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Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus.
Most people infected with the COVID-19 virus will experience mild to moderate respiratory illness and recover without requiring special treatment. Older people, and those with underlying medical problems like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, and cancer are more likely to develop serious illness.
The best way to prevent and slow down transmission is be well informed about the COVID-19 virus, the disease it causes and how it spreads. Protect yourself and others from infection by washing your hands or using an alcohol based rub frequently and not touching your face.
The COVID-19 virus spreads primarily through droplets of saliva or discharge from the nose when an infected person coughs or sneezes, so it's important that you also practice respiratory etiquette (for example, by coughing into a flexed elbow).
At this time, there are no specific vaccines or treatments for COVID-19. However, there are many ongoing clinical trials evaluating potential treatments. WHO will continue to provide updated information as soon as clinical findings become available.
Stay informed:
This Q&A will be updated as more is known about COVID-19, how it spreads and how it is affecting people worldwide. For more information, check back regularly…..
What is Corona virus ?
Coronaviruses are a large family of viruses which may cause illness in animals or humans. In humans, several coronaviruses are known to cause respiratory infections ranging from the common cold to more severe diseases such as Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS). The most recently discovered coronavirus causes coronavirus disease COVID-19.
What is COVID-19 ?
COVID-19 is the infectious disease caused by the most recently discovered coronavirus. This new virus and disease were unknown before the outbreak began in Wuhan, China, in December 2019.
What are the symptoms of COVID-19 ?
The most common symptoms of COVID-19 are fever, tiredness, and dry cough. Some patients may have aches and pains, nasal congestion, runny nose, sore throat or diarrhea. These symptoms are usually mild and begin gradually. Some people become infected but don't develop any symptoms and don't feel unwell. Most people (about 80%) recover from the disease without needing special treatment. Around 1 out of every 6 people who gets COVID-19 becomes seriously ill and develops difficulty breathing. Older people, and those with underlying medical problems like high blood pressure, heart problems or diabetes, are more likely to develop serious illness. People with fever, cough and difficulty breathing should seek medical attention.
How does COVID-19 Spread ?
People can catch COVID-19 from others who have the virus. The disease can spread from person to person through small droplets from the nose or mouth which are spread when a person with COVID-19 coughs or exhales. These droplets land on objects and surfaces around the person. Other people then catch COVID-19 by touching these objects or surfaces, then touching their eyes, nose or mouth. People can also catch COVID-19 if they breathe in droplets from a person with COVID-19 who coughs out or exhales droplets. This is why it is important to stay more than 1 meter (3 feet) away from a person who is sick.
WHO is assessing ongoing research on the ways COVID-19 is spread and will continue to share updated findings.
Can the virus that causes COVID-19 be transmitted through the air?
Studies to date suggest that the virus that causes COVID-19 is mainly transmitted through contact with respiratory droplets rather than through the air. See previous answer on "How does COVID-19 spread?"
Can CoVID-19 be caught from a person who has no symptoms?
The main way the disease spreads is through respiratory droplets expelled by someone who is coughing. The risk of catching COVID-19 from someone with no symptoms at all is very low. However, many people with COVID-19 experience only mild symptoms. This is particularly true at the early stages of the disease. It is therefore possible to catch COVID-19 from someone who has, for example, just a mild cough and does not feel ill. WHO is assessing ongoing research on the period of transmission of COVID-19 and will continue to share updated findings.
Can I catch COVID-19 from the feces of someone with the disease?
The risk of catching COVID-19 from the feces of an infected person appears to be low. While initial investigations suggest the virus may be present in feces in some cases, spread through this route is not a main feature of the outbreak. WHO is assessing ongoing research on the ways COVID-19 is spread and will continue to share new findings. Because this is a risk, however, it is another reason to clean hands regularly, after using the bathroom and before eating.
What can I do to protect myself and prevent the spread of disease ?
Protection measures for everyone
Stay aware of the latest information on the COVID-19 outbreak, available on the WHO website and through your national and local public health authority. Many countries around the world have seen cases of COVID-19 and several have seen outbreaks. Authorities in China and some other countries have succeeded in slowing or stopping their outbreaks. However, the situation is unpredictable so check regularly for the latest news.
You can reduce your chances of being infected or spreading COVID-19 by taking some simple precautions:
- Regularly and thoroughly clean your hands with an alcohol-based hand rub or wash them with soap and water.
Why? Washing your hands with soap and water or using alcohol-based hand rub kills viruses that may be on your hands. - Maintain at least 1 metre (3 feet) distance between yourself and anyone who is coughing or sneezing.
Why? When someone coughs or sneezes they spray small liquid droplets from their nose or mouth which may contain virus. If you are too close, you can breathe in the droplets, including the COVID-19 virus if the person coughing has the disease. - Avoid touching eyes, nose and mouth.
Why? Hands touch many surfaces and can pick up viruses. Once contaminated, hands can transfer the virus to your eyes, nose or mouth. From there, the virus can enter your body and can make you sick. - Make sure you, and the people around you, follow good respiratory hygiene. This means covering your mouth and nose with your bent elbow or tissue when you cough or sneeze. Then dispose of the used tissue immediately.
Why? Droplets spread virus. By following good respiratory hygiene you protect the people around you from viruses such as cold, flu and COVID-19. - Stay home if you feel unwell. If you have a fever, cough and difficulty breathing, seek medical attention and call in advance. Follow the directions of your local health authority.
Why? National and local authorities will have the most up to date information on the situation in your area. Calling in advance will allow your health care provider to quickly direct you to the right health facility. This will also protect you and help prevent spread of viruses and other infections. - Keep up to date on the latest COVID-19 hotspots (cities or local areas where COVID-19 is spreading widely). If possible, avoid traveling to places – especially if you are an older person or have diabetes, heart or lung disease.
Why? You have a higher chance of catching COVID-19 in one of these areas.
Protection measures for persons who are in or have recently visited (past 14 days) areas where COVID-19 is spreading
- Follow the guidance outlined above (Protection measures for everyone)
- Self-isolate by staying at home if you begin to feel unwell, even with mild symptoms such as headache, low grade fever (37.3 C or above) and slight runny nose, until you recover. If it is essential for you to have someone bring you supplies or to go out, e.g. to buy food, then wear a mask to avoid infecting other people.
Why? Avoiding contact with others and visits to medical facilities will allow these facilities to operate more effectively and help protect you and others from possible COVID-19 and other viruses. - If you develop fever, cough and difficulty breathing, seek medical advice promptly as this may be due to a respiratory infection or other serious condition. Call in advance and tell your provider of any recent travel or contact with travelers.
Why? Calling in advance will allow your health care provider to quickly direct you to the right health facility. This will also help to prevent possible spread of COVID-19 and other viruses.
How likely am I to catch COVID-19 ?
The risk depends on where you are – and more specifically, whether there is a COVID-19 outbreak unfolding there.
For most people in most locations the risk of catching COVID-19 is still low. However, there are now places around the world (cities or areas) where the disease is spreading. For people living in, or visiting, these areas the risk of catching COVID-19 is higher. Governments and health authorities are taking vigorous action every time a new case of COVID-19 is identified. Be sure to comply with any local restrictions on travel, movement or large gatherings. Cooperating with disease control efforts will reduce your risk of catching or spreading COVID-19.
COVID-19 outbreaks can be contained and transmission stopped, as has been shown in China and some other countries. Unfortunately, new outbreaks can emerge rapidly. It's important to be aware of the situation where you are or intend to go. WHO publishes daily updates on the COVID-19 situation worldwide.
You can see these at https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/situation-reports/
Should I worry about COVID-19 ?
Illness due to COVID-19 infection is generally mild, especially for children and young adults. However, it can cause serious illness: about 1 in every 5 people who catch it need hospital care. It is therefore quite normal for people to worry about how the COVID-19 outbreak will affect them and their loved ones.
We can channel our concerns into actions to protect ourselves, our loved ones and our communities. First and foremost among these actions is regular and thorough hand-washing and good respiratory hygiene. Secondly, keep informed and follow the advice of the local health authorities including any restrictions put in place on travel, movement and gatherings.
Learn more about how to protect yourself at https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public
Who is at risk of developing severe illness ?
While we are still learning about how COVID-2019 affects people, older persons and persons with pre-existing medical conditions (such as high blood pressure, heart disease, lung disease, cancer or diabetes) appear to develop serious illness more often than others.
Are antibiotics effective in preventing or treating the COVID-19 ?
No. Antibiotics do not work against viruses, they only work on bacterial infections. COVID-19 is caused by a virus, so antibiotics do not work. Antibiotics should not be used as a means of prevention or treatment of COVID-19. They should only be used as directed by a physician to treat a bacterial infection.
Are there any medicines or therapies that can prevent or cure COVID-19?
While some western, traditional or home remedies may provide comfort and alleviate symptoms of COVID-19, there is no evidence that current medicine can prevent or cure the disease. WHO does not recommend self-medication with any medicines, including antibiotics, as a prevention or cure for COVID-19. However, there are several ongoing clinical trials that include both western and traditional medicines. WHO will continue to provide updated information as soon as clinical findings are available.
Is there a vaccine, drug or treatment for COVID-19?
Not yet. To date, there is no vaccine and no specific antiviral medicine to prevent or treat COVID-2019. However, those affected should receive care to relieve symptoms. People with serious illness should be hospitalized. Most patients recover thanks to supportive care.
Possible vaccines and some specific drug treatments are under investigation. They are being tested through clinical trials. WHO is coordinating efforts to develop vaccines and medicines to prevent and treat COVID-19.
The most effective ways to protect yourself and others against COVID-19 are to frequently clean your hands, cover your cough with the bend of elbow or tissue, and maintain a distance of at least 1 meter (3 feet) from people who are coughing or sneezing.
Is COVID-19 the same as SARS?
No. The virus that causes COVID-19 and the one that caused the outbreak of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) in 2003 are related to each other genetically, but the diseases they cause are quite different.
SARS was more deadly but much less infectious than COVID-19. There have been no outbreaks of SARS anywhere in the world since 2003.
Should I wear a mask to protect myself?
Only wear a mask if you are ill with COVID-19 symptoms (especially coughing) or looking after someone who may have COVID-19. Disposable face mask can only be used once. If you are not ill or looking after someone who is ill then you are wasting a mask. There is a world-wide shortage of masks, so WHO urges people to use masks wisely.
WHO advises rational use of medical masks to avoid unnecessary wastage of precious resources and mis-use of masks (see Advice on the use of masks).
The most effective ways to protect yourself and others against COVID-19 are to frequently clean your hands, cover your cough with the bend of elbow or tissue and maintain a distance of at least 1 meter (3 feet) from people who are coughing or sneezing. See basic protective measures against the new coronavirus for more information.
How to put on, use, take off and dispose of a mask?
- Remember, a mask should only be used by health workers, care takers, and individuals with respiratory symptoms, such as fever and cough.
- Before touching the mask, clean hands with an alcohol-based hand rub or soap and water
- Take the mask and inspect it for tears or holes.
- Orient which side is the top side (where the metal strip is).
- Ensure the proper side of the mask faces outwards (the coloured side).
- Place the mask to your face. Pinch the metal strip or stiff edge of the mask so it moulds to the shape of your nose.
- Pull down the mask's bottom so it covers your mouth and your chin.
- After use, take off the mask; remove the elastic loops from behind the ears while keeping the mask away from your face and clothes, to avoid touching potentially contaminated surfaces of the mask.
- Discard the mask in a closed bin immediately after use.
- Perform hand hygiene after touching or discarding the mask – Use alcohol-based hand rub or, if visibly soiled, wash your hands with soap and water.
How long is the incubation period for COVID-19?
The "incubation period" means the time between catching the virus and beginning to have symptoms of the disease. Most estimates of the incubation period for COVID-19 range from 1-14 days, most commonly around five days. These estimates will be updated as more data become available.
Can humans become infected with the COVID-19 from an animal source?
Coronaviruses are a large family of viruses that are common in animals. Occasionally, people get infected with these viruses which may then spread to other people. For example, SARS-CoV was associated with civet cats and MERS-CoV is transmitted by dromedary camels. Possible animal sources of COVID-19 have not yet been confirmed.
To protect yourself, such as when visiting live animal markets, avoid direct contact with animals and surfaces in contact with animals. Ensure good food safety practices at all times. Handle raw meat, milk or animal organs with care to avoid contamination of uncooked foods and avoid consuming raw or undercooked animal products.
Can I catch COVID-19 from my pet?
While there has been one instance of a dog being infected in Hong Kong, to date, there is no evidence that a dog, cat or any pet can transmit COVID-19. COVID-19 is mainly spread through droplets produced when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or speaks. To protect yourself, clean your hands frequently and thoroughly.
WHO continues to monitor the latest research on this and other COVID-19 topics and will update as new findings are available.
How long does the virus survive on surfaces?
It is not certain how long the virus that causes COVID-19 survives on surfaces, but it seems to behave like other coronaviruses. Studies suggest that coronaviruses (including preliminary information on the COVID-19 virus) may persist on surfaces for a few hours or up to several days. This may vary under different conditions (e.g. type of surface, temperature or humidity of the environment).
If you think a surface may be infected, clean it with simple disinfectant to kill the virus and protect yourself and others. Clean your hands with an alcohol-based hand rub or wash them with soap and water. Avoid touching your eyes, mouth, or nose.
Is it safe to receive a package from any area where COVID-19 has been reported?
Yes. The likelihood of an infected person contaminating commercial goods is low and the risk of catching the virus that causes COVID-19 from a package that has been moved, travelled, and exposed to different conditions and temperature is also low.
Is there anything I should not do?
The following measures ARE NOT effective against COVID-2019 and can be harmful:
- Smoking
- Wearing multiple masks
- Taking antibiotics (See question 10 "Are there any medicines of therapies that can prevent or cure COVID-19?")
In any case, if you have fever, cough and difficulty breathing seek medical care early to reduce the risk of developing a more severe infection and be sure to share your recent travel history with your health care provider.


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First off, I'm a fair weather pilot. I don't fly to any particular place and am never in a hurry to get there. Counting cows and looking at the pretty water on the river is my flight "goal."
Second, I'm pretty low time. Most of my 100 or so hours is in a 7AC Champ, which is a happy airplane that is pretty darned forgiving, if light.
Needless to say that my personal limits are pretty narrow.*
The problem, of course, is that one can box one's self into too narrow a set of personal limits, which means that if things get a little windy/bumpy/just plain yucky one lacks the experience to handle them.
The question is how to reasonably ramp up to expand the personal limitations. In the Champ I used the five and ten knot rule I made for myself. Five knots more cross wind than I'd normally say is good for flying, ten if it's down the runway (ish...it's never down the runway, is it?). On those days it's exactly for the purpose of stretching limitations, and I limit flights to no more than an hour and mostly in touch-and-goes. Once I'm happy with a wind condition, I'll mentally check it off and stretch it a little more. If it's in the "whoa, let's not do that again" category (been there, parked it after one circuit), I hold off and stay at the lower limit.
All of this within the confines of what the book says the aircraft can do. I won't fly if the xwind is more than what is recommended for the aircraft, for example.
* Right now it's even more restricted as I'm in test flight for my little Nieuport 11. Think ultralight rules for conditions....zero gusting to two, with a little leeway.

subset: commoncrawl


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The Standards Organisation of Nigeria (SON), has warned importers of school uniform materials into Nigeria about some cancer-causing substances found in some school uniform materials made by two China based companies.
A statement issued by the Director-General of SON, Mr Osita Aboloma on Friday in Abuja, named the companies producing the materials as Sing Shun Fat School-Clothier Company and Zenith Uniform Company.
Aboloma said that the azo dyes found in some school uniforms in Hong Kong contained up to 173 milligrams and 41 milligrams per kilogram of the tested samples respectively.
He added that the amounts of the dye contained in the materials were well above the maximum allowed in the standard.
"Use of the 4-amino azo dyes have been banned in Europe, Japan and other parts of the world prior to the finding.
"Azo dyes could release carcinogenic substances known as aromatic amines when they mix with sweat, which accounted for the ban on the use of the dye in many countries of the world."
The D-G advised importers of school uniform materials in Nigeria to endeavour to undergo the process of conformity assessment of such materials prior to import, through the SON off-shore Conformity Assessment Programme (SONCAP), to avoid bringing them to the country.
He further advised Nigerians to report any suspected uniform materials that may already be in the country to SON for necessary sampling, laboratory tests and analysis to be carried out at its Textile and Leather Laboratory in Kaduna for necessary regulatory action.
Aboloma added that all International Accredited Firms (IAFs) undertaking the off-shore Conformity Assessment Programme on behalf of SON all over the world have been put on alert regarding the cancer-causing substance in school uniform materials and other clothing materials to be imported into Nigeria.
The News Agency of Nigeria (NAN), reports that SON is the body in charge of standardisation of all products in Nigeria.


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Blue Palm Rectangle Door Mat
Blue Palm Rectangle Door Mat
Welcome guests to your home in style with our custom handcrafted door mats. Made with high-quality neoprene, with a printed fabric top layer. Choose from several designs and vibrant colour schemes - Pastel for a welcoming accent or True Colour for a bold statement. Personalize your entryway with unique options and transform your front door today!
Available in multiple sizes (all measurements listed in inches):
16 x 24 - 18 x 30 - 24 x 36
All items are made with full sublimation, ensuring vibrant and lasting patterns that stand the test of time. Each product is made to order, reflecting our commitment to delivering personalized, high-quality home accessories. Our typical turnaround time is 4 weeks from your order date for your items to be shipped or available for pickup.
Choose your preferred colour scheme:
Pastel: The Pastel option, which looks like the product display image, features muted and airy tones. These soothing colours effortlessly blend with your existing decor, serving as a light accent for your room.
True Colour: Opt for True Colour to make a bold statement. The brighter hues in the second image preview draw the eye and turn your item into a standout centrepiece in your home decor.
We also offer unparalleled customization options. From adding personal texts to tweaking design details, or even choosing a new primary colour for your doormat - your imagination is the only limit. If you love the design but want a different twist, Contact Us and let us know. We're dedicated to making your vision a reality!
Transform your front door with a custom door mat with a touch of personality.


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The Crowd Roars (1932) (Warner Archive), a car racing drama directed by Howard Hawks (who had raced cars himself) and starring James Cagney as racing champion Joe Greer, is as rip-roaring a speed drama as you get in 1932. Hawks, who also wrote the original story, tells you exactly what the film is about in the opening shots: a spectacular wreck on a dirt track, the animated response of the spectators leaping up to get a better view, and then the title. We know exactly why The Crowd Roars. The rest turns on sibling bonds broken in rivalry (Eric Linden is his talented kid brother) and romance and a spiral into defeat after the fiery death of a teammate on the track. (The Tom Cruise race picture Days of Thunder borrows a lot form this film.)
Cagney is the most extreme version of the Hawks hero, whose callous dismissal of his long-suffering girl (poor, hopelessly obsessed Ann Dvorak) borders on abusive, but he's also more hotheaded and less disciplined than the usual self-contained Hawks man: a hypocrite, a drinker, a risk-taker whose impatience and anger kills his best friend. Joan Blondell gets second billing as Dvorak's best friend, who seduces Linden in revenge and ends up falling in love with the kid, and Hawks puts real-life driving champs in the pits and sidelines. You may not recognize them by face or even name today, but they're easy to spot – they're the ones who can't act. But don't worry, they don't slow down the film.
Hawks fills the film with real racing footage, including some dramatic crashes, interspersed with his staged scenes, and he drives it with an energy to match the onscreen speed. The film was originally released at 85 minutes, then cut for rerelease. The original cut is apparently lost so this is the 70-minute version, which also may contribute to the film's headlong momentum.


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man pages section 7: Device and Network Interfaces Oracle Solaris 11 Information Library |
- AMD-8111 Fast Ethernet Network Adapter driver
The amd8111s Fast Ethernet driver is a multi-threaded, loadable, clonable, GLD-based STREAMS driver supporting the Data Link Provider Interface, dlpi(7P), on the AMD-8111 Fast Ethernet Network Adapter.
The amd8111s driver functions include controller initialization, frame transmit and receive, promiscuous and multicast support, and error recovery and reporting.
The cloning, character-special device /dev/amd8111 is used to access all AMD-8111 Fast Ethernet devices installed within the system.
The amd8111s driver is managed by the dladm(1M) command line utility, which allows VLANs to be defined on top of amd8111s instances and for amd8111s instances to be aggregated. See dladm(1M) for more details.
By default, the amd8111s driver performs auto-negotiation to select the link speed and mode. Link speed and mode can be any of the following:
100 Mbps, full-duplex.
100 Mbps, half-duplex.
10 Mbps, full-duplex.
10 Mbps, half-duplex.
Special character device.
32-bit ELF kernel module (x86).
64-bit ELF Kernel module (x86).
See attributes(5) for descriptions of the following attributes:
dladm(1M), attributes(5), streamio(7I), dlpi(7P)
Writing Device Drivers
STREAMS Programming Guide
Network Interfaces Programmer's Guide


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Revelation 5 | NASB
I saw in the right hand of Him who sat on the throne a book written inside and on the back, sealed up with seven seals. 2 And I saw a strong angel proclaiming with a loud voice, "Who is worthy to open the book and to break its seals?" 3 And no one in heaven or on the earth or under the earth was able to open the book or to look into it. 4 Then I began to weep greatly because no one was found worthy to open the book or to look into it; 5 and one of the elders said to me, "Stop weeping; behold, the Lion that is from the tribe of Judah, the Root of David, has overcome so as to open the book and its seven seals."
6 And I saw between the throne (with the four living creatures) and the elders a Lamb standing, as if slain, having seven horns and seven eyes, which are the seven Spirits of God, sent out into all the earth. 7 And He came and took the book out of the right hand of Him who sat on the throne. 8 When He had taken the book, the four living creatures and the twenty-four elders fell down before the Lamb, each one holding a harp and golden bowls full of incense, which are the prayers of the saints. 9 And they sang a new song, saying,
"Worthy are You to take the book and to break its seals; for You were slain, and purchased for God with Your blood men from every tribe and tongue and people and nation.
10 "You have made them to be a kingdom and priests to our God; and they will reign upon the earth."
Angels Exalt the Lamb
11 Then I looked, and I heard the voice of many angels around the throne and the living creatures and the elders; and the number of them was myriads of myriads, and thousands of thousands, 12 saying with a loud voice,
"Worthy is the Lamb that was slain to receive power and riches and wisdom and might and honor and glory and blessing."
13 And every created thing which is in heaven and on the earth and under the earth and on the sea, and all things in them, I heard saying,
"To Him who sits on the throne, and to the Lamb, be blessing and honor and glory and dominion forever and ever."
14 And the four living creatures kept saying, "Amen." And the elders fell down and worshiped.


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In an effort to learn more about politics and be balanced, I decided to read about each of the declared candidates for president. That wasn't making things stick, so I decided to make art for each of the declared candidates for US President. It turns out there are many of them. I could end up making little paintings about them all summer if I wanted to. I don't but I've decided to highlight a few of them and fill a journal. Here are a few without my color commentary.
Here are a few close ups of what the paint looks like after it dries. I'm working very wet into wet and in the humidity the paint takes forever to dry. I'm also working with a #10 and #20 brush on a hand-book travelogue series sketchbook. Which I'll have to do a full review on soon enough.


text: September 12, 2017 by Richard Ornick Professional Carpet Cleaning Anaheim Hills Solutions for Everyone. Many of us are constantly in a need for a home service and repair. Moreover, with today's housing market and prices so high, there is a high turn over rate. New tenants moving in, old tenants moving out, leaving your property messy. In addition, buying a new home and selling your old one is yet another major factor for carpet cleaning Anaheim Hills calls. Our job is to offer you the correct carpet cleaning Anaheim Hills service to suit your needs. Carpets nowadays have a large scale of grades and quality that makes the approach different each time. In addition, the nature of the dwellings in the property would also make a huge impact. The natural stains of kids and natural pet stain would demand a completely different approach. Therefore, we are a leading green carpet cleaning Anaheim Hills service provider geared to help you. Our different approaches for the variety of carpet cleaning Anaheim Hills service calls. As we mentioned above, natural family and kids stain are a big carpet cleaning Anaheim Hills factor. In addition, pet stain on your carpet is another big factor that demands our attention nowadays. Both have in common the need for an advanced gentle approach of carpet cleaning Anaheim Hills services for your safety. In order not leave any residue behind and make sure that out carpet cleaning product safe for you, we stay ahead of the curb. Customer satisfaction is out number one priority as a leading carpet cleaning Anaheim Hills service provider. Moreover, we carry our attitude all across the variety of carpet cleaning Anaheim Hills services we offer. For example, we provide upholstery cleaning, air duct cleaning, dryer vent cleaning, tile cleaning and rug cleaning as well. Here, we will elaborate a bit more about the different services we offer. Upholstery Cleaning Anaheim Hills is At High Demand. Just like carpet cleaning Anaheim Hills, you are frequently asking for upholstery cleaning in Anaheim Hills. Upholstery cleaning Anaheim Hills would make a great addition to the overall comfort of your home. Moreover, if you suffer from allergies, upholstery cleaning, carpet cleaning and air duct cleaning are the main solutions. Dust accumulates in your home and on your furniture at all times. as long as you do not extract, you support the exact opposite outcome. The dust combines with the humid air and sticks to the fiber of your couch and carpet. Then, circulates in the air duct system and spreads around the house. Upholstery cleaning Anaheim Hills is a strong addition to the carpet cleaning Anaheim Hills services and we strongly recommend it. Air Duct Cleaning Anaheim Hills Solutions As Part Of Carpet Cleaning Anaheim Hills Services. When you call us for air duct cleaning in Anaheim Hills or anywhere else around Westminster County and Los Angeles its due to allergies. Our air duct system is one of the biggest causes for bad allergies around the house. The upholstery and the carpet are the main feeders of dust into the main return. In addition, the main return will then suck the dirty air into the hvac system that will spread it all over the space. Therefore, you will encounter an ever lasting allergy symptoms that will steal the comfort out of the living. So, we offer a full treatment for all necessary parts of the house in order to help you resolve this issue. Commercial Carpet Cleaning Anaheim Hills. If you are searching for commercial carpet cleaning Anaheim Hills you should check out our commercial carpet cleaning section. Commercial carpet cleaning Anaheim Hills is not much different than residential carpet cleaning Anaheim Hills, or anywhere else. Typically commercial carpets are short piled and therefore demand a different cleaning method. In addition, commercial carpets are also glued down to the floor and have no pad as a buffer. Therefore, a gentle approach with steam ad pressure should be approached. Nevertheless, it often occurs that commercial carpet cleaning Anaheim Hills will demand us to use and combine a variety of methods and techniques in order to make a real impression on the carpet. That is due to the fact the commercial carpet cleaning Anaheim Hills is often overlooked and neglected. Tile Cleaning Anaheim Hills and Carpet Cleaning Anaheim Hills Solutions. Many of your homes now do not have carpet in it. In addition, many of our customers tell us that they believe tile floors are much easier to maintain than carpet. Therefore, they choose to pay for the tile floors and hoping they would make life easier in the future. As much as we agree with this idea, you must consider a few aspects in case you have tile flooring. Maybe you do not need to call for carpet cleaning Anaheim Hills services, however, you do need to call for tile cleaning Anaheim Hills services. And sometimes that could be much more expensive than carpet cleaning Anaheim Hills, depending on the tile floors. So, in order to keep the beautiful shine of your tile floors, please take care of them. Mattress Cleaning Anaheim Hills To Go With Carpet Cleaning Anaheim Hills. You will need mattress cleaning mainly in two different scenarios. First, when you experience bad allergies every time you go to sleep. In addition, you will definitely need our mattress cleaning Anaheim Hills services when you constantly wake up with bites and have bed bugs. We approach mattress cleaning Anaheim Hills with our top rated green carpet cleaning solutions. We do everything we can to keep the safety of our customers and provide a piece of mind when we treat their mattresses. Often you will get flees on your carpet that might go onto your bed. In that case you will have to call both for carpet cleaning Anaheim Hills and mattress cleaning Anaheim Hills for the best solution. Carpet Cleaning Anaheim Hills Warning. We strongly advise to not attempt and do any of the carpet cleaning Anaheim Hills services by yourself. In addition, when you do attempt the carpet cleaning by yourself, you are using low grade carpet cleaning products and equipment. In addition, you can find yourself either hurting yourself or your furniture and belongings. Please contact us for more information about our carpet cleaning Anaheim Hills services. Phone: 949-207-9557 Mon-Sun: 24h GET free estimate


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Build Your Mailing List Faster than Ever Before With Thrive Leads
WOW, a 238% increase in conversions when I switched to Thrive Leads. This is the most powerful list building plugin I've used and the team behind it is ON FIRE!
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JOHN LEE DUMAS Entrepreneur on Fire
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This is not your old-school list building plugin. We've taken the most cutting edge conversion tactics used by smart businesses and growth hackers and for the first time ever, those tactics are easy as pie for you to use on your own site. You can finally experience explosive list growth and the amazing business benefits that come with it.
What Makes Thrive Leads Different?
Here Are 4 Big Benefits:
Design & Deploy
Thrive Leads combines every type of opt-in form you need in one single plugin and gives you a simple drag-and-drop editor to create the perfect design every time.
Advanced Targeting
Get a massive conversion boost by showing relevant, highly targeted offers to your visitors based on posts, categories, tags and more. Build hyper-targeted and profitable lists.
A/B Testing Engine
Thrive Leads comes with a highly advanced but very easy to use A/B testing feature. Easily increase your conversions and use the plugin to automatically increase your conversion rate.
Actionable Reporting & Insights
Thrive Leads gives you a simple overview over the most important metrics. See exactly how your opt-in forms are performing over time and where your most valuable traffic comes from.
Build Every Type of Opt-in Form to Maximize your Conversions
Using Thrive Leads, you no longer have to rely on just one way to generate leads and you no longer need multiple plugins (that probably conflict with each other). Available either as part of Thrive Suite or as a Thrive Leads standalone subscription, It's the all-in-one list-building solution you've been waiting for.
ThriveBox (PopUp Lightbox)
An unblockable overlay (a.k.a. popup) that is displayed above your content and is very attention-grabbing.
"Sticky" Ribbon
Add a ribbon type form which shows at the top of the screen and remains "sticky" as the visitor scrolls down the page.
In-Line Forms
Automatically insert an opt-in form at the bottom of your posts or insert them anywhere using a simple short code.
2-Step Opt-In Form
Create a 2-step signup process by adding buttons or links that open a lightbox on click.
Less intrusive than a popup, but almost equally attention grabbing, this form slides into view from the corner.
Opt-In Widget
Add an opt-in form to your sidebar or any other widget area on your site, with just a few clicks.
Screen Filler Overlay
The "unignorable" opt-in form and the perfect way to make sure you get your visitor's full attention on your offer.
Content Lock
A great way to add an opt-in incentive right inside your content. Reveal it once the visitor signs up!
Scroll Mat
A unique type of screen-filling offer that appears from the top of the page and pushes the content down.
Yes/No & Multiple Choice Forms
Engage your visitors and boost conversion rates by offering multiple choices!
Enthusiastic Users Can't Be Wrong...
Already, 114,117 customers have discovered the benefits of using conversion-boosting WordPress tools provided by Thrive Themes.
We guarantee luxury-quality software and real life results. And our software delivers, over and over again.
Meet the Power-Packed
Thrive Leads Feature Set
Every Opt-In Form Type at Your Fingertips
In line forms, 2-step opt-ins, screen-filling overlays, content upgrades, scroll mats, floating ribbons...we've got them all!
Grow Your List Faster with Advanced A/B Testing
Thrive Leads features an A/B testing engine that ensures you can always find the best possible opt-in form design.
Boost Conversions with SmartLinks & SmartExit
Hide forms or show different offers to your existing subscribers and take your conversion rates to the next level with Smart features.
Beautifully Pre-Designed Templates
Choose from dozens of templates to create eye-catching, effective list building forms & display them anywhere on your site.
Target Your Opt-In Forms with Surgical Precision
Determine exactly on where on your site which forms are shown. Set them triggers, scroll triggers, on-click forms and more.
Discover Detailed Stats & Reports
Find out exactly which opt-in forms are performing best, which pages and posts your leads are coming from & more...
See Thrive Leads in Action
As you can see, Thrive Leads comes with any type of opt-in form you'd ever want on your site, hundreds of templates and a full-blown A/B testing engine. And of course you can customize every form to look good on mobile too.
Build Conversion Boosting Forms - No Design Skills Required!
Creating beautifully designed, eye-catching and conversion optimized forms is a breeze with Thrive Leads, thanks to an extensive library of professionally designed templates you can use:
Make a few tweaks to a form or completely customize your own design. With our intuitive drag-and-drop editor, you can create any design you can think of - all without touching a single line of code!
The Web is Not Just Desktop Anymore...
Create Mobile-Specific Opt-in Forms
Time spent browsing the web from a mobile device such as a tablet or a smartphone has officially surpassed time spent browsing on desktop. That's why Thrive Leads gives you full control over what you show your mobile visitors.
Not only are all of the templates mobile responsive, on top of that, in Thrive Leads, you get 3 levels of customization:
Show or hide certain opt-in form types
This allows you to show an attention grabbing full screen opt-in form to desktop visitors and a more optimized form type such as a ribbon to your mobile audience.
Show or hide certain elements on the opt-in form
Imagine you have an opt-in form with the image of an ebook, but on mobile you want to hide this image. This is done with one simple toggle in Thrive Leads.
Tweak any detail with mobile responsive editing
This allows you to change font size, margins, button size and more specifically and only for desktop, tablet or mobile. This way, any form type will look perfect on any screen size.
Use Thrive Leads Forms to Cover All the Bases
Okay, So You Got Features... Now What?
As you can see, Thrive Leads is absolutely packed with features and we've built it to be as easy to use as possible. But what's the point, really?
If you're like most website owners, you need more features and more plugins like you need another hole in your head... what you really need are results.
And the big question is: does Thrive Leads warrant your time and attention? Will it actually make a difference to your business or will it be yet another waste of time?
Our Iron-Clad 30 Day Guarantee
We offer a simple guarantee: If you're not happy with your Thrive Suite or Thrive Leads standalone subscription within the first 30 days for ANY reason, our refund process is simple, painless and easy. Just reach out to our friendly support team and we'll get you taken care of right away.
Your stuff is beautifully designed, fast and has great options for marketers that you just don't see with other themes. Great, great job!
Absolutely love Thrive!
David Coleman
Seamlessly Integrate With Your Autoresponder or Email Marketing Service
Thrive Leads has direct API integrations for the most popular email services. In addition, you can use it with any system that creates an HTML signup form, opening Thrive Leads up to hundreds of possible integrations. You can also use different lists and different services for different forms you create, so you're never tied to just one system.
Campaign Monitor
Start taking your online business to the next level
Get Thrive Leads today as part of the Thrive Convert bundle of WordPress plugins.
Our Customer Satisfaction Agreement
30 Day Money-Back Guarantee
If you're not happy with your results within the first 30 days for ANY reason, our refund process is simple, painless and easy.
Friendly Customer Support
If you run into any technical issues, our friendly support team is here to help you out. We'll do everything within our power to help you succeed
Unlimited Updates
Thrive Suite and Thrive Leads come with unlimited updates while your subscription is active. This means that you don't have to worry about outdated software causing your site to be vulnerable for hackers.
State of the Art List Building
We'll teach you the hottest and newest list building techniques and update Thrive Leads to allow you to use these on your website.
Yes, Thrive Leads is a WordPress plugin. As with most WordPress plugins, it's optimized for self-hosted of WordPress.org website, but WordPress.com users can use it with "Business" or "eCommerce" plans.
Unlike other tools, there's absolutely no limit to the number of leads you can collect with Thrive Leads. As soon as you install the plugin, you can create as many opt-in forms as you want, and collect as many leads as you can!
The main difference lies in a focus on functionality vs. a focus on performance.
Other list building plugins are designed with a focus on some type of functionality. E.g. they enable the user to create and add popups to their site.
In Thrive Leads, this kind of functionality is just the basis of the plugin. It's what we take as a given and we've made sure that Thrive Leads has better and more extensive functionality than all competing plugins combined. But the real emphasis with Thrive Leads is on conversion optimization. It's not just about helping you build your mailing list. It's about helping you build your mailing list as fast as possible.
We have a relentless conversion focus that influences everything we do and every feature we build.
Your existing website and Thrive Leads opt-in forms (as well as any landing pages, quizzes, etc. that you built with Thrive Suite) will stay intact and working. The only difference is that getting support, updates and using our premium templates requires an active license.
As many as your heart desires! We do not put a limit on the number of opt-in form you can put on your site.
Yes. Free unlimited support is included with your purchase of Thrive Suite or the standalone Thrive Leads plugin so long as your subscription is in good standing.
Yes. If you don't need Thrive Theme Builder and all of our conversion focused plugins packaged in Thrive Suite, you can get a single, standalone license of Thrive Leads if all you need to add on your site is opt-in forms.
Yes. You can install the Thrive Leads plugin on your WordPress website and it will work with any WordPress theme of your choosing!
Depends. If you're just looking to add visually editable opt-in forms to a single WordPress website to grow your mailing list, then getting Thrive Leads by itself makes sense. But if you need to build multiple websites, and want to layer additional functionality onto those sites (such as the ability to fully customize your WordPress theme, create conversion focused opt-in forms, build and sell online courses or memberships, incorporate engaging quizzes into your content, use scarcity countdown timers for your product launches, etc.) — Thrive Suite is the online business building toolkit you've been looking for.
Get Thrive Leads When You Purchase Thrive Suite or a Standalone License & Start Growing Your List!
Remember, there's a good reason why every marketer ever always goes on about how "the money is in the list". Get instant access to Thrive Leads when you either become a Thrive Suite member or purchase the standalone plugin. Start seeing your email list grow today!


text: Software Development Kit (SDK) It is a set of tools designed to help C programmers create Windows applications. Windows SDK consists of the large set of books describing functions, messages, structures, macros and resources .There are also tools including a dialog editor and an image editor, on-line help files and a set of windows libraries and header files. It has large collection of API functions written in C. What is an API? API is an acronym for Application Programming Interface.It is simply a set of functions that are part of Windows OS. Programs can be created by calling the functions present in the API.The programmer doesn't have to bother about the internal working of the functions .By just knowing function prototype and return value he can invoke the API functions. A good understanding of Windows API would help you to become a good Windows programmer .Windows itself uses the API to perform its GUI magic. Windows APIs are of two basic varieties: API for 16-bit Windows (Win16 API) API for 32-bit Windows (Win32 API) Each of these have sub-APIs within it. If you are working in Windows 3.1 then you have to use Win16 API and in Windows NT you have to use Win32 API. Microsoft Foundation Class (MFC) VC++ provides us a rich class library called the MFC Library, which is a set of C++ classes that encapsulate the functionality of applications written for the Microsoft Windows Operating System. The class library gives you a complete application framework .The framework defines an architecture for integrating user interface of an application for Windows with the rest of the application. It also provides implementations for a set of the user-interface components.MFC represents entire family of class libraries.MFC offers high level of abstraction that lets you focus in details to your application while allowing its classes to be customized and extended.MFC makes programming in Windows and C++ a much more productive endeavour.It is a collection of Windows API calls which are written in C.Programming in MFC reduces the code to a considerable extent as compared to SDK. Let 's look at the program that creates simple window using MFC. Code: #include <afxwin.h> //The CWinApp class is the base class from which you derive //a Windows application object. //An application object provides member functions for initializing your application //(and each instance of it) and for running the application class mywin : public CFrameWnd { public : myWin() { Create (0,"HELLO – WINDOW") ; } }; class myapp : public CWinApp { public: // Override InitInstance to initialize each new instance of your application running //under Windows.Typically ,you override InitInstance to construct your main window //object and set the CWinThread : : m_pMainWnd data member to point to that //window. int InitInstance() { mywin *f ; f = new mywin; f - >ShowWindow(3); m_pMainWnd = f; return 1; } }; myapp app; Lets see the same program to create a window in SDK as we did with MFC. Code: # include <windows.h> HWND hwnd; MSG msg; WNDCLASS wnd; long WINAPI process(HWND,UINT,WPARAM,LPARAM); int WINAPI WinMain(HINSTANCE h,HINSTANCE p, LPSTR s , int show) { wnd.hInstance=h; wnd.lpfnWndProc=process; wnd.lpszClassName="first"; wnd.hbrBackground=(HBRUSH)GetStockObject(WHITE_BRUSH); RegisterClass(&wnd) ; hwnd=CreateWindow("first","SDK-Window",WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW,CW_USEDEFAULT,CW_USEDEFAULT,CW_USEDEFAULT,0,0,h,0); ShowWindow(hwnd,SW_SHOWNORMAL); While(GetMessage(&msg,0,0,0)) { DispatchMessage(&msg) ; } return msg.wParam; } long WINAPI process(HWND hd,UINT mess,WPARAM more,LPARAM pos) { Switch(mess) { case WM_CREATE:MessageBox(hd,"CREATING","wait!",0) ; break; case WM_ClOSE:MessageBox(hd,"Closing","wait",0); break; case WM_DESTROY:MessageBox(hd,"destroying","wait",0); PostQuitMessage(0); break; } Return DefWindowProc(hd,mess,more,pos); } Comparing MFC vs SDK program Thus we can see that programming in MFC reduces the code to a considerable extent as compared to SDK. This is because in SDK we have to write the whole code right from scratch,i.e,we need to write each and every function.Whereas in case of an MFC program the MFC does lot of things on behalf of the user, i.e we need not write each and every function explicitly.


text:
Fluxx: Oz Fluxx
2–6 Players
10–40 Min Playing Time
Age: 8+
Does life seem drab and humdrum? Let the cyclone of Oz Fluxx, the ever-changing card game, whisk you away to a magical world of fun and wonder! Mingle with Munchkins, make new friends, help them with their quests, and follow the Yellow Brick Road to seek the Wizard's help for your own heart's desire – but beware the flying monkeys, fighting trees, and fields of poppies! Don your green spectacles to enter the Emerald City, and keep a bucket of water handy: You never know when you'll run into a Wicked Witch that needs melting. Next stop...the land of Oz!
Game description above from the publisher.
Fluxx is a card game where the cards themselves determine the current rules of the game. By playing cards, you change numerous aspects of the game: how to draw cards, how to play cards, and even how to win.
At the start of the game, each player holds three cards and on a turn a player draws one card, then plays one card. By playing cards, you can put new rules into play that change numerous aspects of the game: how many cards to draw or play, how many cards you can hold in hand or keep on the table in front of you, and (most importantly) how to win the game. There are many editions, themed siblings, and promo cards available.


text:
Peer Review process
Peer review is an essential part of maintaining substantial standard in publishing and brings out the best possible scientific novel information from the potential authors and researchers globally.
Peer Review process: Journal uses a blind peer review system to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
There is a great deal of information out there on scientific topics. However, whether it can be trusted or not is a key issue at present. The main question that often emerges in this aspect is about the review process adopted to screen the articles for publication. One of the most acceptable and proven process adopted in majority reputed international journals is peer-reviewing.
Benefits of peer-review:
- Establishes the legitimacy of exploration based upon the expert information of different specialists in the order, consequently averting adulterated work from being acknowledged within an area of study.
- Provides significant criticism with the intention that scientists can revise and enhance their papers before publication.
- Enables Journal editors to select the most important research findings for publication in their journals, based upon the subject, independent reviews of an expert group.
- The process of peer review is comprehended and acknowledged by the majority of researchers. The forum includes experts, those who have a common area of interest, expertise, and experience to evaluate the work to be published. The reviewers will be given priority utmost to reflect the appraisals of research work and to extract the potentialities of the researcher.
The peer-review process is done by esteemed reviewers with an in-depth knowledge of the specialized discipline and purpose of the process. In order to encourage maximum participation from part of the reviewers, scientific credits will be provided based on the number of manuscripts handled and the exemplary timelines by the authors.
The open journal system will be used for peer-review of scientific journals to meet the criteria of an international editorial manager system. This provides greater flexibility and degree of transparency at each level, with respect to the authors, editors, and reviewers, respectively. The standard peer review process is also essential from the perspective of editorial board members, who takes the responsibility in shaping the open access articles to meet the international standards of free access journals.
Peer-reviewed articles are assessed and critiqued by the scientists and experts in the same field after the article is distributed for review. An author is expected to incorporate the suggested changes prior to publication. This process enriches the content and improves the quality of the presentation considerably.
Applications For Reviewer
We appreciate applications to join our community of peer reviewers. Our Academic Editors select reviewers on a manuscript-by-manuscript basis. In each case, the most relevant scientists will be invited. To provide up-to-date contact details, interested reviewers should register as a reviewer.


text:
By Jim Harrington
Some people would rather forget 2008. The jazz fan, however, has definite cause to look back fondly at the year that was. As such, here are my picks for the top 10 jazz recordings of 2008:
1, "Miles From India," Miles From India (Four Quarters)
The brainchild of Grammy Award-winning composer-arranger Bob Belden, "Miles From India" is a brilliant cross-cultural exploration of the music of Miles Davis. It features more than 30 musicians, drawn equally from the world of Indian classical music and the long list of former Davis sidemen, yet the huge ensemble moves with strikingly singular purpose. Utilizing both tabla and trumpet, sitar and soprano sax, the players weave together jazz, rock and world music so fluidly that the only apt description is "fusion," a kind that that put this album "Miles" ahead of the competition last year.
2, "Live," Brad Mehldau Trio (Nonesuch)
As long as Mehldau keeps putting out records, I really only have to worry about coming up with nine selections for my annual top 10 list. That's because, for my money, the pianist is the most consistently impressive musician in jazz and his records always rank among the finest of the year. It's the same story with "Live," a thoroughly entertaining two-disc concert set that features a ravishing mix of originals, standards and modern pop tunes. What the trio accomplishes with the latter is particularly astounding: Believe it or not, Mehldau's version of Soundgarden's grunge-rock classic "Black Hole Sun" is one of the best jazz recordings I heard in 2008.
3, "Invisible Baby," Marco Benevento (Hyena)
I've liked everything I've heard by this 31-year-old keyboardist. He's currently best known for his superb work with drummer Joe Russo in the duo Benevento/Russo, but his solo career is really starting to take off as well. He follows 2007's excellent concert offering "Live at Tonic" with this assured, mature studio debut. The eight-song set is modern and experimental, yet still accessible, and should appeal to both city-slick jazz hipsters and Radiohead fans.
4, "Blue Crescent," Dr. Michael White (Basin Street)
White, a man who ranks as nothing less than a national treasure, offers up another enjoyable history lesson. The sensational clarinetist and his crackerjack band, featuring Nicholas Payton on trumpet, handle a winning assortment of blues, hymns, dirges and dance-hall numbers and draw from a variety of styles, from 1920s jazz and brass-band music to New Orleans revival-style jazz and Caribbean folk music. The collection features a dozen original tunes, which is roughly 12 more than you'd find on most "traditional" jazz albums recorded in recent years, as well as the standards "St. Louis Blues" and "Will the Circle Be Unbroken."
5, "Beyond Standard," Hiromi's Sonicbloom (Telarc)
Hiromi Uehara is amazing in concert, an absolute fireball of energy, passion and ambition that can light up a jazz club like few others. Unfortunately, the young pianist's work in the recording studio has rarely lived up to her efforts onstage. That's not the case with "Beyond Standard." What this fusion champ is able to do with "Caravan" and "My Favorite Things," as well as other songs we've all heard a thousand times before, is breathtaking.
6, "Twilight World," Marian McPartland (Concord)
The piano goddess has been in the jazz game for more than 70 years, which is an amazing enough feat. That McPartland, who turns 91 this year, can still conjure up a batch of tunes as lovely as what's found on "Twilight World" is downright astonishing.
7, "Let It Come to You," Taylor Eigsti (Concord)
There may come a day, and it could be right around the corner, when I tell someone that I used to live in Menlo Park and the person responds with "Oh, Menlo Park, that's where Taylor Eigsti is from." The already great story of this 24-year-old pianist-composer continues to blossom, thanks in large part to his sensational sophomore major-label release.
8, "Guitars," McCoy Tyner (Half Note)
The legendary pianist teams with some of the genre's best guitarists, including Bill Frisell and Marc Ribot, as well as the stellar rhythm section of bassist Ron Carter and drummer Jack DeJohnette on this fine set. What's ironic, given the album title, is that the best numbers find Tyner, Carter and DeJohnette collaborating with banjo man Bela Fleck.
9, "Leucocyte," Esbjorn Svensson Trio (Spamboolimbo)
On June 14, Svensson died in a tragic diving accident in Sweden. He was 44. Just how much the jazz world will miss the pianist is made plainly clear on this forward-thinking trio record.
10, "You Don't Know Jacq," Jacqui Naylor (Ruby Star)
The San Francisco-based artist, perhaps the greatest vocal treasure among the embarrassment of riches to be found in the Bay Area scene, delivers another winner. Her specialty is translating modern pop songs into jazz-speak, something she accomplishes remarkably well with R.E.M.'s "Losing My Religion" and other familiar numbers this time around.
The next five: "Avatar," Gonzalo Rubalcaba (EMI); "Pass It On," Dave Holland Sextet (Dare2); "Sketches of MD," Kenny Garrett (Mack Avenue); "Symphonica," Joe Lovano (Blue Note); "The New Crystal Silence," Chick Corea and Gary Burton (Concord)


text:
Soon you'll be able to buy your very own pair of Bernie Sanders mittens.
The teacher who created the recycled wool mittens that U.S. Sen. Bernie Sanders wore to the presidential inauguration — engendering countless memes — is partnering with the Vermont Teddy Bear Company to create a mitten line to meet growing demand.
According to CNN, an undisclosed portion of the proceeds from the sale of "Bernie mittens" will benefit Make-A-Wish Vermont.
Jen Ellis says she can't be more thrilled, because she personally can't make 18,000 pairs of mittens.
She estimates that's how many people have contacted her so far.
Merchandise stemming from the image Jan. 20 image of Sanders sitting with his arms and legs crossed, clad in his brown parka and the mittens has raised at least $1.8 million for charities.


text:
Relevanssi replaces the standard WordPress search with a better search engine, with lots of features and configurable options. You'll get better results, better presentation of results – your users will thank you.
This is the free version of Relevanssi. There's also Relevanssi Premium, which has added features. For more information about Premium, see Relevanssi.com.
Do note that using Relevanssi may require large amounts (hundreds of megabytes) of database space (for a reasonable estimate, multiply the size of your wp_posts
database table by three). If your hosting setup has a limited amount of space for database tables, using Relevanssi may cause problems. In those cases use of Relevanssi cannot be recommended.
Key features
- Search results sorted in the order of relevance, not by date.
- Fuzzy matching: match partial words, if complete words don't match.
- Find documents matching either just one search term (OR query) or require all words to appear (AND query).
- Search for phrases with quotes, for example "search phrase".
- Create custom excerpts that show where the hit was made, with the search terms highlighted.
- Highlight search terms in the documents when user clicks through search results.
- Search comments, tags, categories and custom fields.
- Multisite friendly.
- bbPress support.
- Gutenberg friendly.
Advanced features
- Adjust the weighting for titles, tags and comments.
- Log queries, show most popular queries and recent queries with no hits.
- Restrict searches to categories and tags using a hidden variable or plugin settings.
- Index custom post types and custom taxonomies.
- Index the contents of shortcodes.
- Google-style "Did you mean?" suggestions based on successful user searches.
- Support for WPML multi-language plugin and Polylang.
- Support for s2member membership plugin, Members, Groups, Simple Membership and other membership plugins.
- Advanced filtering to help hacking the search results the way you want.
- Search result throttling to improve performance on large databases.
- Disable indexing of post content and post titles with a simple filter hook.
Premium features (only in Relevanssi Premium)
- Indexing attachment content (PDF, Office, Open Office).
- Improved spelling correction in "Did you mean?" suggestions.
- Searching across multiple sites in the same multisite installation.
- Search and index user profiles.
- Search and index taxonomy term pages (categories, tags, custom taxonomies).
- Search and index arbitrary columns in wp_posts MySQL table.
- Assign weights to any post types and taxonomies.
- Assign extra weight to new posts.
- Let the user choose between AND and OR searches, use + and – operator (AND and NOT).
- Export and import settings.
- WP CLI commands.
- Related posts.
- Redirects for searches.
- Cristian Damm for tag indexing, comment indexing, post/page exclusion and general helpfulness.
- Marcus Dalgren for UTF-8 fixing.
- Warren Tape for 2.5.5 fixes.
- Mohib Ebrahim for relentless bug hunting.
- John Calahan for extensive 4.0 beta testing.
- Install the plugin from the WordPress plugin screen.
- Activate the plugin.
- Go to the plugin settings page and build the index following the instructions there.
- That's it!
Relevanssi uses the standard search form and doesn't usually need any changes in the search results template.
If the search does not bring any results, your theme probably has a query_posts() call in the search results template. That throws Relevanssi off. For more information, see The most important Relevanssi debugging trick.
To uninstall the plugin remove the plugin using the normal WordPress plugin management tools (from the Plugins page, first Deactivate, then Delete). If you remove the plugin files manually, the database tables and options will remain.
Knowledge Base
You can find solutions and answers at the Relevanssi Knowledge Base.
Contextual help
Answers to many common problems can be found from the contextual menu. Just click "Help" in the top right corner of your WordPress admin dashboard on the Relevanssi settings page.
Relevanssi doesn't work
If you the results don't change after installing and activating Relevanssi, the most likely reason is that you have a call to
on your search results template. This confuses Relevanssi. Try removing thequery_posts()
call and see what happens. -
Searching for words with ampersands or hyphens doesn't work
Please read Words with punctuation can't be found. This is a Relevanssi feature, but you can fix it from Relevanssi indexing settings.
Where are the user search logs?
See the top of the admin menu. There's 'User searches'.
Displaying the relevance score
Relevanssi stores the relevance score it uses to sort results in the $post variable. Just add something like
echo $post->relevance_score
to your search results template inside a PHP code block to display the relevance score.
Did you mean? suggestions
Relevanssi offers Google-style "Did you mean?" suggestions. See "Did you mean" suggestions in the Knowledge Base for more details.
What is tf * idf weighing?
It's the basic weighing scheme used in information retrieval. Tf stands for term frequency while idf is inverted document frequency. Term frequency is simply the number of times the term appears in a document, while document frequency is the number of documents in the database where the term appears.
Thus, the weight of the word for a document increases the more often it appears in the document and the less often it appears in other documents.
What are stop words?
Each document database is full of useless words. All the little words that appear in just about every document are completely useless for information retrieval purposes. Basically, their inverted document frequency is really low, so they never have much power in matching. Also, removing those words helps to make the index smaller and searching faster.
Contributors & Developers
"Relevanssi – A Better Search" is open source software. The following people have contributed to this plugin.
Contributors"Relevanssi – A Better Search" has been translated into 14 locales. Thank you to the translators for their contributions.
Translate "Relevanssi – A Better Search" into your language.
Interested in development?
Browse the code, check out the SVN repository, or subscribe to the development log by RSS.
- Security fix: Prevent CSV injection attack in log export.
- Security fix: Restrict access to doc count updates.
- Minor fix: Product variations check the parent product for access restrictions, to avoid situations where variations of a draft product appear in the results.
- Minor fix: Improved TablePress compatibility.
- Minor fix: Added error handling to the Ninja Table compatibility code.
- Security fix: Relevanssi had a vulnerability where anyone could access the search logs and click logs. The log export is now protected.
- Minor fix: Relevanssi had problems with Polylang when a post or term didn't have language specified. Now Relevanssi handles those situations better.
- Minor fix: Post date throttling had a MySQL error that made it replace JOINs instead of concatenating.
- Minor fix: The log database table now has an index on session_id, as not having that index can slow down the search a lot.
- New feature: New filter hook
filters the arguments forwp_dropdown_categories()
in search forms. - Changed behaviour: Search form shortcode taxonomy dropdowns are now sorted alphabetically and not by term ID.
- Minor fix: Caught a bug in excerpt-building with empty words.
- Minor fix: It's now possible to set both
and likewise forparent__in
. - Minor fix: The
is no longer available as a query parameter. - Minor fix: It's now possible to sort posts in ascending order of relevance.
- Minor fix: Meta query boolean to array conversion.
- Changed behaviour: The 'relevanssi_index_content' and 'relevanssi_index_titles' filter hooks now get the post object as a second parameter.
- Minor fix: Relevanssi is now blocked in the reusable content block search.
- Minor fix: Stop Relevanssi from blocking the feed searches.
- Minor fix: Improve exact match boosts with accented letters.
- Minor fix: Entering synonyms in Polylang all languages mode was possible; it shouldn't be.
- New feature: New filter hook
makes it possible to adjust the regex used for highlighting. - New feature: New filter hook
filters the list of custom fields used for creating the excerpt. - New feature: New filter hook
filters the list of custom fields used for phrase matching. Return an empty array to disable phrase matching in custom fields. - New feature: New filter hook
filters the list of taxonomies used for phrase matching. Return an empty array to disable phrase matching in taxonomies. - New feature: If RELEVANSSI_DEBUG, WP_DEBUG and WP_DEBUG_DISPLAY are all true, Relevanssi will print out indexing debugging messages to the error log (PHP error log or whatever is defined in WP_DEBUG_LOG).
- Minor fix: Some ACF fields change the global $post, leading to indexing problems. Relevanssi tries to prevent that now.
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query variable being a non-string. - Minor fix: Term indexing with WPML only indexed the terms in the current admin language. Now the terms are indexed in all languages.
- New feature: Relevanssi can now create custom field specific excerpts that come from one custom field only and know which field that is.
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filters the excerpt custom field content ifrelevanssi_excerpt_specific_fields
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function now returns an array instead of string. Ifrelevanssi_excerpt_specific_fields
is off, the previous string return value is returned as a single-item array with the string in index 0. If the setting is on, the array keys are the field names. - Minor fix: The stopword population during the multisite installation used the wrong database table, leading to failed population.
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(priority 200) in order to avoid trouble. - Minor fix: The session ID is now included in the log export.
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- New feature: Logging now includes a session ID (based on user ID for logged-in users, HTTP user agent for others, and current time, stable for 10 minutes per user). This is used to remove duplicate searches from live searches, keeping only the final search query.
- New feature: New filter hook
lets you modify the search query for highlighting. - Changed behavior: Relevanssi no longer searches in feed searches by default.
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can be used to control which ACF field types are excluded from the index. By default, this includes 'repeater', 'flexible_content', and 'group'. - New feature: New filter hook
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- Minor fix: ACF field exclusion is now recursive. If a parent field is excluded, all sub fields will also be excluded.
- Minor fix: Handling of data attributes in in-document highlighting had a bug that caused problems with third-party plugins.
- Minor fix: The indexing settings tab now checks if the wp_relevanssi database table exists and will create the table if it doesn't.
- New feature: Relevanssi now has a debug mode that will help troubleshooting and support.
- Minor fix: Using the_permalink() caused problems with search result links. That is now fixed. Relevanssi no longer hooks onto
hook and instead usespost_link
and other similar hooks.
- New feature: New filter hook
can be used to force Relevanssi to add thehighlight
and tracking parameters to permalinks. - Changed behaviour: The 'relevanssi_wpml_filter' filter function now runs on priority 9 instead of 10 to avoid problems with custom filters on relevanssi_hits_filter.
- Minor fix: Handle cases of missing posts better; relevanssi_get_post() now returns a WP_Error if no post is found.
- Minor fix: Search queries that contain apostrophes and quotes can now be deleted from the log.
- Minor fix: Avoid a slow query on the searching tab when the throttle is not enabled.
- New feature: Relevanssi now shows the MySQL
size on the debug tab. - New feature: Relevanssi now shows the indexing query on the debug tab.
- New feature: ACF field settings now include a 'Exclude from Relevanssi index' setting. You can use that to exclude ACF fields from the Relevanssi index.
- Minor fix: Relevanssi was adding extra quotes around search terms in the
parameter. - Minor fix: Yet another update to data attributes in highlighting. Thanks to Faeddur.
- Minor fix: Taxonomy query handling was improved. This should help in particular Polylang users who've had problems with Relevanssi ignoring Polylang language restrictions.


text:
The debate over immigration has been dominated by politicians, pundits, and activists with differing viewpoints -- but rarely from those who hire immigrant workers, particularly in the garment industry.
Dov Charney runs American Apparel, the largest single garment factory in the United States. It's not your typical garment factory. There's electronica music playing in the showroom, hip, edgy, sexually suggestive photo ads on every wall, and a thriving team spirit among the workers.
And Charney is not your typical garment factory boss. The energetic and wiry 37-year-old regularly stops by each department to greet his employees. Like nearly all of his 3,800 workers, Charney is an immigrant -- though in his case, a Canadian with a green card.
He says 75 percent of his workforce is probably Mexican, and he claims to check the legal status of each one. "Everyone who works here, we check their documents -- but we don't over-document or under-document," he says. "We follow the law in a very precise manner."
Still, Charney admits that fake identification cards are easy to come by, and that many of those toiling in the apparel industry and similar businesses are undocumented.
"Agriculture, apparel, all the fundamental industries -- they're laced with falsely documented workers," he says, and the U.S. economy depends on this class of American workers.
But he adds that doesn't mean workers should be exploited, and American Apparel is something of a maverick in the industry when it comes to employee health and benefits. And the work environment is radically different, too. Every afternoon, workers take a 10-minute break for synchronized stretching exercises, and a team of massage therapists roams the factory floor to offer free neck rubs all day.
Earning twice the California minimum wage, employees get subsidized lunches, subsidized health insurance, free on-site English classes and free bus tokens -- even company bicycles to get to and from work. Charney likes to boast that American Apparel is "sweatshop free."
The strategy seems to be paying off -- last year, American Apparel earned more than $200 million in sales. The company is just three years old and already has 125 retail stores in the United States and around the world, and there are plans to expand.
Charney plans to use his clout to make a political statement -- on May 1, the factory will close so that he and his workers will take part in the national boycott for immigrant rights. He says he is in favor of liberal immigration policies, including open borders and an amnesty for immigrant workers -- and he's tired of hearing critics blame immigrants for all the problems facing America.
"Immigrants are the engine of our economy, whether we want to admit it or not," he says. "They're here, legal or illegal -- [a] fundamental part of the economy is these workers."
Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.


text:
Hard News: It's not funny because it's our money
146 Responses
First ←Older Page 1 2 3 4 5 6 Newer→ Last
It is sheer audacity to be asking our Education, Health and Conservation ministries to be tightening their belts while this kind of wasteful spending is taking place.
I can't even bring myself to watch it *rage*
Forgive me for raising the roof, but...
Four words: SOCIALISM. FOR. THE. RICH.
Nah, the saddest thing is that Ministerial Question Time is supposed to be a pretty basic mechanism for public transparency and accountability in a legislature that actually has real and lasting impacts on people's lives.
Brownlee isn't the first to treat it like open mic night at a third rate comedy club -- hell, he's not even the worse since we now have a Speaker who will insist (for the most part) Ministers at least make a plausible impersonation of answering the question. But it's tiresome beyond belief.
Steve Barnes, in reply to
Brownlee isn't the first to treat it like open mic night at a third rate comedy club
Our "Esteemed Prime Minister" also enjoys this disgraceful abuse of Parliament. I have said it before and I will continue to pronounce that this, so called Government, is acting more and more like an opposition, who are they opposing? all of us that's who.
Brownlee is one of the ugly faces of the National Party…and I'm not talking about his appearance. Somewhere I have an mp3 of him in full cry, making his contempt for democracy and accountability all too clear. I've kept it to remind me there are genuine democracy-hating fascists in the National Party…and they hold many important jobs. I'll post it somewhere later today. In the meantime, here is a Scoop story reporting Gerry Brownlee, in 2009, simply refusing to answer a question about mining on conservation land. Relevant to recent moves to enable mining in……conservation land. Scoop story
Does seem fascinating that Genter has an ( valid) issue about expensive consultants reports , when she is the author of a number of expensive consultants reports.
As well , to be caught out by Brownshirt over whether Levin- Otaki was a RoN or not seems sloppy
Raffe Smith, in reply to
But Otaki-Levin is listed as part of the Wellington Northern Corridor RoNS by the NZTA here. Gerry was telling a fib.
The "Levin to Wellington Airport" Wellington Northern Corridor suggests that there's a decent chance the Otaki to Levin section is/was part if that project.
Also surprising that Brownlee doesn't want to do business cases for walking/cycling projects or for NZTA to investigate the economic impact of urban form from a transport perspective.
Hardly a fair contest of intellect, is it? And this is one of the government's geniuses in charge. Sorry, Christchurch. Note Winston sniffing blood and demanding some attention.
Sacha, in reply to
Genter is talking about over $200m in consulting fees for early stage work on the RONS projects. The policy reports she worked on were worth a tiny fraction of that (and a different form of 'consulting').
The cancelled expressway section was most certainly part of the project - hoping someone pings Brownlee for lying to Parliament.
But don't take our word for it - here's the actual experts at TransportBlog. Oh, and there's an NZTA map if you need visual evidence.
From the Transport Agency website
Otaki to Levin
The NZ Transport Agency (NZTA) has completed preliminary work on investigating improvements to the approximately 30km section of State Highway 1 (SH1) from north Otaki to north of Levin. This project is part of the Wellington Northern Corridor, which has been identified by the Government as a road of national significance.
considering there are only 7 roads with this status it is inconceivable that Brownlee did not know this highway was part of it. It is also inconceivable that Genter didnt seek to table this part of the website that pointed this out.
If Otaki- Levin is a RoN , why was Brownlee allowed to get away with his lie. This was the big story and the primary question.
eg Can the Minister confirm that Levin Otaki is NOT a RON as he said in his primary.
Genter had at hand the numbers for the rebuttal over the traffic comparison of Puhoi and Auckland rail loop, and this was an answer to a follow up question.
One of these people is a former woodwork teacher while the other is a transport planning expert. But he seems to have bested her - fair means or foul.
And could Genter stop her sniggering at the beginning of answers. That is certainly what you would expect at a '4th rate' comedy club
Steve Withers, in reply to
Genter is a new MP. She may yet seek to table that information when she has had time to think and consult / get advice. If the Minister is lying that could / should see a complaint to the Speaker....one he can't help but uphold because Brownlee got caught making sh*t up.....again.
Sacha, in reply to
why was Brownlee allowed to get away with his lie
I imagine someone will force him to apologise to the House.
Sacha, in reply to
he seems to have bested her
Really? Lying and resorting to personal attacks is not usually a sign of success, is it?
Russell Brown, in reply to
And could Genter stop her sniggering at the beginning of answers. That is certainly what you would expect at a '4th rate' comedy club
She was smiling because the business-case reports Brownlee was deliberately mocking were her work -- he was trying to get at her. Perhaps she should practice her stern face for such circumstances, but it seems harsh to judge her on that.
Russell Brown, in reply to
he seems to have bested her
I thought by the time Brownlee was forced to tell the lame lame jokes twice he was clearly Not Winning.
Sacha, in reply to
Perhaps she should practice her stern face
Sometimes laughter is the best response to people behaving absurdly. Metiria used it to great effect on the recent Native Affairs panel when village idiot Brendan Horan started spouting about the hygiene of the poor (no I'm not kidding).
Joe Wylie, in reply to
I thought by the time Brownlee was forced to tell the lame lame jokes twice he was clearly Not Winning.
Brownlee's brand of gloating philistinism hasn't done his career any harm. This is the guy whose being "too busy" to attend his Ilam candidates meeting didn't even need to be spun as some kind of political plus - sheer electoral inertia took care of that. Any mutterings of outrage from the assembled citizenry were quelled by a poisonous glare from the diminutive forelock tugger who made the announcement.
Sacha, in reply to
I wonder if voters mistake bluster for strength, or if they're silently wanting a scared little boy in charge.
Gerry serves at the behest of the Queen, as do they all. They swear no allegiance to the voters, none at all. Secretly the coalition govt. is trying to behave so terribly that a Republic seems inevitable.
Then, Brownlee for President.
Footnote, would love to join the dots on this deal, http://www.nzherald.co.nz/business/news/article.cfm?c_id=3&objectid=10820433
Solid Energy is of course, up for sale. -
Joe Wylie, in reply to
One of Brownlee's anonymous online acolytes was recently defending his CERA role by claiming he works 80 hours per week. Presumably it's bad form to draw attention to the fact that he's also morbidly obese.
That a proactive political grotesque gets away with this sort of third-world nonsense is an ugly, ugly reflection of whats wrong with us.
eg Can the Minister confirm that Levin Otaki is NOT a RON as he said in his primary.
Gerry: "Yes."
Now what?
(He did say it twice. At a guess he thinks it's a section of a RON, not a RON. Not sure if the grammar actually works for that.)
Anyway, you could spend all your time back and forth that or keep after actual information on the off chance some accidentally emerges.
Admittedly it is traditional to take a point of order pointing out, in parliamentary language, that the minister is making stuff up – and then be told that's not a valid point of order. But anyone who would care about that already heard. We're talking about it here, right?
And I can't recall the details but one of the unfortunate things Lockwood has done is set the 'misleading parliament' bar quite high.
Post your response…
This topic is closed.


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Whatever seasons or holidays we are in the midst of, they are most always reflected in a little bit of decor details around our home. I've just always enjoyed the changing of seasons, the anticipations of family holiday celebrations around the bend, and weaving that inspiration into the fabric of my homemaking.
But increasingly over the years I have found, that the way to Easter in the heart and home, doesn't come so easily.
I don't want to bring out the Easter specific elements of our decor in the weeks before Easter. I don't feel drawn to embracing that beautiful spirit of Easter joy just yet, that I know is on it's way, come Easter Sunday morning. I don't jump on the anticipation of excitement, as I do with any other approaching season or holiday.
But I do know why.
[Read more…]


text:
I often get asked about how some of the other Continental tires roll, such as the Attack/Force models, and the 23C version of the SuperSonic tire. Well, thanks to Eric Reid (who sent me a new Attack and a slightly used Force) along with Thomas Gerlach (who sent me a VERY well used 23C SuperSonic) I know have a couple of those data points.
To be clear on the SuperSonic, when I say very well used, I mean VERY well used...according to Thomas, this tire has ~600-1000 miles on it of rear tire used. When mounted on my Mavic Open Pro test rim and inflated to 120 psi, I measured a flat section on the tread that was a full 7mm across. In other words, it was near "end of life" ;-)
So, without further ado, here are their results:
Continental Supersonic 23C (WELL worn) = .0027, 25W for pair @ 40kph
Continental Attack 22C = .0035, 32W for pair @ 40kph
Continental Force 24C = .0029, 27W for pair @ 40kph
By comparison, here's the results for the "benchmark" GP4000S:
Continental GP4000S 23C = .0034, 31W for pair @ 40kph
My suspicion is that a new 23C Supersonic would probably test out closer to .0030. The worn Crr result puts it currently at the top of my Crr chart, but with a hefty asterisk.
The result for the Attack model shows it to roll about the same as (or just slightly worse than) the GP4000S, but with its narrower profile (22.7mm vs. 24.2mm) it should be slightly more aerodynamic. The Force model rolled very well, although it too had a small amount of miles on it. It basically put it in a tie, or slightly behind the top mark for a brand new tire I've tested, the Specialized Turbo Cotton. However, it also measured a fairly wide 25mm on my narrow test rim. On a wider rim, such as a Zipp Super9 disc, it would most likely measure as much as 26mm.
The spreadsheet linked to in the upper right of this blog has been updated to include these results.


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text:
Iain Dalton
At the time conditions in prisons were bad. Strangeways had a certified capacity of 970, yet at the time of the riot the prison was holding 1,647 prisoners.
Prisoners on remand were in their cells 18 hours a day. Category A prisoners were in their cells 22 hours a day, only being allowed out to slop out - empty their chamber pots - for an hour's exercise and for a weekly shower. There was no change of kit for most prisoners after showers, and young prisoners had no work and few activities to keep them occupied.
The prisoners put these demands through the Manchester Evening News:
* Improved visiting facilities, including the right to physical contact with visitors and a children's play area.
* Category A prisoners to be allowed to wear their own clothes and be able to receive food parcels.
* Longer exercise periods.
* An end to the 23-hour-a-day lock-up.
The riot led to the setting up of a public inquiry under Lord Woolf which concluded that prison conditions were 'intolerable' and urged reform.
But a scurrilous article in the Society Guardian on 3 March this year attempted to put the responsibility for the riot onto violence-seeking prisoners and lazy prison officers who couldn't see the vision of the newly installed reforming prison governor Brendan O'Friel.
Yet the Woolf report noted that his reforms hadn't done much to alleviate the standards of prison life and called the conditions 'still wholly intolerable'.
Prisons had been understaffed for years, resulting in prisoners being locked up for longer and longer periods.
As part of the government's Fresh Start scheme for prison staffing, prisons had been reducing the number of hours overtime worked by prison officers as well as making other 'efficiency savings' whilst not making up for this by increasing staffing levels.
This also led to the increasing use of sedatives to keep control of the prison population.
After the Woolf report there was a slowdown in the growth of the prison population. Many prisons were improved so that they contained integrated sanitation and Strangeways itself was rebuilt at a cost of £55 million after the damage it had suffered during the riot. It was re-opened as Manchester prison.
But since then the prison population has shot up again. It is now over the 80,000 mark, which necessitated the use of police and court cells to hold prisoners during 2007. Although slopping out is supposed to have been phased out, it is still present in a few prisons such as Peterhead.
Some right-wing media portray prison conditions as luxury accommodation, yet as the Strangeways riot showed, it is far from the 'holiday camp' they wish to portray.


text:
Tuberculosis (TB) transmission is a key factor for disease-control policy, but the timing and distribution of transmission and the role of social contacts remain obscure.
We develop an agent-based epidemic simulation of a TB in a single population, and consider a hierarchically structured contact network in three levels, typical of airborne diseases. The parameters are adopted from the literature, and the epidemic simulation model is calibrated to a setting of high TB incidence.
We model the dynamics of disease transmission at the individual level, and study the timing of secondary infections from a single source throughout the duration of the disease. Using simulation, we compare the patterns of disease transmission among different networks and discuss implications. Sensitivity analysis of outputs indicates the robustness of the results to variations in the parameter values.
Epidemiology Simulation with Agent-Based Modeling Software
TB is an airborne disease transmitted through infectious contact with an active case. TB transmission is one of the key determinants of epidemic severity, and has important implications for design, implementation, and scaling-up of control interventions (e.g., improved diagnosis, active case finding) that aim to reduce the rate of disease transmission.
Unlike other airborne diseases such as influenza, however, TB transmission is not directly measurable, i.e., available diagnostic techniques cannot estimate the original timing of infection in diagnosed cases. TB also has a predilection for establishment of a latent state that is non-infectious and asymptomatic, but may progress to active, infectious disease at any time.
As a result, one cannot reliably differentiate between primary infection with rapid progression to active disease, re-infection following a remote initial infection, or reactivation of a previous latent infection. Such limitations pose several challenges to the study of disease transmission dynamics across populations, including the lack of informative data to trace the chain of transmission across various contact networks in retrospective studies.
The prospective following a cohort population, on the other hand, are prohibitively expensive and restricted by the time and budget constraints. In such settings, the relationships between the duration of disease, symptom burden, contact networks, diagnosis/treatment, and patients' infectiousness remain obscure.
We propose an agent-based epidemic simulation model for the study of disease (TB) transmission dynamics and to discover the role of various contact networks. Our model simulates the TB epidemic course across a single population and uses a hierarchical network of contacts at three levels, typical to the transmission of airborne diseases.
Parameters are chosen from the literature, and the model is calibrated to a setting of high TB incidence. We use our epidemic simulation model to study disease transmission dynamics at an individual level, with regard to the timing and distribution of secondary infections from a single source.
The average time for disease transmission to reach 50% of infections at an individual level is estimated, and the timing patterns are compared among different networks. We perform sensitivity analysis of results with regard to multiple parameter values, and discuss the implications for TB control policy.
Modeling TB dynamics has a long history, including mathematical models and analytical techniques to describe and predict disease prevalence at the population level. Analytical studies, however, are usually restricted by their simplifying assumptions regarding the population heterogeneity, network structure, and parameter uncertainty, and do not provide a realistic representation of disease transmission dynamics unlike epidemic simulation models.
Simulation modeling of TB epidemics in human populations, on the other hand, has a shorter history. One group of studies uses system dynamics to model disease prevalence at the population level.
Following a top-down approach, these studies divide the population into different health states, and use transition rates to describe the disease's natural history. A system of differential equations is used to model disease prevalence through time. In comparison to the analytical approach, such studies apply a semi-Markov system in which transition rates can change with time, and are able to capture output uncertainty.
Other researchers have developed discrete-event simulation (DES) models to evaluate the impact of new diagnostic tools, or to study more complex structure as in the coinfection of HIV/TB. The DES studies use a schedule of events that are executed in chronological order, and model disease transmission using random generation of Poisson distributions in each mixing group.
The aggregate (top-bottom) modeling nature of DES, however, offers low flexibility for direct modeling of contacts (and disease transmission events) at the individual level, and restricts application of such models to complex social networks.
In this article we consider a simulation model of disease transmission involving three contact networks that represent the main social relationships in the transmission of an airborne disease. Our epidemic simulation model simulates the stochastic contact events at an individual level and enables us to study patterns of disease transmission across different networks.


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