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MailServe (Leopard or Tiger)
MailServe improves on Postfix Enabler by adding Fetchmail and Virtual Alias Domains support, IPv6 over SSL for POP and IMAP, Real-time BlackLists, alternate port nos for SMTP, mail queue management, and allows a list of Smart Hosts to be stored.
DNS Enabler (Leopard or Tiger)
DNS Enabler can set up a fully functional buzzword-compliant Domain Name Server on Mac OS X with just one click. It is able to handle multiple virtual domains, multiple sub-nets, aliases, MX records (including specifying back-up servers on other networks), multi-homing, and creating the right number of reverse pointer and CNAME records - all from one convenient single window.
WebMon (Leopard or Tiger)
WebMon helps you set up PHP, WebDAV, and SSL on OS X's built-in web server. For SSL, WebMon helps you generate test certs, as well as the certificate request needed to obtain a live cert. You can also use WebMon to monitor your web server logs remotely via remote login through SSH (the secure shell).
Luca (Snow Leopard)
Luca is an accrual-based double-entry accounting system. Create unlimited levels for the Chart of Accounts. Real-time postings, Balance Sheet, and Profit & Loss reporting. Tracks receipts, disbursements, receivables, payables, and statement of accounts. Supports multiple currencies, calculates forex gain or loss. And more.
LDAP Enabler (Leopard only)
Activate and configure the built-in LDAP server on Leopard with just one click. Once enabled, you can use the LDAP server to store contacts information that will show up on any Mac (and iPhone), and keep them all updated from one central point.
Postfix Enabler for Tiger & Panther
What is Postfix Enabler?
Postfix Enabler helps Mac users set up a totally-functional buzzword-compliant mail server in less than a minute, the Mac Way. It sets up SMTP, POP3 and IMAP services, with or without SSL support. It even sets up SSL test certs so that you can test the SSL connection. It enables SASL Authentication so you can connect to ISPs who require the SMTP connection to be authenticated. Or, the other way around, it allows you to turn on SMTP-AUTH on the server, so that you can authorise remote users who need to send mail through it.
Plus, it has a few other features, including the ability to set up a roving SMTP server for PowerBook users to send mail wherever they are, whenever they want, so long as they have an Internet connection.
Now it also works with Tiger and Macintels
For Mac OS X Leopard : Please check out the new MailServe for Leopard. (If you are upgrading to Leopard, instead of doing a fresh install, it'll help if you do a de-install of Postfix Enabler first in Tiger, by using the Red Cross.)
10.4.8 Update :If you're upgrading from a previous version of OS X to Tiger, use the Red Cross (at the top left hand corner of the window) to re-enable the Enable Postfix button. Clicking Enable Postfix now will force Postfix Enabler to make sure you've got everything needed to turn on Postfix.
Note 1. Do not use this Mac OS X Hint about editing the /etc/sudoers file. It'll really mess up things up when you're using Postfix Enabler.
Note : Some mail servers may reject mail coming from a dynamic IP address, on the (flawed) assumption that such mail must be from a spammer. But this is how I've set things up so that I can continue to send mail from anywhere I happen to be.
The One-Click Road Warrior's Guide
Start up Postfix Enabler. Hit the Enable Postfix button. And that's it.
This turns on the built-in SMTP server in Mac OS X and, in most cases, this would be it. You don't have to type in anything else and you can move on to the Setting Up Mail.app section.
However, you may find yourself faced with a few more obstacles before you can send mail successfully. For example, you may find that the ISP of the network (that you're currently on) is blocking your ability to send mail, e.g., by blocking port 25, the smtp port.
You can test this using Terminal. First, type in this command:
telnet localhost 25
If you see a :
Connected to localhost. Escape character is '^]'. 220 iBook.local ESMTP Postfix
it means Postfix Enabler has successfully set up your Mac to send mail. You can type 'quit' at this point to get out of the telnet session.
Now, do a :
telnet cutedgesystems.com 25
If you do not see the "ESMTP Postfix response" from the remote server, cutedgesystems.com, but instead the session times out, then you can deduce that the outgoing port is being blocked by the ISP.
The first panel of Postfix Enabler gives you a few options to get around that.
Using Panel 1 of Postfix Enabler - The Send Mail Tab
If your ISP requires you to go through their mail server, enter their server name into the Smart Host field (otherwise leave it blank). Your built-in SMTP server will then contact this Smart Host and relay mail through it.
In addition, if your ISP requires you authenticate against its SMTP server, you can use the Enable SASL Authentication check-box to turn on SMTP authentication. Enter the ISP's mail server address and your userID:password combination, as shown in the example below :
Finally, if you want your message to look like it's being sent from a particular domain (and avoid the "May be forged" headers that some ISPs' servers tag onto it), enter that doman name into the Masquerade As field.
The Masquerade As field is particularly important for PHP programmers using PHP's built-in mail function. Enter a doman name into the Masquerade As field that corresponds to to the e-mail address that you want all replies to come back to, and you will find that your messages will get to their destination safely from the PHP scripts. Without this, the messages will get rejected.
Please note that the Masquerade As field and the Domain Name field in Panel 2 are mutually exclusive. If you are running a full-fledged mail server, do not use the Masquerade As field.
The last field on Panel 1 is the Message Size Limit. Set to 0 for no limit.
After any of these changes, hit the Restart Postfix button for the changes to take affect.
Benefits of having your own SMTP server
For roving PowerBook users, this could sometimes be the only way you get to send mail. E.g., this is from someone who does the reality TV show, Survivor:
"Thanx for a great program. I'm constantly traveling to different parts of the world doing TV productions. Sometimes we get an Internet connection at the location we are shooting at but no SMTP server to send mail. So Postfix Enabler has saved me many times by making it possible to send mail from remote locations."
For PHP programmers, web designers, and other software developers, it's often useful to set up a local SMTP server on the development machine and communicate with it through "localhost". This is because you can let the local SMTP server do the job of communicating with a Smart Host, or set up the SSL connections, if required, or work with the DNS System, without your having to figure out what to do to effect these in your code. In your code, you simply talk to "localhost" and leave it to the Postfix Enabled-SMTP server to do the rest.
Setting Up Mail.app
This is how you set up Mail.app to talk to the local SMTP server.
Set up the POP or IMAP account information the usual way, for the Incoming Mail Server. Set them to point to whichever mail server is providing the POP or IMAP services.
You can use Postfix Enabler set up POP and IMAP services so you can become your own ISP - see the section on Panel 2 and 3 of Postfix Enabler, below.
To use use your own built-in SMTP server, set the Outgoing Mail Server to localhost or 127.0.0.1, as shown above, and that's it. Make sure that the Authentication pop-up menu is set to none because you don't need to authenticate with your own built-in mail server.
(... though the built-in mail server could, in turn, be made to authenticate with other mail servers, so it can relay mail out through them, as I had mentioned earlier.)
If you use Eudora or Entourage, you can set them up in a similar way.
In summary, this is what you're doing. You set up your POP or IMAP accounts so that replies coming back to you will reach you on your mail client. But the messages sent out your Mac via localhost will be despatched directly to the recipients.
Note for PowerBook users : You may like to know if a large attachment has been sent out your machine, so you can close your PowerBook lid. Look into the Log Panel and check for a mail log entry that indicates Status=Sent for that particular message.
Warning: If you're only going to send mail out and not trying to set up a full mail server (see next section), do not use the Mail Server Panel because the settings for the two situations are slightly different. Specifically, do not enter a domain name into the Mail Server Panel because it will cause Postfix to hold on to mail that are addressed to people on that domain, rather than sending them out.
The One-Click Mail Administrator's Guide
Postfix Enabler can be used to set up a fully functioning mail server, complete with POP3 and IMAP services. Workstations (which include PCs) on the local network can use this server to relay mail to each other, as well as to send them out to the rest of the world. This section describes how you would set this up.
First, make sure that you have used the first panel (the "Send Mail" tab) to Enable Postfix and you have tried to send mail out successfully to another mail server. If not, please review the first section.
Then, go to the second panel, the "Mail Server" tab. Make sure you have a valid domain name and that it is pointing correctly to your server machine. If it is, enter it into the domain name field. In the example above, my domain name is cutedgesystems.com.
Once I've done this, I can click on Restart Postfix, and I've set up a mail server for the domain cutedgesystems.com that all machines on the same local network as the server can send mail through.
Please note : When you're setting up a mail server that is accessible by the rest of the world, you must have a valid domain name. Check out this tutorial if you want to try this out using a free domain name.
You need to check that the domain name works. The simplest way to do this is to turn on the web server on the same machine you are using to run your mail server (using OS X's Sharing Preferences). Then, fire up a web browser, like Safari, and see if you can hit the web pages that you know you have on this machine.
Setting up POP3 and IMAP Services
It's important to realise at this point that you need to set up user accounts on the mail server to collect (and act as diistribution points) for the in-coming mail.
To create an account for a mail user, simply create a New User on that server machine using the System Preferences -> Accounts panel.
Once you've created your user accounts on the server, you can choose between two different mechanisms that will allow your mail users to download their in-coming mail to whatever machine they happen to be using as their workstation.
POP3 is a simple mechanism for transferring mail to a mail client software like Eudora, Mail.app, or Entourage. IMAP is a "smarter" system because you can use more than one machine to read your mail and the state of your mail box is synchronised across all these machines (in terms of the messages last read, state of drafts, etc.)
You can set up both POP3 and IMAP services using Postfix Enabler and have both running at the same time, allowing your users to choose which service they prefer.
So, next, you will need to enable either POP3 or IMAP services (or both) so that all the machines and users on your network can retrieve their incoming mail.
Leave all the other settings alone, for the moment, and click on the Enable POP3 button or the Enable IMAP button, depending on which mode of mail service you prefer to run.
Hit the Restart Postfix button.
Check that it works
Assuming that my domain name is cutedgesystems.com, this is how I'll set up the mail client, OS X's Mail.app, on each user's machine. Test it first on the local machine, i.e., the same machine you're using to run your server.
The User Name and Password fields will correspond with the name and password of a user you had created using the Systems Preferences - Accounts Panel on the server machine. (If you've enabled the IMAP server, you can also use the Account Type: IMAP).
When you are ready, use Mail to send mail out to anybody you know and see if you can get a reply. The replies will come back to the same server. You can pick them up using Mail because Postfix Enabler has equipped your server with POP3 services.
The next step is to share the mail server with all the other machines on your network.
Share the Mail Server
Via an Airport Base Station
Mac users typically share an Internet connection in three ways. One way is to use an Airport Base Station to connect to the Internet and then share its connection. There's a tutorial (OS X, Broadband, and the Airport Base Station - but pay special attention to the section covering DNS) which will show you how to get a server running behind an Airport Base Station. In this case, if you've set up Mail for the other machines in the way shown above, you've really got nothing else to do. So long as you've got your DNS settings right (so that your other machines know where your mail server is), the other machines can now use your mail server to relay mail.
Via Internet Sharing
The second way to share an Internet connection is to turn on Internet Sharing on the mail server machine. If your mail server is equipped with an Airport card, this is really easy. The Airport card allows the server to create a secondary internal IP network which the rest of your machines can get up on, provided they're also equipped with Airport.
In this case, besides setting Mail in the way shown above, you've also got one more thing to do on your server. By default, the Airport network created by the mail server will use a network in the range 10.0.2.x (please confirm that this is true before proceeding).
Use Postfix Enabler, look for the Access field, and enter the following into a new line in the Access field :
This tells the mail server to allow all machines on the internal 10.0.2.x network to relay mail through the server.
Via a Router
The third way to share an Internet connection is via a router. The things you have to do here are a combination of steps from the first two methods described above. You have to enable port mapping on your router to make sure that ports 25 and 110 are mapped to the specific internal IP address you have reserved for your server (say, 192.168.2.18).
Then, you have to ask Postfix to relay mail for your internal network, which should be 192.168.2, in the example above. Use Postfix Enabler, look for the Access field, and enter the following into a new line in the Access field:
This tells the mail server to allow all machines on the internal 192.168.2.x network to relay mail through the server.
Please note : between the three ways, described above, for sharing an Internet connection, the ones with the router or Airport Base Station are the safer options. This is because you're situating the server on a private network behind the router or Base Station. Postfix is programmed, by default, to reject all attempts to relay mail through it by machines sitting outside its local network. In an Airport network, this network spans the private 10.0.1.x range. The mail server will relay mail only from its own 10.0.1.x network, rejecting all other attempts.
The other way of sharing an Internet connection, through OS X Internet Sharing, though cheaper and more convenient, exposes your server to attempts to relay mail through it by other machines sitting on your ISP's network (because it is sitting directly on your ISP's network). In this latter case, you should use Postfix Enabler's Custom Postfix Settings field and add this one line :
mynetworks_style = host
To allow your other machines and users to route mail through this server, then, you should set up SMTP Authentication on the server - see Panel 3 of Postfix Enabler.
Other uses for the Access field
The Access field can be used to blacklist individual mail senders from sending mail to your site, or even entire domains.
email@example.com REJECT spamUnlimited.com REJECT
The Aliases Field
Some required entries for Aliases are already created for you. Each site needs to have a Postmaster and a Root user so that other ISPs and you own system processes can contact a responsible person when they find problems with your system. MAILER-DAEMON is the conventional name attached to bounced messages. When senders find that their messages have bounced, they may need to contact someone for clarification. Their replies to their bounced messages will go to MAILER-DAEMON, so you need someone to pick these up.
The first line in the example, below, shows that you can create e-mail groups quickly by entering a group name on the left-hand side of an Alias entry, and entering a series of user names, separated by commas, on the right-hand side, which can include users from other domains.
nightrunner: haihwee,beekhim,email@example.com postmaster: bernard root: bernard MAILER-DAEMON: bernard mailist: :include:/full/path/name/to/mailinglist.txt
The last line in the example, above, shows another way of creating e-mail groups - by pointiing the mail server to a file that contains a list of e-mail addresses, with one address on each line.
Forward mail without valid recipients to - the Catch-All mailbox
You can choose who, among your users, gets to be swamped by mail that has been sent to no one with that name on your server. If you elect not to nominate anyone, i.e., leave the pop-up menu for the catch-all mailbox blank, all messages for which there is no valid recipient will be bounced back to the sender. Actually, this is the suggested option, if you don't want to be swamped by junk mail.
The Additional Domain Names Field
If your server hosts more than one domain, you can list the additional domains in this field (separated by commas) so that Postfix knows that it has to accept messages sent to these domains. Make sure that these domain names work first and that they're also pointing correctly to your server machine.
There is no separation between users into particular domains. A user may get mail addressed to any of the domains. E.g., on my server, mail sent to email@example.com and mail sent to firstname.lastname@example.com will all reach me in my single mail box on the server.
Relay Mail From - the server machine only or all machines on subnet
This option allows you to prevent your Mac acting as an open relay if you've placed it directly on a broadband line. The default setting is to allow all machines on the same subnet as the server to relay mail through it without needing to authenticate, which is convenient for getting a shared server up quickly. But if you've placed the server directly on a broadband or dial-up line, then you will have all machines sitting on your ISP's network becoming your local network, inadvertently creating an open relay.
Clicking on the "Relay Mail From : This server machine only" choice will close up the open relay. If you need to still allow mail relay from known users, turn on authentication. This will be the safest option.
The Custom Postfix Settings field
This is meant to allow experienced Postfix users to add their own modifications to the Postfix configuration that have not been taken care of by the Postfix Enabler user interface.
These will stick in the Postfix config file at /etc/postfix/main.cf and will not be over-written when you do a Restart Postfix from Postfix Enabler. (In this way, Postfix Enabler works a little better than OS X Server's Mail Admin tool).
Addtional Note for Outbound Mail
If you're running a mail server and your ISP requires you to go through their mail server for outbound mail, enter their server name into the Smart Host field (otherwise leave it blank) on the Send Mail panel.
In addition, if your ISP requires that you authenticate against its SMTP server, turn on SASL authentication and enter the ISP's mail server address and your userID:password combination into the relevant fields on the Send Mail panel.
Also, if your ISP requires that the authentication be done in SSL, you're all set to go by turning on SSL mode in Panel 3 of Postfix Enabler, below.
The Postfix Enabler Advanced Tab
This allows the administrator to turn on SMTP-AUTH for the mail server. It allows the mail server to be accessed remotely by authorised users, whose name:password combinations have been registered with the server. The Advanced tab also allows the mail administrator to quickly create self-signed SSL certs for testing secured connections to and from the mail server.
If you need to turn on SMTP Authentication, you have two choices - use the built-in OS X user accounts or SASLDB.
The first method is so simple to use. It authenticates against the Mac's built-in user account management - so you maintain just one set of passwords, using System Preferences. Turn it on and you're done. (But the downside is that passwords are sent in the clear, unless you turn on SSL encryption, as shown below and explained in the SSL section.)
In Mail.app, under Outgoing Mail Server, click on Server Settings, and set up the SMTP Server Options, as shown below. You need to make sure you enter the same User Name and Password combination that you gave to this user, using the server's OS X System Preferences panel :
SASLDB is considered to be more secure because passwords are never sent down the wire, only tokens. If you choose to turn on SMTP Authentication via SASLDB, you will need to provide the server with a list of username:password combinations, for each user who will be needing to send mail remotely through the server.
Please note that SASLDB support in Panther broke when 10.3.9 came out. This will now only work on Tiger. Please upgrade to TIger if you need this feature.
Then, in Mail.app, under Outgoing Mail Server, click on Server Settings, and set up the SMTP Server Options, as shown below. That is, set Authentication to "MD5 Challenge-Response".Then enter the username:password combination that was registered for this user on the server, using Postfix Enabler's Advanced Pane.
SSL (Secure Sockets Layer)
You can use the Advanced Panel to turn on or off SSL mode to encrypt the communications between client and server, over SMTP, POP, and IMAP. However, you will need to have the appropriate SSL certs in /System/Library/OpenSSL/certs before you can enable SSL.
You can use this panel to create test (self-signed) certs to test the SSL connection to and from the mail server. You can always replace them with "real" certs, of the same name, in the future.
If you're testing the SSL connection, make sure you quit Mail.app and come back in again, when you switch the server from non-SSL to SSL mode. This is important, and had been the source of quite a few support calls. Mail.app seems to cache the information it keeps about a connection. If you switch modes, in mid-stream, it may get confused and you will see a connection error until you quit Mail.app and come back in.
Also, if you're using the self-signed test certs, you will see the following dialog box thrown up by Mail.app, when you first send mail over SSL :
This is OK. It shows that the SSL mode is working. The cert used is a self-signed cert that hasn't been verified by any of the known certification services, e.g., Verisign. The cert can still be used to enable SSL encryption between client/server communications. If you click on "Show Certificate", it will show you the data you have set for this certificate (if you've updated the Country/State/Locality fields before clicking on the "Create SSL Test Certs" button. You can always replace the test certs with "real" certs of the same name. They are stored in /System//Library/OpenSSL/certs.
The Postfix Enabler Log Panel
You can use this panel to monitor the mail log. The Get button retrieves the last 30 (or so) records from the tail-end of the mail log, in reverse order. Because the table does not have enough width to show all the details of the connection, you can click on any line and the information will be re-displayed in the detail-fields below the table.
The mail log can be used to check if a large attachment has been sent out the mail server, as in the case of a PowerBook user. Look into the mail log for a Status=Sent indicator for the specific message and destination.
There is also a Postfix Config Summary button at the bottom of the panel. When clicked it will show a summary of the active Postfix Configuration Parameters. If you know enough Postfix, this is useful for checking if the system is set up the way the GUI says it has been set up.
Note that you can print out both the mail log and the Postfix configuration summary. (Actually, you can print any piece of information by just clicking on it, to give it the focus, before doing a Print from the File menu.)
The Mail Server and the OS X Firewall
You should check your mail server machine to see if you have OS X's built-in firewall turned on. If so, you should learn how to set it so that information could still pass through to your mail server. Look here to see how this is done.
In summary, you should open, at least, ports 25 (smtp), 110 (pop3) and 143 (imap) in the firewall. If you've turned on SSL, you should also make sure ports 995 (pop3 over SSL) and 993 (imap over SSL) are opened.
Release Log
1.0. 27th October 2003. Postfix Enabler 1.0 released without POP server.
1.0.1 2nd November 2003. Released with a POP server.
1.0.2 4th November 2003. Added ability to re-enable the Enabler, in case new system updates overwrites the current configuration.
1.0.3 6th November 2003. Made sending mail and administering a mail server into two distinct pieces, so it's clearer you can use just the first part without using the other. Also, the configuration for a mail server is slightly different from one that would only support outgoing mail.Made the changes to reflect that. Finally, the system should now work for Macs that have been upgraded to Panther, rather than via a clean install.
1.0.4 16th November 2003. Includes both an IMAP and a POP3 server from the UW-IMAP project, with permission. Both modes of operation support SSL. Added the UW-IMAP license agreement into the user interface, so that the user has to agree with the disclaimers before installing the POP3 and IMAP binaries.
1.0.5 30th December 2003. An Admin Password is requested only once, on startup. Added ability to enable SASL Authentication for the Postfix SMTP client and server. Users can now create SSL test certs from within Postifx Enabler with just 1 click. Added ability to set Message Size Limit.
1.0.6 1st January 2004. There is one bug fix. The "auxprop_plugin" line in /usr/lib/sasl2/smtpd.conf should read "auxprop_plugin: sasldb" instead of sasldb2. This prevented SASL Authentication for the server from working properly.
1.0.7 6th January 2004. Added the ability to authenticate the in-coming SMTP connection against the built-in OS X user accounts which, unlike SASLDB, does not require the user to maintain a separate password database. This solution was contributed by Andy Black. Also, thanks to Eric Kuo, we now also have a Traditional Chinese interface.
1.0.8 9th January 2004. Added the ability to turn on or off SSL mode.
1.0.9 15th January 2004. Added the ability to look into the mail log, get a summary of the active Postfix configuration, and append custom Postfix parameters to that provided by the user interface
1.0.10 2nd November 2004. Updated the POP3 and IMAP binaries with the latest from 2004 UW/IMAP release. Made one important oft-requested change to where IMAP stores its mailboxes, so that it will work nicely with Mail.app. They're now stored at each user's ~/Library/Mail/IMAP folder on the server.
1.1 29th April 2005. The first version compatible with OS X Tiger 10.4. Rewrote everything in Objective-C. Window is now re-sizeable.
1.1.1 30th April 2005. The release version of OS X Tiger is missing some of the things essential for running Postfix. This version helps to put them back.
1.1.2 12th May 2005. SMTP Authentication via SASLDB broke in Tiger. This release fixes it. It also contains an updated French translation from Michel Pansanel from http://www.carpo.org. Thanks, Michel.
1.1.3 13th May 2005. This version will work also on systems that have been formatted case-sensitive - i.e., as Mac OS X Extended (case sensitive).
1.1.4 15th May 2005. This version accepts admin passwords containing diacriticals like accents and umlauts.
1.1.5 17th May 2005. Compatibility fix. An interim solution to the problem of POP and IMAP not starting up after a reboot on systems that have the Tiger 10.4.1 update.
1.1.6 24th May 2005. Conforms to Tiger's new way of launching system services, using launchd. Use the Red Cross (in the top left hand corner of the Postfix Enabler window) to re-enable the Enable Postfix button. Clicking Enable Postfix now will shift you over to launchd. POP and IMAP services launch more reliably now even on 10.4.1.(Will continue to launch services in the "old" way on Panther). This release also fixes the problem where a PowerBook refuses to go to sleep when running Postfix. Also, the serial number field is now more forgiving of leading and trailing spaces.
Version 1.2 Release Notes
1.2 15th March 2006. This is a Universal Binary release. The application and the included POP and IMAP binaries, as well as the saslpasswd2 tool needed for sasldb password authentication, are now all Universal Binaries. (If you are running Potfix Enabler on an Intel Mac, just use the Red Cross to re-enable the Enable buttons and you will be able to replace the current POP and IMAP executables with Universal Binaries.) Also, new in 1.2, is support for using the Keychain to store the admin password and log into Postfix Enabler automatically.
1.2.1 20th April 2006. This release adds a Japanese localisation, originally undertaken by Chiang Hai Hwee, with a lot of help from Takashi Yoshida (thanks Takashi, always in your debt), and also to Makoto Imai for the suggestions for improvement and encouragement.
1.2.2 5th May 2006. Added a radio button (the Relay Mail button in the Mail Server panel) for the user to make sure that the server is not acting as an Open Relay when it's placed directly on a broadband line, as opposed to being behind a router or Airport Base Station.
We build commercial-quality software at shareware prices.
Please support our work by purchasing a serial number before downloading Postfix Enabler.
PayPal will accept all credit cards.
But, if you're already a PayPal user and yet elect to pay by credit card, you'll need to use an alternate email address that isn't linked to your PayPal account.
The serial number will be displayed in the browser after payment is completed, and also sent via email.
Download :
PostfixEnabler.zip Runs on OS X Tiger & Panther Does not work on OS X Server.
Postfix Enabler and the included POP and IMAP executables are now all Universal Binaries.
The latest version is 1.2.2 (read the Release Notes) This release just adds a new Japanese localisation.
Read the User Reviews ...
Localisation Credits
Spanish - Pablo Rodriguez
German - Stefan Hartmann
Danish - Sebastian Adorján Dyhr
French - Michel Poulain, for the original attempt, Michel Pansanel for most of the versions, and Joselyne Rochaud and Corentin Cras-Méneur for updating version 1.2.2.
Italian - Joram (mugroma.org)
Traditional Chinese - Eric Kuo
Simplified Chinese - Hai Hwee, based on Eric Kuo's Traditional Chinese localisation
Japanese - with help from Hai Hwee, Takashi Yoshida, and Makoto Imai
Thanks to all of you. Really appreciate it !


text:
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This website utilizes various technologies that are meant to make it as accessible as possible at all times. We utilize an accessibility interface that allows persons with specific disabilities to adjust the website's UI (user interface) and design it to their personal needs.
Additionally, the website utilizes an AI-based application that runs in the background and optimizes its accessibility level constantly. This application remediates the website's HTML, adapts Its functionality and behavior for screen-readers used by the blind users, and for keyboard functions used by individuals with motor impairments.
If you've found a malfunction or have ideas for improvement, we'll be happy to hear from you. You can reach out to the website's operators by using the following email
Our website implements the ARIA attributes (Accessible Rich Internet Applications) technique, alongside various different behavioral changes, to ensure blind users visiting with screen-readers are able to read, comprehend, and enjoy the website's functions. As soon as a user with a screen-reader enters your site, they immediately receive a prompt to enter the Screen-Reader Profile so they can browse and operate your site effectively. Here's how our website covers some of the most important screen-reader requirements, alongside console screenshots of code examples:
Screen-reader optimization: we run a background process that learns the website's components from top to bottom, to ensure ongoing compliance even when updating the website. In this process, we provide screen-readers with meaningful data using the ARIA set of attributes. For example, we provide accurate form labels; descriptions for actionable icons (social media icons, search icons, cart icons, etc.); validation guidance for form inputs; element roles such as buttons, menus, modal dialogues (popups), and others. Additionally, the background process scans all the website's images and provides an accurate and meaningful image-object-recognition-based description as an ALT (alternate text) tag for images that are not described. It will also extract texts that are embedded within the image, using an OCR (optical character recognition) technology. To turn on screen-reader adjustments at any time, users need only to press the Alt+1 keyboard combination. Screen-reader users also get automatic announcements to turn the Screen-reader mode on as soon as they enter the website.
These adjustments are compatible with all popular screen readers, including JAWS and NVDA.
Keyboard navigation optimization: The background process also adjusts the website's HTML, and adds various behaviors using JavaScript code to make the website operable by the keyboard. This includes the ability to navigate the website using the Tab and Shift+Tab keys, operate dropdowns with the arrow keys, close them with Esc, trigger buttons and links using the Enter key, navigate between radio and checkbox elements using the arrow keys, and fill them in with the Spacebar or Enter key.Additionally, keyboard users will find quick-navigation and content-skip menus, available at any time by clicking Alt+1, or as the first elements of the site while navigating with the keyboard. The background process also handles triggered popups by moving the keyboard focus towards them as soon as they appear, and not allow the focus drift outside it.
Users can also use shortcuts such as "M" (menus), "H" (headings), "F" (forms), "B" (buttons), and "G" (graphics) to jump to specific elements.
We aim to support the widest array of browsers and assistive technologies as possible, so our users can choose the best fitting tools for them, with as few limitations as possible. Therefore, we have worked very hard to be able to support all major systems that comprise over 95% of the user market share including Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Apple Safari, Opera and Microsoft Edge, JAWS and NVDA (screen readers).
Despite our very best efforts to allow anybody to adjust the website to their needs. There may still be pages or sections that are not fully accessible, are in the process of becoming accessible, or are lacking an adequate technological solution to make them accessible. Still, we are continually improving our accessibility, adding, updating and improving its options and features, and developing and adopting new technologies. All this is meant to reach the optimal level of accessibility, following technological advancements. For any assistance, please reach out to
Ta strona korzysta z ciasteczek, aby zapewnić Ci najlepszą możliwą obsługę. Informacje o ciasteczkach są przechowywane w przeglądarce i wykonują funkcje takie jak rozpoznawanie Cię po powrocie na naszą stronę internetową i pomaganie naszemu zespołowi w zrozumieniu, które sekcje witryny są dla Ciebie najbardziej interesujące i przydatne.
Niezbędne ciasteczka powinny być zawsze włączone, abyśmy mogli zapisać twoje preferencje dotyczące ustawień ciasteczek.
Jeśli wyłączysz to ciasteczko, nie będziemy mogli zapisać twoich preferencji. Oznacza to, że za każdym razem, gdy odwiedzasz tę stronę, musisz ponownie włączyć lub wyłączyć ciasteczka.

subset: commoncrawl


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Welcome to our store
Whether you enjoy drinking refreshing sodas, iced coffees, cocktails, or even fancy mocktails, this glass is a perfect choice. With its trendy design and the timeless appeal of glassware, it will become a staple for your beverages. • Glass material• Volume: 16 oz. (473 ml)• Not dishwasher or microwave safe
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Vicky's specialization is natural materials and eco design. She has made dozens of projects for private residentions and for commercial ones. She is also an amazing visualizer who creates the vas majority of our design-projects either for private residences and for commercial ones.
Vicky is known for her exceptional attention to organization and her hands-on approach to management. With twelve years of experience behind her, Vicky approaches every project ready to manage a workflow that is efficient, organized, and ultimately successful.
She is constantly discovering new solutions to issues that arise during the work process and is a dependable supervisor both to her clients and to the production crews that she oversees. Vicky acts as a liaison between the production and design teams and the client throughout the entire process of every Constico project. Vicky is the eyes and ears of every project and is a trusted presence both to clients and to the architects, managers, and contractors who report to her.


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I don't know how much a Bush speechwriter gets paid these days -" but it can't be much because they seem to be moonlighting for Allawi. One should compliment them for their invaluable assistance to George's political career. During four years in the White House and two presidential campaigns, they have admirably kept the President 'on message'. It's a shame that they have to supplement their meager income by exporting their talents to Iraq.
Not a few commentators noticed that Allawi's speech to Congress was a neocon masterpiece. The administration immediately denied they had a hand in putting words in Allawi's mouth. They insisted that no one in the White House was involved. OK. But what about all those neocons that linger outside the gates of the President's sleeping quarters?
At first, I suspected that David Frum was the author of the Iraqi Prime Minister's speech. Or maybe Ari Fleischer, the former White House press secretary. As it turned out, it was Dan Senor.
If you care to recall, Dan Senor was the spokesman for Paul Bremer's Coalition Provisional Authority. He was the handler who lurked over the generals in Baghdad to make sure that they didn't give accurate accounts of what was going on outside the Green Zone.
The standard neocon fingerprints are all over the speech. Judge for yourself. This is a partial text of Allawi's speech before Congress on September 23, 2004. "First, we are succeeding in Iraq. The overwhelming majority of Iraqis are grateful. My friends, today we are better off, you are better off and the world is better off without Saddam Hussein. Your decision to go to war in Iraq was not an easy one but it was the right one." (Note that this segment of the speech was lifted from a Cheney speech.)
"Creating a democratic, prosperous and stable nation, where differences are respected, human rights protected, and which lives in peace with itself and its neighbor, is our highest priority, our sternest challenge and our greatest goal. But there are the tiny minority who despise the very ideas of liberty, of peace, of tolerance, and who will kill anyone, destroy anything, to prevent Iraq and its people from achieving this goal.
Among them are those who nurse fantasies of the former regime returning to power." (This segment of Allawi's speech is a standard part of most Bush gigs).
"There are fanatics who seek to impose a perverted vision of Islam in which the face of Allah cannot be seen. And there are terrorists, including many from outside Iraq, who seek to make our country the main battleground against freedom, democracy and civilization. I can tell you today, they will not succeed." (Dan Senor should consider taking an introductory course in Islam before writing about the 'face of Allah'. To many Muslim listeners, it made his Iraqi client sound sacrilegious.)
"The transition in Iraq from brutal dictatorship to freedom and democracy is not only an Iraqi endeavor, it is an international one. More than 30 countries are represented in Iraq with troops on the ground in harm's way. Working together, we will defeat the killers, and we will do this by refusing to bargain about our most fundamental principles." (Here again, Senor resorted to propagating Bushy fiction.)
"Do not allow them to say to Iraqis, to Arabs, to Muslims, that we have only two models of governments, brutal dictatorship and religious extremism. This is wrong. Like Americans, we Iraqis want to enjoy the fruits of liberty. Half of the world's 1.5 billion Muslims already enjoy democratically elected governments." (This patronizing language has become a regular part of Bush's campaign pitch. If I am not mistaken, the President took it from a speech by Paul Wolfowitz, the dean of the neocons).
All in all, Dan Senor is a fine speechwriter in the great neo-con tradition. There is nothing illegal in manufacturing sound bites for foreign leaders. William Safire of the New York Times publicly boasts about ghost writing for Ariel Sharon. There were, however, a few snags in the speech -" such as when Allawi promised to focus on "improving the quality of ordinary Iraqis." I am certain that many ordinary Iraqis won't appreciate Senor's quality control plans.
In any case, the words came out of Allawi's mouth and he should be held responsible for every one of Senor's sound bites.
Which brings me to the most troubling sentence of Allawi's speech. Speaking before Congress and the American public, Allawi said that "When political leaders sound the siren of defeatism in the face of terrorism, it only encourage more violence." Now, which political leaders was he talking about? It sounds like this particular comment was directed at Kerry and some of the Senators and public figures that have publicly criticized the war.
Maybe Dan Senor and Allawi didn't notice that we are in the midst of a presidential election. Going before Congress to endorse Bush's policies and denigrate his opponents as defeatists constitutes gross interference in the internal affairs of the United States of America. That just happens to be a no go zone.
And Allawi is no ordinary foreign leader. He is a Prime Minister of a foreign country that just happens to be under American occupation. Which makes him a vassal – who incidentally admits to having been a CIA asset. So, we have a puppet endorsing his puppeteer -" using the words planted in his mouth by a man intimately associated with the policies that led to the current Mess on Potamia. Senor is also apparently involved with the Bush campaign.
This is not just a question of bad form on the part of Allawi. It might be illegal for American intelligence operatives to involve themselves in domestic campaigns. The law is very clear in prohibiting the CIA from dabbling in domestic affairs. So, it follows that catching a CIA asset with his hands in the presidential ballot box is more than just an ethical breach or a diplomatic faux pas.
It's one thing for the CIA or the Pentagon to interfere in foreign elections -" but it is quite another when they extend their considerable talents to a blatant effort to sway the results of an American election. Allawi and Senor might be in violation of Title 50, Chapter 15, Section 413b (f) of the US CODE, which prohibits covert actions intended to influence United States political processes. One doesn't have to be a lawyer to understand this law which reads "No covert action may be conducted which is intended to influence United States political processes, public opinion, policies, or media".
Did Dan Senor ghostwrite a CIA operative's speech with the intent of denigrating one presidential candidate and endorsing another? Does that constitute an illegal attempt to influence the outcome of November's election? If so, this is more than a scandal or another Karl Rove campaign prank. It's a crime.


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Unmaintained¶ ↑
The CanCan gem is no longer maintained. Please use another authorization library such as CanCanCan or Pundit.
CanCan¶ ↑

Wiki | RDocs | Screencast
CanCan is an authorization library for Ruby on Rails which restricts what resources a given user is allowed to access. All permissions are defined in a single location (the Ability
class) and not duplicated across controllers, views, and database queries.
Installation¶ ↑
In Rails 3, add this to your Gemfile and run the bundle
gem "cancan"
In Rails 2, add this to your environment.rb file.
config.gem "cancan"
Alternatively, you can install it as a plugin.
rails plugin install git://github.com/ryanb/cancan.git
Getting Started¶ ↑
CanCan expects a current_user
method to exist in the controller. First, set up some authentication (such as Authlogic or Devise). See Changing Defaults if you need different behavior.
1. Define Abilities¶ ↑
User permissions are defined in an Ability
class. CanCan 1.5 includes a Rails 3 generator for creating this class.
rails g cancan:ability
In Rails 2.3, just add a new class in 'app/models/ability.rb` with the following contents:
class Ability include CanCan::Ability def initialize(user) end end
See Defining Abilities for details.
2. Check Abilities & Authorization¶ ↑
The current user's permissions can then be checked using the can?
and cannot?
methods in the view and controller.
<% if can? :update, @article %> <%= link_to "Edit", edit_article_path(@article) %> <% end %>
See Checking Abilities for more information
The authorize!
method in the controller will raise an exception if the user is not able to perform the given action.
def show @article = Article.find(params[:id]) authorize! :read, @article end
Setting this for every action can be tedious, therefore the load_and_authorize_resource
method is provided to automatically authorize all actions in a RESTful style resource controller. It will use a before filter to load the resource into an instance variable and authorize it for every action.
class ArticlesController < ApplicationController load_and_authorize_resource def show # @article is already loaded and authorized end end
See Authorizing Controller Actions for more information.
3. Handle Unauthorized Access¶ ↑
If the user authorization fails, a CanCan::AccessDenied
exception will be raised. You can catch this and modify its behavior in the ApplicationController
class ApplicationController < ActionController::Base rescue_from CanCan::AccessDenied do |exception| redirect_to root_url, :alert => exception.message end end
See Exception Handling for more information.
4. Lock It Down¶ ↑
If you want to ensure authorization happens on every action in your application, add check_authorization
to your ApplicationController.
class ApplicationController < ActionController::Base check_authorization end
This will raise an exception if authorization is not performed in an action. If you want to skip this add skip_authorization_check
to a controller subclass. See Ensure Authorization for more information.
Wiki Docs¶ ↑
Questions or Problems?¶ ↑
If you have any issues with CanCan which you cannot find the solution to in the documentation, please add an issue on GitHub or fork the project and send a pull request.
To get the specs running you should call bundle
and then rake
. See the spec/README for more information.
Special Thanks¶ ↑
CanCan was inspired by declarative_authorization and aegis. Also many thanks to the CanCan contributors. See the CHANGELOG for the full list.


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Narcotics Anonymous ("NA") Meetings
August 8 @ 7:00 pm - 8:00 pm
An event every week that begins at 7:00 pm on Thursday, repeating until August 29, 2024
Join us for our weekly Narcotics Anonymous (NA) meetings and take the first step towards a healthier, Narcotic-free life. Whether you're struggling with addiction or you're a friend or family member looking for support, our NA meetings are a safe, non-judgmental space to share your experiences and find hope.
Meeting Details:
- Date: Every Thursday
- Time: 7:00 – 8:00
- Location: Siksika Support Centre (old SHS Clinic)
What to Expect:
Supportive Community: You'll meet people who understand what you're going through, and they'll offer empathy and encouragement.
Open Sharing: Share your story, concerns, and triumphs with others who have faced similar challenges. You'll find a supportive network of people who truly care about your recovery.
Anonymity: NA meetings provide a safe and confidential space. Your privacy is respected, and what is shared in the meeting stays within the group.
12-Step Program: Learn about and discuss the NA 12-Step program, which has helped countless individuals achieve and maintain sobriety.
Speaker Sessions: Periodically, guest speakers with long-term recovery experience share their insights, providing inspiration and guidance.
Sobriety Tokens: Celebrate your milestones! We honor those reaching sobriety milestones with tokens to mark their progress.
No matter where you are in your journey to recovery, you're welcome at our NA meetings. Don't let addiction control your life any longer—take that first step toward healing.
For more information or if you have any questions, please call 403-734-5687
Remember, you don't have to face this challenge alone. Join us and find the support you need to overcome addiction and live a healthier, happier life.


text:
# #
TMZ has learned that "Prison Break" star Lane Garrison has hired powerhouse defense attorney Harland Braun in connection with last Saturday's fatal car accident. Lane was at the wheel in his Land Rover on Saturday night when it crossed a median in Beverly Hills and crashed into a tree. A 17-year-old boy sitting in the backseat was killed and two 15-year-olds were injured. Braun tells TMZ that Garrison had never met the three teenagers before the night of the accident. Braun says Garrison was at a local supermarket earlier in the evening when the trio recognized him in the checkout line and asked him if he wanted to go to a party. Braun says Garrison went to the party and had one drink. Braun says Garrison also had one margarita at a Mexican restaurant that night, but that was the extent of his alcohol consumption. Braun tells TMZ that as Garrison was leaving the party to meet a woman at his apartment, the three teens asked to accompany him. According to sources, the boy was an only child and was extremely well liked by his peers. Braun says Garrison has no recollection of the accident, which Braun says rendered him unconscious. In fact, Braun claims Garrison's first memory was waking up at the Century City Hospital emergency room with a taxi coupon on his lap that had been given to him by hospital staff so he could get home. Braun says he was not told by hospital personnel that someone had died. He learned of the death later from a friend, Braun says, and was "totally despondent." Braun says a sample of Garrison's blood was taken at the hospital, but it could take several weeks before the results are in. Braun says he doubts Garrison was intoxicated, but also says, "Who knows if someone put something in his drink at the party." Braun also says Garrison's Land Rover had been experiencing alignment issues as of late and had been pulling to one side, and added that the SUV had brake problems. Braun says he is forwarding repair receipts to the police. According to Braun, "Nobody knows what happened, it's a mystery."
This just gets worse and worse. I still want to know why a 26 year is so hard up he felt the need to party with 3 minors. I mean am I the only who finds that sick?


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I came upon an interesting article this morning about HP presenting the Linux based WebOS which it acquired when buying Palm Computing as its future and "dumping Microsoft Windows.
Not that WebOS is new, or that Windows is going to be totally left out in the cold, but it certainly seems to have a slightly higher profile now. So, it's going to compete head on with Android and probably a host of other Linux based OS's. Once again, the question around a fragmented Linux world comes to mind. There seems to be very little consensus - Many people and myself think that it's hindering progress to some degree. Maybe there isn't a single silver bullet to solve all problems, but do we need all these "flavours"?
I wonder how much overlap is there between the different projects? I'm pretty sure that there's a growing pool of developers, tools, code base, drivers, standards etc. which can only be a good thing. Another thing is that since HP is one of the biggest hardware manufacturers in the world, I'm guessing that hardware support can't be hurt either. So, in spite of another OS "on the market", I'm sure that overall it's going to be a positive impact.


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Logistic Map Fixed Points Model DocumentsThis material has 2 associated documents. Select a document title to view a document's information. Main DocumentLogistic Map Fixed Points Model
written by
Wolfgang Christian The Logistic Map Fixed Points Model finds periodic trajectories of the logistic map such that n iterations of the map starting with an initial value x return to that value. The key idea for this model is that for values of the logistic map control parameter r in the chaotic regime, there are periodic but unstable trajectories. This property of the chaotic regime means that if we choose the value of the seed x0 to be precisely equal to a point on an unstable trajectory with period n, the subsequent trajectory will have this period. However, if we choose a value of x0 that differs ever so slightly from this special value, the trajectory will not be periodic. This model shows how to find these special values of x0.
Last Modified June 10, 2014
This file has previous versions. Source Code DocumentsLogistic Map Fixed Points Source CodeThe source code zip archive contains an XML representation of the EJS Logistic Map Fixed Points Model. Unzip this archive in your EJS workspace to compile and run this model using Ejs.
Last Modified November 6, 2012
This file has previous versions. |


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Taylor Swift's Best Live Shots [PICTURES]
Taylor Swift needs no introduction. She's one of the world's biggest superstars. She began in country music, as a teenager, and as the numbers on her birthday cake have grown, so has she, both personally and professionally.
From 2006 to 2008, Swift began her touring career as an opener for Rascal Flatts, George Strait, Brad Paisley and Tim McGraw and Faith Hill. In 2009, however, she launched her own headlining trek, the Fearless Tour -- and, since then, she has enjoyed enormous success as both a country and pop artist on the road.
Swift's Fearless Tour grossed over $63 million and the numbers have kept growing through her Speak Now World Tour (2011-2012), Red Tour (2013-2014), 1989 World Tour (2015) and, most recently, her Reputation Tour. The singer's most recent trek became the highest-grossing tour of all time in the U.S., bringing in $266.1 million over 38 dates and selling 2,068,399 tickets. According to Billboard, Swift's tours has grossed $687.7 million in the U.S. alone.
There's a reason that Swift's been so successful as a touring act: Fans always know her concerts will be highly entertaining and creative. Since the beginning, her tours have boasted plenty of costume changes, surprises and massive sets and stages. When you couple all of that with her enigmatic stage presence, No. 1 hits and ability to connect with fans, it adds up to a winning combination.
Click through the photo gallery below to see some of our favorite live photos of Swift through the years:


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Dr. Morgan Mayfaire Joins Equality Florida's TransAction Florida Advisory Council!
From Equality Florida's Director of Transgender Equality, Gina Dunan: "TransAction, Equality Florida's Transgender Inclusion Initiative, is very pleased to announce the addition of Dr. Morgan Mayfaire to the TransAction Advisory Council. Dr. Mayfaire is recognized for his outstanding work at the TransSocial support network as well as his work in supporting the transgender and gender-nonconforming communities in South Florida. Dr. Mayfaire is an extraordinary addition to our transgender inclusion efforts and we look forward to his leadership as we expand our transgender equality efforts throughout Florida."
Dr. Morgan Mayfaire
Executive Director of TransSOCIAL, Inc.
Dr. Morgan Mayfaire's passion for building acceptance and equality for Trans people in society guides his work in the community. Named one of the Out 50 by South Florida Gay News in 2017, he co-founded TransSOCIAL, Inc. with his wife Ashley to link Trans people to resources he found difficult to access during his own gender transition from female to male. With his doctorate in Clinical Psychology, Morgan also counsels fellow Trans people and their loved ones in TransSOCIAL's support groups. Morgan is a passionate advocate for HIV prevention and treatment programs in South Florida, participating in the South Florida AIDS Network, serving on multiple advisory groups for the Florida Department of Health in Broward County, as well as being named the At-Large Transgender Prevention Alternate for the 2017-2019 term of the Florida Comprehensive HIV/AIDS Planning Network, Prevention Planning Group. His personal history as a young feminist and member of Act Up and the Names Project inform his participation in multiple LGBTQ+ organizations, including board seats at Unity Coalition and Pride Fort Lauderdale. When Morgan is not busy using his visibility as a Trans man to educate others about the Trans experience, you can find him tending to his orchid collection or modifying his Jeep Wrangler.


text:
The Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) directed the Open Market Trading Desk (the Desk) at the Federal Reserve Bank of New York to purchase additional agency mortgage-backed securities (MBS) and longer-term Treasury securities (see http://www.federalreserve.gov/monetarypolicy/fomccalendars.htm for the most recent FOMC statement). The FOMC also directed the Desk to maintain its existing policies of reinvesting principal payments from the Federal Reserve's holdings of agency debt and agency MBS in agency MBS and of rolling over maturing Treasury securities at auction. The FOMC noted that these actions should put downward pressure on longer-term interest rates, support mortgage markets, and help to make broader financial conditions more accommodative. For more information on Treasury purchases, please see Frequently Asked Questions for purchases of Longer-term Treasury Securities. |
Gross purchases from December 12 through December 18: $15,100 million All amounts reflect current face |


text: Calise Hawkins is a comedian and writer. Most recently, she wrote for "Hood Adjacent" and "@midnight" on Comedy Central. Calise has appeared as a stand up on numerous television shows including "Late Night with Jimmy Fallon," "Totally Biased with W. Kamau Bell," "Shortcoms," "Stand Up in Stilettos" and "Parental Discretion." She is also one of the stars of Oxygen's series "Funny Girls". As a writer, Calise's work has appeared on several major television networks as well as the Whoopi Goldberg pilot, "Spoil Me Mad." In 2012, Calise was named a New Face at JFL Montreal and has returned to do tapings such as Kevin Hart's digital series "LOL" in 2017. Calise has been a writer for Comedy Central's @Midnight, Comedy Central's "Hood Adjacent" and Trutv's "Comedy KnockOut."


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Italian Scientists Get 6 Years for L'Aquila Earthquake Statements
Six Italian scientists and a government official have been sentenced to six years in prison over statements they made prior to a 2009 earthquake that killed 309 in the town of L'Aquila.
A year-long trial came to a close today (Oct. 22) with the verdict, which alarmed earth scientists worldwide.
"I hope the Italians realize how backwards they are in this L'Aquila trial and its verdict," Erik Klemetti, an assistant professor of geosciences at Denison University in Ohio, wrote on Twitter, adding that the verdict was a "terrible precedent."
According to prosecutors, the scientists and official downplayed the risks of a large quake in L'Aquila, Italy, after a series of tremors shook the city in early 2009. On April 6, 2009, a magnitude-6.3 quake hit, killing 309 people. L'Aquila's medieval architecture led to numerous building collapses during the quake. [See Photos of L'Aquila Earthquake Destruction]
It took Judge Marco Billi just more than four hours to reach a verdict, according to the BBC. The scientists were found guilty of multiple manslaughter.
At the controversial March 31 meeting in L'Aquila, earth scientist Enzo Boschi, a defendant in the case, acknowledged the uncertainty, calling a large earthquake "unlikely," but saying that the possibility could not be excluded. In a post-meeting press conference, however, Department of Civil Protection official Bernardo De Bernardinis, also a defendant, told citizens there was "no danger."
At the beginning of the trial in September 2011, U.S. earthquake scientists conveyed alarm at the idea of subjecting earthquake risk assessment to the criminal justice system.
Sign up for the Live Science daily newsletter now
Get the world's most fascinating discoveries delivered straight to your inbox.
"Our ability to predict earthquake hazards is, frankly, lousy," Seth Stein, a professor of Earth sciences at Northwestern University in Illinois, told LiveScience then. "Criminalizing something would only make sense if we really knew how to do this and someone did it wrong."
Knowing whether small quakes are foreshocks for a larger temblor is impossible, according to seismologists. A 1988 study of other quake-prone Italian regions found, for example, that about half of large quakes were preceded by weaker foreshocks. But only 2 percent of small quake swarms heralded a larger rupture.
Follow Stephanie Pappas on Twitter @sipappas or LiveScience @livescience. We're also on Facebook & Google+.
Stephanie Pappas is a contributing writer for Live Science, covering topics ranging from geoscience to archaeology to the human brain and behavior. She was previously a senior writer for Live Science but is now a freelancer based in Denver, Colorado, and regularly contributes to Scientific American and The Monitor, the monthly magazine of the American Psychological Association. Stephanie received a bachelor's degree in psychology from the University of South Carolina and a graduate certificate in science communication from the University of California, Santa Cruz.


text:
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In addition toTufigno.com's information on this website, there may be links to third party websites, the content of which is beyond the control of Tufigno.com. Tufigno.com provides such links to you as a convenience only. The inclusion of such links is not an endorsement by Tufigno.com in favour of any company offering any products or services on any linked website. It is your responsibility to exercise your own skill and care with respect to any material on those external websites. Tufigno.com will not be liable for any loss or damage that may arise from or relating to a linked third party website.
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Photos from the 2011/12 University of Malta Graduations are available to view and purchase online.


text:
Tonight I baked three different kinds of cookies for our departmental holiday party. I don't recall ever making that many cookies at once. It actually ended up being sort of a zen-like kitchen experience. Dough was prepared in the KitchenAid. Dough was placed in the refrigerator to chill. Mixing bowl was washed. Next dough was composed. Original dough was scooped. Cookies were baked. Rinse, lather, and repeat.
Frankly I'm just grateful that they all came out without incident considering the number of variables involved. One misstep and I might have ended up with peanut butter, cranberry, ginger cookies. Not so appealing, right? Two of the cookie recipes have been featured on the site before: Cranberry Orange Dark Chocolate Chip and Anita Chu's Gingersnaps. The third, a Peanut Butter cookie with Mini Chocolate Chips, is a personal favorite of mine. The recipe is outlined below. As per usual all of my cookies are chewy not crunchy.
Peanut Butter Chocolate Chip Cookies
Adapted from The Got Milk Cookie Book by Peggy Cullen
4 ounces (1 stick) unsalted butter, softened
2/3 cup creamy peanut butter
3/4 cup packed dark brown sugar
1/4 cup granulated sugar
1 teaspoon vanilla extract
1 egg
1 cup all-purpose flour (Note: I like to use 1 1/2 cups. It makes a thicker cookie).
1/2 teaspoon baking soda
1 1/3 cups (8 ounces) semisweet chocolate chunks or chips (Note: I use mini chocolate chips instead)
Preheat the oven to 375ºF.
In a medium bowl, using an electric mixer, beat the butter, peanut butter, sugars, and vanilla until well combined. Beat in the egg. Scrape down the sides of the bowl using a rubber spatula and beat for a few more seconds.
In a small bowl, whisk together the flour and baking soda. Add the dry ingredients to the wet mixture and mix on low speed just until absorbed. Stir the chocolate chips into the dough.
For perfectly uniform cookies, scoop the dough using a 1 1/2 inch diameter ice-cream scoop, leveling the dough off across the top before dropping onto the baking sheets. Bake for 10-12 minutes, or until the cookies begin to color (you'll have to look carefully). Do not over bake. Let sit for 2 minutes, then transfer to wire racks to cool completely.


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Calling Young Artists! National Contest to Raise Awareness About Poverty
With the swipe of a paintbrush or click of a camera, your child can make a difference in the fight to end poverty. Not only that, they have the chance to win exciting prizes, and have their artwork showcased in a national campaign.
As part of our mission to build the political and public will to cut poverty in half in ten years, the Half in Ten Campaign is hosting our first ever nationwide art competition with the theme Our American Dream—What Will It Take To Get There?, and the June 30th submission deadline is only two weeks away. We are calling on everyone, ages 4 to 24, to unleash their creativity and engage in a national conversation with their families, teachers, and community members about poverty and what we need to do as a nation to tackle it.
We need your help to encourage your children to participate. Moms across the nation play an essential role in achieving our goal to reduce poverty as we know firsthand how important it is that children have enough nutritious food on the table, that we and/or our partners have good jobs with good wages, and that our families are secure and stable. Together, we must work to build the country that we want our kids to grow up in, and Half in Ten's art competition is the perfect opportunity to engage our children in the process.
Aside from the chance to win prizes such as an art kit, an iPad, or a trip to DC, we will feature several winning selections in our campaign materials and reports. It's time to build a movement against poverty—to raise our voices for the millions of fellow mothers and children who struggle to make ends meet. And with your help, we can harness our kids' collective energy and imagination to push forward.
The decisions our policymakers make today have a profound impact on children. Half in Ten's National Art Competition offers an opportunity for children to reflect on what poverty means to them and the changes they envision for their community and the country so that everyone can achieve the American Dream.
With that, it's time to break out the art supplies and register!
Please visit our website for further guidance, details, and frequently asked questions about the competition.


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The community is working on translating this tutorial into French, but it seems that no one has started the translation process for this article yet. If you can help us, then please click "More info".
ASP.NET is an event-driven way of making web applications. With PHP and Classic ASP, you have one file, which is executed line after line, from start to end. However, ASP.NET is very different. Here we have events, which are either activated by the user in one way or another. In the previous example, we used the Page_Load method. Actually, this is an event, which the Page class calls when the page is loaded. We will use the same technique in the next example, where we will add a couple of controls to our simple hello world example. To make it a bit more interesting, we will change the "world" word with something defined by the user. Have a look at this codelisting, where we add two new controls: A Button control and a TextBox control.
<form id="form1" runat="server">
<asp:Label runat="server" id="HelloWorldLabel"></asp:Label>

<asp:TextBox runat="server" id="TextInput" />
<asp:Button runat="server" id="GreetButton" text="Say Hello!" />
As you can see, we now have the 2 new controls added, but they really can't do much at the moment. You can run the example if you wish to check this out for your self - if you click the button, the page is simply reloaded. Let's change that, and let's start by doing it the easy way. VS comes with a WYSIWYG editor, and while I hardly ever use it my self, it does make some things easier, like creating events.
So, click the Design button in the bottom of VS. Now you will see a visual representation of our page. We wish to add a Click event to the button, and this is very simply - just doubleclick the GreetButton, and you will be taken to the CodeBehind file of our page. As you can see, a fine new method has been added, called GreetButton_Click. If you have a look at the Default.aspx file (you need to go from Design view to Source view), you will see that an attribute has been added to our Button control, telling which method to call when the button is clicked. All this work done with a simple doubleclick.
Now lets add some code to our new event. We wish to use the text from the TextBox, on our good old Label with the "Hello, world!" text. This is also very simple, and all it requires is a single line of code:
HelloWorldLabel.Text = "Hello, " + TextInput.Text;
Run the project again (ctrl+F5), and you will see the our old page with a couple of new controls. The "Hello, world!" text is still there, because we set it in the Page_Load event. Now try entering a name in the textbox, and press the button. Voila, the text is changed, and we have just used our first control event. Notice how we can add code which is not necessarily called unless the user performs a specific task. This is different from the good old Classic ASP/PHP approach, but you will soon get used to it, and you will probably also come to like it a lot!


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A delicate aristocratic lady glances over her shoulder, perhaps at someone at an 18th century ball.
A dashing rider in a horse drawn cart wears a jaunty hat. He looks very Napoleonic and regal, and the horses are beautifully drawn suggesting high stepping animation with a few deft strokes.
The paintings are done on intriguing forms, adding to feeling of frescoes excavated from an ancient wall.
This is the beautiful work of Bruno Schulz who was a Polish-Jewish writer and artist.
I read the New York Times everyday. It gets delivered to my door. It's a little luxury I never take for granted (including the morning coffee that comes with it, brought to me along with the paper to me in bed by my dear Alberto).
Sometimes a story just jumps off the page, and I just have to share it with you. I do pause, because I think, well gee anyone can read it (online) if I can. But I realize not all of you do have time to read The New York Times, so I present a few things once in awhile in digest form for you.
This is one quote of many from The New YorkTimes article that gripped my heart, and made me instantly want to share this:
Landau did save Schulz for more than a year, until November 1942, by providing him with work and the means for minimal sustenance. Schulz, whose literary reputation as a short-story writer had already been established, had obtained false Aryan papers and was about to escape when another Gestapo sergeant, Karl Günter, angry that Landau had killed his Jewish dentist, put a bullet in Schulz's head. He is said to have told Landau: "You killed my Jew. Now I've killed yours."
Landau was the Nazi, and Schulz was his Jewish camp prisoner. You can read the entire story HERE
and above, the walls where Schulz drew his murals
I haven't told you everything so do go HERE


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Pay with PayMaya, para may #BalikBayad!
After more than a year of not being seen together on-screen, "Teen Royalties" Kathryn Bernardo and Daniel Padilla reunite for an action-packed project that sees them sharing the many perks and rewards of going cashless through PayMaya's "BalikBayad" campaign.
Serving as a follow-up to PayMaya's widely successful "Don't Pay Cash. PayMaya!" campaign last year which gave birth to a catchy video and jingle set to the tune of the hit '90's Eraserheads song "Ligaya," the "BalikBayad" campaign sees Kathryn and Daniel in action-packed scenes teaming up to beat a common foe–cash.
Set as a typical '90's action movie complete with guns, goons, and even the penultimate "Pinoy Kontrabida" in the form of Rez Cortez, the campaign video features the two young celebrities using the powers of PayMaya to tackle everyday transactions that are typically paid with cash, such as grocery shopping, paying bills, buying load, and online shopping, among many others.
"We're very excited to have KathNiel representing the 'BalikBayad' campaign, because just as these two big celebrity icons have made a comeback for PayMaya this year, our users can also expect something to come back–in the form of cashback–every time they use PayMaya instead of cash," said Mark Jason Dee, Head of Growth and Marketing of PayMaya.
"PayMaya is a young and fun brand and we're definitely lucky to have collaborated with Kathryn and Daniel in this campaign, because they represent the exciting and energetic lifestyles of most of our users," Dee added.
Filipinos can get in on the most rewarding mobile wallet experience by downloading the PayMaya app on their iOS or Android devices and using the code PAYMAYAKATHNIEL upon signing up to get an instant reward, apart from the many other cashback and discount perks they can get by being a PayMaya user.
In February alone, PayMaya users can get as much as P6,000 in cashback when they participate in the mobile wallet's various promos for bills payment, buying load, paying for goods and services via QR, online shopping, and sending money, among many others.
PayMaya has also expanded the list of merchants and establishments under its PayMaya Preferred program, which gives additional cashback to users who scan to pay with PayMaya QR on top of the regular cashback that they usually receive. Some of these new partners include Landers Superstore, Mercury Drug, KFC, Robinson's Department Store, Total Alabang and Valenzuela, and Toys 'R Us, among many others.
Bringing back time and convenience
But aside from getting monetary rewards in the form of cashback every time they pay, users are also able to make more time and experience greater convenience when they use PayMaya.
With PayMaya's virtual card, for example, users can instantly gain access to a payment card which they can easily use for online shopping and other digital payments for a faster, more efficient payment experience.
PayMaya also recently introduced the ability to transfer money from users' PayMaya account to other bank accounts, eliminating the need to wait in line at bank branches in order to make a bank deposit.
"PayMaya users can definitely look forward to even more features and services that will give them more convenient ways to pay as well as awesome rewards in the months to come," Dee added.
To know more about the BalikBayad campaign and how you can get all of these exciting perks from PayMaya, visit www.paymaya.com/balikbayad or follow @PayMayaOfficial on Facebook, Instagram and Twitter.
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text: I have wrestled with how to treat these plants since beginning my research for this treatment. After careful consideration of the complex patterns of variation among members of the C. arizonicum complex, I acknowledged the futility of trying to distinguish more than one species. Any character combinations that I or others have attempted to use to distinguish species break down hopelessly when enough specimens are examined. Instead I have chosen to recognize that in this complex, as in several others, the plants in question are a work of evolution in progress. Cirsium arizonicum is a rapidly evolving, only partially differentiated assemblage of races that have not reached the level of stability that is usually associated with the concept of species. Certainly there is much variation within the group that deserves a level of taxonomic recognition, or at least should be mentioned, but I think it much more prudent to recognize varieties-entities that may be expected to freely intergrade-rather than species. The geographic area where these plants occur, the highlands of the American Southwest, has had a turbulent history in the Quaternary with major shifts in climate, vegetation, and elevational zonation accompanying the vicissitudes of glacial and interglacial episodes. The complicated patterns of variation in C. arizonicum reflect both that history and t


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Bulldog's Girls is a small town/single mother in danger romantic suspense with a hero in insta-love/lust and a leading lady afraid of commitment. There are some dark bits, and the sex is very descriptive, but overall this is a feel good love story that's sure to make you smile. Enjoy your stay in the lovely town of Green Haven!
Amaya gave up everything to protect her daughter, Peyton, but it wasn't enough and a sadistic enemy she thought was dead is tormenting her from beyond the grave. In a desperate attempt to keep her daughter safe, Amaya flees to the small Michigan beach town of Green Haven where she meets Paul McGregor, a retired football player and her new neighbor.
Paul, known around town as Bulldog, finds himself drawn to the sassy, beautiful young woman and her adorable little girl, yet is puzzled why a woman who is as attracted to him as he is to her constantly pushes him away. When he finds out about the evil hunting Amaya and Peyton he vows that he will do anything to keep them safe and convince them to be his girls forever.
With over forty published books, Ann is Queen of the Castle to her husband and three sons in the mountains of West Virginia. In her past lives she's been an Import Broker, a Communications Specialist, a US Navy Civilian Contractor, a Bartender/Waitress, and an actor at the Michigan Renaissance Festival. She also spent a summer touring with the Grateful Dead-though she will deny to her children that it ever happened.
From a young Ann has had a love affair with books would read everything she could get her hands on. As Ann grew older, and her hormones kicked in, she discovered bodice ripping Fabio-esque romance novels. They were great at first, but she soon grew tired of the endless stories with a big wonderful emotional buildup to really short and crappy sex. Never a big fan of purple prose, throbbing spears of fleshy pleasure and wet honey pots make her giggle, she sought out books that gave the sex scenes in the story just as muchd etail and plot as everything else-without using cringe worthy euphemisms. This led her to the wonderful world of Erotic Romance, and she's never looked back.
Now Ann spends her days trying to tune out cartoons playing in the background to get into her 'sexy space' and has accepted that her Muse has a severe case of ADD.
Ann loves to talk with her fans, as long as they realize she's weird, and that sarcasm doesn't translate well via text.


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They have a science book review twice a year always with a special topic. (I am just typing along the program...)
"Birth is not only about making babies. Birth is about making mothers- strong, competent, capable mothers who trust themselves and know their inner strength." - Barbara Katz Rothman
About this site
Welcome to my site. My friends and I created this to share some of my work and - more importantly - to invite an exchange of ideas.
I've been a sociologist for a long time. and ventured into a number of different fields over the years: birth and midwifery (which I still think of as my home base); the new genetics and reproductive technologies; medical sociology; bioethics; issues in disability; adoption; race; and now food studies too. Some of you might know my work in one of these areas, others in a different area. What would be really interesting would be to have people talk, with each other and with me, across areas. I've tried, with some success over the years, to talk to midwives about genetics; to encourage people who do new reproductive technologies to think about home birth; to have bioethicists pay more attention to what medical sociology can offer; to get people in Food Studies thinking where midwifery issues overlap with their concerns. These are invariably the most fun and stimulating conversations I've ever been a part of. Connecting people, connecting ideas, weaving the webs that pull us together - nothing could make me happier. So this site, a gift from my friends, is my place to do this kind of weaving.
We've grouped my work by area - but please, if you're here because you have gotten anything useful out of my work in one area, do poke around for a minute in another. Bring your insights and wisdom and experience to a new place, a new issue. Let's see what we can weave together.
- Barbara Katz Rothman
Thinking about Prenatal Diagnosis -- In German!!!
They have a science book review twice a year always with a special topic. (I am just typing along the program...)


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MA_Undo and History
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47:30 Duration
Undo & History Basics
In this lesson you'll learn how to get the most out of Photoshop's Undo and History panel. You'll see how to get multiple undos, how to use the History Brush as well as how to fill from History. We'll then move on to looking at the History Panel options such as Non-Linear History and see why changing the visibility of a layer is not recorded by default. We'll then move onto working with Snapshots for even more control. A second lesson on advanced use of the History panel will be available soon.


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Fred Turner, author of From Counterculture to Cyberculture and The Democratic Surround: Multimedia and American Liberalism from World War II to the Psychedelic Sixties interviewed on how Silicon Valley went from counter cultural cool to mustache twirling villain. Turner talks a lot about Silicon Valley's connection to 60s communalism, and why that outlook is shaping its modern practices:
One of the great mistakes people made in reviewing my book was to say, "Wow, it's great. Turner finally showed us how the hippies brought us computing." Nothing could be further from the truth. What I think I did in the book was actually show how the research world that brought us computing also brought us the counterculture. In the '40s, we see military industrial research in and around MIT and around a variety of other centers being incredibly collaborative and open. It's that style that actually migrates into and shapes countercultural practices. What the counterculture does for computing is it legitimates it. It makes it culturally cool. […]
A legacy from the communalist movement that I think is pernicious is a turning away from politics, a turning toward the self as the basis of political change, of social action. I think that's something you see all through the Valley. The information technology industry feeds off it because information technologies can so easily be aimed at satisfying individual needs. You see that rhetoric leveraged when Google and other firms say, "Don't regulate us. We need to be creative. We need to be free to pursue our satisfaction because that's ultimately what will provide a satisfying society."
That's all a way of ignoring the systems that make the world possible. One example from the '60s that I think is pretty telling is all the road trips. The road trips are always about the heroic actions of people like Ken Kesey and Neal Cassady and their amazing automobiles, right? Never, never did it get told that those road trips were only made possible by Eisenhower's completion of the highway system. The highway system is never in the story. It's boring. What's in the story is the heroic actions of bootstrapped individuals pursuing conscious change. What we see out here now is, again, those heroic stories. And there are real heroes. But the real heroes are operating with automobiles and roads and whole systems of support without which they couldn't be heroic.
Full Story: Harvard Business Review: How Silicon Valley Became The Man
See also:
The Tyranny of Structurelessness by Jo Freeman
Turner's essay on the connections between Burning Man and Silicon Valley, particularly Google (PDF)
The R.U. Sirius' interview with Turner


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According to DC's press release:
In "DC You," a new advertising campaign promoting diversity, DC Entertainment aims for its 24 new titles and 25 ongoing series to have "something for everyone."
The "DC You" initiative, which kicks off on June 3, will highlight four main themes: characters, talent, stories and fans. While celebrating iconic characters like Batman, Superman and Wonder Woman, the initiative will also feature creators like Scott Snyder, Greg Capullo, Geoff Johns and Annie Wu. Likewise, new storytelling directions will be spotlighted through taglines and, like the name suggests, thank fans new and old.
"With the New DC Universe, there's a story for every kind of DC Comics fan. There's a story for YOU," explained Amit Desai, DC Entertainment's senior vice president of marketing and global franchise management. "The DC Comics slate rolling out this summer truly offers a comic book for everyone and our new advertising campaign -- DC YOU -- celebrates this bold, new direction."
Well, that certainly sounds nice. But I've got some news for you, DC....
You had a book for me. It was called Aquaman. In it, your overall creative architect and master of returning characters to their essentials had, nearly overnight, restored Aquaman's glory, embraced his so-called failings, and showed that he was (as the kids call it) an awesome bad-ass, and always was. His position of respect was restored, his consort reintroduced as a fully realized, independent, and powerful partner, and a mythos was built around him using new, old, and revivified concepts that never overshadowed him and placed him firmly at its center. Furthermore, that new mythos itself became the center of universe-wide arcs, such as the war against Atlantis in Justice League. Aquaman's ties to both the land and the sea were reaffirmed through his stories and supporting cast, and he was the poster boy for successful revamp in the New52.
A happy couple? Can't have THAT in the DCU, now, can we? |
You've replaced that with an Aquaman redressed in a complicated non-iconic outfit designed to echo a movie that won't be out for another 2 years. An Aquaman, who, just as you had built up to a score of pregnant possibilities (such as the discovery of the Seven Seas), is now thrown out of Atlantis and being hunted by his own lover.
You and me both, Arthur. |
You had a book for me. And you ruined it. Oh, and not just this one. I could tell this same story (with different details) for other books that you had for me, and ones that had me hooked on DC: Batwoman, the Flash. even Green Lantern. And you've ruined them all (and more, including Batman/Detective).
You don't have any problem making books for me (or others). Your problem is that you can't stop ruining them. And why? Because you are addicted to "bold, new directions".
I am reminded of "Terminal Man" (either the movie or the novel). Doctors try to cure a man who's a victim of seizures of violence behavior by implanting a device that stimulates pleasure centers in his brain to forestall the seizures. Eventually, his brain figures out that it can cause itself pleasure by triggering the seizures, which start to come more and more frequently until it finally switches to a state of constant mindless seizures of violent upheaval compound by a positive feedback loop.
"Do you smell...almonds?" |
That would be you, DC You are addicted to 'bold, new directions" and you are causing them more and more frequently because of the pleasure they give you (such as press attention). This isn't a complaint about the direction you decided to go in (except for Aquaman). Let's stipulate that EVERYTHING you are about to do is WONDERFUL; you still have a problem, because you can't go for six months to a year without a bold new direction, and new creative team, or a new status quo for your characters. You find rebooting so liberating that you are now close to entering a state of continually reboot. That leaves readers with very little reason to read anything more than a month or two, because we know it's only going to be wiped out by the next creative team a few months later.
We don't need a bold new direction from you, DC. We need you to stop changing direction every few months.


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Using the most suitable content management system (CMS) for your needs, and a responsive design approach, we can create websites to ensure that they are usable and accessible across a range of platforms, including smartphones and tablets. |
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Cybernetics International provide customized solutions from the fields of automation, measurement technology, electronics and software. We frequently design electronics that utilize high performance system architectures and embedded software. |
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Our services include recruitment, personnel recommendations and problem solving. We can create new business contacts for you with the aim of establishing stable and long-lasting partnerships which yield success for everyone involved. |


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This fully functional alarm clock lets you practice defusing simulated explosives. When the red button is pressed, the clock starts a scary countdown like bombs in Hollywood movies. There are four wires across the top of the clock, and you have ten seconds to choose the correct wire to cut. Programmed with the Arduino IDE, so hack away! Fake explosives not included.
Join Make: Community Today


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WARNING: These pages are for general reference and educational purposes only and MUST NOT be used to determine regulatory compliance or relied upon where matters of life and health are concerned. This site and the author do not warrant or guarantee the accuracy or the sufficiency of the information provided and do not assume any responsibility for its use.
To ensure regulatory compliance when transporting hazardous materials or dangerous goods, one must receive proper training and certification from a qualified instructor and refer to a copy of the current year's Code of Federal Regulations Title 49 (49CFR) or your country's shipping regulations. When shipping hazardous cargo by air, one should refer to IATA regulations. In matters regarding workplace safety, one should refer to current OSHA regulations (29CFR) and NIOSH guidelines or your own country's health and safety regulations.
If you would like to link to this page from your website, blog, etc., copy and paste this link code (in red) and modify it to suit your needs:
EnvironmentalChemistry.com: Environmental, Chemistry & Hazardous Materials News, Information & Resources - Environmental articles and resources published by EnvironmentalChemistry.com
We greatly appreciate every link provided to our pages.
NOTICE: While linking to articles is encouraged, OUR ARTICLES MAY NOT BE COPIED TO OR REPUBLISHED ON ANOTHER WEBSITE UNDER ANY CIRCUMSTANCES.
Please if you like an article/resource we posted simply link to it on our website do not republish it.
Started 10-22-1995
We are a great educational resource! Use online or print pages out as classroom handouts. More info.