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Use Muscle, Don't Lose It
We've all seen it. The celebrity weight transformations. A celebrity gets a role and that calls for an actor with a muscular physique and all of a sudden they've transformed into the "Incredible Hulk," seemingly overnight, adding masses of muscle to their formerly moderate frames, only to slim down just as quickly to normal or even emaciated proportions depending on their next role. Of course they will openly discuss how they "bulked up" or "slimmed down" with tales of excessive carb, consumption and exhausting workouts or stories of food deprivation worthy of a homeless orphan.
However, while we are used to the seemingly impossible becoming commonplace in Hollywood, we hope for a more stable body weight for ourselves. When we build muscle, we generally hope to maintain it, but we need to use it to make sure we don't lose it.
The Bad News
If you don't start exercising now, your muscles will shrink by the time your are seventy. Two recent studies found that the atrophy of muscles previously though to be a normal part of aging is not inevitable.
One study used MRI snapshots to compare muscle mass in the mid thighs of athletes aged 40 to 81. Images revealed not much difference between the younger and older athletes and found very little decrease in mid thing muscles with age. In contrast, in healthy but sedentary 70 year old, the results were very different, showing a significant decrease in muscle mass.
Another study looked at the "motor units" of the leg muscles. Motor units are the basic units of the muscles, each of which is connected to a single neuron. It is believed the part of the general weakening that occurs with age is attributed to the atrophy of the motor units. The study revealed a close similarity in the number of motor units of 60 and 20 year old runners. However, this did not apply to the arm muscles, with older runners and non runners alike experiencing similar decline in the motor units of the arms.
The Good News
The loss of muscle mass, also known as sarcopenia, can be managed with exercise. Exercise stimulates the release of hormones crucial to healthy muscle mass, such as the growth hormone, crucial to the mechano growth factor. Exercise can also prevent the loss of essential bone and muscle associated with aging.
Although aerobic exercise is great for the cardiovascular system and effective in keeping down fat levels, it is only mildly helpful in maintaining the lean body mass you already have. When it comes to the preserving and increasing lean mass, resistance training is the way to go. The Federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention advises strength training, such as using weights, machines, bands, and other devices to promote mobility, improve fitness, and increase bone density.
The Big Four For Muscle Building
Because your body is made primarily of "push and pull" muscles, it is important to focus on exercises that focus on those movements. The squat is a great whole body "push" exercise and should be coupled with a whole body "push-pull" like the deadlift, which incorporates core and lower body muscles. For the upper body, the bench press and barbell row are the two main lifts to incorporate into your strength training routine. Doing these will let you minimize finishing exercises for the abs and calves.
How are you using your muscles? Let us know! You're looking great!


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BORN THIS WEEK: You have a fine business sense and a love of the arts. You enjoy living life to its fullest.ARIES (March 21 to April 19): The often skeptical Aries might find that an answer to a question is hard to believe. But check it out before you chuck it out. You might well be surprised at what you could learn.
TAURUS (April 20 to May 20): Your resolute determination to stick by a position might make some people uncomfortable. But if you're proved right (as I expect you to be), a lot of changes will tilt in your favor.
GEMINI (May 21 to June 20): You might feel conflicted between what you want to do and what you should do. Best advice: Honor your obligations first. Then go ahead and enjoy your well-earned rewards.
CANCER (June 21 to July 22): That financial matter still needs to be sorted out before you can consider any major monetary moves. Pressures ease midweek, with news about a potential career change.
LEO (July 23 to Aug. 22): A workplace problem threatens to derail your well-planned project. But your quick mind should lead you to a solution and get you back on track without too much delay.
VIRGO (Aug. 23 to Sept. 22): An opportunity opens up but could quickly close down if you allow pessimism to override enthusiasm. A trusted friend can offer the encouragement you need.
LIBRA (Sept. 23 to Oct. 22): You've come through a difficult period of helping others deal with their problems. Now you can concentrate on putting your energy to work on your own projects.
SCORPIO (Oct. 23 to Nov. 21): Forget about who's to blame and, instead, make the first move toward patching up a misunderstanding before it creates a rift that you'll never be able to cross.
SAGITTARIUS (Nov. 22 to Dec. 21): Good news for the travel-loving Sagittarian who enjoys galloping off to new places: That trip you put off will soon be back on your schedule.
CAPRICORN (Dec. 22 to Jan. 19): A mood change could make the gregarious Goat seek the company of just a few friends. But you charge back into the crowd for weekend fun and games.
AQUARIUS (Jan. 20 to Feb. 18): A decision you made in good faith could come under fire. Best advice: Open your mind to other possibilities by listening to your challenger's point of view.
PISCES (Feb. 19 to March 20): You can avoid being swamped by all those tasks dangling from your line this week by tackling them one by one, according to priority. The weekend brings good news.


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Thoracic outlet syndrome is a painful condition that results when the nerves that travel through the neck are compressed by muscles or other tissues. In auto injuries, the muscles of the neck can be strained. If not treated, these strained muscles can become tense and rigid, putting pressure on the nerves.
Thoracic outlet syndrome can present itself as pain or numbness in the shoulder, arm, or hand. Browse our articles to learn more about thoracic outlet syndrome, and how chiropractic can help.
Conservative Treatment of Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
Overlooked Physical Diagnoses in Chronic Pain Patients


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Foo Fighters' Taylor Hawkins Announces Star-Studded Solo Album
Foo Fighters drummer Taylor Hawkins has announced a new album titled Get the Money, and he brought many of his high-profile rock star friends along for the ride.
The list of guest musicians is long and impressive, including fellow Foo Fighters Dave Grohl and Pat Smear, Queen drummer Roger Taylor, Eagles guitarist Joe Walsh, bassist Duff McKagan of Guns N' Roses, Yes vocalist Jon Davison, Chrissie Hynde of the Pretenders, Nancy Wilson from Heart, Jane's Addiction frontman Perry Farrell and country singer LeAnn Rimes.
Produced by Hawkins and John Lousteau, Get The Money is set for release on Nov. 8 via Shanabelle/Columbia Records. Taylor's backing band, called the Coattail Riders, includes Lousteau, Chris Chaney and Brent Woods.
The album's first single is "Crossed the Line," a frantic blitz of frenetic rock energy featuring Grohl and Davison. Listen below.
Hawkins formed Coattail Riders as a side project in 2004. The group has released two previous albums, a self-titled LP in 2006 and 2010's Red Light Fever.
The Coattail Riders aren't Hawkins' only non-Foo endeavor. He co-founded the Birds of Satan, a hard-rock trio boasting a bombastic sound, in 2014. They released one self-titled album, with Grohl, Smear and Davison again among the featured musicians. Hawkins also fronts Chevy Metal, a high-profile cover band that regularly tours clubs and festivals, while also welcoming some legendary surprise guests.
Hawkins is set to complete a new Foo Fighters album for 2020, too. Grohl said the process would begin this month. Their last scheduled tour stop of 2019 is a headlining set in December at the Intersect Festival in Las Vegas.
Taylor Hawkins and the Coattail Riders' 'Get the Money' track listing:
1. "Crossed the Line" (featuring Dave Grohl, Jon Davison)
2. "Don't Look at Me That Way" (featuring Duff McKagan, Nancy Wilson)
3. "You're No Good at Life No More" (featuring Dave Grohl)
4. "I Really Blew It" (featuring Dave Grohl, Perry Farrell)
5. "Queen of the Clowns" (featuring Mark King)
6. "Get the Money" (featuring Joe Walsh, Chrissie Hynde, Duff McKagan)
7. "C U in Hell" (featuring LeAnn Rimes)
8. "Middle Child" (featuring Dave Grohl)
9. "Kiss the Ring"
10. "Shapes of Things" (featuring Roger Taylor, Pat Smear)


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Woman and Man (Art Basket) by Vida Atambire
Art Basket - Exclusive to the Baba Tree
Madame 1000 was the creator of this basket. One day, she excitedly came up to me and said that she wanted to give this design a go. She explained it very clearly putting the emphasis on "Woman" coming first in the title. Who was I to disagree?
The weaver of this Baba Tree product will receive a 12.5% commission on the retail price in addition to what they were paid upon completion.
Weaver: Vida Atambire
SPECS (approximate): Height: 28.5" Width: 28.5" L:38''
You will receive the basket in the picture. In our photos, baskets are presented by the weavers who created them.
ZONE 1 (Canada, USA, Europe, Africa) - $17.50 USD per basket. Free Shipping for orders over $450.00 USD
ZONE 2 (Australia, New Zealand, Mid-East, Far-East, South America, Central America including Mexico, and the Caribbean) - $20.00 USD per basket. Free Shipping for orders over $500.00 USD
Please note the possibility of paying sales tax and duties. Visit our "Shipping & Payments" page to see shipping transit times to your country.


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Last week, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) released much anticipated rules on commercial small drone use. In a nutshell:
- The rules loosen restrictions on commercial drone use, and later this summer the FAA will start legally allowing permits for drones weighing less than 55 pounds.
- The rules are a boon to producers and ranchers interested in precision farming practices, thanks to drones' advanced imaging technologies.
Industry groups estimate that precision agriculture has the potential to account for almost 80 percent of civilian drone use by 2020. Already, 16 percent of agricultural retailers are selling drones – a figure set to skyrocket in the coming years.
So this is big news for the ag industry – but will it help the environment, too?
Not necessarily. Drones provide lots of data, and nothing more. They don't actually change anything on the ground or benefit the environment directly. It's up to growers and their advisors to use the information collected by drones to make informed decisions that can benefit profitability and the planet. Here's why drones are just one (important) piece of the puzzle. Read More


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Street Trucks 169mm Matte Black/Raw
Available for single truck purchase
Order 2 for a complete board!
The Paris Street Trucks are made to skate and will take your street, hybrid, or mini-cruiser skateboards to new levels. These trucks are ideal for any board including the smallest mini-cruisers to the largest double kick boards alike. With a taller profile than standard conventional trucks, you will have more clearance and less wheelbite.
Available in 108mm, 129mm, 149mm, and 169mm.
- Axle Height: 57.15 mm
- Axle Width: 9.25"
- 356.2 virgin aluminum gravity molded
- Secondary heat treatment for added strength & durability
- Paris 93a urethane bushings
- Grade 8 steel axles and branded kingpins
- Faced Hangers
- 6-hole baseplate
You should ride 169mm Paris Street Trucks if…
- You ride a board 9" to 10" wide'
- Anywhere shralping is required
What to expect:
You'll get a shipping confirmation email as soon as your order leaves our warehouse. Once shipped, you can expect to receive your order within 2-8 business days.
Just a heads up – once an order ships we can't cancel or make changes.
Please visit our Refund Policy for more info on returns and exchanges.


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If your loved one has been arrested for a misdemeanor, we understand that you are going through a very stressful time. We are here to make the process of getting your loved one out of jail as simple as possible.
At Gerald Madrid Bail Bonds, we have been providing bail for jail bonds since 1984. In that time, we've helped bail out over 57,000 people throughout New Mexico. Our bail bondsmen are available to walk you through the process of posting bail so that you can make
Post Bail with as Little as 5% Down
The cost of a bail bond is 10% of the amount set by the court. We understand that this can place undue hardship on a family and are willing to work with you to ensure getting your loved one out of jail is as affordable as possible. In order to obtain a bail bond with us, we only ask for 5% down on some bonds and offer flexible financing so you can pay the rest over time. We accept cash, checks, credit card and debit cards as payment.
We Guarantee your Loved One will Get out of Jail
When you choose us as your bail bond agency in Santa Fe, we guarantee that we will get your loved one out of jail. If we don't we'll give you your money back.
Get Affordable Bail Bonds in Santa Fe, NM
Gerald Madrid Bail Bonds is committed to providing you with the very best service during your time of need so that you can make informed decisions to get your loved one out of jail. In addition to misdemeanor bail bonds, we provide felony bail bonds, notary services and other types of surety bonds. Please contact us for more information on how you can get your loved one released from jail quickly and affordably.


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Juarez: Crime More Powerful Than Government 7:47 Scott Carrier
(Part 3 of 3) When people in Juarez, Mexico say 'drug cartel,' they mean not only street gangs, but also the government, the military, big business, small business, the upper, middle, and lower classes, the justice system, and the media. (Produced by Julian Cardona, Scott Carrier and Lisa Miller; Edited by Deborah George; Translation and Research by Molly Molloy; Additional assistance from Erin Almeranti, Elaine Clark.)
Broadcast: Jan 7 2009 on NPR Day to DaySeries: Juarez: City on the Edge Subjects: Justice, Public Affairs


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To find out what your current RV is worth, complete the form. Our team can provide a trade-in value for your RV.
Value My Trade
We Want Your Trade
Used RVs are in demand, especially travel trailers and motorhomes. Bish's RV can give you a trade appraisal without seeing your RV. We just ask you a few simple questions to help determine the value your RV is worth. That's it. If you're looking for another RV but don't want the hassle of selling your current one, come trade it in at Bish's RV!
Huge Inventory Selection
When trading in your current RV, not only do you want a fair price but you also want to make sure the dealer has the floorplan you're looking for. Bish's RV has thousands of RVs to choose from and RV Outfitters to help you narrow it down to find the perfect one that fits your wants and needs while staying within your budget. View our inventory now to start shopping.
Sell Your RV
What if you don't want to trade-in and you just need to sell your RV? We do that too! We sell RVs for customers every day! Learn more about our 'Sell Your RV' program.


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Everything New on Disney Plus in September
After a fairly lean summer, Disney+ has a very busy September planned, including a ton of new premieres on September 8, which the company has dubbed "Disney+ Day." That's when the streaming service will get the premieres of Thor: Love and Thunder and Robert Zemeckis' new live-action version of Pinocchio starring Tom Hanks. (He plays Geppetto, not Pinocchio.) There's also making-of films on Love and Thunder and the Obi-Wan Kenobi TV series.
Later in the month, Star Wars' new show Andor debuts. The prequel to Rogue One stars Diego Luna, reprising his role from the film, and tracing his path to the events that made him a hero to the Rebel Alliance. The show debuts with a three-episode premiere in September. And there are weekly episodes of Marvel's She-Hulk: Attorney at Law as well.
But for many subscribers, the biggest premiere this month is Hocus Pocus 2, the long-awaited sequel to the cult Hallloween classic from the 1990s. The core original cast — Bette Midler, Kathy Najimy, and Sarah Jessica Parker — are all back in another kid-friendly horror film about the trio of troublemaking witches, the Sanderson sisters.
Here's the full list of everything coming to Disney+ in September 2022:
Thursday, September 1
Disney+ Originals
She-Hulk: Attorney at Law - Episode 3
Friday, September 2
New Library Titles
- Al Davis VS. The NFL
- Dickie V
- Elway to Marino
- Nature Boy
- Run Ricky Run
- Small Potatoes: Who Killed the USFL?
- The Band That Wouldn't Die
- The Two Bills
- Year of the Scab
Disney+ Originals
Siempre Fui Yo, Detrás de la historia - Premiere
Wednesday, September 7
New Library Titles
- Edge of the Unknown with Jimmy Chin (S1)
- Europe from Above (S3)
- Europe from Above (S4)
- Prime Survivor: Mighty Mekong (S1)
- Puppy Dog Pals (S5, 3 episodes)
Disney+ Originals
High School Musical: The Musical: The Series - Episode 307, "Camp Prom"
Thursday, September 8 - Disney+ Day
New Library Titles
- Frozen (Sing-Along)
- Frozen 2 (Sing-Along)
- Mickey Mouse Funhouse (S1, 5 episodes)
- Thor: Love and Thunder
Disney+ Originals
Cars on the Road - Premiere, All Episodes Streaming
Dancing with the Stars: The Pros' Most Memorable Dances (Special) - Premiere
Epic Adventures with Bertie Gregory - Season 1 Premiere, All Episodes Streaming
Growing Up - Premiere, All Episodes Streaming
Marvel Studios Assembled: The Making of Thor: Love and Thunder - Premiere
Obi-Wan Kenobi: A Jedi's Return - Premiere
Pinocchio - Premiere
Remembering - Premiere
Tierra Incognita - Premiere, All Episodes Streaming
Welcome to the Club (a new short from The Simpsons) - Premiere
She-Hulk: Attorney at Law - Episode 4
Friday, September 9
New Library Titles
- United Sharks of America
Wednesday, September 14
New Library Titles
- First Alaskans (S1)
- In the Womb: Animal Babies (S1)
Disney+ Originals
Short Circuit - New Episode
High School Musical: The Musical: The Series - Episode 308 "Let It Go"
Disney+ Originals
She-Hulk: Attorney at Law - Episode 5
Friday, September 16
New Library Titles
- Coco (Sing-Along)
- The Art of Racing in the Rain
Disney+ Originals
Mija - Premiere
Monday, September 19
Disney+ Originals
Dancing with the Stars - Season 31 Premiere (Live)
Wednesday, September 21
New Library Titles
- Firebuds (S1, 12 episodes)
- Wicked Tuna: Outer Banks (S8, 8 episodes)
Disney+ Originals
Andor - 3-Episode Premiere
Super/Natural - Premiere, All Episodes Streaming
Thursday, September 22
Disney+ Originals
She-Hulk: Attorney at Law - Episode 6
Friday, September 23
New Library Titles
- Saving Giraffes: The Long Journey Home
- Spies in Disguise
- The Call of the Wild
Monday, September 26
Disney+ Originals
Dancing with the Stars - Episode 2 (Live)
Wednesday, September 28
New Library Titles
- Life Below Zero: Northern Territories (S2)
- Minnie's Bow-Toons: Party Palace Pals (S2, 11 episodes)
Disney+ Originals
The Mighty Ducks: Game Changers - Season 2 Premiere
Andor - Episode 4
Thursday, September 29
Disney+ Originals
She-Hulk: Attorney at Law - Episode 7
Friday, September 30
New Library Titles
- Hocus Pocus 25th Anniversary Halloween Bash (Special)
- Under Wraps 2
Disney+ Originals
Hocus Pocus 2 - Premiere
Sign up for Disney+ here.


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By A.J.
Adult Romance
July 1, 2014
by Swoon Romance
Nope. Mexico? Nope. Key West?
Not me. This summer, I'm playing nursemaid to my
sister. Yeah, I know. Relatively good looking twenty-two-year-olds don't spend
the summer bedside in the cancer ward but, that's the plan. Until my sister
threatens me with bodily harm unless I get on the plane.
That's when I met him. He likes me. Really likes me.
But more than that, he loves my boobs — like can't get enough. I have no idea
how to tell him that they'll be gone soon. Courtesy of a preventative double
mastectomy. Yep. That's what testing positive for the breast cancer gene
mutation will do to a girl.
But don't feel sorry for me. I'm enjoying him, holding
on until the last possible minute, while I muster up the strength to tell him,
and watch him walk away.
You can find the author on Goodreads here.


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ANNCR: Welcome to People in America in VOA Special English. Today, Rich Kleinfeldt and Sarah Long tell about the life and work of one of the most influential musicians of the twentieth century -- Leonard Bernstein.
This music was written by Leonard Bernstein. He composed it for the opening of the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts in Washington, D.C., in nineteen seventy-one.
Leonard Bernstein lived from nineteen-eighteen until nineteen-ninety. During his seventy-two years he was one of America's most hard-working musicians. He was a composer, conductor, pianist and teacher.
He wrote both serious classical music and light popular music. He was musical director of the New York Philharmonic Orchestra for more than ten years. He often played the piano while leading an orchestra at the same time. He taught many other musicians. And, he appeared on television programs and wrote books to help people -- especially children -- learn about music.
Leonard Bernstein was born in Lawrence, Massachusetts, on August twenty-fifth, nineteen-eighteen. His parents were Jews from Russia. They met and married in the United States. Leonard demonstrated early in life that he had special abilities in music. His father, however, did not believe his son could support himself as a musician. The older Bernstein continually advised against it.
Luckily, his son rejected this advice. Leonard studied music at Harvard University and the Curtis Institute in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He spent summers at a famous music center in Massachusetts called Tanglewood. There he studied conducting with two major musicians of our time -- Serge Koussevitsky and Fritz Reiner. Later Leonard Bernstein would return to Tanglewood to teach almost every summer of his life.
In nineteen forty-three, Leonard Bernstein became assistant conductor of the New York Philharmonic Orchestra. In November of that year, New York Philharmonic conductor Bruno Walter became sick could not conduct an important concert.
Mister Bernstein was called to lead the orchestra very soon before the event. He had little time to prepare. Still, he did so well that the New York Times newspaper published a story praising his effort. The story appeared on the front page the day after the concert.
After that, Leonard Bernstein was invited to conduct concerts of almost every major American orchestra. In nineteen fifty-eight, he became musical director of the New York Philharmonic. He was the first American to hold that position. Critics said the well-known orchestra became even better under his leadership. He was the main conductor of the Philharmonic until he resigned in nineteen-sixty-seven.
Leonard Bernstein became involved in many more projects after leaving the New York Philharmonic. People said he was like a powerful ocean storm. He seemed to live his whole life in a hurry.
Mister Bernstein traveled around the world to act as guest conductor of many orchestras. He wrote music and taught music. At home, he and his wife, Chilean actress Felicia Montealegre, were raising their three children. Their home was a gathering place for some of the most influential artists, musicians and writers in the United States.
As the years passed, Leonard Bernstein's many musical skills made him known around the world. He won high praise as a pianist. Listen now as he plays "Piano Sonata" by his friend Aaron Copland.
Critics say Bernstein wrote some of his best work in his early years. He wrote "Symphony Number Two, the Age of Anxiety" in nineteen forty-nine when he was about thirty. Musical experts say the piece captures the sounds of America.
That piece was among several large works Leonard Bernstein wrote for symphony orchestras over the years. He composed several symphonies that demonstrate his deep interest in his Jewish religion.
Mister Bernstein wrote other major classical works through the years for a large group of singers and an orchestra. He also composed operas and ballet music.
Many people think these classical works are not as great as some of his musical plays for Broadway such as "On the Town," "Wonderful Town" and "Candide." Some music critics say "Candide" is the best music Leonard Bernstein ever wrote.
The musical, "West Side Story," is considered Leonard Bernstein's most famous work. It opened on Broadway in New York City in nineteen fifty-seven. It still is being performed all over the world. The show tells a story similar to "Romeo and Juliet," the famous play by William Shakespeare. Stephen Sondheim wrote the words to the Bernstein music.
"West Side Story" guaranteed Leonard Bernstein a special place in American musical theater. Here tenor Larry Kert sings "Maria," one of the most beautiful songs from "West Side Story."
Leonard Bernstein worked for three years on "Mass, A Theater Piece for Singers Players and Dancers" to be performed at the Kennedy Center opening. Two-hundred people are in this huge work. Its name comes from the religious service of the Roman
Catholic Church. The story tells of a young man who loses his belief in God. "Mass" is the closest Mister Bernstein ever came to joining the styles of Broadway and classical music. It contains rock music, blues music, and religious music.
Throughout his life, Leonard Bernstein was involved with social issues as well as music. He supported the civil rights movement and opposed the Vietnam War. He conducted concerts to raise money for AIDS research.
In his later years, he wanted to write something that he knew would be remembered always. But he was in poor health. Still, he kept composing, directing and speaking. He gave his last performance in August, nineteen ninety, at Tanglewood. Less than
two months later, he died in his New York home. He will be remembered always for his many musical gifts to the world.
ANNCR: This Special English program was written by Jeri Watson. It was produced by Paul Thompson. The announcers were Rich Kleinfeldt and Sarah Long. I'm Barbara Klein. Listen again next week for People in America in VOA Special English.
Editor's Note:
This article incorrectly stated that Leonard Bernstein resigned from the New York Philharmonic in 1967. The correct date is 1969.


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CAMBRIDGE, Mass. (AP) — Move over, coffee and Red Bull. A Harvard professor thinks the next big thing will be people inhaling their caffeine from a lipstick-sized tube. Critics say the novel product is not without its risks.
The product, called AeroShot, went on the market late last month in Massachusetts and New York, and is also available in France. A single unit costs $2.99 at convenience, mom-and-pop, liquor and online stores.
Biomedical engineering professor David Edwards said AeroShot is safe and does not contain common additives, like taurine, used to amplify the caffeine effect in common energy drinks. Each grey-and-yellow plastic canister contains 100 milligrams of caffeine powder, about the amount in a large cup of coffee, plus B vitamins.
But Democratic U.S. Sen. Charles Schumer of New York wants the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to review AeroShot, saying he fears it will be used as a club drug so that young people can drink until they drop. Schumer's national press secretary did not immediately respond to calls for comment.
FDA spokeswoman Siobhan DeLancey declined to comment, saying the agency will respond directly to Schumer on the matter.
Edwards said Schumer's comments are understandable in the context of developments over the last few years, when students looking for a quick and cheap buzz began consuming caffeine-packed alcoholic drinks they dubbed "blackout in a can" because of their potency. But he said AeroShot is not targeting anyone under 18 and it safely delivers caffeine into the mouth, just like coffee.
"Even with coffee — if you look at the reaction in Europe to coffee when it first appeared — there was quite a bit of hysteria," he said. "So anything new, there's always some knee-jerk reaction that makes us believe 'Well, maybe it's not safe.'"
Once a user shoots a puff of calorie-free AeroShot into his or her mouth, the lemon-lime powder begins dissolving almost instantly. Each single-use container has up to six puffs.
"The act of putting it in your mouth is the act of breathing — so it's sort of surprising and often people the first time they take the AeroShot, they laugh ... that it's kind of a funny way of putting food in your mouth," said Edwards, who also came up with a breathable chocolate product a few years back.
Dr. Lisa Ganjhu, a gastroenterologist and internal medicine doctor at New York-based St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital, said people need to be aware of how much caffeine they are ingesting.
"You want those 10 cups of coffee, it will probably take you a couple hours to get through all that coffee with all that volume that you are drinking," Ganjhu said. "With these inhale caffeine canisters you can get that in 10 of those little canisters — so you just puff away and you could be getting all of that within the hour."
Even the product packaging warns people not to consume more than three AeroShots per day.
Northeastern University students who sampled the product recently gave it mixed reviews.
"This tastes really good and I think it rocks," student Zack Huang said after puffing onto a free sample before rushing to join a group of friends who were walking away from campus.
Still, one student was not happy with the taste, echoing sentiment expressed online by some consumers.
People elsewhere vowed they would never give up their morning coffee.
"I want to brew it, I want to stir it and I want to drink it slowly as I absorb the caffeine," said longtime coffee fan Mark Alexander.
The makers of AeroShot appear to be aware of that sentiment, declaring that the product isn't about switching away from coffee, but rather making it easier for people with active lifestyles to get their caffeine fix.
"AeroShot can be used in a variety of settings inconvenient for liquids, such as when you study in the library, board an airplane or get into the car for a long drive," they say in the section dedicated to frequently asked questions on their website. "It's easy to take AeroShot with you when you go biking, skiing, curling, or any other activity that consumes energy."
AeroShot, manufactured in France and the flagship product of Cambridge-based Breathable Foods Inc., is the product of a conversation that Edwards had with celebrity French chef Thierry Marks over lunch in the summer of 2007.
"We were discussing what interesting culinary art experiments we might do together and I had the idea that we might breathe foods since I've done a lot of work over the last 10 or 15 years on medical aerosols," Edwards said.
The first venture Edwards worked on with Harvard students was the breathable chocolate, called Le Whif. Now he's preparing to promote a product called Le Whaf, which involves putting food and drinks in futuristic-looking glass bowls and turning them into low-calorie clouds of flavor.
Rodrique Ngowi can be reached at www.twitter.com/ngowi


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Google Sheets is a cloud-based spreadsheet solution with real-time collaboration and powerful tools to visualize, process and communicate data.
You can extend Sheets with add-ons that build customized workflow improvements, establish connectivity to third-party systems, and integrate your Sheets data with other Google Workspace applications (like Google Slides).
You can see the Sheets add-ons others have built on the Google Workspace Marketplace.
What you can do
Here are a few things you can do with an add-on that extends Google Sheets:
- You can read, edit, visualize, and format data in Google Sheets spreadsheets using the built-in Apps Script Spreadsheet service. The service also lets you create and modify conditional formatting and data validation rules.
- You can use the Apps Script advanced Sheets service to access the Google Sheets API directly.
- You can create custom menus and define multiple custom dialogs and sidebars interfaces using standard HTML and CSS.
- You can include custom function definitions in your add-on.
- You can use add-ons triggers that run specified functions when certain triggering events occur.
Sheets add-ons are built using Apps Script. To learn more about how to access and manage Google Sheets with Apps Script, see Extending Google Sheets.
Sheet structure
A Google Sheets spreadsheet consists of one or more sheets. Each sheet is essentially a 2D grid of cells into which text, numbers, links, or other values can be stored. A group of one or more adjacent cells is called a range.
The Apps Script Spreadsheet service
provides several classes to represent organizational structures in Sheets
(such as Sheet
). You can use these
classes to read and modify Sheets data and behavior.
Apps Script triggers let a script project execute a specified function when certain conditions are met, such as when a spreadsheet is opened or when an add-on is installed.
See add-on triggers for more information on what triggers can be used with Sheets add-ons and what restrictions apply to their use.
Custom functions
Google Sheets has a number of
built-in functions
like SUM
and AVERAGE
that can be invoked from within a Google Sheet cell.
Sheets add-ons can define additional
custom functions to supplement these
built-in functions. When a user
installs the add-on, any defined custom functions included with the add-on
become available immediately. It is possible for an add-on to consist of
only custom function definitions. Custom function definitions are primarily
shared with others by publishing an add-on containing the definitions.
Creating add-on custom functions
Any function defined in an add-on script project can be used as a custom
function. Once the function is implemented and the add-on is installed, you
can call the custom function like any other built-in Sheets function: in a
Sheet cell, enter the =
followed by the name of the function and any required
parameters. If there are no errors, the result returned by the function is
placed in the Sheet cell, overflowing to neighboring cells as necessary.
When creating custom functions in an add-on you should follow the general custom function guidelines:
- Function naming guidelines
- Defining function arguments
- Defining the function return value
- Custom function data types
- Enabling autocomplete using JSDoc
- Services custom functions can use
- Optimizing custom functions
In addition, custom functions defined in add-ons have some special considerations:
- When naming your function, try to create a unique name, perhaps related to the name of your add-on. If two or more installed add-ons define custom functions with the same name, users can only use one of them.
- Your add-on should clearly communicate what custom functions it provides. Be sure to provide accurate JSDoc comments for your custom functions so that Apps Script can present autocomplete information to the user. In addition, consider providing additional documentation of the custom functions either in the add-on itself or on an add-on support web page.
- Custom functions that don't complete in under 30 seconds fail with an
Internal error executing the custom function
error. Build a good user experience by limiting the amount of processing you do in a custom function. Optimize the function where you can. - Custom functions can't use Apps Script services that require authorization,
and fail with a
You do not have permission to call X service
error if this is attempted. Only use the permitted services in your custom function. - Each custom function in a sheet results in a separate call to the Apps Script servers. If a user attempts to use custom functions in too many cells, the functions may execute slowly. To mitigate this, keep your custom functions as simple as possible. If you need the function to perform complex or extended processing, don't use a custom function—provide that functionality via a menu item, dialog, or sidebar interaction instead.
Sheets macros
Macros let you record actions taken in Google Sheets and repeat them later with a keyboard shortcut. When a macro is created in a sheet, it is added as a macro function in an Apps Script project bound to that sheet. For more information about macros, see Google Sheets macros.
Unfortunately, Sheets macros can't be distributed with add-ons. If you include a macro definition in an add-on's manifest, it is unavailable to users of that add-on.


text:
Luigi Galleani
The Principal of Organization to the Light of Anarchism
Saverio Merlino sees, according to us, the decomposition and agony of the anarchist movement in the conflict between the individualist and the organizers on the ground of immediate action and in the intimate contradiction particular to the two streams of thought: those, the organizers "are not able to find a compatible organization with the anarchist principles": those, the individualists, "miss the concept of retaliation which was the spirit of anarchist action. They can't find a better way to act and they are not able to sustain an organization that they deny."
That these organizers can't find some form of organization compatible with the anarchist principles is perfectly natural and logical: and this, its argument, we are fully in accordance with Merlino not comprehending more because the individualists are not able to sustain themselves without the organization, in the same opinion of Merlino, if it is not able to rout out a compatible organization with the anarchist principles.
It seems to us, however, around this denomination of anarchist organizers, a distinction is necessary over repeated declarations and constant attitudes that they express and assume.
They are anarchy organizers, if we do not do things equally, for them which they believe benefit to the necessity and to the possibility that the anarchists organize themselves methodically, by a stable consensual program, in one political party that can distinguish from other proletarian parties' nature and that would be able, if necessary, to steady the characteristic distinctions, to make one be worth in the compromises, in the alliances, in the coalitions that are in the needs of the moment and in the fortunes of the struggle against the dominant class, some that they are against are intolerable, while others they would be able to advise.
Other anarchists call themselves instead, organizers, not only because they want the specific organization of the anarchists in a political party, but also because they maintain that the base of the anarchist movement would have to be the organizations existing of factory workers and if they were accompanied with omens, stimulation and the open revolutionary character, they would have to rise.
At these two streams of thoughts, which differentiate themselves only in degrees, and that action would always need to have the collective character, Merlino opposes — if we do not interpret his thought badly — the anarchist who prefers individual propaganda prefers the individual act of the affirmation and of rebellion.
We profess ourselves modestly, but precisely to oppose the anarchists that call themselves organizers, those that want to organize the anarchist party would be conforming it. They want to assist the anarchist party on its actual economic organization, which they think they'd be able to create better programs which in the end would be for their own characters and ends.
The party, any party, has its program that is its own constitution, has its assembly of delegates groups or sections of its parliament; its government has in the direct body, in or the executive panels has its government, so it is a gradual superimposition of the bodies for which how long a real and true hierarchy succeeds between the various levels of those bonded groups: the discipline, violations, or the contradictions they discount themselves with congruent punishments which can either be censure or expulsion.
The anarchist party is not able to be like any other; worse, a government like any other; a slave like every other of its constitution which all the constitutions and codes would be promulgated, passed from the events, the needs, and the persisting and mutable need of fighting; the absurd and illegitimate government like every other which represents itself based on delegation, while it is good, clean and present, in the experience of the anarchists above all, that every delegate will only be able to represent their own ideas and statements, those which are infinitely various and different around any argument of actual legislations and representations: the government like every other obtrusive and arbitrary invader will be preoccupied with direct responsibilities so they'll be carried away, or every level of hierarchy always contended with more generous and nobler ends — to adopt measures, decisions, limits which the card-carrying need, obeying discipline, contrary to their views and interests; the government absorbs like every other because it wants and has for every function a body (though it may do little or nothing), and all the original initiatives become hidden and subversive.
Does propaganda need to do this or something else? There is a planning committee appointed and he (Merlino) will think about it. Do you have to do this or do you have to do something for solidarity? And would the analogous panel be here to think and to provide for us? Is there an initiative of affirmation or of action? And is there not a committee expressly appointed from this that one needs to pass under the penalty of disorderliness, confession and blame?
How many have lived or passed through the organization who would defend the rights and the aspirations of the proletariat and who would rise to defend its prerogatives can say we exaggerate?
Nor that would be worth the while to oppose who drew themselves form anarchy, of the selected individuals who know that they want and have the measure to choose their own way, and have the stomach to climb it (an anarchist government). The anarchists are, like the outgoing of all the preceding parties, the sons of the Borghese society and they carry the stigma from it, and the crowd that accompanies it is not better or perfectly natural in its majority the ways and the means that collect the minimal amount of exertion in order to attain the greatest results. In the hour of inevitable compromises, we have too many because we have to elect some volunteers. Accepting a salary, paying the rent of the house, with all of our revolutionary pretenses, with all of our anarchistic aspirations, we recognize and we legitimize in a manner most tangible and painful to the capital, the interests, the revenue, the profit, and the size so that the parasites are taking advantage of our fatigue and our sweat.
From compromise, business transaction and betrayal our hands and neck are tied.
But, where it is possible, the compromise, we need to avoid, to refuse and to exclude the transaction; we need to be "us" in the rigid character outlined from our beliefs, from our faith, and these are not drawn from omens of good wishes for an anarchist — if we do not know to advance without guiding hands, without prosecutors, without guardians who are inseparable from the concept of organization, she (the organization) would be the politics of the anarchist party, she would be the organization of the various arts and the crafts of the workers.
Are the workers against the organization, also? It is not a question of for or against: the anarchist movement and the worker movement beats the parallel ways and the geometrically consisted of parallel lines that are not made to meet or to coincide ever.
The anarchist, assumes himself/herself at least, to have reached (under the whip of experience, or cross the enquiry, the study, the meditation) the belief that social unease in nature and misery is in servitude, the involuntary and obligated ignorance from which the work and the produce — all the produce from which the fullness and the splendor of life is made of which one will never get to enjoy, of which they enjoy and they will enjoy only if they don't ever curve their backs on the plough, nor ever callous their hands, nor they don't tire the brain on a problem or on a book — they descend from a primeval monopoly, fundamentally: from the cornering, to the work of a greedy minority, of the ground, the fields and minerals, those products of the ground are modified in the elements of life, of security, of joy; of the railways and shops that these products spread for all the latitudes in exchange of other products, or against the gold of the realm that is the tool of wealth, of power, of tyranny that the privileged with the lucky unpunished exercise over the rest of humanity; like that church that consecrates this usurpation like a particular benediction of god, like the state that is legitimate in the parliaments, in the codes, in the tribunals, and defends it with its rules, with its army; which the morale, the hypocrite and dewy moral flow, the thief merges this camp into a circus of religious devotion.
The anarchist challenges this monopoly, and as nude negation is not useful, the pick ax thrusts the roots of the bad plant and forces itself to cut those off, sentencing the copper (money) and the fruit with the damned tree that they proceed from: all of all; not more individual property of means of production and of exchange, nor any of the other institutes that foster unfairness and inequality that arises fatally from this original privileged class.
And as our good bourgeois — also those that the usury they demand to buy back with philanthropic glue — to give to their resignations from the parasites, they dream to return the ill-gotten gains, nor they will they ever determine themselves, the anarchists (also those who abhor from the violence and from blood) required to end the expropriation of the dominant class would not be able to happen violently but in the work of social revolution, and do this by arranging themselves and they look to arrange the proletariat with every means by education, by propaganda, by action.
In the final hour, do not forget it and do not delude yourselves! It is the mass not the class! If it was the class, if it had polished and full conscience of its prerogative, of its function, of its strength, the revolutionary bulldozer would be completed in great time, exempting ourselves from these melancholic unripe elucubrations [long and intensive literary efforts].
The great mass is the middle class not by the nation, but by the dying; not from its origin, which is in its own cradle that has neither found a blanket or a shirt; but of its customs, of superstitions, of prejudices, also of its interests, since its own laws judge, depending from the development of its luck of its interests of its own masters, those who become great so that Providence gives work, a salary, bread and the life for the master himself and the children; and from the work of life and of security the owner recognizes that the institutions, the laws, the gendarmes (battle axes) that defend and protect it are blessed.
In other words while the anarchist party with an acute, rigorous, positive diagnosis sinks the knives to the first cause of social unease — in order to not cover the difficulties, the long and hard duration of the care — the great mass remains empirical, its propriety not argued, also it denies less; the chin that was only greedy, the master does not disown, but demands only that it would be better; the master does not repudiate the state, the laws, the tribunals, the gendarmes, the paternal state only wants beer, impartial rules, just tribunals, battleaxes and more humane beer.
We did not decide the question of greedy or temperate propriety, of good masters or of pawnbrokers, of the paternal or unjust state, of impartial or unjust laws, of impartial or biased tribunals, of battleaxes or of charitable or beastly beer; we did not decide the question of propriety, of the state, of the master, of the government, of the laws and of the tribunals, of the battleaxes and of beer and we don't want any of this kind; we believe with fervor, with tenacity, with faith that a society would be incompatible with such monsters; and in the anticipation, we challenge and contrast, with all the means of our disposition — and we discount the protest often times with the sacrifice of liberty, of tranquility, of affections more dear for many years or for always — the arbitrary and awful function.
You see that the different ways fight themselves, and it is difficult for power to meet itself.
* * *
But the worker organizations meanwhile are a cause, they exist; and the same cause and their gouty and blind conservatism establish an obstacle, many times a danger, they are noteworthy of our consideration and attention.
If we find ourselves in front of a baby who ignores, or in front of a lady who believes, or in front of a nitwit (mentally challenged person) who does not see, or does not want to see, we don't respond to the immaturity of one, to the ingenuity of the other, to the blindness of the greater number with sneering and contempt.
We bow ourselves to all with equal affection, we assist it with more aware care and with interests more alive, because we are proud to discover, below the rough and bitter gang, the lucid metal that she wraps and covers, and to make the troglodyte [caveman] a useful individual of social valor; because above all we know how severe the task is that we are putting on ourselves for to abandon any force that would be able to conscript and unite at the triumph of our ideal; and finally because we know that our liberty, our security, our individual well-being would also be problematic and ephemeral in the egalitarian society, whereas they would not find the foundation and guarantee already in the liberty and in the well-being of how many there are around; and if liberty itself is knowledge, if well-being is solidarity, the work of education absolves itself from the proletariat, which would be organized less, appears not only a superior need, but from urgency that cannot be delayed.
And so would you enter the organizations? Because to stay there on the outside would prevent you from every possibility of influence and of action.
Sure! We would enter the worker organizations where the utility of the battle coaxes some of us, that would always be possible with commitments and certain good reserve.
First commitment: we are anarchists outside the organization, we remain anarchists so when we do enter a part; first reserve: we are not ever part of the managerial organism. We never put on some responsibility of the government, contrary to the opposition.
In homage to a criterion of elemental consistency.
Remaining that worker organizations remain steady and peaceful, would be those from the conservatism of those red brotherhoods known as revolutionary — which recognized and contained the actual economic state in all its manifestations, in all its relationships, limit themselves to demand immediate improvements: raises of salary, reduction of hours, pensions for the elderly, allowance for unemployment, insurance against injuries, protective laws for work for women and boys, inspection of factories...etc. it is clear that no anarchist is able to put patronage on himself as such aspirations and measures entail; and since they are the fundamental basis, the end for that organization establishes itself and since he (the anarchist) knows that every conquest of such improvements is false and inconsistent, since its quality of consumer power and workers serves usury, with the raises of the price of bread, of rent, of clothing, of all the costs of living, the better the quality that the producer should have obtained, so none of our partners would be able, without repudiation of all the anarchist and revolutionary convictions, to put on the government of the association or any other charge that implies a solidarity whatsoever with a program that he shows, with the action that he carries out.
To the opposition with the fervent vigilance and with the inexorable criticism, constantly showing the vanity of half, uselessness of efforts, the delusion of results, without granting a truce and hinting, in comparison, to the substantial and integral emancipation that for other ways, with other spirit and with other means would be able to draw on itself without the fruits of overflowing efforts.
The outcome for all the agitators of all the struggles of organization would come to confirm the acumen and equity of our criticism; and if hope is not easy and imminent the organization follows the way from our outline; however, for if our adept ones believe that the more watchful, more intelligent, more unprejudiced would be approached by us, tomorrow would be the center, at the first signs of any agitation they would throw themselves away in the fight to the lost body, dragging the bag (body bag) with every probability so the others, passed preservation, breaching the dominion of bad pastors.
— If you enter in the organization with such propositions and you count of to remain on remaining faithful, you would be smothering the first heresy, and dismiss the first scandal like provoking agents. It is something that has been shown recently and you have had the field of ascertain.
For this the partners that put on themselves such an arduous commitment, need to have to absolve such attitudes so they buy in with the seriousness, with consistency, with a lot of self-abnegation and with much patience for first popularity, following regard, from the last faith of the better part of the organizations: in the first line, everywhere would be a risk, last always, where an ambition or an advantage they flatter; unripe dissidents show themselves incompatible with transactions compromise our faith and out dignity of workers and of revolutionaries.
And if they don't arrive to you, if they have not had to handle the first bag (body bag), than they won't have to hurt themselves too much: they would have thrown away the good seed of independence of conscience and of courage; their work will be remembered, recalled every time that delusion will end by squalors and of sadness renewed the heartless and vain mass; every such time the chance of struggle comes by disaster because bravery or self-abnegation will be missed of which they would always have given constant example.
The popularity and the faith that go, beyond the person, the action and idea that inspires it and holds it; the popularity and the faith in the revolutionary action and in the anarchist ideal, popularity and faith that would end for change itself in ardent and continual cooperation, is that not all that we are able to ask to our modest and hard work of the apostolate, of education, and of renovation?
We don't have some dogmatic claim; we express around to a controversial question out most modest thought, with conscience however that it obtains assent of a considerable number of partners and we have expressed with the usual outspokenness "for true to say, for I do not hate for someone else, nor for despite." This alludes to a worker strike in Barre, (in the state of Vermont) in which the Italian workers — the greater majority of all the other workers — had created such an energy, like the energy that the owners were fearful of described in the American Federation of Labor. And since this was assisting the reform of the establishment, an amendment was introduced and adopted, in force, from those in the assembly of the sections that were not able to speak English.
The amendment remained a dead letter where the foreigners knew themselves to impose, impeding the head of the English language by speaking of the organizers of other nations that were not granted to use their own language respectively.


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PBS is world-renowned for their specials, documentaries, miniseries and films and TV fare . . . simple always first-rate. Some of our favorites released this year:
The best DVD set of the year? The Vietnam War, another epic miniseries by the master, Ken Burns. and Lynn Novick. In an immersive narrative, they tell the epic story of the Vietnam War as it has never before been told on film.
The epic program features testimony from nearly 100 witnesses, including many Americans who fought in the war and others who opposed it, as well as Vietnamese combatants and civilians from both the winning and losing sides.
Ten years in the making, the series brings the war and the chaotic epoch it encompassed viscerally to life. Written by Geoffrey C. Ward, produced by Sarah Botstein, Novick and Burns, it includes rarely seen, digitally re-mastered archival footage from sources around the globe, photographs taken by some of the most celebrated photojournalists of the 20th century, historic television broadcasts, evocative home movies and revelatory audio recordings from inside the Kennedy, Johnson and Nixon administrations.
The series also features more than 120 popular songs that define the era, including tracks from The Beatles, The Rolling Stones, Bob Dylan, Jimi Hendrix, Simon & Garfunkel, Janis Joplin, Ben E. King, Phil Ochs, Donovan, Johnny Cash, Barry McGuire, Buffalo Springfield, The Byrds, Otis Redding, Santana, Joni Mitchell, Nina Simone, The Temptations, Booker T. and the M.G.s and Pete Seeger.
Second best: May we serve you a nice cup of tea? Imbibe, as long as the beverage isn't being served by Mary Ann Cotton. Inspired by the book Mary Ann Cotton: Britain's First Female Serial Killer by noted criminologist David Wilson, Dark Angel dramatizes the events that drew a troubled woman ever deeper into a career of casual murder, while her loved ones and friends, who were also her victims, never suspected a thing.
Joanne Froggatt, who stole the hearts of millions of viewers as Anna, the loving and resilient lady's maid on Downton Abbey, stars in a totally different role in the spine-tingling two-part drama. Dispensing death from the spout of a warm teapot, Froggatt plays the notorious Victorian poisoner. Born in North East England in 1832, a child of the coalfields, Mary Ann Cotton grew up in poverty with the dream of escaping the hard life of a miner's family, a goal she came tantalizingly close to achieving. Her chosen means were her good looks, sexual allure, and the dirty secret of nineteenth-century suspicious deaths: arsenic, which is tasteless and easily disguised in a cup of tea.
For authorities, the problem was that arsenic poisoning, if done skillfully, mimicked the symptoms of two of the major public health scourges of the day: typhoid fever and cholera. The passing of a child or husband after a week of severe stomach pains, convulsions, and other portents of disease was all too common—and even less surprising when several members of the same household succumbed.
She's back. And as spirited a teen as ever. Anne of Green Gables: The Good Stars is the second installment of the classic best-selling Lucy Maud Montgomery story returns after the successful Thanksgiving 2016 premiere, which reached more than 3.2 million viewers. In this installment, Anne Shirley turns 13 and faces complex situations with friends, learns from inspirational adults, and experiences an escalating friendship with Gilbert. Her free-spirited nature is challenged by her perceived need to be sensible, a journey fraught with confusion and some unfortunate—albeit amusing—(mis)adventures.
The Real Jesus of Nazareth Starring no less than seven Academy Award winners, the 1977 miniseries Jesus of Nazareth was a global television event–one of the most celebrated TV biographies of Jesus ever made. Now, 40 years later, the actor who portrayed the Son of God, Robert Powell, is returning to the Holy Land to seek out clues to the real historical figure who inspired Christianity.
Jesus of Nazareth featured a cast of blockbuster stars, including Anne Bancroft, Ian McShane, Sir Laurence Olivier and James Earl Jones, but for his lead character, legendary Italian filmmaker Franco Zeffirelli chose the relatively unknown British actor–Robert Powell–who gave a performance for the ages. Since then, the series has become an Easter and Christmas television tradition for many–more than 90 million people have watched the series in the U.S. alone. Now, this new program will draw parallels between the scripted depiction of the biblical story and the real history behind it by breaking down the life of Jesus and the world he lived in–a world ripe for a radical message that would change history.
Does George Warleggan finally have the upper hand against his archenemy, Ross Poldark? Can George's growing power in Cornwall cement his control over the fate of his populist foe? Dream on! In Poldark: The Third Season, follow the latest thrilling exploits of Ross Poldark and his fiery partner, Demelza, as the intrepid eighteenth-century duo. The new season costars Jack Farthing as the dastardly George and Heida Reed as his bewitching wife, Elizabeth, now estranged from her first love, Ross—or is she?
Also enlivening the new season are a mysterious plague of frogs, a thwarted famine, and Aunt Agatha's eagerly anticipated one-hundredth birthday party, which has a catastrophic catch. But the most stirring action involves the French Revolution, which manages to ensnare one of the program's main characters in its Reign of Terror, prompting Poldark's most dangerous mission yet.
Cook's Country: Season 10 features the best regional home cooking in the country and relies on a practical, no-nonsense food approach where family-friendly recipes are scientifically re-imagined for the modern home cook. Join hosts Bridget Lancaster, Julia Collin Davison and your favorite chefs from America's Test Kitchen as they uncover blue-ribbon specialties from across the country and classic fare in need of a makeover. The DVD also includes tips & techniques, food tastings, equipment tests, and printable versions of all 31 recipes!
Every year more than one million babies are born worldwide with an error in one of their many genes. These errors, or mutations, can cause genetic illnesses that are often severe and can rob people of sight, breath, movement and life. Now, for the first time, doctors can take aim at the root causes of these diseases. Through intimate stories of families whose lives are being transformed, the program takes viewers to the frontlines of a medical revolution.
NOVA: Ghosts of Stonehenge
In this Stone Age detective story, archaeologists analyze the bones and piece together tantalizing details of the elite families who presided over Stonehenge. Remnants of huge feasts that fed the laborers at the site have come to light, including evidence that they traveled from far corners of the British Isles to raise the stones and celebrate the winter solstice. Yet Stonehenge's place as a centerpiece of ancient culture was not to last.
Join NOVA as they reveal intimate details of the Stonehenge people and why their power began to fade soon after they raised the mighty stones.
NOVA: Secrets of a Shining Knight A knight in shining armor may sound like a character out of a storybook, but once upon a time, knighthood was serious business. For countless medieval fighters, their armor was what stood between their life and death. But what was it really like to live beneath the metal? How was that shining armor crafted and how strong was it? Could it withstand impacts from the most lethal weapons of the day, including crossbows, muskets and primitive hand guns?
The Story of China History lessons Greek to you? Welcome PBS' offer of an unprecedented, six-part series exploring the 4,000-year history of China, home to more than a billion people and an emerging global superpower with Michael Wood. He brings a joyful curiosity to the series that is matched only by the warmth and enthusiasm of the Chinese people, suggests that to understand China today we must examine its past.
The all-new fashion-centric miniseries Masterpiece: The Collection on DVD and Blu-ray. World War II is over and stylish clothes are back as Paris recovers from the horrors of the Nazi occupation. Richard Coyle, Mamie Gummer and Tom Riley star as a family struggling to build a fashion empire at any cost. Set in 1947, The Collection captures a turbulent era in French history, when partisans hunted down Nazi collaborators and anyone with something to hide shunned the past and embraced the future. Fashion became the perfect expression of this impulse to look ahead. Wartime rationing, drabness, and erotic restraint gave way to alluring displays of color, form, and fabric in women's clothes—for those who could afford them.
Teresa Brewer suggested we put another nickel in the Nickelodeon so we could hear "music, music, music!" Now Robert Redford steps up to the plate (or platter) by narrating American Epic, the essential that explores the pivotal recording journeys at the height of the Roaring Twenties, when music scouts armed with cutting-edge recording technology captured the breadth of American music and discovered the artists that would shape our world.
Virtually no documentation of these extraordinary events survives and nearly ninety percent of the recording masters have been destroyed. A vital part of American cultural history has been lost. Over three episodes, narrated by Redford, American Epic rescues this history. The remarkable lives of these seminal musicians are revealed through previously unseen film footage and photographs, and exclusive interviews with music pioneers, their families and eyewitnesses to the era.


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By Whitney Hale
(Feb. 12, 2015) — An exhibition and symposium at the University of Kentucky will explore the experience of Jewish refugees in China. The traveling exhibit, "Jewish Refugees in Shanghai (1933-1941)," which is on display through March 4 in William T. Young Library, chronicles the story of thousands of European Jews who fled to China to escape Nazi persecution before and during World War II. An opening reception for this free public exhibition will be held noon today (Thursday), Feb. 12, at The Hub in Young Library.
"It's a great opportunity for us to be able to host this historically significant exhibit," said Jeremy Popkin, the William T. Bryan Chair of History and faculty member of UK's Jewish Studies Program.
Though living conditions in Shanghai were often severe, most of the refugees survived, and many went on to lead remarkable lives. "Jewish Refugees in Shanghai" brings together for the first time photos, personal stories and artifacts from Shanghai's Jewish Refugee Museum and from former refugees now living in southern California to depict what Holocaust historian David Kranzler deemed the "Miracle of Shanghai."
The exhibition is sure to shed light on a relatively unknown story from WWII. "The Jewish migration to Shanghai was a topic I knew nothing about. As my graduate assistant and I prepared this exhibit we became involved in the many stories and had to make hard choices on what to display. It is a remarkable story and University of Kentucky Libraries is pleased to be able to present this exhibition," said Toni Greider, director of International Programs at UK Libraries.
Huajing Maske, director of the UK Confucius Institute, is also excited to help bring this important exhibit to the Commonwealth. "The UK Confucius Institute is very proud to work with the W. T. Young Library to bring this extraordinary exhibition to UK's campus. The topic of Jewish refugees in Shanghai during WWII is not widely known in the U.S. We hope to spur conversations on this interdisciplinary topic on campus and in the community."
Select pieces of "Jewish Refugees in Shanghai" are on display in the Young Library Atrium, and the rest of the exhibit is displayed in Core 1 of The Hub at Young Library. The exhibition was brought in by the Confucius Institute and is being presented by UK Libraries. The exhibit was developed by University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) Center for Jewish Studies, the UCLA Confucius Institute and Hillel at UCLA.
In conjunction with the exhibition, UK Confucius Institute and UK Libraries have teamed up with UK's Jewish Studies Program and Department of History to present a symposium on this movement. "Taking in Strangers: Comparing Asian and Jewish Moral Traditions" looks at the sheltering of thousands of European Jewish refugees in Shanghai during the period of the Holocaust and provides an opportunity to consider traditions of obligation toward "strangers" in East Asia and compare them with Jewish thought and practice.
"Taking in Strangers," which is free and open to the public, will run from 9:30 a.m. to 4 p.m. Friday, Feb. 27, at the UK Athletics Auditorium at Young Library. The symposium will feature a keynote address by Haiyan Lee, associate professor of Chinese and comparative literature at Stanford University and author of "The Stranger and the Chinese Moral Imagination."
Other speakers scheduled to speak at the symposium are:
· Daniel Frank, professor of philosophy and director of Jewish Studies Program at Purdue University;
· Jianjun He, assistant professor of Chinese studies at UK; and
· Steve Hochstadt, professor of history at Illinois College and author of "Sources of the Holocaust" and "Exodus to Shanghai: Stories of Escape from the Third Reich."
The symposium will end with a tour of the exhibition "Jewish Refugees in Shanghai" at 3:30 p.m. and a reception at 4 p.m.
"I hope faculty and students will find time to see the exhibition and participate in the symposium. Faculty and students who will join our teaching and study program in China will find it fascinating visiting the Jewish Refugees Museum in Shanghai where all the artifacts in this exhibition come from," Maske said.


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LIKE most of my generation, I was brought up on the saying "Satan finds some mischief still for idle hands to do." Being a highly virtuous child, I believed all that I was told and acquired a conscience which has kept me working hard down to the present moment. But although my conscience has controlled my actions, my opinions have undergone a revolution. I think that there is far too much work done in the world, that immense harm is caused by the belief that work is virtuous, and that what needs to be preached in modern industrial countries is quite different from what always has been preached. Every one knows the story of the traveler in Naples who saw twelve beggars lying in the sun (it was before the days of Mussolini), and offered a lira to the laziest of them. Eleven of them jumped up to claim it, so he gave it to the twelfth. This traveler was on the right lines. But in countries which do not enjoy Mediterranean sunshine idleness is more difficult, and a great public propaganda will be required to inaugurate it. I hope that after reading the following pages the leaders of the Y. M. C. A. will start a campaign to induce good young men to do nothing. If so, I shall not have lived in vain.
Before advancing my own arguments for laziness, I must dispose of one which I cannot accept. Whenever a person who already has enough to live on proposes to engage in some everyday kind of job, such as school-teaching or typing, he or she is told that such conduct takes the bread out of other people's mouths, and is, therefore, wicked. If this argument were valid, it would only be necessary for us all to be idle in order that we should all have our mouths full of bread. What people who say such things forget is that what a man earns he usually spends, and in spending he gives employment. As long as a man spends his income he puts just as much bread into people's mouths in spending as he takes out of other people's mouths in earning. The real villain, from this point of view, is the man who saves. If he merely puts his savings in a stocking, like the proverbial French peasant, it is obvious that they do not give employment. If he invests his savings the matter is less obvious, and different cases arise.
One of the commonest things to do with savings is to lend them to some government. In view of the fact that the bulk of the expenditure of most civilized governments consists in payments for past wars and preparation for future wars, the man who lends his money to a government is in the same position as the bad men in Shakespeare who hire murderers. The net result of the man's economical habits is to increase the armed forces of the State to which he lends his savings. Obviously it would be better if he spent the money, even if he spent it on drink or gambling.
But, I shall be told, the case is quite different when savings are invested in industrial enterprises. When such enterprises succeed and produce something useful this may be conceded. In these days, however, no one will deny that most enterprises fail. That means that a large amount of human labor, which might have been devoted to producing something which could be enjoyed, was expended on producing machines which, when produced, lay idle and did no good to anyone. The man who invests his savings in a concern that goes bankrupt is, therefore, injuring others as well as himself. If he spent his money, say, in giving parties for his friends, they (we may hope) would get pleasure, and so would all those on whom he spent money, such as the butcher, the baker, and the bootlegger. But if he spends it (let us say) upon laying down rails for surface cars in some place where surface cars turn out to be not wanted, he has diverted a mass of labor into channels where it gives pleasure to no one. Nevertheless, when he becomes poor through the failure of his investment he will be regarded as a victim of undeserved misfortune, whereas the gay spendthrift, who has spent his money philanthropically, will be despised as a fool and a frivolous person.
All this is only preliminary. I want to say, in all seriousness, that a great deal of harm is being done in the modern world by the belief in the virtuousness of work, and that the road to happiness and prosperity lies in an organized diminution of work.
[inline_ad ad=2]First of all: what is work? Work is of two kinds: first, altering the position of matter at or near the earth's surface relatively to other such matter; second, telling other people to do so. The first kind is unpleasant and ill paid; the second is pleasant and highly paid. The second kind is capable of indefinite extension: there are not only those who give orders but those who give advice as to what orders should be given. Usually two opposite kinds of advice are given simultaneously by two different bodies of men; this is called politics. The skill required for this kind of work is not knowledge of the subjects as to which advice is given, but knowledge of the art of persuasive speaking and writing, i.e. of advertising.
Throughout Europe, though not in America, there is a third class of men, more respected than either of the classes of workers. These are men who, through ownership of land, are able to make others pay for the privilege of being allowed to exist and to work. These landowners are idle, and I might, therefore, be expected to praise them. Unfortunately, their idleness is rendered possible only by the industry of others; indeed their desire for comfortable idleness is historically the source of the whole gospel of work. The last thing they have ever wished is that others should follow their example.
From the beginning of civilization until the industrial revolution a man could, as a rule, produce by hard work little more than was required for the subsistence of himself and his family, although his wife worked at least as hard and his children added their labor as soon as they were old enough to do so. The small surplus above bare necessaries was not left to those who produced it, but was appropriated by priests and warriors. In times of famine there was no surplus; the warriors and priests, however, still secured as much as at other times, with the result that many of the workers died of hunger. This system persisted in Russia until 1917, and still persists in the East; in England, in spite of the Industrial Revolution, it remained in full force throughout the Napoleonic wars, and until a hundred years ago, when the new class of manufacturers acquired power. In America the system came to an end with the Revolution, except in the South, where it persisted until the Civil War. A system which lasted so long and ended so recently has naturally left a profound impression upon men's thoughts and opinions. Much that we take for granted about the desirability of work is derived from this system and, being pre-industrial, is not adapted to the modern world. Modern technic has made it possible for leisure, within limits, to be not the prerogative of small privileged classes, but a right evenly distributed throughout the community. The morality of work is the morality of slaves, and the modern world has no need of slavery.
It is obvious that, in primitive communities, peasants, left to themselves, would not have parted with the slender surplus upon which the warriors and priests subsisted, but would have either produced less or consumed more. At first sheer force compelled them to produce and part with the surplus. Gradually, however, it was found possible to induce many of them to accept an ethic according to which it was their duty to work hard, although part of their work went to support others in idleness. By this means the amount of compulsion required was lessened, and the expenses were diminished. To this day ninety-nine per cent of British wage-earners would be genuinely shocked if it were proposed that the King should not have a larger income than a working man. The conception of duty, speaking historically, has been a means used by the holders of power to induce others to live for the interests of their masters rather than their own. Of course the holders of power conceal this fact from themselves by managing to believe that their interests are identical with the larger interests of humanity. Sometimes this is true; Athenian slave-owners, for instance, employed part of their leisure in making a permanent contribution to civilization which would have been impossible under a just economic system. Leisure is essential to civilization, and in former times leisure for the few was rendered possible only by the labors of the many. But their labors were valuable, not because work is good, but because leisure is good. And with modern technic it would be possible to distribute leisure justly without injury to civilization.
Modern technic has made it possible to diminish enormously the amount of labor necessary to produce the necessaries of life for every one. This was made obvious during the War. At that time all the men in the armed forces, all the men and women engaged in the production of munitions, all the men and women engaged in spying, war propaganda, or government offices connected with the War were withdrawn from productive occupations. In spite of this, the general level of physical well-being among wage-earners on the side of the Allies was higher than before or since. The significance of this fact was concealed by finance; borrowing made it appear as if the future was nourishing the present. But that, of course, would have been impossible; a man cannot eat a loaf of bread that does not yet exist. The War showed conclusively that by the scientific organization of production it is possible to keep modern populations in fair comfort on a small part of the working capacity of the modern world. If at the end of the War the scientific organization which had been created in order to liberate men for fighting and munition work had been preserved, and the hours of work had been cut down to four, all would have been well. Instead of that, the old chaos was restored, those whose work was demanded were made to work long hours, and the rest were left to starve as unemployed. Why? Because work is a duty, and a man should not receive wages in proportion to what he has produced, but in proportion to his virtue as exemplified by his industry.
This is the morality of the Slave State, applied in circumstances totally unlike those in which it arose. No wonder the result has been disastrous. Let us take an illustration. Suppose that at a given moment a certain number of people are engaged in the manufacture of pins. They make as many pins as the world needs, working (say) eight hours a day. Someone makes an invention by which the same number of men can make twice as many pins as before. But the world does not need twice as many pins: pins are already so cheap that hardly any more will be bought at a lower price. In a sensible world everybody concerned in the manufacture of pins would take to working four hours instead of eight, and everything else would go on as before. But in the actual world this would be thought demoralizing. The men still work eight hours, there are too many pins, some employers go bankrupt, and half the men previously concerned in making pins are thrown out of work. There is, in the end, just as much leisure as on the other plan, but half the men are totally idle while half are still overworked. In this way it is insured that the unavoidable leisure shall cause misery all round instead of being a universal source of happiness. Can anything more insane be imagined?
The idea that the poor should have leisure has always been shocking to the rich. In England in the early nineteenth century fifteen hours was the ordinary day's work for a man; children sometimes did as much, and very commonly did twelve hours a day. When meddlesome busy-bodies suggested that perhaps these hours were rather long, they were told that work kept adults from drink and children from mischief. When I was a child, shortly after urban working men had acquired the vote, certain public holidays were established by law, to the great indignation of the upper classes. I remember hearing an old Duchess say, "What do the poor want with holidays? they ought to work." People nowadays are less frank, but the sentiment persists, and is the source of much economic confusion.
Let us, for a moment, consider the ethics of work frankly, without superstition. Every human being, of necessity, consumes in the course of his life a certain amount of produce of human labor. Assuming, as we may, that labor is on the whole disagreeable, it is unjust that a man should consume more than he produces. Of course he may provide services rather than commodities, like a medical man, for example; but he should provide something in return for his board and lodging. To this extent, the duty of work must be admitted, but to this extent only.
I shall not develop the fact that in all modern societies outside the U. S. S. R. many people escape even this minimum of work, namely all those who inherit money and all those who marry money. I do not think the fact that these people are allowed to be idle is nearly so harmful as the fact that wage-earners are expected to overwork or starve. If the ordinary wage-earner worked four hours a day there would be enough for everybody, and no unemployment — assuming a certain very moderate amount of sensible organization. This idea shocks the well-to-do, because they are convinced that the poor would not know how to use so much leisure. In America men often work long hours even when they are already well-off; such men, naturally, are indignant at the idea of leisure for wage-earners except as the grim punishment of unemployment, in fact, they dislike leisure even for their sons. Oddly enough, while they wish their sons to work so hard as to have no time to be civilized, they do not mind their wives and daughters having no work at all. The snobbish admiration of uselessness, which, in an aristocratic society, extends to both sexes, is under a plutocracy confined to women; this, however, does not make it any more in agreement with common sense.
The wise use of leisure, it must be conceded, is a product of civilization and education. A man who has worked long hours all his life will be bored if he becomes suddenly idle. But without a considerable amount of leisure a man is cut off from many of the best things. There is no longer any reason why the bulk of the population should suffer this deprivation; only a foolish asceticism, usually vicarious, makes us insist on work in excessive quantities now that the need no longer exists.
In the new creed which controls the government of Russia, while there is much that is very different from the traditional teaching of the West, there are some things that are quite unchanged. The attitude of the governing classes, and especially of those who control educational propaganda, on the subject of the dignity of labor is almost exactly that which the governing classes of the world have always preached to what were called the "honest poor." Industry, sobriety, willingness to work long hours for distant advantages, even submissiveness to authority, all these reappear; moreover, authority still represents the will of the Ruler of the Universe, Who, however, is now called by a new name, Dialectical Materialism.
The victory of the proletariat in Russia has some points in common with the victory of the feminists in some other countries. For ages men had conceded the superior saintliness of women and had consoled women for their inferiority by maintaining that saintliness is more desirable than power. At last the feminists decided that they would have both, since the pioneers among them believed all that the men had told them about the desirability of virtue but not what they had told them about the worthlessness of political power. A similar thing has happened in Russia as regards manual work. For ages the rich and their sycophants have written in praise of "honest toil," have praised the simple life, have professed a religion which teaches that the poor are much more likely to go to heaven than the rich, and in general have tried to make manual workers believe that there is some special nobility about altering the position of matter in space, just as men tried to make women believe that they derived some special nobility from their sexual enslavement. In Russia all this teaching about the excellence of manual work has been taken seriously, with the result that the manual worker is more honored than anyone else. What are, in essence, revivalist appeals are made to secure shock workers for special tasks. Manual work is the ideal which is held before the young, and is the basis of all ethical teaching.
For the present this is all to the good. A large country, full of natural resources, awaits development and has to be developed with very little use of credit. In these circumstances hard work is necessary and is likely to bring a great reward. But what will happen when the point has been reached where everybody could be comfortable without working long hours?
In the West we have various ways of dealing with this problem. We have no attempt at economic justice, so that a large proportion of the total produce goes to a small minority of the population, many of whom do no work at all. Owing to the absence of any central control over production, we produce hosts of things that are not wanted. We keep a large percentage of the working population idle because we can dispense with their labor by making others overwork. When all these methods prove inadequate we have a war: we cause a number of people to manufacture high explosives, and a number of others to explode them, as if we were children who had just discovered fireworks. By a combination of all these devices we manage, though with difficulty, to keep alive the notion that a great deal of manual work must be the lot of the average man.
In Russia, owing to economic justice and central control over production, the problem will have to be differently solved. The rational solution would be as soon as the necessaries and elementary comforts can be provided for all to reduce the hours of labor gradually, allowing a popular vote to decide, at each stage, whether more leisure or more goods were to be preferred. But, having taught the supreme virtue of hard work, it is difficult to see how the authorities can aim at a paradise in which there will be much leisure and little work. It seems more likely that they will find continually fresh schemes by which present leisure is to be sacrificed to future productivity. I read recently of an ingenious scheme put forward by Russian engineers for making the White Sea and the northern coasts of Siberia warm by putting a dam across the Kara Straits. An admirable plan, but liable to postpone proletarian comfort for a generation, while the nobility of toil is being displayed amid the ice-fields and snowstorms of the Arctic Ocean. This sort of thing, if it happens, will be the result of regarding the virtue of hard work as an end in itself, rather than as a means to a state of affairs in which it is no longer needed.
The fact is that moving matter about, while a certain amount of it is necessary to our existence, is emphatically not one of the ends of human life. If it were, we should have to consider every navvy superior to Shakespeare. We have been misled in this matter by two causes. One is the necessity of keeping the poor contented, which has led the rich for thousands of years to preach the dignity of labor, while taking care themselves to remain undignified in this respect. The other is the new pleasure in mechanism, which makes us delight in the astonishingly clever changes that we can produce on the earth's surface. Neither of these motives makes any great appeal to the actual worker. If you ask him what he thinks the best part of his life, he is not likely to say, "I enjoy manual work because it makes me feel that I am fulfilling man's noblest task, and because I like to think how much man can transform his planet. It is true that my body demands periods of rest, which I have to fill in as best I may, but I am never so happy as when the morning comes and I can return to the toil from which my contentment springs." I have never heard working men say this sort of thing. They consider work, as it should be considered, as a necessary means to a livelihood, and it is from their leisure hours that they derive whatever happiness they may enjoy.
It will be said that while a little leisure is pleasant, men would not know how to fill their days if they had only four hours' work out of the twenty-four. In so far as this is true in the modern world it is a condemnation of our civilization; it would not have been true at any earlier period. There was formerly a capacity for light-heartedness and play which has been to some extent inhibited by the cult of efficiency. The modern man thinks that everything ought to be done for the sake of something else, and never for its own sake. Serious-minded persons, for example, are continually condemning the habit of going to the cinema, and telling us that it leads the young into crime. But all the work that goes to producing a cinema is respectable, because it is work, and because it brings a money profit. The notion that the desirable activities are those that bring a profit has made everything topsy-turvy. The butcher who provides you with meat and the baker who provides you with bread are praiseworthy because they are making money but when you enjoy the food they have provided you are merely frivolous, unless you eat only to get strength for your work. Broadly speaking, it is held that getting money is good and spending money is bad. Seeing that they are two sides of one transaction, this is absurd; one might as well maintain that keys are good but keyholes are bad. The individual, in our society, works for profit; but the social purpose of his work lies in the consumption of what he produces. It is this divorce between the individual and the social purpose of production that makes it so difficult for men to think clearly in a world in which profitmaking is the incentive to industry. We think too much of production and too little of consumption. One result is that we attach too little importance to enjoyment and simple happiness, and that we do not judge production by the pleasure that it gives to the consumer.
When I suggest that working hours should be reduced to four, I am not meaning to imply that all the remaining time should necessarily be spent in pure frivolity. I mean that four hours' work a day should entitle a man to the necessities and elementary comforts of life, and that the rest of his time should be his to use as he might see fit. It is an essential part of any such social system that education should be carried farther than it usually is at present, and should aim, in part, at providing tastes which would enable a man to use leisure intelligently. I am not thinking mainly of the sort of things that would be considered "high-brow." Peasant dances have died out except in remote rural areas, but the impulses which caused them to be cultivated must still exist in human nature. The pleasures of urban populations have become mainly passive: seeing cinemas, watching football matches, listening to the radio, and so on. This results from the fact that their active energies are fully taken up with work; if they had more leisure they would again enjoy pleasures in which they took an active part.
In the past there was a small leisure class and a large working class. The leisure class enjoyed advantages for which there was no basis in social justice; this necessarily made it oppressive, limited its sympathies, and caused it to invent theories by which to justify its privileges. These facts greatly diminished its excellence, but in spite of this drawback it contributed nearly the whole of what we call civilization. It cultivated the arts and discovered the sciences; it wrote the books, invented the philosophies, and refined social relations. Even the liberation of the oppressed has usually been inaugurated from above. Without the leisure class mankind would never have emerged from barbarism.
The method of a hereditary leisure class without duties was, however, extraordinarily wasteful. None of the members of the class had been taught to be industrious, and the class as a whole was not exceptionally intelligent. It might produce one Darwin, but against him had to be set tens of thousands of country gentlemen who never thought of anything more intelligent than fox-hunting and punishing poachers. At present, the universities are supposed to provide, in a more systematic way, what the leisure class provided accidentally and as a byproduct. This is a great improvement, but it has certain drawbacks. University life is so different from life in the world at large that men who live in an academic milieu tend to be unaware of the pre-occupations of ordinary men and women; moreover, their ways of expressing themselves are usually such as to rob their opinions of the influence that they ought to have upon the general public. Another disadvantage is that in universities studies are organized, and the man who thinks of some original line of research is likely to be discouraged. Academic institutions, therefore, useful as they are, are not adequate guardians of the interests of civilization in a world where every one outside their walls is too busy for unutilitarian pursuits.
In a world where no one is compelled to work more than four hours a day every person possessed of scientific curiosity will be able to indulge it, and every painter will be able to paint without starving, however excellent his pictures may be. Young writers will not be obliged to draw attention to themselves by sensational pot-boilers, with a view to acquiring the economic independence needed for monumental works, for which, when the time at last comes, they will have lost the taste and the capacity. Men who in their professional work have become interested in some phase of economics or government will be able to develop their ideas without the academic detachment that makes the work of university economists lacking in reality. Medical men will have time to learn about the progress of medicine. Teachers will not be exasperatedly struggling to teach by routine things which they learned in their youth, which may, in the interval, have been proved to be untrue.
Above all, there will be happiness and joy of life, instead of frayed nerves, weariness, and dyspepsia. The work exacted will be enough to make leisure delightful, but not enough to produce exhaustion. Since men will not be tired in their spare time, they will not demand only such amusements as are passive and vapid. At least one per cent will probably devote the time not spent in professional work to pursuits of some public importance, and, since they will not depend upon these pursuits for their livelihood, their originality will be unhampered, and there will be no need to conform to the standards set by elderly pundits. But it is not only in these exceptional cases that the advantages of leisure will appear. Ordinary men and women, having the opportunity of a happy life, will become more kindly and less persecuting and less inclined to view others with suspicion. The taste for war will die out, partly for this reason, and partly because it will involve long and severe work for all. Good nature is, of all moral qualities, the one that the world needs most, and good nature is the result of ease and security, not of a life of arduous struggle. Modern methods of production have given us the possibility of ease and security for all; we have chosen instead to have overwork for some and starvation for others. Hitherto we have continued to be as energetic as we were before there were machines. In this we have been foolish, but there is no reason to go on being foolish for ever.