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update again:now that the project has received official, sanctioned status (i.e. our clients love it), i've posted a cleaned-up and better punctuated (and capitalized, Garythebadger) version of the howto to the capstrat (where i work) website here.
watch that space, as i'm working on some other, perhaps not as artistic or visually stimulating, but equally insightful insight articles and lunch & learn sessions.
update: here is a flikr photo set of some shots one of my officemates took of the mosaic after it was finished. the detail-oriented will notice that the pupils have been swapped out with blue, rendering the piercing gaze slightly less disturbing. that's my boss' back you see in the second shot.
what's this? squint and you can make it out… it's Elvis.
look closer.
yep. those are post-its.
my boss decided that we needed to do something fun and creative in one of our conference rooms – the one we use for brainstorming and internal meetings – and together we came up with the idea of filling the wall with post-it notes in a multicolored mosaic of (and i'm not sure whose idea this was) Elvis.
since it was revealed the day after memorial day, and after mentioning it to some people, i've gotten a lot of the same questions over and over, so i decided to write this article to answer all those questions as well as serve as a howto for others choosing to waste office supplies in a similar artistic endeavor.
as you can see, we chose to use two contrasting color palettes – aquatic and sunbrite – for a total of 10 unique colors in the image, plus an eleventh dark blue for Evis' pupils. there's something to be said for the psychedelic quality of mixing blues and oranges. there are something like 34 different colors to choose from, and that's only the 4- and 5-packs. in the single-pad packages, there are a few others, even dark colors for use with gel and metallic pens and markers – not that they're anywhere to be found on the 3M website – check with art and craft supply stores if you want the darker variety. the creepy pupils in Elvis' eyes are a dark blue post-it shade that i stumbled upon in a craft store. in all, post-its, as a medium, make for a fairly complete color palette.
not that you can actually purchase most of the colors individually from 3M, or anything directly from them, for that matter, even in bulk. most of the colors only appear in the 4- and 5-packs (and sometimes 6- and 12-packs) and are never sold individually. that is, unless you make a special order of 60,o00 or more, typically with your logo or other personalized marketing message imprinted on them. also, unless you're making such a special order, 3M only sells post-its through resellers and retailers (staples, office depot, etc).
what you'll need:
a wall.
preferably a good smooth one, uninterrupted by furniture, outlets or other protuberances. it also helps if the finish is one that isn't marked or damaged by the glue on a post-it (not likely, given the formulation of the glue, but worth a test note or two). while you're at it, make sure it's a finish that a post-it can actually stick to. a big picture window would work just as well, if not better – the image will be viewable from both sides.
an image.
this is the easy part. my boss and i chose Elvis because… well, it's Elvis. and we're both big fans.
our original image:
or another image manipulation program that can change the size and color palette of an image. imageready will probably do just as well, but i doubt photoshop elements or LE will work. fireworks may also work, but not being a third-degree blackbelt in anything but photoshop, i can't vouch for them.
the post-its.
measure the wall. divide the width of the wall in inches by the width of your chosen post-it (the "standard" is 3" x 3"). do the same with the height. simple math, really. anyway, that's roughly the number you'll need. big number? it's a big wall… ours ended up being 63 notes x 42 notes, which meant i ended up applying 2,646 sticky notes. by the end, i was having flashbacks of the seinfeld episode where susan was poisoned by envelope glue. i was sure someone was going to come in after the long weekend and find me curled up in the corner, glued (however temporarily) to myself.
the above wall and its 2,646 notes took roughly 10 hours to apply. this is somewhat a worst-case estimate: while i was doing it, i was also multitasking doing other things around the office to preserve my sanity. i was also working alone. with only a vague idea of how best to approach the application, i ended up removing and redoing large sections more than once. remember, more hands make lighter work – as long as your helpers don't end up getting in the way.
step one-ish: prepare the image.
you've done the math. you know how big your image is going to be in post-it-sized pixels. resize (and probably crop) your selected original image to this size in photoshop (in the menubar "image" -> "image size", or with the cropping tool, use the tool's options palette to restrict the cropped size to your final dimensions in pixels @ 72 px/inch). if you're after true-ish color (red notes representing red pixels in your image) be sure your image mode in photoshop is set to RGB – not indexed color. otherwise, if dark colored notes will be dark pixels, light colored ones light pixels, etc, set the mode to grayscale before resizing.
while you could work with your image at this size, zoomed in at 800 or 1600%, you're probably going to want to add a grid, and print out your creation at some point (as a referfence for when you're actually putting notes on the wall). for the moment, though, keep your image this size, as you'll want to preserve those pixels.
you've picked out your palette by this point, right? you may want to start with the images here for a guide or scan in some notes you've gotten as samples. working with the actual palette will come up shortly. for the moment, though, you'll at least need to know how many colors you want to use. one family of notes will have either four or five colors in it, which are purchased together. so, for efficiency, you'll likely want to use all the colors from one or two families.
this is the tricky part. really.
you have your image open in photoshop (or editing app of your choice) and it's either in RGB or grayscale color mode. go to image -> mode and select "indexed color." in the palette that pops up, select "local (adaptive)" and the number of colors you've settled on. uncheck transparency if it's checked, and check the preview checkbox. if you like what you see, hit the ok button and go to the next step. if, however, you're not satisfied with what you see, try the "forced" setting on "black and white" (this will set the lightest color to white and the darkest to black, with the remaining colors in your limited palette dithered somewhere in between. it makes more sense on grayscale images than color ones, tho). you may also want to try changing the dither menu settings. different selections will change how to deal with the pixels that don't fall on or about one of the new colors – either force them to the nearest color (none) or take the chunks of in-between color and "speckle" or dither them to create a pattern that, if you averaged it out, would be equal in ratio of two colors as the original pixels were.
okay, that made no sense, but if you ever deal with dithered colors, you know what i'm getting at. everybody else, just fiddle until you like what you see.
now, you'll want to save your dithered, pixellated image. be sure not to replace your orignal as you may need to start over. i did. several times.
resize the image to a more reasonable size. something easy on the eyes, like 10x it's current size, will give you big enough pixels to hit with the eyedropper and draw a grid on top of later. in the "image"->"image size…" palette, uncheck the "resample" checkbox and make sure that "constrain proportions" is checked. then, to multiply the pixel dimensions by 10, simply add a zero to the end of the width (in pixels) value. the height should magically do the same. easy multiples like 10 will come in handy later, so don't get fancy
now, do you have big, chunky pixels? cool.
step two-ish: prepare your palette.
create a new photoshop document wide enough to accomodate as many blocks of color as your chosen post-it palette contains. this i will refer to as the "palette image." with the paintbrush or marquis/paintbucket make some blocks of color that approximate the post-it colors you've chosen. liberal use of the eyedropper on your scans or the sample images from 3m.com is probably called for here.
if you know what you're doing in photoshop or imageready, you can probably see where i'm going with this. if not, use option "b" below.
option a: reduce that palette image down to the required number of colors, in a process similar to what we did above, only be sure to set dithering to "none" so all your sample chunks are solid colors. then save that image's palette and apply it to your mosaic image.
option b: open the mosaic image and your palette image side by side. set your mosaic image back to RGB color mode. select the magic wand tool, and uncheck "contiguous" and "anti-aliased" in the options, and set the "tolerance" to 0. select one of the colors of your mosaic image (all blocks of the same color should be selected). switch to the paintbucket tool and option-click on your palette image to select the color those blocks should be filled with. then click back on your mosaic image. those selected blocks should now be filled with the color you chose. repeat with each color in the mosaic/palette.
step three-ish: reference material.
now that you've got a mosaic in photoshop that's about the right colors (it's fiendishly difficult to match the color of paper on a computer screen, but you can get close) it's time to figure out how many post-its you'll need to buy, as well as print out your image as a map to follow when applying your masterpiece to the wall.
grab a pen and something to write on. you'll take this to the office supply store with you.
back in photoshop, open up the rarely-used but immensely useful "histogram" window (it's under the "window" menu). in that window's options, select the "all channels" view. with the magic wand tool, select one color's worth of pixels. you'll see the number of pixels you have selected appear in the histogram window. with some simple math, you can figure out how many post-its that number represents (if you resized your image 10x in the previous step, you'll just have to knock two zeros off the end, otherwise, divide by the square…)
write those numbers down, preferably alongside the name of the color or post-it color family to which the color belongs.
in order to better facilitate mapping out your installation, you'll want to add a grid to your photoshop file. this can be accomplished a number of ways, but the fastest is to draw with the pencil tool, on a new layer, a box the size of one note (10 pixels square). leave off the bottom and right sides of the box and select the 10px square with the marquis tool. go to "edit" -> "define pattern" and save your pattern as something witty like "10px grid"
select everything on that new layer (with just your half-box on it) and hit delete. then go to edit -> fill. select "pattern" and select your grid pattern. your new layer should now be the desired grid. adjust the transparency until it is more pleasing to the eye, save and print that out. it's a good idea to make the page size as large as you can manage on your printer, so you don't have to squint at your printout while applying post-its to the wall.
step four-ish: gather the materials.
now you know how many notes to get of each color. go to your local office supply store, or order online or however you get your post-its. be aware, though, that not every pad of post-its will have the same number of notes. different packages have pads with different numbers of notes in them, so check the label to make sure you get enough – if i recall correctly, five-packs have five 90-note pads and six- and twelve-packs have 80-note pads, so check the label and do the math. you'll inevitably end up with leftovers, which you can go crazy with and actually use for taking messages with.
step five-ish: notes on the wall.
looking back, i probably could have used a laser level, chalkline, or even a projector with my original photoshop file to facilitate straight and square application of notes on a less-than-square wall. oh well. i think it looks pretty good for having been done freehand.
you'll find your own rhythm and preferred way to tackle the problem, and the best thing about this medium is it's temporary – if you mess it up, you can take everything down in moment and start over.
due to the manufacturing process, post-it pads aren't all exactly the same size. in creating the Elvis mosaic, i found that there is often as much as an eighth of an inch difference in size between one pad and another, with typical variances being around 1/16th of an inch. that may not seem like much, but over the course of a wall 42 notes wide, that variance is noticeable. adjust your rows and columns accordingly, or just leave gaps between the notes and let the wall show through like grout between tiles. luckily, they're square for the most part, but you'll probably still want some kind of level or chalkline on the wall to keep your lines straight.
unless you restrict yourself to the new super sticky post-its you'll likely have a few succumb to gravity after only a few hours. these deserters can be easily reapplied or replaced. with humidity, changing temperatures, and ventilation, more will eventually fall off. remember that the whole idea of the post-it mosaic is temporary, fleeting. nondestructive expression.
share and enjoy.


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Ingestion / Planet in a Bottle
Extended life through calorie restriction
Christopher Turner
"Ingestion" is a column that explores food within a framework informed by aesthetics, history, and philosophy.
At 8:15 am on 26 September 1991, eight "bionauts," as they called themselves, wearing identical red Star Trek–like jumpsuits (made for them by Marilyn Monroe's former dressmaker) waved to the assembled crowd and climbed through an airlock door in the Arizona desert. They shut it behind them and opened another that led into a series of hermetically sealed greenhouses in which they would live for the next two years. The three-acre complex of interconnected glass Mesoamerican pyramids, geodesic domes, and vaulted structures contained a tropical rain forest, a grassland savannah, a mangrove wetland, a farm, and a salt-water ocean with a wave machine and gravelly beach. This was Biosphere 2—the first biosphere being Earth—a $150 million experiment designed to see if, in a climate of nuclear and ecological fear, the colonization of space might be possible. The project was described in the press as a "planet in a bottle," "Eden revisited," and "Greenhouse Ark."
Before entering, the Biosphere's pioneer inhabitants had enjoyed a final, hearty breakfast consisting of ham, eggs, and buttered bread, but from here on, they would be self-sufficient—everything they ate would be grown, processed, and prepared in their airtight bubble. A few years before designing the Biosphere, architect Phil Hawes had proposed a space city 110 feet in diameter, a flying doughnut that would spin to create its own gravity and in which miniature animals could be kept and plants cultivated, along with a store of cryogenically frozen seed for the propagation of twenty thousand other species. The space frame of the Biosphere, a terrestrial version of such a sci-fi fantasy, had been built by an engineer who had worked with Buckminster Fuller, author of Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth, which compared the planet to a spaceship flying through the universe with finite resources that could never be resupplied. The Biosphere was intended as a similar symbol of our ecological plight.
The project caught the national imagination. Discover, the popular science magazine, declared the mission "the most exciting venture to be undertaken in the US since President Kennedy launched us towards the moon." Tourists came by the busload to peer through the glass at the bionauts, trapped in their vivarium like laboratory rats (the project was an acknowledged precursor to the Big Brother reality-TV show). Over the first six months, 159,000 people visited, including William S. Burroughs and Timothy Leary.
Life inside the glass city was colored by its inventors' countercultural idealism. They had all met on the Synergia Ranch, a commune they founded near Santa Fe, New Mexico, in the late 1960s and ran according to Wilhelm Reich's idea of "work democracy"; they practiced improvisational theatre and made a fortune building developments of adobe condos, which helped pay for the Biosphere (the commune is described in Laurence Veysey's 1971 ethnography, The Communal Experience: Anarchist and Mystical Communities in Twentieth-Century America). The Biosphere's half-acre arable plot had been cultivated for three months in preparation for the crew's arrival to what was supposed to be a high-tech Eden. However, the members of the chosen team lacked experience as farmers and, despite reading how-to manuals with titles such as How to Grow More Vegetables than You Ever Thought Possible on Less Land than You Can Imagine, yields were disappointing and they began to starve.
The bionauts had to perform hard physical labor to produce their food, but there was only enough for them to consume a measly 1750 calories a day, and they found it difficult to sustain such active lives. On a diet of beans, porridge, beets, carrots, and sweet potatoes, their weight plummeted and their skin began to go orange as a result of the excess beta-carotene in their diet. "It was very stressful, especially with a crew like that," recalled Sally Silverstone, the Agriculture and Food Systems Manager, "essentially white middle-class, upper-middle-class Western individuals who had never been short of food in their whole life—it was a tremendous shock."
Silverstone would weigh out the day's allotment of fresh food for whoever's turn it was to cook, entering into a computer database the amount of nutrients to check that the crew was keeping above the recommended intake levels of calories, proteins, and fats. At first the meals were served buffet style but, as the crew got hungrier, the cooks scrupulously divided their offerings into equal portions. Leaving every meal still hungry, all the bionauts could think about was food, and their memoirs of the two-year project are full of references to their recurring dreams of McDonald's hamburgers, lobster, sushi, Snickers-bar cheesecake, lox and bagels, croissants, and whiskey. They bartered most of their possessions, but food was too precious to trade. They became sluggish and irritable through lack of it, and were driven by hunger to acts of sabotage. Bananas were stolen from the basement storeroom; the freezer had to be locked.
The medic who presided over the team's health was Dr. Roy Walford, a professor of pathology at UCLA Medical School who had served in the Korean War and, at sixty-nine, was the oldest member of the crew. He was a gerontologist and specialist in life extension who, in studies with mice, thought that he'd successfully shown that one could live longer by eating less; his skinny mice outlived his fat ones by as much as forty percent. In his books Maximum Life Span (1983) and The 120-Year Diet (1986), Walford promised that "calorie restriction with optimal nutrition, which I call the 'CRON-diet,' will retard your rate of aging, extend lifespan (up to perhaps 150 to 160 years, depending on when you start and how thoroughly you hold to it), and markedly decrease susceptibility to most major diseases."
The disappointing crop yields in the Biosphere allowed Walford to experiment with his "healthy starvation diet" on humans in unprecedented laboratory conditions. While his subjects pleaded with mission control for more supplies, Walford—who had been on the CRON-diet for years—maintained that their daily calorie intake was sufficient. "I think if there had been any other nutritionist or physician, they would have freaked out and said, 'We're starving,'" Walford said, "but I knew we were actually on a program of health enhancement." Every two weeks he would give them all a full medical checkup. He discovered that their blood pressure, blood sugar, and cholesterol counts did indeed drop to healthier levels—which he presumed would retard aging and extend maximal lifespan as it seemed to in mice—though an unanticipated side effect of this was that their blood was awash with the toxins that had been stored in their rapidly dissolving body fat.
In their 1993 book Life Under Glass: The Inside Story of Biosphere 2, crew members Abigail Alling and Mark Nelson note: "Each biospherian responded differently to the diet. Initially, over the first six months or so, we lost between eighteen and fifty-eight pounds each. ... Roy continued to assure us not to worry when we commented on our baggy pants and loose shirts because our overall health was actually improved by the combination of our diet and the superb freshness and quality of the organically grown food." They acknowledged that their natural diet was incredibly healthy: "The only problem was that there never seemed to be enough of it." Every month Walford took a Polaroid photo of each member that recorded their dramatic physiological changes—men lost eighteen percent of their body weight, women ten percent, mostly within the first six months.
During her two years inside, Silverstone wrote a cookbook with the fantastic title, Eating In: From the Field to the Kitchen in Biosphere 2, which contains forty-eight recipes from the biospherian diet, along with the story of how the crew planted, grew, processed, and prepared the food on their half-acre farm. In the book, the team are photographed a year into the mission, standing behind a table loaded with food, but they all look gaunt and bony. By this time, the team had splintered into two opposing factions that barely spoke to each other, but they still ate together (a favorite dinner spot was the balcony overlooking the Intensive Agriculture Biome, from which you could see the sun setting over the Catalina mountains and which they dubbed the Café Visionaire). They stockpiled their supplies for such feasts, sacrificing livestock and saving milk, eggs, figs, and papayas, and lubricating the meals with homebrew or punch spiked with alcohol from Walford's medical supplies. The menu for their first Thanksgiving feast was:
Baked chicken with water chestnut stuffing
Sautéed ginger beets
Baked sweet potatoes
Stuffed chili peppers sautéed with goat cheese
Tossed salad with a lemon-yogurt dressing
Orange banana bread
Tibetan rice beer (chung)
Sweet potato pie topped with yogurt
Coffee with steamed goat's milk
The rest of the time they were so famished they chewed on peanut shells, coffee grounds, and banana skins. Fennel leaves became known as "biospherian chewing gum."
When the crew emerged from the experiment after two years, the project was judged by the media to be a failure. Early in the second year, carbon dioxide levels had risen so high (twelve times that of the outside) that the crew were growing faint and Walford asked for more oxygen to be pumped into the structure on two occasions. The Biosphere had proved not to be a self-sufficient, autonomous world as it would need to be if it were to become a base station on another planet. In 1999, by which time the Biosphere had been taken over by Columbia University as a research center into the effects of climate change,Time magazine judged it one of the hundred worst ideas of the twentieth century. But Walford's experiments with diet, reported in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences in December 1992, were judged a success. The bionauts not only showed dramatic weight loss (stabilizing at an average of fourteen percent overall), but also lower blood pressure and cholesterol, more efficient metabolisms, and enhanced immune systems.
The year after his release, Walford began the Calorie Restriction Society, which now has seven thousand members (it is estimated that one hundred thousand practice the diet worldwide). The CRONIES, as Walford's devotees refer to themselves, measure and weigh out everything they consume using electronic scales, the idea being that each calorie you consume should contain as many nutrients as possible (you can download Cron-O-Meter software free on the internet to help plan such a diet). The CRONIES live at the border of self-starvation, in the hope of delayed gratification; like their mentor, they live in their own biosphere, a self-absorbed bubble of discipline and resolve, and maintain the science-fiction dream of an age when we will all be able to live forever. Calorie restriction failed to dramatically increase Walford's lifespan, however: he died in 2004 of Lou Gehrig's disease, aged seventy-nine.
Christopher Turner is an editor of Cabinet. His book, Adventures in the Orgasmatron: How the Sexual Revolution Came to America, will be published in June 2011 by Farrar, Straus and Giroux in the US and HarperCollins in the UK.

subset: commoncrawl


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The Wolverines Behind the Next Generation of Autonomous Vehicles
From Kitt in the show Knight Rider to the cartoon The Jetsons, self-driving vehicles have always been the definition of space-age, futuristic technology. Both consumers and corporations alike have invested interest in seeing autonomous vehicles become commercially available, creating plenty of opportunity for young engineers and entrepreneurs to find their venture. Autonomous vehicles have the capacity to revolutionize the entire transportation industry, affecting everything from food delivery to morning commutes. This is the mission of Yu-Chian (Eugene) Tsai, Rakshita Gouni, Anikeit Chanda, and James Boyce – to change the way we consider logistics through creating a fleet of self-driving delivery vehicles.
For each member of the team, the first step toward getting hands on with autonomous vehicles was the Center for Entrepreneurship's TechLab at MCity program. The CFE's TechLab program allows interested, technically-skilled students to engage with this resource through partnering cohort members with a technology startup. TechLab projects range from designing smart intersections to human behavior prediction. 2020 TechLab Cohort members Yu-Chian, Rakshita, Anikeit, and James have partnered with Refraction AI, an Ann Arbor headquartered startup which specifically focuses on the development of the next generation of delivery vehicles.
"The goal is to create a fleet of delivery vehicles that can handle everything from hot food deliveries to packages," explained Rakshita, a junior studying computer science with a minor in entrepreneurship.
Rakshita was first introduced to the difficulties associated with the contemporary transportation system in her Engineering 100 class, a compulsory course for all incoming engineering freshmen. Her discussion section focused specifically on urban transportation, and laid the framework for her engagement with the Center for Entrepreneurship and her involvement with autonomous delivery vehicles development.
Imagine ordering food from your favorite restaurant, and in 30 minutes, a robot arrives outside your door with your order hot and ready – no human contact required. This is the future of REV-1.
The REV-1 vehicle would completely eliminate the need for a human food delivery driver, thus making the process of online ordering safer, smoother and more efficient. Grocers or restaurant employees would be able to place products inside the rover, and send it directly to the consumer's doorstep. The rovers operate in the bike lanes of urban areas, and just along the roadsides of rural areas, strategically minimizing traffic encounters. The team's current project is to hone the detection components of the REV-1, enabling it to run more efficiently in all conditions. Additionally, this technology could help mitigate some socioeconomic obstacles faced by students without cars.
"This could really help college students without access to cars get the resources they need," Rakshita said. Users could access any items that would previously be inaccessible without a personal vehicle – ranging from fresh groceries to essential medicine. "It's rewarding…"
The other members of the team find the technical engagement elements of the TechLab-Refraction AI partnership to be the most valuable experiences they've had with the project.
Yu-Chain Tsai, a junior studying computer science, has always been drawn to the technical aspects of entrepreneurship and product development. While he had been aware of the MCity TechLab program prior to his matriculation to the University of Michigan, this was his first year in the program.
"This project has been a lot of trial and error, and we've all been learning along the way," he said. "When I finally got features like the machine detection to work, it was an amazing feeling."
Each member of the team contributes to the coding and electrical engineering elements of vehicle development. Working with Refraction AI has emphasized creative approaches to code than the team members had previously experienced in their engineering coursework.
"The problem we're trying to tackle is so unique…it's just different from anything else we've ever done. Nobody has paved this path for us," said Anikeit Chanda, who currently studies both computer science and data science.
For Ankeit, working directly with start-up entrepreneurs in the real world has been a highlight of the entire TechLab experience, "It's just so cool seeing the entrepreneurs and engineers in their professional environment… It was inspiring."
For most of the team, the opportunity to participate in TechLab was their first impressions of the entrepreneurial world. Named as one of the top cities in the United States for startups, many members of the team have used their time in Ann Arbor as a means to evaluate how entrepreneurship will play a role in their future.
James, an electrical engineering senior on the team said, "Getting to see a working, growing startup has been incredibly valuable to me… someday I want to start my own company, so getting hands-on here has been very useful."
Becoming an entrepreneur has always been one of James's life goals. From his work on the REV-1 project to his time to transferring to the University of Michigan specifically for its start-up kickstarting potential, entrepreneurship has been a focal point for him. He has concrete plans to commercialize his technology soon after his graduation in December 2020, and looks forward to a lifelong career of innovating, prototyping, and pioneering.
"Between this program, Techlab, the trek, the class… I feel so prepared to do the things I am doing now. It has been an incredible experience."
This story was originally published by the College of Engineering Center for Entrepreneurship.


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One of the main differences between the Lisa and Macintosh projects was the way that they viewed third party developers. The Lisa team was writing an integrated suite of seven office-oriented applications internally, so they didn't see a need to support third party developers at first, although they planned to do it eventually.
The Macintosh, inspired by the Apple II, took a different approach. The Apple II's sales had increased more than ten-fold when a tiny company named Software Arts released the first spreadsheet, Visicalc, which initially ran only on the Apple II. We wanted all the people who resonated with our Macintosh dream to be able to extend it with own creativity, so having first class support for third party developers was considered to be a must, from the very beginning.
But that was easier said than done. Lisa's stance was quite reasonable, because consistency between applications was very important to us. There were virtually no third party developers who were familiar with a graphical user interface, so we had to educate them about a whole new approach to programming. In those days, every application provided its own unique user interface, and we weren't sure that it was even possible to coordinate independent developers to conform to our ideas about a consistent user interface.
In fact, in early 1982 our user interface was still evolving, and everyone on the team didn't necessarily agree about the best way to do things, especially in situations that hadn't been considered yet. It seemed like the next logical step was to formally document and codify our user interface, to identify and resolve open issues and communicate it to third party developers.
One forcing function was a looming meeting with our initial third-party developer, Microsoft (see Shut Up!), who was coming to pick up their first Macintosh prototypes and developer documentation around the end of January. We held a series of intense, all day meetings in the second week of January 1982, to thrash out disagreements and formulate a shared view of the UI, metaphorically locking ourselves in a room until we came to consensus. The meetings were attended by Steve Jobs, Bill Atkinson, Joanna Hoffman, Chris Espinosa, Randy Wigginton (who had left Apple in September 1981, but agreed to write MacWrite for us as a semi-independent developer) and me.
The Lisa User Interface was our obvious starting point, but we had a drive to simplify things, and tried to strip out anything that seemed too complex. Triple-click was easy to get rid of, for example, but it was hard to agree about the details of scroll bars. After two and a half days, we thought that we were more or less in agreement, and decided that Joanna should write up the current state of the design. She wrote the first draft of the "Macintosh User Interface Guidelines" in time for the Microsoft meeting the following week, where we presented it for the very first time. Eventually, Chris Espinosa took over authorship of the guidelines, augmenting and amending them as necessary as development proceeded.
By April 1982, the first implementation of the User Interface Toolbox, which contained the code that implemented UI objects like windows, menus, buttons and scrollbars, was ready for the initial release to developers. Since most developers had never programmed a graphical user interface before, it was very important to write high quality developer documentation to explain the ins and outs of using the toolbox. Chris Espinosa had already written some excellent documentation for using QuickDraw, so we were off to a good start.
I met with Chris about the toolbox documentation and we decided to tackle the window manager first. He assigned a recently hired technical writer, a women in her mid-twenties who will remain mercifully nameless in this story, to work with me to document the Window Manager API.
One afternoon, I sat down with the writer for a few hours with some print-outs of the source code, and went over the Window Manager API with her in fine detail. I was a bit worried because I did most of the talking, and she didn't ask any questions, but she promised to show me her first draft in just a few days.
A few days later, Chris Espinosa handed me a few pages of Window Manager documentation, with the caveat that it was a very early draft, so I shouldn't expect too much. But my heart sank as I began to read it. The actual window manager calls were accurately reproduced, as were the comments from the header file, but the descriptions of each call made no sense; it was clear that she didn't understand many of the underlying QuickDraw and memory manager concepts, and instead of asking for an explanation, she just made up whatever popped into her head.
I had a panicky meeting with Chris, but he was able to calm me down and convince me to give the writer another chance. I met with both of them, explaining the problems that I had with what she had done so far. She was amazingly blithe and cheerful about it, saying that she knew that she didn't understand everything, but figured that I would correct anything that was wrong. We had another longer meeting, where I did my best to explain the underlying concepts like handles and regions, and went over the Window Manager API again, this time asking her if she had any questions at the end of each routine. It still seemed to me like she was having trouble understanding things, no matter how carefully I tried to explain, but she didn't seem worried about it at all.
The next draft was just as bad as the previous one, and I felt even worse, given all the effort that I put into it. Chris was defensive, and I began to despair of ever getting decent documentation for the toolbox. So I was suprised when he entered my cubicle a couple of days later, with a smile on his face.
"We've just made an offer to a new writer", he told, "someone who I think will do a much better job on the technical side of things, since she used to be a programmer. Her name is Caroline Rose. I'm going to assign her to the window manager documentation and see what you think."
The next week I sat down to meet with Caroline for the first time, and she couldn't have been more different than the previous writer. As soon as I began to explain the first routine, she started bombarding me with questions. She didn't mind admitting it when she didn't understand something, and she wouldn't stop badgering me until she comprehended every nuance. She began to ask me questions that I didn't know the answers to, like what happened when certain parameters were invalid. I had to keep the source code open on the screen of my Lisa when I met with her, so I could figure out the answers to her questions while she was there.
Pretty soon, I figured out that if Caroline had trouble understanding something, it probably meant that the design was flawed. On a number of occasions, I told her to come back tomorrow after she asked a penetrating question, and revised the API to fix the flaw that she had pointed out. I began to imagine her questions when I was coding something new, which made me work harder to get things clearer before I went over them with her.
Initially, we distributed the raw documentation to developers piecemeal, as it was written, but eventually we wanted to collect it into one definitive reference called "Inside Macintosh". It was almost 1000 pages long, spread across three volumes, mostly written by Caroline with help from Bob Anders, Brad Hacker, Steve Chernicoff and a few others. Steve Jobs insisted on very high production standards for the first edition, naturally, using only the best binding and paper available. But high quality printing takes time, and the evangelists were impatient to get the definitive documentation out to developers as soon as possible.
I'm not sure whose idea it was, but a compromise was finally reached. Apple would publish a free, soft-bound "promotional" edition of Inside Macintosh on low quality paper as soon as possible, and send a copy for free to every developer. It was about as thick and flimsy as the Yellow Pages, so it became known as the "phone book" edition. Most developers still bought the high quality, beautiful hardback edition when it came out a few months later, anyway.


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It's no secret that cyber attacks are on the rise, and that no company is immune to them. Dropbox, a cloud storage company, was the lastest victim when their GitHub account was compromised. This allowed attackers access to 130 code repositories, which contained sensitive data.
Dropbox was notified of a potential breach on October 14th from GitHub, who observed suspicious activity coming from the account starting one day earlier.
On Tuesday, November 1, 2022, Dropbox released an announcement that said, "our investigation has found that the code accessed by this threat actor contained some credentials—primarily, API keys—used by Dropbox developers."
The data contains the names and email addresses of a few thousand Dropbox employees, current customers, past customers, sales leads, and vendors.
A successful email phishing campaign, targeting Dropbox employees and pretending to be from CircleCI (a continuous integration and delivery platform), has been attributed to a recent data breach. The emails directed the victims to a landing page where they were asked to enter their GitHub credentials.
Dropbox states that the hackers did not manage to get access to customers' accounts, passwords, or payment information. In addition, none of Dropbox's core apps or infrastructure were compromised. As a result of this attack, Dropbox is taking further steps to secure its environment by using WebAuthn and hardware tokens or biometrics.
It was almost immediately after the compromise that GitHub detected the exfiltration of content from private repositories. The threat actors used VPNs and proxy services to make it more difficult to trace and identify them.
The Dropbox security breach is just one example of how even big companies are susceptible to damage by sophisticated cyber attacks. But while Dropbox was quickly mitigate the damage caused by the attack, it's a reminder to all businesses that they're always vulnerable to these kinds of threats. Therefore, it's important for employers educate their staff on how identify potential cyberattacks.


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Doctor DOS Betamax's
You are about to Enter the
Superior World of the Command Line
Experience Inside
How DOS Speed & Efficiency Work for You.
Automation of Operations through Batch Files.
Five Dozen Improvements to your DOS Technique.
An Inventory of DOS File Extensions.
Recognition of DOS Misconceptions, Fallacies, and Lies.
The DOS Student's Guide to Characters & Symbols.
Comprehension of Exit Codes.
Understanding Program Switches.
Grasping the Concept of DOS Variables.
Brightening Your Day with DOS Humour.
A Catalogue of Favoured DOS Books & Magazines.
Extensive Links to DOS Websites World Wide.
Now, turn the page to:
The DOS Operating System


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Aleksandra Goryachkina Takes Sole Lead at WGP Leg in Astana
Kateryna Lagno and Alexandra Kosteniuk won their games as well.
The third round of the first leg of the 2022-2023 FIDE Women's Grand Prix Series was played in Astana. Aleksandra Goryachkina defeated Alina Kashlinskaya, Kateryna Lagno bested Polina Shuvalova, Alexandra Kosteniuk won against Tan Zhongyi, while the games Assaubayeva - Vaishali, Wagner - Abdumalik, and Paehtz - Zhu were drawn.
Standings after Round 3:
1. Aleksandra Goryachkina - 2.5 points
2-4. Kateryna Lagno, Bibisara Assaubayeva, Zhu Jiner - 2
5-8. Alexandra Kosteniuk, Alina Kashlinskaya, Elisabeth Paehz, Zhansaya Abdumalik - 1.5
9-11. Polina Shuvalova, Vaishali Rameshbabu, Tan Zhongyi - 1
12. Dinara Wagner - 0.5.
Round 4 pairings:
Shuvalova - Zhu, Abdumalik - Paehtz, Kosteniuk - Wagner, Vaishali - Tan, Goryachkina - Assaubayeva, Lagno - Kashlinskaya.
Official website


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2013 NFL Hall of Fame Inductees Announced — Bill Parcells, Cris Carter Among Those Elected
Former Minnesota Vikings star receiver Cris Carter and 2-time Super Bowl winning coach Bill Parcells were among the seven names elected into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in Canton, Ohio.Joining Parcells and Carter in the class of 2013 are three first-year candidates -- Baltimore Ravens offensive tackle Jonathan Ogden (who will be the first Raven elected into the Hall of Fame) Dallas Cowboys guard Larry Allen, and Tampa Bay Buccaneers defensive tackle Warren Sapp. Two other players -- former Kansas City Chiefs and Houston Oilers defensive tackle Curley Culp and former Green Bay Packers and Washington Redskins linebacker Dave Robinson fill out the class of 2013 Hall of Fame.
Among the famous players and owners snubbed this year were former owners Art Modell and Edward DeBartolo Jr. (both of whom are now eliminated from consideration), former Steelers star Jerome Bettis and single-season sack leader and two-time Super Bowl champion Michael Strahan.


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House of Love | 21. December | Klunkerkranich
💖 House of Love is back with a new home – on the top floor of Klunkerkranich in Hinter den Alpen! 💖
Lovely lineup:
Elisa Elisa // Mountak // Straight Marvin // Clarence Wu
House of Love is a celebration of house music in all of its forms. From deep- to disco-, lofi- to tech-, Chicago to London, and everything else with a 4/4 beat that will move your feet.
At House of Love you can sample some of the best house music from different genres and regions across the world in one party! With two rooms going at once you always have the opportunity to hear the type of house music that suits your taste. The DJs at House of Love come from around the world and have one thing in common, a deep and genuine love for house music and the desire to spread that love through music! ❤💛💚💙💜🖤
» Elisa Elisa
» Mountak
» Straight Marvin
» Clarence Wu


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Emergency Locksmith Opening Norton, MA – Galaxy Locksmith Store
For a simple lock repair or lock replacement, you can take the time to select the best locksmith and wait for them to come. But what if, you face an emergency situation such as a home lockout or car lockout in an awkward timing? You will need an emergency locksmith opening service to address your issues immediately. Galaxy Locksmith Store is a 24-hour emergency locksmith firm in Norton, MA area that will be at your rescue during any emergency lock & key problem.
Emergency Locksmith assistance for Homes
It could be very frustrating to know that you have lost your house keys. Also, it will be more unnerving when it happens late at night as there will not be anyone to help you out. Nevertheless, Galaxy Locksmith Store can reach you in minutes from your call and get you inside your house in a short while. Our expert locksmiths are well-trained to perform any type of emergency locksmith opening services.
Locksmith for automobile emergencies:
Car lockout is worse than home lockouts as it can happen anywhere anytime. You may be locked out of your car in an unfavorable time or in a remote locality. But Galaxy Locksmith Store can reach you anywhere within Norton, MA swiftly. You are never alone in such situations as we are there help you get out of the situation as soon as possible. You can avail our emergency locksmith opening services to gain access to your car immediately.
Specialist for business emergency locksmith services:
A door lockout scenario in business can make all your employees wait outside, in turn, affecting their productivity. Hence, it is an ideal choice to call Galaxy Locksmith Store and avail our emergency locksmith opening services immediately. We will meet you within the next 20 minutes of your call and will help you resume normal business operation quickly.
Safe opening service in Norton, MA:
Not just home, office or car lockout, but sometimes you may also miss your safe keys or forget the code combination of your safe. Our emergency locksmith opening services will help you unlock safes with ease in no time. We take care of safes such as gun, wall, floor and depository safes.
For all kinds of emergency locksmith opening services, reach Galaxy Locksmith Store!


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Being overweight or obese is a risk factor for developing Type 2 diabetes, but it turns out that these heavier patients may have an advantage: people who are overweight when they are diagnosed with diabetes live longer than their thinner peers.
The so-called obesity paradox, in which being overweight appears to be protective against early death, has been seen before in heart failure and chronic kidney disease.
But, says study author Mercedes Carnethon, associate professor of preventive medicine at Northwestern University, that doesn't necessarily mean that gaining excess weight is a healthy strategy; rather, it may be that people who are thin when they develop diabetes are already be vulnerable to worse health. "We hypothesized that their diabetes may be different," she says. "They may have developed diabetes for reasons unrelated to obesity.
Overall, about 85% of people with diabetes are heavy. Gaining too much weight is a major contributor to Type 2 diabetes, since excess fat cells can affect the way the body breaks down glucose and produces insulin, but some normal weight individuals can develop the disease as well. The elderly and people of Asian descent are more likely to be at normal weight when diagnosed, for example.
(MORE: Doctors Should Screen All Adults for Obesity, U.S. Panel Says)
For the new study, published in the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), Carnethon and her team reviewed data on five previous studies that were tracking people for heart disease risk factors. The studies, which were conducted between 1990 and 2011, included 2,625 people who were recently diagnosed with diabetes, about 12% of whom were at normal weight.
The lean patients looked metabolically similar to those who were obese, with the exception of their weight, the researchers found. But they were twice as likely to die at any point than their heavier counterparts. Even after adjusting for other risk factors known to contribute to diabetes, such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol levels and smoking, the higher mortality rates remained. Further, to account for the possibility that the normal weight patients could have been losing weight due to other underlying illnesses, the researchers excluded people who died within two years of their diabetes diagnosis. The doubling of early death risk persisted.
Overall, the death rate in overweight and obese people with diabetes was 1.5% per year, compared with 2.8% in thin patients.
(MORE: Type 2 Diabetes Is Tougher to Treat in Kids and Teens)
So, what sets the disease apart in normal weight people? More studies are needed to figure that out, but the authors have a few guesses. Genetic predisposition to improper insulin production may be part of the problem, says Carnethon. "We need to explore the genetic variations related to insulin secretion," says Carnethon. "It's possible that genetic factors could be promoting insulin resistance, and influencing something else related to mortality. We really don't know."
It's also possible that body fat may still play a role. The studies measured the participants' body mass index (BMI), a ratio of their height and weight, but it wasn't able to take into account their body fat composition, or how much of their overall body weight was made up of fat versus muscle. Many seemingly thin people carry more fat than muscle, making them trim on the outside, but fat on the inside. Even with a healthy BMI, for example, such people may harbor a lot of visceral fat, deep in their abdomen, a type of fat that is particularly dangerous to health, since it secretes hormones and substances that can hamper insulin's ability to break down sugar. Because many of the thin diabetes patients included in the new study were elderly, they likely had less muscle mass and more fat.
The findings raise the alarm that diabetes isn't just a disease of the overweight or obese, says Carnethon, and that physicians should be looking for signs even among their leaner patients, particularly those who are elderly. "Doctors' concern about normal weight people with diabetes should potentially be even higher than that for their counterparts who develop diabetes at a heavier weight," she says.


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I'm not sure what's more amazing — that this has been broken for five years, or that someone once thought this was a clever idea, or that almost no-one understands what's wrong…
Warning: iCloud Calendar invitations have unpre... | Apple Support Communities
I suspect few people use iCloud Calendar invitations — or else we'd all know about this. It's not a new behavior, it was first documented in 2011. It's still true.
It's important to know about this.
When you send an event invitation to an email address iCloud will look up the person associated with that email address (possibly using Contacts). If that person has an iCloud email address then the invitation will go to their iCloud calendar. No email will be generated. If they don't actually use that iCloud calendar they will never see the invitation.
If the invited person does not have an iCloud address in contacts then an email will be generated.
So if you invite with a gmail address, and iCloud finds an iCloud address associated with the gmail address Contact (see update for correction), no email will be sent to Google Calendar. Instead an iCloud Calendar event will be created.
There is such a thing as being too clever.
Some details are here: http://apple.stackexchange.com/questions/27449/icloud-calendar-not-sending-invit es/29970
I discovered this while doing research for a book on using smartphones to support independent living for special needs teens and adults. Using my sister's iCloud calendar I invited myself using my gmail address. I didn't get an email, and her iCloud account didn't show a sent message. Google found the 2011 StackExchange comment so I checked my unused iCloud calendar. There was the event, waiting acceptance.
A wonderful example of how being clever can be stupid.
Update 1/22/2016
A family member tells me her iCloud invitations appear to recipients with a name that is only associated with the Apple ID she uses for iTunes purposes — because it's on her credit card.
This suggests the AppleID lookup is based on the email address associated with one's Apple ID, not on anything in Contacts.app. I visited the AppleID associated with the iCloud calendar that my test invitation appeared on, and it is associated with two non-Apple email addresses. One of them is the gmail address I used in the test invitation.
Note that many people have multiple Apple IDs. I have four. More, Apple now allows one to have an Apple ID with a non-iCloud email address. Note also that it's been four years since Cook promised Apple would find a way to merge Apple IDs.
This is my new "Apple FUBAR" example.
Update 11/30/2016
Apple has introduced a new Advanced preference setting to iCloud Calendar (web only) that may have been created to fix this problem. They recommend receiving event invitations by email — "if your primary calendar is not iCloud". Yes, it's bizarre that this refers to how an iCloud calendar receives invitations, but I think it turns off Apple's obscure redirect mechanism.
Update 6/16/2023
I think this is still broken. On reviewing the original Stack Exchange post I saw a reference to a bug with invitations that had locations set. I don't know if that was ever fixed.


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We have our first regular sponsor - its only the fabulous
So it is with huge thanks to Heidi and Simon Says Stamp that we have our first featured challenge. And it is also sketch week, so here we go.
The fabulous DT girls have once again weaved their magic with it so without further ado, this is what they've done this week.
Kathrin (GDT)
Emma (GDT)
So there you go - have fun with it and we can't wait to see what you do this week. I'll announce the winner next Monday evening so make sure you have your cards on by then.
And don't forget to check out the Simon Says Stamp store as well - you will not be disappointed :)


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The University of Akron Alumni Association Legacy Scholarship
The University of Akron Alumni Association established the Legacy Scholarship program in 2001 through its governing body, the National Alumni Board of Directors. The Legacy Scholarship assists as many full-time undergraduate students as possible - with limited funds - who are the children, grandchildren or under legal guardianship of a University of Akron alumnus/a.
The scholarship symbolizes the University's commitment to community and student support and recognizes the importance of providing funds to retain students and assist them towards earning a college degree.
To be eligible to apply for this competitive scholarship, applicants must meet the following criteria:
- Parent, grandparent or guardian must be a University of Akron alumnus/a.
- Applicant must be a full-time undergraduate student for the following academic year.
- Earn a minimum cumulative grade point average of 3.0 or better.
- Demonstrate leadership abilities and community activities with a minimum two years of community service required.
- Possess high standards of character as evidenced by letters of recommendation
Financial need may be considered. Preference will be given to the well-rounded student (includes good academic performance, extracurricular activities and volunteer experience).
The 2024-2025 application
Download the application
Due Monday, February 5, 2024
Did you know?
- The Legacy Scholarship is funded in part by UA-branded Ohio license plates. (UA plates cost an additional $35. Of that, $25 goes directly to the Legacy Scholarship Fund.)
- Since its creation, the Legacy Scholarship has been awarded to over 235 students, totaling over $235,000 in scholarship dollars.
Scholarship Information and Selection Process
The total number of scholarships and award amounts given per year will be based upon available funds from the endowment, and may be renewable. Recipients must enroll full time in both semesters to receive the full award.
The selection committee shall consist of members of the National Alumni Board of Directors and one staff member of the Alumni Association who will consider academic performance, leadership, community service, honors, and career goals in making their selections. There are no restrictions to applicants based on age, gender, race, nationality, country of origin, physical disability, veteran status, or sexual orientation.
Application Deadline
The complete application package must be emailed or postmarked no later than Monday, February 5, 2024. The package must include:
- The scholarship application (download below)
- Two letters of recommendation
- An official transcript
All application materials can be emailed to email@example.com or mailed to:
The University of Akron Alumni Association
Attn: Legacy Scholarship 2024-25
Akron, OH 44325-2602
For questions or more information, contact The University of Akron Alumni Association at 330-972-7271 or email at email@example.com.


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« Prev | Another plot against Athanasius. | Next » |
Chapter XXVI.—Another plot against Athanasius.
The calumniators of Athanasius, however, did not desist from their attempts. On the contrary, they devised so bold a fiction against him, that it surpassed every invention of the ancient writers of the tragic or comic stage. They again bribed individuals of the same party, and brought them before the emperor, vociferously accusing that champion of virtue of many abominable crimes. The leaders of the party were Eusebius, Theognis, and Theodorus, bishop of Perinthus, a city now called Heraclea433433 Perinthus, on the Propontis also known as Heraclea, and now Erekli, was once a flourishing town. Theodorus was deposed at Sardica. On his genuine writings, vide Jer. de Vir. Ill. c. 90, and on a Commentary on the Psalter, published in 1643, and attributed to him, vide Dict. Christ. Biog. iv. 934.. After having accused Athanasius of crimes which they described as too shocking to be tolerated, or even listened to, they persuaded the emperor to convene a council at Cæsarea in Palestine, where Athanasius had many enemies, and to command that his cause should be there tried. The emperor, utterly ignorant of the plot that had been devised, was persuaded by them to give the required order.
But the holy Athanasius, well aware of the malevolence of those who were to try him, refused to appear at the council. This served as a pretext to those who opposed the truth to criminate him still further; and they accused him before the emperor of contumacy and arrogance. Nor were their hopes altogether frustrated; for the emperor, although exceedingly forbearing, became exasperated by their representations, and wrote to him in an angry manner, commanding him to repair to Tyre. Here the council was ordered to assemble, from the suspicion, as I think, that Athanasius had an apprehension of Cæsarea on account of its bishop. The emperor wrote also to the council in a style consistent with his devoted piety. His letter is as follows.
« Prev | Another plot against Athanasius. | Next » |


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Users of any Gnome-based distribution are probably familiar with gedit, the basic text editor with a few sweet additions, such as multiple file editing with tabs.
Even regular users of gedit may not even know that it has a plugin system, or of the availability of the gedit-plugins
package which is maintained by the gedit developers.
The plugins are not included by default in most pre-packaged distributions. It's probably not something that most users would take advantage of. It weighs in at a paltry 2MB, but for most Single-CD-ROM distributions, that's the difference between fitting on a CD or moving up to a DVD.
Here's a screenshot of the way gedit comes looking out of the box:
Here is the gedit your mother warned you about (with an appropriate metacity theme applied):
WOW! Talk about a whole new look! Is that really gedit?
I'm amazed that this kind of functionality existed in "plain old gedit!" Some of these features I discuss below are simply turned off by default, others are enabled by installing gedit-plugins
Let's focus on the important changes I've made that you can see right off the bat:
- Sidebar File List
Once we have more than about 8 files open at a time, using the tabbed system becomes really clunky. This solves that problem - Terminal emulator at bottom
Whoa. This alone is going to save so much time! In the past month alone I've installed a dozen or so programs from source – this is going to make it stupid easy to follow along in a README file while typing in commands to install a program. - Syntax Highlighting
I often code my own HTML when writing a new post instead of using a WYSIWYG editor – there is syntax highlighting for damn near every language I can think of off the top of my head – from Ada to XML – it's probably there. - Highlight Current Line, Line Numbers and Bracket Highlighting
See in the picture, the cursor is at the end of the line 109. Notice on line 99 the open bracket for that hunk of code is highlighted?. Snazzy. - External Tools – If you're a developer, all you need is a picture to see how awesome this is.
- Snippets
Depending on what language markup you are using, snippets can be used to make repetative tasks very easy to complete. I can't tell you how many times I've added html code to an image tag to make it so it loads in a lightbox – I'm not going to need to do that again!
- Color schemes. This is built into gedit by default, no plugin needed here, but changing the color scheme can help focus on whatever is being worked on at the time and increase productivity.
gedit-plugins can use your help! Stop by the #gedit IRC channel on irc.gnome.org and make some suggestions.
If you found this article helpful, feel free to speak up and leave a comment. Remember, always wear protection.


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Current Promotion:
Reviews are a BIG part of our Customer Feedback. If you make a purchase with us, please consider leaving a review after you've had a chance to try our products. We would really appreciate it! We love to hear what our customers have to say.
In an effort to collect more customer reviews. If you leave us a review, we'll email you a coupon code of equal (same) value. For example: If you review a product that values $2.99 we will send you a code for $2.99. If you review a product that lists for $3.99, we'll send you a coupon code for $3.99. It's that SIMPLE!
In appreciation of your feedback, you'll receive one free design from our site. **See Rules Below.
* One coupon code per customer.
* You can leave as may reviews as you'd like, but you will only receive one coupon code.
* Coupon code is good towards one product of equal (same) value.
* Customer is responsible for the difference during checkout if the order exceeds the coupon amount. Or if taxes should apply.
* You must have purchased the design from this website (Katelyn's Kreative Stitches.com) in order to review any of our products.
* Purchases will be verified prior to sending out coupons.
* Purchases must have been made within the last year, to qualify.
* Orders must be in the same customer's name as listed on the review that is submitted.
* Reviews can't be submitted as "anonymous" during this promotion. We have to know who to send the code to. :)
* Reviews will need to be approved by admin before being posted. So they won't show up automatically. Please be patient!
RULES ARE SUBJECT TO CHANGE AT OUR DISCRESSION or DURING ANY FUTURE PROMOTIONS.
- Instant Download
- No Shipping Required
- PayPal
- Credit Card
- Instant Download
- Online Shopping 24/7
- Monthly Promotions
- Gift Certificates
- Wish List
- Reward Points
Delivery InfoShipping and Handling:This product is electronically distributed.All of our products at Katelyn's Kreative Stitches are sold as digital downloads. These are not finished products that are sold on items or as applique iron on patches.
PaymentPayments Accepted:We accept Visa, Master Card, American Express, Discover, and Paypal.Personal Checks or Money Orders:We do not accept personal checks or money orders at this time.
RefundsRefunds / Exchanges:Due to the electronic nature of our products, no refunds can be offered. Altering a design file such as resizing, or sorting, can affect the stitch quality. We are not responsible for the results of altered designs.
Our Happy 4th of July Gnome Banner Applique is Super Cute for the 4th of July. This design will fit the 5x7, 6x10, 9x9 and 8x12 hoop sizes.
Please refer to your .pdf files for the design layout and color chart. Each step is labeled on the .pdf files.
Hoop Size | Finished Size (H x W) | Stitch Count |
5 x 7 | 4.83 x 6.59 | 18,081 |
6 x 10 | 5.83 x 7.96 | 22,348 |
9 x 9 | 5.33 x 7.28 | 20,107 |
8 x 12 | 7.83 x 10.69 | 30,879 |
Original Designs by Katelyn's Kreative Stitches
Licensed Artwork paid by Katelyn's Kreative Stitches
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text:
Book Direct with the Owner at Flo Lounge in Shepparton with Accommodation Gladstone for all your restaurant and entertainment needs.
Accommodation Gladstone welcomes Flo Lounge in Shepparton VIC 3630, we provide a friendly relaxing restaurant and bar. Flo Lounge is a great place to unwind with a cold drink, an ideal place to watch and forget about the hustle and bustle while you enjoy a freshly brewed coffee or a snack from our affordable specials menu.
Is Flo Lounge in Shepparton your property on Accommodation Gladstone, please claim your listing and subscribe to update your contact details and receive your phone calls and emails from your clients.
copyright © 2024 Accommodation Gladstone. All rights reserved.


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Open Letter
An Open Letter from Preston Tucker
This letter appeared in many newspapers in the United States on June 15, 1948.
An Open Letter to The Automobile Industry In The Interests Of The American Motorist By Preston Tucker President, Tucker Corp.
As you know, we are building a completely new motorcar—the rear engine Tucker. Being new-comers in the field we have had to start from scratch and work harder and faster than most of you. For example, instead of the 20 months you usually take to produce a new model of conventional design, my engineers have taken less than 10 to perfect a car which I firmly believe opens a new era in motoring.
In this same year, we have completed a nationwide dealer organization, acquired the largest most modern automotive plant in tile world, and cleared the decks for mass production. These things have been done—and well done—in spite of persistent and unfair opposition from within the automobile industry.
Please don't misunderstand me. Many of you have gone out of your way to be friendly to the Tucker Corporation. It's true, some of you have not shared our conviction that a rear-engine car is the car of the future, but you have been willing to let the American motorist judge that for himself, in the firm belief that what's best for the motorist is best for you in the long run.
But there is another group-a very powerful group—which for two years has carried on a carefully organized campaign to prevent the motoring public from ever getting their hands on the wheel of a Tucker. These people have tried to introduce spies into our plant. They have endeavored to bribe and corrupt loyal Tucker employees. Such curiosity about what goes on in the Tucker plant should be highly flattering, I suppose. But they haven't stopped there.
They even have their spokesmen in high places in Washington. As a direct result of their influence, Tucker dealers all over the country—men of character and standing in their communities—have been harassed and grilled by agents of the government and Congressional Investigating Committees.
My associates and myself and the Tucker Corporation have been investigated and investigated, time and again. Millions of dollars of the taxpayers money have been squandered in an utterly fruitless effort to kill the Tucker, to bar us from needed raw materials, to keep us so busy defending ourselves and our efforts that the motoring public would tire of waiting for a completely new rear-engine car. But they haven't been able to stop us.
You know, perhaps, that our bid on a government owned steel plant in Cleveland was recently refused. Let me tell you the inside story of that; Sealed bids were called for, in accordance with law. Only two were submitted, one by the steel company operating the plant, the other by the Tucker Corporation. The bids were opened nearly five months ago. The Tucker Corporation's bid was high. If Tucker's bid had been accepted, it could have given taxpayers as much as four million dollars more for the plant than the steel company offered.
This plant would provide ample raw materials for volume production of the Tucker and would serve numerous small businesses now starving for steel.
You would think our high bid for the plant would have been accepted long ago. For five months political pressure, ruthless and barefaced, has forced delay after delay. We're still waiting. We don't know who is responsible for this. But who do you suppose is getting the raw material from this plant we want for Tucker and small business? None other than some well known – and unfriendly—automotive manufacturers.
Most of the political pressure and investigations we have had to face these last two years can be traced back to one influential individual who is out to "get Tucker." If he acts from honest conviction in his efforts to prolong the motorcar, then I hope he will have the courage to tell the public just that.
But personally we believe he has more obvious motives. Evidence in Tucker files, for example shows the controlling interest in a large sales agency of an automotive corporate subsidiary is in his wife's name. And when he gave an elaborate party at a Washington hotel a few months ago, who do you suppose paid the bill? None other than an official of an automobile manufacturer—a manufacturer distinctly unfriendly to the Tucker Corporation. Is all this, too, just coincidence?
Now once more we are being investigated. Just at the time we are getting into production on a car that has won the hearts of the million motorists who have seen it, just when the job of making automobiles demands all our time and energy, my associates and I are asked to take time out again and again ever since we had the temerity to suggest America is eager for a completely new car.
What would you think in our place? Would you say it was just coincidence—or would you think it was planned that way?
You wonder, perhaps, why I have made these statements in an open letter. Here's why: As President of Tucker Corporation, I'm responsible to 1,872 Tucker dealers and distributors and nearly 50,000 Tucker stockholders. These people have put $25,000,000 into the Tucker Corporation. And I am going to protect their interests.
In addition, we have promised American motorists a completely new rear-engine motorcar, and hundreds of thousands have written us that they are ready and waiting to buy it. Every day letters come to us from people who know that in fighting to put the rear-engine Tucker on the road we are, at the same time, fighting for their right as motorists to get the finest engineering American ingenuity can produce.
We are going to justify the support these motorists so generously have given us. We are going to give them the car they want at a price they can afford, and without paying tribute to the Black Market. How this will be done will be announced today.
But in the meantime, I want to register the fact that we have just begun to fight. We have been patient so far, but our patience is wearing thin. We can give names, dates and places to prove our charges of unfair competition, and if necessary we will do it.
When the day comes that anyone can bend our country's laws and lawmakers to serve selfish, competitive ends, that day democratic government dies. And we're just optimistic enough to believe that once the facts are on the table, American public opinion will walk in with a big stick.


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Minnesota Twins Ladies Pearl Watch
- Minnesota Twins silver embossed logo
- Mother of Pearl dial
- Stainless steel band and caseback
- Shock resistant/water resistant (3 ATM)
- Japan quartz movement
- Limited lifetime warranty
- Officially licensed by the MLB
The Minnesota Twins Pearl Watch has the Minnesota Twins logo embossed in silver on a Mother of Pearl dial. The band and caseback are made of stainless steel which will prevent corrosion. Watch is water resistant and is backed by a limited lifetime warranty. This silver colored metal watch is sure to be a hit with any female Minnesota Twins fan.
Gender: Ladies
Band Head Width: 18mm
Band Type: Bracelet
Band Color: Silver
Band Material: Stainless Steel
Case Size: 35.9mm
Case Color: Silver
Case Shape: Round
Case Material: Alloy
Dial Color: Mother of Pearl Light
Movement: 3 Hands
Commodity 3: Quartz Analog
Water Reistance: 3ATM


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3d Bee Vinyl Can Wrap
3d Bee Vinyl Can Wrap
Before purchasing please read the full description carefully. Please check our current processing time and shipping times especially during the holiday season. All of our items are made to order and we do not offer returns, exchanges, or cancellations. Many Thanks.
Listing is for (1) one unwinded vinyl cup wrap/decal. Cold Cups or Beer Glass and transfer tape are not included.
- Listing is for a 24oz cold Cup , 6 oz cold Cups, 16 oz Glass Can Wrap but can also fit on 18 oz and 20o. See measurement on the description.
- Glossy Finish
- Permanent Vinyl Adhesive (3 years outdoor)
- Weatherproof Ink and Vinyl
Application instructions
Our cup wraps are printed on high quality Siser permanent adhesive vinyl with eco-solvent ink. Wraps are waterproof (3 years outdoor).
All you will do is clean your cup glass, weed, apply transfer tape and adhere to your cup!
Follow our social media for application videos!
*Please note that not all brands of 16 oz. glass cups have the exact same circumference measurements. They differ by a couple of millimeters. Our wraps have been measured to fit Authentic Libbey glass cans. Adjusting may be necessary.
We are NOT responsible for Cup Wraps that are applied incorrectly or damaged during application.
We do not claim ownership of the art and/or design on this listing, all rights and credits go to their rightful owners. We are only selling the printed transfers.


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EUGENE, Ore. -- The American West has seen a recent increase in large wildfires due to droughts, the build-up of combustible fuel, or biomass, in forests, a spread of fire-prone species and increased tree mortality from insects and heat.
In a paper appearing online Feb. 14 in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, a 12-member research team warns that these conditions may be "a perfect storm" for more fires.
While grazing and fire suppression have kept incidents of wildfires unusually low for most of the last century, the amounts of combustible biomass, temperatures and drought are all rising. "Consequently, a fire deficit now exists and has been growing throughout the 20th century, pushing fire regimes into disequilibrium with climate," the team concludes.
"The last two centuries have seen dramatic changes in wildfire across the American West, with a peak in wildfires in the 1800s giving way to much less burning over the past 100 years," said lead author Jennifer R. Marlon, now a National Science Foundation Earth Science Postdoctoral Fellow at the University of Wisconsin, Madison. "The decline was mostly caused by the influx of explorers and settlers and by their subsequent suppression of wildfires, both intentionally and accidentally."
Marlon earned her doctorate at the University of Oregon, where she studied with co-authors Patrick J. Bartlein and Daniel G. Gavin, professors of geography, as well as with former UO professor Cathy Whitlock, professor of earth sciences at Montana State University. Five other co-authors also hold doctoral degrees from the UO but are now affiliated with other institutions.
Wildfires have been debated for years as either a destructive force of nature that should be eradicated or natural disturbance that keep ecosystems healthy. For nearly 100 years, national policy, as administered by the U.S. Forest Service, had been to respond rapidly to suppress all wildfires, but in recent years, local forest managers have been given more latitude to evaluate which fires to suppress, while ensuring public safety.
In their analysis, Marlon and colleagues used existing records on charcoal deposits in lakebed sediments to establish a baseline of fire activity for the past 3,000 years. They compared that with independent fire-history data drawn from historical records and fire scars on the landscape.
Their key findings:
- Comparing charcoal records and climate data, as expected, showed warm, dry intervals, such as the "Medieval Climate Anomaly" between 1,000 and 700 years ago, which had more burning, and cool, moist intervals, such as the "Little Ice Age" between 500 and 300 years ago, had fewer fires. Short-term peaks in fires were associated with abrupt climate changes -- warming or cooling.
- Wildfires during most of the 20th century were almost as infrequent as they were during the Little Ice Age, about 400 years ago. However, only a century ago, fires were as frequent as they were about 800 years ago, during the warm and dry Medieval Climate Anomaly. "In other words, humans caused fires to shift from their 1,000-year maximum to their 1,000-year minimum in less than 100 years," Gavin said.
- Climate and humans acted synergistically -- by the end of the 18th century and early 19th century -- to increase fire events that were often sparked by agricultural practices, clearing of forests, logging activity and railroading.
"We can use the relationship between climate and fire," Marlon said, "to answer the question: What would the natural level of fire be like today if we didn't work so hard to suppress or eliminate fires? The answer is that because of climate change and the buildup of fuels across the western U.S., levels of burning would be higher than at any time over the past 3,000 years, including the peak in burning during the Medieval Climate Anomaly."
The long-term perspectives gained through these studies demonstrate how strongly climate and people affect the present-day landscapes and forests of the American West, and how they may change in the future, Bartlein said.
"Policymakers and others need to re-evaluate how we think of the past century to allow us to adjust and prepare for the future," he said. "Recent catastrophic wildfires in the West are indicators of a fire deficit between actual levels of burning and that which we should expect given current and coming climate conditions. Policies of fire suppression that do not account for this unusual environmental situation are unsustainable."
The five other co-authors previously at the UO are: Colin J. Long, now at the University of Wisconsin, Oshkosh; Christy E. Briles, now at Monash University in Australia; Daniele Colombaroli, now at the University of Bern in Switzerland; Mitchell J. Power, now at the University of Utah; and Megan K. Walsh, now at Central Washington University in Ellensburg, Wash. The remaining four co-authors are R. Scott Anderson of Northern Arizona University, Kendrick J. Brown of the Canadian Forest Service, Douglas J. Hallett of the University of Calgary and Elizabeth A. Scharf of the University of North Dakota.
"This collaboration of researchers with UO roots provides potentially important information that may be useful in guiding policies to protect the environment," said Kimberly Andrews Espy, vice president for research and innovation. "It is gratifying to see that the impact of graduate study at the UO extends well beyond students' time on our campus. Working together is a hallmark of UO graduate study and reflects well on our nationally ranked geography department."
Charcoal records used in the research were obtained from the Global Charcoal Database of the Global Palaeofire Working Group. Marlon, Bartlein and Power serve on the organization's scientific steering group.
About the University of Oregon
The University of Oregon is among the 108 institutions chosen from 4,633 U.S. universities for top-tier designation of "Very High Research Activity" in the 2010 Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education. The UO also is one of two Pacific Northwest members of the Association of American Universities.
Jennifer R. Marlon, postdoctoral researcher, geography, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 203-623-7108, email@example.com
Patrick J. Bartlein, professor of geography, UO, 541-346-4967, email@example.com
Daniel G. Gavin, associate professor of geography, UO, 541-346-5787, email@example.com
Marlon faculty page (Wisconsin): http://www.pyrogeography.org/
Bartlein faculty page: http://geography.uoregon.edu/bartlein/
Gavin faculty page: http://geography.uoregon.edu/gavin/
UO Science on Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/UniversityOfOregonScience
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences


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Type 1 Diabetes Hypoglycemia Deaths Per Year
Several times a year I hear of severe hypoglycemia taking the life of another Type 1 diabetic. Most of us are familiar with "Dead in Bed" syndrome, which is the term used to refer to severely low blood sugars taking the lives of children as they sleep. Since these deaths almost always can be prevented with proper management of the disease, I set out to discover just how many Type 1s we're losing every year, in particular due directly to severe hypoglycemia. Sure, a far greater number of diabetics are passing away indirectly from complications brought on by years of mismanaged blood sugars, but given that I've landed in the ER twice since being diagnosed in 2004, I've grown curious as to how many Type 1s are dying directly from severely low blood sugars.
Finding an answer to this question proved to be far more difficult than I had imagined. In fact, according to the Medtronic website (makers of my Revel Insulin Pump and CGM) and various other sources online, there is no official mortality rate for how many people die each year from hypoglycemia. This is unfortunate news. However, it is not due to mere ignorance. The problem is that after death the body can still release glucose, thereby making it difficult to determine if the deceased had suffered a hypoglycemic incident at the time of death.
Although there is no official statistic for the number of Type 1 diabetes deaths per year from hypoglycemia, I did come across a staggering figure that the JDRF (Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation) displayed in an ad back in November of 2011. It states that 1 in 20 people with Type 1 Diabetes will die of low blood sugar. This figure is based on a number of studies by researchers P.E. Cryer, T. Deckert and W.M.G. Turnbridge, in addition to the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial that ran from 1983-1993. The JDRF ad itself displayed the photo of an eight-year-old Type 1 girl named Piper and was used to put pressure on the FDA to lay out a pathway to bring the artificial pancreas to market (a device that holds a great deal of promise for Type 1s, but also comes with a great deal of risk if it is not made to be foolproof).
The JDRF ad caused controversy among Type 1s, some of whom openly expressed their anger by calling the ad "sensational," "painful," and "unnecessary." I beg to disagree. Regardless of what the JDRF's intent was, knowing that statistic just might shock Type 1s enough that they do everything in their power not to be part of the 5% who don't make it and rather join the 95% who do.
17 Responses to "Type 1 Diabetes Hypoglycemia Deaths Per Year"
I am disappointed that this article is just aimed at children with type 1. I think the shock tactics are an eye opener and with good reason but it does make me wonder if it would just make parents absolutely paranoid. It's not just children who are affected…
Although I understand your point of view, I don't agree entirely. I AM the mother of a type 1diabetic and I Llong for people to know more about the real dangers of this disease. As a family we have faced unbelieveable ignorance and indifference. She goes to a small private school that is tun out of our church. It has been 51/2 years since her diagnosis and I STILL fight for her safety at school. She is very active in sports so everyone looks at her and says " she looks so healthy". While I am SO thankful that she is healthy, it can also be a curse in that people don't get what you go through- what SHE goes through- and they do NOT get the real dangers and CONSTANT threats from this disease. The general public has to know about these things. They need a real education. A diagnosis of type 1 is devastating enough- dealing with people is excruciating!
Good article Kevin. My daughter was diagnosed two years ago just after her third birthday. She uses a pink Animas ping pump and we manage her as best we can. My daughter's last Aic was 6.6 our lowest yet but as one endo told the price of a good A1c is flirting with lows. We are definitely paranoid about lows either at night or while she is at school. We check her BG at 3 am every night and unexplained lows remain a periodic reality. I just stumbled across your blog and enjoy your writing. Cheers from Vancouver.
I appreciate the article, and anyone disappointed about the focus on Type 1 (which is more well known linked to children) is splitting hairs. The dead in bed syndrome is what keeps my wife and I vigilant beyond vigilant with our 8 year old son who was diagnosed in Aug 2011 with Type 1. We are determined he will not be a statistic and will live a long, productive life. Anyone want to see a child who won't let Type 1 stop him AT ALL, please check out his video on youtube.
We are well short of a million hits. Oh well.
Hi, thanks for the article. I am a Type 1 diabetic. I use the Mini Med Paradigm Revel pump also. I have been using an insulin pump for the past 26 years. I started out with MiniMed, and I've used their pumps ever since.
My question for those that are reading this blog is:
Has anybody experienced paralysis when their blood sugars are extremely low?
Two years ago, I awoke and I was completely paralyzed on my right side. I could turn my head, and my speech was normal. I woke my husband up, and said "Somethings not right!" He then asked if my blood sugar was low, and at the time I had no symptoms of low blood sugar. He rushed and brought me orange juice anyway. I drank two 8 oz glasses of juice, and slowly my right side began functioning again. Why, it didn't alarm me more as to being paralyzed with a possible stroke, I don't know. I called my physician and he immediately wanted me to come in. He then hospitalized me, and they ran a lot of test. All test came back normal. Thankfully. The only conclusion was that my blood sugar had dropped dangerously low, which caused the hemi paralysis.
Jump now to this week, and I have had two mornings of waking up with hallucinations. This morning was the worst. I was screaming and crying at the top of my lungs. My husband was holding me and saying "it's ok, it's ok" , I was convinced that there were small babies drowning right beside me and I couldn't move to help them. My right side was slightly paralyzed this morning also. This really scares me.
I have some CGM sensors, but don't always wear one, mainly because they are so expensive, and they only last 4 – 5 days per sensor. I will put one one this afternoon however.
Just curious as to has anybody else experienced paralysis with low blood sugars?
My daughter apparently was unable to move or speak but she could see and hear everything. Her brain wasn't functioning well enough to know what was going on though. fortunately her husband saw her get out of bed to respond to the dog and wondered why she didn't go any further than the door. He worked out she needed glucose and got it for her.
I woke one day, my sugar level had gone so low I wet the bed, my body's last shout at waking me, I realized my sugar level was low, grabbed my phone dialled 999 and when I went to speak I couldn't speak properly, scarey, I managed to tell them my address. I tryed to get out of bed and just fell on the floor my legs wouldn't work.i dragged my self to the front door to open it for paramedics…. That was along time ago on insulin where you had to eat at certain times.
[…] thing. Although there is no official mortality rates for hypoglycemia, the JDRF determined about one in twenty people with type 1 diabetes will die each year due to low blood […]
I am befuddled by the wide use of insulin pumps and no mention of Continuous Glucose Monitors when they alert and alarm diabetics with low blood sugars and could virtually eliminate "Dead in Bed."
I understand the concept of cgms, alarms and even the 530G of Minimed with the threshold suspend feature, but there are still times when severe lows occur with less than a minute warning. The "dead in bed" events still happen despite vigorous efforts.
My Husand won't use his. Says it drives him crazy always reminding him. Nice huh!
My child was 1 of the 20 who die. I see people say if you take good care of yourself and manage your blood sugars you have nothing to worry about. That is untrue.
You can do everything right but the unpredictability of it can take a life in a matter of minutes. My daughter passed out while taking a bath and drowned.It is hard to get the statistics as you said because he death certificate says drowning, it was really her diabetes. I wish it stated that so we can really know what the statistics are.
I know this is a old post but I wanted to speak from a parent who has loved and lost a very well managed diabetic child.
Sorry for you loss. How old was your daughter? At times I tell myself that if it is meant to be for my Husand to die from a low verse losing his eye sight, going on dialysis, losing limbs, toes/fingers, car then maybe that what is meant to be.


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What kind of person would steal a little girl's Beanie Babies? And use a knife during the heist? Perhaps the kind of 18-year-old who would want 6 Beanie Babies… As reported by The Orlando Sentinel:
Two St. Cloud men accused of taking a little girl's Beanie Babies and other items during a home invasion are being held without bail today at the Osceola County Jail.
Scott Napolillo and Sean Knapp, both 18, face charges of home-invasion robbery, aggravated assault and false imprisonment.
Napolillo is accused of pulling a knife from his waistband and forcing his way into a St. Cloud house to collect on a debt as Knapp waited outside with a souvenir baseball bat.
Must have been a large debt for all that.
The men rode their bicycles to the house.
Okay, maybe a medium-size debt?
The victim, who was not identified, told police Napolillo threatened to stab him if he didn't have $130 to pay off his debt, the report stated.
Told there was no money, Napolillo ransacked the home and told the victim if he tried to run a friend known as the "Marlboro Man" was waiting outside.
After packing the robbed items in a black bag, Napolillo left after saying he would come back and kill the victim if police were called, the report stated.
After the men left, a police officer on patrol in the area recognized Napolillo as a suspect in several burglaries and followed the men as they rode their bikes across St. Cloud, an arrest report stated.
The officer stopped them for riding against traffic after they cut off a car on 17th Street.
Napolillo had a dagger stuffed inside his waistband and he showed the officer that the black bag contained nine Nintendo video games, six Beanie Babies, the souvenir baseball bat, a cell phone and 13 AA batteries, the report stated.
$130! STFU! NFW did you do all that for $130. Here's the source, which includes mug shots of the young men.


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A stumbling block, can't let it make me fall behind
This was originally due nearly 2 weeks ago. I forgot to post in time, then a storm happened. Then my excuses got less legitimate.
This was a very successful playtest. We laid out the final rule set. We believe we are ready for external playtests now. Organizing such things can be a little tedious. I have faith though.
Final Rules (As far as we know):
10x10 Grid
1 Hero
3 Villain Pieces
Starting Locations for standard gameplay:
Hero: A-1, Goal: J-10
Villain: 1 A-10, 2 I-9, 3 J-1
Hero rolls one die
Villain splits moves between two dice (must move all three pieces) 3 rounds of play
Rolls occur simultaneously, each player marks down moves before moving (to keep strategy honest). Players then mark moves on board (or third party "referee").
When Hero lands on Villain: Hero loses round
If Hero crosses enemy move path: begin roll battle
1 Path = 1 die roll for each
>1 Path = 2 dice for villain
Tie = Re-roll
Hero wins = finish move
Villain wins = Hero loses round
3 Rounds of play
If hero wins = Game Ends
Goal Space must be exact roll
About the Author(s)
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