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Natural gas systems: useful information
Find out everything there is to know about LPG and natural gas systems for cars: start saving and cutting pollution right away!
What is LPG?
LPG stands for Liquid Petroleum Gas. It is a by-product of the refining of crude oil. LPG is a gas at atmospheric pressure and normal ambient temperatures, but it can be liquefied when higher pressure is applied and/or when the temperature is reduced.
The LPG used in vehicles is a blend of propane and butane gases with chemical and physical properties that help vehicle performance in terms of power, versatility and engine functioning.
The products of its combustion are carbon and nitrogen oxides and unburnt hydrocarbons, in smaller quantities than produced by petrol and diesel-fuelled vehicles, while aromatic hydrocarbons, sulphur dioxide and particulates are absent.
The energy content of LPG is 10,000 kcal/kg, while that of petrol is 10,300 kcal/kg.
What is Natural Gas?
Natural Gas (CH4) is the most ecological fuel of all, and one of the most abundant in nature. It is not obtained through a refinement process, but is an ecological fuel ready to use right from the source.
Natural Gas contains no impurities, sulphur, lead compounds or aromatic hydrocarbons, so it produces only very low levels of polluting emissions, with no odour, particulate matter or combustion residues.
The chemical composition of Natural Gas produces much less CO2 than other fuels and reduces ozone formation in the atmosphere.
The intrinsic properties of Natural Gas make it suitable for use in vehicles with no need for additives that may be harmful to human health. Also, it contains more energy than any other fuel (natural gas = 11,600 kcal/kg; petrol = 10,300 kcal/kg; diesel =10,200 kcal/kg).
Another important benefit is that Natural Gas is much easier and more economical to transport than other fuels, because after the initial cost of building a gas pipeline, it is very inexpensive to transport. Unlike other fuels, Natural Gas does not need to be transported in tanker trucks, which produce polluting emissions and contribute to traffic congestion, and therefore it helps reduce accident risk and pollution by heavy vehicle traffic.
The Natural Gas pipeline grid is underground, so it does not affect the landscape in the places it passes through.
Is it true that LPG-powered vehicles pollute less than petrol-powered ones?
Yes, it's true. With LPG, carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions are reduced by about 10%, while emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and unburnt hydrocarbons (HC) remain largely unchanged, depending on the type of vehicle and on the fuel system installed. LPG fuelled vehicles produce practically no PM 10, one of the principal causes of atmospheric pollution in city centres.
LPG fuelling significantly reduces components of exhaust gases for which the law does not yet set any limits, such as, for example, sulphur dioxide (SO2), benzene (C6H6), formaldehyde (HCHO) and PAH (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons), highly aggressive carcinogenic substances ("unregulated" pollutants). Using LPG in place of petrol or diesel also reduces the potential for formation of "summer smog", photochemical smog causing ozone (O3) production.
Is it true that Natural Gas-powered vehicles pollute less than petrol-powered ones?
Yes, it's true. With Natural Gas, CO2 emissions are reduced by about 20%, while emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and unburnt hydrocarbons (HC) remain largely unchanged, depending on the type of vehicle and on the fuel system installed. Natural Gas fuelled vehicles do not produce PM 10, one of the principal causes of atmospheric pollution in city centres.
Natural Gas fuelling significantly reduces components of exhaust gases for which the law does not yet set any limits, such as, for example, sulphur dioxide (SO2), benzene (C6H6), formaldehyde (HCHO) and PAH (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons), highly aggressive carcinogenic substances ("unregulated" pollutants). Using Natural Gas in place of petrol or diesel also reduces the potential for formation of "summer smog", photochemical smog causing ozone (O3) production.
What are the main pollutants emitted by engines that are harmful to health?
Engines emit different types of pollutants, depending on the engine type and the fuel used. The main ones include carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx) unburnt hydrocarbons (HC), particulate matter (PM10), carbon dioxide (CO2), benzene (C6H6), aldehydes such as formaldehyde (HCHO) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), and sulphur compounds such as sulphur dioxide (SO2) and sulphur trioxide (SO3).
Is there any specific legislation regulating vehicle emission levels?
Yes, in Europe the reference legislation is Directive 70/220/EEC (as amended and updated by subsequent directives, most recently by 2003/76/EC). According to this Directive, only some of the exhaust substances emitted are subject to restrictions (maximum emission levels in grams per km).
"Regulated" pollutants are: carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and particulate matter (PM).
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is "under surveillance" but not "regulated" (the emission level must be measured and reported on the vehicle registration certificate, but a limit has not been set).
- Environmental benefits related to LPG (3.04)
- Environmental benefits related to Natural Gas (3.05)
- Gas-fuelled cars and no-traffic days
LPG/Petrol savings: is it true that you can save up to 50% with an LPG-powered car compared to a petrol-powered one?
Yes, it's true. The running costs for an LPG-powered vehicle are significantly lower than those for a petrol-fuelled one.
NATURAL GAS/Petrol savings: is it true that you can save up to 70% with a Natural Gas-powered car compared to a petrol-powered one?
Yes, it's true. The running costs for a Natural Gas-powered vehicle are significantly lower than those for a petrol-fuelled one.
No-traffic days and alternating licence plates on city roads: is it true that in the event of such traffic restrictions, gas-fuelled vehicles can travel freely?
Generally speaking, yes. However, in the case of no-traffic days or alternating licence plates on the roads, it is advisable to check the issuing order.
In almost all cities that impose such traffic restrictions, LPG and Natural Gas fuelled vehicles are recognised as ecological and can travel freely.
Which legislation establishes the limit values for ambient air quality according to which restrictions are applied to the use of motor vehicles?
Decree no. 60 dated 2 April 2002, transposing:
- Directive 1999/30/EC on ambient air quality limit values (micrograms per m3) for sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide, nitrogen oxides (NOx), particulate matter (PM) and lead (Pb)
- Directive 2000/69/EC on ambient air quality limit values for benzene (C6H6) and carbon monoxide (CO).
Restrictions on the use of motor vehicles are adopted with discretion by individual regions and municipalities.
What kind of tank is installed with a Natural Gas system?
A Natural Gas fuelling system involves the use of cylindrical tanks of differing capacity, diameter, weight, etc.
Where is it installed?
The cylindrical tanks are housed in the boot of the vehicle or outside the vehicle, complying with safety distances.
Does the installation of Natural Gas tanks require changes to be made to specific car parts, such as the suspensions?
No, this is not necessary.
Does installation reduce space?
This depends on the gas tank system installed.
Does installation involve the loss of a passenger seat?
The weight of the Natural Gas system is calculated as part of the total load that can be transported by the vehicle (people + luggage).
Therefore, the driver must take into account the weight of the system installed when determining the maximum load that can be transported.
Should the Natural Gas tank be serviced regularly?
Yes, Natural Gas tanks must be tested every five years (calculated from the date stamped on the cylinders) by G.F.B.M. (Gestione Fondo Bombole Gas Naturale); testing is free.
Users pay the cost of dismantling and reassembling the tanks.
This operation is performed to check the efficiency and condition of the tanks in order to ensure fully safe use of Natural Gas systems on vehicles (Law no. 145 dated 7 June 1990, Presidential Decree n. 404 dated 9 November 1991).
What kind of tank is installed with an LPG system?
An LPG fuelling system involves the use of two types of tank: cylindrical or doughnut shaped.
These two types of tanks are available with different capacity, diameter, weight, etc.
When a cylindrical tank is housed in the boot of the car, the load capacity reduces according to its size. Housing a doughnut shaped tank in the place of the spare tyre, instead, safeguards the space available.
Where is it installed?
The cylindrical tank is normally positioned in the boot; the doughnut shaped tank, instead, is normally housed in the place of the spare tyre. Both types can be positioned on the outside of the vehicle in compliance with safety distances.
Does installation reduce space?
When a cylindrical tank is housed in the boot of the car, the load capacity reduces according to the tank's capacity. Housing a doughnut shaped tank in the place of the spare tyre, instead, safeguards the space available. The spare tyre can be stored in a special bag, or replaced by a tyre repair kit.
Does installation involve the loss of a passenger seat?
The weight of the LPG system is calculated as part of the total load that can be transported by the vehicle (people + luggage).
Therefore, the driver must take into account the weight of the system installed when determining the maximum load that can be transported.
Should the LPG tank be serviced regularly?
No, LPG tanks do not need to be serviced. LPG tanks must be replaced after 10 years of use.
In this regard, it should be noted that the tenth year of use should be understood as commencing:
- on the date the system was tested, if its installation occurred after the vehicle was first registered;
- on the date the vehicle was first registered, if it is certified as having been set up with an LPG system right from the start.
What cars can be converted to gas?
All petrol-fuelled cars, vehicles with carburettor, injection fuelled vehicles and injection fuelled vehicles with catalytic mufflers can be converted to run on gas, whether with an indirect or direct injection system.
When having an LPG or Natural Gas system installed on a vehicle, it is advisable to check with a specialised workshop as to which type of system should be installed on the specific vehicle model.
Can diesel-fuelled cars can be converted to gas?
Yes, the innovative LANDIRENZO DUAL FUEL injection system makes it possible to convert diesel engines into engines that can work with a mixture of diesel and natural gas.
This renews diesel engines with new technology that saves money, improves autonomy and cuts polluting emissions significantly.
This sophisticated technology may be applied to medium-to-light commercial vehicles with standard conversion kits and to heavy vehicles with special conversion kits.
Is it possible or advisable to convert utility vehicles?
Modern gas fuel supply systems do not result in significant power loss compared to running on petrol, and therefore it is possible to install LPG and CNG systems even on utility vehicles.
Is it possible to transfer a system from one car to another?
It is technically possible (if the engine characteristics are similar and allow it), but it is not economically viable as the cost savings resulting from not having to purchase new components are cancelled by the double cost of labour.
What condition must the car be in to be able to be converted to gas and function optimally?
A vehicle that runs well on petrol and has been kept in good general condition will run well on gas.
In order to install an LPG or CNG system on a vehicle, this must be in good general condition; in particular, the ignition system (coils, spark plug wires, spark plugs), the air filter, the lambda probe, the catalyst and the valves must be in good condition.
How long does it take to complete installation of a gas system?
Installation of an LPG or CNG system normally takes just a few days in a specialised workshop.
Is it still possible to run the car on petrol after installing a gas system?
Installation of an LPG or CNG system will not affect the vehicle's ability to run on petrol.
The driver may decide which fuel to use by simply pressing a changeover button on the dashboard.
Today's gas systems are easy to use as they ensure the vehicle always starts up running on petrol and automatically switches to gas after about 15 to 60 seconds, when optimal running parameters have been reached.
Installation of a gas system practically doubles the vehicle's autonomy, which can now count on two fuel supplies.
Is it preferable to run a new car in before converting it to gas?
No. There are no specific contraindications. However, it is worth checking the gas system once the car has been run in.
Does Landi Renzo have a network of qualified and authorized installers?
Over the years, we have developed a qualified network of Dealers, Authorized Workshops and GAS Specialists, with staff trained and continuously updated on new products and installation techniques by means of technical courses and direct technical assistance, ensuring constant support for the entire network. Moreover, Landi Renzo's Italian Network of Workshops and Dealers has also been certified under ISO 9001 since 2006, and there are plans to extend this certification to the Group's networks in other countries.
View the Landi Renzo Network of Workshops
Why does it cost more to convert to Natural Gas than to LPG?
The higher cost is primarily due to the cost of the high-pressure natural gas tank. As Natural Gas is under considerably higher pressure than LPG (about 200 bar as compared to 15 bar), the safety standards to be met are much higher.
Are gas systems safe?
Yes, they are safe. Products installed in vehicles in specialised workshops are approved by the Transport Ministry on the basis of European standards.
All Landi Renzo products are also tested one by one on the basis of our quality system, which obtained ISO 9001 Certification in 1996 and ISO TS 16949 Certification in 2001, the Quality System specific to the automotive sector involving the application of extremely strict quality standards.
Are LPG tanks safe?
LPG tanks have always been designed and constructed taking into account the chemical-physical characteristics of the fuel. LPG tanks are built using 3.5mm steel sheets, heat-treated to avoid cracking in case of deformation (caused for example by an accident).
The standards governing the construction of the various components are very severe. The tests and trials for tanks and pipes are performed at a pressure of 45 bar, although normally the operating pressure in vehicles never exceeds 20 bar.
What is the reference standard for LPG tanks and what security systems are required?
LPG tanks are regulated by UN/ECE Regulation no. 67/01, which sets forth the special devices required to ensure maximum safety in every situation (fire, accident, parking in an underground garage, exposure to excessive heat by radiation, etc.). In particular, there is a special multivalve that encloses the following safety systems:
- A "normally closed" solenoid valve (i.e. closed when it is not powered) interrupts the outgoing flow of gas from the LPG tank when the "key" is not inserted in the panel. This is also an important safety feature since, in the event of an accident, it closes as soon as the engine switches off, even if the "panel" remains on.
- A fill limit device interrupts LPG supply during filling when 80% of the tank's volume is full. This device, required by law, prevents pressure in the tank from increasing excessively due to external causes, such as overheating (an increase in temperature expands gas; when the gas is enclosed in a sealed environment such as a tank, this expansion creates an increase in internal pressure).
- A pressure release valve prevents excess pressure from building up inside the tank; in the event of pressure over 27 bar, LPG is released externally in a gradual, controlled manner. This permits restoration of regular working pressure in the LPG tank and eliminates the risk of overpressure.
- A temperature relief valve releases gas externally in a gradual, controlled manner when the temperature exceeds 120°.
Are Natural Gas tanks safe?
Natural Gas tanks offer guaranteed safety as they are all subjected to strict tests, both for approval and throughout their lifespan.
The particular strength required to endure testing pressures of 300 bar and operating pressures of 220 bar means the cylinders are extremely resistant to impact.
Use of thoroughly tested, dependable components, the adoption during installation of all measures aimed at preventing gas leaks in the event of an anomaly in operation, and the intrinsic features of natural gas (high ignition temperature, possibility of ignition only within a certain interval of mixing with air) are all factors that play an important role in ensuring safety.
As Natural Gas is lighter than air, in the event of a leak it will not stagnate but be dispersed in the atmosphere without accumulating along the ground.
Response has been positive all over the world.
Tests conducted on Natural Gas cylinders by the world's most important safety organisations (Bureau Veritas in Norway, EPA in the US, etc.) have yielded very successful results, guaranteeing the utmost dependability for this type of tank. A report by Norway's Bureau Veritas states that the risks linked with use of Natural Gas fuelled vehicles are no greater than those associated with diesel-fuelled vehicles.
What are the standards applicable to Natural Gas tanks?
Natural Gas tanks are regulated by UN/ECE Regulation R110.
In the event of an accident, what happens with an LPG system?
Leakage of gas from an LPG system is much less likely than leakage of petrol. Fire tests have demonstrated that in the event of a fire, flame volume is much smaller than in the case of petrol leakage, which tends to spread over the ground around the vehicle.
Dozens of crash and fire tests have been conducted, in collaboration with fire fighters, using the most sophisticated equipment to check the efficiency and safety of valves and tanks.
In the event of an accident, what happens with a Natural Gas system?
Dozens of crash and fire tests have been conducted, in collaboration with fire fighters, using the most sophisticated equipment to check the efficiency and safety of Natural Gas systems and tanks.
Natural Gas has the highest flash point of any fuel. It ignites at a temperature of 595°C, twice as high as that of liquid fuels, and combustion concentration (5%) is much higher than that of petrol (1%) and diesel (0.5%); these factors significantly reduce fire risk.
Natural Gas has a lower density and specific weight than air, so if it should leak for any reason it will tend to become volatile, rising into the atmosphere rather than stagnating at ground level and accumulating in hazardous concentrations.
How can I detect a gas leak?
Both LPG and Natural Gas are odorized so that you can detect any leaks.
Do gas-fuelled cars require special maintenance?
Like any mechanical component subject to wear, natural gas systems need regular maintenance every 20,000 km (which may be performed during regular vehicle maintenance sessions), during which the correct functioning of the various components will be checked.
Special attention should be directed to the gas filter (which may need replacing) and the ignition system, which must be kept in perfect condition.
What is the difference in performance between an LPG-fuelled vehicle and one run on petrol?
An LPG fuelling system causes the following variations:
A maximum power loss of about 2-3%, which basically preserves the vehicle's performance.
What is the difference in performance between a Natural Gas -fuelled vehicle and one run on petrol?
A Natural Gas fuelling system causes the following variations:
A maximum power loss of only 10% of maximum torque, resulting at most in a 5-10% drop in speed.
What is the autonomy of a car powered by LPG?
To calculate the autonomy of a car powered by LPG, you must take into account several factors.
Consider 80% of the total tank capacity (for safety reasons, the tank is 80% filled)
Consider then that the performance of an LPG-run car is 85% of that of one run on petrol.
For example, the autonomy of a car, equipped with a 48l LPG tank, which travels 10 km with 1l of petrol, is calculated as follows:
Actual litres of LPG in the tank: 48 * 0.80 = 38.4 l of LPG
Performance in km/l of LPG: 10 * 0.85 = 8.5 km/l of GPL
Autonomy running on LPG: 38.4 * 8.5 = 326 km
Note that the autonomy of the petrol tank remains unchanged and, therefore, the car's autonomy increases significantly as the car can run on both fuels.
What is the autonomy of a car powered by Natural Gas?
To calculate the autonomy of a car powered by Natural Gas, take into account the following example.
A car with a 100-litre cylinder, filled with natural gas at 220 bar, has an autonomy in km approximately equal to the consumption of 30 litres of petrol.
Note that the autonomy of the petrol tank remains unchanged and, therefore, the car's autonomy increases significantly as the car can run on both fuels.
How do you calculate the conversion from petrol to LPG in km/l?
LPG is purchased in litres.
In general, the km/l performance of an LPG-fuelled vehicle corresponds roughly to 85% of the performance of the same vehicle powered by petrol.
If a car runs 10 km on 1 litre of petrol, it will run 8.5 km (= 10 x 0.85) on 1 litre of LPG.
How do you calculate the conversion from petrol to Natural Gas in km/l?
Natural Gas is purchased in kilograms.
In general, a vehicle fuelled with 1kg of Natural Gas covers the same number of kilometres as it would cover with 1.7 litres of petrol (1kg CNG = 1.7 l petrol).
How is an LPG tank filled?
The LPG tank is filled by fastening the pump nozzle to the vehicle's gas filler. This filler differs from country to country (coupling connection in Italy, bayonet in Holland, ACME in the United States, Canada, Germany, Great Britain, Ireland, Austria, Belgium).
In a modern service station, filling the LPG tank takes the same amount of time as filling the petrol tank.
For safety reasons, the multivalve on the tank means that it can only be filled to 80% capacity.
How is a Natural Gas tank filled?
Natural Gas vehicles are filled by connecting the pump hose with the filling valve on the vehicle, which is normally inside the engine compartment or near the petrol tank filler.
There are different types of fillers in different countries.
In a modern service station with weighted pumps, refuelling takes 6 to 8 minutes with 80 - 100 litre cylinders.
Can gas-powered cars be parked in a garage?
Natural Gas-fuelled vehicles can be parked in any kind of garage (underground included).
As for parking LPG powered cars, modern vehicles equipped with a system installed after January 2001, and therefore in compliance with Regulations R67/01, can be parked in any kind of garage, but only as low as the first underground level in the event of underground car parks.
LPG fuelled vehicles that do not meet UN/ECE Regulation no. 67/01 must continue to refer to the Decree dated 1st February 1986, meaning that they can only park above ground in parking lots not connected with underground levels, unless the owner decides to adapt the installation to European standards (adaptation is quick and inexpensive).
Can gas-powered cars be boarded on a ferry or ship?
There is no in-force legislation in this regard; regulation is left to the discretion of the shipping companies. According to established practice, it is advisable to inform the shipping company when travelling with a gas-powered vehicle, both at the time of buying the ticket and when boarding. In any case, we recommend you always check with the specific shipping company.
Is it safe to drive through tunnels and galleries with gas-powered cars?
Yes, there are no restrictions of any kind.
My car is automatic: Can I convert it to LPG/CNG?
Yes, for sure. The Landi Renzo Gas workshops are properly trained to convert this kind of car and they are therefore able to make the most appropriate setting.
My car is equipped with the Start & Stop function: Is the LPG/CNG system affected?
No. The system, properly set, keeps the Start & Stop strategy active: The vehicle turns off and reactivates with gas, without problems. A preventive consultation with your Landi Renzo workshop is always useful, anyway


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Pages: 1
This game no long works (The build I am using was created on 4 May)
At this point DesmuME crashes completely.
I seem to remember that this game worked perfectly on March 17, 2007 Build by amponzi (apart from speed)
Can anyone tell me what has happened to cause the Emu to crash?
Ps I was using a windows build if that helps
Last edited by 01torres (2007-05-04 15:47:01)
The pen is mighter than the sword.
(Final Fanatasy VIII)
Thanks shash it now works. I have also a couple of questions for you
1) How do you add save state to the project for Dev-C++?
2) What FPS do you get for this game with your WIP?
3) Megaman Zx nomal saves do not seem to saving if you close the emu then try to load the save ingame it finds nothing.
(This only happens with this game.)
Last edited by 01torres (2007-05-04 18:47:22)
The pen is mighter than the sword.
(Final Fanatasy VIII)
When I played Megaman ZX, sometimes saving or loading states caused the emulator to freeze, forcing me to kill it.
Also, sometimes save states were saved corrupted. After loading a corrupted state the game is frozen (sometimes the display is damaged), while the music plays fine. The emulator didn't lock up in this case.
I'm using a CVS build self-built on 2007-04-27. Getting around 49-52 FPS.
Last edited by heftig (2007-05-04 18:05:56)
01torres, to add save state support you need zlib.
heftig its running really fast for you, i get around 20~22fps here.
Athlon 64 X2 3800+ / 2Gb DDR2 800Mhz
Geforce 8600GT 256MB / Windows XP PRO SP3
snkmad: I have already got Zlib and it does not seem to be working for me (I have Zlib in the same folder next to Emu). Could you give me a link to see if it's just my copy that's bad.
Heiftig: I only get 20fps same as snkmad so you computer must very good to get them speeds.
Last edited by 01torres (2007-05-04 19:14:12)
The pen is mighter than the sword.
(Final Fanatasy VIII)
01torres, you need zlib setup on the compiler parameters: -DHAVE_LIBZ
And also need to point the file in the linker: C:/Dev-Cpp/bin/zlib1.dll
Take a look on the other thread, i posted some screens.
EDIT:Well this is getting really Off-topic, please post your compilig doubts here: http://forums.desmume.org/viewtopic.php?id=14
Last edited by snkmad (2007-05-04 21:01:08)
Athlon 64 X2 3800+ / 2Gb DDR2 800Mhz
Geforce 8600GT 256MB / Windows XP PRO SP3
2) What FPS do you get for this game with your WIP?
I get about 50% fps increase over lastest released WIP, atleast for the first 2 minutes stuff (intro, menus, etc).
3) Megaman Zx nomal saves do not seem to saving if you close the emu then try to load the save ingame it finds nothing.
Are you sure you reached at least the first save point?
Shash: Strangely saves now work for me on this game I do not know what happened before
snkmad: Thanks for the help save states now work for me
The pen is mighter than the sword.
(Final Fanatasy VIII)
i also have that problem with loading saves. i can't get saves to load regardless of what type i choose and savestates aren't working either... i am using windows xp(x64) sp2. i don't know if that's related to the problem but i hope someone knows the solution.
i also get a 'unable to read' error. i saw a post about that unable to read problem somewhere but i don't remember seeing a solution or if it was related to the saving thing...
*EDIT*: Oh snap made a mistake here that was the problem with iDeaS kind of a dumb error on my part. the problem i have with dsemume 7.0 is a frame rate of about 2-5... i just assumed that it was not yet optimized for it but people here claim they get comfortable frame rates. can you share with me your settings?
Last edited by xerotolerant (2007-05-26 16:33:20)
so how do you get the game to save
OH OH OH.i think i no how 2 save it.start of with 64k and when u et 2 the save point, swich it back to auto
1) View - Magnification Filter - Normal (Best Graphic)
2)Config - Frame Skip - Tick ( limit framerate and auto minimize skipping ) - Tick the number 4 (Must be ticked!)
3)Config - Emulation setings - Tick ( use dynamic recomplier) - Untick (Enable Advanced Bus-Level Timing)
4)Config - 3D settings - Choose SoftRasterizer - SoftRasterizer Options - Untick 3 boxes above except 1 ( Enable Textures ) - Tick all 3 boxes below. These are very important
5)Config - Sound Settings - Choose Synchronous then choose ''N'' below - Interpolation (sounds best - slowest) - Sound Core (Direct Sound Interface). For people try to fix the sound.
5) Must be run as administator (Unzip files) XD
Remember to give a like on this post, see ya!
Thanks for sharing, but your sense of which options are important or relevant is complete nonsense. Synchronous is probably important in this game though, since there's lots of streamed speech, IIRC
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subset: commoncrawl


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Each of several items in a list, preceded by a bullet symbol for emphasis. For easy access to this data, refer to the "BulletPoints" tag in XML or JSON.
- - Auto/Indoor battery charger
- - Number of batteries supported: 1
- - Black, Silver
- - 1 pc(s)
Short summary description AGI 71836 battery charger:
This short summary of the AGI 71836 battery charger data-sheet is auto-generated and uses the product title and the first six key specs.
Long summary description AGI 71836 battery charger:
This is an auto-generated long summary of AGI 71836 battery charger based on the first three specs of the first five spec groups.
AGI 71836. Compatible products: NB-5L. Product colour: Black, Silver, LED indicators: Charging. Type: Auto/Indoor battery charger. Input voltage: 100-240 V. Quantity per pack: 1 pc(s)


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By CHRISTOPHER RUGABER
AP Economics Writer
WASHINGTON (AP) — Americans' financial health reached its highest level in nearly a decade last year, the Federal Reserve said Monday, spurred by a strong job market and government support payments.
Almost eight in 10 adults said last fall that they were either "doing okay or living comfortably" when it came to their finances in 2021, according to an annual Fed survey, the highest proportion to say so since the survey began in 2013.
The survey of 11,000 adults was taken last October and November, when inflation had topped 6% year-over-year, though before Russia's invasion of Ukraine pushed gas and food prices sharply higher. The Fed did not ask any specific questions about how inflation was impacting Americans' financial situations.
The survey also took place before the huge omicron wave of COVID cases occurred in late 2021, causing some Americans to pull back on travel and other spending.
The financial health captured by the report helps explain the resilience of consumers in the face of higher prices, as consumer spending, adjusted for inflation, has continued to rise even as inflation is near a 40-year high.
The report found that members of all racial groups reported healthier finances, with Hispanics showing the sharpest improvement and whites the smallest.
Nearly seven in 10 people said they could pay an unexpected expense of $400 with cash or its equivalent, the highest since 2013. Still, 11% said they would be unable to pay it at all.
People with children also reported a sharp increase in financial well-being, with three-quarters saying they were doing "at least okay" financially, up eight percentage points from 2020 and four points above 2019, before the pandemic.
The boost for parents likely reflected the reopening of schools, Fed officials said, allowing more parents to work and reduce their child care expenses. The expansion of the child tax credit, included in President Joe Biden's $1.9 trillion financial relief package, was also likely an important factor, Fed officials said.
Lower-income parents reported the biggest increases in their financial health. For those earning less than $25,000, the proportion that said they were doing at least okay jumped to 53% from 40%.
The expanded child tax credit included monthly payments of up to $300 per child to most parents. Higher-income parents said they mostly saved the money, while for those with incomes of less than $50,000, three in 10 said they spent the largest portion on housing, while 15% said the biggest portion went to food.
The Federal Reserve, for the first time, asked about cryptocurrency in the survey. It found that 12% of Americans had held crypto in the past 12 months, but only 3% had used it in financial transactions. The Fed said 2% used it to make a payment, and 1% used crypto to send money to someone, Fed officials said.


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RESPOND: Commit these five verses to memory.
*Share your thoughts on Comments.
I feel in the passage, God was sending me a very clear message regarding an issue I have been recently battling with. I have had the opportunity and the clear voice from him telling me to share his message with individuals whether it is someone at church or someone around me. I specifically remember a Sunday when I looked down and saw a woman intensely praying, rocking back and forth. I got this enormous, consuming push to lay my hand on her back and let her know I was praying with her. I didn't do it. I kept feeling like I needed to hug her or say something but despite that overwhelming feeling, I didn't. She had even parked in the same parking lot as my friend and I did a few blocks away from the church. There, I had another opportunity! I still chickened out. I feel so guilty. I never want to impose and I am fairly new to sharing the word. None-the-less that is no excuse. The next time such an obvious opportunity shows itself, I pray I will make the move and share the light of Jesus Christ.
In addition to sharing with people in person, I am also afraid to socially spread his work in my life and with others say via Facebook. I have reached out to some, such as a friend whose child was having major surgery. I was reading a passage, and felt the urge to send her this prayer. She was so grateful. I also shared that I was recently baptized in our Family Pond in Mississippi on the same day as my 6-year liver transplant anniversary and didn't even realize it until after the fact! God works in mysterious ways Who says he doesn't have a since of humor as well! I want to show God's light through everything I do each day and that has recently included crossfit. I started about 4 months ago and am completely addicted. I am going to get my level 1 in October! I read Rich Fronings book in a matter of 2 days and felt so moved by it that I found Crossfit Faith's website and am so glad I can participate!
I mainly took: do not be afraid or ashamed to share my message, and we will be safe in the arms of
Your article is very good and useful, thank you very much for this content. : usefull site


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how to draw santa
How to Draw Santa Clause from His Name Word Cartoon / Toon Easy Step by Step Drawing Tutorial for Kids on Christmas
Today I will show you how to draw a cute cartoon Santa Claus from his name...this is a word cartoon drawing tutorial for kids. You start off with the word "Santa" and then you keep adding simple shapes until you land up with Santa Claus' face. This is a great alphabet letter drawing lesson for kids of all ages. Happy Drawing!
Easy How to Draw Santa Clause Step by Step Drawing Tutorial
I have put together a simple step-by-step tutorial that will help you figure out how to draw cartoon Santa Clause by using simple shapes to build up his form. This is an easy cartooning tutorial that younger kids and possibly preschoolers will be able to enjoy...but it is specifically meant for school aged children.


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The first activity that we did was sorting bears. We did this together since O insisted that we sort all of the bears, and there are more than a hundred.
Our favorite part of the kit is the number puzzle. O counts the objects in each set and matches the correct numbers to the set of objects. O got a little off track while counting, but she did fine when I helped her point to the objects.


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"A Vision of the Law of the Fast," Ensign, Nov. 1977, 82
Welfare session
A Vision of the Law of the Fast
As with other eternal laws, great blessings are predicated upon observing the law of the fast. Proper observance of this law includes a number of important elements, such as fasting with purpose, prayer, commitment to action, and consecration. In its fulness, the law of the fast benefits both those who fast and those who stand in need.
The importance of this relationship cannot be overemphasized. The one who consecrates his fast by a generous offering is in fact providing food, clothing, and shelter for the poor and is sanctified by his sacrifice.
President Spencer W. Kimball expanded our vision of being generous in our offerings to the Lord when he said (and again repeated this morning):
"Sometimes we have been a bit penurious and figured that we had for breakfast one egg and that cost so many cents and then we give that to the Lord. I think that when we are affluent, as many of us are, that we ought to be very, very generous. …
"I think we should be very generous and give, instead of the amount we saved by our two meals of fasting, perhaps much, much more—ten times more where we are in a position to do it." (Conference Report, April 1974, p. 184.)
Since President Kimball issued this call 3 1/2 years ago, fast offering donations have increased substantially. These sacred funds have blessed many Church members in all parts of the world. Those who received were certainly blessed, but those who gave were even more so. When we give generously to the Lord, we receive from him that which is of greater value than our offering. When we keep his commandments, "He doth immediately bless" us. (Mosiah 2:24.) It is impossible to place the Lord in our debt.
Some time ago, Dr. James O. Mason, who was associated with us in the Welfare Services Department, was visiting one of the developing countries of the world. A teenage boy asked him if he would please bring a gift to President Kimball. The gift was a sketch he had drawn of a peacock with its tail feather in full fan. It was done so carefully—each feather in place—in such beautiful color. As we saw it, we marveled at the artistry of the boy and asked further about him. In response, Dr. Mason handed us a picture of this lad. He had no arms. A birth defect had left him crippled, and yet he had developed his artistic talent so as to draw this beautiful, intricate rendering by holding his pencils between his toes.
We were asked if the Church had funds that could be used to fit him with artificial limbs. We assured the mission president there were funds, but only after his family had done all they could. When we had the assurance that the family had complied with Welfare Services principles, funds were made available.
We later received another picture, showing his newly acquired arms and hands, with a report of how proud he was to be able to dress himself now. He had been greatly blessed by those who lived the law of the fast and were generous in their offerings.
We reaffirm the principle of making a generous offering as an integral part of the regular monthly fast, and encourage everyone to take full opportunity to be in total harmony with this principle.
In addition to providing the means for taking care of the poor among us, fasting is a principle of power which helps us to individually achieve righteous purposes in our lives. The scriptures contain many accounts of the power of fasting.
Consider the great lesson of fasting taught by Alma, who gave up the judgment seat to do the Lord's work. After great spiritual success in various cities, Alma traveled to the city of Ammonihah, where, the scriptures report, "Satan had gotten great hold upon the hearts of the people," and "they would not hearken unto the words of Alma." (Alma 8:9.)
Alma labored much in the spirit and wrestled with God in mighty prayer. Nevertheless, the people reviled him, spit upon him, and cast him out of their city. (See Alma 8:13.)
As he was traveling away from the city, Alma was met by an angel of the Lord, who directed him to return again to Ammonihah to call upon the people to repent. Alma followed the angel's instructions. He reports that this time he fasted many days before re-entering the city. (See Alma 8:26.)
His fasting was almost immediately rewarded. He found that righteous forces had been at work, preparing the way before him. When he entered the city again, he met a man, apparently a stranger, of whom he asked, "Will ye give to an humble servant of God something to eat?" The stranger's response was, "I know that thou art a holy prophet of God, for thou art the man whom an angel said in a vision: Thou shalt receive. Therefore, go with me into my house and I will impart unto thee of my food." (Alma 8:19–20.)
This was Amulek, who had been specially prepared to receive a prophet of God and who would share in his work. As a result of his fast, Alma was assured by the Lord through the witness of Amulek that heavenly forces were prospering his efforts, and he was filled with the spirit of the Lord's work. Alma ended his fast, and then he and Amulek did a marvelous work which resulted in the righteous being called out of Ammonihah. The remainder of the city, being left without excuse, was found in the full ripeness of iniquity and destroyed.
The greatest lesson ever taught with regard to fasting was taught by the Savior himself. In St. Luke we read:
"… Being forty days tempted of the devil. And in those days he did eat nothing; and when they were ended, he afterward hungered.
"And the devil said unto him, If thou be the Son of God, command this stone that it be made bread.
"And Jesus answered him, saying, It is written, That man shall not live by bread alone, but by every word of God." (Luke 4:2–4.)
After this the Devil used all his cunning to tempt the Savior to abandon his mission. His response, as recorded in St. Luke again: "Get thee behind me, Satan: for it is written, Thou shalt worship the Lord thy God, and him only shalt thou serve." (Luke 4:8.)
"And when the devil had ended all the temptation, he departed from him for a season.
"And Jesus returned in the power of the Spirit into Galilee." (Luke 4:13–14.)
These powerful examples of living the law of the fast teach some basic lessons. First, there needs to be a purpose associated with fasting. The Savior himself used the fast to gain inner strength and spiritual power during a crucial part of his ministry. The law of the fast can likewise bless us in times of temptation and stress if we are willing to live it.
Alma fasted to gain the strength and wisdom to accomplish a mission in which he had just failed. He knew he must have divine help if he were to succeed. After Alma had fasted for the purpose of accomplishing his mission, the Lord intervened and great power was given him. This same blessing is available to us if we will but take advantage of it.
Praying with a purpose is very important to the living of the law. It is not enough simply to refrain from two consecutive meals, whether the fast is the regular monthly fast or another, private fast. There are many appropriate purposes for fasting. Some are:
To overcome the temptations of Satan as the Savior did:
"Is not this the fast that I have chosen? to loose the bands of wickedness, to undo the heavy burdens, and to let the oppressed go free, and that ye break every yoke?" (Isa. 58:6.)
To assist the poor and the needy.
"Is it not to deal thy bread to the hungry, and that thou bring the poor that are cast out to thy house? when thou seest the naked, that thou cover him; and that thou hide not thyself from thine own flesh?" (Isa. 58:7.)
To achieve success in life:
"Then shall thy light break forth as the morning, and thine health shall spring forth speedily: and thy righteousness shall go before thee; the glory of the Lord shall be thy rereward." (Isa. 58:8.)
To humble and prepare ourselves to communicate with the Lord:
Again in Isaiah we read, "Then shalt thou call, and the Lord shall answer; thou shalt cry, and he shall say, Here I am. If thou take away from the midst of thee the yoke, the putting forth of the finger, and speaking vanity;
"And if thou draw out thy soul to the hungry, and satisfy the afflicted soul; then shall thy light rise in obscurity, and thy darkness be as the noonday:
"And the Lord shall guide thee continually, and satisfy thy soul in drought, and make fat thy bones: and thou shalt be like a watered garden, and like a spring of water, whose waters fail not." (Isa. 58:9–11.)
Fasting and prayer is a positive experience. It is a form of worship especially commended by the Lord. As we fast with prayer, we demonstrate our deep purpose, commit that we will do all in our power, and consign the outcome to the Lord.
Commitment to act is the key to exercising any gospel principle. We must actually do what the principles require. Doing, in conjunction with fasting and prayer, is in itself a prayer of faith. The principle of doing is one of the great messages of the scriptures. Alma did preach with power after fasting and prayer. The Savior, being strengthened by fasting, did reject Satan's every proposition and did rebuke him.
When we fast, we must work in appropriate ways to do everything we can to accomplish the purpose of our fast. The fast is most effective when we have done all that is within our power. Often this commitment involves the willingness to change, to put aside feelings and attitudes standing in our path, to forgive, to be strong, to make sacrifices, to exert energy toward our righteous goal.
In conclusion, may I read a message given by President Harold B. Lee thirty-six years ago this conference:
"I have had difficulty understanding how a people who are not able to sacrifice to a point where they can pay a tenth of their interest annually and abstain from two meals on the first Sunday of the month and pay that as an offering for the care of the needy, I have difficulty in understanding how we can believe that many of our people are more than ten per cent ready for the United Order. …
"We have come, yes, in a day when 'the way of the Lord,' as he described it, would be applied, when the poor would be exalted, or in other words stimulated to success and pride, and uplifted because the rich have been made low, or in other words, because the rich have been made humble and willing to give of their substance, their time, and their talent, and their wisdom, and their example that the poor might be thus guided and directed. I have seen team work and cooperation grow, and I have seen the priesthood take its place in blessing this Church temporally and spiritually in a most glorious way.
"I am also convinced that you and I will not be prepared for the living of the celestial law in preparation for the Second Coming if we are not able to live the law of tithing, and pay our fast offerings, and subscribe wholeheartedly to the workings of the Welfare Plan at the present time." (Conference Report, October 1941, pp. 112–14.)
I believe all of the evidence we have would tell us that more of our people are prepared today for this great event than were prepared thirty-six years ago. And yet, there are many still unprepared.
May we, the Priesthood and Relief Society officers of the Church throughout the world, show our people the way, that all may be prepared to live the higher law when the Lord so indicates, I pray in the name of the Lord Jesus Christ. Amen.


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Format | Hardcover |
Publication Date | 07/05/16 |
Trim Size / Pages | 6 x 9 in / 752 |
The most infamous doctor of the Gothic Era once again delves into the forbidden secrets of the world, when literature's most famous creature lives again . . .
Frankenstein . . . His very name conjures up images of plundered graves, secret laboratories, electrical experiments, and reviving the dead.
Within these pages, the maddest doctor of them all and his demented disciples once again delve into the Secrets of Life, as science fiction meets horror when the world's most famous creature lives again.
Here are collected together for the first time twenty-four electrifying tales of cursed creation that are guaranteed to spark your interest—with classics from the pulp magazines by Robert Bloch and Manly Wade Wellman, modern masterpieces from Ramsey Campbell, Dennis Etchison, Karl Edward Wagner, David J. Schow, and R. Chetwynd-Hayes, and new contributions from Graham Masterton, Basil Copper, John Brunner, Guy N. Smith, Kim Newman, Paul J. McAuley, Roberta Lannes, Michael Marshall Smith, Daniel Fox, Adrian Cole, Nancy Kilpatrick, Brian Mooney and Lisa Morton.
Plus, you're sure to get a charge from three complete novels: The Hound of Frankenstein by Peter Tremayne, The Dead End by David Case, and Mary W. Shelley's original masterpiece Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus.
As an electrical storm rages overhead, the generators are charged up, and beneath the sheet a cold form awaits its miraculous rebirth. Now it's time to throw that switch and discover all that Man Was Never Meant to Know.
Buy it now in print: Amazon Barnes & Noble IndieBound
Buy it now in ebook: Amazon Barnes & Noble Apple Kobo
"Editor Stephen Jones has selected a stunning array of stories. In the Shadow of Frankenstein does Mary Shelley's legacy proud." Diabolique Magazine
"In the Shadow of Frankenstein will haunt your dreams. A first-rate example of how the creature's heart has continued to pump life into the horror short-story genre." PopMatters
"A superb selection of short stories." This Is Horror


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Arrests, demonstrations in Sudan will coincide with coup anniversary
Amnesty International reports that ahead of a new round of protests against the government in Khartoum, activist Magdi Aqasha, the head of Sharara (Youth for Change), was arrested on the pretext of causing a traffic accident. Sudanese security agents, who used the accident as a pretext to take him in before Friday's demonstrations begun, were reportedly tailing Aqasha.
Additionally, internet users in Sudan reported that Zain Mobile, one of Sudan's largest cell phone provides, went down for two hours early on Friday morning, though state-owned media and other private outlets were apparently not affected. Though Zain Sudan's services are now functioning, the blackout – and the censure of the Arabic-language news outlet Hurriyat Sudan plus three independent dailies – unnerved Sudanese activists and reporters, who expect the next few days to see further crackdowns on demonstrators protesting government austerity measures. There are also rumors that classes at the University of Khartoum and other schools will again be suspended, as they were last winter, as a result of the protests.
The crackdowns have been going on since June 16th, when students from the University of Khartoum took to the streets, supported by opposition parliamentarians in the Sudanese legislature. Protests have now spread across the country. Any demonstrations held on June 30th are expected to draw a large security presence because it is the anniversary of the coup that overthrew the government of PM Sadiq al-Mahdi. Sudan's leader, then-Brigadier General Omar al-Bashir, led the coup and then appointed himself President in 1993. He has threatened the protestors with draconian measures if they do not disperse, and the students who have led the protests have reportedly been attacked by pro-regime gangs as well. Human Rights Watch estimates that around 100 demonstrators are still being held without charge after hundreds were arrested over the course of the week and released. Student leaders and journalists[1] have been particularly suspect by the security forces. Sudanese journalist Moez Ali tweets that Ahmed Ibrahim Mohammed, Secretary-General of the UMST (University Of Medical Sciences and Technology) Graduates Union was recently arrested, as was "citizen journalist" Usamah Mohammed, who had been covering the demonstrations up until last Friday and compiling "a collection of tips and technical information about the best ways to demonstrate in Sudan and deal with the suppression of the police."
Though a nationwide telecommunications shutdown has not occurred, the regime is still thought to be manipulated the Internet to quash protests. Lisa Goldman notes that activists have been using Facebook and other websites to organize protests, and Evgeny Morozov has written that in the past, the Sudanese government has "cleverly mixed provocation and intimidation, by publicizing fake protests online and then arresting those who show up." Some activists fear that police informants are trying to incite people on Twitter.
But despite al-Bashir's curt, dismissive remarks – he has called those chanting the Arab Spring slogan "the people want to overthrow the regime" pie-in-the-sky "elbow lickers" – his actions evidence a deep sense of unease over the protests (for their part, organizers have taken his words and are calling the planned marches "Elbow-Licking Friday"). The loss of three-quarters of the country's oilfields to South Sudan in 2011 - and a stalemate in negotiations between Khartoum and Juba over affecting (among other issues) a possible pipeline agreement that could ameliorate the loss of oil revenue – has undercut government spending significantly as inflation, fuel prices and food costs have all risen dramatically. Around 40% of Khartoum's revenue comes from its oil fields, and the recent clash between Sudan and South Sudan over disputed territory is thought to have cost Khartoum some US$741 million this year.
On top of this, an arm of the southern liberation movement now governing in Juba continues to fight in the Juma Mountains and Blue Nile Province of Sudan, as do other armed groups in Darfur and the southwestern border areas. Khartoum is on the verge of bankruptcy; militarily, economically and politically, opines Eric Reeves at Muftah.org:
"… although the regime has vaguely promised to cushion the blow of inflation for food purchases, there are simply no means available to halt the effects of inflation, even for food. A typical food basket that today costs what is deemed an exorbitant 30 Sudanese pounds could very soon cost 60 pounds; and any stabilizing (i.e., subsidizing) of this price at previous price levels (in non-inflated pounds) will then be twice as expensive and will create an even greater budget gap—and more inflation."
"The National Intelligence and Security Services (NISS) are likely to remain loyal to the end, but the army is potentially another story, especially given the evident rift between the most senior generals now exercising greatest political power in the regime, and the mid-level officer corps The NIF/NCP ruthlessly purged the army on coming to power in 1989, and effectively destroyed it as an institution in the Egyptian mold. The army has never regained a true esprit de corps, and disaffected officers up to the rank of colonel may soon refuse to obey orders to use violence against protesting civilians."
Sudan is not on the verge of state collapse, Reeves believes. But the economy shows little sign of improving absent an end to fuel subsidies (the governing party's MPs already struck down attempts to do so) or a pipeline deal with South Sudan: Sudanese economist Yousif Elmahdi even goes to far as to call the country a failed state.
None of this month's events this bodes well for the government, especially if violence escalates and it finds itself confronting major demonstrations all over the country.
Foreign reporters are also being made to feel unwelcome: Egyptian Bloomberg correspondent Salma El-Wardany was interrogated and then deported from the country this week as a result of her coverage of the demonstrations. ↩


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£10.36 £12.95
| /
Caterer and sleuth extraordinaire Goldy Schulz jumps from the frying pan into the fire as she tries to solve a puzzling murder that is much too close to home, in this latest entry in the New York Times bestselling series from "today's foremost practitioner of the culinary whodunit" (Entertainment Weekly).
Goldy Schulz knows her food is to die for, but she never expects one of her best friends to actually keel over when she's leaving a birthday party Goldy has catered. At first, everyone assumes that all the fun and excitement of the party, not to mention the rich fare, did her in. But what looks like a coronary turns out to be a generous serving of cold-blooded murder. And the clever culprit is just getting cooking. When a colleague—a woman who resembles Goldy—is stabbed, and Goldy is attacked outside her house, it becomes clear that the popular caterer is the main course on a killer menu. With time running out, Goldy must roll up her sleeves, sharpen her knives, and make a meal out of a devious murderer, before that killer can serve her up cold.


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Aliases in resource policies enable you to restrict what values or conditions are permitted for a property on a resource. If you are already familiar with policy aliases, you know they are a crucial part of managing your Azure environment.
We want to keep adding new policy aliases, so you can more easily govern what gets deployed in your environment. In this blog, I would like to share most recent aliases we have enabled.
First, let's review how aliases are integrated into user requests. Each policy alias maps to paths in different API versions for a given resource type. During policy evaluation, when the policy engine retrieves the value of a particular field, it looks at the API version of the request and gets the path for that version. The diagram below shows how policy alias works during policy evaluation time.
Custom Image for virtual machines
For security reasons, lots of customers want to make sure only custom images from the central IT team are deployed in their environment. The IT team approves a set of managed images, and puts them in a resource group. To ensure VMs are created from these images, you implement a resource policy. For implementation, you can either specify the resource group which contains the images or explicitly specify the images.
We added the Microsoft.Compute/imageId alias to enable this scenario. You can use it for virtual machines or virtual machine scale sets by modifying the type condition.
The examples below show what the policies look like.
Example1: (use images from certain resource group)
{ "if": { "allOf": [ { "field": "type", "equals": "Microsoft.Compute/virtualMachines" }, { "not": { "field": "Microsoft.Compute/imageId", "contains": "resourceGroups/testImage" } } ] }, "then": { "effect": "deny" } }
Example2: (use specific images)
{ "field": "Microsoft.Compute/imageId", "in": [""," "] }
Microsoft.Compute/imageId is the new alias we enabled. You can also use it for virtual machines scale set by modifying the type condition.
Platform Images
We introduced a set of aliases that can be used across resource types. These cross resource type aliases enable you to restrict platform images for virtual machines, virtual machine scale sets, and managed disks. For example, the alias Microsoft.Compute/imagePublisher doesn't have a resource type name, and can work across different resource types. The linked example shows how to use these aliases.
Use Managed Disk
With the release of managed disk, lots of customers want to require that only managed disks are deployed for VMs. With resource policy, you can now restrict your VM and scale set to use only managed disks. The policy requires that fields related to managed disks are present in user request. Those fields are shown in the linked example. By looking for these fields, you can determine whether managed disks are used with the VM or scale set.
VM Extension Types
Organizations may want to forbid usage of certain type of extensions. For example, a VM extension may not be compatible with certain custom VM images. Or, for security reasons, you don't want users to reset password for a VM. The example below shows how to block a specific VM extension. It uses publisher and type to determine which extension to block.
{ "if": { "allOf": [ { "field": "type", "equals": "Microsoft.Compute/virtualMachines/extensions" }, { "field": "Microsoft.Compute/virtualMachines/extensions/publisher", "equals": "Microsoft.Compute" }, { "field": "Microsoft.Compute/virtualMachines/extensions/type", "equals": "VMAccessAgent" } ] }, "then": { "effect": "deny" } }
Azure Hybrid Use Benefit
When you have proper on-premise license, you can save the license fee on your virtual machines. When you don't have the license, you should forbid the option. The following policy forbids usage of Azure Hybrid Use Benefit (AHUB).
{ "if": { "allOf": [ { "field": "type", "in":[ "Microsoft.Compute/virtualMachines","Microsoft.Compute/VirtualMachineScaleSets"] }, { "field": "Microsoft.Compute/licenseType", "exists": true } ] }, "then": { "effect": "deny" } }
To do a quick recap, this blog explains how policy alias works and what you can govern through resource policies. Try them and let us know what new things you want to govern!


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Open thread for various climate science-related discussions. Suggestions for potential future posts are welcome.
(Continued here).
Climate science from climate scientists...
by group
Open thread for various climate science-related discussions. Suggestions for potential future posts are welcome.
(Continued here).
Richard Ordway says
Ooops… scientists getting hit…a new Washington Post-ABC News poll after "climategate." Scientists "significantly" losing credibility with the public:
"Scientists themselves also come in for more negative assessments in the poll, with four in 10 Americans now saying that they place little or no trust in what scientists have to say about the environment. That's up significantly in recent years. About 58 percent of Republicans now put little or no faith in scientists on the subject, double the number saying so in April 2007. Over this time frame, distrust among independents bumped up from 24 to 40 percent, while Democrats changed only marginally. Among seniors, the number of skeptics more than doubled, to 51 percent."
Mark Schaffer says
Most of this hit is due to the superficial, at best, coverage given to the non issues of email releases, etc. Without the continuous feed of misinformation from ideological driven anti science people we could get on with addressing the serious ramifications of AGW.
Alexander Ač says
Hello RC,
I would like to welcome post on interaction of peak oil and carbon emissions.
Some people suggest that peak oil might reduce total emissions, but others say, peak oil might even increase emissions – through implementing nonconventional reserves and coal-to-liquids etc…
Also, there is a strong indication that we are already past the peak oil. As we have seen, high oil prices helped to destroy financial system and the global economomy, and it might be worse (or beter?) in the future. Anything on this topic from climate scientists is highly desirable :-)
P.S. Ramanathan says we are committed to 2,4°C no matter what wee do (due to dimming aerosol effects) – was this exact number discussed here? (I guess yes!)
Think says
Richard Ordway: This is not related to climate science but rather to the perception war by the denialists and those who fund them.
Read "Doubt is their product" by David Michaels,
Limited preview of "Doubt is their product"
There is a big business in creating doubt in science so that the public is influenced to a harmful direction. The tobacco industry did it, chemical companies did it, and now it is the big oil companies.
The sad thing is that some of those denialists are not aware they are being taken for a ride.
John P says
The earth's ecosystem and the laws of physics do not care what the Washington Post thinks. The enlightenment still means something in Europe. Here in the USA (I'm in Chicago), what we have is more like what I call the benightenment. It's a sad day for America when so many do not "believe" in evolution or AGW.
matt says
Postings like this are the signs of the failure of the denier crowd. The fact that you can only point to polls and opinions (which we both agree should not affect science). Considering that even a brilliant illegal poach of some 60mb of confidential and personal communication…yielded no conspiracy and no evidence of data manipulation. I should think with all of the gigabytes of published data, codes, reports and illegally obtained communication there would at least be a few crumbs for the deniers…but no.
It must be very frustrating to hold an opinion based on feelings. I'm sorry you feel that the climate scientists are wrong. But we can't run this planet on feelings.
Bob says
Any loss in the credibility of scientists, at the hands of ignorant politically motivated pundits, is a huge loss and liability for America as a whole. Huge segments of our lives and livelihood are based on science. A world where people only accept what they want to hear, and dismiss those who are better trained, educated and able to get to the truth of matters is not going to do anyone any good, be it on issues of climate change, pollution, health and medicine, or anything else. This is probably the second great casualty of the Climate Wars, the fact that the ignorant have learned how to wield their ignorance as a powerful weapon, to the extent that trust in the educated and informed has been dangerously eroded at a time in our civilization when we can least afford it.
Martin Vermeer says
Yep, the gloves are off.
Bringing up my old idea for a 'climatology legal defense fund'. The way libel-actionable content is plastered all over the Internet today, I would expect this to be a self-financing operation…
Robert Shomoh says
It seems to me that the republicans and others were just looking for a reason to go back to business as usual.
Lance Olsen says
I take it as fact that 1) public opinion can be volatile and that 2) volatility can be a two-edged sword. A recent case in point was demonstrated when Business Week could quote an auto company exec exclaiming that the Ameerican public's retreat from gas-guzzlers was surprisinngly rapid once gasoline cost rose to $4 a gallon, and by subsequent reports that gas-guzzlers were selling fairly well once gas prices sunk to about $2 a gallon. None of which means that public perception of science and scientist will be reversed soon. But I think that all of science can take some encouragement from an anticipation that public opinion about deniers and skeptics is no less volatile than any other sudden, swarm-like shift of mass opinion.
John Atkeison says
Here is something I would like to see y'all discuss:
Has the onset of climate changes and their symptoms been accelerating beyond expectations? (Seems that way to me.)
Was this unexpected?
If the acceleration is real and it was not uniformly unexpected, why was there not more outcry by the human beings who are scientists in the relevant fields?
REL says
I would love to have your response to a YouTube video that is making the rounds, "The Hockey Stick vs. Ice Core Data". The graphs are obviously dubious in their "correlation" but it would be great to have more specific comments from someone who knows the science.
It is exactly these types of things that help the public feel comforted in their dismissal of climate science.
Jonathan says
There's a push to grow tree's to offset emissions, rather than simply lowering said emissions. Could someone tell me if my thinking is correct when I conclude that an area the size of the USA would be needed to be reafforested every year to offset annual CO2 emissions from burning fossile fuels. From what I can gather the annual CO2 emissions from burning fossil fuels are 28 billion tonnes, and forests capture 25 tonnes of CO2/ha/year. ie about 1 billion ha required.
My conclusion- an unfeasible solution to rising CO2 levels and one destined to affect lands that would be suitable for reafforestation, chiefly agricultural.
Sufferin' Succotash says
As a scientific semi-literate but also as a political semi-professional, I've been trying to follow Climategate while simultaneously reading Mark Brown's Science in Democracy (just published by MIT Press) which deals precisely with some of the science-and-society issues raised by Climategate.
And I'm wondering if there's some very dumbed-down but nonetheless scientifically valid way of presenting the methods by which climate change data is collected and produced. I realize this may seem like squaring the circle (or maybe passing a camel through the eye of a needle), but this is one of those situations where esoteric methods, if they remain esoteric, can become a major political liability.
Tony Clifford-Winters says
There are two technical aspects of climate change that, as far as my research can tell, are not covered well in the scientific literature and these are the latency between CO2 emissions release and, to a lesser extent, the rate of release of methane from permafrost. I know that work is being done on the latter but I have not, so far, found any projections on permafrost melt and concomitant methane release. But on the first issue, of CO2/temperature latency, I can find little. Any comments please.
Jaime Frontero says
"Suggestions for potential future posts…"
I'd like to have you deal with the nuclear power issue, as relates (especially) to its contribution to climate change, potential to come online quickly, and its security issues. Oh – and the likelihood of a solid and continuing fuel supply…
Personally, I don't see it. Not that I'm adamantly opposed.
But my understanding is it takes 10-20 years to bring a new nuclear plant online (*one!*), it can't (won't) be insured unless the government underwrites the whole package, and that – aside from various potential nefarious uses for the fuel and waste products – peak oil's got nothing on 'peak uranium'.
On the other hand, solar power produces power right now, and from the first panel installed in any location, it does considerably less damage to the environment (even aside from warming gasses), it has no appreciable waste products, and is politically and strategically benign.
I have a tremendous respect for Jim Hansen… but his focus on nuclear power is something I don't get.
I'd like to see RC do a thorough examination of nuclear vs. solar.
greywolf says
It is regaining that trust that is paramount (the trust in science and its integrity). I wish all folk involved in research could just be like the average Joe, but that isn't possible, especially now. Transparency, complete contemporary updates, sharing (I note a recent post concerning a scientist unwilling to share an algorithm, which, although perhaps a technically unimportant point, was, in fact, at the heart of this entire recent debacle…that pettiness has no place any more in the process)and ultimately successful public dissemination are critical. Americans in particular are science-deficient, and it will only get worse if scientists themselves participate in gamesmanship and unguarded sniping, even in their private e-mails. We all need to vent, but do it in person, or over the phone, perhaps. The unscrupulous part of the skeptic camp has decided on an all out, unethical war on science. It has potent spokespersons in such personalities as the late Michael Crichton, George Will, and the weepy but effective Glenn Beck. Even Aw Shucks Six-Pack Sarah Palin weighs in as though she had some valid contribution to make. And we must remember this: CNN promptly gives her a prominent quote. Think about that.
José M. Sousa says
One interesting subject is to talk more about the future of climate change rather than the past, to feature the consequences of different temperature increase. What would be the consequences of 2, 3, 6ºC to living beings in this planet.
Luc Binette says
From the outside, it is obvious to me that information system in the US is manipulative and ideological, with the exception maybe of Public channels and Democracy Now (internet). These meadia are so arrogant that they apparently cannot conceive that, in this regard, various other countries are much ahead because their news are based on facts and Science. I listened this morning to the German TV news (ARD channel) over internet. The Director of the Potsdam climatology reaserch center was interviewed at length in this news broacast (a full third of the journalistic report on Copenhaguen). He said that the science was vindicated in Copenhaguen, but the politicians of the greatest poluters (US, China) were the cause of the conference failure to come up with real targets. You may wish to consider that America too has really great scientists in the field of climatology, like James Hansen and many others, but they are not given a chance to be heard properly. Why is that? Why are the East Anglia UK scientists be the only ones that interest the US media for the last 7 weeks? Interesting, Dr Hansen was not mentioned once in the East Anglia email leak. Because of this, I would have expected that he would benefit from a renewed attention by the US media. But no! His research group benefits from an independent data set, distinct from the Brithish data set, and with a more complete temperature record of the polar regions. I recommend reading his latest article on world temperature records (up to 2009! almost), where one finds that 2005 was likely the warmest year in record, rather than 1998. The role of the El niño and La niña are analysed and appear to explain why 2008 was somewhat cooler than, say, 2007. You may read his letter here
Slioch says
re. #1 Richard Ordway
Worrying, but not surprising, statistics.
My own view is that there is far too little effort made by scientists and scientifically literate individuals into combating denialist views in the places where it is most frequently expressed – newspapers and the various denialist websites. Websites like Realclimate do a fine job and one could not expect those who write articles for Realclimate to do more, but one often looks in vain for scientifically literate contributions at the lower end of the spectrum of comments. As a result, torrents of ignorant and misleading comments go unchallenged. Is it any wonder that large numbers of people become misinformed?
Those of us who have looked into the science of climate change have had to begin to accept that the cosy world we knew as children, where, whatever else was wrong, we at least could rely on the climate, is coming to an end. Unless far more effort is made by the scientific community as a whole into combating AGW denial at a basic level, we may also have to start to accept that the world where science is regarded in high esteem may also be ending.
Petteri Karvinen says
Weaknesses of non-AGW theories could be interesting to read about.
Dave Rado says
Re. Richard Ordway, #1 – this is part of an extremely depressing trend. The important question is, what can be done about it? The anti-science lobby is very effective and extraordinarily powerful. Realclimate and similar efforts aren't denting the trend: in fact the anti-science trend has greatly accelerated in recent years, despite the best efforts of educational efforts such as Realclimate – both in intensity and effectiveness. My own attempt at countering the misinformation if anything backfired.
A few years ago the media appeared to be starting to move away from providing a false "balance" that gave the public a highly misleading impression of where the centre of gravity of scientific knowledge lies; but in the last year they have gone rapidly in the opposite direction, with denialist voices being given massive unchallenged exposure in many mainstream media.
Do you have any constructive ideas?
Ed Davies says
Something that I've been wondering about for a while and which has come to the fore a bit in recent discussion (e.g., surrounding the "travesty") is the matter of ocean heating. As I understand it, a lot of the wibbles in surface temperatures (e.g., the "cooling" of the last few years) are a result of the varying rate of heat storage in the ocean.
Therefore, a post giving an overview about what is currently known about the way heat is stored and what is being done to improve measurements would be very welcome.
Following on from this, I wonder if it would be better to publish heat information rather than surface temperatures (MJ·m⁻² relative to some baseline or whatever) to give a better understanding of the heating process.
Jeffrey Davis says
re Richard Ordway's comment and the sentiment behind it.
It's a nonsensical sentiment. Pure manufactured hokum. If you spend enough money and fling enough pooh, you could turn the "public sentiment" against Ann Frank, Mother Teresa, and Albert Schweitzer.
Magnus says
RC's view on this http://www.americanthinker.com/2009/12/a_climatology_conspiracy.html would be of interest.
[Response: DCPS contains a statistical test that is absolutely and fundamentally in error. It is the equivalent of comparing the uncertainty in the average of a finite number of die throws (3.5 +/- some small number) with the range of valid throws of a die (1-6). Their test (as shown in Fig. 5b in Santer et al) would reject perfectly valid realisations more than 60% of the time, when the claimed rejection rate is 5%. That Douglass and Christy still fail to acknowledge this mistake is very telling. The original RC piece is here (and follow-ups here and here). These were not 'unsigned', they were group pieces implying input and support from the whole RC team. There is no 'conspiracy' when multiple authors with interests in the issue discuss how best to proceed in rebutting a bad paper, and indeed going forward in exploring how best to look at the problem. The Santer et al paper was significantly more than a rebuttal to DCPS, even though that is how it was originally conceived. If Douglass and Christy think that there are mistakes in Santer et al, they are at liberty to submit a comment or new paper pointing this out. To date they have not done so (AFAIK). – gavin]
Mesnowedin says
So what's the best response to the people who are saying loudly this morning that yesteday's north-eastern record snow proves there is no such thing as global warming?
Chris Colose says
I've pointed it out elsewhere, but for those who haven't seen, I highly recommend watching the talk by Dr. Richard Alley at AGU 2009 on the role of CO2 on Earth's climate over geologic time. It is very well put together, and demonstrates very nicely the predictive and explanatory power involved in CO2's influence on climate. This also puts into perspective the intellectual bankruptcy of those who insist on "CO2 lagging temperature" or those who believe no paleoclimate evidence exists to support the strong role of Carbon Dioxide in maintaining Earth's climate.
Dr. B. Gerard Bricks says
This is absolutely to be expected. It is completely consistent with:
1.) The well-known fact that we of the scientific community have over time, in general, done a relatively poor job of communicating things scientific to the general public.
2.) The overall poor level of scientific education, even at the 'Physics for Poets' level, of the general public.
3.) The right-wing, anti-science, noise machine led by pundits such as Will, Stossel, etc., and by the corporate-funded, right-wing think tanks such as Heritage, Heartland, AEI, etc., who feed the punditry with dubious, politically motivated information.
4.) The 'fair and balanced' mentality of the traditional media which give equal time to those of #3 without fact checking, thereby allowing them to distribute mis- and dis-information on things scientific in a 'he said, she said' type of discourse where truth is assigned equal value with untruth.
Rich says
On the social science side, I'd be very curious to see the Venn diagram between those who do not believe in climate science and those who do not believe in evolution. Also, it would be interesting to know what percentage of the people who believe in evolution, believe in climate science. It seems to be that if someone does not accept evolution, there is little hope of explaining climate science to him or her.
Charles Raguse says
Seniors tend to be suspicious by nature. After having watched the world for six, seven or even eight or more decades, they have seen too many promised occurences that inevitably either failed to materialize, or faded away with little influence on the future, never to be seen again.
Marcus says
Subjects that would be interesting to see posts on (in my opinion):
Ocean heat content: What's the best current reconstruction of the past 50 years, what are the uncertainties, where is the science going in this field?
Satellite temperature trends: there's UAH, there's RSS, and there's the Fu analysis which has a different correction for stratospheric temperatures: what are the strengths and weaknesses of each, and how well do the satellite "surface" level measurements correspond with GISS/NCDC/HadCrut on a regional basis. Given that satellites don't capture the very high latitudes (as I understand it), how much difference is that expected to make in trends?
Natural variability: how much variability do unforced models have, and how does that correspond to observed variability. How does one even do such a comparison?
A critique of the Lindzen-Choi paper.
An analysis of how much the recent "deep solar minimum" would be expected to decrease temperatures compared to the counterfactual, with appropriate uncertainty bounds.
Impacts posts: An analysis of Arctic sea ice retreat and projections, given the last few years data. Greenland/Antarctic melt. Permafrost melt + high-latitude methane release. An ocean acidification post.
That's my personal wish list, anyway. Or at least, a small portion of it. =)
Dappled Water says
Comment #1, yup plain to see how this is going to play out – when it starts to turn to custard for western societies, people will be saying "By why weren't we told?".
Al Solomon says
A fairly insightful editorial appeared in the L.A. Times on Dec 16 (http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/commentary/la-oe-sarewitzthernstrom16-2009dec16,0,3859887.story) by Daniel Sarewitz (AzStUniv Prof) and Samuel Thernstrom (Am Enterprise Institute) describing the fundamental problem of climate-gate as being oversimplification of science as being perfect and pure, versus its being full of lies and obfuscations. That Fox News should be so fair and balanced! I take from it that the public requires a more realistic view of how science is accomplished, by people with human strenghts AND weaknesses, which does very little to diminish the value of scientific information for policymaking.
Tenney Naumer says
Would anyone like to post on what the models say happens in the Arctic and mid-latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere as temperatures in the Arctic keep rising and that nice cap of once relatively stable cold air weakens and gets shoved hither and thither by warmer water vapor streams coming from the south?
Nick says
I agree with a suggestion from above:
"What would be the consequences of 2, 3, 6ºC to living beings in this planet."
Perhaps reach out to a few evolutionary biologists to discuss specific environmental changes, time frames, and natural selection.
Spaceman Spiff says
I am an avid reader of articles at RC, and in the climate science literature. I think I have a decent grasp of many of the important issues, but a question has lain in the back of my mind.
Q: My understanding is that in the past, many or most of the large swings in climate have been due largely to radiative forcings from variations in Earth's orbital and rotational characteristics (Milankovitch cycles). This drove up the water vapor content, and resulting increased temperatures eventually drove CO2 (and methane, …) into the atmosphere, which then acted as additional positive feedback(s).
But for the first time since some catastrophic volcanic/tectonic event in the distant past, CO2 is being used as a hammer to Earth's climate — it's the radiative forcing agent. So my question is this:
how does this difference matter, either in the short term or long? Or does it?
Deech56 says
Future posts: Mann, et al. Science 2009? Any other new publications of interest.
Wes says
For Molnar (#157 on Hansen comments) and general discussion:
In addition to Mann, Thomas J.Crowley has also explored warming over the past 1000 years, and has published some results different from Mann in potentially critical ways. Paying particular attention to the years between 1840 and 1910 in Fig. 2 of the article by Crowley and Lowery,
shows that Crowley displays rapid warming during that interval that is absent from the Mann plot for the same period.
Crowley infers that Mann was aware of the apparent warming during this period but chose not to show it for reasons I don't yet understand. Crowley remarks on this "considerable deviation", saying:
The deviation occurs in 5 of our records (White Mountains,
Colorado, Urals, and west and east China records), has
been observed before (10, 33) and been attributed to (10) anomalous
tree-ring growth due to the late 19th century rise in CO2.
Mann et al. (10) addressed this problem by removing the postulated
CO2 growth effect before estimating past temperatures.
However, because this response also occurs in the Chinese phenological
data set, another source of variance for high tree-ring
growth rates cannot be excluded.
Obviously, Crowley understood Mann's reasons for omitting this warming trend, but nonetheless chose to include the trend in his presentation. I take this as Crowley believing the warming trend real. As shown in Fig. 4, this decision clearly makes the Crowley and Mann graphs dramatically different in the late 1800s.
It seems vital that we understand and evaluate [edit] this possible important
feature of the warming record.
Any help here would be welcomed.
[Response: Your reading in of motivations and actions is very far from reality. I suggest you read the appropriate papers for more understanding – Mann et al 1999 for instance. Also have a look at more up to date literature to see how this feature is represented in reconstructions with far more data than was used in 1998. – gavin]
J.G. says
I think Tocqueville can give us some insight as to why Americans are so unwilling to believe science:
"The nearer the people are drawn to the common level of an equal and similar condition, the less prone does each man become to place implicit faith in a certain man or a certain class of men (scientists in particular). But his readiness to believe the multitude increases, and opinion is more than ever mistress of the world."
"At periods of equality men have no faith in one another, by reason of their common resemblance; but this very resemblance give them almost unbounded confidence in the judgment of the public; for it would seem probable that, as they are all endowed with equal means of judging, the greater truth should go with the greater number"
So we see that American culture tends to foster a skepticism of any idea or any set of ideas that do not come from public opinion. This is a source of America's uneasy relationship with science. Science is NOT democratic, simply because public opinion believes that a certain idea is closer to truth does NOT make it so – and people hate that.
In regards to talent (especially scientific talent):
"They do not fear distinguished talents, but are rarely fond of them. In general, everyone who rises without their aid seldom obtains their favor"
I believe this may be another source of the American public's uneasy relationship with science, it is exactly because scientists rose to their positions of authority without their aid or advice that they are unwilling to believe their ideas or theories.
Completely Fed Up says
"I note a recent post concerning a scientist unwilling to share an algorithm, which, although perhaps a technically unimportant point, was, in fact, at the heart of this entire recent debacle…"
You mean this one?
re #11 Yup, I liken this to someone swimming in the ocean and someone on a boat nearby. The one in the boat shouts out "there's a shark in the water".
"There's no shark. That's a dolphin.
Boat: "No, a dolphin has a horizontal tail, that one's vertical".
Sea: "Well, it's half a mile off, stop bothering me"
Boat: "It's getting closer"
Sea: "No it isn't and like I say it's probably a dolphin. Anyway there's no proof I've seen of sharks attacking humans in open water"
Boat: "No, it's a shark all right. And it's coming straight for you!"
Sea: "Rubbish. It's a dolphin and sharks don't eat people and you just want the sea for yourself and stop bothering me!!!"
(we are at this point)
Sea: "Hang on, that's a shark" starts swimming frantically for the boat. Sweating and scared and frantic, climbs aboard:
Sea: "WHY DIDN'T YOU TELL ME EARLIER!!!!".
Completely Fed Up says
re 13, Charles, like "Germany wouldn't invade France"?
NikFromNYC says
It is a myth that thermometer records only extend back to the 1800s. Abundant records do kick in precisely in1850 (see a scatter plot of them from GHCN here: http://statpad.files.wordpress.com/2009/12/ghcnadj_a.jpg), but there are lots of records from classically old cities that extend the record much further back. Thermometers were not that accurate prior to the updated Fahrenheit scale of the mid 1700s in absolute value readings but they were likely quite good at recording variability over time and what they suggest is that recent variation in temperature is not a strong argument for AGW:
A couple sites do show a suggestive upturn from the usual trend as can be seen here:
A few other sites show various slope changes here and there (e.g. Paris slopes up in 1885). However, none of the longest running non-proxy records support a hockey stick version of the past as shown in Mann's recent spaghetti graph (PNAS 2008):
My plots use raw data. They are all from urban areas. My point isn't that this proves AGW to be false. My point is that since thermometer records do not support it, AGW is a more speculative theory than its supporters are usually willing to admit.
Steve R says
Yet another hit job: on the 17th. CRU emails are the tip of the iceberg, I should know, my articles have been rejected, blah blah blah, peer review has been corrupted, blah blah blah. And 330 comments, and among them only one voice of reason. And yet there are so often dozens of voices of un-reason in the comments here. Perhaps journalists are monitoring blog comments, when they should be monitoring science sources.
(My apologies if the link doesn't work; I'm a little clumsy with even basic html.)
MapleLeaf says
This form the UK Met office:
"New analysis released today has shown the global temperature rise calculated by the Met Office's HadCRUT record is at the lower end of likely warming. "
"The new analysis estimates the warming to be higher than that shown from HadCRUT's more limited direct observations. This is because HadCRUT is sampling regions that have exhibited less change, on average, than the entire globe over this particular period."
So much for allegations of CRU "fudging" the data to "amplify" the warming.
[Response: Indeed. But I wish press releases would put in links or at least references to the actual study they are talking about. Anyone have a clue? – gavin]
Jim Bouldin says
Less attention to bad science and junk claims. Let that crap die of neglect, as it should.
More attention to the enormous amount of behind-the-scenes and otherwise unknown (to the public), but utterly crucial, work.
Deep Climate says
From Deep Climate http://www.deepclimate.org
Contrarian scholarship: Revisiting the Wegman report
Update, Dec. 19: This post has been substantially revised to remove speculation about Donald Rapp's possible role in the Wegman report. I apologize for any embarrassment caused to Donald Rapp or Edward Wegman by that speculation.
The post has also been updated to reflect new information about the provenance of Wegman et al's section on tree ring proxies, as well as more background detail on some of the events leading up to the Wegman report. There are also more details about large swathes of unattributed material found in the Wegman report and in Donald Rapp's book Assessing Climate Change.
It is clear that the circumstances and contents of both the Wegman report and Rapp's text book deserve closer scrutiny.
Dec. 20: Comments are now open again.
Key paragraph:
Part of the answer lies in the close examination of the Wegman report. Surprsingly, extensive passages from Wegman et al on proxies have turned up in a skeptic text book by contrarian author Donald Rapp. And at least one of these common passages on tree ring proxies closely follows a classic text by noted paleoclimatologist Raymond Bradley, but with a key alteration not found in the original. Moreover, Wegman's section on social networks appears to contain some unattributed material from Wikipedia and from a classic sociology text.
CL says
I'd be interested in a discussion on the implications of the recent NASA press release about AIRS:
"NASA Outlines Recent Breakthroughs in Greenhouse Gas Research"
Perhaps a guest post by Dessler?
Jim Bouldin says
I would be very interested in a discussion of strategies and methods for climate model evaluation–what types of data are most limiting to that enterprise (e.g. paleo vs current), prospects for obtaining or improving such, possible workarounds or shortcuts, etc.
Rumble says
Future post suggestion:
Scientific theories with predictive power have great credibility because their testability stands them apart from conjecture e.g. the discovery of Neptune was made based on Newtonian theory.
In the following paper . . .
(URL: http://www.pnas.org/content/105/suppl.1/11466.full)
David B. Wake and Vance T. Vredenburg. "Are we in the midst of the sixth mass extinction? A view from the world of amphibians." Proc Natl Acad Sci; (12 August 2008). 105(Supplement_1): 11466–11473
. . . the authors state without qualification:
"The first event predicted by the IPCC panel,
'Amphibian Extinctions Increasing on Mountains,' is now an empirical fact." With 200-plus upland and montane species now gone suddenly extinct and a third of all amphibians now threatened with extinction, one can only agree.
Contrarians and non-scientist can too easily dismiss long-term climate projections and sneer that "they can't even tell us what the weather will be next week". But they can't dismiss what was PREDICTED earlier and HAS happened. The growing toll of dead frogs, mass mortality events in trees, coral bleaching, the sudden disappearance of the 18,000 year old Chacaltaya Glacier in Bolivia etc.
Could RC put together for lay readers a score sheet, if you like, a reality check of the story so far – this is what science said would happen, this is what has, and hasn't, happened.
It would be very useful and instructive for may reasons.
Sandra Kay says
"Most of this hit is due to the superficial, at best, coverage given to the non issues of email releases, etc. Without the continuous feed of misinformation from ideological driven anti science people we could get on with addressing the serious ramifications of AGW."
There is no doubt that Climategate has severely damaged the credibility of Pro-AGW advocates. Another factor is the doom and gloom, catastrophic scenarios that have been predicted over the decades that have NOT come to fruition.
There is only so much crying wolf that people will take before ignoring the fear mongering.
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