text:
The importance of trust for the ECB's monetary policy
Speech by Isabel Schnabel, Member of the Executive Board of the ECB, as part of the seminar series "Havarie Europa. Zur Pathogenese europäischer Gegenwarten" at the Hamburg Institute for Social Research (Hamburger Institut für Sozialforschung)
Frankfurt am Main, 16 December 2020
Ladies and gentlemen,
Thank you for inviting me to join this seminar series. I am pleased to speak to you today about Europe and about the euro. The seminar series "Havarie Europa", literally translated as "shipwreck Europe", touches on a topic that all proponents of European integration are forced to deal with time and again: euro-scepticism.
Public trust in the European Union (EU) and European institutions like the European Central Bank (ECB) has suffered considerable strain in recent years due to the global financial crisis, the European sovereign debt crisis and the UK's withdrawal from the EU. At present, the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic is posing huge challenges for the European Economic and Monetary Union (EMU).
In these stormy conditions, the "ship Europe" has, however, not run aground. European institutions and national governments have responded rapidly and comprehensively to mitigate the economic impact of the pandemic. Europe has learned the lessons from past crises and shown that it is capable of navigating, even through turbulent waters. A "Havarie Europa" is therefore not within sight.
The progress we have made in overcoming these shared challenges should be reason for confidence. A crisis-proof and economically successful Europe provides the best arguments to counter euro-scepticism. In the long run, a high degree of public trust will ensure European institutions' capacity to act.
The relevance of trust for central banks
This also holds true for the European Central Bank. The trust of citizens in the ECB and public support for the euro are essential for the effectiveness of our monetary policy and the independence of the central bank.
Why is public trust so critically important for central banks?
Money is a credence good. The euro bills and coins in our wallets, like deposits at the bank, are so-called fiat money. That is, they are not backed by an intrinsic value such as gold. Our money is a social convention, the value of which depends on trust in the money-issuing institution – i.e. the central bank.
Public trust is therefore the cornerstone for fulfilling the ECB's primary mandate – maintaining price stability. Recent studies show that a high degree of trust is crucial for anchoring the inflation expectations of private households near the level that the central bank defines as price stability.[1] Stable inflation expectations in turn ensure that short-term deviations in inflation from the ECB's medium-term target do not take hold in the price and wage decisions of companies and households. This mechanism can be self-reinforcing, as the achievement of our monetary policy mandate may in turn strengthen trust in the ECB.
Furthermore, stable money and public trust in central banks are essential to generate broad acceptance of their independence in the population at large. Independence protects central banks against political interference and thus underpins the credibility of monetary policy. By contrast, a lack of public trust can render the central bank more vulnerable to political pressure. In a worst-case scenario, such a development can call into question the central bank's independence.[2]
Central banks' public perception has changed substantially since the 2007-2009 global financial crisis. The tasks carried out by many central banks have become more diverse, for instance in the areas of banking supervision and financial stability. Many central banks today perform important functions in the field of macroprudential supervision, which deals with questions of systemic financial stability. In the area of monetary policy, the use of unconventional instruments has increased, in part reflecting long-term structural changes in the economy such as an ageing population or declining productivity growth. The ECB has thus introduced negative interest rates and bond-buying programmes to safeguard price stability in the euro area.
The functioning of these measures is complex and its relationship to the mandate of the central bank is not easy to understand. Complexity often fuels suspicion. Hence the new measures are being questioned by parts of the public and some politicians, not least because of their suspected effects on house prices and inequality. This is all the more true as the ECB has not achieved its inflation target of below, but close to, 2 percent for several years, despite its extensive measures.
Since the financial crisis, central banks therefore face new challenges relating to their communication and accountability. Transparency and a clear explanation of monetary policy measures are essential for a high degree of trust.
These challenges are particularly pronounced for the ECB, as it is responsible for monetary policy in the entire euro area. The ECB has to gain public trust in 19 Member States, some of which have very different expectations when it comes to monetary policy. It is therefore all the more important for the ECB to analyse the evolution of public perceptions regarding its monetary policy, with a view to maintaining and increasing citizens' trust in the long run.
Trust in the ECB and the euro: empirical results
Public trust in European institutions and the ECB can be analysed using public surveys and empirical research.[3] The Eurobarometer survey offers a good basis for such an analysis, given that it provides data on trust in the currency union covering the entire period since its inception.
Descriptive analysis: trust in the ECB and the euro over time
Trust in the ECB – similar to trust in European institutions overall – has declined in the years following the financial crisis.[4] Net trust, the difference between the share of respondents who trust the ECB and those who do not, has been almost continuously negative for nearly ten years (Figure 1). Meanwhile, support for the euro has increased slightly over this period. According to the July 2020 Eurobarometer survey, 75 % of respondents are in favour of the European currency while 17 % are opposed to the euro, implying that net support is clearly positive.
Figure 1
Net trust in the ECB and net support for the euro.
At first glance, this divergence between a comparatively low level of trust in the ECB on the one hand and growing support for the euro on the other hand appears contradictory, since the ECB, as a European institution, is responsible for the single currency. It is therefore important to analyse this divergence more precisely by considering different euro area countries and groups in the population.[5]
In terms of attitudes towards the ECB and the euro, four groups can be distinguished: monetary union sceptics (red), who neither support the euro nor trust the ECB; ECB-sceptics (yellow), who support the euro, but do not trust the ECB; euro-sceptics (blue), who do not support the euro, but trust the ECB; and monetary union supporters (green), who support the euro and trust the ECB (Figure 2).
Figure 2
Typology of attitudes towards the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU).
For the euro area as a whole, monetary union supporters represent the largest share of the population in most years. The share of this group reached its lowest point in 2014 in the wake of the European sovereign debt crisis, but has grown to around 40 % since 2016 (Figure 3).
Empirical data do, however, also show an increase in the share of respondents who support the euro but have no trust in the ECB.[6] Since the European sovereign debt crisis, this share has been stable at around 30 %.
Figure 3
Attitudes towards EMU over time, 1999-2019.
However, this overall picture for the euro area conceals heterogeneous developments in individual Member States. An analysis of empirical data at the country level suggests that attitudes towards the monetary union depend on economic developments.
Countries that were severely affected by the financial crisis, such as Greece and Spain, experienced a relatively sharp decline in public support (Figure 4).[7] In Italy and Portugal, monetary union sceptics temporarily constituted the largest group. By contrast, the number of monetary union supporters in countries less affected by the financial crisis remained at a relatively high level.[8]
However, even in France and Germany, ECB-sceptics temporarily represented the largest group.[9]
Figure 4
Attitudes towards EMU over time, 1999-2019, by country.
Descriptive analysis: trust in the ECB and the euro by socio-economic characteristics
The analysis at country level provides initial indications that citizens' perceptions of the economic situation influence their attitudes towards the monetary union. The consideration of individual socio-economic characteristics confirms this conjecture: survey data support the conclusion that citizens who assess the current economic outlook in Europe positively are more supportive of the monetary union (Figure 5). Monetary union supporters constitute the clear majority among those respondents who assess the European economic situation at the time of the survey as rather good or very good. Conversely, monetary union sceptics form the largest group among those respondents who perceive the economy to be in a very bad state. The share of ECB-sceptics in all four groups of respondents has increased over time.
Figure 5
Attitudes towards EMU by perception of the current economic situation in Europe.
A similar picture emerges when considering respondents' personal financial situation. Those respondents who consider their own financial situation to be rather good or very good tend to be more supportive of the monetary union. Conversely, respondents with financial difficulties are more sceptical of the monetary union (Figure 6).
Figure 6
Attitudes towards EMU by perception of the current economic situation of own household.
Similar patterns are also reflected in the respondents' attitudes towards the EMU depending on their level of education and their occupational background. People with a higher level of education are more likely to support the monetary union (Figure 7). For instance, manual workers and unemployed individuals display much lower levels of trust than white-collar workers and self-employed individuals.[10]
Figure 7
Attitudes towards EMU by educational level (age upon completion of full-time education).
However, no systematic differences in trust in the ECB and the single currency emerge when comparing differences in trust among various birth cohorts (Figure 8).[11]
Figure 8
Attitudes towards EMU by birth cohort.
Multivariate analyses: trust in the ECB and the euro
The descriptive analysis of Eurobarometer data can only provide limited insights into the key factors that influence trust in the ECB and the euro. It is therefore crucial to corroborate these study results by using more advanced analytical methods.
Multivariate analyses confirm the influence of socio-economic variables on individuals' trust in the ECB. For example, Bursian and Fürth (2015) show that even when controlling for other variables, respondents with a higher level of education, qualification and income, as well as individuals living in urban areas tend to trust the ECB more, while unemployed and retired individuals display a lower level of trust in the ECB.[12]
Based on an analysis of Eurobarometer data, Farvaque et al. (2016) argue that the perception of future economic developments plays an important role: trust in the ECB grows with a more positive assessment of the economic outlook.[13]
Moreover, the literature suggests that robust knowledge regarding the ECB's mandate and tasks significantly strengthens trust in the central bank. For instance, Ehrmann et al. (2013) and Kaltenthaler et al. (2010) find that factual expertise regarding the ECB is accompanied by greater trust in the institution.[14] A study by Mellina and Schmidt (2018) concludes that the link between these characteristics also affects households' inflation expectations.[15]
In addition to advanced (objective) knowledge regarding the central bank, the subjective perception of one's own monetary policy expertise also seems to affect trust in the ECB. Based on German data, Hayo and Neuenkirch (2014) conclude that – in addition to expert knowledge about the ECB and monetary policy – individuals' subjectively perceived understanding of the ECB has a significant positive effect on respondents' trust in the institution.[16] In a similar vein, Cruijsen and Eijffinger (2010) show that in the Netherlands, respondents tend to trust the ECB more if they view themselves as knowledgeable in the area of monetary policy.[17]
Ehrmann et al. (2013) observe that there is a link between general support for EU institutions and trust in the ECB.[18] Kaltenthaler et al. (2010) show that trust in the ECB is greater in respondents who believe that their country's interests are represented in the EU and who are satisfied with the functioning of democracy in the EU.[19]
Studies also allow for a distinction to be drawn between those factors that affect trust in the ECB and support for the euro. Bergbauer et al. (2020) carry out an empirical analysis which shows that support for the euro tends to be related to respondents' agreement regarding the general values of European cooperation. Trust in the ECB, on the other hand, hinges more on the citizens' satisfaction with the concrete performance of the EU – and in particular its economic achievements.[20]
Trust in the ECB during the pandemic – initial findings
These insights highlight the importance of successful economic policy to sustain and strengthen citizens' trust in public institutions in the long term. The severe economic crisis resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic is therefore a major challenge to citizens' trust in the ECB, the euro and the European Union in general.
At the beginning of the pandemic period, the ECB was confronted with a dramatically deteriorating situation in financial markets. A rapid surge in uncertainty prompted market participants to abruptly withdraw funds invested in risky asset classes. Risk premia in many market segments rose sharply and funding conditions worsened markedly. However, the ECB's swift and decisive policy response had a calming effect on financial markets. The Composite Indicator of Systemic Stress (CISS) used by the ECB indicates that this policy response has averted a severe financial market crisis in the spring of 2020 (Figure 9).
Figure 9
Indicator for systemic stress in financial markets (CISS).
The ECB's crisis measures consist mainly of a new temporary asset purchase programme, tailored specifically to the pandemic crisis – the pandemic emergency purchase programme (PEPP). In addition, the ECB provides ample liquidity to banks at highly favourable conditions, thus ensuring that they continue to lend to businesses and households in the euro area. The ECB's crisis measures thus ensure the smooth transmission of our monetary policy measures to the entire euro area.
The economic consequences of the pandemic have especially affected those countries that already had relatively high debt levels prior to the crisis and where confidence in the ECB was rather low.[21] At the beginning of the pandemic period, there was thus a concern that limited fiscal space in some euro area countries would significantly constrain the fiscal response to the crisis. These fears increased the risk of fragmentation in euro area financing conditions, which was immediately reflected in the evolution of risk premia in European bond markets. The ECB effectively countered this risk, in particular by swiftly implementing the PEPP (Figure 10).
Figure 10
10-year yield spreads of selected government bonds over German equivalents.
Complementing the ECB's crisis response and national fiscal support programmes, comprehensive measures were passed at the European level to provide financial support to governments, businesses and employees during the pandemic. In July, the European heads of state decided to expand the multiannual financial framework by €750 billion over a period of six years, starting in 2021, to enable long-term investments and structural reforms in the EU Member States. These European crisis measures contributed significantly to reducing financial market stress.
It is undisputed that the large-scale monetary and fiscal policy measures cushioned the financial impact of the crisis significantly. However, it is still impossible to fully predict the impact on citizens' trust in the ECB and the euro. The latest survey data can nevertheless offer some tentative, though rather sobering insights into how public trust has evolved over the course of the pandemic crisis.[22]
Support for the euro has been largely stable.[23] By contrast, net trust in the ECB has fallen somewhat. A similar, yet even more pronounced, decrease could be observed with regard to trust in other supranational institutions like the European Commission and the European Parliament. Meanwhile, the latest survey results indicate that trust in national institutions seems to have increased over the course of the pandemic crisis (see Figure 11).
Figure 11
Net trust in European and national institutions.
This may be due to the fact that fiscal and healthcare policy initiatives at the national level were the most visible crisis response measures for the general public. Indeed, according to early surveys, a majority of respondents in the euro area (61 %) indicates satisfaction with the measures introduced by national governments. At the same time, respondents have split views regarding the measures taken by European institutions during the pandemic period: only 45 % of respondents view the crisis measures implemented to date favourably.[24]
Nevertheless, citizens generally attribute a key role in handling the crisis to the EU: 62 % of respondents believe that the EU will take the right measures to tackle the crisis. 88 % are in favour of the EU drawing up an economic recovery plan to support all Member States.[25] Furthermore, 85 % of citizens agree that the necessary funds should be made available to the EU in order to better manage similar crises in the future.[26]
According to many experts, the pandemic has demonstrated that European institutions, including the ECB, already have the capacity to effectively counteract an economic crisis in the euro area. Survey results are not yet reflecting this.
Measures to foster trust in the monetary union
What can European institutions take away from these findings?
Monetary and fiscal policy as a way out of the crisis
The pandemic carries the risk of reinforcing existing differences between individual EU Member States. Without a European policy response, Member States would have depended solely on their own fiscal space.
The empirical findings suggest that such a divergence at country level would weaken trust in European institutions in some parts of the euro area. It is therefore in the ECB's interest that European institutions can react to the challenges posed by the coronavirus pandemic in an efficient and coordinated manner.
It is crucial for the funds from the Next Generation EU recovery package to be used as productively as possible to sustainably increase countries' growth potential, thereby mitigating the risk of economic divergence.
A common monetary policy is an integral part of the European crisis response as it underpins the economic recovery by ensuring favourable financing conditions and ample liquidity provision. This allows monetary and fiscal policy measures to complement and reinforce each other.
Long-term deepening of European integration
The European fiscal and monetary policy response to the crisis can only be a starting point. The crisis has once again exposed the missing elements of the euro area's architecture. Nevertheless, the crisis has been countered decisively by means of a policy response at European level – in contrast to previous times.
However, this does not alter the premise that a deepening of European integration would be important to support economic convergence in Europe, thus also increasing the effectiveness of our single monetary policy. Empirical evidence suggests that such economic convergence could in turn increase trust in the ECB and our monetary policy in a sustainable manner.
On the one hand, there is a need for further European integration when it comes to the creation of common fiscal instruments at the European level and the reform of the fiscal framework. On the other hand, we should also focus on completing the banking union and strengthening the capital markets union.[27] All these elements would be important steps to make the single currency area more resilient to future crises.
Improving monetary policy communication
Improvements in communication are of vital importance for public trust in the ECB. A broad-based communication strategy is essential in our efforts to improve the public's understanding of the ECB's mandate and tasks. Empirical analysis of the survey results indicates that trust in the ECB remains particularly low in specific population groups. We must ask ourselves how we can ensure that our communication reaches all citizens across the entire euro area.
A better understanding of the mandate and the necessary independence of central banks also fosters trust in the ECB. Acceptance of our independence, meanwhile, is important in ensuring that the ECB can continue to fulfil its mandate in the best interest of European citizens, without being subject to political interference.
The complex structure of European decision-making processes poses particular challenges to communication efforts on the part of European institutions. In the ECB's case, we face an additional difficulty: our decisions often concern complex economic issues. Furthermore, our communication has so far largely focused on market participants and monetary policy experts – this has done little to help the general public better understand monetary policy.
The development of a more effective communication policy will therefore be a key topic in the context of our comprehensive monetary policy strategy review that we launched a few months ago.
An important element of this review process is that the ECB and the Eurosystem's national central banks engage in dialogue with civil society representatives. This dialogue will require us to engage with citizens' expectations regarding the ECB's role and to evaluate what these expectations imply for the review of our monetary policy strategy.[28] It is our aim to effectively use communication in order to strengthen public trust in the ECB in a sustainable manner.
Conclusions and outlook
Let me conclude.
Public trust in central banks is an indispensable foundation for successful monetary policy. In the case of the ECB, support for the euro is also a key indicator for the public's acceptance of a common monetary policy in the European economic and monetary union.
Survey data show that public support for the euro is high, even in crisis periods. However, public trust in the ECB has declined markedly since the global financial crisis.
The analysis of survey data suggests that trust in the currency union is affected by macroeconomic developments and socio-economic variables. While many of these factors lie outside of our monetary policy remit, these studies still enable us to gain some insights on how to strengthen trust.
A decisive European response to crises such as the current coronavirus pandemic can underpin trust in European institutions. This response requires a European architecture that provides suitable instruments to combat severe crises. Further steps towards European integration should strengthen Europe's capacity to act.
From the ECB's perspective, we have to focus our efforts on improving communication with the public at large. Empirical studies show that a better understanding of our mandate is concomitant with greater trust in the central bank. Communication will therefore play an important role in the ECB's strategy review.
Public trust in the ECB has a direct impact on our monetary policy. Trust in the central bank stabilises inflation expectations of private agents and increases the effectiveness of monetary policy measures. The achievement of our mandate may, in turn, contribute to fortifying trust in the ECB. From this perspective, it is crucial that, during the current pandemic, the ECB has taken extensive measures to meet its price stability objective.
Supported by strong European institutions, we have been able to withstand the turbulent waters of recent years. Together with the other European institutions, the ECB will continue to do its part to keep the "ship Europe" on course, even in the stormiest of conditions.
Thank you very much for your attention.
- See, for example, Christelis, D., Georgarakos, D., Jappelli, T. and van Rooij, M. (2020), "Trust in the central bank and inflation expectation", Working Paper Series, No 2375, European Central Bank; Mellina, S. and Schmidt, T. (2018), "The Role of Central Bank Knowledge and Trust for the Public's Inflation Expectations", Discussion Paper, No 32, Deutsche Bundesbank.
- See, for example, Ehrmann, M. and Fratzscher, M. (2011), "Politics and Monetary Policy", Review of Economics and Statistics, Vol. 93, pp. 941-960; Ehrmann, M., Soudan, M. and Stracca, L. (2013), "Explaining European Union Citizens' Trust in the European Central Bank in Normal and Crisis Times", The Scandinavian Journal of Economics, Vol. 115, pp. 781-807.
- Most of these analyses are based on the Eurobarometer survey, which is published by the European Commission.
- Please see Box 1 Developments in trust in public institutions since the global financial crisis in "Citizens' attitudes towards the ECB, the euro and Economic and Monetary Union", ECB, June 2020.
- The following presentation builds on the article "Citizens' attitudes towards the ECB, the euro and Economic and Monetary Union", European Central Bank (2020), Economic Bulletin, Issue 4. The analysis uses Eurobarometer survey data for the period 1999-2019.
- While the share of ECB-sceptics has recently fallen slightly, this group constituted the largest share of respondents in the euro area over the period from 2013 to 2016.
- The decline in support was particularly marked in Ireland, Greece, Spain, Cyprus, Portugal and Slovenia. In these countries, the share of ECB-sceptics and euro-sceptics increased notably. However, the number of monetary union supporters has meanwhile returned close to its pre-crisis level.
- These countries include, for example, Belgium, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Malta, Austria, Slovakia and Finland.
- At year-end 2019, the share of monetary union supporters had grown again, but the share of ECB-sceptics remained above its pre-crisis level. Compared with the country level, the patterns of support vary across regions – considerably so in places. Monetary union supporters were in the majority nationwide in countries such as Finland, Ireland, the Netherlands and Slovakia. Support for the Economic and Monetary Union varied more strongly across regions within Belgium, Germany, Spain, France and Portugal. For example, while ECB-sceptics were in the majority in eastern Germany and Bavaria between 2016 and 2019, monetary union supporters dominated in western Germany.
- Only around a third of those individuals who completed full-time education at the age of 15 or younger are monetary union supporters. In the group of people who were at least 20 years old when completing full-time education, the share of monetary union supporters rises to around 50 %. Monetary union supporters are mainly found among managers, students, other white-collar workers and self-employed individuals. By comparison, support for the monetary union among manual workers and unemployed individuals is 10 to 20 percentage points lower. The share of ECB-sceptics in this group is almost as high as the share of monetary union supporters.
- After the share of monetary union supporters had temporarily declined across all age cohorts in the wake of the financial and sovereign debt crisis, this group once again constituted the largest population share across all age cohorts at year-end 2019.
- Bursian, D. and Fürth, S. (2015), "Trust me! I am a European Central Banker", Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, Vol. 47, pp. 1503-530; similar results can be found in: Farvaque, E., Hayat, M.A. and Mihailov, A. (2016), "Who supports the ECB? Evidence from Eurobarometer survey data", The World Economy, Vol. 40, Issue 4, pp. 654-677.
- Farvaque, E. , Hayat, M. A. and Mihailov, A. (2016), "Who supports the ECB? Evidence from Eurobarometer survey data", The World Economy , 40 (4), 654–677.
- Ehrmann, M., Soudan, M. and Stracca, L. (2013), "Explaining European Union citizens' trust in the European Central Bank in normal and crisis times". The Scandinavian Journal of Economics, Vol. 115, pp. 781-807; Kaltenthaler, K., Anderson, C.J. and Miller, W.J. (2010), "Accountability and independent central banks: Europeans and distrust of the European Central Bank", JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies, Vol. 48, pp. 1261-1281. The empirical analysis shows that the link between expert knowledge and trust in the ECB was particularly strong during the financial crisis.
- Mellina, S. and Schmidt, T. (2018), "The Role of Central Bank Knowledge and Trust for the Public's Inflation Expectations", Discussion Paper, No 32, Deutsche Bundesbank. The analysis shows that knowledge about the ECB and the Bundesbank is an important factor influencing trust in both central banks; at the same time, greater trust in the ECB and the Bundesbank is correlated with respondents' lower inflation expectations.
- Hayo, B. and Neuenkirch, E. (2014), "The German public and its trust in the ECB: The role of knowledge and information search", Journal of International Money and Finance, Vol. 47, pp. 286-303.
- Van der Cruijsen, C. and Eijffinger, S. (2010), "From actual to perceived transparency: The case of the European Central Bank", Journal of Economic Psychology, Vol. 31, pp. 388-399.
- Ehrmann, M., Soudan, M. and Stracca, L. (2013), "Explaining European Union citizens' trust in the European Central Bank in normal and crisis times", The Scandinavian Journal of Economics, Vol. 115, No 3, pp. 781-807.
- Further attitude surveys show that both the respondents' economic interests and a strong identification with their own country influence support for the euro and European economic integration: Hobolt, S.B. and Leblond, P. (2014), "Economic insecurity and public support for the Euro: Before and during the financial crisis", in Bermeo, N. and Bartels, L.M. (eds.), Mass politics in tough times: Opinions, votes and protest in the great recession, Oxford University Press, Oxford/New York, pp. 128-147; Hobolt, S.B. and Wratil, C. (2015), "Public opinion and the crisis: The dynamics of support for the euro", Journal of European Public Policy, Vol. 22, Issue 2, pp. 238-256. Kuhn and Stoeckel (2014), for instance, conclude that a strong national identity has a negative influence on support for European economic integration, in particular in countries with a strong economy: Kuhn, T. and Stoeckel, F., (2014), "When European integration becomes costly: The euro crisis and public support for European economic governance", Journal of European Public Policy, Vol. 21, Issue 4, pp. 624-641.
- Bergbauer, S., Hernborg, N., Jamet, J.-F. and Persson, E. (2020), "The reputation of the euro and the European Central Bank: interlinked or disconnected?", Journal of European Public Policy, Vol. 27, Issue 8.
- Schnabel, I., "Unequal scars – distributional consequences of the pandemic", speech at the Deutscher Juristentag 2020, 18 September 2020.
- Data availability for the pandemic period is currently still limited. At present, the main sources are surveys from July 2020, which were published by the European Commission in October. It can therefore not be ruled out that further changes in citizens' attitudes will materialise over the course of the pandemic.
- European Commission Standard Eurobarometer 93 (summer 2020).
- European Commission Standard Eurobarometer 93 (summer 2020).
- European Commission Standard Eurobarometer 93 (summer 2020).
- According to a European Parliament survey published in October 2020 (press release, publication), two thirds of respondents support the transfer of additional competences to European institutions to deal with crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic.
- de Guindos, L., Panetta, F. and Schnabel, I., "Europe needs a fully fledged capital markets union – now more than ever", ECB blog, 2 September 2020.
- Another element supporting trust in the ECB is the regular presence of the ECB President at the European Parliament. The quarterly hearings provide an opportunity for us to explain our monetary policy decisions to the European citizens and their elected representatives.
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Full Text Of PMB's 2020 Easter Message To Nigerians
I rejoice with our Christian brothers and sisters as well as all Nigerians on the occasion of the celebration of this year's Easter.
This year's commemoration of Easter comes amid the grip with which Covid-19 has held the entire world.
Unprecedented in living memory, majority of Christians have found themselves marking Easter in a subdued manner, away from the usual congregation in churches. This is unusual and very unfortunate.
However, I wish to enjoin our Christian compatriots to rekindle their faith in Christ who overcame persecution, sufferings and displayed endurance, steadfastness and above all piety.
Jesus Christ represented man's ability to withstand temporary pains in the hope of everlasting glory.
I urge you to imbibe and live the values of humility, discipline, perseverance, sacrifice and obedience which Jesus Christ demonstrated during His stay on earth.
There is no better opportunity than now for all Christians in particular, and Nigerians in general, to remain faithful and hopeful that with intensified prayers backed by personal and collective responsibility, the nation shall pull through this most difficult trial.
I have no doubt that if all stakeholders – individuals and groups – play their part to the fullest as advised by our scientists and medical experts in confronting Covid-19, the inherent resilience and determination of our people will enable us to pull through.
As I stated in my national broadcast on Sunday, March 29, 2020, since there is currently no known vaccine against the virus, "the best and most efficient way to avoid getting infected is through regular hygiene and sanitary practices as well as social distancing."
May I use this opportunity to commend the encouraging containment and ameliorating strategies put in place by members of the Presidential Task Force on Covid-19.
I am very much aware of the personal and collective inconveniences suffered by our people due to measures such as restriction of movements and closure of business premises. Being "a matter of life and death," these sacrifices are in everybody's interest to save our country from calamity.
The welfare of our people is paramount. Accordingly, the most economically vulnerable in our communities will continue to be uppermost in our plans, and efforts will be made to supply them with basic means of survival.
While we see the Covid-19 pandemic as a global challenge, this administration is not oblivious of the constant threat posed to our national security by terrorists and insurgents. They may take this opportunity to perpetrate attacks. But our armed forces and other security and intelligence services will remain vigilant and continue to contain these threats and consolidate efforts to eradicate them completely.
As we mark this year's Easter, whatever the circumstances, I encourage you to make the most of the situation, and to keep safe.
I wish you all a Happy Easter.
Muhammadu Buhari
President, Federal Republic of Nigeria
April 10, 2020


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See the handwoven bamboo basket laying on its side on the left side of my suitcase? It cost about four dollars ($4 USD). I used it to transport three bottles of great mezcal and a blown glass Xaquixe decanter from Oaxaca to the USA. It traveled by bus and then plane. Of course, I wrapped everything in plastic bubble first, tucking everything in so nothing wiggled. Then, I put the bamboo tray over the opening and sealed my improvised shipping container well with duct tape.
I've used larger, rounder containers like this to pack fragile ceramics and wood carvings from Oaxaca with 99% success. Meaning, everything arrives whole and unbroken! It's essential to have an equally sturdy lid.
Shipping costs are so high, that if you can do-it-yourself, so much the better.
To the right of the basket you will see clear plastic zipper bags. I've saved them when I buy new sheets and pillows. These are fantastic, because one bag will contain my clothes, another my underwear and socks. I can see everything I need at a glance without having to rummage around. Bonus: if your luggage gets inspected at the airport, you know that everything will stay clean!
Feliz Viaje!
P.S. Buy these baskets at any market in Oaxaca. I got mine in Tlacolula and plan to carry it to Morocco. I always pack a roll of duct tape, a bit of bubble wrap and clear shipping tape. Comes in handy and doesn't weigh much!


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To the Clergy and People, About the Ordination of Aurelius as a Reader.
To the Clergy and People, About the Ordination of Aurelius as a Reader.
Argument.-Cyprian Tells the Clergy and People that Aurelius the Confessor Has Been Ordained a Reader by Him, and Commends, by the Way, the Constancy of His Virtue and His Mind, Whereby He Was Even Deserving of a Higher Degree in the Church.
1. Cyprian to the elders and deacons, and to the whole people, greeting. In ordinations of the clergy, beloved brethren, we usually consult you beforehand, and weigh the character and deserts of individuals, with the general advice.2 But human testimonies must not be waited for when the divine approval precedes. Aurelius, our brother, an illustrious youth, already approved by the Lord, and dear to God, in years still very young, but, in the praise of virtue and of faith, advanced; inferior in the natural abilities of his age, but superior in the honour he has merited,-has contended here in a double conflict, having twice confessed and twice been glorious in the victory of his confession, both when he conquered in the course and was banished, and when at length he fought in a severer conflict, he was triumphant and victorious in the battle of suffering. As often as the adversary wished to call forth the servants of God, so often this prompt and brave soldier both fought and conquered. It had been a slight matter, previously to have engaged under the eyes of a few when he was banished; he deserved also in the forum to engage with a more illustrious virtue so that, after overcoming the magistrates, he might also triumph over the proconsul, and, after exile, might vanquish tortures also. Nor can I discover what I ought to speak most of in him,-the glory of his wounds or the modesty of his character; that he is distinguished by the honour of his virtue, or praiseworthy for the admirableness of his modesty. He is both so excellent in dignity and so lowly in humility, that it seems that he is divinely reserved as one who should be an example to the rest for ecclesiastical discipline, of the way in which the servants of God should in confession conquer by their courage, and, after confession, be conspicuous for their character.
2. Such a one, to be estimated not by his years but by his deserts, merited higher degrees of clerical ordination and larger increase. But, in the meantime, I judged it well, that he should begin with the office of reading; because nothing is more suitable for the voice which has confessed the Lord in a glorious utterance, than to sound Him forth in the solemn repetition of the divine lessons; than, after the sublime words which spoke out the witness of Christ, to read the Gospel of Christ whence martyrs are made; to come to the desk after the scaffold; there to have been conspicuous to the multitude of the Gentiles, here to be beheld by the brethren; there to have been heard with the wonder of the surrounding people, here to be heard with the joy of the brotherhood. Know, then, most beloved brethren, that this man has been ordained by me and by my colleagues who were then present. I know that you will both gladly welcome these tidings, and that you desire that as many such as possible may be ordained in our church. And since joy is always hasty, and gladness can bear no delay, he reads on the Lord's day, in the meantime, for me; that is, he has made a beginning of peace, by solemnly entering on his office of a reader.3 Do you frequently be urgent in supplications, and assist my prayers by yours, that the Lord's mercy favouring us may soon restore both the priest4 safe to his people, and the martyr for a reader with the priest. I bid you, beloved brethren in God the Father, and in Jesus Christ, ever heartily farewell.


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I needed to have my kitchen faucet replaced a few months ago. I called several places but Pomona Valley County Plumbing had the best price. They did a great job and didn't charge more than what they quoted (even though it took longer than planned). When it came time a month ago to replace my HVAC unit, I contacted them again.
Violeta P
Resident, El Toro, CA


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Private tours Bulgaria. Bulgaria is no different from any other country in the world. It has its own history, heroes, legends. It surely had its falls and pinnacle.
Bulgaria is inviting you on private tours Bulgaria to learn more about the country. The country had difficult moments but it has always had its folklore. That folklore full of never ending energy which helped Bulgarians to survive through the centuries of wars.
It also helped them to stay as a nation. What does folklore mean? It is the beliefs, traditions, stories of a community which are passed through the generations by word of mouth. Bulgarian folk songs, Bulgarian traditional costumes have these in them.
The costume is one of the most typical elements of the Bulgarian folk culture. It reflects the specificity, traditional culture and life of the Bulgarian people. According to ethnography, the origin of the costume is mainly Slavonic. However, it bears features of the clothes that Thracians and ancient Bulgarians used to wear. Also, features of other peoples' can be noticed in the national costume. These are the nations that Bulgarians were in contact with – Turkish people, Greeks, Albanians, Vlachs.
A magic world of colours and patterns
The magic of private tours Bulgaria is endless. It reveals a magic world of different colours and motifs. These colours and motifs tell us stories of times long gone. Although Bulgaria is a Christian country, still paganism is alive.
Pagan beliefs and legends are significant elements in the traditional costume. In the past people used to have their traditional everyday clothing and such on festive occasions. Each region of Bulgaria has its own costume, which has typical motifs that make it unique. Diversity comes as a result of different factors: geographical, historical, socio-economic, cultural, religious, outside influence and of course, the personal taste.
Firstly, we need to say that costumes are male and female. Due to the many colours and motifs, the female clothing is more interesting than the men's. However, male clothing can be attractive as well. Usually women's clothes were the soukman, the one-apron, the two-apron costumes and the saya. Of course, they differed in the items included in the clothing. More or less, the main item in all of them was the chemise.


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Let me share. Life isn't fair, the sooner you accept that the better. In 2018, completely out of the blue, my daughter Gabby was diagnosed with bowel disease, an incurable inflammatory form of colitis 😥. Without too much detail you'd never know she is sick on the outside, but on the inside, it is killing her: severe bleeding, dehydration, abdominal pain, cramping, fatigue, inflammation of joints, skin and eyes, and a swelling colon just off the top of my head. She was only seven years old; no family history of the illness! Why oh why?! Long story short, we continue to do what we have to do: Specialists, naturopathic and holistic experts, trials, infusions, diets, meds, steroids, tests, and therapy — the works😞. All you can do is 🙏 for remission.
In the meantime, she wanted to continue karate. It was her sanctuary, and her doctor gave it the👍. In July 2019, she attended the World Karate Commission Team Trials in Detroit, Michigan. Top placement earned a spot on "Team USA" to compete at the World Championships. Gabby and her teammates bled for this opportunity. She was one of the youngest competitors to enter and still only a brown belt, in a division dominated by seasoned black belts. The selection process is based on multiple rounds of competition. Day 1, she stumbled😱. The look of disappointment on her face broke my heart into a million pieces😭, but I couldn't show it. Her little lip quivering, trying to hold back tears, I consoled her the only way I knew how. I said, "It's time to unleash tora 🐯." "Win or lose, show everyone your tiger spirit."
We had something special up our sleeve, a symbol of her destiny. That weekend, I brought a 55+ year old brown belt with me. It was tattered and way too long, but it was magical. It was the same belt my father wore, that I wore, that my sister wore, and now Gabby. She knew the history behind the belt, and I told her she just needed to add her own sweat to it. In that moment, she showed "tora no me," the "eye of the tiger." It was a complete 360. She took the mat with a passion and fervor I've never seen. She absolutely nailed her kata, flipped the script, and catapulted to🥇. In that moment, not a single individual victory or title I've experienced could compete with the pride I felt.
Gabby still has good and bad days, but when the disease attacks, I remind her that she's a fighter💪👊! It seems scary, but deep down she has the fortitude of a hundred kids. She proved it to me and all the bystanders that day in Detroit.
*This except was used with permission from the upcoming book CommonSensei.
Gabby has successfully competed in over 100 tournaments and has no plans on slowing down. Her dream is the attend the 2020 Olympics and watch her idol, Sandra Sanchez (Spain), go for the gold medal🥇 in Tokyo, Japan.
For those that are close to my family, you already know how this situation dramatically changed our lives. For twenty years I promoted the Kumite Classic (one of the largest and most prestigious independent tournaments in North America). The expo was a 24/7 – 365 type operation. Despite the show being apart of my identity, it does NOT define me. As they say, "family first" and I have retired from the Kumite until Gabby is in remission. Someday, I hope to pass the torch 🕯to her, and she can reignite 🔥! I enjoy coaching my team, teaching, and traveling when she is 💯%. It's a new chapter in a long book!
Today, Gabby is receiving biologic infusions at UPMC Children's hospital in Pittsburgh, PA. Her Doctors are kind, compassionate, and very knowledgeable. The infusions are typically 3-4 hour procedures (she has to miss school for each treatment). It is taxing on her body and mind.
However, insurance doesn't make it easy on these patients. The amount of red tape and outrageous medical bills is both frustrating and sad 😔. According to The National Center of Biotechnology (NCBI), the yearly cost of her current medicine is $25,000 to $45,000 annually, depending on the frequency needed 😡😤. Big Pharm 💊💉 should be ashamed. The polices and regulations need to change! As a result we choose to "fight" and get involved. Gabby has been asked to join a national effort to raise awareness for the disease. Beginning this May, she will be lobbying on behalf of patients (like herself) who suffer lack of access to certain treatment. She will be sharing her story as an advocate of IBD research, trying to convince Washington to support her cause. She hopes to be part of the solution and be a small part of one day finding a cure for IBD. She will be attending the Crohn's and Colitis Foundation's "Day on the Hill" to meet with different Senators an Congressmen to plead with them to do more! Her trip will be mulitple meetings with legislators about policies impacting the IBD community. The event includes forums hosted by the National Council of College Leaders for parents and pediatric patients, informative advocacy training briefings, and a reception on Capitol Hill .
As a family, we have made the decision use this terrible diagnosis as a powerful teaching moment. We look for anyway to change a negative 👎 into a positive 👍. So we tackle this disease, the way we train at the dojo. with relentless determination! She promises to fight 👊 everyday, and I know she will inspire and empower other's to do the same. This disease will not stop her from reaching her dreams, goals, and aspirations. There are be setbacks, but without them there are no comebacks.
Over the years, we have had to make multiple emergency stops to local hospitals, urgent cares, and medical facilities. Recently she was hospitalized at the 2019 US Open ISKA World Championships and admitted into Arnold Palmer Children's Hospital after nearly passing out. She was in a flare 🔥 and her body was attacked. Unfortunately, she was unable to perform to her standards the next couple months, and fell short of winning WKC Worlds. She could either spiral into self-doubt and depression, or double down on her training. I'm proud to announce she back to her winning ways taking 1st place 🏆 at NASKA's 6-A COMPETE Internationals. The place really doesn't matter, its continuing to "suit up," time and time again, when other's say "hang it up." This journey will always have ups and downs 📈 but we fail forward ➡. No matter how difficult the challenge, we continue to inch forward ➡. We call is Kaizen (改善) continual self-improvement! 1% every day… Its our "Violosophy."
🙏Please help us find a cure. Steroids and biologic medicine are only a temporary fix (a band-aid). The toll it takes on the body is heartbreaking. Just look at this little girl on and off drugs💔:
Gabby on Steroids Gabby off Steroids
Understanding inflammatory type diseases: Inflammation 🔥 is the body's response to fighting off harmful things. It could be an injury, infection, or something toxic. In Gabby's case, she is always on 🔥. Her body is confused. This is called IBD or (Inflammatory bowel disease) not to be confused with the very common IBS (Irritable bowel syndrome) which is not an inflammatory condition/disease. IBD is an umbrella covering both Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis. Both Crohn's and colitis are characterized by chronic inflammation 🔥 of the GI (gastrointestinal) tract. IBD is a "ninja" of sorts, because the symptoms often stealth like to the outside world. Patients often look totally normal to friends and family, but behind the scenes they are struggling with abdominal pain, fatigue, rectal bleeding, bloody stools, and persistent uncontrollable trips to the bathroom. Its cause is unknown, but Doctors do know it's the result of a defective immune system. Essentially Gabby's immune system is attacking itself causing the inflammation 🔥. While there is no cure, we search for ways to help her live a comfortable life, and hold on to hope that a cure will be discovered in her lifetime.
The People's Champ 👑💪🏆
Often times people associate martial arts as a rough-and-tumble sport dominated by male competitors, but Gabby Viola is shattering the stereotype. 9-year-old Gabby was recently honored by the national karate media and their peers with nationwide "People's Choice Awards." Point Fighter Live is one the most popular media outlets in North America for the sport and recognized the top athletes.
Gabby Viola was nominated as "Competitor of the Year" by Point Fighter Live. The honor, dubbed as a "Power Award" was voted on by coaches, competitors, and promoters from across North America. After a nationwide poll, Viola not only won her category (edging out a talented competitor from El Paso, Texas) but was the highest vote total of the show. The physical award will be presented this April in Warwick, Rhode Island at the Ocean State Grand Nationals.
Gabby is a third generation Viola to win national honors. She's following in her Dad Bill Jr. and Grandfather Bill Sr.'s footsteps. She began her training as a toddler and has been a national champion since she debuted at the 2013 Kumite Classic. She's a member of Team USA, and defending Gold Medalist from the WKC Nationals Championships. Gabby is an inspiration to other girls battling bowel disease. At 7-years-old, she was diagnosed with chronic inflammation and ulcerative colitis. While there is no cure for the condition, she is fighting for remission every day and proving that nothing can stop her karate dreams. She is currently treated with infusions at UPMC Children's hospital and will travel to the Washington, DC this May to meet with the Senate and Congress about funding new research to find a cure.
When asked about the recognition Gabby said, "I'm really happy. I hope this helps get me to Japan!" She's on a mission to fund raise to watch her Idol Sandra Sanchez from Spain compete for a gold medal 🥇 at the 2020 Olympics in Tokyo, Japan. Gabby had the opportunity to train with Sanchez in Orlando, Florida this past July. When she's not competing, she loves playing piano, dance, and teaching her 2-year-old brother karate.
Throughout the long season, Gabby traveled to Illinois, California, Georgia, Florida, Michigan, New York, West Virginia, Ohio, New Jersey and Canada to compete. The honors are based on an entire year's body of work.
Gabby is a member of Allegheny Shotokan "Viola" Karate Dojo which recently celebrated its 50-Year Anniversary. The Dojo was honored with a proclamation from County Executive Rich Fitzgerald who recognized "Sensei Viola Day" on September 23rd 2019 for the Pittsburgh region. Sensei Bill Viola Sr. has 4 daughters, all of whom have earned their black belts. His Granddaughter Gabby and all the up and coming Senpai and Sensei (Lucy, Sammy, Taylor, Zoey, Haley, Abby, Riley) carry on the tradition of strong inspiring ladies from the dojo!
The team is gearing up for the 2020 WKC World Championships held in Madrid, Spain and fundraising to visit Tokyo, Japan and attend the 2020 Olympics 🥇. For more information visit www.alleghenyshotokan.com
# # #
Gabby began🥋 training at just 2-years-old and was the inspiration of the Nursery Ninjas program at Allegheny Shotokan Karate. She made her competition debut at the 2013 Kumite Classic and has since competed in over 100 tournaments across North America. In 2015 she won her first Grand Champion, and later that year was the youngest competitor at the World Games. She is a multiple time PKRA State Champion, USKA National Champion, WKC National Champion, and consistent champion on the NASKA World Tour. She is a 3rd generation Viola to carry on the family legacy. Gabby is committed to community service, and has been a top fundraiser to "Kick Parkinson's Disease" a charity her father helped establish in memory of their Grandmother.
We would also like to extend this positive energy out to our Allegheny Shotokan dojo brothers who also suffer from GI complications: Sensei Conor Burns, Sensei Dave Zezza, and Senpai Mike Pietrzyk
A few highlights:
#IBD #inflammatorybowel #UlcerativeColitis #UC #colitis #crohnsdisease #crohns #indeterminateboweldisease #Inflammatoryboweldisease


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This effect is obviously beneficial to the athlete, especially at the conclusion of a steroid cycle when endogenous testosterone levels are subnormal. When an athlete discontinues the use of steroids, his testosterone levels will most likely be suppressed. If endogenous testosterone levels are not brought to normal, a dramatic loss in size and strength may occur. Clomid plays a crucial role in preventing this crash in athletic performance.
Bodybuilders find that a daily intake of 50-100 mg of clomiphene citrate over a two week period will bring endogenous testosterone production back to an acceptable level. Clomid will gradually raise testosterone levels over its period of intake. Since an immediate boost in testosterone is often desirable, athlete will commonly use HCG (human choronic gonadotropin) for a couple of weeks, and the continue treatment with Clomid.
Clomid is also effective as an anti-estrogen. Most athletes will suffer from an elevated estrogen level at the conclusion of a cycle. A high estrogen level combined with a low testosterone level puts an athlete in serious risk of developing gynocomastia. With the intake of Clomid, the athlete gets the dual effect of blocking out some of the effects of estrogen, while also increasing endogenous testosterone production.
Description: by Bill Roberts - Clomid is the anti-estrogen of choice for improving recovery of natural testosterone production after a cycle, improving testosterone production of endurance athletes, and is also effective in reducing risk of gynecomastia during a cycle employing aromatizable steroids.
While it has been claimed that Clomid "stimulates" production of LH and therefore of testosterone, in fact Clomid's activity is achieved not by stimulation of the hypothalamus and pituitary, but by blocking their inhibition by estrogen.
Clomid is a mixed estrogen agonist/antagonist (activator/blocker) which, when bound to the estrogen receptor, puts it in a somewhat different conformation (shape) than does estradiol. The estrogen receptor requires binding of an estrogen or drug at its binding site and also the binding of any of several cofactors at different sites. Without the binding of the cofactor, the estrogen receptor is inactive. Different tissues use different cofactors. Some of these cofactors are able to bind to the estrogen receptor/Clomid complex, but others are blocked due to the change in shape. The result is that in some tissues Clomid acts as an antagonist -- the cofactor used in that tissue cannot bind and so the receptor remains inactive -- and in others Clomid acts as an agonist (activator), because the cofactors used in that tissue are able to bind.
Clomid is an effective antagonist in the hypothalamus and in breast tissue. It is an effective agonist in bone tissue, and for improving blood cholesterol.
Clomid also has the property of reducing the adverse effect of exercise-induced damage of muscle tissue. This is very significant for endurance athletes but is not very significant, if at all significant, with reasonable weight training. Clomid does not perceptibly affect gains of the weight trainer either favorably or adversely in my experience.
The drug seems to have estrogenic effects on mood, which can be beneficial (improving relationships with women by improving empathy) or can yield depression or PMS-like symptoms, but for most users there is no significant effect either way.
The claim that duration of intake should not exceed 10-14 days is incorrect. Clinical studies with male patients have been for periods of a year or longer. This error probably originates from the fact that, for use in women, due to the menstrual cycle there would obviously be no point in trying to stimulate ovulation all four weeks of the month. Thus, use in women is limited to 10-14 days. That limitation is not because of toxicity.
Clomid is in fact useful throughout a cycle if aromatizable drugs are being used. I do think however that to be conservative, one should use it no more than 2/3 of the time throughout the year or a little less.
The workup and treatment of candidates for Clomid therapy should be supervised by physicians experienced in management of gynecolic or endocrine disorders. Patients should be chosen for therapy with Clomid only after careful diagnostic evaluation.
Treatment of the selected patient should begin with a low dose, 50 mg. daily for 5 days. The dose should be increased only in those patients who do not ovulate in response to cyclic 50 mg. Clomid tablets.
Clomid, at recommended dosages, is generally well tolerated. Adverse reactions are usually mild and transient and most disappear promptly after treatment is discontinued.
Male athletes also find Clomid interesting. In men using Clomid, the elevation in both follicle stimulating hormone and (primarily) luteinizing hormone will cause natural testosterone production to increase. This effect is especially beneficial to the athlete at the conclusion of a steroid cycle when endogenous testosterone levels are depressed. If endogenous testosterone levels are not brought beck to normal, a dramatic loss in size and strength is likely to occur once the anabolics have been removed. Clomid can play a crucial role in preventing this crash in athletic performance.
Clomid is indicated for the treatment of ovulatory dysfunction in women desiring pregnancy.
For athletes using anabolic steroids, Clomid can normalize the testosterone level and the spermatogenesis (sperm development)within 10-14 days. For this reason Clomid is primarily taken after steroids are discontinued. At this time it is extremely important to bring the testosterone production to a normal level as quickly as possible so that the loss of strength and muscle mass is minimized.
50-100 mg./day seems is a sufficient dosage for athletes. Clomid is usually taken with fluids after meals. If several tablets are taken it is recomended that they be administered in equal doses distributed throughout the day. The duration of Clomid intake should not exceed 10 to 14 days. Most athlets begin with 100 mg./day taking one 50 mg. tablet every morning and evening after meals. After the fifth day the dosage is often reduced to only one 50 mg. tablet per day.
If you miss a dose, take it as soon as remembered if it is within an hour or so. If you do not remember until later, skip the missed dose and resume your usual dosing schedule. Do not "double-up" the dose to catch up.
Side effects include ovarian enlargement, vasomotor flushes, abdominal-pelvic discomfort/distention/bloating, nausea and vomiting, breast discomfort, visual symptoms, headache and abnormal uterine bleeding. If you notice other effects not listed above, contact your doctor.


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Membership Lock down will lock all post content including attached images, video, docs, and everything else, everywhere.
All who try to visit the site will be redirected to the login page.
The administrator can enable and disable the lock down as needed.
Only registered website users will be able to access,
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This section describes how to install the plugin and get it working.
- Upload Membership Lock to the /wp-content/plugins/ directory.
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Worms Cathedral
With Mainz and Speyer, Worms is home to one of the three great imperial cathedrals on the Upper Rhine. Worms Cathedral (known variously in German as the Dom, Kaiserdom, Wormser Dom or Dom St. Peter) is one of the finest examples of High Romanesque architecture in Germany.
For nearly 1000 years, the unique and majestic Worms Cathedral has risen above all the other ancient buildings of the city, dominating the skyline even from a distance. Its original Romanesque architecture and splendid carvings are still exceptionally well-preserved.
History of Worms Cathedral
The origins of Worms Cathedral go back to early Christian times. The first Bishop of Worms was Berthulf, in 614 AD; his cathedral was much smaller than the present one.
Under Burchard (1000-25), the most notable Bishop of Worms, a new Romanesque cathedral was built on the site. It had similar measurements to today's cathedral and some of the original parts survive. The cathedral was a burial place for the Salian royal family, who had a castle in Worms well into the 11th century. These can still be seen in the crypt.
A century later, Burchard's building was replaced by the present cathedral, an even more splendid High Romanesque structure. The east section was the first part to be built, in 1125-44. The nave was constructed 1160-70 and the chancel was mostly completed by 1181, when the cathedral was consecrated. The west end was the last to be built, at the end of the 12th century.
During the Middle Ages, numerous visits from the Emperor and many important events, some with serious political consequences, took place in the cathedral and it surroundings.
Around 1300, the Nikolaus Chapel in the cathedral was replaced with a Gothic chapel and the south portal was re-carved in an impressive Gothic style. A Late Gothic cloister was carved with scenes from the life of Jesus around the end of the 15th century; these now stand in the north nave.
In the late 17th century, after the town was badly damaged during wars against the French, a Baroque high altar by Balthasar Neumann was added to the cathedral.
What to See at Worms Cathedral
Worms Cathedral has a highly distinctive appearance from the outside, with its two domed choirs and four corner towers. It is also quite unified in its architecture: only a few Gothic additions were made to the original Romanesque structure.
One notable Gothic addition is the main entrance, the Südportal, which is a veritable Bible in stone. Unusually, and thankfuily, the sculptures from the former Romanesque portal were preserved on the wall immediately inside.
On the north side is the Kaiserportal, where, according to the German epic Nibelungenlied, Kriemhild and her sister-in-law Brunnhild had a quarrel about who had the right to enter the portal first - leading eventually to the murder of Siegfried and the collapse of Burgundy.
Inside, the oldest section (1132) is the east choir, which became the prototype for a distinctive trick of local architecture: the walls are straight on the outside but rounded inside. The arcades are decorated with fearsome lion statues to frighten off the devil. Look for the figure of a workman with a monkey on his shoulder — this is probably a self-portrait of the master mason (the workman, not the monkey).
The highly decorative west choir is the culmination of the building program towards the end of the 12th century. It includes splendid examples of typical Romanesque features, including rose windows, zigzag arcades and rich moldings.
The high altar is a Baroque extravaganza by the famous 18th-century architect Balthasar Neumann. This opulent work of gilded wood and marble was so large that there was no place for a proper transept. It features awe-inspired Saints Peter and Paul with two angels pointing at the Madonna and Child, who seem to be coming right at you.
Worth a look is the highly decorated 14th-century Niklauskapelle (Chapel of St. Nicholas), off the south aisle, with its Gothic font, relief of three virgin martyrs, and new stained-glass windows. It is divided down the middle by pillars like a monastic refectory.
The north aisle contains five late Gothic tympana — a Tree of Jesse and four scenes from the life of Christ — which once adorned the now-demolished cloister.
The cathedral crypt is austere, dark and eerie. It serves as the resting place of five generations of the Salian dynasty.
Quick Facts on Worms Cathedral
Site Information | |
Names: | Kaiserdom · Worms Cathedral |
Country: | Germany |
Categories: | cathedrals |
Styles: | Romanesque |
Status: | active |
Visitor and Contact Information | |
Coordinates: | 49.630130° N, 8.360016° E |
Address: | Worms, Germany |
Lodging: | View hotels near Worms Cathedral |
- The Rough Guide to Germany 6 (April 2004).
- Dom St. Peter - Worms.de
- Frommer's Germany
More Information
- Photos of Worms Cathedral - here on Sacred Destinations
Map of Worms Cathedral
Below is a location map and aerial view of Worms Cathedral. Using the buttons on the left (or the wheel on your mouse), you can zoom in for a closer look, or zoom out to get your bearings. To move around, click and drag the map with your mouse.


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Omega's Anti-Magnetic Watch Deserves Some Respect
Dear Watch Snob,
I do remember you quite explicitly stating that the only Omega that is worthwhile is the Speedmaster Professional 3570.50, the famed Moonwatch. You had also commented that you were glad (glad may not be the correct word?) to see Omega start to move their movements back in-house (well, more in-house) with the 8500.
At Baselworld 2014, Omega released details about their new anti-magnetic calibre 8400 in-house movement, particularly in a homage to their earlier watches in a Seamaster 300. What is the snob's take on anti-magnetic movements, the homage SM 300, and would you consider either the 8500 (esp. not in one of those hideously large Planet Oceans) or the 8400 "worthwhile" or "significant" movements?
While it's true that the Snob is extremely fundamentalist about the Speedmaster Moonwatch, it's also true that Omega deserves some credit for doing something quite difficult, which was taking the co-axial escapement (the product of the greatest mind in horology since Harrison, Mudge or Arnold) and figuring out how to industrialize it, which was neither easy nor inexpensive.
I find the proliferation of silicon and other so-called cutting-edge materials in watchmaking more a manifestation of laziness and a desire to cut costs than anything else, but here at least, in making an amagnetic movement, there seems to be some purpose to it. Other than the presence of the co-axial escapement, these movements are honestly rather mundane, but as we can't all own a Roger Smith or original Daniels watch, they do serve the purpose of allowing lesser mortals to experience the co-axial escapement firsthand.
The Seamaster 300 is attractive enough, though the clamor of approval with which it met is a reminder, perhaps, of how much in modern watch design can be achieved by the simple though rare expedient of leaving out the inessential (something virtually all watch designers seem virtually incapable of doing nowadays).
Short of throwing yourself, in a suicidal gesture, into the maw of a medical imaging device (or the Large Hadron Collider) you will have about as much use for resistance to magnetic fields of "greater than 15,000 gauss" as a koala for a rocket-propelled grenade launcher, but man does not live by bread alone.
What Says The Snob About Up-And-Coming Watchmakers And Ralph Lauren?
1. Are there any young or upcoming watchmakers that you see achieving the quality and stature of Patek, A Lange & Sohne and JLC?
2. What do you think about the relationship with Ralph Lauren & Richemont Group as they enter the haute horology world, especially their Safari RL67 Tourbillon?
Numbered lists are for letters to Father Christmas from children who know no better or when Cook sends the kitchen drudge shopping in the village. They have no place in correspondence between gentlemen (unless it's a treaty or an ultimatum, of course).
This is neither but I'll still grace you with an answer. To your first query, the answer is simple: no. There are indeed very good independent watch and clock-makers but they are generally extremely expensive to patronize and are largely disinterested in being brands in the sense that encompasses both A. Lange & Söhne and Jaeger LeCoultre. There is of course the extremely eccentric and occasionally very interesting F. P. Journe, but it remains to be seen whether his inventiveness can be sustained or has run its course (for all that his output dwarfs that of, say, Roger Smith, it is still largely a one-man show), and his laudable refusal to compromise his vision of watchmaking also means his creative process brooks no collaboration, which at some point it must for his company to remain fertile.
In answer to your second question, Ralph Lauren has not entered the world of haute horlogerie with the RL67 Tourbillon; that happened when he introduced his quite lovely 867 square dress watch, which at 27mm and with a Piaget movement, manages to out-Tank the Cartier Tank. Many may snicker up their monogrammed sleeves at Ralph Lauren's watches, but say what you like, it takes a certain kind of laudable stubbornness to make a 27mm square men's dress watch.
Why, it's almost the kind of thing the Snob would do.


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Story provided via TNW –
At our TNW Conferences we see a lot of presentations and I have given a fair share of presentations myself. I often see people making the same mistakes and cringe when I hear the same excuses or basic errors when people get on stage.
The easiest way to lose an audience is to make a mistake in the first minute, and that is exactly where most mistakes are made. Here is my list of 10 things you shouldn't say during presentations:
1: I'm very jet-lagged/tired/hungover
Not sure where this comes from but one in five presentations at any conference will start with an excuse. 'They only invited me yesterday', 'I'm really tired from my trip' or another lame excuse that the audience really doesn't want to hear. We, the audience, just want to see you give it your best. If you feel like shit and can't give it your best than maybe you should've cancelled. Take a pill, drink an espresso and kill it!
2: I'll get back to that later
If you happen to stumble upon an audience that is eager to learn and interact you should always grab that chance and enjoy it. If someone has a question that you will address in a later slide just skip to it right away! If someone is brave enough to raise their hand and ask you a question you should compliment them and invite the rest of the audience to do the same. Don't delay anything.
3: Can you hear me? Yes you can!
This is how a lot of people start their talk. They will tap a microphone three times, shout 'can you all hear me in the back' and then smile apologetic when it becomes clear that, yes, everybody can hear you but nobody raises their hands.
It isn't your responsibility to check the audio. There will be people for that. If you speak into the microphone and you get the impression that it's not working, just relax, count to three, and try again. If you still think the sound isn't working just calmly walk to the edge of the stage and discreetly ask the moderator to check for you. Smile at the audience and look confident. Assume it all works until the opposite has been proven, then stay calm and wait for a fix.
4: I can't see you because the lights are too bright
Yes, when you are on stage the lights are bright and hot and it will be difficult to see the audience. But they don't have to know about all that. Just stare into the dark, smile often and act like you feel right at home on there. Feel free to walk into the audience if you want to see them up close. Don't cover your eyes to see people but politely ask the lights people to turn on the lights in the room if you plan to count hands or ask the audience a question. Even better, talk to the lights people in advance so they are prepared when you are going to ask them.
5: Can you read this?
The common rule is to make the font size on your slides twice the size of the average age of the audience. Yes, that means that if you expect the audience to be 40 on average you are stuck with a font size of 80 points. You won't be able to fit a lot of text on the slide that way, which is a good thing, and brings us to the next point.
6: Let me read this out loud for you
Never ever, ever, ever in a million years add so much text on a slide that people will spend time reading it. And if you do, make damn sure you don't read it out loud for them! The best way to lose your audiences attention is to add text to a slide. Here's what will happen when you have more than four words on a slide; people will start reading it. And what happens when they read it? They will stop listening to you!
Only use short titles on your presentations and memorize the texts you want them to read. Or, if you MUST include an awesome three-sentence quote, announce that everybody should read the quote, then shut up for six seconds so they can actually read it.
7: Shut off your phone/laptop/tablet
Once upon a time you could ask an audience to shut off their devices. That was a long time ago. Now people tweet the awesome quotes you produce or take notes on their iPads. Or they play solitaire or check Facebook. Times change. You can ask if people turn their phones to silent mode but apart from that you just have to make sure that your talk is so incredibly inspiring people will close their laptops because they don't want to miss a second of it. Demanding their attention is just not going to work.
8: No need to write anything down or take photos, the presentation will be online later
It is really cool that you will upload your presentation later. But if it's a good presentation it won't contain too many words (see point 4) and it won't be of much use to them. For a lot of people writing something down is just an easy way to memorize something you've said. The act of writing down a sentence also embeds it in your brain and who knows, they might be really inspired and come up with something they've heard in between your lines that might change their business. Allow people to do whatever they want during your presentations.
9: Let me answer that question right away
Of course it is awesome if you answer a question right away, but you need to do something else first! Very often the question from an audience member will be very clear to you but not to the rest of the audience. So please say "I'll repeat that question first so everybody hears it and THEN I will answer it". Make it a habit to repeat questions also because the extra time it takes to repeat it gives you extra time to think about an awesome answer.
10: I'll keep it short
This is a promise nobody ever keeps. But a lot of presentations are started that way! The audience really doesn't care if you keep it short or not. They've invested their time and just want to be informed and inspired. Tell them "This presentation is going to change your life" or "This presentation is scheduled to take 30 minutes, but I'll do it in 25 minutes so you can go out and have a coffee earlier than expected.". Now all you have to do is keep that promise, which brings me to the last point.
Bonus tip: What, I'm out of time? But I have 23 more slides!
If you come unprepared and need more time than you are allowed you've screwed up. You need to practice your presentation and make it fit within the allotted time-slot. Even better, end five minutes early and ask if anyone has questions, and if they don't invite them for a coffee to talk one-on-one. Giving an audience five minutes back will earn their respect and gratitude. Taking an extra five will annoy and alienate them.
Conclusion: come prepared, be yourself and be professional. The audience will love you for being clear, serious and not wasting their time.