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A Halachic Analysis of the Recent Meat Scandal Ruling
The recent Erev Pesach Meat Scandal of 2013 shocked the Jewish world. Featuring a private investigator, hidden cameras, and online videos, this shameful episode had all the makings of a spy novel. One of the main suppliers of kosher meat for one of the largest metropolitan Jewish areas was caught bringing unsupervised packages of meat and/ or poultry into his store at a time when he knew that the mashgiach was not around. Although consumers might take some solace in the fact that it was not horse meat they bought, and thus being a step up on much of Europe[1], nevertheless, the thought that they might have unwittingly and unknowingly eaten non-kosher meat is a tough pill to swallow.
Unfortunately, such stories have been around for a long time. Over a century ago, the famed Ridbaz, Rav Yosef Dovid Willovsky zt"l, best known for his seminal commentaries on the Talmud Yerushalmi, was chased out of Chicago (on Shabbos yet!) for his attempts to clean up the prevalent fraud perpetrated in the name of "Kosher Meat"[2]. Likewise, Rav Yaakov Joseph zt"l (R.J.J.), New York's first and only Chief Rabbi, after being publicly shamed and discredited by the unlearned masses for attempting a similar kashrus clean up in New York, was forced into early retirement. Even so, every time another scandal occurs, world Jewry collectively cringes.
3 o'clock?
Yet, with this recent one, many were puzzled by the ruling that was publicized in the aftermath of the scandal by the Rabbonim of the certifying kashrus agency after consulting with Rav Yisroel Belsky shlit"a, Rosh Yeshiva of Torah V'Daas and posek for the OU. The Rabbonim ruled that all meat that was bought in the store before 3 P.M.on that day (Erev Erev Pesach) was considered kosher; however any meats purchased after that time was / would be considered non-kosher.
This fascinating psak was the subject of much discussion and was even featured in a Question and Answer article in a major Jewish publication[3]. The much discussed question was where the 'magical number' 3 o'clock came from. Furthermore, if the basis of the hetter permitting the meat purchased before that time was due to 'rov', a simple majority rule, as the owner was caught bringing in 8 boxes of unsupervised meat (and/ or poultry) while at the same time many other pallets of supervised meat were coming in (approximately 300) boxes[4], shouldn't all the meat be permitted? Why the need for the cut-off time?
Although this author does not work nor speak for the kashrus agency involved (nor any kashrus agency, for that matter), I decided to shed some light on the complicated nuances of the halachos of 'kavua' and 'pirush', to enable understanding of the Rabbonim's psak. In the words of Rav Yaakov Emden, who, when faced with a similar crisis, wrote "Everything is clearly explained in the Tur and Beis Yosef and Acharonim, and everyone agrees to the ruling of the Shulchan Aruch…there is nothing to question"[5]. The same rule applies here as well.
Pondering Pirush
There is a famous Talmudic rule "Kol D'Pirush M'Ruba KaPirush". This means that anything that is separated, and its origin is in question, is assumed to come from the majority. An example of this would be if one finds an item lying around and there are several manufacturers of such an item, halachically we may assume that it came from the majority[6]. (The reverse applies as well). Knowledge of this dictum is what caused many to erroneously assume that this is the basis for the hetter. Since most people's meat was already bought and taken home, they safely assumed it came from the majority, which in this instance, was kosher meat. This is why they questioned the 3 o'clock cut-off.
Yet, to anyone versed in Hilchos Taaruvos, a simple 'rov' would obviously be insufficient grounds to allow leniency. First of all, according to the Rema, whom Ashkenazic practice follows, even large raw pieces of meat (steak, cutlets, brisket etc.) would fall into the category of Chaticha Hareuyah Lehischabed[7], a piece fit to be served to an important guest, and are not subject to nullification, even if there is a ratio of 1000 pieces of Kosher meat to 1 treif piece. Therefore, in this instance, the mere fact that the majority of the meat was kosher cannot be the grounds to permit the meat already purchased. Although there are authorities who maintain that in a case of extenuating circumstances or great loss (and loss of meat on Erev Yom Tov for an entire community would surely qualify!) one may rely on the Shulchan Aruch's opinion that the rule of Chaticha Hareuyah Lehischabed only applies to cooked, ready-to-eat cuts of meat. On the other hand, many other decisors disagree entirely, and others only allow use of this rationale as an additional factor to permit leniency, but not on this basis alone[8].
Kavua Questions
Additionally, the flip side of the Rule of Pirush is that "Kol Kavua K'Mechtza al Mechtza Dami"[9], that as long as the question was borne in a place of permanence, majority rule is no longer in effect. The Gemara's example of this is that of 'Teisha Chanuyos', nine stores selling a kosher item and one store selling a non-kosher version of the same item. In such a scenario, if one would have purchased this item from a store but is unsure of which one, he would not be allowed to rely on the simple majority. Since there is a permanent store dedicated to the selling of a non-kosher version of the same item, nonetheless, its halachic status is considered 50 - 50, and is therefore forbidden. (The reverse applies as well). So, a simple majority would not be deemed sufficient to allow everyone to eat their Yom Tov roasts.
Yet, there are subtle nuances in the halachos of kavua which still allow grounds for leniency. There are two main types of kavua: Kavua D'oraysa (a Biblical case of Permanence) and Kavua Derabbanan (a Rabbinic case of Permanence)[10]. Kavua D'oraysa is when there is an official 100% dedicated non-kosher store operating in the area (think McDonalds). Kavua Derabbanan is when some non-kosher meat gets mixed up in an otherwise kosher store, creating a 'Taaruvos Chatichos', a meat mix-up.
Although there are several differences[11], one of the hallmark distinctions between the two is whether the rule of Kavua Lemafraya applies.Kavua Lemafraya refers to the retroactive application of the majority-nullifying rule of Kavua. In plain English, this means that when Kavua applies (and therefore prohibiting the meat), meat that has been purchased previously might also be affected. By a Kavua D'oraysa the rule is that Kavua Lemafraya also applies[12].
However, in a situation of a Kavua Derabbanan, Kavua Lemafraya does not apply. This means that only from the time of the actual sheilah will further purchase of meat at the same store be forbidden. That is where 3 o'clock comes into the picture. According to the aforementioned article, the Rabbonim only found out about the surveillance videotapes earlier that same afternoon. They watched them then 'until about 2:30' and by 3:00 they decided to remove the hashgacha based on the evidence. Since the actual sheilah was only made known at that point, it is only then that the rules of Kavua took effect[13]. Since the store was up until that point known as a kosher store, it has the status of a Kavua Derabbanan, and therefore will not affect any meat or poultry previously purchased[14]. As noted by the great Ya'avetz, this psak is the halacha as codified by the Tur and Shulchan Aruch, with no dissenting opinions[15]. That is why all meat that was bought before that time was considered 100% kosher. This also explains why the new owners kashered the store afterward, as all meats remaining in the store after 3 o'clock were deemed non-kosher.
The purpose of this article is to shed some light on the seemingly mysterious 3 o'clock cut-off time which had many scratching their heads as to its significance. It should be clear to the reader that this time was far from arbitrary, and was unequivocally based in codified psak halacha. There are so many variables and rationales utilized by a Posek in arriving at a final ruling, and this author's intention is merely to provide a peek into that process, and provide the reader with an appreciation for the sheer vastness of knowledge, and ability to apply it, that a Posek must possess. Undoubtedly, following the directives of our Rabbonim and Poskim, who toil in the study and teaching of Torah, is always the correct option[16]. May this be the last kashrus scandal that ever needs halachic analysis.
Postscript: Although the above mentioned rationale is certainly the correct one to explain the ruling, there actually are several other avenues of leniency that seem to be available in this case. For example, no one actually saw what was inside the unsupervised boxes that the proprietor snuck in, and he was recorded taking them from a different store that sold non-glatt meat and non-mehudar poultry[17]. This creates somewhat of a safek (however slight) as to the meat's status and might possibly be considered non-vaday issur. In a situation where there is even a slight chance of non-vaday issur, several prominent decisors, including the Ya'avetz, Kreisi U'Pleisi, Chochmas Adam, and Aruch Hashulchan maintain that the rules of Kavua may not apply[18]. Additionally, it might create a safeik sfeika (case of compounded doubt), thereby upgrading the rest of the meat's kashrus status, as the prohibition of Chaticha Hareuyah Lehischabed may no longer be applicable in such a case[19], and especially b'makom hefsed merubah[20] - which this undoubtedly was, as we are referring to an entire community, 18 hours before the onset of Pesach. Rest assured that when the Rabbonim wrote that everyone should "enjoy their Yom Tov meat", there was ample halachic reason to do so.
[1]As reported by the B.B.C. See http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-21406778.
[2]See the introduction to the Ridbaz's sefer on Chumash, Nemukei Ridbaz, at length, where he decries the deplorable level of kashrus in Americaat that time. A clear picture of the horrific conditions of Chicago slaughterhouses at that time was showcased in Upton Sinclair's classic 'The Jungle', including a mention of cows 'slaughtered in a certain way' labeled by the 'kosher rabbi for the orthodox' (in the same factory as pigs!), with nary a mention of distinction between the kosher and non-kosher. In fact, it was due to the public outcry engendered by this book that the Federal Meat Inspection Act of 1906 was passed.
[3]Ami Magazine (Issue 114, April 10, 2013, pg. 48).
[4]As per above mentioned interview with the certifying agency's president.
[5]Shu"t Sheilas Ya'avetz (vol. 1, 57). He further defends this ruling in the very next responsum, (58). The location of the Tur, Beis Yosef and Shulchan Aruch he was referring to is Yoreh De'ah 110, 5.
[6]This klal is found throughout Shas, including Brachos 28a, Yoma 24b, Yevamos 15b, Kesuvos 15a, Kedushin 73a, and Zevachim 73b. Obviously, when finding unwrapped meat in the middle of the street, it would still be assur m'derabbanan due to the prohibition of 'bassar shenisalem min ha'ayin', 'meat that was hidden from the eye'. See Shulchan Aruch (Y"D 110, 3) Shach (Y"D 110, 20), Biur Heitiv (ad loc. 11) and Y"D 63 at length.
[7]See Yoreh De'ah 101 at length for the full parameters of this halacha. Generally, if a piece of non-kosher food is mixed in with two or more identical pieces of kosher food, it is battel b'rov - it becomes nullified within the majority. However, if the non-kosher food is aChaticha Hareuyah Lehischabed, a piece fit to be served to an important guest, it is not battel. Regardless of how many pieces are involved, whether three or three thousand, the entire mixture is forbidden, and none of the pieces may be eaten. Perhaps this will be discussed at length in a future article.
[8]The Chasam Sofer (Shu"t Y"D 91, cited in Pischei Teshuva Y"D 101, 4) maintains that since many Rishonim, including the Rashba (Toras HaBayis Haaruch, Bayis 4, Shaar 1, pg. 13b), the Ran (Chullin36b s.v. v'garsinan), the Ra'ah (Bedek HaBayis, Bayis 4, Shaar 1, pg. 17a), and the Rambam (Hilchos Maachalos Asuros Ch. 16, 5) whom the Shulchan Aruch bases his psak on, and other Poskim including the Pri Chadash (Y"D 101, 12) rule like the Shulchan Aruch's shitta, that one may definitely rely on it b'makom hefsed merubah, if there is any sort of additional safek involved. Other Ashkenazic authorities who rule similarly include the Shvus Yaakov (Shu"t vol. 3, 68), the Maharsham (Daas Torah, Y"D 49, 19), the Ya'avetz (Shu"t Sheilas Ya'avetz vol. 1 end 58, s.v. ode) and the Aruch Hashulchan (Y"D 101, 15). However, the Pri Megadim (Y"D 101, S.D. end 8 & Klalei Hora'ah 6) is uneasy to accept this leniency and concludes tzarich iyun. Other authorities, including the Pri Toar (Y"D 101, 6), Yeshuas Yaakov (ad loc. 7), and Chochmas Adam (53, 9), rule exclusively like the Rema. Additionally, the Beis Shlomo (Shu"t Y"D vol. 1, 122), Rav Shlomo Kluger (Haghos Chochmas Shlomo to Y"D 102), and the Yad Yehuda (Y"D 101, pih"a 9 & piha"k 16) all maintain that an Ashkenazi may not rely on the Shulchan Aruch's shitta regarding this halacha, even b'makom hefsed merubah.
[9]As with the Rule of Pirush, its flip side psak, the Rule of Kavua, is at least equally represented throughout Shas, including Yoma 84b, Pesachim 9b, Shekalim 19b, Yevamos 119a, Kesuvos 15a, Kedushin 73a, Bava Kama 44b, Sanhedrin 79a, Chulin 95a, Zevachim 73b, and Nida 18a. The rule of Kavua based on the pasuk in Parshas Shoftim (Devarim Ch. 19, 11) 'V'arav lo v'kam'. The various nuances of these rules are dealt with extensively by the Tur and Shulchan Aruch and their commentaries in Yoreh De'ah (110, 3 - 5).
[10]There is actually a third type of Kavua, that of Taaruvos Chanuyos [see Rashba (Toras HaBayis Ha'Aruch, Bayis 2, Shaar 2, pg. 30a), Ra'ah (Bedek HaBayis, Bayis 4, Shaar 2, pg. 29b s.v. ode nirah), and Bach (Y"D 110, 6)]. This refers to when one buys a piece of meat from a kosher store, and a treifa was later found in one of the stores, but it is unclear which store it is. The Shach (ad loc. 14 & 17) maintains that this case has both the chumros of Kavua D'oraysa and Kavua Derabbanan and therefore the piece would be assur since we would say Kavua Lemafraya, while the Pri Chadash (ad loc. 13) argues that this would maintain the status of Kavua Derabbanan. [Interestingly, they both cite the Rashba's words as proof to their shittos.] While the Chochmas Adam (63, 1 & Binas Adam Shaar HaKavua 1 & 2) does not seem to take sides in this machlokes, the Pri Megadim (ad loc. S.D. end 14) rules that b'makom hefsed meruba may one rely on the Pri Chadash, while the Aruch Hashulchan (ad loc. 42 & end 47) argues that we may not add any more cases to Hilchos Kavua, and therefore we may be lenient even without hefsed meruba.
[11]Other potential differences between Kavua D'Oraysa and Kavua Derabbanan that are cited (and debated) by the Poskim include whether or not Chazal were gozer shema yikach min hakavua, the status of pirush lifaneinu, and how far the Kavua prohibition extends. For example, what the halacha is after pieces from a Kavua got mixed up in another Taaruvos (or more).
[12]This psak is not like the minority opinion of the Ran (Chullin, Perek Kol HaBassar 33b s.v. amar Rav) who maintains that even by Kavua D'Oraysa there is no din of Kavua Lemafraya. As noted, the halacha does not follow his shittah.
[13]Although some question why this ruling did not take effect from the time of the actual surveillance video several weeks earlier, which would potentially have a far greater impact on the kashrus status of many people's meat, as then at the time of the actual ruling, the store should have already been considered a 'Taaruvos Chanuyos' (due to the safek on the store's reliability) and Kavua status applied earlier, halachically it would not have. As mentioned previously, even if that was the psak of the sha'as noda [which it is not - see R' Akiva Eiger (Y"D 99, 7, quoting the Yerushalmi (Arlah Ch. 2, end halacha 1), Sefer Ha'Aruch M'Shach (Y"D 94, s.v. b'Yerushalmi), Yad Yehuda (99, pih"a 25 s.v. haRash, piha"k 33), Darchei Teshuva (99, 97), Haghos Chasam Sofer (ad loc.) and Shu"t Tuv Taam V'Daas (Mahadura Kamma, 156, Hosafa) whom, regarding the issue of chozer v'nayur, discuss whether one may lenient by relying on the fact that there was noda chaveiro. To the best of this author's knowledge we undoubtedly don't find noda lehachmir based on a random person to be machmir on a baal davar!], certainly b'makom hefsed meruba the poskim rule that we would still consider it a Kavua Derabannan and Kavua Lemafraya would not apply (see footnote 10).
[14]Although some were worried that there possibly may not have been a 'rov' on certain cuts of meat, and wondered how could it be possible that certain parts of the same cow might have been ruled kosher and other parts treif, this question has already been dealt with at length by the Poskim. The Pri Chadash (Y"D 110, 23) ruled that even if this is a potential, if distant, possibility, even so it does not affect the halachos of Kavua: What was purchased before the sheilah is still permitted and what was purchased afterwards is still prohibited. This psak was echoed l'maaseh by later authorities, including the Kreisi U'Pleisi (ad loc. Pleisi 13 s.v. v'hinei) and the Aruch Hashulchan (ad loc. 49).
[15]Tur & Shulchan Aruch Y"D (110, 5).
[16]See Gemara Rosh Hashana (25b) and Rashi's commentary to Devarim (Parshas Shoftim Ch. 17: 9, s.v. v'el hashofet), who explain the need for the Torah to delineate the authority of contemporary leaders.
[17]Although the proprietor obviously cannot be trusted that said boxes merely contained a specific brand of non-mehudar chicken, especially as the company he specified has not been producing chickens in almost 10 years, nevertheless it does create somewhat of a safek and might not be vaday issur.
[18]Shu"t Sheilas Ya'avetz (vol. 1, 58, s.v. u'va'emes & aval), Kreisi U'Pleisi (Y"D 110, Pleisi 12 s.v. ach) Chochmas Adam (Binas Adam, Shaar HaKavua 41), and Aruch Hashulchan (Y"D 110, 52).
[19]See Yoreh De'ah 110, 9 at length. The Shulchan Aruch and Taz (ad loc. end 14, s.v. klal) maintain that a safek by a treif piece of meat that gets mixed up in a Taaruvos is not considered a safek sfeika, and one may not utilize this rationale to permit the meat. However, the Rema (ad loc. 8 & 9), the Shach (ad loc. 62 & Nekudos HaKessef 15), and Pri Chadash (ad loc. 46) argue that when the reason it is not battel is only m'derabbanan, it is considered a safeik sfeika and we may rule leniently. [See Aruch Hashulchan ad loc. 82 for a hesber.] The Pri Megadim (ad loc. end M.Z. 14 s.v. u'mah)and the Ya'avetz (Shu"t Sheilas Ya'avetz ibid. end 58, s.v. ode) rule that only by a Davar Sheyesh Lo Mattirim, the Shach et al. would be machmir; yet, if the safek derabbanan we are referring to is the machlokes Shulchan Aruch and Rema (see footnote 8) if it is considered a Chaticha Hareuyah Lehischabed, then certainly it can be metztaref to be considered a safek sfeika.
[20]As explained at length in footnote 10.
Disclaimer: This is not a comprehensive guide, rather a brief summary to raise awareness of the issues. In any real case one should ask a competent Halachic authority.
L'iluy Nishmas the Rosh HaYeshiva - Rav Chonoh Menachem Mendel ben R' Yechezkel Shraga, Rav Yaakov Yeshaya ben R' Boruch Yehuda.


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Rich, Creamy Chicken and Noodle Soup
Use our BakeBot Ai Chat for instant answers.
Why I Love This Recipe
Simple, tasty and all around very satisfying soup. This was adapted from a recipe I got from King Arthur Flour.
Ingredients You'll Need
6 1/2 cups chicken stock
2 tablespoons dry vermouth (or chicken broth)
2 tablespoons butter
1/2 cup heavy cream
1 tablespoon olive oil
1/2 large onion, diced
2 carrots, peeled and sliced
1 celery stick, sliced
4 mushrooms, sliced
2 - 3 cloves of garlic
2 cups egg noodles (uncooked)
1/4 cup all purpose flour
1 cup chicken broth (or water)
1 cup diced chicken, cooked
Salt and Pepper to taste
In a small saucepan, stir combine 1/2 cup of the chicken stock, vermouth and butter. Bring to a boil and reduce the liquid to about 1/4 cup. Stir in the heavy cream, remove from heat and set aside.
In a large saucepan, heat olive oil and add the onion, carrots, celery and mushrooms. Saute until just tender. add the garlic and saute for an addition minute.
Add 6 cups of chicken stock and bring to a boil.
(The stock that I used contributed greatly to my soups deep rich color. I had made it from some chicken and bones leftover from a roasted chicken. Use what ever chicken stock you have on hand.)
Reduce the heat and let simmer until the vegetables are tender. Carefully puree with a stick blender or pour into a blender and puree....being careful not to over fill your blender (you don't want a soup explosion...that would really ruin your night and dinner plans).
Return to a boil and then add the noodles. Cook until tender...about 7 - 8 minutes.
Mix the flour and additional broth, stock, water...(I used broth cuz I ran out of stock) until smooth and stir into the noodle mixture.
If you find that it's a little too thick...add more broth / stock.
Allow the soup to boil for a minute or two and then stir in the creamy vermouth mixture and chicken.
Season with salt and pepper to taste and enjoy

subset: commoncrawl


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"I will be bringing strikes and movements he will probably not be
accustomed to, and hopefully that will give me an advantage. I am also
comfortable on the ground and will use this mixture to win this fight."
While Thursday's WEC event in Arizona marks the end of an era for the home of the best lighter weight fighters in the world, it's a journey that's far from over for lightweight prospect Tiequan Zhang, whose second WEC fight, against Danny Downes, will be seen by millions in his home country of China, a nation rapidly becoming a hotbed of mixed martial arts excitement and coverage.
Guangdong Television and Shanghai Greater Sports will televise the Zhang vs Downes bout in China, and the bout may also be viewed on QQ.com and Sohu.com, which, along with being the UFC's online home in the country, is also the official web partner for the 2008 Beijing Olympics, and the official partner of the NBA, ESPN, Adidas and Sports Illustrated in China, with over two billion registered worldwide users. QQ.com has also brought Zhang to the masses with over 110 million page views over a 30 day period for articles and pictures related to his upcoming fight .
Zhang, 32, is taking such attention in stride, even though his pre-fight blogs on Sohu.com are reaching more people than any professional fighter has ever reached at one time. Unbeaten in 17 fights, including a stirring first round submission win over current UFC fighter Pablo Garza in his WEC debut in September, Zhang is the first fighter from mainland China to fight in the organization. And since he displayed his talents for fans around the world, the buzz at home in Beijing has gotten louder and louder, even prompting new visitors to the China Top Team gym.
"We don't change a lot at CTT, but there has been an influx of training partners since my first debut at WEC 51," he said. "Many old Sanda teammates, and MMA friends from the old days have come back to start training again. It has given me a lot more opportunities to work with different types of fighters."
And while his status as a pioneer is established as he helps clear the way for more and more Chinese fighters and fans to embrace mixed martial arts, he is not looking towards his 2011 future in the UFC; his focus is strictly on talented prospect Danny Downes.
"He is young, but he is a solid fighter," said Zhang. "He never hesitates to move forward and isn't afraid to crash into another fighter. I like that style as I am in some ways the same. I think my experience in Chinese Sanda is definitely going to be beneficial for me as I will be bringing strikes and movements he will probably not be accustomed to, and hopefully that will give me an advantage. I am also comfortable on the ground and will use this mixture to win this fight."


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Surrounded by her colleagues and fellow award recipients, Suzanne Nagorka received a Women in Business Award at the 2017 North Bay Business Journal gala on June 21st. The award was presented to Suzanne by client (and friend) Sue Maddigan, Assistant Vice President at Exchange Bank. The evening celebrated accomplished women from throughout the North Bay in a wide range of professions.
Suzanne has been a professional Interior Designer for over 40 years and owned her own business for 14 years. She joined TLCD Architecture in 2001 and has been an integral team member on many high-profile projects in Sonoma County. She was the Interior Designer on the SRJC Doyle Library, and most recently led the team for Interior Design and Art Consulting on the new American AgCredit Headquarters.
When asked by the North Bay Business Journal what advice she would give to a young woman entering her profession or the work world today, Suzanne shared:
A dog-eared copy of Mary Oliver's poem The Summer Day hangs above my desk. It starts with the question "Who made the world?" and ends with a message I take to heart every day: "Tell me, what is it you plan to do with your one wild and precious life?" My advice: Never give up, and remember that what your inner critic thinks about you is none of your business!
Sound words from an amazing person and woman in business. Congratulations to Suzanne!


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Alternative Colours
Love Moschino MOL 053/S 1NRHA
Alternative Colours
*Cases may occasionally differ.
Model Number: | MOL053/S |
Frame Colour: | Shiny Havana on Blush Leopard |
Colour Code: | 1NRHA |
Frame Type: | Full Rim |
Frame Shape: | Cat Eye |
Material: | Acetate |
Lens Colour: | Brown Gradient |
Polarised: | No |
Lens Width: | 50mm |
Lens Height: | 46mm |
Bridge Size: | 20mm |
Temple Length: | 140mm |
Our SKU: | 120243 |
Size Guide
24 Month Warranty with All Frames Purchased.
This cat eye Moschino sunglass comes in a shiny havana on blush leopard frame with brown gradient lenses.
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Growth potential and competition – what lies ahead for card payments?
Speech by Yves Mersch, Member of the Executive Board of the ECB,
at the Banque de France Conference on card payments in Europe – latest trends and challenges,
Paris, 18 January 2016
Besides cash, cards are the most widely used payment instrument in Europe. As regards electronic payment instruments as a whole, card payments have been on a strong and steady growth path, with the number of card transactions in the European Union having almost quadrupled in the last 15 years.
In France, card usage is well above the EU average. Areas with an even stronger card usage (and, correspondingly, a lower share of cash payments) are the Nordic countries, the Netherlands and Great Britain. In those countries, a preference for cards over cash is often highly visible in shops, with merchants often actively encouraging card usage by means of signs or other communication.
While cards are the predominant electronic payment instrument, it should be noted that cards – like cash – were initially designed for face-to-face payment situations. Given the strong growth in e-commerce, the necessity of finding appropriate and innovative solutions for new payment situations, i.e. internet or mobile payments, has become apparent. The incidence of fraud related to purchases made over the internet, which involve "card-not-present" (CNP) transactions, has been a source of concern and needs to be addressed by appropriate security measures – I will discuss this in more detail later. In general, innovative payment solutions, regardless of whether they are based on cards or other payment instruments, will have an impact on payment behaviour and the usage of cards and other traditional payment instruments in the years to come.
Nevertheless, there is no doubt that card payments are here to stay. I still see a strong growth potential for card transactions, in particular in those countries in central and south-eastern Europe where people largely rely on cash. Yet, even a "card-minded" country such as France can realise further efficiency gains in the area of retail payments by increasing its number of card payments.
Migration to the Single Euro Payments Area (SEPA) for credit transfers and direct debits was a major milestone in European retail payments integration. SEPA for cards is the next logical step in that process. To this day, consumers and merchants, but also banks and other payment service providers, still encounter obstacles or experience geographical differences when making and accepting card payments. We are not yet there with the SEPA for cards, i.e. a harmonised, competitive and innovative European card payments area.
Without wanting to pre-empt the discussions at this conference, I would first like to highlight three areas that are critical to the realisation of the SEPA for cards: standardisation, interoperability and security. Secondly, I would like to touch upon the issue of innovation and how it will impact cards.
SEPA for cards: standardisation, interoperability and security
In 2015 the Euro Retail Payments Board (ERPB) took stock of the market initiatives which are developing technical standards for payment cards in the EU, basing its conclusions on a detailed report by the Cards Stakeholders Group. As a result, the ERPB issued some recommendations on the implementation of the requirements developed in the SEPA Cards Standardisation Volume (SCS Volume) in respect of different domains (terminal-to-acquirer, card-to-terminal, terminal security). Progress with these recommendations will be further monitored.
Interoperability concerns both the technical compatibility of cards and card terminals (one of the domains for which the ERPB has issued recommendations) and cards processing. Given the presence of multiple card schemes, multiple banks and multiple processors in Europe, the Eurosystem has repeatedly called for the development of a framework for the processing of card payments as well as an interoperability framework for SEPA-compliant card transaction processing. The technical interoperability of card processors and card schemes – based on European standards – is a key issue when it comes to realising the SEPA for cards. And technical interoperability is required by the EU's Regulation on interchange fees for card-based payment transactions (IFR), which will apply as of June 2016. Schemes and processors that want to survive in the SEPA for cards will have to become "pan-European" by moving towards interoperability based on European standards.
As regards the third critical area, security and the fight against fraud related to card payments in SEPA countries have been high on the agenda of the Eurosystem. The work of France's Observatoire de la sécurité des cartes de paiement (Observatory for Payment Card Security) has been a benchmark in that area. Furthermore, since 2012, the ECB has published the Eurosystem's findings on card fraud in an annual report.
What we have observed is that two-thirds of all fraud losses on cards issued within SEPA countries is related to CNP transactions. This fraud involves card payments for purchases made via the internet, the phone network or by email. Hence, the adoption of appropriate mitigation measures, such as the implementation of strong customer authentication, is indispensable to avoid a further rise in CNP fraud in the Single Euro Payments Area. The Guidelines on the security of internet payments of the European Banking Authority (EBA) published in December 2014 impose a minimum set of security requirements to be implemented by payment service providers. These guidelines are themselves based on the recommendations issued by the European Forum on the Security of Retail Payments (SecuRe Pay). Accordingly, I encourage all participants – not only payment service providers but also e-merchants – to keep up their efforts to improve the protection of internet payments and swiftly adopt strong authentication solutions. The drawing up of Level 2 regulatory technical standards and guidelines by the EBA, in close cooperation with the ECB, will provide the market with further guidance on security issues related to internet payments.
Impact of innovation on cards
As I have said in the introduction, the emergence of innovative payment solutions will impact payment behaviour and the usage of cards and other traditional payment instruments in the years to come. Innovative card-based solutions for contactless proximity payments, e-commerce wallets or mobile person-to-person payments have the potential to further boost card usage by replacing cash payments, particularly vis-à-vis person-to-person payments and small purchases. At the same time, the card industry will be challenged by strong competition from innovative payment solutions based on payment instruments other than cards.
One of these challenges is instant payments. The ERPB has decided that the European Payments Council should develop an instant payment scheme for euro payments that is based on the SEPA credit transfer.
With regard to e-commerce, another challenge arises from the emergence of new payment service providers. Payment initiation services and online payment integrators are expected to enter the payments chain with their service offerings.
Then there is the challenge of distributed ledger technologies. These technologies, of which Blockchain is probably the best-known example, can potentially have a profound impact on the whole financial "ecosystem". Their adoption has the potential to disrupt both the use of "traditional" payment instruments and services and the payments processing industry.
The Eurosystem welcomes more choice for consumers and businesses, provided that the payment solutions offered in the market are secure and efficient and that both new and established providers play by the same rules. The revised Directive on Payment Services (PSD2) and the IFR have laid down the rules of the game and provide the required clarity. The EBA is now developing regulatory technical standards on separation of payment card schemes and processing entities (under the IFR) and also regulatory technical standards on strong customer authentication and secure communication (under the PSD2). I am sure that we will learn more about this during the course of this conference.
Please allow me to conclude. I am convinced that cards are here to stay. Moreover, there is still a huge growth potential for card transactions in the EU. To unleash this growth potential, the SEPA for cards has to be realised. A harmonised, competitive and innovative European card payments area must be achieved by means of standardisation, interoperability and appropriate security measures. Card schemes and card processors that want to stay in the market have to become pan-European.
At the same time, innovative payment solutions will pose a challenge to the cards industry. It will face competition from instant payments based on the SEPA credit transfer, from payment initiation services in the area of e-commerce and from the adoption of distributed ledger technologies. This competition is welcome, provided the solutions offered in the market are secure and efficient and service providers play by the same rules. I am confident that the cards industry will find the right responses to these challenges – and to the benefit of users.
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The new and improved Stingray canopy is back at Tinywhoop.com
This is still the classic canopy but now without tabs and we use a slightly thicker plastic for durability but not too hard where it will just shatter on a hard crash. The aim of this is to help save your camera and look awesome doing it.
The Canopy is designed for the 900 950 and 965 camera (high mount). The canopies are drilled for ease of use and to match with 10 20 and 30-degree camera mounts.
The new Camera FX965 (Pinch) might need some slight adjustments to make the camera fit perfectly depending if you use the new Low mount or High mount.
Weight .60grams


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Introduce yourself to the Pit of War community and the rest of the Great Realm! We've got an awesome community here so don't be shy!
Use this control to limit the display of threads to those newer than the specified time frame.
Allows you to choose the data by which the thread list will be sorted.
Order threads in...
Note: when sorting by date, 'descending order' will show the newest results first.
Forum Rules


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The mission of the Mississippi Emergency Medical Services for Children Program is to prevent and reduce childhood, adolescent, and youth death and disability resulting from illness and injury. Also to provide continued pediatric education to prehospital and hospital professionals to ensure that each child, adolescent and youth injured in Mississippi received the best possible care.
Our children are our most precious resource, and as such need to be protected, educated and guided. Within the healthcare community, there are limited resources available to aid in the prevention of accidental injury, the most common cause of mortality and morbidity in the United States among our young.
The EMS-C program was designed by federal legislation in 1984 for this very reason as issues relating to children's emergency care required attention. Mississippi has been involved since 1997, one of few states to be active in this arena until recent years.
Project efforts have involved systems development, injury prevention, research and evaluation, improved training and education, and other aspects of EMS. The results have been EMS improvements benefiting not only Mississippi's children, but also its entire population.
As healthcare providers, we know that the treatment and care for a pediatric varies greatly from that of an adult. Because of this fact, the EMS-C program will continue to work to ensure that pediatric issues are better integrated into the EMS system.
Upcoming Events
General Safety
Injured Children and Families
Catastrophic Mass Violence
Response to Bombings
- Parents' Tips for Helping Preschool-Aged Children after Disasters
- Parents' Tips for Helping School-Aged Children after Disasters


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Updated June 8, 2022 at 1:35 PM ET
Dozens of women and girls who were sexually abused by the former gymnastics doctor Larry Nassar have filed administrative claims against the FBI over its investigation.
U.S. Women's National Team gymnasts Simone Biles and Aly Raisman and gymnast Maggie Nichols are among the more than 90 claimants who are seeking damages in excess of $1 billion from the bureau.
The group says the FBI failed to properly follow up on credible claims against Nassar in 2015, after which victims continued to face sexual abuse at the hands of the now-disgraced doctor.
The Justice Department announced in May that it wouldn't prosecute two FBI agents who, according to a government watchdog, lied and hid their missteps from authorities.
"My fellow survivors and I were betrayed by every institution that was supposed to protect us - the US Olympic Committee, USA Gymnastics, the FBI and now the Department of Justice," Olympic gold medalist McKayla Maroney said in a statement.
"It is clear that the only path to justice and healing is through the legal process," she added.
Why are these women and girls filing claims against the FBI?
According to a press release from Manly, Stewart & Finaldi — one of the law firms representing the plaintiffs — the FBI had a chance to stop Nassar's abuse in 2015 when it first received allegations against him.
Instead, FBI officials were "grossly derelict in their duties" by declining to interview gymnasts, failing to transfer the complaint to Michigan and lying to Congress and authorities within the bureau, attorneys said.
Most of the claimants were abused by Nassar after 2015, the press release noted.
A report by Inspector General Michael Horowitz released last summer found that two FBI officials made a series of mistakes in their handling of the allegations against Nassar, including failing to follow up with several victims and lying about what they had done.
One FBI agent involved in the Nassar investigation retired and another was fired by the bureau.
Is this a lawsuit?
No. These are administration complaints filed under a law called the Federal Tort Claims Act.
It allows people who suffer some kind of injury because of the wrongful or negligent behavior of a federal employee to file a claim against the government.
If the agency denies the claim or doesn't respond after six months, the complainant can then file a civil lawsuit in U.S. District Court.
A separate group of 13 women and girls who were also abused by Nassar filed similar claims in April.
Jamie White, an attorney in that case, said he saw parallels with a settlement the Justice Department reached with survivors and family members of the Parkland, Florida, school shooting, who had sued the FBI for failing to act on tips that the perpetrator was prone to violence.
What has the FBI said?
The FBI declined to comment on the recent filings.
A spokesperson pointed to FBI Director Christopher Wray's comments during a hearing of the Senate Judiciary Committee in September, in which survivors who were abused by Nassar were also present.
"I'm sorry for what you and your families have been through. I'm sorry that so many different people let you down, over and over again," Wray said. "And I'm especially sorry that there were people at the FBI who had their own chance to stop this monster back in 2015 and failed."
Wray added that the FBI's missteps were "inexcusable" and that the bureau was working to ensure such mistakes don't happen again.
Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.


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In The Beginning - Astrology
"Everything that ever was or ever will be is written in the stars" Source Join Marie live for a 6-week webinar series
Padma Life Coaching was born out of my desire to help others who are looking to reclaim their Joy in life. To begin the process we start with your Astrology Blueprint. Astrology is the oldest science practiced by our ancestors and it is the road map of your life – the blueprint – and is formed by the placement of the planets at the moment of your birth. Having an Astrology Blueprint gives you the key to unlocking your gifts, propensities, past life unhealed wounds that you brought into this incarnation along with the pot holes in every aspect of your life. So many people just let Life happen to them, thinking that they have no control – I used to "believe" this. The truth is: we do play a large role in what happens to us. It is our individual responsibility to decide whether we want to be active participants or just let life happen. By using your blueprint, Astrology - as your guide you will have a better chance to make decisions that are in your highest and best good. |
You will find that your life will begin to run more smoothly and when rough spots come along, your astrology chart will not only have given you the heads up, you will also know how to formulate a plan to navigate through those times, in the best possible way. Astrology also can
provide the most efficient way to heal old hurts. I wish I had known
about Astrology earlier in my life. It would have helped me so much. It is highly recommended that everyone begin their relationship with Padma Life Coaching through the doorway of Astrology. You must have the blueprint of your life laid out to you, to best know where you are going and how best to get there. I invite you to answer the question "What now?" by starting at the beginning and shoring up your foundation. Please enjoy exploring this web site, and call or email me to begin the journey. Are you ready to take your life to the next level and be happy? Are you ready to employ the wisdom and guidance of a seasoned astrologer and coach so that you can gain focus and reach your desired goals faster - with less stress and emotional turmoil? If so, there are several options available to you. |
With many years of coaching, motivational speaking at corporate and non-profit training events and a background in metaphysics, Eastern Philosophy and training with Steven Forrest's Astrology Apprenticeship Program, I've accumulated a great deal of experience which may be a fit for what you'd like to achieve. Specifically, you may…
- Want to get out of the rut you are in and have a more positive outlook on life.
- Want to increase self-esteem and increase happiness
- Want to increase well being
- Want to gain focus so that your life runs smoother.
- Feel alone and want help to maintain focus when life is busy and chaotic.
- Want to take your personal power back.


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Find out how consuming too much protein can harm your body.
By Miriam E. Nelse, PhD
Seems like everyone at the gym is doing it: filling up on protein to bulk up those biceps. But it's a misconception. Eating extra protein actually doesn't do much toward boosting your muscle mass and strength. In fact, medical research shows that consuming too much protein – more than 30% of your total daily caloric intake – could actually harm your body, says protein expert Gail Butterfield, PhD, RD, director of Nutrition Studies at the Palo Alto Veterans' Administration Medical Center and nutrition lecturer at Stanford University.
She says that a diet containing excess protein can have the following adverse effects: Adding more protein but not more calories or exercise to your diet won't help you build more muscle mass, but it may put your other bodily systems under stress. Eating more protein and increasing total caloric intake while maintaining the same exercise level will build an equal amount of additional fat and muscle mass, according to a study published in 1992 in the Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.
Too Much Protein
So think twice when you consider sacrificing the carbohydrates for a protein-dominant diet, Butterfield says. Drastically cutting carbohydrates from your diet may force your body to fight back. She says that's because a diet in which protein makes up more than 30% of your caloric intake causes a buildup of toxic ketones. So-called ketogenic diets can thrust your kidneys into overdrive in order to flush these ketones from your body. As your kidneys rid your body of these toxic ketones, you can lose a significant amount of water, which puts you at risk of dehydration, particularly if you exercise heavily. That water loss often shows up on the scale as weight loss. But along with losing water, you lose muscle mass and bone calcium. The dehydration also strains your kidneys and puts stress on your heart.
And dehydration from a ketogenic diet can make you feel weak and dizzy, give you bad breath, or lead to other problems.
How Much Protein Do I Need?
The amount of protein you require depends on your weight and your daily caloric intake. Most Americans consume more than enough protein in their daily diets. A few specific groups of people are at risk for being protein-deficient, including elderly women and people with illnesses or eating disorders. A protein deficiency is defined as eating 50% to 75% of the recommended amount of daily protein, Butterfield explains.
Ideally, you should consume 0.36 grams of protein for every pound of body weight, according to recommended daily allowances (RDA) set by the Food and Nutrition Board. So if you weigh 170 pounds, you need about 61 grams of protein each day.
Protein should also make up approximately 15% of your total daily caloric intake, also according to the RDA. In a diet of 1,800 calories a day, for example, about 270 of those calories should come from protein.
It's Essential
Although limiting protein intake is important, you should also realize that protein is essential to our bodies' normal functions. It assists in synthesizing enzymes and hormones, maintaining fluid balance, and regulating such vital functions as building antibodies against infection, blood clotting, and scar formation.
Protein is also a building block for our muscles, bones, cartilage, skin, hair, and blood. Protein-rich foods include meat, cheese, milk, fish, and eggs. For vegetarians, protein can be found in soy products such as tofu as well as in combinations of foods, such as rice or corn with beans.
Whether you are an avid strength trainer, a marathon runner, or just an average exerciser, a balanced diet that is rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean meats, fish, and complex carbohydrates is what nutritionists recommend.


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May 19, 2002 Age-Clock
How long ago was may-19th-2002?
Years | Months | Days | Hours | Minutes | Seconds |
- How old am I if I were born on May 19th 2002?
- Current age clock for 19 May 2002
The above clock is a 100% accurate automated timer for someone born on May 19, 2002. This first timer is an age clock that counts the total amount of time someone born on may-19th-2002 has been alive for, down to the second. Watch as your age inevitably ticks up right before your eyes. Someone born on may-19th-2002 is currently 22 years, 2 months, and 3 days old.
Countdown timer for May 19, 2025:
Days | Hours | Minutes | Seconds |
The above timer is a countdown clock for your next birthday! (Assuming you were born on May 19, 2002) This timer is automatically updated, and is accurate all the way up to the nearest second. Watch as your next birthday ticks closer and closer right before your eyes. If you were born on may-19th-2002, your next birthday is only 301 days away.


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Are you like most people that hate goodbyes that you think are forever? I know I do. They feel empty – like you are tearing out a bit of your soul and tossing it to the wind. I feel like permanent farewells were never meant to be a part of this world – don't you?
And for a movie geek like me, there is a sadness when an epic story comes to an end as well. Dorothy and her "no place like home," Frodo when he sailed to the Grey Havens, or even Pikachu's goodbye to Ash (remember The Time has Come???)
So now we say goodbye to The Boy Who Lived and all the gang from Hogwarts. The uber anticipated Harry Potter and The Deathly Hallows 2 is finally unleashed in all its glory to tie up all the loose ends and bring closure to the curiosity that was seeded over 10 years ago when Harry's voice hadn't even changed yet.
For sure this movie series (and yours truly for writing about it) has withstood criticism from a portion of the Christian community for the wizard and witchcraft themes (as Snape would say…OB-viously) – but might I suggest a different perspective?
This entire series, and specifically Deathly Hallows 2 is an excellent way to introduce a generation that knows more about Harry Potter than Jesus Christ to the greatest ending of any story ever told. Themes of sacrifice and good triumphing over evil prevail throughout the film, but tucked away in an unlikely place is a fascinating object that just happens to be called The Resurrection Stone.
In the HP world, this magical talisman gives the owner the ability to "bring back the dead"…sort of. You can conjure up the deceased and have a convo, but they are just shades and apparitions of their true selves. According to the legend, the original owner of the stone took his own life because it didn't fully return his fiancée who had died.
In the Harry Potter world, when you say "goodbye" to someone at death, it really is forever. Despite all the power and magic that exists in Rowling's fantasy world, there exists no spell or ability to resurrect someone completely from the dead.
But in our very real world, there is another "resurrection stone" of sorts. It isn't a magical object, rather it is a 4000 pound boulder used to seal up the grave of Jesus Christ after He was crucified on the cross. It was guarded by dozens of professional Roman soldiers who would be executed if they failed in their duty. This is the stone that symbolized the victory that evil had over good on the darkest Friday night in history and showed the world that Jesus was either a liar or a lunatic…until:
Very early on Sunday morning the women went to the tomb, carrying the spices that they had prepared. When they found the stone rolled away from the entrance, they went in. But they did not find the body of the Lord Jesus, and they did not know what to think. Suddenly two men in shining white clothes stood beside them. The women were afraid and bowed to the ground. But the men said, "Why are you looking in the place of the dead for someone who is alive? Jesus isn't here! He has been raised from death. Remember that while he was still in Galilee, he told you, 'The Son of Man will be handed over to sinners who will nail him to a cross. But three days later he will rise to life.' " Then they remembered what Jesus had said (Luke 24:1-8).
It was the rock that was rolled away by the power of God, and it became the resurrection stone that now testified to the fact that Jesus is alive and death was forever defeated! But more than that, it was proof that for the believers in Christ, our end is only our beginning:
But let me reveal to you a wonderful secret. We will not all die, but we will all be transformed! It will happen in a moment, in the blink of an eye, when the last trumpet is blown. For when the trumpet sounds, those who have died will be raised to live forever. And we who are living will also be transformed. For our dying bodies must be transformed into bodies that will never die; our mortal bodies must be transformed into immortal bodies (1 Corinthians 15:51-53).
And there is one more resurrection stone that awaits all Christians:
To everyone who wins the victory I will give a white stone with a new name written on it (Revelation 2:17).
This is a future promise from Jesus Christ that when we are resurrected from the dead, we will get a stone with our heavenly name written on it! How sick is that???
So…goodbye Harry Potter and the gang, thanks for the decade of fun – but thank you most of all for reminding me that the real resurrection stone is proof that death is not the end for me, and that goodbyes for Christians are never forever. I'm a part of THE Cause – the gospel story that will never have a final chapter!
Flashpoint: Ignite Into Action
Pretty much every teenager on the planet knows about Harry Potter, so the release of the last movie provides an amazing and rare opportunity to share the gospel when talking about the film -especially when you consider all the Biblical themes found in the story. Look for the open doors God gives you to live out THE Cause during this season of Pottermania.
Accelerant: Fuel for THE Cause
Pray: Jesus, your desire is that the message of Your resurrection is extended to every person on earth. Give me the eyes to see and the courage to speak the truth of the gospel when I am with my friends. Use this movie to bring up conversations about Your amazing triumph over death.
Read:Romans 10:9-10. If you declare with your mouth, "Jesus is Lord," and believe in your heart that God raised him from the dead, you will be saved. For it is with your heart that you believe and are justified, and it is with your mouth that you profess your faith and are saved.
Get: Familiarize yourself with the evidences for the resurrection by reading this short article: You Can Bet Your Life on It!


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Scilab 5.4.0
Please note that the recommended version of Scilab is 2024.1.0. This page might be outdated.
However, this page did not exist in the previous stable version.
Save the history file after n statements are added to the file.
Calling Sequence
saveafterncommands(n) v = saveafterncommands()
- n
an integer, n statements
- v
current value
Save the history file after n statements are added to the file.
For example, when you select the option and set n to 5, after every 5 statements are added, the history file is automatically saved.
Use this option if you do not want to risk losing entries to the saved history because of an abnormal termination, such as a power failure.
saveafterncommands() returns current value.
default value is 0. History file saved at the end of scilab session.
Report an issue | ||
<< resethistory | History manager | saveconsecutivecommands >> |


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The following is a list of common eye conditions. For information about cataracts, glaucoma, macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy please see Eye Diseases.
Eye Conditions
Commonly called "lazy eye", amblyopia can be treated successfully if detected early enough in childhood.
Often mistakenly called "stigmatism," this common vision problem can be corrected with eyeglasses, contact lenses or refractive surgery.
Red, swollen eyelids and crusty debris at the base of your eyelashes are signs you may have blepharitis.
AIDS or other diseases that affect your immune system can increase your risk of serious eye problems from cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection.
People with serious vision problems from an eye injury or disease affecting the front surface of the eye can often regain vision with a cornea transplant.
Dry eye syndrome is a common condition, especially in women over age 40. Many treatment options are available.
Are you bothered by red, itchy eyes? You may have allergies.
"Floaters" are usually normal and harmless. But if you notice a sudden increase in floaters or floaters accompanied by flashes of light, see your eye doctor immediately.
Also called farsightedness, hyperopia is a common vision problem that can cause headaches, eyestrain and trouble reading.
This eye disease causes the cornea to grow thinner and bulge forward in an irregular cone-shape. Treatment options range from gas permeable contact lenses to a cornea transplant.
Low vision is the term used to describe reduced eyesight that cannot be fully corrected with eyeglasses, contact lenses or eye surgery. The primary causes of low vision are eye diseases, but low vision also can be inherited or caused by an eye or brain injury.
Also called nearsightedness, myopia is a very common vision problem, affecting up to one-third of the U.S. population.
You've heard of high blood pressure, but what about high eye pressure?
This acute and contagious form of conjunctivitis is particularly common among preschoolers and school-age children.
These inherited disorders, commonly abbreviated as RP, cause progressive peripheral vision loss, night blindness and central vision loss.
This common problem is simply an infected lid gland. Learn how to prevent and treat styes.


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Event Report: Taj Boston Loire Valley Tasting
Wednesday, October 7, 2009
Last Wednesday, the Loire Valley Wine Bureau hosted a tasting on the top floor of the Taj Boston. What a venue to taste through an interesting collection of wines, and meet some great people. I had the pleasure of meeting the following folks from the Boston wine community for the first time:
- Rebecca Rethore columnist for Wicked Local and wine blogger at Pour-Favor
- Richard from the wine blog Silene's Cellar
- Adam Japko from the wine blog WineZag
I'd estimate that close to 75% of the wines at the tasting were white, so if you're more into red wines at this point this region may not be for you. With the exception of their earthy (and sometimes downright barnyardy) Cab Francs, there isn't much red wine to speak of from the region.
I enjoyed tasting through the Sauvignon Blanc based wines from Sancerre and Pouily-Fumé. Not a whole lot of difference between the two, but a huge difference between these wines and Sauvignon Blanc from New Zealand. Whereas SB from New Zealand is more pungent, these wines are more restrained aromatically. On the palate, they have wonderful minerality and acidity- very food friendly.
They say these wines are a value play, but unfortunately New Zealand is hard to undercut on price in this category. You can get a really tasty bottle of New Zealand Sauvignon Blanc for around $10-12. Still, if you're more of an old world type these are the benchmark by which all Sauvignon Blancs are measured.
Recommendation: Try a Sancerre in the $15-20 range if you like New Zealand Sauvignon Blanc but are looking to switch it up a bit or serve it with a light dinner.
I've enjoyed Vouvray in the past, and the ones I tasted at this event were no exception. Such an intriguing, multi-faceted wine. One I tasted in particular brought some amazing asparagus/vegetable components, but at their core the wines were more fruity and flavorful than the Sauvignon Blancs. More of a crowd pleaser I think.
Recommendation: Definitely try a bottle of Vouvray next time you see one in the store. It shouldn't be hard to get a good one for $15.
I only tried a few of the Cabernet Franc-based reds at the tasting. They weren't nearly as barnyard the first one I tried (which was so funky that I'm still avoiding the category). The wines I tried were reasonably enjoyable, although I'm in no hurry to seek them out. I'm still hard pressed to pass along a recommendation in this category.
Recommendation: Watch this Wine Library TV episode to learn more about what to expect from Loire Valley Cab Franc.
Question of the Day: What do you think of Loire Valley wines? A source of value in France? A category you'd like to learn more about? Been there/done that?


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You're reading an older article from ELECTRICAL CONTRACTOR. Some information, such as code-related information, may be outdated. Find the most up-to-date content in our latest issues.
There is a debate going on in this country that few people know about. It has to do with a difference in estimating methods between the Eastern and Western United States. Generally, and I stress generally, the West measures branch (meaning conduit and wiring), and the East averages it. For those of you who do not know, averaging is the practice of assuming a single footage of branch for each outlet, such as 15 feet per receptacle. Most estimators do not get a chance to see this difference in methods, since they spend most of their careers in one area.
West meets East
I learned electrical estimating from a mentor, two National Electrical Contractors Association (NECA) classes, my employers, and of course, the school of hard knocks. I was taught to measure the branch. Everywhere I worked, it was expected that the branch would be measured. All of my education and experience was on the West Coast.
Soon after starting an independent estimating company, I begin getting work from the East Coast. Imagine my surprise when I opened the plans and found that the branch was not engineered. No solid lines. No dashed lines. No hash marks to indicate how many wires. Just circuit numbers at the outlets.
At first, I thought this was a fluke. Maybe it was just one lazy engineer. But that was not the case, as most of the projects I received from the East did not have engineered branch. Initially, I drew in the branch and then measured it. This got to be very time-consuming on larger projects.
While this was going on, I switched to a new estimating system, and I soon found that the fixture and outlet assemblies included the branch and prompted for the average footage between outlets. Since an East Coast estimator developed this system, I started to get the picture. Fortunately, I was able to find a mentor who taught me how to takeoff branch using the averaging method.
What's trending?
I conducted an informal survey of about 30 contractors in several states across the nation. Based on the results of those interviews, and from what I have learned being a national estimator, here are the practices and trends I am seeing:
If the estimators are trained by NECA, they are more likely to measure branch and not use the averaging method. Bob Mooty, NECA's national trainer, teaches all of his students to measure it, no matter where they are in the country.
The engineering practice of not designing branch is spreading westward. Carlos Rodriguez, NECA's Los Angeles Chapter estimating teacher, told me he is starting to see plan sets without engineered branch from West Coast engineers. Carlos also informed me he is thinking about adding the averaging method of branch takeoff to his classes. I have seen projects without branch engineering as far west as Kansas, Nebraska, Montana and Texas, and several contractors I spoke to in California also have seen these kinds of projects.
Some of the contractors I spoke with only average branch if it is not a competitive job, as they are more comfortable with the measuring method.
Some of the contractors who prefer to measure will go to the additional effort of designing the branch before taking it off, while others design it on the fly as they are doing the takeoff.
Most of the estimators I spoke to in the Eastern part of the country use averaging as their branch takeoff method and can be quite outspoken about it. To them, measuring branch is an expensive waste of time.
If you have not been trained to use averaging for branch takeoff, be careful. It cannot be used for everything, and will not be the same in every situation. For example, if you were bidding a school, the averages in the administration building would be different from the averages in a classroom building. Averages must be set for each condition on the project and cannot be applied to all branch. You will have to do some measuring.
So here is the branch takeoff argument: Many estimators believe strongly that the only safe way to takeoff branch is to measure it, while others argue with equal passion that measuring is a waste of time—time that could be used to get out more estimates per estimating dollar.
I would like to hear your opinions on this argument. Please send your comments to [email protected].
About The Author
CARR has been in the electrical construction business since 1971. He started Carr Consulting Services—which provides electrical estimating and educational services—in 1994. Contact him at 805.523.1575 or [email protected], and read his blog at electricalestimator.wordpress.com.


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This nautical chart is provided by the Norwegian Hydrographic Service (NHS). In 2011, The Norwegian Hydrographic Service (a division of Kartverket responsible for marine navigation in Norway) signed an agreement with OceanGrafix enabling authorization to print and distribute nautical charts for Norway. The 100+ charts—which comprise a majority of the charts produced by NHS—are updated regularly using the same technology OceanGrafix developed to print US charts on demand. Like NOAA charts, NHS charts are printed on demand and contain the latest chart information available at the time of printing.
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Horror Dome Studios Masks
Your horror experts at the Horror Dome are proud to present you with a collection of high-quality Halloween masks to bring a new level of fright to your life. With our collection of ghosts, ghouls, aliens, cryptids, and more, you'll be able to steal the show during your next masquerade ball, Halloween gathering or when you Trick or Treat.
All our Halloween masks for adults are fashioned from the highest quality latex by our terror inspired craftsmen to give the most realistic horror experience to everyone you encounter during your masked escapades. Each of our scary Halloween mask lines brings its own special flair to the design, from our movie-quality HD Studio Masks to our Ultra-Realistic Silicone Halloween Masks that turn your every movement into a fresh dose of horror to your costume.
If you're looking for the perfect face for your next haunted costumed horror event, the Horror Dome has scary Halloween masks that are sure to steal the show.


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Sustainable creation / protection / inheritance of creative value & creator's activities
It is hoped that digital creators can continue their creation in a sustainable way. To do that, it is important to create an ecosystem in which the value of digital works can be created, preserved and passed on while the creator's rights are fully protected. Creative work should be utilized and consumed in exchange for a reasonable return.
This session discusses key issues on how to (a) enable creation, preservation, and inheritance of value of digital artwork in a sustainable manner and (b) sustainably support the creative activities of digital creators.


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LCP, Liquid Crystal Polymers, are a family of high performance resins that have a unique structure with long, rigid, rod-like highly oriented molecules. LCP properties are influenced by its liquid crystal structure. Rod-like molecules are oriented in the flow direction during injection or extrusion moulding.
This unique molecular structure results in several exceptional LCP (Liquid Crystal Polymer) properties:
- Exceptionally stable and precise dimensions
- Very high chemical resistance
- Exceptional temperature resistance of very thin wall parts
- High stiffness of even very thin wall applications
- Low coefficient of thermal expansion
- inherently flame retardant
LCP (Liquid Crystal Polymers) allow super fast injection moulding cycles , particularly in thin sections due to its unique structure.
LCP often outperforms ceramics or thermosets at complex thin-walled applications requiring superior heat aging performance. Parts moulded from LCP exhibit very high dimensional stability even when heated up to 200 - 250°C. Heat deflection temperature (HDT) of some LCP (Liquid Crystal Polymers) grades reaches up to 300°C.
LCP (Liquid Crystal Polymers) are available:
- Unfilled
- Glass fibre reinforced
- Carbon fibre reinforced
- Mineral filled
- Filler/fibre combinations
- Graphite filled
LCP is usually selected for a specific application or a specific market sector based on its key properties.
Typical LCP applications:
- Different electronic and electrical components
- Lighting applications
- Fuel and gas barrier structures
- Sensors
- Ovenware
- Stainless steel substitution at medical devices


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- Scriptures
- Life of Fred(only the older 2 will do the writing portion)
- Story of our World Volume 1, also the activity book but we don't do everything.
- Science Center pass with Planetarium add on
- Zoo membership
- Local homeschooling group for field trips and Play dates
- Gardening, yard work, and home projects. We try to involve all of the kids in these things as much as possible!
- Each of the children get a 30 minute kindle turn each day. They each have their own profile that has just their age level, educational games that I hand select and it automatically times them out!
- We also enjoy educational shows that I find on youtube, netflix and hulu. These are not planned but just as subjects come up and we want to learn more:)
Brandon is 2 years 8 months
He is just playing! Lots of outside time and hands on play!!! He loves to color, paint, drive cars, and act like a crazy boy!
Ally is 4 years old!
She participates in preschool that I teach from home. She is also drawing in her journal and has a few fun workbooks that she does whenever she likes:)
Jack is 5 years and 6 months
He has a kindergarten work book that he chooses whatever page he wants to do however, he does need to pick one each day(he loves it so he usually does several). He is also drawing and write in his journal and still participates in quite a bit of our preschool class. Jack already knows everything a kindergartner needs to know when they graduate so I won't be doing much with him this year. With the older 2 we pushed ahead because they were advanced. I feel like Jack needs time to mature a bit before we start more "formal" schooling. He is very active and has a really hard time sitting still if the activity isn't something he has chosen:)
Drake is 6 and 10 months
Drake is using Morning Work by teacher idea factory(my oldest used her 2nd and 1st grade sets and they were a huge blessing!!!). I love it! He does the reading and math. He also has a work book(Costco) that he chooses freely from. We are also working on All About Reading and All about spelling both level 2 about 2 times per week:) He also reads at least one book a day to a sibling and writes/draws in his journal daily.
Caden is 7 and 10 months
My oldest is very self motivated! He has taught himself cursive in just a few weeks, does math sheets for fun and learns about US and World geography on his own for fun! So since he is so self motivated, I really did not feel like he needed a full curriculum. I found the perfect work book for him at Costco that has reading, writing and Math(and some extra stuff) organized by week instead of by subject(Complete Year Gr. 3). I am excited to use it so that I can make sure he is working on those subjects and leave the rest to him!
We are also working on All About Reading and All about spelling both level 2 about 2 times per week:) He also reads at least one book a day to a sibling and writes/draws in his journal daily.


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Persian beef stew with quince and prunes |
I polled the crowd on the In Erika's Kitchen Facebook page about quince. Shirin, another home cook in Los Angeles, waxed wistful about her mother's Persian beef stew with quince. I had to have the recipe. Shirin got it from her mom, Haydeh, and with their permission I share it with you.
I can't find the words to describe just how delicious and unusual this beef stew is. Beef, quince, prunes and turmeric combine to make a rich, aromatic broth. It smells and tastes like a fireplace in winter: warm, thick, a little smoky.
I made this beef stew in the slow cooker, although it could easily cook on the stove. If you have trouble finding quince, ask the produce manager at a local gourmet grocery - he or she should be able to find you some until the end of the year.
See the green spot on the spoon? That's me, taking the photo |
adapted from a recipe by Haydeh Bina Motavasel
- 4 Tbsp olive oil, divided
- 2 onions, finely chopped
- 2 pounds stew beef cut into smallish cubes (lamb or veal work also)
- 1/2 tsp turmeric
- 1/4 tsp cinnamon
- 2-3 Tbsp tomato paste
- 1/4 cup lemon juice
- salt and pepper
- 2 quinces, cored and cubed, not peeled
- handful of prunes
- 3 Tbsp honey
I find quince extraordinarily beautiful |


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Parents: Camp is near. You're packing bags, making last minute preparations, and listening to endless stories with increasing enthusiasm about what happened during the summer of 2010 in eager anticipation for summer of 2011 to begin. You're checking and re-checking to make sure all of the paperwork has been submitted and the bag pickups have been scheduled. So we figure now is the perfect time to talk about the importance of maintaining good communication with your Camp Directors—now and throughout the summer.
Camp is a big deal for your children and for you. Whether you've planned a quiet summer at home or have an awesome vacation planned, we know that your top priority is to know that your children are having an amazing summer. You can help, simply by being informative.
We're first and foremost concerned for your child's safety and well being. Some of you probably wonder why we ask for photos of your children prior to camp. It's so that we can show them to your children's counselors when we discuss your children's activity preferences with them so that they can greet campers by name from the moment they step off the bus and have full knowledge of how to make their summer successful.
We can't emphasize enough the importance of communicating medical issues. Whether it's an allergy to certain foods or insects, perhaps a dietary restriction, asthma, a vitamin deficiency, or wetting the bed, your camp directors need to know so that these matters can be handled appropriately as situations relating to them may occur throughout the summer.
We also want to know what your children's interests are. If we know your child can't get enough soccer, for instance, we can make sure that he/she gets maximum exposure to soccer during the summer. Knowing what your children like only helps us guarantee they have the summer of a lifetime.
Personal family matters are never easy, but if there is something happening at home—a divorce, illness in the family, academic issues, etc. it helps us to know. Perhaps it's a positive development. Your child has landed a new role in a film, has made a particularly competitive athletic team, has earned a special honor at school. Whatever IS your children's lives at the moment they come to camp, we want to be able to channel it into an amazing summer for them. And we're confident we can. Otherwise, we wouldn't ask. As your child's "summer family", we want to know how we can help them be at their best.
If anything comes up between the time you put your child on the bus or plane to come to camp and the time we put them back on the bus or plane to come home that might affect his or her summer, please call us. We want to know what's happening. We want to understand how we can make your child's stay at our camp effortless and memorable. Even if it's minor, if you have any reason for pause, please call us. We want to be proactive in making your child's experience memorable.


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THERE WAS SOMETHING rotten in the state of England during the Early Modern Era: everyone's sweet tooth! The English loved the expensive new commodity of sugar so much that the royalty and nobility were extremely prone to tooth decay and foul breath. Foul breath seems to have been on Shakespeare's mind too because it got at least three mentions in his plays and sonnets.
A Class-Based Dental Health Crisis
The weirdest part is that having bad teeth was such a pervasive problem among the rich in particular that it became trendy among the lower classes to artificially blacken their teeth with soot. It was a great way for them to make themselves seem wealthy enough to afford sugar!
Early Modern Dental Health…Solutions?
How did the English try to keep their teeth healthy? They used herbs like cloves for their breath and toothpicks and cloths to clean their teeth. (We would much rather have our modern toothbrushes.)
When these methods proved insufficient to prevent cavities and a tooth became so painful that it needed to be pulled, they had a few options depending on budget. The most expensive choice was a surgeon, but a "tooth-drawer" was cheaper and a blacksmith would do it for a real bargain.
It's Good to Have Modern Dentists
Isn't it wonderful to live in a time when we have effective dental hygiene and access to twelve different specialties of dental professionals — everything from pediatric dentists to orthodontists to endodontists and more?


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We introduce a nice API to make 3D games, with out-of-the-box intelligent creatures, items, levels, nice game data layout and more. Finally it's really easy to make a complete 3D game using our engine.
Everything is also very flexible under the hood, everything can be extended by overriding appropriate methods in classes, new types of creatures/items/other 3D objects can be defined, with specialized behavior.
We have a couple of new examples, in particular examples/fps_game/ (in engine sources) shows how to easily make a fully-working FPS game using our game. It has a lot of comments in the code describing how things work.
FPS Game Demo using Castle Game Engine
We also add a lot of new documentation in this release:
- We have a nice tutorial that introduces basic engine concepts.
- Classes overview.
- And a guide to creating data (3D models, XML configuration files etc.).
- And, as always, a complete API reference.
I have put a lot of work into this documentation and hopefully it will be useful to new developers that want to try our engine.
You can read the full news announcement right here.
Engine overview, with all the links to downloads and documentation are right here.
Engine features at a glance:
- Reads many 3D model formats, focusing on VRML/X3D standards (so you can make 3D models in pretty much every 3D modeling software), but also supporting Collada and other popular formats.
- We use OpenGL for graphics, and we have many eye-candy features (shadows, mirrors, bump mapping, screen effects, shaders etc.).
- The engine is basically integrated into Lazarus (you can drop TCastleContol on Lazarus form, and a couple of non-visual controls, on the form), although it can also be used without LCL (we have our own TCastleWindow).
- The engine is open-source, license is modified LGPL (same license as FPC RTL and Lazarus LCL), so you can make both open- and closed-source games with it.
- More features listed on engine page found here.
Have fun! We welcome people that want to use our engine, and/or want to contribute to it of course. If you want to make a game using our engine, give it a try!


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The March 2020 Doodle Challenge is now here 🙂 Better late than never, right?
Life has really been hectic of late as I adjust to being a single mom. But more on that in another post 🙂
Some of the items in this month's doodle challenge may seem odd, but I really want to save the "Spring" things for next month 🙂 I had to really think to get enough for March, but I wound up taking some of the "National Day of…", "World Day of", etc. images. I hope you still like it!
Why do we doodle? Doodling simple things helps you to develop your drawing skills, which helps you increase your Bible art journaling skills. It also increases your hand/eye coordination which helps in many areas of life!
This challenge is participated in by the members of my Facebook group, Christian Planner, Journal, and Craft Fellowship and any of you who would like to join us! You can join us in the group or join along on Instagram.
Click the thumbnail image below to pull up the full-sized PDF file for printing! –>
I usually print these out on 28 pound white paper (or 32 pound paper is even better) and just stick them right into my planner or journal. The heavier the paper, the less chance it will tear out of your binder or planner by accident and helps resist bleeding or ghosting from your pens or markers. It helps the page turn easier too.
If you choose to print these out on full-size (letter) sticker paper. I use these here. They're priced great and you can write on them easily. They are good enough quality for my needs. If you want a top-quality sticker paper look for these or clear ones here. (Though not all pens or markers will write well on the clear ones). If you don't want to use sticker paper, you can print them on card stock or regular printer paper and glue them down. Honestly, the sticker paper is the best way, however. Regardless of the type.
Going through a lot of ink printing out planner stickers? Do like I did and enlist in the HP Instant Ink program! I've saved so much money on ink since I did a year and a half ago. They have different plans, but the one I'm in (the most pages) is that I can print up to 300 pages worth of ink for just over $9.99 per month. You can choose lesser pages for a lower rate, but I do a lot of printing between coupons, planner stickers and other things. Click on the image here to check it out! –>


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Sanford Grammar School, 1902-1977
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I'm definitely having a moment with all things celestial — stars, the moon, constellations, etc. I've clearly got my head in the clouds! And there are SO many great options out there to satisfy my celestial cravings. I wanted to share 11 items with you which I absolutely adore. In no particular order, here they are.
These "written in the stars" rings from Sofia Zakia are just amazing. You can pick two different constellations, and she'll combine them on one band. How cool is that?! I can picture them as wedding rings, friendship rings, or even one combining one's parent's or children's constellations. Ok, I'll stop gushing now.
I admit that while I covet this jacket from L'Agence, even the large doesn't fit me. *drats* BUT…I was able to fulfill my fantasy through my client, who looked absolutely stellar in it. She's pairing it with everything from a camouflage slip dress to a tee and jeans. Super versatile.
I co-hosted a trunk show recently with The Kollective, and this Brooke Gregson astrology pendant was among the items for sale. Dreamy, right?
Buddha Mama has it going on with these earrings! They combine the star motif with the eye and accented in white-hot enamel. Plus, isn't the shape so edgy? Very fashion-forward.
Again, I'm lusting for these Aquazzura Cosmic Star boots from afar, as I can't wear a heel, but boy is my client enjoying them! They are such a chic way to add some personality to any outfit.
You may have seen these Selim Mouzannar diamond star earrings on my JFT Facebook page, and they have to be included in this article. I think they're quite spectacular. I want them…just sayin'.
Rails has quite a few styles of shirts with stars on them, but I think this shirt jacket with star patches is my fave. When I'm not in black, grey or white, army green is my go-to color.
Sirciam has been a long-time favorite with their rose gold celestial pieces. This particular ring is a real winner in my book. Even though it's a larger scale ring, it works perfectly for every day. And yes, I have yet another client who will attest to that fact.
If you've been following me for a while, you know I buy myself a "boyfriend gift" for various occasions. I mean really, why should I have no boyfriend AND no jewelry?! I can't control the boyfriend part, but I can certainly buy myself jewelry! I await the arrival of my own Samantha Knight pendant with my lucky number 13 on it to celebrate the holidays.
Luckily, I did find the perfect pair of star jeans that actually came in a size 16. Score! Loving my new Mia star print jeans from Kut. I put them with a distressed over-sized light blue chambray shirt and felt awesome.
Though I haven't seen this Andrea Fohrman necklace in person, it sure looks fab! #goals
Honestly, this is just the tip of the starry iceberg. There are SO many options out there in clothing, jewelry and accessories, I could go quite crazy. What about you? Do you have any celestial cravings? I'd love to hear from you in the comment section.


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GRM Overseas Launches its Highest Internationally Sold 10X Zarda King Golden Sella Basmati Rice –1121 in Domestic Market
Mr. Sanjeev Dar, CEO and Mr. Vedant Garg, Group CFO, GRM Overseas Ltd. launching 10X Zarda King Golden Sella Basmati Rice –1121 in the domestic market
10X Zarda King Golden Sella Basmati Rice is one of the finest quality long grain aged basmati rice that is aromatic and has a unique flavour. Best suited for making Biryani, Zarda (luxurious dessert) and other royal-delicacies.
November 17: GRM Overseas, one of the leading Rice Exporter in India having developed a market for its rice in more than 38 countries has launched its highest internationally sold 10X Zarda King Golden Sella Basmati Rice – 1121 in the domestic market, the most preferred brand of Middle East countries like Saudi, Iran and Iraq.
GRM Overseas is well known in India & internationally for its high-quality standards and commitment to packaging. Backed by a team of experts and state of the art infrastructure well laid out over thousands of square feet, it has created an unbeatable name in the market amongst basmati rice sellers. It's 10X Zarda King Golden Sella Basmati Rice is one of the finest quality long grain aged basmati rice available in the market.
Sharing his views on this important development, Mr. Atul Garg, Managing Director, GRM Overseas said: "We are delighted to introduce our best internationally selling finest quality 10X Zarda King Golden Sella Basmati Rice in India which has enlarged our space in the domestic market. Our focus has been to reach a wide consumer base with the best products to strengthen our 10X brand. We are confident to gain strong momentum going forward in the domestic market.
We have plans to unveil higher margin products in the future under our 10X brand which will further strengthen our presence in both the general and modern trade. Being one of the leading basmati rice exporters, the company has transformed itself into a major consumer staples player with a focus on improving its brand visibility and aiming to create India's largest and trusted standalone consumer staples brand." Said Mr. Atul Garg.
10X Zarda King Golden Sella Basmati Rice is packed in high quality material to serve the same delicious taste round the year. It is available in 5 kg,10 kg and 30 kg packages.
Mr. Sanjeev Dhar, CEO, GRM Overseas Ltd said "We produced ~1,50,000 tonnes of basmati rice in FY22 and registered 30% CAGR during FY2018-22.GRM has three rice processing units with an overall annual production capacity of 4,40,800 MT-based out of Panipat (Haryana), Naultha (Haryana) and Gandhidham (Gujarat). Additionally, the Company has a warehousing facility of 1.75 Lakhs sq. ft space adjacent to the Gandhidham plant facilitating speedy shipments from Kandla and Mundra ports."
Weddings & festivals are known for its royal delicacies and GRM wants to position 10X Zarda King Golden Sella Basmati Rice as the most important ingredient for all the royal cuisines cooked in weddings & other festive occasions.
GRM has also launched a beautiful commercial 'Rishta Mubarak'aiming at positioning 10X Zarda King Golden Sella Basmati Rice as one of the most integral part of the food preparations at a wedding. The new advertisement giving it an emotional touch shows the preparation of 'Zarda' the most delectable Sweet Dish with 10X Zarda King Golden Sella Basmati Rice.
Champion Shuttler Saina Nehwal is the Brand Ambassador of the Company for endorsement of Company's Products / Brands and promotional appearances.
GRM Overseas Limited, an NSE and BSE listed company, one of India's leading basmati rice exporters and a growing consumer staples player has further strengthened its product portfolio by launching 10X Zarda King Golden Sella Basmati Rice in the domestic market after the successful introduction of 10X Basmati Rice, 10X Biryani Kit, 10X Shakti Chakki Fresh Atta in the domestic market.
If you have any objection to this press release content, kindly contact email@example.com to notify us. We will respond and rectify the situation in the next 24 hours.