text:
The Past
The learned gentleman had let his dinner get quite cold. It was mutton chop, and as it lay on the plate it looked like a brown island in the middle of a frozen pond, because the grease of the gravy had become cold, and consequently white. It looked very nasty, and it was the first thing the children saw when, after knocking three times and receiving no reply, one of them ventured to turn the handle and softly to open the door. The chop was on the end of a long table that ran down one side of the room. The table had images on it and queer-shaped stones, and books. And there were glass cases fixed against the wall behind, with little strange things in them. The cases were rather like the ones you see in jewellers' shops.
The "poor learned gentleman" was sitting at a table in the window, looking at something very small which he held in a pair of fine pincers. He had a round spyglass sort of thing in one eye—which reminded the children of watchmakers, and also of the long snail's eyes of the Psammead.
The gentleman was very long and thin, and his long, thin boots stuck out under the other side of his table. He did not hear the door open, and the children stood hesitating. At last Robert gave the door a push, and they all started back, for in the middle of the wall that the door had hidden was a mummy-case—very, very, very big—painted in red and yellow and green and black, and the face of it seemed to look at them quite angrily.
You know what a mummy-case is like, of course? If you don't you had better go to the British Museum at once and find out. Anyway, it is not at all the sort of thing that you expect to meet in a top-floor front in Bloomsbury, looking as though it would like to know what business you had there.
So everyone said, "Oh!" rather loud, and their boots clattered as they stumbled back.
The learned gentleman took the glass out of his eye and said—
"I beg your pardon," in a very soft, quiet pleasant voice—the voice of a gentleman who has been to Oxford.
"It's us that beg yours," said Cyril politely. "We are sorry to disturb you."
"Come in," said the gentleman, rising—with the most distinguished courtesy, Anthea told herself. "I am delighted to see you. Won't you sit down? No, not there; allow me to move that papyrus."
He cleared a chair, and stood smiling and looking kindly through his large, round spectacles.
"He treats us like grownups," whispered Robert, "and he doesn't seem to know how many of us there are."
"Hush," said Anthea, "it isn't manners to whisper. You say, Cyril—go ahead."
"We're very sorry to disturb you," said Cyril politely, "but we did knock three times, and you didn't say 'Come in,' or 'Run away now,' or that you couldn't be bothered just now, or to come when you weren't so busy, or any of the things people do say when you knock at doors, so we opened it. We knew you were in because we heard you sneeze while we were waiting."
"Not at all," said the gentleman; "do sit down."
"He has found out there are four of us," said Robert, as the gentleman cleared three more chairs. He put the things off them carefully on the floor. The first chair had things like bricks that tiny, tiny birds' feet have walked over when the bricks were soft, only the marks were in regular lines. The second chair had round things on it like very large, fat, long, pale beads. And the last chair had a pile of dusty papers on it.
The children sat down.
"We know you are very, very learned," said Cyril, "and we have got a charm, and we want you to read the name on it, because it isn't in Latin or Greek, or Hebrew, or any of the languages we know—"
"A thorough knowledge of even those languages is a very fair foundation on which to build an education," said the gentleman politely.
"Oh!" said Cyril blushing, "but we only know them to look at, except Latin—and I'm only in Caesar with that."
The gentleman took off his spectacles and laughed. His laugh sounded rusty, Cyril thought, as though it wasn't often used.
"Of course!" he said. "I'm sure I beg your pardon. I think I must have been in a dream. You are the children who live downstairs, are you not? Yes. I have seen you as I have passed in and out. And you have found something that you think to be an antiquity, and you've brought it to show me? That was very kind. I should like to inspect it."
"I'm afraid we didn't think about your liking to inspect it," said the truthful Anthea. "It was just for us—because we wanted to know the name on it—"
"Oh, yes—and, I say," Robert interjected, "you won't think it rude of us if we ask you first, before we show it, to be bound in the what-do-you-call-it of—"
"In the bonds of honour and upright dealing," said Anthea.
"I'm afraid I don't quite follow you," said the gentleman, with gentle nervousness.
"Well, it's this way," said Cyril. "We've got part of a charm. And the Sammy—I mean, something told us it would work, though it's only half a one; but it won't work unless we can say the name that's on it. But, of course, if you've got another name that can lick ours, our charm will be no go; so we want you to give us your word of honour as a gentleman—though I'm sure, now I've seen you, that it's not necessary; but still I've promised to ask you, so we must. Will you please give us your honourable word not to say any name stronger than the name on our charm?"
The gentleman had put on his spectacles again and was looking at Cyril through them. He now said: "Bless me!" more than once, adding, "Who told you all this?"
"I can't tell you," said Cyril. "I'm very sorry, but I can't."
Some faint memory of a far-off childhood must have come to the learned gentleman just then, for he smiled. "I see," he said. "It is some sort of game that you are engaged in? Of course! Yes! Well, I will certainly promise. Yet I wonder how you heard of the names of power?"
"We can't tell you that either," said Cyril; and Anthea said, "Here is our charm," and held it out.
With politeness, but without interest, the gentleman took it. But after the first glance all his body suddenly stiffened, as a pointer's does when he sees a partridge.
"Excuse me," he said in quite a changed voice, and carried the charm to the window.
He looked at it; he turned it over. He fixed his spyglass in his eye and looked again. No one said anything. Only Robert made a shuffling noise with his feet till Anthea nudged him to shut up.
At last the learned gentleman drew a long breath.
"Where did you find this?" he asked.
"We didn't find it. We bought it at a shop. Jacob Absalom the name is—not far from Charing Cross," said Cyril.
"We gave seven-and-sixpence for it," added Jane.
"It is not for sale, I suppose? You do not wish to part with it? I ought to tell you that it is extremely valuable—extraordinarily valuable, I may say."
"Yes," said Cyril, "we know that, so of course we want to keep it."
"Keep it carefully, then," said the gentleman impressively; "and if ever you should wish to part with it, may I ask you to give me the refusal of it?"
"The refusal?"
"I mean, do not sell it to anyone else until you have given me the opportunity of buying it."
"All right," said Cyril, "we won't. But we don't want to sell it. We want to make it do things."
"I suppose you can play at that as well as at anything else," said the gentleman; "but I'm afraid the days of magic are over."
"They aren't really," said Anthea earnestly. "You'd see they aren't if I could tell you about our last summer holidays. Only I mustn't. Thank you very much. And can you read the name?"
"Yes, I can read it."
"Will you tell it us?"
"The name," said the gentleman, "is Ur Hekau Setcheh."
"Ur Hekau Setcheh," repeated Cyril. "Thanks awfully. I do hope we haven't taken up too much of your time."
"Not at all," said the gentleman. "And do let me entreat you to be very, very careful of that most valuable specimen."
They said "Thank you" in all the different polite ways they could think of, and filed out of the door and down the stairs. Anthea was last. Halfway down to the first landing she turned and ran up again.
The door was still open, and the learned gentleman and the mummy-case were standing opposite to each other, and both looked as though they had stood like that for years.
The gentleman started when Anthea put her hand on his arm.
"I hope you won't be cross and say it's not my business," she said, "but do look at your chop! Don't you think you ought to eat it? Father forgets his dinner sometimes when he's writing, and Mother always says I ought to remind him if she's not at home to do it herself, because it's so bad to miss your regular meals. So I thought perhaps you wouldn't mind my reminding you, because you don't seem to have anyone else to do it."
She glanced at the mummy-case; it certainly did not look as though it would ever think of reminding people of their meals.
The learned gentleman looked at her for a moment before he said—
"Thank you, my dear. It was a kindly thought. No, I haven't anyone to remind me about things like that."
He sighed, and looked at the chop.
"It looks very nasty," said Anthea.
"Yes," he said, "it does. I'll eat it immediately, before I forget."
As he ate it he sighed more than once. Perhaps because the chop was nasty, perhaps because he longed for the charm which the children did not want to sell, perhaps because it was so long since anyone cared whether he ate his chops or forgot them.
Anthea caught the others at the stair-foot. They woke the Psammead, and it taught them exactly how to use the word of power, and to make the charm speak. I am not going to tell you how this is done, because you might try to do it. And for you any such trying would be almost sure to end in disappointment. Because in the first place it is a thousand million to one against your ever getting hold of the right sort of charm, and if you did, there would be hardly any chance at all of your finding a learned gentleman clever enough and kind enough to read the word for you.
The children and the Psammead crouched in a circle on the floor—in the girls' bedroom, because in the parlour they might have been interrupted by old Nurse's coming in to lay the cloth for tea—and the charm was put in the middle of the circle.
The sun shone splendidly outside, and the room was very light. Through the open window came the hum and rattle of London, and in the street below they could hear the voice of the milkman.
When all was ready, the Psammead signed to Anthea to say the word. And she said it.
Instantly the whole light of all the world seemed to go out. The room was dark. The world outside was dark—darker than the darkest night that ever was. And all the sounds went out too, so that there was a silence deeper than any silence you have ever even dreamed of imagining. It was like being suddenly deaf and blind, only darker and quieter even than that.
But before the children had got over the sudden shock of it enough to be frightened, a faint, beautiful light began to show in the middle of the circle, and at the same moment a faint, beautiful voice began to speak. The light was too small for one to see anything by, and the voice was too small for you to hear what it said. You could just see the light and just hear the voice.
But the light grew stronger. It was greeny, like glowworms' lamps, and it grew and grew till it was as though thousands and thousands of glowworms were signalling to their winged sweethearts from the middle of the circle. And the voice grew, not so much in loudness as in sweetness (though it grew louder, too), till it was so sweet that you wanted to cry with pleasure just at the sound of it. It was like nightingales, and the sea, and the fiddle, and the voice of your mother when you have been a long time away, and she meets you at the door when you get home.
And the voice said—
"Speak. What is it that you would hear?"
I cannot tell you what language the voice used. I only know that everyone present understood it perfectly. If you come to think of it, there must be some language that everyone could understand, if we only knew what it was. Nor can I tell you how the charm spoke, nor whether it was the charm that spoke, or some presence in the charm. The children could not have told you either. Indeed, they could not look at the charm while it was speaking, because the light was too bright. They looked instead at the green radiance on the faded Kidderminster carpet at the edge of the circle. They all felt very quiet, and not inclined to ask questions or fidget with their feet. For this was not like the things that had happened in the country when the Psammead had given them their wishes. That had been funny somehow, and this was not. It was something like Arabian Nights magic, and something like being in church. No one cared to speak.
It was Cyril who said at last—
"Please we want to know where the other half of the charm is."
"The part of the Amulet which is lost," said the beautiful voice, "was broken and ground into the dust of the shrine that held it. It and the pin that joined the two halves are themselves dust, and the dust is scattered over many lands and sunk in many seas."
"Oh, I say!" murmured Robert, and a blank silence fell.
"Then it's all up?" said Cyril at last; "it's no use our looking for a thing that's smashed into dust, and the dust scattered all over the place."
"If you would find it," said the voice, "You must seek it where it still is, perfect as ever."
"I don't understand," said Cyril.
"In the Past you may find it," said the voice.
"I wish we may find it," said Cyril.
The Psammead whispered crossly, "Don't you understand? The thing existed in the Past. If you were in the Past, too, you could find it. It's very difficult to make you understand things. Time and space are only forms of thought."
"I see," said Cyril.
"No, you don't," said the Psammead, "and it doesn't matter if you don't, either. What I mean is that if you were only made the right way, you could see everything happening in the same place at the same time. Now do you see?"
"I'm afraid I don't," said Anthea; "I'm sorry I'm so stupid."
"Well, at any rate, you see this. That lost half of the Amulet is in the Past. Therefore it's in the Past we must look for it. I mustn't speak to the charm myself. Ask it things! Find out!"
"Where can we find the other part of you?" asked Cyril obediently.
"In the Past," said the voice.
"What part of the Past?"
"I may not tell you. If you will choose a time, I will take you to the place that then held it. You yourselves must find it."
"When did you see it last?" asked Anthea—"I mean, when was it taken away from you?"
The beautiful voice answered—
"That was thousands of years ago. The Amulet was perfect then, and lay in a shrine, the last of many shrines, and I worked wonders. Then came strange men with strange weapons and destroyed my shrine, and the Amulet they bore away with many captives. But of these, one, my priest, knew the word of power, and spoke it for me, so that the Amulet became invisible, and thus returned to my shrine, but the shrine was broken down, and ere any magic could rebuild it one spoke a word before which my power bowed down and was still. And the Amulet lay there, still perfect, but enslaved. Then one coming with stones to rebuild the shrine, dropped a hewn stone on the Amulet as it lay, and one half was sundered from the other. I had no power to seek for that which was lost. And there being none to speak the word of power, I could not rejoin it. So the Amulet lay in the dust of the desert many thousand years, and at last came a small man, a conqueror with an army, and after him a crowd of men who sought to seem wise, and one of these found half the Amulet and brought it to this land. But none could read the name. So I lay still. And this man dying and his son after him, the Amulet was sold by those who came after to a merchant, and from him you bought it, and it is here, and now, the name of power having been spoken, I also am here."
This is what the voice said. I think it must have meant Napoleon by the small man, the conqueror. Because I know I have been told that he took an army to Egypt, and that afterwards a lot of wise people went grubbing in the sand, and fished up all sorts of wonderful things, older than you would think possible. And of these I believe this charm to have been one, and the most wonderful one of all.
Everyone listened: and everyone tried to think. It is not easy to do this clearly when you have been listening to the kind of talk I have told you about.
At last Robert said—
"Can you take us into the Past—to the shrine where you and the other thing were together. If you could take us there, we might find the other part still there after all these thousands of years."
"Still there? silly!" said Cyril. "Don't you see, if we go back into the Past it won't be thousands of years ago. It will be now for us—won't it?" He appealed to the Psammead, who said—
"You're not so far off the idea as you usually are!"
"Well," said Anthea, "will you take us back to when there was a shrine and you were safe in it—all of you?"
"Yes," said the voice. "You must hold me up, and speak the word of power, and one by one, beginning with the firstborn, you shall pass through me into the Past. But let the last that passes be the one that holds me, and let him not lose his hold, lest you lose me, and so remain in the Past forever."
"That's a nasty idea," said Robert.
"When you desire to return," the beautiful voice went on, "hold me up towards the East, and speak the word. Then, passing through me, you shall return to this time and it shall be the present to you."
"But how—"
A bell rang loudly.
"Oh crikey!" exclaimed Robert, "that's tea! Will you please make it proper daylight again so that we can go down. And thank you so much for all your kindness."
"We've enjoyed ourselves very much indeed, thank you!" added Anthea politely.
The beautiful light faded slowly. The great darkness and silence came and these suddenly changed to the dazzlement of day and the great soft, rustling sound of London, that is like some vast beast turning over in its sleep.
The children rubbed their eyes, the Psammead ran quickly to its sandy bath, and the others went down to tea. And until the cups were actually filled tea seemed less real than the beautiful voice and the greeny light.
After tea Anthea persuaded the others to allow her to hang the charm round her neck with a piece of string.
"It would be so awful if it got lost," she said: "it might get lost anywhere, you know, and it would be rather beastly for us to have to stay in the Past forever and ever, wouldn't it?"


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If you have access to a laser cutter you're going to want to take a look at this brilliant tutorial. [Steven Smethurst] has figured out how to extract public map data and turn it into a file ready to be laser cut onto your choice of material.
In his example he's using Vancouver's Open Data Catalog to build his map using the coastal and public street data. To do this he's using a program called TileMill which you can get for free from MapBox — it's a great piece of software for designing your own interactive maps — and the best part is, you can import data from a wide variety of sources, such as Vancouver's Open Data!
You can import the shape (.SHP) files from the Open Data Catalog and add them as layers into TileMill. From there you can manipulate your map, adjust the detail, and then import as a .SVG or .DXF file ready for laser cutting.
In addition to the Instructable on how to do this, he's also recorded an in-depth video tutorial which you can check out after the break.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
We cordially invite you to worship with us each Lord's Day as we endeavor, by God's grace, to worship the true and living God in spirit and in truth. We earnestly seek for God's felt presence and divine enablement in every aspect of our worship service. It is our foremost desire that Christ would be honored in His church.
We are always encouraged when we receive visitors and we trust that you will sense a warm welcome and will be spiritually encouraged.
— Pastor Les Walthers


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And you know why? Because women are taking over, and they can't handle the power.
This guy, Jesse Lee Peterson, is amazing. You listen to him, and notice that he's incoherent and stupid, completely lacking in charisma, with a speaking style that makes you wonder if he'd been stunned with a hammer just before, and yet he's got a ministry and a television show and is beloved of the Republican Party. Religion and Republicanism really are a route for idiots to succeed.


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By David Dodd
Here's the plan—each week, I will blog about a different song, focusing, usually, on the lyrics, but also on some other aspects of the song, including its overall impact—a truly subjective thing. Therefore, the best part, I would hope, would not be anything in particular that I might have to say, but rather, the conversation that may happen via the comments over the course of time—and since all the posts will stay up, you can feel free to weigh in any time on any of the songs! With Grateful Dead lyrics, there's always a new and different take on what they bring up for each listener, it seems. (I'll consider requests for particular songs—just private message me!)
Blair Jackson once wrote a very fun piece, "The Swirl According to Carp: A Meditation on the Grateful Dead," under the pseudonym Jack Britton, in which he characterized Grateful Dead music as "the swirl! The swirl!"
"The Eleven" epitomizes that sense of the swirl better than any other single piece. The composition, credited to Phil Lesh, rushes headlong into its eleven-beat time signature, carrying us madly along as we dance to its various combinations of meter. Sometimes I hear two fours and a three, sometimes three threes and a two…sometimes, I think I really do feel The Eleven.
And that is an almost mystical state of being, when you don't need all those intermediary anchors, but the one comes along in just the right place each time. And the other beats aren't pretend "ones" or twos or threes or fours, but counts one through eleven.
Live/Dead, for me, was the perfect album, which I used alongside American Beauty to demonstrate the band's range.
When I listen to that album's version of "The Eleven," I always hear something new in the dense instrumentation. I can pay attention in a focused way to any one instrument, or to the interplay, or let it all wash over me.
And then, the vocals come in.
Hunter's poem seems, if not straightforward, at least semi-coherent. But that is not the way the Dead do the song. Vocal parts and sections of the lyrics are layered, in a way that mirrors the layering of the instruments. Alex Allan, on his Grateful Dead Lyric and Song-finder site, does a fine job of attempting to transcribe the lyric as sung:
Weir & Lesh
No more time to tell how
This is the season of what
Eight-sided whispering hallelujah hatrack
Weir & Lesh
Time of returning
Thought jewels polished and gleaming
Six proud walkers on the jingle-bell rainbow
Weir & Lesh
Time past believing
The child has relinquished the reign
Five men writing with fingers of gold
Weir & Lesh
Now is the test of the boomerang
Three girls waiting in a foreign dominion
{Weir & Lesh
{Tossed in the night of redeeming
{Riding in the whalebelly, fade away in moonlight
Sink beneath the waters to the coral sands below
Comparing this version to Hunter's published words, several things become apparent.
First, the band made some changes just for the sake of available singing time. They left out the lines for seven ("Seven-faced marble eye transitory dream doll"), and four ("Four men tracking the great white sperm whale"). And the final lines of the counting rhyme are gone:
Fade away in moonlight
Sink beneath the waters
To the coral sands below
Now is the time of returning
It's too bad, in a way, given the potential link, especially with the "moonlight" phrase, to link back to "St. Stephen" and the ladyfinger line.
But it is compact and layered. The words come at us almost as musical notes—more abstract than anything, and while we get a sense that there is some kind of profundity ("thought jewels polished and gleaming") and counting going on, there is also the sheer profundity of the weight of the music itself, and the counting game in which we may or may not be engaged, musically, trying to figure out what the hell time signature this thing is in….oh: it's in the title.
It's a fun song to talk about. For instance, there is an entry in the conversation about the song on the WELL's "deadsongs" conference in which the author proposed that there is numerical unity between the meter and the lyrics, which, at one point, I mentioned started with eight, not with eleven. The correspondent, Joe Vanucci, wrote:
I wanted to offer the idea that perhaps there *is* unity in The Eleven. Hunter's counting starts at 8, not 11, but it could be thought of like this:
8 7 6 | 5 4 3
8 7 6
3 4 5
where the sums of the columns each equal 11. Like bookends. Or, as Hunter alludes "Now is the time of returning". Returning to 3, the closure for 8, if you will.
Clearly, there are many creative minds at work on this material!
Sometimes, given the fact that the band was recording Aoxomoxoa at the same time as they were performing the material on Live/Dead, I am tempted to try to create a suite of Hunter's words, in which the repeated references to "the child" or "the baby" are of a piece. "What's Become of the Baby?" belongs in this suite, as does "St. Stephen," with its child wrapped in scarlet. The thematic motif extends outward, into "Friend of the Devil," with the child that don't look like me. And, just to take it a bit further—the lines addressing "mama" in "Brokedown Palace" seem to hint that, perhaps, the baby / child is the narrator. What's become of the baby? Many many worlds I've come since I first left home.
But the band went to work on the lyrics as presented by Hunter, and once again, we are left with a fragment—intriguing, but not necessarily coherent taken on its own.
One last aspect I'd like to touch on is the role of numbers in Dead songs. For me, this comes up in a couple of ways. First is the use of non-standard time signatures, such as eleven, ten ("Playin' in the Band"), or seven ("Estimate Prophet") beats to the measure. These songs seemed to present no difficulty for the band, as musicians, nor for us as dancers and listeners. We just go for it, and so do they. But to me, that ease of playing in odd meters indicates a much deeper level of practice than the band is often credited with. Lesh speaks of his sense of the band as fingers, all on the same hand, and that level of cohesion is not easily achieved.
Another angle is the use of numbers in lyrics. Hunter makes fairly frequent use of numbers, as does Barlow, over the course of their writing for the band. But it never feels mystical, or numerological, to me. "Seven come eleven…" a gambling phrase, for example.
A search for the word "one," however, comes up empty. There is no use of the word "one" in any Grateful Dead original.
So, searching for that "one." Ah—there it comes! Nine, ten, eleven, ONE.
dead comment
WTF Samuel?
"One" More Saturday Night
It makes more sense
Let it Swirl
There's a deeper game to play
Thank you for adding your analysis of "The Child has relinquished the reigns"
I concur and have a bit more to offer on that thread….
What if we are all one, and duality is the ultimate illusion and when the child inside each of us that has polished our thought jewels until gleaming, awakens to the moment when the boomerangs test returns ( Searchlight casting for faults in the clouds of delusion… Mirror shatters in formless reflections of matter…Lady in velvet recedes in the nights of good-bye) with the answers to our deepest inquiry.
What if the song is about that moment? A time we become willing and curious enough to live outside of believing, and an invitation to lose the illusion of self into the "night" ? Shall we go? You and I while we can? Into the swirl, the transitive nightfall of Diamond's.
After all William Tell has stretched his bow
Till it won't stretch no further Requiring a change that has yet to come.
This is the Season of what now.
The time has come
Lets keep seeking this mystery together and perhaps we will loosen our collective grips on the reigns that are driving us as a race into extinction.
I imagine in the awakening that inspired this Family and has bound the wheel together for so long.
We have much more ground to cover.
Flag Day '68
William Tell Bridge/The Eleven
Love the Furthur version of
Green Grow the Rushes, Ho
Alpine 2002
five men writing with fingers of gold
Re: Beginning of the Eleven
"That's It For the Other One"
That's it for the Other One
Ramble on Rose....
Dust off those rusty strings...
The Blogs...so far
Yes, well...
Clementine short shrift
Whipping Post
12/26/81 The Eleven Jam
"one" in GD lyrics
The transition...
The Eleven Radio City Music 3/27/11
Transition to "The Eleven"
The 11 and The Seven
Speaking of gambling. When my older nephew was born on July 11 coming up on 50 years ago my brother went down to Golden Gate Field and placed bets on a horse that won. Hmmm, 40 years since my only time seeing the Dead perform the Eleven Jam. Might not have been the full Monty but it cut the muster. Or had it been Monty Python it might have cut the mustard.


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GHC/Typed holes
Typed holes in GHC.
Typed holes are a powerful feature in GHC inspired by Agda. But what are typed holes, and how do they help us write code?
(This page was taken from a 'tutorial' I wrote of this feature on Reddit.)
Sometimes, when writing programs, we tend to use lots of polymorphic types. That's good! We can reuse those pieces, thanks to the types. But it can be difficult sometimes when writing a program to see how the polymorphic types should exactly fit together, given the things in scope.
Would it not be nice if we could have the compiler tell us the types of everything in scope? It'd be much easier to see how we can 'fit' them together like puzzle pieces.
This is the purpose of a hole: it has similar semantics to undefined, in that evaluating it is an error (you can replace all holes with undefined, and vice versa, and nothing has changed: you may even say undefined is just a really crappy, useless hole!) But it's special in that when GHC encounters a hole during compilation it will tell you what type needs to be there in place of the hole, for the type-checker to be OK with the definition. It will also show you the types of all the bindings in scope, to assist you in figuring out the problem.
This feature was implemented by Simon Peyton Jones, Sean Leather and Thijs Alkemade, and is introduced with GHC 7.8.1. It is enabled by default.
Motivating example
Let us consider the definition of a Free monad:
data Free f a
= Pure a
| Free (f (Free f a))
A free monad coupled with an underlying Functor f. We would like to write the Monad instance for Free f.
We begin by writing the trivial cases:
instance Functor f => Monad (Free f) where
return a = Pure a
Pure a >>= f = f a
Free f >>= g = ... -- I'm confused!
... but we're a little stumped on how to write the final case. Let's have the compiler help us do this.
Writing 'instance Monad (Free f)'
Let's go ahead and shove all of this in a file. For the final case of the Monad (Free f) instance, we will place a hole in the definition, which is designated by the same syntax for wildcard patterns, _
module FreeMonad where
data Free f a
= Pure a
| Free (f (Free f a))
instance Functor f => Monad (Free f) where
return a = Pure a
Pure a >>= f = f a
Free f >>= g = Free _
Now let's load that into GHCi. We should see something that looks like this:
$ ghci FreeMonad.hs
[1 of 1] Compiling Main ( holes.hs, interpreted )
FreeMonad.hs:11:23: Warning:
Found hole `_' with type f (Free f b)
Where: `f' is a rigid type variable bound by
the instance declaration at holes.hs:26:10
`b' is a rigid type variable bound by
the type signature for
>>= :: Free f a -> (a -> Free f b) -> Free f b
at FreeMonad.hs:10:10
Relevant bindings include
>>= :: Free f a -> (a -> Free f b) -> Free f b
(bound at FreeMonad.hs:11:3)
f :: f (Free f a) (bound at FreeMonad.hs:11:8)
g :: a -> Free f b (bound at FreeMonad.hs:11:14)
In the first argument of `Free', namely `_'
In the expression: Free (_)
In an equation for `>>=': (Free f) >>= g = Free (_)
Ok, modules loaded: Main.
Let's look at the error, and what the hole should look like (first line of the error):
Found hole `_' with type f (Free f b)
OK, so I need some value of type f (Free f b) to put there. I don't know how to get that. But let's look at what's in scope:
Relevant bindings include
>>= :: Free f a -> (a -> Free f b) -> Free f b
(bound at holes.hs:28:3)
f :: f (Free f a) (bound at holes.hs:29:8)
g :: a -> Free f b (bound at holes.hs:29:14)
In the first argument of `Free', namely `_'
OK, so I have 3 values directly surrounding me at my disposal: f, g, and (>>=). I have a f :: f (Free f a) in scope, and that's almost what I need. I just need to turn the inner Free f a into a Free f b. And that's what fmap does for functors! And I don't know what the functor f is anyway, so clearly I need to fmap the value before anything else. Let's do that and use a hole to tell us where to go next:
instance Monad ... where
Free f >>= g = Free (fmap _ f)
Now we get from the compiler:
Found hole `_' with type Free f a -> Free f b
OK, so now we just need some function with type Free f a -> Free f b. Let's look at what's in scope. We can quickly see that (>>=) has the type we want if we partially apply it. And g has just the type we need for that partial application! Equationally:
(>>=) :: Free f a -> (a -> Free f b) -> Free f b
g :: a -> Free f b
(\x -> x >>= g) :: Free f a -> Free f b
So the resulting instance is:
instance Functor f => Monad (Free f) where
return a = Pure a
Pure a >>= f = f a
Free f >>= g = Free (fmap (>>= g) f)
Notes on parametricity, free theorems and Agda
These examples hint at what people mean when they say they use the type system to drive development: it can help write your code, too!
This is of course very powerful for general, polymorphic types like above, because a polymorphic function may only be written so many ways. In fact, the above definition is the only legitimate Monad instance for Free!
A polymorphic type variable says what you cannot do to it: touch! You can't break the parametric nature of it by scrutinizing the variable in any way. A useful implementation of a polymorphic function has a small 'design space', naturally. It is not so, when defining monomorphic functions. A function like f :: Int -> Double could have many possible definitions, but we can always be sure for example, that f :: a -> a only has one valid definition, or that if f :: [a] -> [a], then 'trivially' we can see that f [] = [] must hold as a law.
This notion of "what information may be calculated based on the type" like we're doing here can be formalized to what we call 'Free Theorems', pioneered by Philip Wadler in his paper 'Theorems for Free!'
Free theorems fall out of the parametricity theorem (also called Reynolds' abstraction theorem,) which essentially states how polymorphic types relate to each other. Free theorems just state that, given a polymorphic type, it's possible to derive useful theorems and laws, based only on that type alone (so if f :: [a] -> [a] as we said earlier, then we get the free theorem f [] = [] by definition - try writing that case another way! You can't!)
At this point, you're getting into much deeper territory, but I say all this because you have probably intuitively thought some of these things, when writing polymorphic functions yourself - that you must write them in such a way that the terms are all properly abstracted over correctly. This kind of design 'forces' only a few definitions to be possible.
Holes for GHC were inspired by the equivalent feature in its (twice removed) sister language, Agda. Holes are considerably more powerful in Agda, mostly due to the fact it is total, the compiler infers less, and thus Agda programs are rich with evidence, giving witness to many facts the compiler can use. As a result, it can derive more code for you. In particular, Agda can literally write your code based on holes. It's able to do things like write case-analysis' for you, based only on type structure, and what's in scope, and discharge all the 'trivial' cases. You do this in emacs, in one or two keystrokes. It's essentially a semi-automated feedback loop for development, and it makes sense because the tool is really working with a meaningful model of your code, only in sensible ways that type-check. It's great.
There is not necessarily a reason why this could not exist for e.g. the Emacs mode for Haskell. Just because Haskell is not total, doesn't mean we couldn't calculate useful code based on the type - it is just much harder, especially considering the multitudes of features and extensions GHC supports.
- When I say 'legitimate' or 'useful', I mean, 'modulo divergent definitions.' Because Haskell is not total, it is possible to write divergent terms like let x = x in x, and the type of this expression is forall a. a, meaning I can prove anything with it. In the domain of Haskell semantics, this expression is in fact equivalent to undefined as well, because all bottoms are equal. I can prove that Blue is Green this way, or that Freedom is Slavery - I can inhabit any type, using these nonsensical terms. Logistically, you could say Haskell terms are complete, but not coherent/consistent. But divergent definitions here are not very legitimate, interesting, or useful, obviously, so ignore them (cue, "Fast and Loose reasoning is morally correct.")


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Where is the tie made? As mentioned, moncler nike roshe run Thai silk ties are made in Thailand. When it comes to distinguishing between the quality of other ties, moncler nike roshe run take into account where the tie was made. Speaking to me from his London office this week, Green was, perhaps thankfully, Ryan Mathews Jersey more measured in his response. "Everybody has a global supply chain," says the Arcadia chief executive famous for paying Kate Moss 3m to design a collection for him, "and I believe we do our utmost to ensure that we improve the conditions of work wherever possible. But, supply on film, supply you have to hit it straight away and you only get a few takes to get it right. If you don t, supply you can t go back.. Someone can be a fashion designer without actually creating an actually outfit. They can just work in the fashion industry and be a fashion designer.. HOCHBERG: Smithfield Human Resources director Dennis Pittman walks through part of the plant called the kill floor, a steamy room where newly dead animals hang by their feet from motorized metal hooks. In conveyor belt fashion, they move along Jerry Hughes Jersey the production line, and each worker breaks them down into progressively smaller pieces.. For many local services variation between localities may be an appropriate response to varying needs. But the delivery of justice is not a purely local service. Eliza Skinner has spent the past year writing jokes for the E! television show Fashion Police. Skinner pens about 200 jokes per episode (almost a full work week s as far as hours worked ), pitching them at a weekly meeting with the host, Joan Rivers, and the show s producers. Share PhotoBritish designer Vivienne Westwood takes the applause after her show at a venue in Smithfield Market, east London, during London Fashion week, Saturday, Sept. 17, 2011. You will get the best among many and also of your favorite color. So, keep aside all your work and search for a sofa bed now!X Post a Comment on this Article Note: We read and moderate all comments before they visible on article page. The very first movie starring Anne Hathaway I ever saw was The Devil Craig Stevens Jersey Wears Prada. Being passionate about fashion, I absolutely loved this movie, and I absolutely loved Anne Hathaway playing Andy Sachs. One of the things that does happen during the training is that Rachel learns of a rumor, said as fact of course, that Andrew is marrying soon and it looks to be the same girl she was friends with at the convent, the lusty young redhead in glasses named Beth. Taking advantage of her status, she heads out during one of the nights to the place where she last met Andrew to find out if it s really happening
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Bill believes that there is a direct relationship between the type of experience that a child has playing a sport (or any leadership driven youth activity) and the type of coaching and parenting he or she receives. As members of any youth organization, we owe it to our children to provide an educated coach, parent, or leader, for all of our teams and youth activities.
We will customize a coach training program or parent program around your organization's needs. The following are the services that we provide:


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Q: What is Zakat al-Fitrah?
A: It is religious tax/alms (zakat) paid on the day when Muslims break the fasting period at the end of the month of Ramadan. This tax/alms is known as Zakat al-Fitrah.
Q: What do the Qur'an and Hadith say about Fitrah?
A: Imams (pbut) say that the verses: Indeed whosoever purifies himself shall achieve success, and glorifies the Name of his Lord and prays (87:14-15) refer to giving of Fitrah and saying prayers on Eid al-Fitr. Imam Ja'far as-Sadiq (pbuh) said: For your fast to be accepted, give zakat.
Q: When does Fitrah become wajib (obligatory)?
A: Payment of Fitrah becomes obligatory after sunset on the eve of Eid al-Fitr. The Fitrah should be kept aside and paid on Eid al-Fitr before Eid prayers or before midday for those who cannot say their Eid prayers. It is necessary to have obligatory intention (Niyyat) of giving Fitrah for God's pleasure only.
Q: What happens if someone forgets or does not give Fitrah on time?
A: If one does not give out or set aside the Fitrah within the due time, he should give the Fitrah later, on the basis of precaution, without making the Niyyat of Adaa or Qaza but only 'Qurbatan ila Allah.'
Q: Can we give Fitrah in advance?
A: Giving Fitrah before the eve of Eid al-Fitr is not permissible. However, if you wish to send Fitrah earlier so that it reaches the needy on time, then you can send it as a temporary loan to the needy and then change your intention from loan to Fitrah on the eve of Eid al-Fitr.
Q: To whom is Fitrah obligatory?
A: Paying Fitrah is obligatory on every Muslim who is mature (Baligh), sane, financially able, &conscious on the eve of Eid al-Fitr. Fitrah should also be paid on behalf of all dependents (e.g. wife, children) whom one supports financially.
Q: When is a host required to pay Fitrah for his guest?
A: If a person invites another person to his house on the eve of Eid al-Fitr and if the guest is present at the host's place at the time of the sunset then it is obligatory for the host to pay Fitrah for his guest.
Q: What happens if the guest arrives after the sunset on Eid night?
A: In this case the guest will pay his/her own Fitrah and it is not obligatory on the host to pay Fitrah for the guest.
Q: What happens if a guest comes uninvited and is present at the time of the sunset on the eve of Eid al-Fitr?
A: Ayatullah Sayyid As-Sistani says that the host should still pay the Fitrah as an obligatory precaution. However, Marhum Ayatullah Sayyid al-Khui was of the opinion that is recommended for the host to pay Fitrah of an uninvited guest.
Q: How much should we pay for Fitrah?
A: Fitrah for a person is given on a weight of 5.5 pounds , which is 2.49 kg(2.5kg) on any food commodity like wheat, barley, rice, millet, raisins or dates.
Q: Can we give cash value of any commodity mentioned above?
A: Yes, cash value in lieu of any foodstuff mentioned can be given as Fitrah. Thus, if a Kilogram of rice costs Rs.18.00, the cash value of Fitrah on rice per person would be 45.00. (Please check prices for other items in your areas.)
Q: Whom should we give the Fitrah to?
A: It is given to the needy who are unable to meet their own or their dependants annual living expenses, nor do they have the means to do so through earning.
Q: Who should not be given the Fitrah?
A: A needy who: consumes alcohol, does not say his daily prayers (Salat), commits sins openly, or he who is known to use the Fitrah in sinful way.
Q: Are there any additional rules that we need to be aware of?
A: Following are some important rules:
(i) Fitrah should not be sent outside the town one resides in, if there are deserving Mumineen in that town.
(ii) Fitrah from a non-Sayyid cannot be given to a needy Sayyid; the reverse is permissible.
(iii) A needy should be given at least one Fitrah
(iv) Amongst the needy, relatives should be preferred over others when giving Fitrah, next in line are neighbors and then the learned.
Also Read:
21 Common Misconceptions about Zakaah


text:
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Those of us who are using the Christian Light Publications Sunday School booklets will be studying excerpts from the OT books of Kings and Chronicles during September and October. (You can purchase an e-book teachers' guide here.)
How can you best prepare to be a contributing class member or teacher as you study these books?
Photo Credit: MatthewDGarrett via Compfight cc
First, nothing beats prayerfully reading and re-reading Scripture itself. See here for Bible reading tips that are sure to increase your understanding.
That said, don't imagine the "just me and Jesus" approach to Bible interpretation is best! Carefully reading what other Bible students have discovered about Scripture can bring amazing payoffs! (See here for "Why I Use Commentaries" and other study resources.)
So here are some resources I would consider for studying Kings and Chronicles. A good commentary or two will be helpful:
- [amazon template=thumbnail11&asin=080104748X][amazon text=Iain Provan's commentary on 1 and 2 Kings&asin=080104748X]. This is an obvious choice—many reviewers agree it is the single best commentary on Kings, it is designed for ordinary Bible students, the author believes that Kings is historically trustworthy, and it is even cheap. (I own this one but have not used it much yet.)
- You will also find Dale Ralph Davis's expository commentaries ([amazon text=1 Kings&asin=1845502515], [amazon text=2 Kings&asin=1845500962]) both theologically insightful and entertaining. (I own five of Davis's commentaries and have enjoyed using the ones on 1 and 2 Samuel.)
- For more Kings commentaries, see my OT Detailed Lists.
- [amazon template=thumbnail11&asin=0849902142][amazon text=Raymond Dillard's commentary on 2 Chronicles&asin=0849902142] is the classic scholarly evangelical work on that book.
- [amazon text=Andrew Hill's commentary&asin=0310206103] is newer, well-researched, but less technical, designed for preachers, with both exegesis and application suggestions. (I own this one but have not used it much yet.)
- [amazon text=Martin Selman's commentary&asin=0830842101] is also accessible, conservative, and based on good scholarship (but not as new as Hill's).
- For more Chronicles commentaries, see my OT Detailed Lists.
Books on the history of the nation of Israel might also be helpful. (Note that these span much or all of Israel's biblical history, not just the time of Kings and Chronicles.) Here are some history books I would consider:
- McConville and Satterthwaite's book [amazon text=Exploring the Old Testament, Vol. 2: A Guide to the Historical Books&asin=0830825428]. This is a good place to start—it's very recent, designed for students, and not too long.
- David Howard's book [amazon text=An Introduction to the Old Testament Historical Books&asin=0802441556] covers similar ground, but more deeply.
- For those who want to study Israel's history more deeply, John Bright's book [amazon text=A History of Israel&asin=0664220681] remains a classic conservative scholarly book on the topic.
- Denver Seminary professors have many more suggestions.
Many online resources are also available, but I have not reviewed many for usefulness. (While I use online Bibles and concordances regularly, I usually stick to print or e-books for commentaries and other resources. Often these have been edited and tested more carefully.) However, here are two online resources from basically reputable sources—a tiny hint of much more you might find:
- An article on "The Reliability of Kings and Chronicles" which focuses on chronological problems and includes a possible timeline of the kings.
- An 8 minute video on the decline of Israel during the time of the kings. (Click on "Decline" and scroll down to "Learn" for the video.) This is part of a free online Bible study tool that surveys the whole Bible. It is designed for both individuals and groups.
What other resources would you suggest? Share your favorite resources in the comments below. Thank you!


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Moonlight Dental Surgery
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By providing NHS dentistry, private cosmetic dentistry as well as a free smoking cessation service we are able to cater for all aspects of your dental needs.
Our aim is to provide quality dentistry for all the family. This means not only to restore teeth but also to provide regular advice to help you understand how to care for your teeth yourself and prevent disease. We strive to alleviate any anxieties about dentistry. We wish to guide you towards making informed decisions about your teeth and learn how to keep your teeth and gums healthy for life.
Our services include a 'preventative approach' to dentistry, cosmetic dentistry, crowns and bridges, veneers and white fillings, dentures, oral surgery, children's dentistry and more.
All of our practices run in a uniform fashion, all following the ethos 'prevention is better than cure'. We strive to exceed patient's expectations throughout my practices and we are committed to ensuring that patients receive the highest possible standard of care. We achieve this taking part in certain quality assurance programmes including registration with the Care Quality Commission as well as membership with the British Dental Association Good Practice Scheme.
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Fibre Photonics and Coherent Sources
Person in charge:
- KERMENE Vincent [email@example.com]
The group "Gas-Phase Photonic & Microwave Materials" (GPPMM) of the institute Xlim has the scientific objectives of creating a new research activity in the frontier of the photonics, materials and microwave based on gaseous media (molecular gases, atomic vapors or ionized gases). This theme is based on the pioneering work of the GPPMM in the field of the hollow-core photonic crystal fibers ( HC- PCF ) and their functionalization form of photonic micro-cell (PMC). The GPPMM enjoys a worldwide reputation as a pioneer and leader in the field of photonics gaseous media "gas photonics fiber" in general and that of HC-PCFs in particular.
The PhoCaL team's research deals with control of optical propagation in complex structures, generally speaking. More particularly, we study and control the coherence in media and complex systems such as multimode waveguides, arrays of fibers, coupled lasers, etc. with the additional impacts of various nonlinearity and gain. In this context, our activities are multi-disciplinary in connection with nonlinear optics, imaging and lasers.


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Kelly Clarkson, Brett Eldredge Bring Christmas Duet 'Under the Mistletoe' to 'The Voice' [Watch]
Coach Kelly Clarkson and special guest Brett Eldredge took the stage during The Voice on Tuesday night (Dec. 8) to perform their new Christmas duet, "Under the Mistletoe," providing one of the biggest highlights of the evening.
Clarkson wore a long red dress, while Eldredge sported a white tuxedo jacket with black slacks and a black bowtie. They performed in front of an elaborate backdrop of extra vocalists and dancers on a set decked out with a Christmas tree, lights and oversized packages.
"Push my pride aside / When I close my eyes / It's just you and I / Here under the mistletoe," they sang, Clarkson and Eldredge's classic voices transcending genres as they delivered the gorgeous melody and harmonies.
Clarkson teamed with Aben Eubanks to co-write the song, which dropped in late October. "Under the Mistletoe" is one of two holiday songs Clarkson is releasing in 2020 in response to fan requests for some musical relief in a tumultuous year.
See the Best Country Christmas Songs of All Time, Ranked:
"Fans are always asking, 'Can you just drop anything?' Everyone is sad. Everyone is feeling it. The world has gone to crap! Can you just release something?'" Clarkson explained during an appearance on the Sunday Today With Willie Geist podcast.
The performance on The Voice follows another standout performance of "Under the Mistletoe" that Eldredge and Clarkson gave during the 2020 Christmas in Rockefeller Center special on Dec. 2. The pair are also slated to perform the song on the Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon on Friday night (Dec. 11).
See Inside the Lavish Homes of The Voice Season 19 Coaches:
See Blake Shelton + Gwen Stefani's Stunning California Mansion:
Gwen Stefani's Other Mansion Was Mind-Blowing:
Kelly Clarkson's Tennessee Mansion Is Spectacular! See Inside:
See Inside Kelly Clarkson's Amazing California Mansion:


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Year of publication
- 2012 (1)
Document Type
- Doctoral Thesis (1)
- English (1)
Has Fulltext
- yes (1)
Is part of the Bibliography
- no (1)
- Autophagie (1)
- Autophagy (1)
- Elastase inhibitor (1)
- Elastase inhibitoren (1)
- Pancreatitis (1)
- Pankreatitis (1)
Acute pancreatitis is a common clinical inflammatory disease with variable severity from mild, self-limiting attacks to a severe lethal attack with a high mortality. In most of the cases, acute pancreatitis is either caused by gallstone obstruction or excessive alcohol consumption. Clinical symptoms include elevated levels (minimum 3 times than normal) of pancreatic enzymes such as amylase or lipase in serum. It is generally believed that earliest event in acute pancreatitis occur in acinar cells which includes premature protease activation and cytoplasmic vacuole formation. Premature trypsinogen activation has been considered as chief culprit as it can activate other proteases in a cascade like manner in acinar cells. Trypsin activity takes place in a biphasic curve with elevated levels at 1 h and 8 h in the initial stages up to 24 h in caerulein induced pancreatitis in mice. It has been shown that cytoplasmic vacuoles observed in pancreatitis are of autophagic nature. The role of autophagy for the disease onset and its role in trypsinogen is much of a debate. Hence, we studied the relation between autophagosome formation and trypsinogen activation in first 12h of pancreatitis. Although autophagosomes were found to be co-localised with trypsin in vivo, this was found to be a late event occuring only by 4 h. Substrate specific trypsin activity and western blotting from both sub-cellular fractions over the time course of pancreatitis and multiple fractions prepared from 1 h caerulein induced pancreatic tissue revealed that trypsin activity observed at 1 h occured in a zymogen enriched fraction. In line simultaneous confocal imaging of trypsin activity and autophagosome formation in hyperstimulated acini isolated from GFP-LC3 mice showed that both processes are independent and take place in parallel. Furthermore, protease inhibition by gabexate mesilate did not prevent autophagosome formation indicating that trypsinogen activation is not a prerequisite for vacuole formation. Even though, autophagosomes and active trypsin were found to be co-localised around 30 minutes to some degree upon cholecystokinin hyperstimulation, the earliest trypsin activation started to appear by 15 minutes and was independent of autophagosomes. The earliest active trypsin was found to be co-localised along with the cis-Golgi complex suggesting that the Golgi apparatus and its pre-condensed zymogen granules are the compartment responsible for the trypsinogen activation. 2) Protease activation in pancreatic acinar cells considered as the early hallmark event in the acute pancreatitis. However, the disease is aggravated by the infiltration of the leukocytes. Activated proteases mediate acinar cell injury and hereby cause the release of chemokines, which in turn attract inflammatory cells. Transmigrated inflammatory cells cause systemic damage that deteriorates the condition of the disease. Neutrophil elastase has been reported to be involved in the dissociation of cell-cell contact at adherens junctions by the extracellular cleavage of E-cadherin. This subsequently leads to transmigration of leukocytes into the epithelial tissue during the initial phase of experimental pancreatitis and aggravates the disease condition. On the other hand, pancreatic elastase substantially contributes to acinar cell necrosis. In this study, ZD0892, an orally bioavailable dual inhibitor against both elastases was tested for its efficacy to ameliorate severity in acute pancreatitis. ZD0892 orally fed mice showed increased survival compared to the control group in the taurocholate model of severe pancreatitis. In the initial stages of pancreatitis up to 24 h, the severity markers were found to be significantly lower in the inhibitor treated group. Treatment of mice with ZD0892 did not impede the defensive property of the leukocytes such as phagocytosis or oxidative burst. In caerulein induced pancreatitis, a mild form of acute pancreatitis, in rats, the local damage measured as serum amylase and lipase, wet dry ratio, and pancreatic myeloperoxidase levels were significantly lower in the inhibitor group. Systemic inflammatory parameters such as myeloperoxidase activity in lung was found to be significantly lower in the inhibitor fed rats. Inhibitor feeding resulted in lesser elastolytic activity compared to control group indicating that extracellular matrix was less damaged. Prophylactic treatment of pancreatitis with an orally available inhibitor with a dual specificity against pancreatic elastase and PMN-elastase was shown to ameliorate both local and systemic damage. Hence, in overall, ZD0892 treatment is proved to be beneficial to the mice and rats in experimental pancreatitis and should be considered for treatment in humans as the substance has been already studied in phase I and II trails for other indications.


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What Is A Periodontist?
What Is A Periodontist?
A periodontist is a dentist who specializes in the soft tissues of the mouth and the underlying jawbone which supports the teeth. A dentist must first graduate from an accredited dental school before undertaking an additional three years of study within a periodontology residency training program, in order to qualify as a periodontist.
The primary focus of this residency training is on both surgical and non surgical management of PERIODONTAL DISEASE and the placement of dental implants.
Conditions Treated by a Periodontist
The periodontist is mainly concerned with: preventing the onset of gum disease (periodontal disease); diagnosing conditions affecting the gums and jawbone; and treating gingivitis, periodontitis, and bone loss. Periodontal disease is a progressive condition and the leading cause of tooth loss among adults in the developed world.
The periodontist is able to treat mild, moderate and advanced gum disease by first addressing the bacterial infection at the root of the problem, providing periodontal treatment, then providing information and education on good oral hygiene and the effective cleaning of the teeth.
The most common conditions treated by a periodontist are:
- Gingivitis – This is the mild inflammation of the gums which may or may not be signified by pain and bleeding.
- Mild/moderate periodontitis – When the pockets between the teeth and the soft tissues are measured to be between 4-6mm it is classified as moderate periodontitis (gum disease).
- Advanced periodontitis – When the pockets between the teeth and the soft tissues in general exceed 6mm in depth, significant bone loss may occur; causing shifting or loss of teeth.
- Missing teeth – When teeth are missing as a result of bone loss, the periodontist can implant prosthetic teeth. These teeth are anchored to the jawbone and restore functionality to the mouth.
Treatments Performed by a Periodontist
The periodontist is able to perform a wide range of treatments to halt the progression of gum disease, replace missing teeth and make the appearance of the smile more aesthetically pleasing.
Here are some of the treatments commonly performed by the periodontist:
- Implant placement – When a tooth or several teeth are missing, the periodontist is able to create a natural-looking replacement by anchoring a prosthetic tooth to the jawbone.
- Osteoplasty (hard tissue recontouring) – Once periodontitis has been treated, the periodontist can recontour the hard tissue to make the smile both natural-looking and aesthetically pleasing.
- Gingivoplasty (soft tissue recontouring) – As gums recede due to periodontitis, the teeth may appear longer; causing a "toothy" smile. The periodontist can remove tissues or straighten the gum line to make the teeth look more even.
- Bone grafting – Dental implants can only be positioned if there is sufficient bone to attach the prosthetic tooth to. If bone loss has occurred, bone grafting is an excellent way to add or "grow" bone so that an implant may be properly secured.
- Deep pocket cleanings – As gingivitis and periodontitis progress, it becomes more difficult to cleanse the pockets between the soft tissues and the teeth. The periodontist can scale and root plane the teeth (sometimes under local anesthetic) to remove debris and infection-causing bacteria.
- Crown lengthening – In order to expose more of the natural tooth, the periodontist can remove some of the surrounding gingival tissue.
The periodontist is a highly skilled dental health professional who is able to diagnose and treat many commonly occurring soft tissue and bone problems in the oral cavity.
Please contact our office if you have any questions or concerns.


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Venous Insufficiency
What is chronic venous insufficiency?
Arteries bring oxygen-rich blood from your heart to the rest of your body and veins return oxygen-poor blood back to your heart. When your leg veins cannot pump enough blood back to your heart, you have chronic venous insufficiency (CVI). CVI is also sometimes called chronic venous disease, or CVD. You have three kinds of veins: superficial veins, which lie close to the skin, deep veins, which lie in groups of muscles, and perforating veins, which connect the superficial to the deep veins. Deep veins lead to the vena cava, your body's largest vein, which runs directly to your heart.
When you are in the upright position, the blood in your leg veins must go against gravity to return to your heart. To accomplish this, your leg muscles squeeze the deep veins of your legs and feet to help move blood back to your heart. One-way flaps, called valves, in your veins keep blood flowing in the right direction. When your leg muscles relax, the valves inside your veins close. This prevents blood from flowing in reverse, back down the legs. The entire process of sending blood back to the heart is called the venous pump.
When you walk and your leg muscles squeeze, the venous pump works well. But when you sit or stand, especially for a long time, the blood in your leg veins can pool and increase the venous blood pressure. Deep veins and perforating veins are usually able to withstand short periods of increased pressures. However, sitting or standing for a long time can stretch vein walls because they are flexible. Over time, in susceptible individuals, this can weaken the walls of the veins and damage the vein valves, causing CVI.
What are the symptoms?
If you have CVI, your ankles may swell and your calves may feel tight. Your legs may also feel heavy, tired, restless, or achy. You may feel pain while walking or shortly after stopping.
CVI may be associated with varicose veins. Varicose veins are swollen veins that you can see through the skin. They often look blue, bulging, and twisted. Large varicose veins can lead to skin changes like rashes, redness, and sores.
CVI can also cause problems with leg swelling because of the pressure of the blood pooling in the veins. Your lymphatic system may also produce fluid, called lymph, to compensate for CVI. Your leg tissues may then absorb some of this fluid, which can increase the tendency for your legs to swell. In severe cases, CVI and the leg swelling can cause ulcers to form on the lower parts of the leg.
What causes CVI?
Over the long-term, blood pressure that is higher than normal inside your leg veins causes CVI. This can lead to damage to the valves, which can further worsen the problem. In some instances, the valves that prevent blood from flowing "backwards," can be congenitally defective. Other causes of CVI include deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and phlebitis, both of which cause elevated pressure in your veins by obstructing the free flow of blood through the veins.
Illiac Artery Narrowed
DVT occurs when a blood clot (properly called a thrombus) blocks blood from flowing toward the heart, out of a deep or perforating vein. The blood trying to pass through the blocked veins can increase the blood pressure in the vein, which, in turn, overloads your valves. Vein valves that do not work properly are called incompetent because they stretch and no longer work efficiently, and incompetent valves contribute to CVI. DVT is a potentially serious condition that causes leg swelling and requires immediate medical attention because sometimes the blood clots in the veins can break off and travel to the lungs. This condition is called a pulmonary embolus.
Phlebitis occurs when a superficial or deep vein becomes swollen and inflamed. This inflammation causes a blood clot to form, which can also lead to DVT.
Factors that can increase your risk for CVI include a family history of varicose veins, being overweight, being pregnant, not exercising enough, smoking, and standing or sitting for long periods of time. Although CVI can affect anyone, your age and sex can also be factors that may increase your tendency to develop CVI; women older than 50 most often get CVI.
What tests will I need?
First your physician asks you questions about your current general health, past medical history, and symptoms. In addition, your physician conducts a physical exam. Together these are known as a patient history and exam. Your physician may measure the blood pressure in your legs and will examine the varicose veins. To confirm a diagnosis of CVI, the physician may order a duplex ultrasound test or sometimes another test called a venogram.
Duplex ultrasound uses painless sound waves higher than human hearing can detect. Duplex ultrasound allows your physician to measure the speed of blood flow and to see the structure of your leg veins.
A venogram is an x-ray that also allows your physician to see the anatomy of your veins. During this test, your physician injects a dye, properly called contrast, which makes the blood in your veins appear on an x-ray.
How is CVI treated?
CVI is usually not considered a serious health risk. Your physician will focus his or her treatment on decreasing your pain and disability.
Compression Stockings
For mild cases of CVI, your physician may recommend compression stockings. Compression stockings are elastic stockings that squeeze your veins and stop excess blood from flowing backward. In this way, compression stockings can often also help heal skin sores and prevent them from returning. You may need to wear compression stockings daily for the rest of your life.
You can help avoid leg swelling and other symptoms by occasionally raising your legs and avoiding standing for long periods of time to decrease the pressure in the veins. When you do need to stand for a long period, you can flex your leg muscles occasionally to keep the blood flowing. You can also help lessen the symptoms of CVI by maintaining your ideal body weight or losing weight if you are overweight.
More serious cases of CVI may be treated with injections, called sclerotherapy, or with surgical procedures. Fewer than 10 percent of people with CVI require surgery to correct the problem. Surgical treatments include ablation, vein stripping, bypass surgery, valve repair, and angioplasty or stenting of a vein.
In sclerotherapy, your physician injects a chemical into your affected veins. The chemical scars your veins from the inside out so your abnormal veins can then no longer fill with blood. Blood that would normally return to the heart through these veins returns to the heart through other veins. Your body will eventually absorb the veins that received the injection.
Ablation uses a thin, flexible tube called a catheter inserted into a varicose vein. Tiny electrodes at the tip of the catheter heat the walls of your varicose vein and destroy the vein tissue. As with chemical sclerotherapy, your varicose vein is then no longer able to carry blood, and it is eventually absorbed by your body.
Vein stripping
To perform vein stripping, your physician first makes a small incision in the groin area and usually another incision in your calf below the knee. Then your physician disconnects and ties off all veins associated with the saphenous vein, the main superficial vein in your leg. Your physician then removes this vein from your leg. A procedure called ambulatory phlebectomy, or small incision avulsion, can be done either alone or together with vein stripping. Small incision avulsion allows your physician to remove individual varicose vein clusters from the leg through tiny incisions.
For more extensive problems, your surgeon may recommend bypass surgery to treat CVI that occurs in the upper thigh or pelvis. For example, your surgeon can connect an artificial vein, called a graft, or a transplanted vein to a vein not affected by CVI to help blood flow from your affected leg around the blocked vein. Most vein surgery can be performed through small incisions. Usually bypass surgery is safe, although there is a small risk of DVT and infection at incision points. Your physician will only recommend this procedure in the most serious instances.
Valve repair
In valve repair, your surgeon shortens the valves inside your vein to improve valve function. After making a small incision into your skin, your surgeon cuts into the affected vein. Your surgeon then folds or tucks the valve flaps. He or she may place a fabric sleeve around the outside of your affected vein to help press the walls of the vein together to maintain valve function.
Angioplasty and Stenting
In more severe cases of CVI, your surgeon may recommend angioplasty or stenting. An angioplasty is the use of a balloon to push open a narrowed or blocked portion of the vein. A stent is a metal-scaffold tube that helps to keep the narrowed areas open. In some instances, depending on where the vein blockage is, this may be used to open up the blockage. The procedure is performed through small needle punctures in the veins, either behind the knee or in the groin. Typically angioplasty and stenting are safe procedures.
Your vascular surgeon will help you decide the best treatment option for your particular situation.


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Like humans, some song sparrows are more effusive than others, at least when it comes to defending their territories. New findings from the University of Washington show that consistent individual differences exist not only for how aggressive individual song sparrows are but also for how much they use their signals to communicate their aggressive intentions.
The findings, published online Dec. 4 in Proceedings of the Royal Society B, show that while many birds signal their intentions clearly, other "strong silent types" go immediately to aggressive behavior and ultimately attack without first signaling their intentions.
"The results are the first to explicitly link individual differences in a personality variable to communication in a wild animal," said lead author Çağlar Akçay, who did the study when he was a UW graduate student. He is now a postdoctoral associate at the Cornell Lab of Ornithology.
As any pet owner can attest, animals have consistent individual differences, or personalities. Some may be more aggressive or bold, shy or laid back. Such personality differences have been noted in a number of species ranging from insects to primates and, of course, humans. But the role of personality in animal communication has not been studied.
"There is a growing realization in the field that factoring in personality variables will help solve many thorny problems in animal behavior, such as do animals signal honestly," said Michael Beecher, co-author and a UW professor of psychology and biology.
In other words, if a bird knew the personality of its opponent, it would have a better understanding of when to expect an attack.
"The strong silent types are just as assertive as the signaling types, they just don't advertise their aggressive intentions," Beecher said. "You want to distinguish strong silent types from true wimps that don't signal and won't attack."
Akçay and Beecher studied 69 male song sparrows (Melospiza melodia) in Discovery Park in Seattle. The birds are year-round residents that spend most of their time in their territory, defending it from intruders.
From September 2009 to May 2010 and again in spring 2011, the researchers observed the birds as part of a larger experiment looking at how sparrows communicate while defending their territories (see previous story).
In the current study, the researchers report their observations of the birds' behaviors in response to a simulated intruder. They counted:
- Aggressive behaviors, including how close the bird got to the loudspeaker that played a bird song and how many times he flew around the speaker looking for the simulated intruder.
- Signaling behaviors, such as the fluttering of a single wing at a time (known as wing waves and considered the bird equivalent of "flipping the bird") and soft songs (quiet, sweet-sounding yet menacing songs). See wing waving at the 27-second mark of this video:
All of these behaviors are reliable predictors that a bird will attack an intruder.
Over time, the researchers observed that each bird they studied exhibited a consistent amount of aggressive and signaling behavior.
"Some birds were just more aggressive than others," Akçay said.
What's more, when looking at birds that displayed similar levels of aggression, the researchers found that some of these birds consistently used more threat signals than other birds. Some actively threatened the intruder with soft songs and wing waves before attacking, while the "strong, silent types" skipped over the warnings and launched right into attack mode.
"This is an important result since it identifies a potential new dimension of animal personality that plays a significant role in how much a given animal will signal in an aggressive situation," Akçay said. "This new personality dimension may also play a role in signaling in different contexts, such as courting a female or communicating danger about predators to mates and offspring."
The researchers plan to test this personality trait, which they call "communicativeness," in other social contexts.
Elizabeth Campbell, a UW research technician, is also a coauthor of the paper. The study was supported by the National Science Foundation.


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Deborah Ann Woll ("True Blood") and EJ Scott join Cole and Vanessa to chat about Gordon Ramsay, The Roctuplets, Ark Music, Roller Coasters vs. Condoms, Choroideremia, Frances McDormand's wooden statue, MST3K, Survivor, DIY shows, filming sex scenes, tiny homes, shark ratings, bowling with Buffy, and Cole's eventful quest for Hostess Twinkies. Leave your answer to the Firsts question (the first organized sport you can remember being a part of) on our website for a chance to win a comfy Pop My Culture T-Shirt! And please visit ejscott.com and help support Choroideremia research!
Click here to listen.
Here are some photos from theor appearance:
photo source: popmyculturepodcast.com


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Hotspot Shield Premium - Malware Protection
Malware protection transforms Hotspot Shield into a complete internet security offering
By drawing on a database of 3.5 million known and suspected web domains, Pango offers protection from four basic types of Malware sites.
Malware Sites
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Hotspot Shield malware protection is available on all platforms.
including PC, Mac, Apple iOS (iPhone, iPad and iTouch) and Android (phones and pad devices). Regular updates to the malware database will ensure that Hotspot Shield remains one step ahead of online security threats at all times. It helps protect you from the latest threats, including the Flash Trojan virus on Mac.
Pango's free ad-supported product provides protection from the first category of malware. For full malware protection from all four categories, Pango offers its paid Hotspot Shield Premium product and its mobile products (Android and Apple iOS) , which detect known malware sites along with infected sites, phishing sites and spam sites. Available through subscription, Premium has no ads and also provides faster browsing. Hotspot Shield VPN for Android and iOS has the added benefit of compressing bandwidth and saving money on your data plan.
Hotspot Shield draws on a database of 3.5 million known or suspected malware sites.
More About Malware
What is malware and why should you be worried about it?
Malware, short for malicious software, is computer code designed to gather personal data, disrupt normal computer operation, or gain unauthorized access to your computer systems.
Malware includes a variety of hostile computer viruses, worms, trojan horses, spyware, dishonest adware, and other malicious programs. Malware can be unknowingly delivered to your computer or mobile device when visiting a malware site. Last year alone, malware cost U.S. consumers over $2.3 billion, according to a study commissioned by McAfee Labs.
Last year malware cost U.S. consumers $2.3 billion.
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I already have anti-virus software for my computer, why do I need Hotspot Shield?
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What is the difference between the level of malware protection provide by the free Hotspot Shield product vs. the paid Premium, iOS or Android products?
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Will Hotspot Shield help protect me from the Flash Trojan virus on my Mac?
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Dr. Eric Berne is the author of Games People Play, the groundbreaking book in which he introduces Games and Transactional Analysis to the world. According to Dr. Berne, games are ritualistic transactions or behavior patterns between individuals that can indicate hidden feelings or emotions. A runaway success, Games People Play spent more than two years on the New York Times bestseller list in the mid 1960s – longer than any non-fiction book over the preceding decade. Games People Play and Transactional Analysis have gone on to influence and inspire millions of people, including Thomas A. Harris, author of I'm OK – You're OK and Muriel James, author of Born to Win.
Five million copies later and nearly fifty years after it first debuted, Games People Play remains popular and continues to sell across the world. It has been translated into almost 20 different languages, with millions of laypeople and trained psychotherapists employing Dr. Berne's techniques.
"An important book . . . a brilliant, amusing, and clear catalogue of the psychological theatricals that human beings play over and over again. The good Doctor has provided story lines that hacks will not exhaust in the next 10,000 years." Kurt Vonnegut Jr., Life Magazine, 1965.
"A fascinating book... These are not necessarily 'fun' games. In fact, most of them are hair-raisingly neurotic rituals in which tensions are discharged and satisfactions are gained, usually at the expense of others." Newsweek Magazine.
"Original, disturbing, and delightful, a prime conversation piece… Many of these games are real-life horrors, played in dead earnest in public places, the parlor, bedroom, consulting room." The Chicago Tribune.
In 1966, The New York Times described how Eric Berne played games with Frank Sinatra in a famous article. And in 2004, the Times illustrated how Games People Play and I'm OK – You're OK were the first "self-help" books published.
About Eric Berne and Transactional Analysis
Dr. Eric Berne (1910-1970) was a prominent psychiatrist and bestselling author. He grew up in Montreal, Canada, and received his MD degree from McGill University in 1935. He completed his psychiatry training in the United States and then entered the US Army as a psychiatrist.
After the war, Berne moved to Carmel, California. He continued his work as a psychiatrist, but felt increasingly frustrated with the psychoanalytic approaches at the time. As a result, he began developing a new and revolutionary theory, which he called Transactional Analysis. In 1958, he published the paper "Transactional Analysis: A New and Effective Method of Group Therapy" where he outlined this new approach.
After creating Transactional Analysis, Berne continued to develop and apply this new methodology. This led him to publish Games People Play and to found the International Transactional Analysis Association. He led an active life and continued his psychotherapist and writing duties up until his death in 1970. He left a remarkable legacy, including the creation of Transactional Analysis, Games People Play and 30+ other books and articles, and the founding of the International Transactional Analysis Association.


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Have you ever asked yourself "Who am I to be doing this?" Or told yourself "I'm not good enough."
If so, this message is for you.
Thank you for listening to my podcast, Author Audience, where I share motivation/inspiration, real lessons learned the hard way, Q&A, and more shared in real time.
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Enlighted Expands Executive Leadership Team to Support Large Scale Rollouts of Advanced IoT Platform and Solutions
Sunnyvale, Calif. – February 29, 2016 – Enlighted, Inc., the leading provider of Internet of Things (IoT) solutions for commercial buildings, announces the addition of four executives to the team: Gaile Gordon, Ian Larson, Eamonn Hughes and Ulrich Wenz.
"With exponential growth expected this year, we absolutely need the support of the brightest minds in the industry," said Enlighted CEO Joe Costello. "These executives are proven forward-thinking leaders in tech, who are dedicated to bringing the most advanced solutions to the marketplace."
Gaile Gordon, Ph.D., joins the team as a senior director of technology. With a doctorate in computer science from Harvard University, and more than 25 years of experience in computer vision related research and design (R&D), and product development, Gordon has a proven track record transitioning technology from R&D to production. She was a cofounder of TYZX, Inc., which was acquired by Intel in 2012 for its renowned 3D cameras and image analysis applications. Gordon will be a key player in ensuring that Enlighted's sensors continue to be the most advanced in the industry.
Ian Larson comes to Enlighted with more than 20 years experience in complex project implementations. As a vice president of program management and customer service, he will oversee all installations and ensure customer satisfaction. Prior to joining Enlighted, Larson managed an office for a large tech and tenant improvement (TI)-based general contractor, managed a complex data based device for the aesthetics industry and managed numerous biologic, medical device and capital projects for the pharmaceutical industry. He is also a board member of a biologics contract research organization (CRO) and past president of the San Francisco Bay Area chapter of the International Society for Pharmaceutical Engineering (ISPE).
Eamonn Hughes has been appointed area vice president in Enlighted's Northern European territory. Hughes will lead the sales, services and partnering efforts for the United Kingdom, Ireland and adjacent countries. Prior to joining Enlighted, Hughes served as the UK and Ireland country manager for Teradata.
Ulrich Wenz will serve as the area vice president in Central Europe, responsible for the adoption of IoT solutions in Germany, Austria and Switzerland. He most recently served as a general manager for EMC's Information Intelligence Group.
Both Eamonn and Ulrich have years of experience in selling multi-million dollar projects at the C-level, and will be key players in the international expansion of Enlighted in Europe.
Enlighted has made the IoT a reality for several Fortune 500 companies, including AT&T, Deutsche Bank and Uber. The company's advanced sensor solutions enable energy efficiency, space planning, HVAC optimization, indoor positioning and retail store analysis. For more information, please visit www.enlightedinc.com.
Designed to change everything, Enlighted provides the world's most advanced digital sensor and analytics platform for smarter buildings to Fortune 500 companies around the globe. Enlighted was founded in 2009 and has received venture funding from Draper Nexus Ventures, Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers, RockPort Capital Partners, Draper Fisher Jurvetson and Intel Capital. The company is headquartered in Sunnyvale, CA. For more information about Enlighted products, visit enlightedinc.com.
SOURCE: Enlighted


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AEROFLOW 400 Series Push Lock Hose -10AN half metre Length The Aeroflow 400 series push lock hose is designed for the use with Aeroflow push-on fittings. Available in Blue or Black. For use with fuel systems E85 E10 methanol oils lubricants and coolant sy
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