkinson's UK
No, just turn up 10 minutes before the class is due to start.


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Working in a high-risk area
Interview with Jacob Aleer, LWF Security Focal Point in Jonglei, South Sudan
(LWI) - For the Lutheran World Federation (LWF), South Sudan has proven the most challenging country in terms of safety and security in the past year. As the civil war continues, especially local staff find themselves more and more at risk. LWF employs local security experts and maintains a close relationship with authorities and communities, to best protect its humanitarian workers.
One of those security experts is Jacob Longar Aleer, Safety and Security Focal point in Jonglei state, South Sudan. In an interview with Lutheran World Information, he talks about the security challenges in the country, community acceptance and the importance of LWF work.
LWI: What makes working in South Sudan so difficult?
Aleer: South Sudan experiences the legacy of 21 years of civil war. Many people are returning from a life as refugees, they come from different ethnic groups. Bringing these people together is always challenging in terms of security. The entire situation in the country is not stable. Another reason is that we are working with vulnerable people, who live in very remote areas. These are also the places where the armed groups are staying. They are in the bush.
The insecurity is basically caused by the different fighting groups, but also by the fact that there is no rule of law in the country. We work in and pass through areas with no communication network. There is intimidation and arrests. Colleagues have been stopped and questioned. These are people who want to help the most vulnerable. Many of our staff are dealing with high levels of stress. If you are always working in a dangerous environment, you are like a frog in warm water: your perception changes, you might not see when a situation becomes too risky, and get injured or killed. We have a duty to protect our staff in these situations.
How do you manage security in such a context?
Security is all about trust. We have to make sure that we have a very good understanding with the locals, so they can update us on how the situation is in the area. Local and church leaders, peace committees, volunteer workers in the community: they are our eyes and ears for survival. It is important to always let local authorities and local leaders know who we are, and what we are doing in the area.
One of our challenges is that the fighting groups are not very disciplined. A soldier high in the hierarchy will follow orders, but a fighter in the bush is a different person. When I talk to the local leaders of opposition-controlled territory, they understand that I am here to do humanitarian work, but they will still not allow me to go to these areas, because they cannot guarantee my safety. So we always send staff from the same area we are working in. That also applies to international staff from neighboring countries, who are seen as being involved in the conflict. Here, our colleague might be safe, but 20 kilometers from here, he is not safe at all.
Does LWF's long presence in the country help to navigate those risks?
After a while you begin to understand which time is most critical. The militia do not attack openly, but they corner you in a dark place. So risks are smaller during the dry season, when roads are accessible, the bush is burnt and you can see far. During the rainy season, the security risks are higher, and we adapt our work accordingly. When you see the people in need, you always do what is possible.
Our long presence is an advantage. We have been working in Jonglei since 2004, and are known by everybody in the region. LWF has built schools and dykes against the flooding, we have distributed relief goods and done peace-building activities. This is an invisible protection, which enabled us to continue providing services in areas controlled by both parties even after the fighting had started again.
They know that in the LWF we are a team with people of all ethnic groups. Some of these groups are seen as affiliated with the government, some with the opposition, but the community leaders don't think of us as members of an ethnic group. They know we are Lutheran, and that we have to help people in need. We are all serving. We uphold the rights of the poor and the oppressed, so that they are able to stand on their own and determine their own lives.
Are there any other ways to increase staff safety?
Our approach, and the reputation of our field staff who live and work in the communities. Their integrity and moral values reflect on all of us. If you stay in a local community and get involved with someone's daughter or wife, you might put everyone in the organization at risk. Our staff know that and behave accordingly. It's not just a code of conduct, but inner morality and integrity which makes sure we are accepted.
You yourself come from a military background - you were recruited as a child soldier. How does that influence the work you do?
I did not wish to be a soldier. My parents sent me to Ethiopia when I was 10 years old, because they were told we would be able to go to school. When we arrived, it turned out to be a military training camp. We were told we would be fighting for our country. I was 13 years old when I first went into combat.
The change came with the peace agreement in 2005. That's when I said: enough is enough. We fought for our own country, and now we have it. God willing, I want to go back to school, and work with local people. I received a scholarship and after my bachelor's degree started working in a hospital, before I joined LWF in 2013. LWF is advocating against child recruitment, and for education.
What are you telling parents and community leaders, to keep them from sending young boys to the armed forces?
I tell them how senseless this conflict is. It is me fighting you - a war between neighbors. There is no purpose. I ask them: Why do you send your son to kill a tribe member? There is no logic.
Children must go to school, girls and boys, we are talking to community leaders to make sure they understand education is a key to life. You can already see the houses of educated people look different. In 10 years, the children you send to school today could be part of our government. As long as I am with LWF, I will make sure every girl and boy receives education.


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Here's an important message from HaRav Pinky Schmeckelstein Shlita zol sein shtark und gazunt that I believe says it all about the election:
"Most importantly, both the presidential and vice presidential candidates subscribe to a belief set that is anathema to Klal Yisroel: They all believe in Yushka. Yushka Pandra: The man who abandoned our great faith in order to found a new movement and come up with worldwide franchise success and a popular Broadway musical. Yushka: The symbol who inspired historical persecutions against Klal Yisroel, and who amongst Evangelicals inspires a vision of either mass conversion or destruction of Klal Yisroel in the "End of Days". These are your candidates, you minuvals, so I suggest you not get too excited about any of them.
So in answer to the question of who you should vote for: I say go move to France and vote for Sarkozy – At least his father was a Jew. And his wife is a smoking hot shiksa, sort of like a Palin, but without the Evangelical Hashkafa or the pregnant teenage daughter."


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1158 Athens Rd, Crawford, Ga 30630 |
Why join the chamber? |
Joining your area's Chamber of Commerce can be a smart move for your business. Because businesses that participate in this group promote each other and work together, your own business can grow and prosper quickly. Here are the top 10 reasons why you should join your local chamber of commerce.
Gain a voice in government The local chamber takes on the tough issues and opposes new regulations, taxes, fees, assessments and costs directed at small businesses. It also helps protect the principles of free enterprise and aids businesses in being treated fairly. Increase your visibility in the community As a new member of the chamber, you may be listed in the chamber newsletter, e-newsletter, on Facebook and can have the opportunity to be highlighted in other chamber publications. You also can grow your business by advertising with the chamber and sponsoring events. Membership brings credibility to your business You can increase positive perception among consumers and business owners when you're identified as a member of a chamber of commerce. If you make it known that your product or service makes great client or employee gifts, you could wind up with a very nice flow of business from your fellow members. Promotion and publicity With a chamber membership, you can reach potential clients through member exclusive advertising and opportunities for business-to-business advertising and publicity. Create networking opportunities Chambers have numerous committees and serving on one of them provides numerous networking opportunities as well as professional leadership development. You can build your business while promoting developments of keen interest to local businesses and the community at large. | Chamber events and programs Chamber events and programs provide members with great opportunities to get to know new people and expand their prospect base. Chamber events are innovative and fun ways to help members meet potential customers, clients and vendors. Make business contacts The chamber's fundamental mission is to generate more business activity for the community. The chamber initiates more business-to-business commerce and more opportunities for networking and connecting local professionals than is available through most other local organizations. Access to members-only discounts and services Use various discount programs help save money. These differ from chamber to chamber. For example, a member-to member discount program where a chamber member will receive $10 off any phone or accessory purchased from the other local business which is a member of the chamber. Acquire customer referrals Every day, your local chamber receives calls from individuals and businesses looking for potential vendors, and chamber members typically recommend chamber members. Receive chamber newsletters Newsletters provide new member information, interesting information about operating a local business, articles about the local community, a community calendar and details about up-and-coming chamber events, among other things. But don't send more then 2-4 letters a week, it could be annoying. |
If you still don't think you have time to join and participate in your local chamber of commerce, consider the following: