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Hoppy Holidays! PG Holiday Party – Dec 15, 2018!!
Hoppy Holidays – 2018 Edition!
It is time for the Pacific Gravity annual holiday event. Mark your calendars! This year the party is happening on Saturday, December 15, 2018 at Neil Saund's duplex – at: 12966 Rubens Ave, Los Angeles, CA. (at Alla Road)
The party will kick off about 5:00 P.M. If you have not attended one of the past holiday events, let us tell you this is one party not to be missed!
We really, really need your help with the following:
Although the club will be providing some of the main dishes, this is still a potluck party and YOUR favorite party dish will be greatly appreciated! The menu should mostly reflect past holiday parties featuring Carbonnades ala Flamandes, deep fried turkeys, spiced ham and much more! Suggestions of what to bring would include any kind of main dish but especially all side dishes, veggie dishes, salads, desserts and appetizers. So, if you have a favorite family holiday recipe and want to share it with the rest of us, this is your chance. Please let us know what you will bring. If you have any questions about what to bring, please contact Club Chef Ian at: firstname.lastname@example.com.
The dinner portion of the event will be ongoing beginning at approximately 7pm. Please note that there will be very little space available for reheating food, so please bring your food ready to serve, not ready to cook.
Crockpots and chafing dishes with sterno fuel would be a great idea of how to bring something and keep it hot.
Also, don't forget to label your containers or anything you want back.
Got beer? We need all types of beer, meads, cider and sodas for this event. Pull out your favorite holiday beverage, dust off the bottle or keg and bring it down! We'll have the Wave of Beer set up to help dispense your holiday homebrews. If you plan to bring beer, soda or other seasonally festive beverage, please contact Carl at: email@example.com & let him know what you will bring. Everyone who signs up in advance will have a colorful tap tag.
VOLUNTEERS needed for setup & cleanup
On Saturday, Dec 15th from approximately 10am to 12noon, we need help with final setup at Neil's.
On Sunday, Dec 16th, starting at 10am, we need lots of people to help with clean up. The more we get the faster it goes. (probably ending around 12noon-1pm).
If you'd like to volunteer for set up or clean up contact us: PG Board at email@example.com
We need a few more heat lamps and fire pits so please donate them if you can.
We NEED lot & lots FIREWOOD! If you can bring wood please do so. December evenings can be cold so please help bring some wood so we can all stay warm.
We need more TABLES, e-z ups (canopies), and power strips.
We also need jockey boxes and CO2 cylinders and Sanke taps to help make sure all the beverages flow cold with perfect carbonation. We have more kegs than taps on the Wave, and the jockey boxes help out big time.
If at all possible, please bring your kegs and heavy stuff to setup on Friday evening or between 10am – 12noon on Saturday. This makes the last minute activities at party time go much more smoothly. The early kegs get the best slots on the Wave. Make sure all your kegs, coolers, tanks taps, and other equipment are well labeled so they all return to their rightful owners Sunday morning.
Note, if you can't deliver beer kegs to the Neil's house at setup on Friday evening or Saturday afternoon, then please email Carl Townsend at email@example.com to make arrangements to drop off your kegs at his house.
4th Annual Holiday CLOTHING CHARITY DRIVE:
It's time to clean out your closets…Pacific Gravity is having our 4th annual Holiday CLOTHING DRIVE!
We will have boxes for any donations you can bring to the party.
For clothes & other items, please see the list below which will be donated to The People Concern (formerly, OPCC). They are mostly in need of men's clothing in large sizes. Clothing can be "gently used" and should be clean.
Monetary donations will also be accepted – checks or cash. Special donation envelopes will be available at the party. Tax receipts for monetary donations will be sent to you by mail.
Below is a list of items that we can always use:
Sweat socks – for men, women and children
Sweat shirts and pants for adults – all sizes especially larger sizes
New underwear – men's, women and children
Flannel and long sleeve shirts for adults
Personal & Household items
Hygiene Items: toothpaste, toothbrush, deodorant, shampoo, disposable razors, bar soap, hand & body lotion,etc.
Blankets (preferably wool)
Sleeping bags for adults
Final Party Details:
Dress warm for our winter party, bring food and bring beer!
Highlighting the evening will be the crowning of the Pacific Gravity Club Member of the Year, and awarding of the trophy for Brewer of the Year.
Santa is sure to make an appearance to give away lots of great door prizes (prize donations welcome).
All club members and their guests are welcome, so plan on joining us…Celebrate the season, good beer, good food and friends the Pacific Gravity way!


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Unlike other Western states, Colorado's moose population is growing. It's healthier than ever with an estimated 2300 moose across the state. While other states are grappling with why their herds are shrinking, Colorado is studying the population's fast growth. Aspen Public Radio's Marci Krivonen has more.
Anda RojsSmalls has lived in the Aspen area for over a decade. But, it was just recently that she saw a moose.
"My first moose sighting was about two years ago, in the summertime, with my kids up at the Maroon Lake," she says.
She says a female moose, or cow, was bathing in the lake with two of her calves.
"It was totally cool because I think they look so funny, I think they're just a funny looking animal with the long face and their gangly legs. Their legs seems so skinny for how big they are."
Rojs Smalls is one of a growing number of people glimpsing moose in Colorado.
"Moose populations in Colorado are one of our success stories. Moose populations have been increasing pretty steadily in this state," says Brad Petch.
He's with Colorado Parks and Wildlife and helps manage moose in the northwestern part of the state. It's unclear whether moose are native to Colorado. Moose were first introduced in the 1970's. Since then, their growth has exceeded expectations.
"To some extent it's taken us a little bit by surprise, at least a couple of our more recent transplants have reached the objective we want to maintain much more quickly than we anticipated," he says.
Part of the reason moose are multiplying quickly is because of habitats in good condition and favorable weather. It's not the case in other parts of the country.
Minnesota Public Radio reports the moose population there dropped so steeply, moose hunting season was canceled this year. Climate change, disease, parasites and a changing habitat have been cited as possible reasons for the decline. Meanwhile, in the Rocky Mountain West, Montana and Wyoming have also seen shrinking numbers of moose.
One herd in southwestern Colorado has seen a lower rate of growth relative to the more northern herds. But, overall, Colorado is escaping the trend of declining moose.
Kevin Wright hikes up a trail in the Maroon Valley outside of Aspen, where he saw a moose. He manages wildlife in the Aspen area for Parks and Wildlife.
"I was on horseback, so I was actually fairly close, probably within 50 yards, and we just stopped and held our ground and stayed really still and she came up and looked at us," he says.
In the Maroon Valley alone, about five moose forage on grass and take shade in spruce fir forests. Wright estimates between 20 and 30 moose have made their way into the Roaring Fork Valley.
With more moose comes more problems, says Wright. People often get too close.
"What we have trouble with is everyone trying to get closer and closer and closer to get that photograph opportunity and that's the worst thing in the world you can do. If you get too close, especially with a cow and a calf, she'll pin her ears back and she'll charge."
In June, a woman was charged by a moose in Grand Lake. She was walking her dog and got as close as 10 feet from the moose and its calf. Wright says people should keep such incidents in mind because the moose don't appear to be going away anytime soon.

subset: commoncrawl


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ANAHEIM, Calif. –It's the season for celebrations as Holidays at the Disneyland Resort launches Nov. 10, inviting family and friends to make magical memories together. This year, guests will have even more to celebrate as they discover the new Festival of Holidays, with music, dance, food and heartwarming holiday festivities inspired by cultural traditions from around the world.
Also new for the season is the holiday-themed "World of Color—Season of Light," a nighttime water spectacular that will inspire guests with cherished holiday music and treasured Disney animation. This fourth all-new production of "World of Color" creates a sparkling winter fantasy with magical storytelling, brilliant lights, lasers and high-definition projectors, along with fountains that shoot as high as 200 feet to create the giant screens of water.
Princess Elena of Avalor also makes her debut at the Disneyland Resort during Festival of Holidays, performing in a colorful cavalcade.
Holidays at the Disneyland Resort is a time many guests celebrate as an annual tradition, visiting the parks for Disney-themed treats, snowfall on Main Street U.S.A., the glistening décor and holiday entertainment. This year, guests will find Santa Claus in a fun, new location at Disney California Adventure Park, at Redwood Creek Challenge Trail, and guests at Disneyland Park will enjoy the one-of-a-kind transformations that create "it's a small world" Holiday, Jingle Cruise and Haunted Mansion Holiday. Now celebrating its 20th holiday season, "it's a small world" Holiday has added some "Hidden 20s" for guests to discover on their voyage.
At Disney California Adventure Park
- The new Festival of Holidays celebrates holiday festivities of diverse cultures with music, dance and craft-making, plus food at the Festive Foods Marketplace. The daily lineup of entertainment includes nearly 50 performances of nine unique shows, with special Disney characters, street parties, cavalcades, musical ensembles and dance performances. The celebrations include Diwali, Hanukkah, Kwanzaa, Christmas/Navidad and Three Kings Day. Guests can look for performances of traditional Indian dance that builds to a Bollywood party, a Klezmer band with a new global sound, the Mariachi Divas and an a cappella vocal group that puts an R&B spin on holiday songs.
- Princess Elena, the first Disney Princess inspired by diverse Latin American cultures, will make her Disneyland Resort debut as part of the Festival of Holidays. She will perform a song in "Princess Elena's Musical Grand Arrival," and she will appear at a character greeting location. Guests will recognize this brave and adventurous teenager from the Disney Channel series "Elena of Avalor."
- The popular Disney ¡Viva Navidad! also returns as part of the fun at Festival of Holidays, with a wonderful finale to celebrate Three Kings Day (Dia de los Reyes). The special festivities for Three Kings Day will run Jan. 5-8, 2017, including music and storytelling in Paradise Garden. Treats for this holiday will include traditional Rosca de Reyes bread.
- "World of Color – Season of Light" brings the warmth and heartfelt spirit of the holidays to this stunning, nighttime water spectacular, with its 1,200 powerful fountains shooting water as high as 200 feet to help tell the story. The show's musical soundtrack features some well-known musical artists performing popular holiday tunes, including "Let it Snow" by Dean Martin and "Baby, It's Cold Outside" by Michael Buble and Idina Menzel. With classic holiday music, humor and memorable moments from Disney animated films, this becomes an ideal way for guests to conclude their holiday visit.
- Jolly old St. Nick arrives at Redwood Creek Challenge Trail for Santa's Holiday Visit. His joyful elves have transformed the trail into a magical playground of holiday fun and games, including opportunities for guests to join the ranks of Santa's elves.
- The residents of Cars Land decorate for the holidays, beginning with a whimsical "snowcar" that greets guests on the road to Radiator Springs. Each address along Route 66–from Flo's V-8 Café to Luigi's Casa della Tires–features holiday décor that reflects the personality of the "Cars" character who lives there.
- "a bug's land" transforms for the holidays, too, as Flik and his bug friends deck their land with oversized lights and ornaments.
- A dazzling, 50-foot Christmas tree adorns Carthay Circle, drawing guests into the holiday magic along Buena Vista Street. The tree and surrounding buildings, inspired by Los Angeles as it appeared when Walt Disney arrived in the 1920s, create scenes of another era with vintage-style decor.
At Disneyland Park
- Disney characters celebrate the season in "A Christmas Fantasy" parade, a daily procession with floats, music, marching "tin soldiers" and holiday cheer. Santa, who makes a jolly appearance in the parade, also will be found welcoming guests at his special location in Critter Country while he visits Disneyland.
- The classic Sleeping Beauty's Winter Castle brightens the park nightly with magical snowfall moments along Main Street, U.S.A., concluding with "Believe … in Holiday Magic" fireworks and its stirring snowfall finale.
- Twinkling lights, festive holiday garland and nearly 1,800 ornaments decorate the soaring Christmas tree in Town Square, Main Street, U.S.A., an ideal place for guests to begin their holiday traditions. The Christmas tree becomes an enchanting place for guests to take their holiday photos, up close or with all 60 feet of the shimmering tree.
- On Friday, Nov. 18, guests and cast members in Disneyland will celebrate the birthday of Mickey Mouse, applauding him as he appears in a special birthday cavalcade preceding "A Christmas Fantasy"
- Disneyland guests definitely will want to experience the popular seasonal transformations of these park attractions:
- "it's a small world" becomes "it's a small world" Holiday for the 20th time, celebrating children around the world and the distinctive holiday traditions of their nations. (The Holiday theme debuted in 1997.)
- Haunted Mansion becomes Haunted Mansion Holiday, with Jack Skellington and his friends from Tim Burton's "The Nightmare Before Christmas" causing a collision between Christmas and Halloween.
- Jungle Cruise is transformed into Jingle Cruise, as the jungle skippers gather jettisoned holiday gifts and decorations to brighten the rugged landscapes surrounding their riverboats.
The Downtown Disney shopping, dining and entertainment district and the Hotels of the Disneyland Resort join in the holiday festivities with twinkling lights and ornaments, holiday displays, special entertainment and holiday dining with themed menus. One highlight is the gingerbread house in the lobby of Disney's Grand Californian Hotel & Spa. Designed to resemble the exterior of the hotel itself, the gingerbread house stands 7 feet six inches tall and 12 feet wide. Holiday snacks, cider and hot chocolate are sold from a window in the gingerbread house.
Haunted Mansion Holiday inspired by "Tim Burton's The Nightmare Before Christmas."
– See more at: http://disneylandnews.com/2016/11/04/disneyland-resort-celebrates-the-holidays-with-new-fun-and-entertainment-including-festival-of-holidays-the-nighttime-spectacular-world-of-color-season-of-light-and-the-de/#sthash.CBdtRvcz.dpuf


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Landscape Maintenance, Construction & Water Conservation Services
Recent Projects
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Watch PBS "Things Green" - Indian Ridge Turf Conversion 2017
Client Testimonials
"Each week my daughter and I visit our neighborhood back located in Monticello in La Quinta. I regularly see your trucks and employees servicing our park and appreciate the care and...
Jonna S., Resident - La Quinta
Working with Conserve has been an incredible experience. This is quite a challenging property. There's a lot of different topography and geography. We had some major grading and drainage issues...
Ellen Kahhan, Community Association Manager, Laguna De La Paz


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The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) applies detailed provisions to ensure that personal data – i.e. any data relating to an identifiable person – is properly processed and kept secure, and imposes a significant compliance regime on those who hold such data.
Key to the GDPR is the concept of 'data protection by design', so that data protection risks are considered at all steps of data handling and storage.
The GDPR builds on the existing data protection principles, as set out in the Data Protection Act 1998 (which has now been updated with a broader and stricter Data Protection Act 2018), but also makes significant changes, imposing stricter rules concerning the holding and management of data and also the use of personal data for commercial purposes. There are substantial rights given to individuals as to how information about them is collected and held.
The key principles are that the processing of personal data must be lawful, fair and transparent. This means that only the minimum necessary amount of personal data must be collected and only for specified, explicit and legitimate purposes. The data must be accurate and kept up to date, with access to it and use of it restricted to only those personnel who are necessary for the purpose, and it must be retained for no longer than is necessary and kept secure.
The most significant addition is the 'accountability principle', whereby data controllers must keep records to demonstrate how they comply with the data protection principles – for example by documenting the decisions taken about a processing activity.
The ICO's office has published a guide and checklist for complying with the GDPR. The requirements are substantial for organisations of all sizes and the potential fines for failure to adhere to data protection law are extremely severe.


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See what our Durham customers are saying about us:
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I recommend ClearDefense Pest Control to EVERYONE! They ROCK!"
— Molly S.Full Review
"John-Mark with ClearDefense Pest Control came by the house to do our quarterly inspection a couple of nights ago. He was courteous, helpful and very thorough. He listened to and addressed any concerns I had, and took the time to check the entire perimeter of the house to ensure that the pest control was working effectively."
— Jamie R.Full Review
"I called ClearDefense Pest Control to help with a spider invasion and Josh W. came out the next morning. I am pleased with the care he took of our home. He was courteous and friendly and answered any questions I had."
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Contact Us to Schedule Your Service


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The reactors, in which chemicals are made in industry, vary in size from a few cm3 to the vast structures that are often depicted in photographs of industrial plants. For example, kilns that produce lime from limestone may be over 25 metres high and hold, at any one time, well over 400 tonnes of materials.
The design of the reactor is determined by many factors but of particular importance are the thermodynamics and kinetics of the chemical reactions being carried out.
The two main types of reactor are termed batch and continuous.
Batch reactors
Batch reactors are used for most of the reactions carried out in a laboratory. The reactants are placed in a test-tube, flask or beaker. They are mixed together, often heated for the reaction to take place and are then cooled. The products are poured out and, if necessary, purified.
This procedure is also carried out in industry, the key difference being one of size of reactor and the quantities of reactants.
Figure 1 Illustrating a batch reactor.
Following reaction, the reactor is cleaned ready for another batch of reactants to be added.
Batch reactors are usually used when a company wants to produce a range of products involving different reactants and reactor conditions. They can then use the same equipment for these reactions.
Examples of processes that use batch reactors include the manufacture of colorants and margarine.
Continuous reactors
An alternative to a batch process is to feed the reactants continuously into the reactor at one point, allow the reaction to take place and withdraw the products at another point. There must be an equal flow rate of reactants and products. While continuous reactors are rarely used in the laboratory, a water-softener can beregarded as an example of a continuous process. Hard water from the mains is passed through a tube containing an ion-exchange resin. Reaction occurs down the tube and soft water pours out at the exit.
Figure 3 Illustrating a continuous reactor.
Continuous reactors are normally installed when large quantities of a chemical are being produced. It is important that the reactor can operate for several months without a shutdown.
The residence time in the reactor is controlled by the feed rate of reactants to the reactor. For example, if a reactor has a volume of 20 m3 and the feed rate of reactants is 40 m3 h-1 the residence time is 20 m3 /40 m3 h-1 = 0.5 h. It is simple to control accurately the flow rate of reactants. The volume is fixed and therefore the residence time in the reactor is also well controlled.
The product tends to be of a more consistent quality from a continuous reactor because the reaction parameters (e.g. residence time, temperature and pressure) are better controlled than in batch operations.
They also produce less waste and require much lower storage of both raw materials and products resulting in a more efficient operation. Capital costs per tonne of product produced are consequently lower. The main disadvantage is their lack of flexibility as once the reactor has been built it is only in rare cases that it can be used to perform a different chemical reaction.
Types of continuous reactors
Industry uses several types of continuous reactors.
(a) Tubular reactors
In a tubular reactor, fluids (gases and/or liquids) flow through it at high velocities. As the reactants flow, for example along a heated pipe, they are converted to products (Figure 4). At these high velocities, the products are unable to diffuse back and there is little or no back mixing. The conditions are referred to as plug flow. This reduces the occurrence of side reactions and increases the yield of the desired product.
With a constant flow rate, the conditions at any one point remain constant with time and changes in time of the reaction are measured in terms of the position along the length of the tube.
The reaction rate is faster at the pipe inlet because the concentration of reactants is at its highest and the reaction rate reduces as the reactants flow through the pipe due to the decrease in concentration of the reactant.
Tubular reactors are used, for example, in the steam cracking of ethane, propane and butane and naphtha to produce alkenes.
(b) Fixed bed reactors
A heterogeneous catalyst is used frequently in industry where gases flow through a solid catalyst (which is often in the form of small pellets to increase the surface area). It is often described as a fixed bed of catalyst (Figure 5).
Among the examples of their use are the manufacture of sulfuric acid (the Contact Process, with vanadium(V) oxide as catalyst), the manufacure of nitric acid and the manufacture of ammonia (the Haber Process, with iron as the catalyst).
Figure 5 Illustrating a fixed bed reactor.
A further example of a fixed bed reactor is in catalytic reforming of naphtha to produce branched chain alkanes, cycloalkanes and aromatic hydrocarbons using usually platinum or a platinum-rhenium alloy on an alumina support.
(c) Fluid bed reactors
A fluid bed reactor is sometimes used whereby the catalyst particles, which are very fine, sit on a distributor plate. When the gaseous reactants pass through the distributor plate, the particles are carried with the gases forming a fluid (Figure 6). This ensures very good mixing of the reactants with the catalyst, with very high contact between the gaseous molecules and the catalyst and a good heat transfer. This results in a rapid reaction and a uniform mixture, reducing the variability of the process conditions.
One example of the use of fluid bed reactors is in the oxychlorination of ethene to chloroethene (vinyl chloride), the feedstock for the polymer poly(chloroethene) (PVC). The catalyst is copper(II) chloride and potassium chloride deposited on the surface of alumina. This support is so fine, it acts as a fluid when gases pass through it.
Figure 6 A diagram to illustrate a fluid bed reactor. On the left hand side, the particles are at rest. On the right hand side, the particles are now acting as a fluid, as the gaseous reactants pass through the solid. |
Another example is the catalytic cracking of gas oil to produce alkenes (ethene and propene) and petrol with a high octane rating.
Figure 7 A catalytic cracker as used to produce alkenes from gas oil.
A silica-alumina catalyst is used but fine particles of carbon are rapidly deposited on its surface and the catalyst quickly becomes ineffective. The catalyst, still in the form of a fluid, is regenerated as it passes into a second vessel where it is heated strongly in air (sometimes with added oxygen) burn off the carbon (Figure 7) and then returned into the reaction zone and mixed with gas oil.
Figure 8 Part of the catalytic cracker at Fawley in the south of England.
1 Fractionating column to remove and recover the butanes
2 The catalyst regenerator
3 Fractionating column to remove and recover ethane
By kind permission of ExxonMobil and Pail Carter Photography.
These reactors are larger than fixed bed reactors and are more expensive to construct. However, it is easier to control the conditions and the process is more efficient.
(d) Continuous stirred tank reactors, CSTR
In a CSTR, one or more reactants, for example in solution or as a slurry, are introduced into a reactor equipped with an impeller (stirrer) and the products are removed continuously. The impeller stirs the reagents vigorously to ensure good mixing so that there is a uniform composition throughout. The composition at the outlet is the same as in the bulk in the reactor. These are exactly the opposite conditions to those in a tubular flow reactor where there is virtually no mixing of the reactants and the products.
Figure 9 A line diagram illustrating a continuous stirred tank reactor.
A steady state must be reached where the flow rate into the reactor equals the flow rate out, for otherwise the tank would empty or overflow. The residence time is calculated by dividing the volume of the tank by the average volumetric flow rate. For example, if the flow of reactants is 10 m3 h-1 and the tank volume is 1 m3, the residence time is 1/10 h, i.e. 6 minutes.
Figure 10 A CSTR reactor, used to make poly(ethene) in bulk.
By kind permission of Total.
A CSTR reactor is used, for example in the production of the amide intermediate formed in the process to produce methyl 2-methylpropenoate. Sulfuric acid and 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanonitrile are fed into the tank at a temperature of 400 K. The heat generated by the reaction is removed by cooling water fed through coils and the residence time is about 15 minutes.
A variation of the CSTR is the loop reactor which is relatively simple and cheap to construct (Figure 11). In the diagram only one loop is shown. However, the residence time in the reactor is adjusted by altering the length or number of the loops in the reactor.
Loop reactors are used, for example, in the manufacture of poly(ethene) and the manufacture of poly(propene). Ethene (or propene) and the catalyst are mixed, under pressure, with a diluent, usually a hydrocarbon. A slurry is produced which is heated and circulated around the loops. Particles of the polymer gather at the bottom of one of the loop legs and, with some hydrocarbon diluent, are continuously released from the system. The diluent evaporates, leaving the solid polymer, and is then cooled to reform a liquid and passed back into the loop system, thus recirculating the hydrocarbon.
Heat exchangers
Most chemical reactions are faster at higher temperatures and heat exchangers are frequently used to provide the heat necessary to increase the temperature of the reaction.
A common heat exchanger is the shell and tube type (Figures 12 and 13) where one part of the process flows through a tube and the other part around the shell.
A good example where heat exchange is important is in the manufacture of sulfur trioxide from sulfur dioxide in the Contact Process where the excess heat is used to warm incoming gases.
The heat from the reaction is transferred to incoming gases across the tube wall (Figure 12) and the rate of heat transfer is proportional to:
i) the temperature difference between the hot gases and the incoming gases and
ii) the total surface area of the tubes
Figure 12 Illustrating a heat exchanger used in the manufacture of sulfur trioxide.
Thus the rate of heat transfer required will determine the size of the exchanger but when a chemical reaction also occurs in the exchanger (as in the case of tubular reactors ), it is important to take into account the residence time of the materials (whether they be gases or liquids) in the heat exchanger.
Figure 13 This exchanger is used for cooling product with water which enters the
shell side at 1 and leaves at 2. The product to be cooled flows through the
small tubes. The exchanger has been taken out of service to clean the tubes
to improve the efficiency of the cooling process.
Another example of a heat exchanger is the condenser at the top of a distillation column. Here heat from the vapour emerging from the top of the column is removed by, for example, cooling water. The vapour cools down and condenses and the temperature of the water increases.
Some developments
In the future many chemicals may be produced in reactors about the size of a large desktop computer, known as microreactors. The reduced size will lead to a reduction in capital costs and a reduction in the amount of chemicals in use at any one time, resulting in an inherently safer process.
The temperature can be kept constant more readily (as there is a much larger surface for a given volume). This allows for a very efficient heat transfer from the reaction to the surroundings even for very exothermic reactions such as the nitration of an aromatic hydrocarbon which can potentially be explosive.
There is considerable amount of research being carried out in developing microreactors. One example is the possibility of the direct conversion of benzene to phenol. A mixture of benzene and oxygen is fed through an alumina tube, packed with palladium at ca 350-400 K and hydrogen gas is passed over it.
Figure 14 A microreactor being used to produce phenol from benzene.
Hydrogen permeates through the alumina tube, and is converted to atomic hydrogen by the palladium catalyst. The hydrogen atoms react with oxygen, releasing reactive oxygen species, such as hydroxyl radicals, which in turn react with the benzene to form phenol.
Another development is known as oscillatory flow mixing. Chemical engineers are designing reactors where the fluids to be reacted are oscillated inside a reactor with baffles at frequencies between 0.5 and 15 Hz with amplitudes in the range 1 to 100 mm. This allows for very effective mixing of the reactants and also for heat to be transferred to the surroundings. This gives similar conditions to those in plug flow which are otherwise difficult to achieve with small quantities of materials.
Date last amended: 18th March 2013


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Then Mark discusses his problem with people in 2013 and their need to constantly think they have eveything figured out. He talks about a conversation he had with someone discussing the Afforcable Care Act and how the person was just uneducated about the helthcare legislation and everything surrounidng it. This leads to a conversation about this same mindset being prevalent in the conservative party and them being "google educated" about all the things they wanna dislike.
Finally, there is a little BNN (Bobby News Network) and a small discussion about the Richie Incognito deal and a New Mexico traffic stop stop that ended with a colonoscopy....A COLONOSCOPY! Also, the guys debut a new segement on the show called GAME ON/GAME OFF to hip you to new and interesting things while also telling you to quit doing dumb other things. Plus letters from the listeners and some interesting questions too. Its time for another awesome edition of THE Q...REAL RADIO, REAL HONEST!
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