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The Oceanic Six are the survivors of Oceanic Flight 815 who left the Island and returned openly to civilization on January 7, 2005, 108 days after the crash. The lives of these characters —Aaron, Hurley, Jack, Kate, Sayid and Sun — following their return to civilization were featured in flash-forwards in the final episode of Season 3 and throughout Season 4. Although the existence of an "Oceanic Six" was revealed in "The Beginning of the End", the membership of this group was revealed and confirmed gradually only over the course of the first several episodes of the fourth season.
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Revealed | "Through the Looking Glass, Part 2" | "Through the Looking Glass, Part 2" | "The Beginning of the End" | "The Economist" | "Ji Yeon" | "Eggtown" |
Fabricated story[]
Before the Oceanic Six left the Island, Locke told Jack that in order to protect the Island, he would need to lie to the public when he returned to civilization. Just before the survivors of the helicopter crash were picked up by the Searcher, Jack came to agree with Locke's instruction and told his fellow survivors that a cover story must be fabricated to protect themselves and the people left behind from people like Charles Widmore, the man who sent the mercenary team on the Kahana to kill them all. Kate believed it would be too elaborate to keep up, but Jack insisted that he do the talking to their rescuers, and they follow his lead. ("There's No Place Like Home, Part 2") During the week spent on the Searcher they made up the lie. Kate was the one who came up with an idea to make Aaron her son. ("The Little Prince") Jack, with the help of Kate, made everyone agree to the story - although Hurley was the one that was most against it. ("The Lie") Eventually, they all agreed and adhered to a fabricated story about their time following the crash, using the excuse of being "in shock" to explain any awkwardness or misstatements during their reintroduction to civilization. ("There's No Place Like Home, Part 1")
The Oceanic Six stated that Oceanic Flight 815 crashed into the Indian Ocean, thereby tying in with the purported discovery of the plane's wreckage by the Christiane I. ("Confirmed Dead") As the plane was in the ocean filling up with water, several passengers got to the emergency door and swam out before the plane sank. They were in the water for over a day, afloat on cushions and some life jackets, before being carried by the ocean's current to an uninhabited island in the lesser Sunda Islands known as Membata. By then, there were only eight of them left: Boone, Charlie, Hurley, Jack, Kate, Libby, Sayid, and Sun. ("Eggtown") Jack was injured, and Kate dragged the survivors out of the water and onto Membata's beach. Kate administered first aid to some of the survivors and found food for them. Kate was said to be six months pregnant with Aaron at this time, which drew suspicion from one reporter ("There's No Place Like Home, Part 1"). Boone and Libby, severely injured during the crash, died within a week of their arrival on the island. ("There's No Place Like Home, Part 1") Approximately 75 days after the crash, Kate gave birth to Aaron. Approximately 80 days after the crash, Charlie drowned. After 103 days on Membata, a typhoon washed up the remnants of an Indonesian fishing boat, including basic supplies and a survival raft. The group of six (five crash survivors including Aaron) used this raft to journey to an island called Sumba, which they reached on day 108, and were photographed coming ashore by a local fisherman. ("There's No Place Like Home, Part 1") From this point forward, the story of their rescue was true.
Some elements of this story were derived from the truth. The order in which Boone, Libby, and Charlie supposedly died matched the order in which they actually died, as well as the rough timeframe of each death. Boone did in fact die of internal injuries following a plane crash (though they were sustained in a different plane, which fell from the trees) ("Deus Ex Machina"), and Charlie did drown shortly before they left the Island. ("Through the Looking Glass, Part 1") Libby's actual cause of death (accidental gunshot) ("Two for the Road") was never revealed.
Jack maintained this story under oath at Kate's trial ("Eggtown"), and Hurley maintained the story while under police questioning, telling Los Angeles Police Officer Mike Walton that he never met Ana Lucia ("The Beginning of the End"). A grave marker for Jin in South Korea listed the date of the crash as his date of death ("Ji Yeon"). After Hurley was re-admitted to Santa Rosa Mental Health Institute, Jack visited him and questioned him to make sure his apparently deteriorated mental health status wouldn't diminish his adherence to the story ("The Beginning of the End"). Matthew Abaddon suspected the story to be false and questioned Hurley about it ("The Beginning of the End"). After three years of maintaining the story, however, Jack told Kate that he was "sick of lying." ("Through the Looking Glass, Part 2") Walt met with Hurley at his hospital and asked why the group was lying. Hurley told him it was the only way to protect everyone that didn't come back. Walt asked if that included his father, and adding another lie, Hurley confirmed this, even though Hurley knew Michael had died the day they left the island. ("There's No Place Like Home, Part 2")
A number of people knew the truth – or at least were aware that some of the story was untrue – and did not expose it. Frank and Desmond agreed to go their separate ways and remain quiet, and Penelope Widmore and her crew cooperated. ("There's No Place Like Home, Part 2") Walt knew much of the truth but kept the secret. Ben, and later John, living in civilization under aliases, did not reveal what they knew to the public. Sun told Charles Widmore not to pretend with her that he didn't know the truth. ("There's No Place Like Home, Part 2"). Hurley confided the truth to his mother, Carmen Reyes ("The Lie") and Kate told both Cassidy Phillips and Carole Littleton the truth or at least some of it. ("Whatever Happened, Happened")
Multiple elements of the story of the Oceanic Six are described as not credible with known facts by the Season 4 DVD extra The Oceanic Six: A Conspiracy of Lies.
Upon their return to civilization, three of the Oceanic Six were immediately reunited with their families: Hurley's parents, Jack's mother, and Sun's parents. Nadia reunited with Sayid following their initial press conference. Kate had no one come to greet her since her mother was dying of cancer and Kate herself murdered her father, nor did Aaron (whose family did not know who he was). ("There's No Place Like Home, Part 1") They immediately became international celebrities with television news coverage in countries ranging from the United States to Tunisia to Korea. Hurley tried to use this status to receive gentler treatment from the police when he was arrested for reckless driving. ("The Beginning of the End") At Kate's trial, photographers and news people swarmed the outside courthouse to get coverage of Kate entering. ("Eggtown")
Sayid initially thought Ben was a reporter when he caught him taking photos of Nadia's funeral procession in Tikrit. ("The Shape of Things to Come")
The members received golden passes for unlimited free travel from Oceanic Airlines ("Through the Looking Glass, Part 1") as well as a large cash settlement from Oceanic. ("The Economist") ("There's No Place Like Home, Part 1") Kate purchased a large home in the Hollywood Hills for just her and Aaron (and, for a time, Jack), ("Eggtown") Sun was able to buy a significant share of her father's business out from under him with her settlement, ("There's No Place Like Home, Part 1") and Sayid mentioned an expensive golf membership which was likely a cover for a hit he was contracted for. ("The Economist")
There were interpersonal tensions among the Oceanic Six. Jack initially wouldn't visit Kate at her home, not wanting to see Aaron after his discovery of their relation. ("Eggtown") He eventually relented, and they were engaged, but after he began to abuse medication and she performed a chore that Sawyer asked her to do before she left the Island, their relationship deteriorated. ("Something Nice Back Home") ("Through the Looking Glass, Part 1") Sun blamed Jack for leaving Jin on the freighter, and after the birth of her baby Ji Yeon, Hurley was the only one to visit her; Hurley was relieved to be the only one there. ("Ji Yeon") Sayid's work as an assassin for Benjamin Linus was said to be to protect his "friends", but it is unknown who he was referring to -- the rest of the Six, the people still on the Island, or both. ("The Economist") Following the death of Jeremy Bentham, Jack told Ben he didn't even know where Sayid was. While being visited at a mental hospital, Hurley did not look too pleased to see Sayid, and expressed reluctance to go anywhere with him, before hearing about Bentham's death. ("There's No Place Like Home, Part 2")
Three years after the return of the Oceanic Six, their fame had faded. One man recognized Jack for saving a lady in a car wreck rather than being one of the Oceanic Six. ("Through the Looking Glass, Part 1") Hurley had quietly returned to his life in a mental institution, and Kate continued parenting Aaron.
Return to the Island[]
Shortly before leaving the island, Locke warned Jack that his knowledge of the Island and the truth behind his lies would haunt him, and eventually drive him to return to the Island. Jack disagreed and left the Island. Three years after the rescue, Jack met with Ben at a funeral parlor. Jack told him that Locke had come to him under the alias "Jeremy Bentham" about a month ago and told him that after he left the Island, some very bad things happened, all of which were Jack's fault for leaving. Some time after giving Jack this information, Locke passed away (from an apparent/alleged suicide) in Los Angeles while living under his pseudonym. Feeling guilty and severely depressed, Jack told Kate and later Ben that he had to go back to the Island. ("Through the Looking Glass, Part 1") ("There's No Place Like Home, Part 2")
According to Ben, however, the Island would not permit just one of the Oceanic Six to return; all of them must return together, along with Locke's body (and possibly Frank, Walt, Ben, and/ or Desmond). According to Jack, Sayid was unreachable, Hurley was insane, Sun blamed Jack for something unspoken (most likely, the death of Jin), and Kate no longer wanted to talk to him. Ben offered to help Jack, saying he had "a few ideas". ("There's No Place Like Home, Part 2")
Five of the Oceanic Six (minus Aaron, whom Kate had given to Claire's mother) took Ajira Airways flight 316 to get back to the island, because it happened to fly over the location where Eloise Hawking had calculated the island would appear. Flight 316 was piloted by Frank Lapidus.
Eloise also informed the Oceanic Six that they had to, as best as possible, recreate the circumstances in which they originally arrived at the Island. They did so by having a few original passengers of Flight 815 with the body of John Locke representing both himself and as a proxy for Christian Shephard's body (thanks to a particular pair of shoes being placed upon his feet by Jack). ("316")
Upon the return of the five to the island, three of them died (Jack, Sayid, and Sun) and one remained on the island (Hurley). Kate was the only member to escape the island a second time.
Appearances in each others' flash-forwards[]
- Kate appeared in Jack's flash-forward at the airport. ("Through the Looking Glass, Part 2")
- Jack appeared in Hurley's flash-forward at Santa Rosa. ("The Beginning of the End")
- Ben appeared in Sayid's flash-forward at the animal clinic. ("The Economist")
- Jack appeared at Kate's trial. ("Eggtown")
- Aaron appeared in Kate's flash-forward, as he was in her care. ("Eggtown")
- Hurley appeared in Sun's flash-forward to meet Ji Yeon. ("Ji Yeon")
- Sayid appeared in Ben's flash-forward at Nadia's funeral. ("The Shape of Things to Come")
- Kate appeared in Jack's flash-forward, when they got engaged. ("Something Nice Back Home")
- Aaron appeared in Jack's flash-forward as he lived with him and Kate. ("Something Nice Back Home")
- Hurley appeared in Jack's flash-forward when he stopped taking his meds. ("Something Nice Back Home")
- All six appeared in flash-forwards in "There's No Place Like Home, Part 1" depicting their lives recently after rescue, and "There's No Place Like Home, Part 2" depicting their lives three years after rescue (though Aaron didn't directly receive a flash-forward, he was depicted in Kate's).
Appearances of other Survivors in the Sixes' flash-forwards[]
- Charlie appeared to Hurley at Santa Rosa. ("The Beginning of the End")
- Claire appeared in Kate's flash-forward in Kate's dream. ("There's No Place Like Home, Part 2")
- Mr. Eko was invisibly present in Hurley's flash-forward or Hurley was imagining his presence. ("There's No Place Like Home, Part 2")
- Ana Lucia appeared to Hurley as a cop. ("The Lie")
- Ben and John Locke were present at the funeral parlor in Jack's flash-forward. ("There's No Place Like Home, Part 2")
- Half of the Oceanic Six died on the Island, the first being Sayid Jarrah, who died when a bomb detonated; the next was Sun-Hwa Kwon, who drowned, and Jack Shephard, who died after saving the Island from sinking by replugging the Source and being stabbed by the Man in Black.
- Oceanic Six was a diverse group, consisting of a Latino-American, an Iraqi, a Korean, an American couple, and an Australian child.
- Only two attempts at escaping the island were successful, the Oceanic Six Escape and the Ajira Escape. Only one of the Oceanic Six was on the second rescue, Kate. The other members of the Oceanic Six (minus Aaron) died upon returning to the island, with the exception of Hurley, who remained behind.


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Search America's historic newspaper pages from 1756-1963 or use the U.S. Newspaper Directory to find information about American newspapers published between 1690-present. Chronicling America is sponsored jointly by the National Endowment for the Humanities external link and the Library of Congress. Learn more
Northern Wisconsin advertiser. [volume], September 14, 1899, Image 1
About Northern Wisconsin advertiser. [volume] (Wabeno, Wis.) 1898-1925
Image provided by: Wisconsin Historical Society

subset: commoncrawl


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Cantata Editions and its affiliates make available the research, PDF editions and transcriptions of a number of musicologists and performers around the world. We invite submissions for inclusion from anyone interested in the field and encourage discussion of issues concerning the genre.
We specialise in publishing works which are difficult to find or have not been reproduced in modern editions. All of our PDF editions are based upon the original manuscripts or period printings and editorial changes are clearly marked so that performers are able to make informed choices in preparing the works.
Each edition listing has a preview of the music in PDF form. Check the download tab in the description.
We invite you to enter the world of this great vocal music.


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Light purple base mixed with teal flowers.
Size: 0.25 oz jar
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My old man reads my blog. He is an old B2C guy and he hates that I use the term dream client instead of prospect. And now he doesn't trust your sales engineer. He writes:
"When passing the client off to the 'engineer,' how do you know the client was called back in a timely manner? How do YOU check and make sure the call was handled properly. What if you call the client to check on the result and they say 'He never called me back?' In other words how do you inspect what you expect?"
These are important questions. There is an art to delegating.
Delegating Outcomes
Lots of mistakes are made through poor delegation of a task. If you want something done well you first have to take responsibility for making known what you want done and what your expected outcomes are.
When passing on a task to its rightful owner, it is your responsibility to share the outcome and any limiting parameters. Using the request for technical information from the sales engineer is a good example.
When it goes wrong, it sounds like this: "Hi Jim. I need you to make a call to Really Big Client, Incorporated and give them the technical specs on our new product. Can you take care of that for me?" This kind of delegation has too much potential for error and is full of holes so big that you could drive a truck through them.
When it goes right, it provides more details and a desired outcome. That sounds like this: "Hi Jim. I just hung up the phone with Jane at Really Big Client, Incorporated. I am trying to help her move her organization to our new product, and she needs some technical specs. You know the technical details far better than I do. Can you reach out to Jane today, provide her with the details, and answer all of her questions so that she can be confident in making the recommendation to move forward?"
This is better, as it tells the engineer who he is supposed to contact, when he is supposed to contact them, and what the outcome needs to be.
As a salesperson, we don't want to provide the client with technical data; we want to provide the client with the information she needs to confidently recommend moving forward. Those are very different outcomes.
Also note, we didn't tell him he had to call. It's up to Jim to decide whether to call or to drive across town to get the outcome he needs. He is free to exercise his resourcefulness and initiative to make a difference once he knows the outcome.
Build in Follow Up
If you want to know that the outcome was obtained, build that request into your delegation. It's also a good idea to give some direction as to what to do if the outcome can't be obtained.
That might sound like this: "Can you call me back after you help Jane? I want to schedule our next appointment as soon as you help her with what she needs. If you can't reach her today, can you also let me know? This is a hot opportunity, and I am trying to help them get this project on their board."
Now, the sales engineer knows the outcome he is supposed to obtain, why you want the outcome that you want, and what he owes you in the way of follow up. He also knows to call you if he can't get that outcome, which gives you the opportunity to take some other action should it be necessary.
A Word About Trust
Do you still need to trust your sales engineer to achieve the outcome? Absolutely! If you don't have confidence in your team, that's a whole different set of problems that might need to be addressed in future posts.
Generally, the less trust you have in your team, the more direction you provide (maybe even putting things in writing). The more trust you have, the less direction you have to provide.
But you must learn to trust and delegate; you still don't scale well.
How do you delegate with the confidence that your outcomes will be achieved?
What do you do when you lack the confidence or trust in the rightful owner of a task or outcome that you need?
How do you best inspect what you expect?
How do you stay engaged with ensuring that your client gets the results that you sold and promised and still stay out of operations?


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Ball State is committed to every students' bright future. Exploring degree options, for many, is a first step of a student's journey. This page will allow you to creatively discover the many options Ball State University offers. Whether you want to search by areas of interest or by specific colleges, this tool can be a helpful step in the beginning of your lifelong quest for personal development.
To view a list of degrees in alphabetical order, visit our majors page for undergraduate studies, our minors page, or our graduate programs page for graduate certificates, master's, and doctoral degrees.


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"Energy can be converted from one form to other form" – A generator does the same – it converts mechanical energy to electrical energy. Mechanical energy can be created by using water turbines, steam turbines, internal combustion engines etc. And a generator converts this mechanical energy to electrical energy. Generators can be broadly classified as AC generators and DC generators. Here lets take a look the types of DC generators.
DC generators are classified based on their method of excitation. So on this basis there are two types of DC generators:-
1. Separately excited DC generator
2. Self-excited DC generator
Self-excited DC generator can again be classified as 1) DC Series generator 2) DC Shunt generator and 3) DC Compound generator.
Let's take a brief look at how all these differ.
1. Separately excited DC generator
As you can guess from the name itself , this dc generator has a field magnet winding which is excited using a separate voltage source (like battery). You can see the representation in the below image. The output voltage depends on the speed of rotation of armature and field current. The higher the speed of rotation and current – the higher the output e.m.f
Note: Separately excited DC generators are rarely used in practice.
2. Self Excited DC Generator
These are generators in which the field winding is excited by the output of the generator itself. As described before – there are three types of self-excited dc generators – they are 1) Series 2) Shunt and 3) Compound.
a. Series DC Generator
A series DC generator is shown below in fig (a) – in which the armature winding is connected in series with the field winding so that the field current flows through the load as well as the field winding.The field winding is a low resistance, thick wire of few turns. Series generators are also rarely used!
b. Shunt DC Generator
A shunt DC generator is shown in figure (b), in which the field winding is wired parallel to armature winding so that the voltage across both are same. The field winding has high resistance and more number of turns so that only a part of armature current passes through field winding and the rest passes through load.
c. Compound Generator
A compound generator is shown in figure below. It has two field findings namely Rsh and Rse. They are basically shunt winding (Rsh) and series winding (Rse). Compound generator is of two types – 1) Short shunt and 2) Long shunt
a) Short shunt:- Here the shunt field winding is wired parallel to armature and series field winding is connected in series to the load. It is shown in fig (1).
b) Long shunt:- Here the shunt field winding is parallel to both armature and series field winding (Rse is wired in series to the armature). It is shown in figure (2)
So you have got a basic idea about the types of DC generators! Now you may know that these generators are used only for special industrial purposes where there is huge demand for DC production. Otherwise, electrical energy is produced by AC generators and is transmitted from one place to other as AC itself. When a DC power is required, we usually convert AC to DC using rectifiers.


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The New Zealand International Film Festival is deeply saddened at the passing of former Director Bill Gosden (ONZM). Bill died peacefully on Friday 6 November, five days shy of his 67th birthday.
Bill helmed the film festival for almost 40 years before retiring last year due to ill health. His promotion of, and commitment to, New Zealand film and filmmakers is one of his enduring legacies.
New Zealand Film Festival Trust Chair Catherine Fitzgerald said Bill's contribution to New Zealand's film culture through film festivals is indelible. "Bill lived and breathed film from his earliest years, working tirelessly to create a demand from New Zealand audiences for the highest quality films from around the world."
Film Festival Director Marten Rabarts said the news of Bill's passing was a sad day for the film industry in New Zealand and worldwide. "The film festival and film community in New Zealand owes Bill a huge debt of gratitude for the decades of work and passion he committed to develop and champion a world-class festival experience for audiences and filmmakers alike."
Paris-based programmer Sandra Reid said it had been a privilege and honour to work so closely with Bill as a boss, a mentor,


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AdRoll provides a single platform for ecommerce brands to easily launch display ads, social media ads, and emailAbout Company
Company Video
Upperside Group has been established as a marketing company in North and South America. Our traditional business model is based on the accomplishment of properties in the commercial markets in America. Based on the decision of the company to diversify our properties; we have now established this corporation in Toronto. The revenues of our company are expected to be nearly US$50,000 per month depending on the variables that are factored in with investments in the commercial industry. There is a great need for certified or official bank checks in the future to deal with some trading transactions.
In addition to marketing investments, the company has invested portions of its assets in the purchase and sale of securities such as stocks and bonds as well as Forex trading on global markets. Upperside Group conducts marketing as well as consulting. The company undertakes all maintenance duties for marketing facilities and organizations and conducts all the security and surveillance for the properties.
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As noted earlier, I eventually grew unhappy with Give Us a Dollar… because it was so table-heavy. I remedied this to some extent with supplements in Cites & Insights, but those were mostly text.
So I produced Graphing Public Library Benefits: An Experimental Supplement to Give Us a Dollar and We'll Give You Back Four (2012-13): Public Library Funding and Benefits.
Whew. Quite a title. Here's what I said in the introduction:
This book is an attempt to do two things: Provide graphs to supplement some of the tables in Give Us a Dollar and We'll Give You Back Four (2012-13) and illustrate some of the choices and issues involved in making visual sense of datasets, specifically the datasets used for that book. It's an 8.5×11″ PDF (or, if at least two people tell me they'll buy it, a very expensive print book) because I wanted to make the graphs as wide as possible—and because, in most cases, I felt that multicolor graphs would be readable where graphs using that many different line types simply wouldn't. (If there's a print version, the added cost will be entirely production: I'll make the same amount per copy, give or take a dime or so. But production costs for books with color are much higher than for black-and-white books.)
If you don't have the other book, you should get it. It's almost entirely tables and provides a richly detailed picture of nearly all of America's public libraries and how they measure up on the quantifiable metrics reported to the Institute of Museum and Library Sciences for fiscal year 2010. You may also want to get Cites & Insights for November 2012 and Fall 2012; those issues provide textual commentary (and in the latter case, an additional set of tables) lacking in the book.
In the first chapter, I considered ways you could graph the information in the book—including several alternatives in a couple of cases.
The rest of the book was almost entirely graphs; in all, 222 pages (8.5″ x 11″ PDF), most pages with two graphs, some with three. If I'm counting correctly, 597 graphs in all. (If I'd done Chapter 20 in the book, state-by-state, there would have been hundreds more and the book would have been at least 100 pages longer.)
I almost left this one out as "the book nobody saw," but that's not quite right: In fact, after I reduced the PDF ebook price to $4, there were two sales. And since the book is explicitly labeled CC BY-NC, it's possible that lots of other people have copies. Not likely, but possible.
(How expensive would the book have been in print form? The production cost would have been something like $48.90, so I would have charged around $59.)
The multicolor graphs had ten different colored lines; there's no way to provide enough different line patterns to make ten lines readable in black and white.
Still…it's an interesting project with a lot of neat graphs, and if anybody contributing to Cites & Insights at the sponsor level would rather have this than something else, I might be willing. It's a fairly big PDF (8.5MB), but then it's a big, slow-loading Word document (basically the same size).
Crawford, Walt. Graphing Public Library Benefits: An Experimental Supplement to Give Us a Dollar and We'll Give You Back Four (2012-13): Public Library Funding and Benefits. 2013.


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Designart 'White and Yellow Marbled Acrylic with a cloud of Black' Modern & Contemporary Curtain Panel
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The fabric is composed of 270 gsm polyester faux linen fabric, making this Abstract curtain completely machine-washable for easy care. The design is printed using the highest quality eco-friendly fade resistant ink and the delicate stitching entirely hand-sewn by one of our expert seamstresses. These are decorative and not blackout curtains. They have a 50% light filtration rate which will darken the room when closed, but not completely block out the light.
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- Handmade on Demand
- Matching Pillows, Bedcover, Wall art, and Rugs are available.
- Several sizes available


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The Ergon SM E-Mountain Pro is the performance oriented saddle tuned for the athletic E-MTB rider. With a wider, flat nose and an upturned tail, this saddle profides the necessary support for long, steep seated climbs.
- Gender-specific relief zones accommodate the unique anatomical differences between men and women cyclists
- OrthoCell inlay; lighter and more durable than gel, ensure maximum comfort and support
- Minimal, yet supportive padding delivers trail feedback without compromising comfort
Part Numbers
Option | UPC | MPN | Store SKU |
Stealth / Medium/Large | 04260477072740 | 44011066 | 210000158272 |


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Image: © CERN
Sir Tim Berners-Lee is a British computer scientist. He was born in London, and his parents were early computer scientists, working on one of the earliest computers.
Growing up, Sir Tim was interested in trains and had a model railway in his bedroom. He recalls:
"I made some electronic gadgets to control the trains. Then I ended up getting more interested in electronics than trains. Later on, when I was in college I made a computer out of an old television set."
After graduating from Oxford University, Berners-Lee became a software engineer at CERN, the large particle physics laboratory near Geneva, Switzerland. Scientists come from all over the world to use its accelerators, but Sir Tim noticed that they were having difficulty sharing information.
"In those days, there was different information on different computers, but you had to log on to different computers to get at it. Also, sometimes you had to learn a different program on each computer. Often it was just easier to go and ask people when they were having coffee…", Tim says.
Tim thought he saw a way to solve this problem – one that he could see could also have much broader applications. Already, millions of computers were being connected together through the fast-developing internet and Berners-Lee realised they could share information by exploiting an emerging technology called hypertext.
In March 1989, Tim laid out his vision for what would become the web in a document called "Information Management: A Proposal". Believe it or not, Tim's initial proposal was not immediately accepted. In fact, his boss at the time, Mike Sendall, noted the words "Vague but exciting" on the cover. The web was never an official CERN project, but Mike managed to give Tim time to work on it in September 1990. He began work using a NeXT computer, one of Steve Jobs' early products.
By October of 1990, Tim had written the three fundamental technologies that remain the foundation of today's web (and which you may have seen appear on parts of your web browser):
- HTML: HyperText Markup Language. The markup (formatting) language for the web.
- URI: Uniform Resource Identifier. A kind of "address" that is unique and used to identify to each resource on the web. It is also commonly called a URL.
- HTTP: Hypertext Transfer Protocol. Allows for the retrieval of linked resources from across the web.
Tim also wrote the first web page editor/browser ("WorldWideWeb.app") and the first web server ("httpd"). By the end of 1990, the first web page was served on the open internet, and in 1991, people outside of CERN were invited to join this new web community.
As the web began to grow, Tim realised that its true potential would only be unleashed if anyone, anywhere could use it without paying a fee or having to ask for permission.
He explains: "Had the technology been proprietary, and in my total control, it would probably not have taken off. You can't propose that something be a universal space and at the same time keep control of it."
So, Tim and others advocated to ensure that CERN would agree to make the underlying code available on a royalty-free basis, forever. This decision was announced in April 1993, and sparked a global wave of creativity, collaboration and innovation never seen before. In 2003, the companies developing new web standards committed to a Royalty Free Policy for their work. In 2014, the year we celebrated the web's 25th birthday, almost two in five people around the world were using it.
Tim moved from CERN to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1994 to found the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), an international community devoted to developing open web standards. He remains the Director of W3C to this day.
The early web community produced some revolutionary ideas that are now spreading far beyond the technology sector:
- Decentralisation: No permission is needed from a central authority to post anything on the web, there is no central controlling node, and so no single point of failure … and no "kill switch"! This also implies freedom from indiscriminate censorship and surveillance.
- Non-discrimination: If I pay to connect to the internet with a certain quality of service, and you pay to connect with that or a greater quality of service, then we can both communicate at the same level. This principle of equity is also known as Net Neutrality.
- Bottom-up design: Instead of code being written and controlled by a small group of experts, it was developed in full view of everyone, encouraging maximum participation and experimentation.
- Universality: For anyone to be able to publish anything on the web, all the computers involved have to speak the same languages to each other, no matter what different hardware people are using; where they live; or what cultural and political beliefs they have. In this way, the web breaks down silos while still allowing diversity to flourish.
- Consensus: For universal standards to work, everyone had to agree to use them. Tim and others achieved this consensus by giving everyone a say in creating the standards, through a transparent, participatory process at W3C.
New permutations of these ideas are giving rise to exciting new approaches in fields as diverse as information (Open Data), politics (Open Government), scientific research (Open Access), education, and culture (Free Culture). But to date we have only scratched the surface of how these principles could change society and politics for the better.
In 2009, Sir Tim co-founded the World Wide Web Foundation with Rosemary Leith. The Web Foundation is fighting for the web we want: a web that is safe, empowering and for everyone.
Please do explore our site and our work. We hope you'll be inspired by our vision and decide to take action. Remember, as Tim tweeted during the Olympics Opening Ceremony in 2012, "This is for Everyone".
This is for everyone #london2012#oneweb#openingceremony@webfoundation@w3c
— Tim Berners-Lee (@timberners_lee) July 27, 2012
Important Note: This text is intended as a brief introduction to the history of the web. For a more detailed account, you might want to consider reading:
- A Little History of the World Wide Web
- W3C's 10th Anniversary (timeline)
- "Weaving the Web" by Tim Berners-Lee
- Frequently Asked Questions, and Answers for Young People, by Sir Tim Berners-Lee on W3C website.


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Enderle & Moll - Great German Pinot that Should be Imported to the US, but isn't Anymore.
This past weekend I held a small tasting for some parents at my younger daughter's school. It was something that I donated (with generous support from Chambers Street Wines and Slope Cellars). The theme was Pinot Noir from various parts of the world. We tasted some very good wines, including Champagne by Brigandat, a Chandon de Briailles wine, a Belle Pente wine, and others. All of the wines cost between $30-40. There were no duds in the tasting - everything was good. One wine, however, was head and shoulders above the rest in terms of quality - the 2009 Enderle & Moll Pinot Noir Buntsandstein.
Binner's 2009 Alsace Pinot Noir was all about fruit and while it was good drinking, it was not complex enough to hold my interest, nor did it distinguish itself in terms of terroir expression. I felt it would have been a better wine had the fruit been harvested earlier. Chandon de Briaille's 2010 Savigny-Les Beaune showed finesse, and a lovely balance of ripe fruit and subtle earth tones. Sandro Mosele's 2010 Pinot Noir Massale the Kooyong in southern Australia had interesting feral animal aromas but also felt a bit roasty to me. Belle Pente's 2010 Yamhill/Carlton Pinot Noir was very tasty and nicely balanced, but did not offer much in the way of complexity, which is understandable in a wine made from very young vines.
Okay, so now you know that I really liked the wine. I wrote about another of Enderle & Moll's wines last year - I loved that one too. Dan Melia (or Dan Amelia, as my daughters call him - you can choose because he's fine with both) and Lars Carlberg, when they ran Mosel Wine Merchant, brought Enderle & Moll to the US. It's not like the wines sold like hotcakes, but red wine wasn't really the point of their portfolio. They sold enough, and there's hardly any wine anyway. When Mosel Wine Merchant was retired, its producers were snapped up lickety-split by some of the juggernauts of the New York wine sales landscape (Louis/Dressner, Grand Cru, vom Boden, and so on). No one is importing Enderle & Moll though, and I'm no wine economist, but I cannot imagine why this is.
The wines are cheaper than most villages level Burgundy and compare quite favorably with even the best villages level Burgundy. These are excellent and distinctive wines, and they happen to be farmed and made in a healthy way. I hope that one of you importers out there, or one of you enterprising wine store owners, sees the light on Enderle and Moll, and takes the wines in before Diageo grabs them.
Here is Lars Carlberg on Enderle & Moll.
Here is the Enderle & Moll website. It's in German, but you'll be able to see immediately that it's about wine.
I promise, I will be your first retail customer.


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Mega Millions Ticket
Winning Mega Millions ticket worth $319M sold in AlbanyA lottery official says a winning ticket for the Mega Millions lottery jackpot worth $319 million has been sold at a variety store in Albany, N.Y.
New York Lottery spokeswoman Carolyn Hapeman says the winning jackpot ticket for Friday's drawing was sold at Coulson's News Center, located just a few blocks from the state Capitol.
Hapeman says final sales numbers raised the annuity value of the prize to $319 million, with a cash value of $202.9 million.
According to the Mega Millions website, the jackpot is the fifth-largest in the game's history. The biggest jackpot was $390 million in March 2007.
It ranks as the largest jackpot for a single winning ticket in the game's history, eclipsing the $315 million prize sold in California in November 2005.
Hapeman says the earliest the winner can claim the prize is Monday, because lottery offices in Schenectady are closed for the weekend.
The winning numbers in Friday's drawing were: 22, 24, 31, 52, and 54, and 4 as the Mega ball.
Hapeman says the holder of the winning jackpot ticket has the option of taking prize over 25 years or as a cash payout.
Read more:Nypost


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167. Follow not the vulgar way; live not in heedlessness; hold not false views; linger not long in worldly existence.
168. Arise! Do not be heedless! Lead a righteous life. The righteous live happily both in this world and the next.
169. Lead a righteous life; lead not a base life. The righteous live happily both in this world and the next.
170. One who looks upon the world as a bubble and a mirage, him the King of Death sees not.
171. Come! Behold this world, which is like a decorated royal chariot. Here fools flounder, but the wise have no attachment to it.
172. He who having been heedless is heedless no more, illuminates this world like the moon freed from clouds.
173. He, who by good deeds covers the evil he has done, illuminates this world like the moon freed from clouds.
174. Blind is the world; here only a few possess insight. Only a few, like birds escaping from the net, go to realms of bliss.
175. Swans fly on the path of the sun; men pass through the air by psychic powers; the wise are led away from the world after vanquishing Mara and his host.
176. For a liar who has violated the one law (of truthfulness) who holds in scorn the hereafter, there is no evil that he cannot do.
177. Truly, misers fare not to heavenly realms; nor, indeed, do fools praise generosity. But the wise man rejoices in giving, and by that alone does he become happy hereafter.
178. Better than sole sovereignty over the earth, better than going to heaven, better even than lordship over all the worlds is the supramundane Fruition of Stream Entrance. [15]
The Dhammapada: The Buddha's Path of Wisdom
The Dhammapada / translated from the Pali by Acharya Buddharakkhita, copyright © 1985 Buddhist Publication Society. Used by permission. All rights reserved.


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I actually like this type of weather. It is certainly preferable to milder but wet and windy weather. Also, as a gardener, I know that cold weather helps my garden. For a start, the plants expect it. Some plants need a period of very cold weather to produce flowers in the following season. If you are unfamiliar with this, have a look into Vernalization. I know too that prolonged spells of very cold weather help to kill off some of the insect and mollusc pests that inhabit our gardens.
Today, the garden is covered in a thick layer of frost, and despite the sunshine our maximum temperature for today is predicted to be 3C. The droopy and hunched-up posture of the Purple Sprouting Broccoli shows me even from a distance that it is mighty cold outside.
The leaves are covered in complex patterns of ice crystals:
Sage |
Beetroot |
Funnily enough, although the PSB droops when it gets cold, this Brokali doesn't:
Brokali |
Brokali |
Earlier today I went out to feed the birds and to refresh the (frozen) water in the bird-bath, and while I was doing this I was bombarded from above by falling berries from my Cockspur Thorn tree, where a couple of Blackbirds were busy stuffing their beaks. Blackbirds and Pigeons seem to love these berries, but they are messy feeders. Pulling one berry off the tree dislodges three or four others, which fall to the ground below:
For some reason, the birds seldom eat berries that have fallen. These ones will probably remain where they fell.
About a fortnight ago I filled my bird-feeder with seeds for the first time since early Summer. During the warmer months I think it is fair to make / let the birds forage for their food, avoiding over-dependency on artificially-provided fare, but in the Winter I think they deserve some help. I now see a steady stream of little birds coming for a free meal. I was particularly pleased to see TWO Nuthatches feeding together one day - no photos though, because they are very wary birds, very difficult to photograph.


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Dear FSU member,
Please fill out the parking survey before noon today if you have not done so already. You can also use the link below to get to the survey (see here for more details on the Administration's parking fee increase proposal). Parking bargaining has begun and we need your responses to bargain this issue. Your responses will be anonymous unless you choose to reveal your name.
Marlene Kim
Faculty Staff Union President, and
Department of Economics
University of Massachusetts Boston
100 Morrissey Blvd.
Boston, MA 02125
Email: email@example.com
Voice: 617/287-6954
Fax: 617/287-6976


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ICOLINK Crypto Community: Blockchain & Cryptocurrency Opportunities
In the rapidly evolving digital era, the cryptocurrency universe and blockchain technology hold center stage as the vanguards of innovation. Our Crypto Community aims to uncover the myriad opportunities they offer, while providing a platform for sharing unique crypto projects, important news, events, and much more. So, whether you are a blockchain enthusiast or a crypto investor, or you're simply intrigued by these revolutionary technologies, this is your ultimate platform to create the new connections.
In the vast landscape of digital currencies, crypto projects are the building blocks that define the future. These initiatives range from new cryptocurrencies to advanced blockchain applications. Our platform offers a fertile ground for anyone to share information about their own unique crypto projects. This is not merely an opportunity to share, but also a chance to inspire, be inspired, and potentially even foster collaboration.
As the adage goes, 'knowledge shared is knowledge doubled.' Our platform encourages members to publish news related to their projects. By doing so, your ideas will not only reach a wider audience but also promote a sense of community within the world of crypto enthusiasts and blockchain innovators.
Stay ahead of the curve with the latest trends and developments in the crypto and blockchain industry. Our platform enables you to link to articles and videos that offer insightful analysis and timely updates, keeping you and your projects on the cutting edge of technology.
For the flourishing of any technology, constant discussion and debate are crucial. Blockchain is no exception. Sharing articles and videos about the latest blockchain advancements and applications will not only keep the discourse alive but also foster a greater understanding and appreciation of the technology within the community.
Communities thrive on communication and collaboration. Our platform empowers you to create pages and groups, fostering a virtual meeting place for like-minded individuals. These digital spaces are ideal for brainstorming, networking, and even partnership formation.
From webinars to seminars, various events keep the pulse of the crypto world beating. If you're organizing or know of any such event, this platform is the perfect place to announce it. Attract the right audience and ensure your event's success while boosting the dynamism of the crypto community.
In an industry as vibrant and fast-paced as crypto and blockchain, finding the right investors and partners can significantly propel your project forward. Our platform serves as a hub where you can connect with potential investors and strategic partners, taking your project to new heights.
Collaboration lies at the heart of innovation. In the crypto and blockchain universe, partnerships offer a unique opportunity to leverage each other's strengths, creating solutions that have the potential to redefine the digital landscape. Utilize our platform to cultivate these invaluable connections.
With the dynamism and promise that the crypto and blockchain technologies offer, there's no better time to engage, innovate, and lead. By sharing your projects, staying abreast of the latest news, forming networks, and attracting investments, you're not only contributing to the growth of the crypto community but also paving your own path in the industry. Here's to a future built on collaboration, innovation, and digital transformation!
Share any information about your crypto projects, publish news and links to articles, videos and events taking place in the blockchain industry. Create pages and groups, event announcements. Look for investors and partners for your projects!
Dear users, several new options have appeared in our Community. A new system for paying promotion packages based on internal ICOLINK Coins (More info >). Each newly registered member of the Community receives 100 Coins that he can use for ICO promotion in the list. In addition, the system will credit 50 Coins for the publication of a new ICO Page in the list by a registered user. 10 Coins are credited for editing the ICO page (but not more than one time per week).
You can purchase additional coins for BTC, ETH, BCH, DOGE, LTC, USDC, USDT, APE, DAI and SHIB on the page: Buy Coins >> (Being Logged in).
To apply promotion packages, use the "EDIT" button on your ICO page. Select the required package, click on the "SAVE" button, and then make payment in Coins from your account. To purchase banners, publish press releases and "EXCLUSIVE PROMOTION" packages, you can purchase the required number of Coins and order the service from our sales managers by mail: firstname.lastname@example.com.
Frequently asked questions (FAQs):
This platform welcomes all kinds of crypto projects, ranging from innovative blockchain applications to the introduction of new cryptocurrencies. Share your concepts and plans to reach a global audience of like-minded crypto enthusiasts and potential investors.
Our platform allows you to link to timely articles and videos, ensuring you're always informed about the latest trends, developments, and breakthroughs in the crypto and blockchain industry.
By creating pages and groups, you can build your own network of crypto enthusiasts, potential investors, and strategic partners. This fosters a vibrant community that encourages collaboration, idea sharing, and co-creation of breakthrough solutions.
The platform serves as a hub for connecting with potential investors and partners interested in the crypto and blockchain space. By sharing your projects, insights, and future plans, you can draw attention to your initiatives and attract those who share your vision.
Sharing news and events related to the crypto and blockchain industry helps keep the discourse alive and promotes a better understanding of the technology. Furthermore, it enables you to position yourself as an active member of the crypto community, enhancing your credibility and visibility.


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Residential Heating in Lithonia
For the best home heating services around, look no further than the professionals of Lithonia Heating & Air Conditioning. We're a proudly local team of heating installation, maintenance, and repair experts. We have the training, skills, and experience necessary to keep you warm and cozy even on the coldest days of the year.
When you enlist our services, you'll find out why people all over town say we're the best residential heating company around. Contact us now at (770) 616-3530 to learn more.
Lithonia Heating & Air Conditioning's Superior Heating and Furnace Maintenance
When you need central heating technicians who know their stuff, you need our team of experts. We know all there is to know about central heating, and we always give it a hundred percent to ensure total satisfaction in every job we take on.
When you hire our team, we make sure to arrive promptly, with our top-tier tools and equipment at hand. We work hard to get the job done right and complete our work efficiently and safely. And it should go without saying that when we're done, we clean up afterward.
Professional, hard-working, and considerate—that's us. And to us, there's just no other way to do the job. But don't take our word for it, see for yourself!
Our Residential Heating Services
Our customers mean everything to us. They're our top priority as a small business owner. That's why we're dedicated to serving all your heating service needs, no matter what they may be.
We're your one-stop heating shop, and we're proud to offer such a wide variety of services. Some of our most-requested heating service options include:
- Repair
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- And more!
Whether you need furnace maintenance or a total upgrade, we provide the heating service necessary to have your system running at top performance levels. Feel free to browse our website for an overview of all our options, or call us now to learn about combining services.
Affordable Heating Installation and More
We don't just provide superior residential heating service: we also do it affordably. We're committed to keeping our prices fair and reasonable, so all our great customers can afford our work. From furnace repairs to central heating maintenance and more, only we can give you top-tier service at rock-bottom prices.
Of course, prices can vary depending on the type of service needed, so we encourage you to give us a call now for a free estimate or quote. You'll be surprised at how accessible our prices are.
The Best Heating Installation Services in Lithonia
For heating services that are affordable and dependable, trust the professionals at Lithonia Heating & Air Conditioning. We have what it takes to give you the best heating work you need and the outstanding customer service you deserve.
Give us a call now to speak to a friendly and knowledgeable service rep. They'll help you go over your options, find the best service for you, and set up an appointment.
Let us help keep you warm.


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August 29, 2013
Associated Press
From the earnest explanation of why Gary the Snail is her favorite "SpongeBob SquarePants" character to the name-check of rapper Lil Wayne, Victoria Duval made quite clear she is very much a 17-year-old kid.
One who just so happened to stun 2011 champion Sam Stosur in the first round of the U.S. Open.
Overcoming the sort of nerves that derive from never before having played this highly ranked an opponent — let alone beaten one — and never before having won a match at a Grand Slam tournament, Duval hopped up and down with arms overhead after pulling off her big surprise at Flushing Meadows, a 5-7, 6-4, 6-4 victory over the 11th-seeded Stosur.
"I don't even remember match point," the 296th-ranked American said Tuesday night, less than two hours after closing out Stosur with a forehand winner. "I guess I was really happy. I mean, you could tell by all the jumping I did."
She wore a white towel around her neck, giggled at her own squeaky-voiced answers, and genuinely seemed to be enjoying the whole experience during a news conference that was a meandering affair, befitting Duval's bubbly personality — and the long, unique journey that brought her to this point.
Duval, currently based in Bradenton, Fla., was born in Florida, but grew up in her parents' home country of Haiti. She said that when she was 7, she and some cousins were taken hostage there by robbers.
"It's not a good memory, so I've tried to forget as much as I could about it," Duval said when the subject was raised. "I don't remember too much of it anymore, which is great."
Then, in 2010, when Haiti was rocked by an earthquake, her father was buried in rubble and badly injured, Duval said.
"There's a lot to be thankful for. I don't take anything for granted. ... My Dad is really fortunate to be here," she told the Louis Armstrong Stadium crowd during an on-court interview.
Duval, who needed to go through qualifying to get into the U.S. Open because her ranking is so low, joined eight other American women in the second round of the main draw. Tuesday also was a good day for American men, who went 5-2, led by No. 13 John Isner and No. 26 Sam Querrey.
"We're obviously trying to make American tennis become what it used to be," Duval said. "We"re all working toward the same goal. We're all a tight-knit group. Helping each other is important. I think we're on an amazing path."
The first American to play Wednesday was CoCo Vandeweghe, who dropped her second-round match 6-3, 6-4, to 18th-seeded Carla Suarez Navarro. Others on the schedule included past champions Serena and Venus Williams, 15th-seeded Sloane Stephens, 23rd-seeded Jamie Hampton, and 33-year-old James Blake, who announced the U.S. Open will be the last tournament of his career. Also on the schedule: Andy Murray, the defending men's champion who added a Wimbledon championship last month.
In other early matches Wednesday, No. 3 seed Agnieszka Radwanska and No. 5 Li Na advanced to the third round with straight-set victories.
Until Tuesday, Duval did not own a victory over anyone ranked higher than 69th. She had not faced a woman in the top 20. She only had played one match at a major tournament, a first-round loss to Kim Clijsters at last year's U.S. Open (which turned out to be the final singles victory of the Belgian's career).
Stosur was unhappy with the way she played Tuesday, including 10 double-faults and a total of 56 unforced errors, 21 more than Duval.
"I'm not going to be a sore loser and say she didn't do anything," said Stosur, an Australian. "But, you know, I think I certainly helped her out there today, that's for sure."
Perhaps. But Duval's game also has benefited from time spent in heady company recently, including mentoring from Billie Jean King and tips from famed tennis coach Nick Bolletieri.
"We have a great relationship," Duval said. "I call him Uncle Nick."
Seconding Stosur's assessment, Duval summed up their match this way: "Although she didn't play nearly her best today, I played amazing, so I'll take it."
And why shouldn't she? We've seen this sort of thing before, and rather recently: In 2009, another 17-year-old American, Melanie Oudin, made it all the way to the quarterfinals in New York by upsetting a series of seeded players, including past champion Maria Sharapova. This year, Oudin lost in U.S. Open qualifying.
Next for Duval, who wears white-framed eyeglasses and a visor on court, is a matchup against Daniela Hantuchova, who has been ranked as high as No. 5 and been a Grand Slam quarterfinalist.
But for an evening, anyway, Duval wanted to relish the biggest win of her nascent career.
And the kid sure seemed to be having a grand ol' time speaking to reporters, describing herself as "very goofy off the court" and "a child at heart."
So it made sense that when the subject of the "SpongeBob" cartoon series came up during her media session, she pointed out that "Gary's cute; Gary doesn't get enough credit."
And she brought this up, too: "I heard that Lil Wayne tweeted me. I need to go check that out. I don't have Twitter. I'm going to go hit that up."


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I launch, expand, implement and audit legacy giving programs for a wide variety of nonprofits. Most organizations are unable to dedicate time or adequate resources to run a proactive legacy giving program. By working together as staff, volunteers and consultant, we can grow a program through a long-term relationship that will lead to a steady stream of matured legacy gifts in future years. Many consultants offer advice only. Some do all of the work. I strategize with you to customize a program that fits your organization's needs. My clients are from nonprofits in civic affairs and advocacy, the arts, the environment, health, education, human services, and religion. Your organization's mission is the primary focus for our work together, keeping the "gift" in gift planning. Greg's Linked-In page may be found HERE. Follow Greg on Twitter @greglassonde. Visit Greg's Facebook page. |
© 2009-2017 Greg Lassonde Privacy Policy |


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Magazine picture puzzles
If you're stuck for entertainment on a rainy day and don't want to park your kids in front of the telly (again!) try making your own picture puzzles out of old magazines.
What you need:
- Some old magazines
- Scissors
- Glue
- Thick cardboard
Number of players:
Look through the magazines with your kids an let them choose some pictures to make their puzzles with. A whole page scene is ideal.
Help them cut out the pictures and use strong glue to stick the picture onto thick cardboard.
When it is dry, cut it into puzzle shapes. With young children start with four or five simple shapes. For older children you can make it more challenging with 10 or more pieces.
Store and label the puzzles in resealable bags or a shoe box for next time you need some easy 'screen-free' entertainment.


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I've been an iPhone user for almost 2 years and have resisted hacking it because it provided almost all of the functionality I needed. In fact, that is still the case, but I finally was pushed over the edge when I needed an Internet connection for my computer for 5 minutes and wound up driving for 30 minutes to get one. So to enable tethering, which I will use about 5 minutes every 2 months, I jailbroke my iPhone. Along the way, I found a lot of other great functionality from third-party apps downloaded via Cydia, a third-party alternative to the iPhone Apps Store. These new apps are actually must more useful than the tethering will be. Here are the details.
An overview of the jailbreak & tethering process:
- First, I used this guild to jailbreak my iPhone (with 3.1.2 firmware) and enable internet connection tethering. It took about 5 minutes total. http://www.mobilecrunch.com/2009/11/03/tutorial-how-to-tether-on-an-iphone-3g-or-3gs-running-os-3-1-2/
- I then made a PayPal donation to blackra1n.com (the app that does the jailbreaking) because I couldn't believe how easy the process was.
- I downloaded the Cydia app installer from within the Blackra1n app.
Essential Cydia Apps:
Here are the Cydia apps that I think are essential. I'd love to see Apple duplicate the functionality they provide. (In fact, Google Android phone already give most of this functionality.) Search for these apps by name within Cydia:
- SBSettings: Quickly turn Bluetooth, WiFi, 3G, Airplane mode on or off. It's accessed by swiping your finger along the top of the screen (from the carrier logo on the left to the battery icon on the right.)
- WinterBoard: This allows complete re-theming of the iPhone user interface. I happen to like the default look, but I wanted to display a weather icon in my status bar. This program is a prerequisite for any other apps that modify icons, so install it ASAP. (I found out the hard way and made my iPhone unbootable. I had to restore from backup using iTunes because I tried to use features that required Winterboard but it wasn't installed.)
- Backgrounder: Allows apps to run apps in the background so you can switch to other apps. This is especially useful for GPS applications. While the app you want to run in the background is running, hold the Home button for 2 seconds. A pop-up will confirm that it's now enabled to continually run in the background. When you click the Home button, you can open other apps, and the backgrounded app keeps running.
- WeatherIcon: Displays the current temperature and icon in the top status bar and also on the application icon of your favorite weather app. I set it to update conditions every 30 minutes instead of every 1 minute to conserve battery. Note: By itself, the app gives the text for temperature. To get the icon, WinterBoard and the Klear Weather Icon Theme (or Katra-based Weather Icon Theme) are required – but be sure to install WinterBoard first!
- Lock Calendar: It turns the lock screen into something useful: a list of all upcoming calendar entries.
- GV Mobile: If you use Google Voice, this is currently the only way to get an application on your phone. I was available through the iTunes App Store but has been since removed.
- Other apps: AutoSilent to automatically silence the ringer during meetings based on calendar entries and time of day. InSpell for red underlining misspelled words in all applications. MyWi for tethering / 3G connection sharing. Kirkae for switching between running/backgrounded programs.
Do you think Apple will add these features in the next iPhone update? Are there any essential Cydia apps I've missed? Let me know in the comments.
Update 11-Dec-2009: TheAppleBlog just posted a list of 10 must-have jailbreak apps and there are some that I'd missed. Check out their list of 10 must-have jailbreak apps.
Update 22-Jan-2010: Unfortunately, my iPhone 3Gs locked-up and went into a reboot loop. I had to put it into recovery mode and restore from backup to get it working again. I feel that it's related to jailbreaking, because the lockup happened as soon as I hit the button to turn on the screen. It froze before I could unlock it, but it displayed the "Searching…" for network status at the top left (which I frequently noticed after jailbreaking) and I was in an area with strong coverage. I'm convinced that the network dropouts, and also very poor EDGE network performance, were from jailbreaking. So I'm giving up on the modified carrier settings and on any apps that seem to "dig deep" into the iPhone operating system, like SBSettings, WinterBoard, and InSpell.


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An Old Friend
Earthlings Share a Nice Neighborhood in the Universe
Posted on: Saturday, 9 August 2008, 09:00 CDT
New computer simulations put solar system in universal perspective
Prevailing theoretical models attempting to explain the formation of the solar system have assumed it to be average in every way. Now a new study by Northwestern University astronomers, using recent data from the 300 exoplanets discovered orbiting other stars, turns that view on its head.
The solar system, it turns out, is pretty special indeed. The study illustrates that if early conditions had been just slightly different, very unpleasant things could have happened -- like planets being thrown into the sun or jettisoned into deep space.
Using large-scale computer simulations, the Northwestern researchers are the first to model the formation of planetary systems from beginning to end, starting with the generic disk of gas and dust that is left behind after the formation of the central star and ending with a full planetary system. Because of computing limitations, earlier models provided only brief glimpses of the process.
The researchers ran more than a hundred simulations, and the results show that the average planetary system's origin was full of violence and drama but that the formation of something like our solar system required conditions to be "just right."
The study, titled "Gas Disks to Gas Giants: Simulating the Birth of Planetary Systems," will be published in the Aug. 8 issue of the journal Science.
Before the discovery in the early 1990s of the first planets outside the solar system, our system's nine (now eight) planets were the only ones known to us. This limited the planetary formation models, and astronomers had no reason to think the solar system unusual.
"But we now know that these other planetary systems don't look like the solar system at all," said Frederic A. Rasio, a theoretical astrophysicist and professor of physics and astronomy in Northwestern's Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences. He is senior author of the Science paper.
"The shapes of the exoplanets' orbits are elongated, not nice and circular. Planets are not where we expect them to be. Many giant planets similar to Jupiter, known as 'hot Jupiters,' are so close to the star they have orbits of mere days. Clearly we needed to start fresh in explaining planetary formation and this greater variety of planets we now see."
Using the wealth of exoplanet data collected during the last 15 years, Rasio and his colleagues have been working to understand planet formation in a much broader sense than was possible previously. Modeling an entire planetary system -- the varied physical phenomena associated with gas, gravity and grains of material, on such a variety of scales -- was a daunting challenge.
The work required very powerful computers. The researchers also had to judiciously decide what information was important and what was not, so as to speed up the calculations. They decided to follow the growth of planets, the gravitational interaction between planets, and the whole planetary system in its entire spatial extent. They chose not to follow the gas disk's fluid dynamics in fine detail, but rather more generally. As a result, they were able to run simulations spanning a planetary system's entire formation.
The simulations suggest that an average planetary system's origin is extremely dramatic. The gas disk that gives birth to the planets also pushes them mercilessly toward the central star, where they crowd together or are engulfed. Among the growing planets, there is cut-throat competition for gas, a chaotic process that produces a rich variety of planet masses.
Also, as the planets approach each other, they frequently lock into dynamical resonances that drive the orbits of all participants to be increasingly elongated. Such a gravitational embrace often results in a slingshot encounter that flings the planets elsewhere in the system; occasionally, one is ejected into deep space. Despite its best efforts to kill its offspring, the gas disk eventually is consumed and dissipates, and a young planetary system emerges.
"Such a turbulent history would seem to leave little room for the sedate solar system, and our simulations show exactly that," said Rasio. "Conditions must be just right for the solar system to emerge."
Too massive a gas disk, for example, and planet formation is an anarchic mess, producing "hot Jupiters" and noncircular orbits galore. Too low-mass a disk, and nothing bigger than Neptune -- an "ice giant" with only a small amount of gas -- will grow.
"We now better understand the process of planet formation and can explain the properties of the strange exoplanets we've observed," said Rasio. "We also know that the solar system is special and understand at some level what makes it special."
"The solar system had to be born under just the right conditions to become this quiet place we see. The vast majority of other planetary systems didn't have these special properties at birth and became something very different."
On the Net:
National Science Foundation
Northwestern University


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By Ben Fuchs | PharmacistBen
(PharmacistBen) Everyone wants great skin. We are bombarded daily by advertisements and marketing proclamations that claim to deliver it. The skin care industry is a 10 billion dollar business made up mostly of products containing oils and waxes, solvents, emulsifiers and chemical ingredients that allow for the creation of cosmetic commodities that modify the superficial appearance of the skin, without actually creating real changes.
Yet skin is naturally dynamic and normally regenerates itself on daily, weekly and monthly basis. It is the quintessential renewing organ and this assures a constant supply of youthful, healthy tissue. Within 4-8 weeks old skin cells have been completely replaced. This ultimately means that, with the right products and techniques, the characteristics of less than healthy skin can be transformed and your skin's naturally beautiful, radiant and healthy appearance can be restored.
To best leverage your skin's inherent healing and renewing capacity, we need to understand how the skin is constructed. While to the naked eye it appears like a covering that protects the inside of the body, in reality it is a complex organ that is structured in multiple sheets that can be generally classified into two major strata. The upper is referred to as the epidermis, which makes up about 10% or so of the skin, and underneath that, the remaining 90% is called the dermis. The surface of the epidermis is made up of a protective coating called the stratum corneum.
All organs of the body are composed of cells as well as the stuff that cells secrete. The skin is no different. The predominant cell type in the dermis is called the fibr-o-blast, which is responsible for producing tightening and elastic fibers, like collagen and elastin, as well as a water-trapping spongy material that gives the skin its dense and robust appearance. The cellular star of the epidermis is the keratin-o-cyte, which is the source of moisture factors, protective defensive chemicals, and a hard protein called keratin that acts as an impermeable barrier makeing up much of the ultra-thin stratum corneum protective surface. The suffix "-cyte" is derived from the Greek word for container. Scientists use this designation to refer to various types of cells. Thus a "keratin-o-cyte" is quite literally a "keratin making cell".
Keratin is one of the natural world's most ubiquitous proteins. In addition to being found in human hair, it comprises a large concentration of the structural components of feathers, hooves, horns and antlers. In humans, it makes up the surface of hair strands as well as finger and toenails. Via its deposition on the skin surface, it's also responsible for much of the mechanical barrier effects of the body's largest organ.
Keratin-o-cytes, which are generally referred to as "skin cells", are born in the bottom layer of the skin and they gradually rise to the top, becoming more and more filled with keratin. By the time a skin cell has made it from the bottom layer to the surface, it is no longer alive but is essentially a cell remnant or a shell almost completely packed with keratin to the point where it is actually a little more than a hardened little speck of protein. At this point, it is no longer called a keratin-o-cyte. It is now known as a corneo-cyte which means "hardened cell". The coalescence of corne-o-cytes on the cutaneous surface comprises the stratum corneum layer, the technical name for the very tippy top of the skin which is directly exposed to the environment. Stratum corneum is Latin for "hardened layer" and it gets its name from the corne-o-cytes (hard cell) that compose it.
This transformation of keratin-o-cyte into corne-o-cyte is a complicated affair. Defects in this process (known as "differentiation") are responsible for many skin issues including acne, eczema and psoriasis. These health challenges are generally referred to as differentiation diseases because, while morphing into a corne-o-cyte, the keratin-o-cyte takes on different shapes. The movement of cells from the lower layer of the skin to the upper layer is tightly regulated. If there are any defects in the structure or chemistry of skin cells (i.e. keratin-o-cyte) this process can go awry and disease can result.
For example, if skin chemistry is somehow not proceeding correctly (usually subsequent to inflammation, nutritional deficiencies, and lack of oxygen as well as toxicity) cells may produce way too much keratin, and the end result can be little hard bumps called milea or keratosis. This type of biochemical dysfunction is also associated with acne lesions and pimples. Because all illness is cell illness, all disease is cell disease and all physical dysfunction is cell dysfunction, if you think you are dealing with milea or zits or any other skin issue, in reality you have a skin cell (keratin-o-cyte) issue.
Skin cells, like all cells, make chemicals. The production of these chemicals is dependent on fats and fatty vitamins, none of which are more important than Vitamin A, which I call Vitamin A-nabolic (anabolic = building) because it is so fundamental for the construction of biological structures, i.e. cells. While most vitamins are helpers, supporting the work of other biochemicals, Vitamin A is no mere assistant. It represents nothing less than a molecular "on- switch" for activating chemical synthesis in keratin-o-cytes, and this makes it the quintessential skin health nutrient. When it comes to addressing bumpy skin or milea, or any other skin health issue, making sure you're getting enough Vitamin A from foods and supplementation is very important
Vitamin A deficiencies can be approached from two angles. The first angle involves the intake side of things, which means supplementing. A daily 10-20,000 i.u. dose is a good place to start. If your keratosis is really bad you may want to take 30,000 i.u. for a couple of days. Because Vitamin A and the sunshine nutrient Vitamin D act as partners, you want to be using both; make sure you're getting some sun exposure or, if that's not possible, supplement with Vitamin D3 (maybe 5000 IU). Keep in mind the kind of Vitamin D that our skin cells make in response to the sun is more effective than food or supplemental Vitamin D.
There's a second approach to take when it comes to milea and the little bumps and that is to use topical Vitamin A. The best form is retinoic acid, which requires a doctor's prescription. Retinoic acid comes in various strengths of which 0.1% is the strongest, and that's what I'd be using for treating skin on the body. For little bumps on the more delicate skin, like on the face or underneath the eyes, or if you simply can't handle a 0.1% strength, try one of the other strengths of retinoic acid, either a 0.05% or 0.025% strength. You can also use a gentler and more accessible Vitamin A substance called retinol which can be just as helpful and doesn't require a prescription. However, because retinol is not as potent as retinoic acid, you're going to need a 2.0 to 5.0 % concentration for best skin smoothing effects.
Exfoliation can also help reduce the formation of milea bumps. You can use a loofa pad or even a washcloth to unclog pores and eliminate bumps, or you can use alpha or beta hydroxy acids. Look for cleansers and toners that contain ingredients like lactic acid, glycolic acid or salicylic acid. Don't overuse, lest the skin becomes irritated. For most folks, applying these types of products 2-4 times a week is enough to change the quality and texture of the skin and permanently eliminate milea. Applying retinol or retinoic acid after exfoliation can create a synergistic effect that can produce more significant results than you'll get from using the two ingredients separately.


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Award winning community football for people with Parkinson's disease in Hertfordshire, Bedfordshire, Buckinghamshire and London
Mon, 20 May
|Watford Football Club Training Ground
FFFC Parkinson's 5 / 7 a-side Football
We welcome players with Parkinson's for a supportive & friendly football training session at Watford FC's training ground, all abilities and ages welcome, for both men & women!
Time & Location
20 May 2024, 20:00 – 21:50
Watford Football Club Training Ground, Bell Ln, Shenley, St Albans AL2 1BZ, UK
About the Event
Our football sessions are designed to be fun and supportive. We adapt our sessions as necessary to suit our players and ensure they are low contact at all times. They typically comprise a short warm up and stretching exercises, group training and drills and small group matches, all at your own pace. Suitable for any ages or abilities, regardless of previous experience, for both men & women.
All new players must pre-register for their first event before they can play, please ensure you click the register button and submit the online registration form prior to attending.
Registration is subject to your agreement of our Member's Code of Conduct which must be read and followed by all participants during our events. You can access this here.
Please do not participate in an event if you, or someone you live with, has tested positive for COVID in the last 10 days, or are awaiting test results, or has / had any of the following in last 10 days:
- A high temperature (above 37.8°C);
- A new, continuous cough
- A loss of, or change to, their sense of smell or taste.
On the night please:
- Bring your own water / refreshments
- Wear astro trainers or boots with moulded studs (no metal or screw-in studs please) and clothing appropriate for exercise. Bring layers as the temperatures in the training dome can often drop during colder evenings. Shin pads are optional.
- Look out for the signs to "UCL Sports Ground" on Bell Lane, this is where to turn off for the training ground.
- Once through security please park in the visitor car park. The car park is accessed at the end of the long entrance drive on the left hand side. You will see the Dome on the right as you drive up the entrance drive.
- You can access the Dome via the gravel path off the main car park. Once inside the Dome, you will find us at the top half of the pitch, furthest from the Dome's entrance.
We look forward to seeing you on the night!