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Tooth Morphology & Glossary
Lower/Upper – teeth from the lower jaw and upper jaw
Parasymphyseal – which are found where the left and right portions of the jaw meet and are typically small
Symphyseal/Intermediate – which sit between the anterior and lateral teeth and tend to be smaller, are in the center of both the upper and lower jaws
Anterior – which are usually the largest teeth in the jaws and sit close to the midline
Lateral – which get smaller with size towards the outer edges of the jaws
Posterior/Distal – toward the end of the jaw
Apex – top
Apical – from the top
Basal – refers to the bottom
Basal margin – area where the root and crown meet
Crown – dentine portion of the tooth that is not connected to the jaw
Crown attitude
recurved – arched lingually
Cusp – a major projection of the crown
Cusplet – a small, enameloid covered projection lateral to the basal margin of the crown
Cutting edges – a sharp, thin, enameloid ridge
Dentition – all the teeth and their arrangement in the mouth (both jaws)
Directional terms –
labial (from the front), lingual (from the back), mesial (toward the symphysis), distal (toward the end of jaw)
Distal – the edge of the tooth towards the back/posterior of the mouth
Enamel – smooth, glossy tissue coating the crowns of elasmobranch teeth
Foramen – opening or hole in the root
Labial- viewed from the front
Lateral – viewed from the side, when referring to the position of a tooth, this term is used to indicate mesial and/or distal
Lateral cusplets – a small, enameloid covered projection lateral to the basal margin of the crown
Lingual – the inner surface of the tooth toward the tongue
Lobe – the mesial or distal portion of the root created by the nutrient groove
Lobate – lobe-shaped
Medial – toward the middle
Mesial – the edge of a tooth towards the front/anterior of the mouth
Multicusped – more than one cusp
Notch – a groove situated on the top of the root
Serrations – having the appearance of the toothed edge of a saw
Shoulder – narrow , enameloid covered extension of the crown onto the margin of the root lobe
Transverse groove – a deep groove transverse on the lingual root surface, transecting it into mesial and distal root lobes
Common questions about modern and fossil shark teeth
Sharks can shed many thousands of teeth throughout their lifetime. In order for these teeth to fossilize, they must sink the seafloor and be quickly covered by sediment. Rapid burial is important for fossilization for a number of reasons. First, the sediment acts to protect the teeth from the weathering, abrasion, and scavenging that could occur if they were exposed to open water and currents. Secondly, burial also limits exposure to oxygen and bacteria which are responsible for decay. The process of fossilization is a slow one that usually takes thousands of years. In the case of shark's teeth, they are preserved through a process known as permineralization. Which occurs as water seeps down through the sediments and over the teeth. This water carries different minerals in it that are deposited into open pore spaces in the teeth. The most common minerals are silica and calcite but other local minerals are deposited as well. Depending on which minerals are present teeth can be found in a wide variety of different colors, ranging from blue/grey to black to orange/red to white to green.
Sharks, or chondrichthyans, are cartilaginous fishes. This means that most of their skeleton is composed of cartilage. The main exceptions are teeth and dermal ossicles, which are usually enameloid, and vertebral centra, which do calcify.
Cartilage does not mineralize to the extent that bone does, and as a result breaks down much quicker and easier than bony elements. Teeth are the most common part of the shark that is fossilized, but it is not uncommon to also find individual vertebral centra in the same sediments.
In very rare instances when an individual is buried very quickly under the right circumstances, portions of the cartilage can be preserved. This is seen in environments that are low energy with high sedimentation rates. These specimens can preserve the neurocranium, teeth, and articulated vertebral centra.
The color of fossil shark teeth is a result of the minerals that are present in the surrounding sediments. Teeth fossilize through a process called permineralization. As water seeps through sediments over the teeth, it transports the minerals that are found in the sediment. These minerals fill in pore spaces in the tooth causing them to fossilize. Different minerals turn different colors as they form and react with trace amounts of oxygen. For example, as iron oxidizes it begins to rust and typically turns a reddish brown. The same can happen to fossils.
In general, fossils are found in sedimentary rocks or unconsolidated sediments. These are rocks that formed through the compression of loose sediments, like sands, muds, silts, and clays over thousands or millions of years.
In Florida, many of these sediments have not been around long enough to compress into rock yet, and are still unconsolidated. Fossil shark teeth are found in sedimentary rocks that are specifically marine-derived, meaning that the sediments were originally laid down underwater in the ocean. In the past, the Earth's oceans have risen and fallen due to changes in the climate. This means that sediments originally deposited underwater 10,000 years ago, may be on dry land today.
To find fossil shark teeth today, you must find exposed sediments or sedimentary rocks that are marine-derived. In Florida, that is relatively easy because the state is surrounded by water and has been periodically submerged during high stands of the oceans in the past. Not all marine sediments, however, yield great numbers of teeth. Areas that were shallow marine environments in the past tend to have more teeth, because more sharks were present there in the past. The sharks were probably drawn into these areas looking for food and cover.
It can be hit or miss when looking for shark teeth, but looking in areas where teeth have been found in the past is a good start.
There are a number of different ways one can determine if a shark tooth is a fossil or if it is modern.
Color can be an indicator of age in some situations but not all the time. Modern shark teeth, both the crown and the root, are typically white in color. Fossil teeth are permineralized and are usually darker colored. There are instances where fossil teeth exhibit a white crown however the root is usually a darker grey or beige color.
Another method for determining if a shark tooth is modern or fossil is by simply asking "Where was the tooth found?" If the tooth was found in a creek 50 miles from the nearest ocean, it is safe to assume that the tooth is a fossil. When you find a shark tooth at the beach, you may need to look at its color to figure out its age.
Identifying the tooth to species may also help. While many of the species found in the southeast today have been around for 4-5 million years, some of the older teeth are extinct species no longer alive today.
The best way to determine the age of fossil shark teeth is to determine the age of the sediments that the teeth were found in. This can be done using geological maps, which have been developed for most states and show where different aged sediments can be found. If a geologic map is not available, the age of sediments can be determined using the fossils found in them.
Sharks are not very good indicators of geologic age because shark evolution is a relatively slow process. Many of the species found in the oceans today have been around for 4-5 million years. Other fossils including invertebrates, reptiles, mammals, and birds are much better indicators of age because they evolve much faster. If other types of fossils are found in associated sediments, they should also be kept and may be valuable for aging the locality.
Identifying the shark teeth can be useful to get a rough estimate of age, but it will not be extremely precise. Geological maps are available for every state from the U.S. Geological Survey.
It can be extremely difficult to identify shark teeth to the species level.
There are a variety factors that make species identification very complicated. Since most teeth are found mixed and scattered, it has led to much confusion even between the experts. Many sharks exhibit dignathic heterodonty, which means that the upper and lower teeth are morphologically different. This is notably apparent in the snaggle-toothed shark, Hemipristis.
Shark teeth also differ with regards to position within the jaw. Sharks can have parasymphyseal teeth (which are found where the left and right portions of the jaw meet and are typically small), anterior (which are usually the largest teeth in the jaws and sit close to the midline), symphyseal/intermediate (which sit between the anterior and lateral teeth and tend to be smaller), and lateral teeth (which get smaller with size towards the outer edges of the jaws), all of which may vary in shape, size, and curvature based on their position.
The age of a shark can also play a factor in its tooth morphology. Many species change their diets throughout their lives, and their tooth shape and size can change to reflect their eating preferences. This can result in the gain or loss of serrations and cusplets, broadening or narrowing of the crown, and overall size of the tooth. Sexual dimorphism must also be taken into account when identifying shark teeth.
Males and females of a given species may exhibit some differences in tooth shape and size, typically with females exhibiting slightly narrower or smaller teeth or differences in serration patterns.
Finally, abnormal or pathologic teeth can distort a normal tooth into a shape that is almost unrecognizable. Twisted or bifurcated crowns, missing serrations or cusplets, and wrinkled or pinched edges can all make the identification process more complicated. Typically, it is fairly easy to identify a shark tooth to the genus level, but it can be extremely difficult to identify the species.


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subset: commoncrawl


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Previously labeled as one of nation's most polluted rivers, the Androscoggin River has slowly, if incompletely, recovered over time. Yet the river that allegedly inspired the 1972 Clean Water Act remains veiled in stereotype and ignored by the thousands who live along it.
"A River Lost and Found" explores the hidden past and neglected present of this important New England waterway. Our collaborative project combines photography, oral history, archival research, and non-fiction writing. Here we present a selection of our still-unfolding work. Together we ask how an injured river might reveal an ethic of place that embraces the complexities of human and natural history together. Our answers may suggest how we can embrace places that are neither pristine nor completely despoiled—the very places so many of us call home.
Site: A River Lost and Found: The Androscoggin in Time and Place


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You've said that nonbelievers must try to convince religious people "of the illegitimacy of their core beliefs." Why are these beliefs dangerous?
On the subject of religious belief, we relax standards of reasonableness and evidence that we rely on in every other area of our lives. We relax so totally that people believe the most ludicrous propositions, and are willing to organize their lives around them. Propositions like "Jesus is going to come back in the next fifty years and rectify every problem that human beings create"--or, in the Muslim world, "death in the right circumstances leads directly to Paradise." These beliefs are not very contaminated with good evidence.
There are beliefs--like kids believing in the tooth fairy--that I wouldn't say are dangerous.
Right. Those are not as consequential. But this whole style of believing and talking about beliefs leaves us powerless to overcome our differences from one another. We have Christians against Muslims against Jews, and no matter how liberal your theology, merely identifying yourself as a Christian or a Jew lends tacit validity to this status quo. People have morally identified with a subset of humanity rather than with humanity as a whole.
You're saying we should be part of the human race, not part of any particular religious or national group?
Yeah. It is still fashionable to believe that how you organize yourself religiously in this life may matter for eternity. Unless we can erode the prestige of that kind of thinking, we're not going to be able to undermine these divisions in our world.
To speak specifically of our problem with the Muslim world, we are meandering into a genuine clash of civilizations, and we're deluding ourselves with euphemisms. We're talking about Islam being a religion of peace that's been hijacked by extremists. If ever there were a religion that's not a religion of peace, it is Islam.
If 9/11 hadn't happened, what would be the example atheists would point to--another egregious, contemporary misuse of religion?
There are so many. Let's take the extreme case, honor killing in the Muslim world. Imagine the psychology of a man who, upon hearing that his daughter was raped, is inspired not to console her, not to seek immediate medical and psychological treatment for her, but to kill her. This is an honor-based, shame-based psychology. You cannot name a Muslim country to my knowledge where it doesn't happen. It even happens in the suburbs of Paris. It falls right out of the theology of Islam.
What are some problems with Judaism and Christianity?
There is no text more barbaric than the Old Testament of the Bible--books like Deuteronomy and Leviticus and Exodus. The Qur'an pales in comparison.
Richard Dawkins, a vocal atheist, has said the Old Testament God is a "psychotic monster."
Not only is the character of God diabolical in those books, but there are explicit prescriptions for how to live that are not metaphors; they are not open to theological judo. God just comes right out and says "stone people" for a list of offenses so preposterous and all-encompassing that the killing never stops. You have to kill people for working on the Sabbath. You kill people for fornication.
That's the point: in the West, we have delivered the salt. Obviously, people are no longer burning heretics alive in our public squares and that's a good thing. We in the West have suffered a sufficient confrontation with modernity, secular politics, and scientific culture so that even fundamentalist Christians and Orthodox Jews can't really live by the letter of their religious texts.
We now cherry-pick the good parts. That's easier to do with the Bible because the Bible is such a big book and it's so self-contradictory; you can use parts of it to repudiate other parts of it. Unfortunately, the Qur'an is a much shorter and more unified message.
But you ask me what the scariest things are in Christianity: this infatuation with biblical prophecy and this notion that Jesus is going to come back as an avenging savior to kill all the bad people.
Wouldn't it be more accurate to say that Christians believe that Jesus is going to come back, period? They don't necessarily believe that he's going to come back as an avenging person to kill people.
One of the things that is overlooked by many Christians is that there is a wrathful Jesus in the New Testament. Jesus comes out and condemns whole towns to fates worse than Sodom and Gomorrah for not liking his preaching. You can find Jesus in some very foul moods.
Look at the theology of the "Left Behind" series of novels and all the religious extremists in our culture who describe a Jesus coming back with a sword and punishing those who haven't lived in his name.
Cherry-picking is a good thing and it's to be hoped that Muslims will eventually cherry-pick as well. But the Qur'an, virtually on every page, is a manifesto for religious intolerance. I invite readers of your website who haven't read the Qur'an to simply read the book. Take out a highlighter and highlight those lines that counsel the believer to despise infidels, and you will find a book that is just covered with highlighter.
Let's return to your idea that people must be convinced of the "danger and illegitimacy" of their core beliefs. How can they be convinced?
It's a difficult problem because people are highly indisposed to having their core beliefs challenged. But we need to lift the taboos that currently prevent us from criticizing religious irrationality.
How do you bring it up, and in what context? At a party?
I'm not advocating that people challenge everyone's religious beliefs wherever they appear. In a crowded elevator, if someone mentions Jesus and you start barking at them, that's not really the front line of discourse.
Whenever you're standing at a podium or publishing a book or article or an op-ed, that's when it's time to be really rigorous about the standards of evidence.
Interpersonally, we don't challenge everyone's crazy beliefs about medical therapies or alien abduction or astrology or anything else. Yet if the president of the U.S. started talking about how Saturn was coming into the wrong quadrant and is therefore not a good time to launch a war, one would hope that the whole White House press corps would descend on him with a straitjacket. This would be terrifying--to hear somebody with so much power basing any part of his decision-making process on something as disreputable as astrology. Yet we don't have the same response when he's clearly basing some part of his deliberation on faith.
Many people consider America to have been founded as a Christian nation. They think many of the Founding Fathers were specifically Christian and very religious, whereas many secularists argue they weren't. You've said the issue is a dead end.
I just think that it's the wrong battle to fight. Even if the [Founding Fathers] were as religious or deranged by their religiosity as the Taliban, their beliefs now are illegitimate. Secularists are on the right side of the debate and fundamentalists in our culture are distorting history. The Founding Fathers--many believed that slavery was a justifiable practice; we now agree that it's an abomination. Anyone trying to resurrect slavery because Thomas Jefferson, that brilliant man, didn't free the slaves--that's an argument that would be so appalling to us now, in terms of 20th-century morality.
You've said the First Amendment is insufficient to protect against encroachments of religion. What would you do to supplement what the First Amendment does?
I'm not eager to monkey with the Constitution. It has to happen at the level of popular, grassroots expectations of what it means to be a rational, well-educated human being.
You've said that people perceive the word "atheist" as along the lines of "child molester." How should atheists present themselves?
I'm very distrustful of finding the right label because labels are ultimately sloganeering. You had the label the "brights," which is stillborn. I think atheism and secularism are also names that ultimately we don't need. We don't need a name for disbelief in astrology. I don't think we need anything other that rationality and reason and intellectual honesty.
In our society, people are rewarded for pretending to be certain about things they're clearly not certain about. You cannot have presidential aspirations without being willing to pretend to be certain that God exists. You have to pander to the similar convictions of 90% of the American population. 70% of Americans claim to feel that it is important that their president be strongly religious. No aspiring politician can fly in the face of those numbers now, so we are rewarding people for false certainty, false conviction.
Clearly, anyone who claims to be certain that Jesus was literally born of a virgin is lying. He's either lying to himself or he's lying to others. There's no experience you have praying in church that can deliver certainty on that specific point.
You're saying it's not verifiable.
It's just not the kind of thing that spiritual experience validates. You can pray in a room to Jesus and even have an experience of Jesus being bodily present. Jesus shows up with a whole halo and the beard and the robes and it's the best experience of your life. What does that prove? You wouldn't even be in the position to know whether the historical Jesus actually had a beard on the basis of that experience.
Yet one thing I argue in my book is that experiences like that are very interesting and worth exploring. There's no doubt that people have visionary experiences. There's no doubt that praying to Jesus for 18 hours a day will transform your psychology--and in many ways, transform it for the better.
I just think that we don't have to believe anything preposterous in order to understand that. [We can] value the example of Jesus, at least in half his moods, and we should want to discover if there's a way to love your neighbor as yourself and generate the kind of moral psychology that Jesus was talking about.
With religious moderates, you have people talking about just wanting meaning in their lives, which I argue is a total non-sequitur when it comes down to justifying your belief in God.
If I told you that I thought there was a diamond the size of a refrigerator buried in my backyard, and you asked me, why do you think that? I say, this belief gives my life meaning, or my family draws a lot of joy from this belief, and we dig for this diamond every Sunday and we have this gigantic pit in our lawn. I would start to sound like a lunatic to you. You can't believe there really is a diamond in your backyard because it gives your life meaning. If that's possible, that's self-deception that nobody wants.
What if people prefer self-deception to despair and chaos?
I would argue that is really not the alternative.
What is the alternative? If there's no God who orders things, some people would say there's chaos, it's all random, their life is meaningless. There really is despair out there--especially about evolution.
You don't have to believe in God to have the most extraordinary, mystical experience. Personally, I've spent two years on meditation retreats just meditating in silence for 12-18 hours a day.
You can try to be a mystic, like Meister Eckhart in the Christian tradition, without believing Jesus was born of a virgin. You can realize the value of community and compassion and love of your neighbor without ever presupposing anything on insufficient evidence.
There are many ironies here. The [sacred texts] themselves are very poor guides to morality. The only way you find goodness in good books is because you recognize it. They're based on your own ethical intuitions. In the New Testament, Jesus is talking about the Golden Rule--a great, wise, compassionate distillation of ethics. You're doing that based on your intuition.
Hopefully, also, you recognize that stoning someone to death for not being a virgin on her wedding night, or beating your child with a rod, as it recommends in Proverbs, and which millions of Christians do in our country, that's not a good thing. You know that based on your own intuitions and the evolving human conversation about what is ethical and most conducive to human happiness.
You're saying that we can figure out moral, ethical behavior on our own, without benefit of religious concepts.
All we have is human conversation to do this with. Either you can be held hostage by the human conversation that occurred 2,000 years ago and has been enshrined in these books, or you can be open to the human conversation of the 21st century. And if there's something good in those books, then it is admissible in the 21st century conversation on morality.
Some people say the good that religion does outweighs the bad things they get away with because they're religions.
We can do all that good--and we are doing all that good--without any affiliation with religion. It's true there are Christian missionaries doing very fine work in Africa. There are secular groups like Doctors Without Borders doing the same work. They don't need to believe in Jesus coming out of the clouds in order to do that work.
It's not that people don't do good and heroic things on the basis of their dogma, it's just those things aren't best done on the basis of religious dogma. We can agree that famine in Africa is intolerable to us for perfectly compassionate and rational and modern reasons that have nothing to do with beliefs. We just have to believe that it is unethical that people are starving to death while we are throwing out half of our meals.


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Fall is here in full effect and Winter is on its way. With the red and golden landscapes, hot cider and crisp air comes an increase in car insurance claims due to animal-related crashes, especially from deer. November is the peak month for deer-related crashes nationally and Virginia leads with the highest number of occurrences. Because of this, the State Corporation Commission's Bureau of Insurance encourages all drivers to be careful when driving, especially early or late in the day in areas where deer are present.
Virginia State Insurance Commissioner Jacqueline K. Cunningham reports deer mating season and associated movement patterns are the primary reasons for the increase in deer-related car accidents during the Fall season. She encourages Virginia drivers to watch out for any types of wildlife on or near the highway. Cunningham recommends contacting an insurance agent for specific coverage.
Insurance protection from damages related to accidents involving deer or other animals is optional, commonly grouped with other optional collision protection. This includes situations like flooding, fire, theft, and criminal damage. Bear in mind that basic plans for liability protection will not cover damages to a vehicle or occupants caused by collisions with deer or other animals.
At last half of all accidents involving deer occur during the last quarter of the year; the months of October, November, and December. During this time of year, the beautiful changing seasons draw more traffic to scenic wooded locations. At the same time, deer mating seasons leads to a marked increase in activity, while reduced daylight hours limit roadway visibility. All these lead factors and more lead to an increase of vehicles and deer sharing the same stretch of road.
According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, more than 1.5 million collisions with deer are recorded each year. These lead to a shockingly-high 200 deaths per year, and more than 10,000 injuries of varying degree. These collisions cause monetary damages in excess of over $1 billion annually.
During the Fall, deer are going to be on the roadway. To help decrease the chances of hitting deer while driving, exercise caution while driving through wooded areas. If you spot deer, slow down and be prepared to stop if the deer enter the road. If a collision is unavoidable, stay in the proper lane decrease speed as much as safely possible to limit damage to the vehicles and persons involved. If a deer is struck, call the police and your insurance agent as soon as safe to do so. Take pictures of the crash site, vehicle damage and any damage to the vehicle. In the case a claim is submitted, these will likely help. Check for leaks, tire pressure, light function, and inspect for damage. If the car feels unsafe to drive,c call for a tow.
We're always looking for good information about insurance subjects that may impact your health and wallet. Reach out any time for any insurance-related questions.


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About Jean-Charles Boisset
A Lifelong Passion for the Artistry of Wine
Jean-Charles Boisset
Jean-Charles Boisset was born into the world of wine in the village of Vougeot, Burgundy, France. His lifelong passion for wine began as a child, growing up above the cellars and within view of the centuries-old vineyards of Château du Clos Vougeot, the epicenter and birthplace of Pinot Noir and Chardonnay. His parents, Jean-Claude and Claudine, founded the family winery in 1961 with an innovative and entrepreneurial spirit in one of the most traditional winegrowing regions in the world. Today, the family collection includes wineries that share more than 18 centuries of combined winemaking heritage and tradition in some of the world's most prestigious terroirs, from Burgundy to the South of France, to California's Napa Valley and Russian River Valley.
From a great foundation of historical, pioneering wineries in France and California, Jean-Charles' sets forth a vision of the wine world centered on family, passion, history, innovation, a commitment to fine wines, and a dedication to sustainable winegrowing.
"We make wine. This is our life, not a business, but the art of life."
Decanter Magazine has included him on its "Power List" of the fifty most important people in the wine world each year of its publication since 2007.
March 2008, he received the Meininger's International Wine Entrepreneur of the Year.
December 2008, he was named "Innovator of the Year" by Wine Enthusiast Magazine.
The French America Foundation awarded him their first-ever French-American Partnership Award in 2013, bestowed upon an extraordinary individual or organization that has contributed to creating a strong and enduring French-American partnership in business, government, or academia


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Rechercher une page de manuel
Langue: en
Version: 2007/09/04 (mandriva - 22/10/07)
Section: 5 (Format de fichier)
slapd.access - access configuration for slapd, the stand-alone LDAP daemonSYNOPSIS
The slapd.conf(5) file contains configuration information for the slapd(8) daemon. This configuration file is also used by the SLAPD tools slapacl(8), slapadd(8), slapauth(8), slapcat(8), slapdn(8), slapindex(8), and slaptest(8).The slapd.conf file consists of a series of global configuration options that apply to slapd as a whole (including all backends), followed by zero or more database backend definitions that contain information specific to a backend instance.
The general format of slapd.conf is as follows:
# comment - these options apply to every database <global configuration options> # first database definition & configuration options database <backend 1 type> <configuration options specific to backend 1> # subsequent database definitions & configuration options ...
Both the global configuration and each backend-specific section can contain access information. Backend-specific access control directives are used for those entries that belong to the backend, according to their naming context. In case no access control directives are defined for a backend or those which are defined are not applicable, the directives from the global configuration section are then used.
If no access controls are present, the default policy allows anyone and everyone to read anything but restricts updates to rootdn. (e.g., "access to * by * read"). The rootdn can always read and write EVERYTHING!
For entries not held in any backend (such as a root DSE), the directives of the first backend (and any global directives) are used.
Arguments that should be replaced by actual text are shown in brackets <>.
The structure of the access control directives is- access to <what> [ by <who> [ <access> ] [ <control> ] ]+
- Grant access (specified by <access>) to a set of entries and/or attributes (specified by <what>) by one or more requestors (specified by <who>).
Lists of access directives are evaluated in the order they appear in slapd.conf. When a <what> clause matches the datum whose access is being evaluated, its <who> clause list is checked. When a <who> clause matches the accessor's properties, its <access> and <control> clauses are evaluated. Access control checking stops at the first match of the <what> and <who> clause, unless otherwise dictated by the <control> clause. Each <who> clause list is implicitly terminated by a
by * none stop
clause that results in stopping the access control with no access privileges granted. Each <what> clause list is implicitly terminated by a
access to * by * none
clause that results in granting no access privileges to an otherwise unspecified datum.
The field <what> specifies the entity the access control directive applies to. It can have the formsdn[.<dnstyle>]=<dnpattern> filter=<ldapfilter> attrs=<attrlist>[ val[/matchingRule][.<attrstyle>]=<attrval>]
<dnstyle>={{exact|base(object)}|regex |one(level)|sub(tree)|children} <attrlist>={<attr>|[{!|@}]<objectClass>}[,<attrlist>] <attrstyle>={{exact|base(object)}|regex |one(level)|sub(tree)|children}
The statement dn=<dnpattern> selects the entries based on their naming context. The <dnpattern> is a string representation of the entry's DN. The wildcard * stands for all the entries, and it is implied if no dn form is given.
The <dnstyle> is optional; however, it is recommended to specify it to avoid ambiguities. Base (synonym of baseObject), the default, or exact (an alias of base) indicates the entry whose DN is equal to the <dnpattern>; one (synonym of onelevel) indicates all the entries immediately below the <dnpattern>, sub (synonym of subtree) indicates all entries in the subtree at the <dnpattern>, children indicates all the entries below (subordinate to) the <dnpattern>.
If the <dnstyle> qualifier is regex, then <dnpattern> is a POSIX (''extended'') regular expression pattern, as detailed in regex(7) and/or re_format(7), matching a normalized string representation of the entry's DN. The regex form of the pattern does not (yet) support UTF-8.
The statement filter=<ldapfilter> selects the entries based on a valid LDAP filter as described in RFC 4515. A filter of (objectClass=*) is implied if no filter form is given.
The statement attrs=<attrlist> selects the attributes the access control rule applies to. It is a comma-separated list of attribute types, plus the special names entry, indicating access to the entry itself, and children, indicating access to the entry's children. ObjectClass names may also be specified in this list, which will affect all the attributes that are required and/or allowed by that objectClass. Actually, names in <attrlist> that are prefixed by @ are directly treated as objectClass names. A name prefixed by ! is also treated as an objectClass, but in this case the access rule affects the attributes that are not required nor allowed by that objectClass. If no attrs form is given, attrs=@extensibleObject is implied, i.e. all attributes are addressed.
Using the form attrs=<attr> val[/matchingRule][.<attrstyle>]=<attrval> specifies access to a particular value of a single attribute. In this case, only a single attribute type may be given. The <attrstyle> exact (the default) uses the attribute's equality matching rule to compare the value, unless a different (and compatible) matching rule is specified. If the <attrstyle> is regex, the provided value is used as a POSIX (''extended'') regular expression pattern. If the attribute has DN syntax, the <attrstyle> can be any of base, onelevel, subtree or children, resulting in base, onelevel, subtree or children match, respectively.
The dn, filter, and attrs statements are additive; they can be used in sequence to select entities the access rule applies to based on naming context, value and attribute type simultaneously.
The field <who> indicates whom the access rules apply to. Multiple <who> statements can appear in an access control statement, indicating the different access privileges to the same resource that apply to different accessee. It can have the forms* anonymous users self[.<selfstyle>] dn[.<dnstyle>[,<modifier>]]=<DN> dnattr=<attrname> realanonymous realusers realself[.<selfstyle>] realdn[.<dnstyle>[,<modifier>]]=<DN> realdnattr=<attrname> group[/<objectclass>[/<attrname>]] [.<groupstyle>]=<group> peername[.<peernamestyle>]=<peername> sockname[.<style>]=<sockname> domain[.<domainstyle>[,<modifier>]]=<domain> sockurl[.<style>]=<sockurl> set[.<setstyle>]=<pattern> ssf=<n> transport_ssf=<n> tls_ssf=<n> sasl_ssf=<n> dynacl/<name>[/<options>][.<dynstyle>][=<pattern>]
<style>={exact|regex|expand} <selfstyle>={level{<n>}} <dnstyle>={{exact|base(object)}|regex |one(level)|sub(tree)|children|level{<n>}} <groupstyle>={exact|expand} <peernamestyle>={<style>|ip|ipv6|path} <domainstyle>={exact|regex|sub(tree)} <setstyle>={exact|regex} <modifier>={expand} <name>=aci <pattern>=<attrname>]
They may be specified in combination.
The wildcard * refers to everybody.
The keywords prefixed by real act as their counterparts without prefix; the checking respectively occurs with the authentication DN and the authorization DN.
The keyword anonymous means access is granted to unauthenticated clients; it is mostly used to limit access to authentication resources (e.g. the userPassword attribute) to unauthenticated clients for authentication purposes.
The keyword users means access is granted to authenticated clients.
The keyword self means access to an entry is allowed to the entry itself (e.g. the entry being accessed and the requesting entry must be the same). It allows the level{<n>} style, where <n> indicates what ancestor of the DN is to be used in matches. A positive value indicates that the <n>-th ancestor of the user's DN is to be considered; a negative value indicates that the <n>-th ancestor of the target is to be considered. For example, a "by self.level{1} ..." clause would match when the object "dc=example,dc=com" is accessed by "cn=User,dc=example,dc=com". A "by self.level{-1} ..." clause would match when the same user accesses the object "ou=Address Book,cn=User,dc=example,dc=com".
The statement dn=<DN> means that access is granted to the matching DN. The optional style qualifier dnstyle allows the same choices of the dn form of the <what> field. In addition, the regex style can exploit substring substitution of submatches in the <what> dn.regex clause by using the form $<digit>, with digit ranging from 0 to 9 (where 0 matches the entire string), or the form ${<digit>+}, for submatches higher than 9. Since the dollar character is used to indicate a substring replacement, the dollar character that is used to indicate match up to the end of the string must be escaped by a second dollar character, e.g.
access to dn.regex="^(.+,)?uid=([^,]+),dc=[^,]+,dc=com$" by dn.regex="^uid=$2,dc=[^,]+,dc=com$$" write
The style qualifier allows an optional modifier. At present, the only type allowed is expand, which causes substring substitution of submatches to take place even if dnstyle is not regex. Note that the regex dnstyle in the above example may be of use only if the <by> clause needs to be a regex; otherwise, if the value of the second (from the right) dc= portion of the DN in the above example were fixed, the form
access to dn.regex="^(.+,)?uid=([^,]+),dc=example,dc=com$" by dn.exact,expand="uid=$2,dc=example,dc=com" write
could be used; if it had to match the value in the <what> clause, the form
access to dn.regex="^(.+,)?uid=([^,]+),dc=([^,]+),dc=com$" by dn.exact,expand="uid=$2,dc=$3,dc=com" write
could be used.
Forms of the <what> clause other than regex may provide submatches as well. The base(object), the sub(tree), the one(level), and the children forms provide $0 as the match of the entire string. The sub(tree), the one(level), and the children forms also provide $1 as the match of the rightmost part of the DN as defined in the <what> clause. This may be useful, for instance, to provide access to all the ancestors of a user by defining
access to dn.subtree="dc=com" by dn.subtree,expand="$1" read
which means that only access to entries that appear in the DN of the <by> clause is allowed.
The level{<n>} form is an extension and a generalization of the onelevel form, which matches all DNs whose <n>-th ancestor is the pattern. So, level{1} is equivalent to onelevel, and level{0} is equivalent to base.
It is perfectly useless to give any access privileges to a DN that exactly matches the rootdn of the database the ACLs apply to, because it implicitly possesses write privileges for the entire tree of that database. Actually, access control is bypassed for the rootdn, to solve the intrinsic chicken-and-egg problem.
The statement dnattr=<attrname> means that access is granted to requests whose DN is listed in the entry being accessed under the <attrname> attribute.
The statement group=<group> means that access is granted to requests whose DN is listed in the group entry whose DN is given by <group>. The optional parameters <objectclass> and <attrname> define the objectClass and the member attributeType of the group entry. The defaults are groupOfNames and member, respectively. The optional style qualifier <style> can be expand, which means that <group> will be expanded as a replacement string (but not as a regular expression) according to regex(7) and/or re_format(7), and exact, which means that exact match will be used. If the style of the DN portion of the <what> clause is regex, the submatches are made available according to regex(7) and/or re_format(7); other styles provide limited submatches as discussed above about the DN form of the <by> clause.
For static groups, the specified attributeType must have DistinguishedName or NameAndOptionalUID syntax. For dynamic groups the attributeType must be a subtype of the labeledURI attributeType. Only LDAP URIs of the form ldap:///<base>??<scope>?<filter> will be evaluated in a dynamic group, by searching the local server only.
The statements peername=<peername>, sockname=<sockname>, domain=<domain>, and sockurl=<sockurl> mean that the contacting host IP (in the form IP=<ip>:<port> for IPv4, or IP=[<ipv6>]:<port> for IPv6) or the contacting host named pipe file name (in the form PATH=<path> if connecting through a named pipe) for peername, the named pipe file name for sockname, the contacting host name for domain, and the contacting URL for sockurl are compared against pattern to determine access. The same style rules for pattern match described for the group case apply, plus the regex style, which implies submatch expand and regex match of the corresponding connection parameters. The exact style of the <peername> clause (the default) implies a case-exact match on the client's IP, including the IP= prefix and the trailing :<port>, or the client's path, including the PATH= prefix if connecting through a named pipe. The special ip style interprets the pattern as <peername>=<ip>[%<mask>][{<n>}], where <ip> and <mask> are dotted digit representations of the IP and the mask, while <n>, delimited by curly brackets, is an optional port. The same applies to IPv6 addresses when the special ipv6 style is used. When checking access privileges, the IP portion of the peername is extracted, eliminating the IP= prefix and the :<port> part, and it is compared against the <ip> portion of the pattern after masking with <mask>. As an example, peername.ip=127.0.0.1 and peername.ipv6=::1 allow connections only from localhost, peername.ip=192.168.1.0%255.255.255.0 allows connections from any IP in the 192.168.1 class C domain, and peername.ip=192.168.1.16%255.255.255.240{9009} allows connections from any IP in the 192.168.1.[16-31] range of the same domain, only if port 9009 is used. The special path style eliminates the PATH= prefix from the peername when connecting through a named pipe, and performs an exact match on the given pattern. The <domain> clause also allows the subtree style, which succeeds when a fully qualified name exactly matches the domain pattern, or its trailing part, after a dot, exactly matches the domain pattern. The expand style is allowed, implying an exact match with submatch expansion; the use of expand as a style modifier is considered more appropriate. As an example, domain.subtree=example.com will match www.example.com, but will not match www.anotherexample.com. The domain of the contacting host is determined by performing a DNS reverse lookup. As this lookup can easily be spoofed, use of the domain statement is strongly discouraged. By default, reverse lookups are disabled. The optional domainstyle qualifier of the <domain> clause allows a modifier option; the only value currently supported is expand, which causes substring substitution of submatches to take place even if the domainstyle is not regex, much like the analogous usage in <dn> clause.
The statement set=<pattern> is undocumented yet.
The statement dynacl/<name>[/<options>][.<dynstyle>][=<pattern>] means that access checking is delegated to the admin-defined method indicated by <name>, which can be registered at run-time by means of the moduleload statement. The fields <options>, <dynstyle> and <pattern> are optional, and are directly passed to the registered parsing routine. Dynacl is experimental; it must be enabled at compile time.
The statement dynacl/aci[=<attrname>] means that the access control is determined by the values in the attrname of the entry itself. The optional <attrname> indicates what attributeType holds the ACI information in the entry. By default, the OpenLDAPaci operational attribute is used. ACIs are experimental; they must be enabled at compile time.
The statements ssf=<n>, transport_ssf=<n>, tls_ssf=<n>, and sasl_ssf=<n> set the minimum required Security Strength Factor (ssf) needed to grant access. The value should be positive integer.
The optional field <access> ::= [[real]self]{<level>|<priv>} determines the access level or the specific access privileges the who field will have. Its component are defined as<level> ::= none|disclose|auth|compare|search|read|write|manage <priv> ::= {=|+|-}{m|w|r|s|c|x|d|0}+
The modifier self allows special operations like having a certain access level or privilege only in case the operation involves the name of the user that's requesting the access. It implies the user that requests access is authorized. The modifier realself refers to the authenticated DN as opposed to the authorized DN of the self modifier. An example is the selfwrite access to the member attribute of a group, which allows one to add/delete its own DN from the member list of a group, without affecting other members.
The level access model relies on an incremental interpretation of the access privileges. The possible levels are none, disclose, auth, compare, search, read, and write. Each access level implies all the preceding ones, thus manage grants all access including administrative access,
The none access level disallows all access including disclosure on error.
The disclose access level allows disclosure of information on error.
The auth access level means that one is allowed access to an attribute to perform authentication/authorization operations (e.g. bind) with no other access. This is useful to grant unauthenticated clients the least possible access level to critical resources, like passwords.
The priv access model relies on the explicit setting of access privileges for each clause. The = sign resets previously defined accesses; as a consequence, the final access privileges will be only those defined by the clause. The + and - signs add/remove access privileges to the existing ones. The privileges are m for manage, w for write, r for read, s for search, c for compare, x for authentication, and d for disclose. More than one of the above privileges can be added in one statement. 0 indicates no privileges and is used only by itself (e.g., +0).
If no access is given, it defaults to +0.
The optional field <control> controls the flow of access rule application. It can have the formsstop continue break
where stop, the default, means access checking stops in case of match. The other two forms are used to keep on processing access clauses. In detail, the continue form allows for other <who> clauses in the same <access> clause to be considered, so that they may result in incrementally altering the privileges, while the break form allows for other <access> clauses that match the same target to be processed. Consider the (silly) example
access to dn.subtree="dc=example,dc=com" attrs=cn by * =cs break access to dn.subtree="ou=People,dc=example,dc=com" by * +r
which allows search and compare privileges to everybody under the "dc=example,dc=com" tree, with the second rule allowing also read in the "ou=People" subtree, or the (even more silly) example
access to dn.subtree="dc=example,dc=com" attrs=cn by * =cs continue by users +r
which grants everybody search and compare privileges, and adds read privileges to authenticated clients.
One useful application is to easily grant write privileges to an updatedn that is different from the rootdn. In this case, since the updatedn needs write access to (almost) all data, one can use
access to * by dn.exact="cn=The Update DN,dc=example,dc=com" write by * break
as the first access rule. As a consequence, unless the operation is performed with the updatedn identity, control is passed straight to the subsequent rules.
Operations require different privileges on different portions of entries. The following summary applies to primary database backends such as the BDB and HDB backends. Requirements for other backends may (and often do) differ.The add operation requires write (=w) privileges on the pseudo-attribute entry of the entry being added, and write (=w) privileges on the pseudo-attribute children of the entry's parent. When adding the suffix entry of a database, write access to children of the empty DN ("") is required.
The bind operation, when credentials are stored in the directory, requires auth (=x) privileges on the attribute the credentials are stored in (usually userPassword).
The compare operation requires compare (=c) privileges on the attribute that is being compared.
The delete operation requires write (=w) privileges on the pseudo-attribute entry of the entry being deleted, and write (=w) privileges on the children pseudo-attribute of the entry's parent.
The modify operation requires write (=w) privileges on the attributes being modified.
The modrdn operation requires write (=w) privileges on the pseudo-attribute entry of the entry whose relative DN is being modified, write (=w) privileges on the pseudo-attribute children of the old and new entry's parents, and write (=w) privileges on the attributes that are present in the new relative DN. Write (=w) privileges are also required on the attributes that are present in the old relative DN if deleteoldrdn is set to 1.
The search operation, requires search (=s) privileges on the entry pseudo-attribute of the searchBase (NOTE: this was introduced with 2.3). Then, for each entry, it requires search (=s) privileges on the attributes that are defined in the filter. The resulting entries are finally tested for read (=r) privileges on the pseudo-attribute entry (for read access to the entry itself) and for read (=r) access on each value of each attribute that is requested. Also, for each referral object used in generating continuation references, the operation requires read (=r) access on the pseudo-attribute entry (for read access to the referral object itself), as well as read (=r) access to the attribute holding the referral information (generally the ref attribute).
Some internal operations and some controls require specific access privileges. The authzID mapping and the proxyAuthz control require auth (=x) privileges on all the attributes that are present in the search filter of the URI regexp maps (the right-hand side of the authz-regexp directives). Auth (=x) privileges are also required on the authzTo attribute of the authorizing identity and/or on the authzFrom attribute of the authorized identity.
Access control to search entries is checked by the frontend, so it is fully honored by all backends; for all other operations and for the discovery phase of the search operation, full ACL semantics is only supported by the primary backends, i.e. back-bdb(5), and back-hdb(5).
Some other backend, like back-sql(5), may fully support them; others may only support a portion of the described semantics, or even differ in some aspects. The relevant details are described in the backend-specific man pages.
It is strongly recommended to explicitly use the most appropriate <dnstyle> in <what> and <who> clauses, to avoid possible incorrect specifications of the access rules as well as for performance (avoid unnecessary regex matching when an exact match suffices) reasons.An administrator might create a rule of the form:
access to dn.regex="dc=example,dc=com" by ...
expecting it to match all entries in the subtree "dc=example,dc=com". However, this rule actually matches any DN which contains anywhere the substring "dc=example,dc=com". That is, the rule matches both "uid=joe,dc=example,dc=com" and "dc=example,dc=com,uid=joe".
To match the desired subtree, the rule would be more precisely written:
access to dn.regex="^(.+,)?dc=example,dc=com$" by ...
For performance reasons, it would be better to use the subtree style.
access to dn.subtree="dc=example,dc=com" by ...
When writing submatch rules, it may be convenient to avoid unnecessary regex <dnstyle> use; for instance, to allow access to the subtree of the user that matches the <what> clause, one could use
access to dn.regex="^(.+,)?uid=([^,]+),dc=example,dc=com$" by dn.regex="^uid=$2,dc=example,dc=com$$" write by ...
However, since all that is required in the <by> clause is substring expansion, a more efficient solution is
access to dn.regex="^(.+,)?uid=([^,]+),dc=example,dc=com$" by dn.exact,expand="uid=$2,dc=example,dc=com" write by ...
In fact, while a <dnstyle> of regex implies substring expansion, exact, as well as all the other DN specific <dnstyle> values, does not, so it must be explicitly requested.
- /etc/openldap2.4/slapd.conf
- default slapd configuration file
slapd(8), slapd-*(5), slapacl(8), regex(7), re_format(7)"OpenLDAP Administrator's Guide" (http://www.OpenLDAP.org/doc/admin/)
OpenLDAP Software is developed and maintained by The OpenLDAP Project <http://www.openldap.org/>. OpenLDAP Software is derived from University of Michigan LDAP 3.3 Release.Contenus ©2006-2024 Benjamin Poulain
Design ©2006-2024 Maxime Vantorre


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Robben Island Art Co & Trust
From prison with Nelson Mandela to a musical triumph in America...
The Robben Island Singers are three former freedom fighters who were once imprisoned with Nelson Mandela in South Africa's most notorious Apartheid prison.
Now they've become
cultural activists
who use the songs and stories from their struggle to inspire others-- and they're the subjects of an upcoming documentary film.
As teenagers
they took the path of armed struggle. In 1976 they snuck out of their country to get military training. In his own way each fought against Apartheid.
Captured, tortured, interrogated
, tried for treason and terrorism, they would meet in a communal cell on the island. Mandela was already there serving a life sentence. Dreams of personal and national liberation came alive when prisoners sang in harmony. Singing became a key to survival. A way to fight back.
The Robben Island Singers
upcoming documentary sheds light on the reasons why three former freedom fighters now sing prison songs in American high schools, churches and concert halls. And why American youth sing with them. The Singers want to visit cities around the world and encourage audiences to stand up for what they believe; to recognize the universality of the struggle for human rights and dignity; and to learn forgiveness in order to achieve peace. Thousands have greeted them in Illinois. Millions more will meet them in the near future as their journey unfolds on screen, and in classrooms and sanctuaries around the globe.
Watch the Trailer
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The Top 10 Creepiest Disney Villains
While most Disney villains were bumbling idiots, there were a few who weren't. These black-hearted rogues sent chills down our spines as we watched our favorite animated movies over and over again. Read on to find out why these characters were the creme de la creme of the Disney villain world!
- 1
Claude Frollo
'The Hunchback of Notre Dame.'
Frollo is hands-down the creepiest of the Disney villains. He condemns poor Quasimodo to live in the tower of Notre Dame cathedral and tells him no one will care for him due to his deformity. On top of that, he tries to burn a house down in his relentless purge of the gypsies, and he's ridiculously obsessed with poor Esmeralda.Frollo's song "Hellfire" is a spine-tingling number about how Frollo is torn between his unholy desire for Esmeralda and his fanatical devotion to the church. (He's perhaps most scariest because he's a believable figure of the church and not a witch or a talking animal.) We're glad he got his comeuppance because we all know he would've hunted Quasimodo, Esmeralda and Phoebus to the ground if he had lived.
- 2
'The Lion King'Not only did this devious lion commit regicide by killing an anointed king, said king was also his brother which makes his heinous crime fratricide as well. As voiced by Jeremy Irons, Scar's creepy voice also sent shivers down many a child's spine, especially when he told Simba that it was his fault Mufasa died. He's also paranoid--as evidenced by the scene where he thinks Simba is Mufasa and his role in the king's death will be revealed. Like all Disney villains, his end is fitting: Scar gets attacked by the very hyenas he once counted as "friends" and then pushed over a cliff. Death by cliff fall is pretty common in Disney movies.
- 3
'Sleeping Beauty'Okay, who wasn't scared of this fearsome sorceress as a kid? Maleficent is theincarnation of pure evil and has no qualms about cursing innocent humans just because she wasn't invited to a party. Also, she's one powerful witch-- the scene where she transforms into a giant black dragon and attacks Prince Phillip is incredibly creepy. Maleficent is ruthless too--she wouldn't stop until either she or the Prince had perished. While Good ultimately triumphed over Evil, Maleficent definitely is up there on the list of strong Disney villains. We look forward to seeing Angelina Jolie's take on the character.
- 4
Cruella De Vil
'101 Dalmations'Cruella's incredibly creepy because let's face it: you have to be a bit crazy in order to go through the lengths she did just to attempt to make a puppy skin coat. Just think that -- she wanted drape herself in dead puppies. It's hard to be much creepier than that. Maybe slippers made out of kittens. Or a full-on lady skin suit, like 'Silence of the Lambs.' Beyond that, really it's a coat made out of precious, precious puppies.
- 5
Govenor Ratcliffe
'Pocahontas'Ratcliffe is one of the creepiest Disney villains because he has no problems being racist and trying to commit genocide. In 'Pocahontas,' Ratcliffe urges the settlers to war after the Native Americans capture John Smith and also states early in the film that if any of his men did not shoot on sight a Native who had been encroaching "on their land," said men would be tried for treason. 'Savages' remains one of the most bone-chilling of all the Disney songs due to the sheer racism that Ratcliffe and his followers are preaching; what makes it worse is that sadly, that was a representation of the beliefs of that time period.
- 6
'The Little Mermaid'Ursula's character design alone makes her incredibly creepy: she's half-woman, half-octopus. All those tentacles swirling around her made her look ominous, even before Ariel (and the audience) figured out she was a definite baddie.
While not as ruthless as Maleficent, Ursula is definitely cunning: she tricks Ariel into being cursed with no voice and has no qualms about trying to seduce Prince Eric. Plus, she holds one heck of a grudge: her plot to make Ariel into a member of her polyp garden wasjust to get back at King Triton for banishing her. We wouldn't want to get on her bad side!
- 7
The Evil Queen
'Snow White and the Seven Dwarves'Snow White's stepmother definitely has jealousy issues, and she's definitely a narcissist. We say she might be one of the creepiest Disney villains because instead of simply killing Snow White, she wants her Huntsman to bring back her heart, which basically makes her one of the worst stepmoms ever. After this.
- 8
'Aladdin'If there's any Disney villain who could be diagnosed with psychopathy, it's the Vizier of Agrabah. Jafar had no qualms about destroying any and all who got in the way of his evil schemes; he's also not above brainwashing the poor Sultan or using the Genie's powers for his own selfish ends. He also tries to seduce Jasmine and makes a misogynistic comment about how her silence in an earlier scene was a "good quality for a wife."
Jafar was hoisted on his own petard though: he craves the powers of a Genie, but is tricked into becoming one. He's doomed to spend 10,000 years locked into a lamp with only Iago for company. We couldn't have wished for a better end for such a huge creep
- 9
Lady Tremaine
'Cinderella'Another Disney villain with issues, while Lady Tremaine is not physically abusive to poor Cinderella, making her a servant definitely counts as emotional abuse in our book. She deliberately manipulates her own two spoiled and selfish daughters into destroying Cinderella's dress for the Royal Ball and has no qualms about locking her stepdaughter up in order to advance her own family. Besides, what child didn't feel creeped out when one scene ended with just a close up of her cold eyes? Can we say nightmares forever? Oh, yes we can!
- 10
'Beauty and the Beast'While Gaston may seem like an odd choice for a list of creepy Disney villains at first glance, he definitely belongs on here. He's basically a misogynistic stalker with a ponytail. Gaston tries to trick Belle into marrying him early on in the movie and when it backfires, he vows that she'll marry him one way or another. He turns the villagers against Belle's father Maurice and manipulates them into thinking the Beast is evil. Gaston perishes after attempting trickery: the Beast would've spared his life but in true Disney villain fashion, he stabbed him and his plot fatally backfired on him.


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The last year has presented many successes and a few challenges for the Collection and the art world more broadly.
An exciting first for the Collection, we hosted a fundraising exhibition for the Catherine Hamlin Fistula Foundation (CCHF) in space gallery in March 2020. Sydney artist Wendy Sharpe donated a number of paintings and prints based around her 2019 visit to the CHFF facility in Ethiopia. CHFF hosted several events in the gallery, including International Women's Day functions and the official opening with Dame Quentin Bryce AD CDO. I'm pleased to report that CHFF were delighted by the fundraising from the exhibition.
Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, our gallery space in Sydney remains closed. However, once restrictions ease, we are eager to host more collaborative art events with non-profits.
We are also providing more significant opportunities for Macquarie staff to engage with the Collection, as it's a much-loved element of working at Macquarie. We have introduced the Art Ambassador Program, an initiative to train and educate local colleagues about artworks in their offices so that they can lead tours for clients and other staff.
Collection artist and guest judge Nike Savvas selected Emily Imeson's Alive in the Dead of Night as the winner of the 2019 Prize. I'm pleased to report that the experience of being a finalist in 2019 has led many of the artists to further success with commissions and/or invitations to participate in group shows or solo exhibitions.
Due to the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, this year's Prize will be held online, with all finalists receiving an equal share of prize money. Keep an eye out on the Collection's Instagram and website for more information about our virtual Emerging Artist Prize.
At the commencement of isolation in Australia, the Macquarie Group Collection Committee agreed to continue making acquisitions where possible, in support of emerging artists. Many emerging artists lost their regular income and were ineligible for Federal Government support. In response to our concern for the welfare of artists, the Collection has partnered with the Indigenous Art Code on their national media campaign to promote the importance of the visual arts industry to Indigenous Australians. The Our art is our lifeline campaign will run from August 2020.
To further support emerging artists, we have begun sharing their personal stories in their own voices on the Collection's Instagram. Our first story was a profile of emerging artist Douglas Schofield, whose work had recently been acquired by the Collection. Keep following our Instagram to see more artists in the coming months.


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Columbia River Bridge Crossings, 2002
Average Hourly Traffic
Based on current and historical average month and average day traffic data, these graphs show the directional hourly traffic volumes across the Interstate Bridge (I-5).
Wave your mouse over the list of years to the right of the graph, to get a "time lapse" view of how the hourly traffic patterns have changed over the years.
Average hourly traffic data for the Glenn Jackson Bridge (I-205) are also available. Hourly traffic counts were provided by the Oregon Department of Transportation, which maintains permanent traffic recorders on the south ends of both bridges.
Interstate Bridge (I-5)
Average Thursday
in October of 2002
2020 2018 2016 2014 2012 2010 2008 2006 2004 2002 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1987 1983 Animation |
See Also
- Columbia River Bridge Crossings
- Historical Average Weekday Crossings, since 1961
- Average Hourly Traffic, I-205, 1983-2020
- All-Time Record Crossing Volumes


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by Vedran Vuk
With gold dropping nearly 3% on February 20, we at Casey Research had to look closely at the FOMC minutes, which were partially responsible for that movement. Since there are quite a few highlights, I have split this analysis into three sections: the confusion over the minutes in the market; the ambiguous language hinting at deep problems; and a few quotes to make your blood boil.
The Confusion
A Bloomberg headline from Wednesday, February 20's news reads Fed Signals Possible Slowing of QE Amid Debate over Risks. This headline is characteristic of most of the reporting on the FOMC minutes. Supposedly the Fed signaled a desire to end the quantitative easing earlier. There was actually no such signal.
The committee did, however, discuss possible reasons why they might want to end QE4 earlier. Here are some excerpts from the meeting:
"However, a few participants expressed concerns that the current highly accommodative stance of monetary policy posed upside risks to inflation in the medium or longer term."
"In this regard, several participants stressed the economic and social costs of high unemployment, as well as the potential for negative effects on the economy's longer-term path of a prolonged period of underutilization of resources. However, many participants also expressed some concerns about potential costs and risks arising from further asset purchases. Several participants discussed the possible complications that additional purchases could cause for the eventual withdrawal of policy accommodation, a few mentioned the prospect of inflationary risks, and some noted that further asset purchases could foster market behavior that could undermine financial stability."
Wow, that sounds pretty serious. It's like the Fed has turned a new leaf. Isn't this a clear signal to the market that the easing will end earlier? In a word, no. Here's the most important excerpt, which came toward the end and which many people may have breezed over or missed:
"One member dissented from the Committee's policy decision, expressing concern that the continued high level of monetary accommodation increased the risks of future economic and financial imbalances and, over time, could cause an increase in long-term inflation expectations."
This quote puts the rest of the comments into perspective. There was a discussion of possible risks, but at the end of day, that's all it was, a simple discussion. Although several members expressed concerns in the discussion, when it came down to voting on the actual policy, only a single member dissented.
This reminds me of our internal meetings at Casey Research. Every two weeks, the whole team – including some guest participants – gets on a conference call to discuss the economy and especially gold prices. During the meeting, some participants will voice concerns about the possibility of weaker gold prices. However, at the end of the meeting, all of us are still long gold. A discussion about a change of direction is not the same thing as an actual planned change of direction. It's healthy to have a devil's advocate in any discussion, regardless of the final decision.
Now, the fact that the Fed is discussing these problems is certainly significant; after all, they could just ignore the issues. The sheer fact that there was a discussion means there's a possibility that at some point the concerns could become more serious and then turn into action. But that action hasn't taken place yet, nor is the FOMC planning it. So while what happened in the meeting may warrant a temporary weakening in gold prices, it certainly shouldn't have resulted in Wednesday's major drop.
The Mystery
A few parts of the meeting were quite intriguing, but the purposely murky wording makes it difficult to completely nail down their meaning. It seems that the FOMC has deeper concerns than those discussed above. Here's the first of these mysterious paragraphs from the minutes:
"In general, after having been depressed for some time, investor appetite for risk had increased. A few participants commented that the Committee's accommodative policies were intended in part to promote a more balanced approach to risk-taking, but several others expressed concern about the potential for excessive risk-taking and adverse consequences for financial stability. Some participants mentioned the potential for a sharp increase in longer-term interest rates to adversely affect financial stability and indicated their interest in further work on this topic."
So what does "excessive risk-taking and adverse consequences for financial stability" mean? The next sentence on long-term interest rates offers a clue. Participants warn of a "potential for a sharp increase in longer-term rates." Sure, a sharp upward turn in rates would hurt just about everything, including the stock market, but the sectors that will get hurt the most are real estate and bonds.
Let's see if we can find out which one they're talking about. I wouldn't exactly describe the current real estate market as an area of excessive risk-taking. Most people still won't touch real estate with a ten-foot pole, and though real estate has heated up a bit, I wouldn't call the recent moves in the market excessive. Bonds, however, are in a bubble – and the yields of risky junk bonds have been pushed down a great deal by investors piling into them in search for higher yield, regardless of the underlying risk. Now this is just my interpretation, but it seems to me the Fed is saying that the bond bubble is a serious problem.
Here's our next mystery paragraph:
"A few also raised concerns about the potential effects of further asset purchases on the functioning of particular financial markets, although a couple of other participants noted that there had been little evidence to date of such effects. In light of this discussion, the staff was asked for additional analysis ahead of future meetings to support the Committee's ongoing assessment of the asset purchase program."
You see what I mean by murky wording. "Particular financial markets" and "little evidence to date of such effects" don't say much. What evidence and what effects, and in which financial market? Apparently, the Fed members find this issue worrisome enough to warrant further analysis; unfortunately, they're not being very forthcoming about it. What it does show, though, is that there are two conversations taking place about risk: one for the public and another one behind closed doors.
The Anger
As promised, here are a few quotes that might make your blood boil. If you read through the minutes quickly, they seem benign, but if you stop to think about them, they're infuriating. Here's the first:
"In 2014 and 2015, real GDP was projected to accelerate gradually, supported by an eventual lessening of fiscal policy restraint, increases in consumer and business sentiment, further improvements in credit availability and financial conditions, and accommodative monetary policy."
Umm… wait; what "eventual lessening of fiscal policy restraint"? Essentially, the Fed is saying that as economic conditions improve, the American voter will stop complaining, and the government can finally get back to spending wheelbarrows of money. It's scary to think that these additional government spending plans are already reflected in the Fed's GDP projections, but apparently this isn't the only forward-looking policy prediction from the Fed:
"For example, a couple of participants noted evidence suggesting that a shift in the relationship between the unemployment rate and the level of job vacancies in recent years was unlikely to persist as the economy recovered and unemployment benefits returned to customary levels."
It seems that the Democrats have been very touchy about reducing those unemployment benefits, and the Fed seems to have a lot of faith in the government doing the right thing. But it's going to be tough for any party to curb those benefits when unemployment rates are even as low as 6%. Let's see what else the Fed's crystal ball forecasts for us:
"The staff continued to project that inflation would be subdued through 2015. That forecast is based on the expectation that crude oil prices will trend down slowly from their current levels, the boost to retail food prices from last summer's drought will be temporary and relatively small, longer-run inflation expectations will remain stable, and significant resource slack will persist over the forecast period."
OK, I buy the argument about the temporary effect from the summer drought, but the assumption of downward-trending oil prices seems a bit unrealistic. And if we're seeing growth in the economy as the Fed expects, then shouldn't the Fed forecast rising oil prices to match growing demand? Why even tinker with the numbers in this way? The Federal Reserve doesn't have a comparative advantage at projecting oil prices.
Here's the last bit worth noting:
"In addition, the Committee's highly accommodative policy was seen as helping keep inflation over the medium term closer to its longer-run goal of 2 percent than would otherwise have been the case."
If you read that quickly, you might think to yourself, "Well, that sounds good. I guess they managed to keep inflation closer to the 2% target." But think about what they're actually saying. Their accommodative policy is also known as "printing money." That's a process of pushing inflation up, not down. So, what they're saying is, "Man, we did a good job of pushing inflation up to 2%! Otherwise, it would have been lower." Ain't that just great?
It's imperative to protect yourself from the Fed's rampant money-printing, as sooner or later it can't help but cause serious inflation. One of the best ways to do that is internationalize.


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As Ramadan begins, Michelle and I would like to send our best wishes to Muslim communities in the United States and around the world. Ramadan is a festive time that is anticipated for months by Muslims everywhere. Families and communities share the happiness of gathering together for iftar and prayers. Bazaars light up the night in many cities from Rabat to Jakarta. And here in the United States, Muslim Americans share Ramadan traditions with their neighbors, fellow students, and coworkers.
For so many Muslims around the world, Ramadan is also a time of deep reflection and sacrifice. As in other faiths, fasting is used to increase spirituality, discipline, and consciousness of God's mercy. It is also a reminder of the importance of reaching out to those less fortunate. The heartbreaking accounts of lost lives and the images of families and children in Somalia and the Horn of Africa struggling to survive remind us of our common humanity and compel us to act. Now is the time for nations and peoples to come together to avert an even worse catastrophe by offering support and assistance to ongoing relief efforts.
Times like this remind us of the lesson of all great faiths, including Islam, that we do unto others as we would have them do unto us. In that spirit, I wish Muslims around the world a blessed month, and I look forward to again hosting an iftar dinner here at the White House. Ramadan Kareem.
Barack Obama, Statement on the Observance of Ramadan Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/node/290745


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New Delhi: The banking sector fears accretion of more than Rs. 40,000 crore of bad loans to its books following recent classification of eight consortium accounts of Axis Bank as non-performing assets by the RBI.
The Reserve Bank has directed certain reclassifications in the private sector lender's asset classification and provisioning as on March 2017, subsequent to the annual Risk Based Supervision (RBS) exercise conducted for 2016-17.
As a result, Axis Bank had to reclassify 9 standard accounts into NPAs. Of these, 8 accounts are part of consortium lending, according to the latest quarterly results announced by the bank.
As on June 2017, Axis Bank claimed, these 9 accounts were classified as standard assets across most consortium banks, with only around 6 per cent of their outstanding classified as NPA.
According to estimates, total outstanding loan of these accounts at the end of June 2017 were about Rs. 42,000 crore.
This decision has triggered fear among other consortium members about status of these loan exposure related to these accounts.
"It is going to have an impact on all the consortium lenders. Banks have to reconcile these accounts as NPA sooner or later. Reclassification by others may happen over two quarters," Suresh Ganapathy of Macquarie Capital Securities said.
If they reclassify these assets as NPA so banks have to make provision accordingly that could impact their bottomline, he added.
At the same time, banks would become cautious as far as fresh lending to these accounts are concerned because one of the consortium lenders has identified these accounts as NPA, a senior banker said on the condition of anonymity.
Some banks may take pro-active measure of classifying exposure to these accounts as NPA this quarter itself rather than waiting for the second half, the banker added.
Banks are already saddled with NPAs of over Rs. 8 lakh crore and there seems to be no respite from the mounting bad loans as initial second quarterly numbers posted by some banks are not encouraging.
Major contributors to the NPA mess have been power, steel, road infrastructure and textile sectors.
Sectoral distribution of the 9 accounts, as declared by Axis Bank include one account in the steel sector with its exposure of Rs. 1,128 crore.
Besides, the power sector has 3 accounts amounting to Rs. 1,685 crore as part of consortium lending while 4 accounts comprise a total of Rs. 911 crore to various sectors.
As per the RBI inspection, there was divergence of Rs. 5,632.80 crore in gross NPAs of Axis Bank at the end of March 2017. Gross NPA rose to Rs. 26,913.28 crore as per the assessment of RBI from Rs. 21,280.48 crore reported by the bank at the end of March 2017.


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Nvidia has introduced its new GeForce GTX 650 Ti Boost GPU. Based on the Nvidia Kepler architecture and equipped with 768 CUDA cores, the GTX 650 Ti Boost GPU is available in 2GB and 1GB configurations at an estimated US$169 and US$149, respectively.
With up to 40% more performance over the original GeForce GTX 650 Ti GPU introduced last year, the new GeForce GTX 650 Ti boost features support for Nvidia's GPU Boost technology, which dynamically adjusts GPU performance to meet the graphics processing demands of games, and Nvidia SLI technology, which allows gamers to use multiple GPUs to double performance, the company noted.
With a wider 192-bit memory interface and up to 60% more memory bandwidth than the original, the GeForce GTX 650 Ti Boost GPU is able to support resolutions up to 1080p.
The GeForce GTX 650 Ti Boost 2GB edition is available now from add-in card suppliers including ASL, Asustek Computer, Colorful, Elitegroup Computer Systems (ECS), EVGA, Gainward, Galaxy, Gigabyte Technology, Innovision 3D, Jetway, Leadtek, Micro-Star International (MSI), Palit, PNY, Point of View, Sparkle and Zotac. The GTX 650 Ti Boost 1GB version will be available in early April.
Nvidia GeForce GTX 650 Ti Boost graphics card
Photo: Company


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The University creates opportunities for individuals to achieve intellectual and personal development through academic, professional, and cultural programs. By fostering an environment of inquiry and openness that respects the diversity of all whom it serves, the University prepares graduates whose leadership and expertise contribute to the advancement of a pluralistic society. The University serves as a cultural and intellectual center dedicated to the pursuit and propagation of knowledge.
The University will provide academic, professional, and cultural programs at the highest level of quality and service; it will achieve national recognition for its programs of distinction. The University's graduates shall distinguish themselves and their University through meritorious service, accomplishments, and leadership in the economic, cultural, and civic affairs of a diverse and global society. Through exemplary teaching, research, and engagement with the greater community, the University will also be the premier cultural and intellectual resource for the region's schools, governments, businesses, and people.
- Adopted by the Board of Control on March 21, 2005


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