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Sometimes it is necessary to move from one NNTP server to another. This happens very rarely, but perhaps you change jobs, or one server is very flaky and you want to use another.
Changing the server is pretty easy, right? You just change
to point to the new server?
Article numbers are not (in any way) kept synchronized between different
NNTP servers, and the only way Gnus keeps track of what articles
you have read is by keeping track of article numbers. So when you
change gnus-select-method
, your .newsrc file becomes
You can use the M-x gnus-group-clear-data-on-native-groups command to clear out all data that you have on your native groups. Use with caution.
Clear the data from the current group only—nix out marks and the
list of read articles (gnus-group-clear-data
After changing servers, you must move the cache hierarchy away,
since the cached articles will have wrong article numbers, which will
affect which articles Gnus thinks are read.
will ask you if you want
to have it done automatically; for gnus-group-clear-data
, you
can use M-x gnus-cache-move-cache (but beware, it will move the
cache for all groups).


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Willamette Valley Oregon
- Major Airports:
- Eugene (EUG)
- Portland (PDX)
- States:
- Oregon
160 kilometers of wineries, hills and historic towns
This is a place that beckoned to pioneers who trekked 2,000 miles to put down roots in this verdant land. Today, the spirit of those stubborn dreamers lives on at more than 250 wineries where winemakers craft award-winning pinot noir; at craft breweries, small distilleries and artisan cheese shops, where resident experts accept nothing less than the finest in food and drink; and out in the fields and forests and waterways that beckon to daring souls.
World-Class Wine
Take your time in the Willamette Valley; it's a place you'll want to explore. Wander down a back road to a family-owned winery, and don't be surprised if you learn that the server pouring your wine is also the vintner who made it. Two generations ago, visionaries reclaimed tumble-down orchards and neglected hillsides to plant grapes that took the wine world by storm. Today, award-winning wineries dot the valley, each with its own story. Sit back and savor a glass of world-renowned pinot noir while you look out over the vines that gave birth to the flavors in your glass.
The Finest Food and Drink
If you ask where to find the best local food and drinks in the Willamette Valley, don't be surprised if you get something more like a dissertation than a recommendation. "Local" is taken seriously here. Craft brewers use home-grown hops and barley in their distinctive Oregon brews. Farmers nurture grass-fed beef and sun-soaked berries; foragers hunt for wild mushrooms; and chefs take all this goodness and transform it into mouth-watering meals you won't forget. In wine country, you can visit picturesque farms, meet the growers, walk the fields and pick a basket of fresh produce to take home with you.
Renewing Recreation
Don't expect to sit still much when you're in Oregon Wine Country; there are just too many different ways to explore. Try cycling between vineyards along the Willamette Valley Scenic Bikeway or immerse yourself in the heart of the valley as you paddle the Willamette River, a nationally recognized water trail. Stop to smell the flowers, count the birds and study endangered butterflies as you hike through protected natural wildlife areas. Feast your eyes on ancient forests, rugged mountain peaks and heart-stopping waterfalls.
It's a varied land, a beautiful land, a land that's been tended by generations of individuals who are passionate about preserving its distinctive character and spirit. Savor the Willamette Valley, Oregon's wine country.
Fun Fact
Of the 6,140 hectares of vineyards in the Willamette Valley, 4,400 are planted with pinot noir grapes.

subset: commoncrawl


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Last night, I posted a few pictures of my chair-less classroom and had lots of questions about my setup. In response, this is a post about flexible classrooms, particularly flexible seating. I say that up front because I want to back up a bit so that you know where I'm coming from, but I promise I'll get there. Bear with me, will you?
I distinctly remember preparing for job interviews ten (really? TEN?) years ago and thinking about what I would say when asked about my strengths and weaknesses. They always ask about your strengths and weaknesses, don't they? I wanted to be prepared so as not to fumble for things. The word I kept coming back to was flexible. It was very important to me that I communicated my flexibility, because I lean quite a bit towards a Type A personality. I like things to be neat and organized and to look beautiful. I didn't want this aspect of my personality to make me come off as too rigid, because I knew even then that no teacher can survive without being flexible.
Fast forward to 2016, and I find myself continuing to deepen my understanding of what it means to be flexible. I believe that for flexibility to be transformative, we must make plans but not marry them. We must come to terms with the fact that the idea we have – no matter how perfect it may seem – is only one of many possibilities. It is so easy to fall into the trap of "This worked last year, so it's the best plan for this year," or "That's the way we've always done it," or even "If it ain't broke, don't fix it."
These are commonly used phrases, but what if everyone relied on this mentality? What if, for example, Steve Jobs had looked at a cell phone and said, "It ain't broke. Don't fix it." He wouldn't have been wrong. There was nothing broken about my Nokia brick phone in 2002 or even my bag phone in 1997. But it certainly wasn't much compared to what innovators like Steve Jobs believed it could be. It was he, after all, who said, "The people who are crazy enough to think that they can change the world are the ones who do."
I'm in the business of changing the world. We all are, aren't we? My classroom is such a tiny part of the world, but it matters. So, I am changing my classroom because I can't change the whole world in a day. I'm fully embracing flexible seating in a way that I never have before.
Last year, as I began experimenting with different seating options, I was amazed at how much more productive students were when they were in charge of choosing a spot that let them do their best work. I have always allowed freedom when reading or writing independently. Why did I think they needed to be sitting in desks and chairs for everything else? Why can't students choose their seat for the entire day? What might happen if their seat wasn't a seat at all, but a pillow, or a yoga ball, or a space with room to stand and move? At the end of the day, I couldn't come up with enough reasons NOT to try this out, so here we are!
My classroom currently has five different seating styles plus unlimited spots on the floor or counters (a student favorite!). Students may choose from a yoga/stability ball, a one-legged stool, a standing table, a pillow seat at a desk with no legs, or a camping style chair with a lap desk. Here is a view of my classroom from the door that shows all of the furniture-based seating options. (I have added two more yoga balls at the pair of desks in the back since taking this picture.)
I only have a few ideas in my head about how we will manage the seating. The rest will be decided as a class. Here is what I know for sure:
- All students will choose a new type of seat each day until everyone has an idea of which one suits them best. I am asking students to try each kind before choosing a favorite because I imagine that many of them will be surprised by how much they do/do not like a certain choice.
- All students have choice, but I reserve the right to help you make a better one. If someone chooses a seat that causes them to do anything but their best work, I will move them. This is not to punish them, but to emphasize that the whole point of flexible seating is to increase your comfort and productivity, not to bounce all over the room. This right to move you extends to any adult, especially substitute teachers.
- Students will make their choice at the start of class, and stay put for the day. The novelty factor is huge here, but I want to keep learning at the focus of my classroom, not swapping seats.
I have high expectations for my students' performance. Flexible seating doesn't change that. It enhances it. Engagement is increased when we are comfortable. Focus improves when the seat meets our needs. How many times have you been forced to sit through a training on an uncomfortable chair? It's all I can think about after a while!
As a bonus, here are a few other things that are an integral part of my classroom setup.
Community Supplies: I am a zealot for community supplies. I love how sharing behaviors are reinforced, I love that I can easily and quickly get supplies like scissors or glue sticks passed out AFTER giving directions so that students are digging in their supply bags for too many minutes, and okay fine, I LOVE HOW BEAUTIFUL THEY ARE, OKAY??
Blank Bulletin Boards: For all of the ways I love to decorate my classroom, my favorite kinds of bulletin boards will always be blank slate bulletin boards. We will fill these together with anchor charts, student work, or any other evidence of the learning that happens in our room.
Strong Organizational Systems: Whether it's a system for make up work (as seen above on the left side of the white board), for students leaving the room, for assigning jobs, or even for making sense of the chaos that is teacher cabinets, organization matters. The particular system being used is irrelevant – no one system is going to work for everyone – but having strong organizational systems in place makes every minute of the day run more smoothly.
Finally, here is the video I shared that led to this post. If you see something else in my room and have a question, just comment below! Most importantly, know that I am sending only the most positive vibes your way as you begin a new year!


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Character Bios
Meaning: devoted to the moon
Race/Species: Man
Type/Kind: 2nd age Numenoreans
1st (joint) King of Gondor
Lord of Minas Ithil
2nd King of Arnor and Gondor
Dates: II 3209 - III 2
father: Elendil, 1st King of Arnor and Gondor
Siblings: Anárion, 1st (joint) King of Gondor
Valandil, 3rd King of Arnor
"... And Isildur said no word, but went out by night and did a deed for which he was afterwards renowned. For he passed alone in disguise to Armenelos and to the courts of the King, which were now forbidden to the Faithful; and he came to the place of the Tree, which was forbidden to all by the orders of Sauron, and the Tree was watched day and night by guards in his service. At that time Nimloth was dark and bore no bloom, for it was late in the autumn, and its winter was nigh; and Isildur passed through the guards and took from the Tree a fruit that hung upon it, and turned to go. But the guard was aroused, and he was assailed, and fought his way out, receiving many wounds; and he escaped, and because he was disguised it was not discovered who had laid hands on the Tree. But Isildur came at last hardly back to Romenna and delivered the fruit to the hands of Amandil, ere his strength failed him. The the fruit was planted in secret, and it was blessed by Amandil; and a shoot arose from it and sprouted in the spring. But when its first leaf opened then Isildur, who had lain long and come near to death, arose and was troubled no more by his wounds."
The Silmarillion, Akallabêth
"Isildur took it, as should not have been. It should have been cast into Orodruin's fire nigh at hand where it was made. But few marked what Isildur did. He alone stood by his father in that last mortal contest; and by Gil-galad only Círdan stood, and I. But Isildur would not listen to our counsel.
"This I will have as weregild for my father, and my brother," he said; and whether we would or no, he took it to treasure it."
Book 2, Ch 2, The Council of Elrond, FoTR, LOTR
"Isildur himself escaped by means of the Ring, for when he wore it he was invisible to all eyes; but the Orcs hunted him by scent and slot, until he came to the River and plunged in. There the Ring betrayed him and avenged its maker, for it slipped from his finger as he swam, and it was lost in the water. Then the Orcs saw him as he laboured in the stream, and they shot him with many arrows, and that was his end."
The Silmarillion, Of the Rings of Power and the Third Age
[Gandalf said,] '... there lies in Minas Tirith still ... a scroll that Isildur made himself. ... Isildur described the Ring, such as he found it.'
The Fellowship of the Ring, LoTR Book 2, Ch 2, The Council of Elrond
"III 2: Isildur plants a seedling of the White Tree in Minas Anor. He delivers the South-kingdom to Meneldil. Disaster of the Gladden Fields; Isildur and his three elder sons are slain."
The Return of the King, Appendices, The Tale of Years
Loquacious 01.03.03.; Lyllyn 1.17.03; Added Scroll: Elena Tiriel 6.19.04; Marta - 16-Apr-2005


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Renewal of the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
Foundation for the NIH Announces Renewal of the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI)
Project Boosts Research Seeking Interventions for Alzheimer's Disease
BETHESDA, MD, October 21, 2010 — The Foundation for the National Institutes of Health announced today that the National Institutes of Health's Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) — the largest public-private partnership in Alzheimer's disease research — has been renewed for an additional five years.
The aim of the study expansion, called ADNI2, is to gain new insights into the onset and progression of Alzheimer's disease, with the goal of improving clinical trial design and aiding drug development. ADNI2 will seek to identify and track early changes in the brain before the onset of symptoms of Alzheimer's disease by using imaging techniques and biomarker measures in blood and cerebrospinal fluid.
"The study's chief goal is to identify biomarkers that recognize Alzheimer's disease at an early stage and monitor progression and response to treatment," noted Dr. Michael Weiner, ADNI Principal Investigator; Professor of Medicine, Radiology, Psychiatry, and Neurology, University of California, San Francisco; and Director, Center for Imaging of Neurodegenerative Disease, San Francisco Veteran's Administration Medical Center.
"This grant renewal will fund enrollment and continued measurement of more than 1,000 subjects including healthy elders, people with mild cognitive impairment, and patients with dementia due to Alzheimer's disease. The continuation of ADNI will accelerate the development of diagnostic methods and clinical treatment trials, helping to develop effective therapies to prevent Alzheimer's disease," concluded Weiner.
The Foundation for NIH's Pivotal Role
Some $62 million is expected to support ADNI2 over 5 years. The Foundation for NIH has raised more than $22 million in private-sector funding for the project. The National Institutes of Health anticipates providing $40 million over the course of ADNI2; $8 million was awarded to the project in FY 2010, with a further $32 million committed. Private-sector funding comes from diverse sources, including pharmaceutical, imaging and clinical trial management companies; not-for-profit organizations; and donations from individuals. Combined with the $27 million raised for ADNI1, nearly $50 million has been raised to date by the Foundation for NIH from the private sector toward these projects.
The National Institute on Aging (NIA), part of the NIH, directs the federal government's Alzheimer's disease research efforts and leads the ADNI study. "Extending ADNI promises to significantly advance how we track Alzheimer's disease and test potential treatments," said NIA Director Dr. Richard J. Hodes. "Enabling us to see in the living brain and identifying biomarkers that signal brain changes is revolutionizing the way we study Alzheimer's. This partnership is critical to the effort to combat Alzheimer's disease."
"The ambitious path to finding a cure for this dreaded disease is contingent on the proper pace of funding and commitment by the private sector to help to support this worthy endeavor, as corporate sponsors or individual contributors. Alzheimer's disease knows no boundaries and it doesn't discriminate," according to Dr. Scott Campbell, Former Foundation for NIH Executive Director and CEO. "The Foundation for NIH is pleased to facilitate the scientific and financial commitment of these diverse partners in ADNI and now ADNI2."
This expansion of ADNI allows for the recruitment of 550 new study participants and enables researchers to continue following people recruited during earlier phases of the study. "The ADNI partnership is built on the generosity of the study volunteers and their supportive families, who make this vital research possible," said ADNI Project Officer Dr. Neil Buckholtz, NIA Division of Neuroscience.
"We face a national epidemic of Alzheimer's disease unless there are significant advances very soon that make possible early detection of the disease and create effective treatments. We don't have these things now, and maintaining the status quo in research methods and funding will not give us these answers anytime soon. Fortunately, studies like ADNI and ADNI2 break the traditional mold and so may more quickly lead us to the breakthroughs we so desperately need," said Dr. William Thies, Alzheimer's Association Chief Medical and Scientific Officer.
"The innovative partnership and collaborative scientific vision at the heart of ADNI and ADNI2 are inspiring and will generate much-needed new knowledge of how Alzheimer's develops and progresses, and how and when we can intervene to stop it. The Alzheimer's Association's ongoing partnership in ADNI is strong evidence of our role as a catalyst and conveyor to advance Alzheimer research," Thies added.
Thus far, the Foundation for NIH has secured private sector commitments from Abbott; Alzheimer's Association; Alzheimer's Drug Discovery Foundation; Amorfix Life Sciences Ltd.; AstraZeneca; BioClinica, Inc.; Bristol-Myers Squibb Company; Eisai Inc.; Elan Pharmaceuticals Inc.; Eli Lilly and Company; F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd and its affiliated company Genentech, Inc.; GE Healthcare; Innogenetics, N.V.; Janssen Alzheimer Immunotherapy Research & Development, LLC.; Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development LLC.; Medpace, Inc.; Merck & Co., Inc.; Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation; Pfizer Inc.; Servier; Synarc Inc.; and Takeda Pharmaceutical Company. In addition, the Canadian Institutes of Health Research has committed funds to help support the ADNI clinical sites in Canada.
"Large-scale international partnerships are considered the most effective way to respond to imminent health issues such as Alzheimer's disease," said Dr. Rémi Quirion, Executive Director, International Collaborative Research Strategy for Alzheimer's Disease from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR). "Canadian experts and patients will greatly benefit from today's funding renewal in Alzheimer's research aimed at diagnosing this condition at an earlier stage by using imaging techniques."
Hope for the Future: A New Model of Collaboration
As budgets tighten in a world where clinical trials are the lifeline to the future, ADNI2 offers a new model for public-private cooperation and collaboration in a proven, pre-competitive environment. It includes idea and data sharing not possible in competitive environments. Since ADNI's launch in 2004, data have been posted to a publicly accessible database available to qualified researchers worldwide. More than 1,700 researchers have signed up for access to the ADNI database. The public sharing of data is fostering unprecedented collaborations among academics, government and industry researchers, resulting in over 170 published papers. ADNI data are also being used in numerous clinical trial and modeling efforts.
According to Dr. Steven Paul, Foundation for NIH board member and Director of the Appel Institute for Alzheimer's Research at Weill Cornell Medical College, "Tackling this worldwide epidemic requires the cooperation of a diverse group of partners involved in this project that are all working together to figure out how to eventually cure and prevent this devastating disease."
NOTE: Read the National Institute on Aging's ADNI release >>
About the Foundation for NIH
Established by the United States Congress to support the mission of the NIH—improving health through scientific discovery in the search for cures—the Foundation for NIH is a leader in identifying and addressing complex scientific and health issues. The foundation is a not-for-profit, 501(c)(3) charitable organization that raises private-sector funds for a broad portfolio of unique programs that complement and enhance NIH priorities and activities. For additional information about the Foundation for NIH, please visit www.fnih.org.
Press Contact:
Richard Folkers
Director of Communications
[email protected]
(301) 435-2613


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"This project is about my relationship to the passing of time measured in Polaroids. It charts change in my everyday life during a finite period -- specifically the duration the Earth took to orbit the Sun once."
>> Continue to the exhibit
>> View patterns in the photos
>> Watch a slideshow
>> Read more about 365plrds


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- Price $28,344
2024 Hyundai Kona SEL
Neoteric Yellow AWD IVT 2.0L I4 DOHC 16V
27/29 City/Highway MPG
Please contact us to schedule an appointment for viewing vehicles in-person; this is so we can make sure the vehicle is on-site and ready for you upon arrival. Tax, title, license, and dealer fees (unless itemized above) are additional. Must reside in North Central Region of Chicagoland/NWI District for applicable rebates & discounts. Some customers may not qualify. Some pricing is not available with leases and some other offers. Prices are subject to change without notice. We reserve the right for typographical errors on this website/emails & will do our best to make sure all prices and information is correct. All trademarks and logos are copyrighted to their respectable owners. Website product images are meant only for an indication of product look, images may not represent the actual product. Contact WEBB Auto Group for all the details. Webb Hyundai Merrillville goes the extra mile for you! Conveniently located on Rt. 30 just west of I-65, we primarily serve Crown Point, Chicago, Gary, Dyer, Lowell, Cedar Lake, & Demotte. Webb Hyundai Merrillville is a new and used car dealership located on 81st Ave in Merrillville, IN. Webb Hyundai Merrillville carries a wide selection of new, used, and certified pre-owned cars, trucks, SUVs, and vans. Excellent financing and leasing options available. Some vehicles may be in transit and therefore may vary from the exact model that will be delivered to our dealership due to port installed or dealer installed options. Contact the dealer for additional information. Contact WEBB Auto Group for all the details.


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Super Bulky Superwash Merino Yarn - 028
Super-Big 200 Grams skeins! Super Bulky, Superwash Merino yarn is super-soft, super-quick, super-bulky with super-easy care!
Each skein is hand-painted to make each project a unique joy to create!
The fiber content is also Super! Easy care 100% Superwash Superfine Merino and available in BIG 200 gram skeins with approx 142 yards (131 m) in 7 ozs.
Super Bulky works to a gauge of 7-11 sts = 4 inches (10 cm) on a US 11-17...but, there are no limits to your creativity! Put this on our 35 or 50 mm Knitting with Friends knitting needles and create a gorgeous piece in hours! No worries, this yarn can take the big stitches!
We accept, checks, purchase orders and all major credit cards
Low Prices and Worldwide Free or Discounted Shipping


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Anavar (Oxandrolone) 50 x 50mg
We rate this brand so high we are putting our name to it! definitely the gold standard.
Oxandrolone has a reputation of being Dihydrotestosterone and its effective benefits. It is a proper choice for both women and man bodybuilders due to it's relatively low androgenic based side effects. Especially for women bodybuilders, Oxandrolone is considered as the best steroid thanks to its virilization-friendy effects.
Oxandrolone is rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, resulting in a maximum plasma concentration between 30 and 90 minutes and a plasma half-life of about 9 hours. Oxandrolone has been given orally in the treatment of constitutional delayed growth and puberty in boys. Courses of treatment are short (about 3 to 4 months) because of the risk of epiphyseal closure. Oxandrolone has been prescribed to post-menopausal women in the treatment of osteoporosis. Oxandrolone is also under investigation in the treatment of Turner's syndrome in girls. As oxandrolone is C17-alpha-alkylated there is the potential for liver damage.
Oxandrolone has relatively low androgenic effects, with little aromatization in males. It has a reputation for increasing strength but not size. It is popular with women because of its low incidence of side-effects due to virilization, but some cases of facial hair growth and deepening of the voice have been reported for overdoses. Gastrointestinal irritation, including pain and diarrhea, are commonly reported side-effects in both male and female users.
As it is mentioned above, Oxandrolone is more effective on female bodybuilders than men. It is not common to use it for enhancing the mass of muscles. It is more proper to use it for cutting cycles among male bodybuilders. On the other hand, it is much more effective for females.


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The luxury cars or also the so called full-size cars have a growing popularity in Bulgaria and Europe in the recent years. With the growing length of the wheelbase among the full-size luxury sedan cars, the overall length of the vehicles has become one of the key factors in this segment. The most popular brands with traditions in this sector - Audi, BMW and Mercedes-Benz, are struggling to hold and expand their shares in this sector. Other car makers and car rental companies are pushing their newest full-sized models like Ford Mondeo, Renault Laguna, Nissan Maxima, Toyota Camry, Hyundai Sonata into the prestigious limousine sector on much more competitive prices.
In Stock


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Atelier Since 2012, Melbourne Australia
The Fold Grain Red pattern is inspired by the deep creases seen in discarded leather scraps awaiting re-use, now birthed to a bow like effect to decorate this architectural like design, expressing craftsmanship in handmade creation.
An internal foam layer, for added softness and 'fold' effect, converges with a folded external base. The sponged clutch pairs with an interchangeable fine leather strap, for short shoulder or handheld wear able to be removed for clutch wear or replaced with optional alternatives.
Crafted exclusively in Melbourne, from the finest Italian soft grain leather.
Delivered in an exclusive A-ESQUE cotton drawstring storage bag.
Shipping & Returns


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On Saturday afternoon, 100 Houston-area high school football players congregated at the Houston Methodist Training Center for the NFL PREP 100 Series presented by Under Armour.
The invitation only, one-day event is designed to maximize the athletic talent and enhance the personal development of high school student-athletes. Participants engaged in position-specific fundamental drills instructed by the NFL PREP 100 coaching staff comprised of former NFL players, including Andre Woodson, Jeff Blake and Roderick Cartwright.
PREP student-athletes were educated on key nutrition information by Gatorade, NCAA eligibility requirements, Character development led by NFL Ambassadors to develop them into the "Total Athlete of Tomorrow".


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Tag Archives: Pennsylvania
Gertrude Stein: Pittsburgh to Paris
May 9, 2012 850 Beech Avenue, Allegheny West. A two-story house, 5 windows on its front facade, 3 on the second floor, 2 on the first. A modest house, middle-class, no more. I remember this, of course, from The Autobiography … Continue reading
Posted in Africa, Arts communities, Modern art, museums, Paris, twentieth century art, Twentieth century literature, Visual arts
Tagged African masks, Allegheny West, Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas, blue period, California, Cubism, Gertrude Stein, La Femme au Chapeau, Leo Stein, Matisse, Metropolitan Museum, Michael Stein, Paris, Pennsylvania, Picasso, Pittsburgh, rose period
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Building a better collective memory
In your High School science classes you may have learnt Hooke's law, the law of physics which relates a spring's length to how hard you pull on it. What your High School science teacher probably didn't tell you is that when Robert Hooke discovered his law in 1676, he published it as an anagram, "ceiiinossssttuv", which he revealed two years later as the Latin "ut tensio, sic vis", meaning "as the extension, so the force". This ensured that if someone else made the same discovery, Hooke could reveal the anagram and claim priority, thus buying time in which he alone could build upon the discovery.
Hooke was not unusual. Many great scientists of the age, including Leonardo, Galileo and Huygens, used anagrams or ciphers for similar purposes. The Newton-Leibniz controversy over who invented calculus occurred because Newton claimed to have invented calculus in the 1660s and 1670s, but didn't publish until 1693. In the meantime, Leibniz developed and published his own version of calculus. Imagine modern biology if the human genome had been announced as an anagram, or if publication had been delayed thirty years.
Why were Hooke, Newton, and their contemporaries so secretive? In fact, up until this time discoveries were routinely kept secret. Alchemists intent on converting lead into gold or finding the secret of eternal youth would often take their discoveries with them to their graves. A secretive culture of discovery was a natural consequence of a society in which there was often little personal gain in sharing discoveries.
The great scientific advances in the time of Hooke and Newton motivated wealthy patrons such as the government to begin subsidizing science as a profession. Much of the motivation came from the public benefit delivered by scientific discovery, and that benefit was strongest if discoveries were shared. The result was a scientific culture which to this day rewards the sharing of discoveries with jobs and prestige for the discoverer.
This cultural transition was just beginning in the time of Hooke and Newton, but a little over a century later the great physicist Michael Faraday could advise a younger colleague to "Work. Finish. Publish." The culture of science had changed so that a discovery not published in a scientific journal was not truly complete. Today, when a scientist applies for a job, the most important part of the application is their published scientific papers. But in 1662, when Hooke applied for the job of Curator of Experiments at the Royal Society, he certainly was not asked for such a record, because the first scientific journals weren't created until three years later, in 1665.
The adoption and growth of the scientific journal system has created a body of shared knowledge for our civilization, a collective long-term memory which is the basis for much of human progress. This system has changed surprisingly little in the last 300 years. The internet offers us the first major opportunity to improve this collective long-term memory, and to create a collective short-term working memory, a conversational commons for the rapid collaborative development of ideas. The process of scientific discovery – how we do science – will change more over the next 20 years than in the past 300 years.
This change will not be achieved without great effort. From the outside, scientists currently appear puzzlingly slow to adopt many online tools. We'll see that this is a consequence of some major barriers deeply embedded within the culture of science. The first part of this essay is about these barriers, and how to overcome them. The second part of the essay illustrates these ideas, with a proposal for an online collaboration market where scientists can rapidly outsource scientific problems.
Part I: Toward a more open scientific culture
How can the internet benefit science?
How can the internet improve the way we do science? There are two useful ways to answer this question. The first is to view online tools as a way of expanding the range of scientific knowledge that can be shared with the world:
Many online tools do just this, and some have had a major impact on how scientists work. Two successful examples are the physics preprint arXiv, which lets physicists share preprints of their papers without the months-long delay typical of a conventional journal, and GenBank, an online database where biologists can deposit and search for DNA sequences. But most online tools of this type remain niche applications, often despite the fact that many scientists believe broad adoption would be valuable. Two examples are the Journal of Visualized Experiments, which lets scientists upload videos which show how their experiments work, and open notebook science, as practiced by scientists like Jean-Claude Bradley and Garrett Lisi, who expose their working notes to the world. In the coming years we'll see a proliferation of tools of this type, each geared to sharing different types of knowledge:
There is a second and more radical way of thinking about how the internet can change science, and that is through a change to the process and scale of creative collaboration itself, a change enabled by social software such as wikis, online forums, and their descendants.
There are already many well-known but still striking instances of this change in parts of culture outside of science [1]. For example, in 1991 an unknown Finnish student named Linus Torvalds posted a short note in an online forum, asking for help extending a toy operating system he'd programmed in his spare time; a volunteer army responded by assembling Linux, one of the most complex engineering artifacts ever constructed. In 2001 another young unknown named Larry Sanger posted a short note asking for help building an online Encyclopedia; a volunteer army responded by assembling the world's most comprehensive Encyclopedia. In 1999, Garry Kasparov, the greatest chessplayer of all time, played and eventually won a game of chess against a "World Team" which decided its moves by the votes of thousands of chessplayers, many rank amateurs; instead of the easy victory he expected, he got the most challenging game of his career, a game he called "the greatest game in the history of chess".
These examples are not curiosities, or special cases; they are just the leading edge of the greatest change in the creative process since the invention of writing.
Science is an example par excellence of creative collaboration, yet scientific collaboration still takes place mainly via face-to-face meetings. With the exception of email, few of the new social tools have been broadly adopted by scientists, even though it is these tools which have the greatest potential to improve how science is done.
Why have scientists been so slow to adopt these remarkable tools? Is it simply that they are too conservative in their habits, or that the new tools are no better than what we already have? Both these glib answers are wrong. We'll resolve this puzzle by looking in detail at two examples where excellent online tools have failed to be adopted by scientists. What we'll find is that there are major cultural barriers which are preventing scientists from getting involved, and so slowing down the progress of science.
A failure of science online: online comment sites
Like many people, when I'm considering buying a book or electronic gadget, I often first browse the reviews at amazon.com. Inspired by the success of amazon.com and similar sites, several organizations have created comment sites where scientists can share their opinions of scientific papers. Perhaps the best-known was Nature's 2006 trial of open commentary on papers undergoing peer review at Nature. The trial was not a success. Nature's final report terminating the trial explained:
There was a significant level of expressed interest in open peer review… A small majority of those authors who did participate received comments, but typically very few, despite significant web traffic. Most comments were not technically substantive. Feedback suggests that there is a marked reluctance among researchers to offer open comments.
The Nature trial is just one of many attempts at comment sites for scientists. The earliest example I'm aware of is the Quick Reviews site, built in 1997, and discontinued in 1998. Physics Comments was built a few years later, and discontinued in 2006. A more recent site, Science Advisor, is still active, but has more members (1139) than reviews (1008). It seems that people want to read reviews of scientific papers, but not write them [2].
The problem all these sites have is that while thoughtful commentary on scientific papers is certainly useful for other scientists, there are few incentives for people to write such comments. Why write a comment when you could be doing something more "useful", like writing a paper or a grant? Furthermore, if you publicly criticize someone's paper, there's a chance that that person may be an anonymous referee in a position to scuttle your next paper or grant application.
To grasp the mindset here, you need to understand the monklike intensity that ambitious young scientists bring to the pursuit of scientific publications and grants. To get a position at a major University the most important thing is an impressive record of scientific papers. These papers will bring in the research grants and letters of recommendation necessary to be hired. Competition for positions is so fierce that 80 hour plus work weeks are common. The pace relaxes after tenure, but continued grant support still requires a strong work ethic. It's no wonder people have little inclination to contribute to the online comment sites.
The contrast between the science comment sites and the success of the amazon.com reviews is stark. To pick just one example, you'll find
approximately 1500 reviews of Pokemon products at amazon.com, more than the total number of reviews on all the scientific comment sites I described above. The disincentives facing scientists have led to a ludicrous situation where popular culture is open enough that people feel comfortable writing Pokemon reviews, yet scientific culture is so closed that people will not publicly share their opinions of scientific papers. Some people find this contrast curious or amusing; I believe it signifies something seriously amiss with science, something we need to understand and change.
A failure of science online: Wikipedia
Wikipedia is a second example where scientists have missed an opportunity to innovate online. Wikipedia has a vision statement to warm a scientist's heart: "Imagine a world in which every single human being can freely share in the sum of all knowledge. That's our commitment." You might guess Wikipedia was started by scientists eager to collect all of human knowledge into a single source. In fact, Wikipedia's founder, Jimmy Wales, had a background in finance and as a web developer for an "erotic search engine", not in science. In the early days few established scientists were involved. Just as for the scientific comment sites, to contribute aroused suspicion from colleagues that you were wasting time that could be spent writing papers and grants.
Some scientists will object that contributing to Wikipedia isn't really science. And, of course, it's not if you take a narrow view of what science is, if you've bought into the current game, and take it for granted that science is only about publishing in specialized scientific journals. But if you take a broader view, if you believe science is about discovering how the world works, and sharing that understanding with the rest of humanity, then the lack of early scientific support for Wikipedia looks like an opportunity lost. Nowadays, Wikipedia's success has to some extent legitimized contribution within the scientific community. But how strange that the modern day Library of Alexandria had to come from outside academia.
The challenge: achieving extreme openness in science
These failures of science online are all examples where scientists show a surprising reluctance to share knowledge that could be useful to others. This is ironic, for the value of cultural openness was understood centuries ago by many of the founders of modern science; indeed, the journal system is perhaps the most open system for the transmission of knowledge that could be built with 17th century media. The adoption of the journal system was achieved by subsidizing scientists who published their discoveries in journals. This same subsidy now inhibits the adoption of more effective technologies, because it continues to incentivize scientists to share their work in conventional journals, and not in more modern media.
The situation is analogous to the government subsidies for corn-based ethanol in the United States. In the early days these seemed to many people to be a good idea, encouraging the use of what people hoped would be a more efficient fuel. But now we understand that there are more energy-efficient alternatives, such as grass-based cellulose ethanol. Unfortunately, the subsidies for corn-based ethanol are still in place, and now inhibit the adoption of the more efficient technologies.
We should aim to create an open scientific culture where as much information as possible is moved out of people's heads and labs, onto the network, and into tools which can help us structure and filter the information. This means everything – data, scientific opinions, questions, ideas, folk knowledge, workflows, and everything else – the works. Information not on the network can't do any good.
Ideally, we'll achieve a kind of extreme openness. This means: making many more types of content available than just scientific papers; allowing creative reuse and modification of existing work through more open licensing and community norms; making all information not just human readable but also machine readable; providing open APIs to enable the building of additional services on top of the scientific literature, and possibly even multiple layers of increasingly powerful services. Such extreme openness is the ultimate expression of the idea that others may build upon and extend the work of individual scientists in ways they themselves would never have conceived.
The challenge of achieving a more open culture is also being confronted in popular culture. People such as Richard Stallman, Lawrence Lessig, Yochai Benkler, Cory Doctorow, and many others have described the benefits openness brings in a networked world, and developed tools such as Creative Commons licensing and free and open source software to help promote a more open culture, and fight the forces inhibiting it. As we have seen, however, science faces a unique set of forces that inhibit open culture – the centuries-old subsidy of old ways of sharing knowledge – and this requires a new understanding of how to overcome those forces.
How can we open up scientific culture?
To create an open scientific culture that embraces new online tools, two challenging tasks must be achieved: (1) build superb online tools; and (2) cause the cultural changes necessary for those tools to be accepted. The necessity of accomplishing both these tasks is obvious, yet projects in online science often focus mostly on building tools, with cultural change an afterthought. This is a mistake, for the tools are only part of the overall picture. It took just a few years for the first scientific journals (a tool) to be developed, but many decades of cultural change before journal publication was accepted as the gold standard for judging scientific contributions.
None of this is to discount the challenge of building superb online tools. To develop such tools requires a rare combination of strong design and technical skills, and a deep understanding of how science works. The difficulty is compounded because the people who best understand how science works are scientists themselves, yet building such tools is not something scientists are typically encouraged or well suited to do. Scientific institutions reward scientists for making discoveries within the existing system of discovery; there is little place for people working to change that system. A technologically-challenged Head of Department is unlikely to look kindly on a scientist who suggests that instead of writing papers they'd like to spend their research time developing general-purpose tools to improve how science is done.
What about the second task, achieving cultural change? As any revolutionary can attest, that's a tough order. Let me describe two strategies that have been successful in the past, and that offer a template for future success.
The first is a top-down strategy that has been successfully used by the open access (OA) movement [3]. The goal of the OA movement is to make scientific research freely available online to everyone in the world. It's an inspiring goal, and the OA movement has achieved some amazing successes. Perhaps most notably, in April 2008 the US National Institutes of Health (NIH) mandated that every paper written with the support of their grants must eventually be made open access. The NIH is the world's largest grant agency; this decision is the scientific equivalent of successfully storming the Bastille.
The second strategy is bottom-up. It is for the people building the new online tools to also develop and boldly evangelize ways of measuring the contributions made with the tools. To understand what this means, imagine you're a scientist sitting on a hiring committee that's deciding whether or not to hire some scientist. Their curriculum vitae reports that they've helped build an open science wiki, and also write a blog. Unfortunately, the committee has no easy way of understanding the significance of these contributions, since as yet there are no broadly accepted metrics for assessing such contributions. The natural consequence is that such contributions are typically undervalued.
To make the challenge concrete, ask yourself what it would take for a description of the contribution made through blogging to be reported by a scientist on their curriculum vitae. How could you measure the different sorts of contributions a scientist can make on a blog – outreach, education, and research? These are not easy questions to answer. Yet they must be answered before scientific blogging will be accepted as a valuable professional scientific contribution.
A success story: the arXiv and SPIRES
Let's look at an example illustrating the bottom-up strategy in action. The example is the well-known physics preprint arXiv. Since 1991 physicists have been uploading their papers to the arXiv, often at about the same time as they submit to a journal. The papers are made available within hours for anyone to read. The arXiv is not refereed, although a quick check is done by arXiv moderators to remove crank submissions. The arXiv is an excellent and widely-used tool, with more than half of all new papers in physics appearing there first. Many physicists start their day by seeing what's appeared on the arXiv overnight. Thus, the arXiv exemplifies the first step for achieving a more open culture: it is a superb tool.
Not long after the arXiv began, a citation tracking service called SPIRES decided they would extend their service to include both arXiv papers and conventional journal articles. SPIRES specializes in particle physics, and as a result it's now possible to search on a particle physicist's name (example), and see how frequently all their papers, including arXiv preprints, have been cited by other physicists.
SPIRES has been run since 1974 by one of the most respected and highly visible institutions in particle physics, the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC). The effort SLAC has put into developing SPIRES means that their metrics of citation impact are both credible and widely used by the particle physics community. It's now possible for a particle physicist to convincingly demonstrate that their work is having a high impact, even if it has only been submitted to the arXiv, and has not been published in a conventional scientific journal. When physics hiring committees meet to evaluate candidates in particle physics, people often have their laptops out, examining and comparing the SPIRES citation records of candidates.
The arXiv and SPIRES have not stopped particle physicists from publishing in peer-reviewed journals. When you're applying for jobs, or up for tenure, every ounce of ammunition helps, especially when the evaluating committee may contain someone from another field who is reluctant to take the SPIRES citation data seriously. Still, particle physicists have become noticeably more relaxed about publication, and it's not uncommon to see a CV which includes preprints that haven't been published in conventional journals. This is an example of the sort of cultural change that can be achieved using the bottom-up strategy. In the next part, we'll see how far these ideas can be pushed in pursuit of new tools for collaboration.
Part II: Collaboration Markets: building a collective working memory for science
The problem of collaboration
Even Albert Einstein needed help occasionally. Einstein's greatest contribution to science was his theory of gravity, often called the general theory of relativity. He worked on and off on this theory between 1907 and 1915, often running into great difficulties. By 1912, he had come to the astonishing conclusion that our ordinary conception of geometry, in which the angles of a triangle add up to 180 degrees, is only approximately correct, and a new kind of geometry is needed to correctly describe space and time. This was a great surprise to Einstein, and also a great challenge, since such geometric ideas were outside his expertise. Fortunately for Einstein and for posterity, he described his difficulties to a mathematician friend, Marcel Grossman. Grossman said that many of the ideas Einstein needed had already been developed by the mathematician Bernhard Riemann. It took Einstein three more years of work, but Grossman was right, and this was a critical point in the development of general relativity.
Einstein's conundrum is familiar to any scientist. When doing research, subproblems constantly arise in unexpected areas. No-one can be expert in all those areas. Most of us instead stumble along, picking up the skills necessary to make progress towards our larger goals, grateful when the zeitgeist of our research occasionally throws up a subproblem in which we are already truly expert. Like Einstein, we have a small group of trusted collaborators with whom we exchange questions and ideas when we are stuck. Unfortunately, most of the time even our collaborators aren't that much help. They may point us in the right direction, but rarely do they have exactly the expertise we need. Is it possible to scale up this conversational model, and build an online collaboration market [4] to exchange questions and ideas, a sort of collective working memory for the scientific community?
It is natural to be skeptical of this idea, but an extremely demanding creative culture already exists which shows that such a collaboration market is feasible – the culture of free and open source software. Scientists browsing for the first time through the development forums of open source programming projects are often shocked at the high level of the discussion. They expect amateur hour at the local Karaoke bar; instead, they find professional programmers routinely sharing their questions and ideas, helping solve each other's problems, often exerting great intellectual effort and ingenuity. Rather than hoarding their questions and ideas, as scientists do for fear of being scooped, the programmers revel in swapping them. Some of the world's best programmers hang out in these forums, swapping tips, answering questions, and participating in the conversation.
I'll now describe two embryonic examples which suggest that collaboration markets for science may be valuable. The first is Innocentive, a service that allows companies like Eli Lilly and Proctor and Gamble to pose Challenges over the internet, scientific research problems with associated prizes for their solution, often many thousands of dollars. For example, one of the Challenges currently on Innocentive asks participants to find a biomarker for motor neuron disease, with a one million dollar prize. If you register for the site, it's possible to obtain a detailed description of the Challenge requirements, and attempt to win the prize. More than 140,000 people from 175 countries have registered, and prizes for more than 100 Challenges have been awarded.
Innocentive is an example of how a market in scientific problems and solutions can be established. Of course, it has shortcomings as a model for collaboration in basic research. Only a small number of companies are able to pose Challenges, and they may do so only after a lengthy vetting process. Innocentive's business model is aimed firmly at industrial rather than basic research, and so the incentives revolve around money and intellectual property, rather than reputation and citation. It's certainly not a rapid-fire conversational tool like the programming forums; one does not wake up in the morning with a problem in mind, and post it to Innocentive, hoping for help with a quick solution.
FriendFeed is a much more fluid tool which is being used by scientists as a conversational medium to discuss scientific research problems. What FriendFeed allows users to do is set up what's called a lifestream. As an example, my lifestream is set up to automatically aggregate pretty much everything I put on the web, including my blog posts, del.icio.us links, YouTube videos, and several other types of content:
I also subscribe to a list of about one hundred or so "friends" (a few are listed on the right in the screenshot above) whose lifestreams I can see aggregated into one giant river of information – all their Flickr photos, blog posts, and so on. These people aren't necessarily real friends – I'm not personally acquainted with my "friend" Barack Obama – but it's a fantastic way of tracking a high volume of activity from a large number of people.
As part of the lifestream, FriendFeed allows messages to be passed back and forth in a lightweight way, so communities can form around common interests and shared friendships. In April 2008, Cameron Neylon, a chemist from the University of Southampton, used FriendFeed messaging to post a request for assistance in building molecular models. Pretty quickly Pawel Szczesny replied, and said he could help out. A scientific collaboration was now underway. The original request and discussion is shown here:
FriendFeed is a great service, but it suffers from many of the same problems that afflict the comment sites and Wikipedia. Lacking widely accepted metrics to measure contribution, scientists are unlikely to adopt FriendFeed en masse as a medium for scientific collaboration. And without widespread adoption, the utility of FriendFeed for scientific collaboration will remain relatively low.
The economics of collaboration
How much is lost due to inefficiencies in the current system of collaboration? To answer this question, imagine a scientist named Alice. Like most scientists, many of Alice's research projects spontaneously give rise to problems in areas in which she isn't expert. She juggles hundreds or thousands of such problems, re-examining each occasionally, and looking to make progress, but knowing that only rarely is she the person best suited to solve any given problem.
Suppose that for a particular problem, Alice estimates that it would take her 4-5 weeks to acquire the required expertise and solve the problem. That's a long time, and so the problem is on the backburner. Unbeknownst to Alice, though, there is another scientist in another part of the world, Bob, who has just the skills to solve the problem in less than a day. This is not at all uncommon. Quite the contrary; my experience is that this is the usual situation. Consider the example of Grossmann, who saved Einstein what might otherwise have been years of extra work.
Do Alice and Bob exchange questions and ideas, and start working towards a solution to Alice's problem? Unfortunately, nine times out of ten they never even meet, or if they meet, they just exchange small talk. It's an opportunity lost for a mutually beneficial trade, a loss that may cost weeks of work for Alice. It's also a great loss for the society that bears the cost of doing science, a loss that must run to billions of dollars each year in total. Expert attention, the ultimate scarce resource in science, is very inefficiently allocated under existing practices for collaboration.
An efficient collaboration market would enable Alice and Bob to find this common interest, and exchange their know-how, in much the same way eBay and craigslist enable people to exchange goods and services. However, in order for this to be possible, a great deal of mutual trust is required. Without such trust, there's no way Alice will be willing to advertise her questions to the entire community. The danger of free riders who will take advantage for their own benefit (and to Alice's detriment) is just too high.
In science, we're so used to this situation that we take it for granted. But let's compare to the apparently very different problem of buying shoes. Alice walks into a shoestore, with some money. Alice wants shoes more than she wants to keep her money, but Bob the shoestore owner wants the money more than he wants the shoes. As a result, Bob hands over the shoes, Alice hands over the money, and everyone walks away happier after just ten minutes. This rapid transaction takes place because there is a trust infrastructure of laws and enforcement in place that ensures that if either party cheats, they are likely to be caught and punished.
If shoestores operated like scientists trading ideas, first Alice and Bob would need to get to know one another, maybe go for a few beers in a nearby bar. Only then would Alice finally say "you know, I'm looking for some shoes". After a pause, and a few more beers, Bob would say "You know what, I just happen to have some shoes I'm looking to sell". Every working scientist recognizes this dance; I know scientists who worry less about selling their house than they do about exchanging scientific information.
In economics, it's been understood for hundreds of years that wealth is created when we lower barriers to trade, provided there is a trust infrastructure of laws and enforcement to prevent cheating and ensure trade is uncoerced. The basic idea, which goes back to David Ricardo in 1817, is to concentrate on areas where we have a comparative advantage, and to avoid areas where we have a comparative disadvantage.
Although Ricardo's work was in economics, his analysis works equally well for trade in ideas. Indeed, even were Alice to be far more competent than Bob, Ricardo's analysis shows that both Alice and Bob benefit if Alice concentrates on areas where she has the greatest comparative advantage, and Bob on areas where he has less comparative disadvantage. Unfortunately, science currently lacks the trust infrastructure and incentives necessary for such free, unrestricted trade of questions and ideas.
An ideal collaboration market will enable just such an exchange of questions and ideas. It will bake in metrics of contribution so participants can demonstrate the impact their work is having. Contributions will be archived, timestamped, and signed, so it's clear who said what, and when. Combined with high quality filtering and search tools, the result will be an open culture of trust which gives scientists a real incentive to outsource problems, and contribute in areas where they have a great comparative advantage. This will change science.
Further reading
The ideas explored in this essay are developed at much greater length in my book Reinventing Discovery: The New Era of Networked Science.
Subscribe to my blog here.
Based on a keynote talk by Michael Nielsen at the New Communication Channels for Biology workshop, San Diego, June 26 and 27, 2008. Thanks to Krishna Subramanian and John Wooley for organizing the workshop, and all the participants for an enjoyable event. Thanks to Eva Amsen, Jen Dodd, Danielle Fong, Peter Rohde, Ben Toner, and Christian Weedbrook for providing feedback that greatly improved early drafts of this essay.
[1] Clay Shirky's "Here Comes Everybody" is an excellent book that contains much of interest on new ways of collaborating.
[2] An ongoing experiment which incorporates online commentary and many other innovative features is PLoS ONE. It's too early to tell how successful its commentary will be.
[3] I strongly recommend Peter Suber's Open Access News as a superb resource on all things open access.
[4] Shirley Wu and Cameron Neylon have stimulating blog posts where they propose ideas closely related to collaboration markets.


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text:
February 1970
When Aileen Tone went to live in Henry Adams' house on Lafayette Square, directly across from the White House, as the historian's "secretary-companion and adopted niece," she was thirty-four and lie seventy-five. Her job, as he used to put it, was "to keep him alive," for he had been very ill, and she succeeded for five years in it, from 1913 until 1918. The relationship between the old widower, an impatient perfectionist intolerant of the least sloppiness in thought or manners, and the beautiful, much-alive young woman was at first not easy, but the extraordinary devotion and understanding that existed between them triumphed in the end. Adams to Aileen Tone was always the great man, with the wisdom and knowledge of the noblest kind of philosopher, and she to him represented the beauty and grace, the feminine subtlety and sympathy, that he found indispensable to a civilized life. This Platonic union was to be closer than most marriages.
Adams, grandson and great-grandson ot American Presidents and author of the nine-volume History of the United States During the Administrations of Jefferson and Madison, occupied in his old age a unique position in Washington. Sought out by the many, he held himself aloof, limiting his company to those who would amuse him or to those (even fewer) who could give him insight in his incessant and ultimately obsessive quest for a scientific formula that would explain the history of man. He had given up writing history in the conventional sense, and, believing that his ideas were not fashionable, he had published privately for his friends, in 1904 and 1907, his two greatest works: Mont-Saint-Michel und Chartres and The Education of Henry Adams, the first a study of the unity of the twelfth century as expressed in the cult of the Virgin, and the second an autobiography to prove the inadequacy of his own—and his generation's—education in preparing them for the multiplicity of the twentieth. The popularity of these books today would have astonished him.
Not all admired him. To some he was moody and misanthropic; a rich, spoiled man who had to have his way in everything or else he sulked, a frustrated statesman who despised the world because he had not achieved its temporal as well as its intellectual honors. Rut to his family and intimates he was a cult, to American historians lie was a master, and to subsequent generations he has become a seer whose dark vision of our century has been terribly justified. Theodore Roosevelt, who sneered at Adams as a man who could only criticize and never act, seems superficial in contrast to him today. If Adams, as Justice Holmes said, liked to play the role of the wise and cynical old cardinal, sitting alone by the Ore and enjoying the fact that the world came to him without his going to the world, his cynicism has more to say to us today than Holmes's speeches on the need for war to keep a nation virile.
Childless, and a widower in early middle age, Adams was devoted to his own and his wife's nieces. The avuncular role appealed to him both as man and as writer. Nephews, he maintained, "as a social class" had given up reading, but nieces were different. The relationship between uncle and niece was "convenient and easy, capable of being anything or nothing, at the will of either party, like a Mohammedan or Polynesian or American marriage." He wrote Mont-Saint-Michael and Chartres as a series of talks by an uncle to a niece, either an actual niece or one who was willing, for the time, to be a niece in wish. Aileen Tone, as a niece in wish, was to bring to perfection a relationship that had begun as an only half-serious idea.
She met Adams through Airs. Banccl LaFarge and Airs. Ward Thoron, nieces of Mrs. Adams. As a member of the Schola Cantorum, Miss Tone had learned piano arrangements for old French songs, which she sang to Adams, who was fascinated. He found in their atonalities a possibility of recapturing the music of the twelfth-century poems that he so loved. He delighted in their unexpected conclusions. "They end with their tails in the air," he used to say. The friendship deepened. Adams became disturbed when Miss Tone was away. "Come back, poor wanderer!" he wrote lier in April of 191-', adding despondently: "But you won't." In September he wrote again: Truly come and bring me life in some form, for I perish. I am happy and content hut cannot honestly grumble, which is a sort of suffocation. I cannot truthfully care even about Theodore [Roosevelt] and shall have four long years to admire Mr. Woodrow Wilson. The world has gone to the devil, and I smile with content. I, too, have gone to the devil, (krnic and entertain him.
Their need was mutual. He wanted a companion to look after him; Mis» Tone had to support herself. It was agreed that she should become a permanent member of his household. At last lie was able to say to her: "You must write your mother and tell her you are never coming home." Hut, of course, she still had to visit Mrs. Tone in New York, and Adams was much fretted during these necessary absences. The following are excerpts from a series of notes he sent up from Washington: I have nothing to say. except that as soon as your mother is tired of you, I wish you would remember the next train. Like Richard, I make no reproaches, mais pourtant je suis seul. Comtesse Soeur , may you make all your family happy—don't neglect anyone—but by and by sing a Pastourelle for the poor Robin. … Of course without you I am quite helpless, and count the hours till you return. … Everything has stopped running since you went away. … Apparently Mrs. Tones' orders that I must not be disturbed are likely to end in my burial without clergy. Tant mieux . I don't really care. … Your letters are my only excitement. … Florence has gone to Florid. Her father is said to be dying. So am I! A lunch yesterday did it. You had better come soon if you want to see me first.
His prediction was humorous. Hc did not die for five more years. Aileen Tone survived him for more than half a century. In her little apartment on East Eighty-third Street in Manhattan, bzfore the mantel over which hung the beloved drawing of Adams by John Kriggs Potter (until it was taken oil by the Adams family to Quincy and placed in a dark room to prevent it from fading), she kept his image fresh. I remember, after the bombing of Hiroshima, her quoting from Adams' poem to the Virgin of Chartres: "Seize, then, the Atom! rack his joints." Scholars and biographers of Adams and of Adams' friends—Harold Dean Cater, Ernest Samuels, Leon Edel, Edward Chalfant—came to listen and to hear the past made vivid.
I had known her from my childhood, as a friend of my parents. She was always a very special presence, a reassurance that beyond the world of immediate experience, of schools and sports and parties, there existed a cool, calm layer of experience, both intellectual and emotional, that was there for the sensitive nostril, for the Oner discrimination. She did not turn away from life in the rough; lier broad and tolerant Catholicism always kept lier from that error. She simply pleaded for equal time for the exquisite, knowing that it did not take power or money or ambition to achieve it, but only a little patience, a little industry. She was a kind of lay priestess, with a wise, worldly side to hsr kindness and understanding. She put me in mind of an eighteenth-century French abbess, one who would know that life lias to be kept constantly fresh, constantly vivid, that one must never neglect one's mind or one s heart or one's clothes or one s accent or one's soul. Ailcen Tone stood for style in the deepest sense. Her God did not disdain elegance. If she was a living reproach to many of the vulgarities in American life, she was also an example of how simply they could be avoided.
In the last year of her life lier thoughts kept turning back to the summer of 1914. She had been with Adams and his niece Elsie in France at the outbreak of war. He had rented the Château de Coubertin just north of Paris, and there they were stuck without automobiles or horses until such time as they could arrange transportation home. Adams finally got hold of a horse that had not yet been fully broken and had it hitched to a carriage for the afternoon drive. His driver had been told by its owner that the creature must not be whipped, yet the first thing the idiot did was to strike it, and the little party was carried away at a gallop across country while Adams shouted with laughter. Somehow, as Miss Tone described that laughter, I had the feeling that it was the only laughter in France, the desperate, frustrated laughter of an old man who had survived to the Armageddon that he had predicted.
One day they explored a medieval tower in the neighborhood, and Miss Tone climbed to the top to see the view. Police arrived and booked the party of three as possible spies. At the station Adams became so indignant at the questions of the magistrate that he could no longer remember anything. Asked for his grandmother's name, he turned to Miss Tone and shouted: "What the devil was my grandmother's name?"
They finally went to Dieppe and thence to England, where they occupied Sir Ronald Lindsay's house in Stapleton in Dorset, walking in the countryside and haunted by the sense of distant battle. Henry James came down from London to spend the night, and he and Adams sat up late talking. Miss Tone, as she thought tactfully, absented herself, but the next morning Adams told her that she should have stayed. He made it very clear that she was never to leave him. The beautiful English fall, the peaceful fields and woods, the old, distinguished, talking men, the death of youth across the Channel—it was the leavetaking of two eras.
I wanted Miss Tone to write an account of her years with Adams, an'd for some time she played with the idea, but it at last became apparent that she would never do it. Then I suggested that we should simply talk about Adams and that I should record my impressions. But when I did this and showed lier my draft, she was distressed. "Because it's so wrong?" I asked. "No, because it's so right," she said sadly, "and I'm so wrong." She would not go on with our sessions. What I am sure disturbed her was the impression that she feared she might give of remembering too keenly the early difficulties of her position. Certainly it was not easy for a young and beautiful woman to enter the household of an ailing and unsociable old man, adored by a jealous family, and to adapt herself to the rigorous routine that he had long established. As will be seen, there were moments of loneliness and frustration. But to me these fragments show how both uncle and adopted niece turned their relationship into something extraordinarily beautiful. Let Miss Tone speak for herself. Here is a day in Adams' Washington household in 1913:
"We always walked for an hour before breakfast, which we ate on trays in the living room by a fire. Then old Dawson, Uncle Henry's coachman, brought around the purple victoria that had once belonged to Perry Belmont, and we drove to Rock Creek Park. Uncle Henry knew its every path and turn, almost its every tree and bush, and he would plan a different walk for each morning, telling Dawson exactly where to meet us and just what time we would be there. We never failed to emerge from the park at the appointed hour and place.
"Lunch was at noon, and afterwards Uncle Henry would sleep until three. That was the hour for correspondence. I wrote out his letters in longhand under his dictation and then read him the financial news from the New York Times . He was particularly interested in the price of gold, which played so large a role in his and his brother Brooks's Theories of history. On the dot of four Dawson would reappear with the victoria, and Uncle Henry would ask me if I had any errands or any calls to make. Sometimes, if I could think of none, we would simply sit in the stationary vehicle until he finally exclaimed, with a touch of impatience: 'All right, Dawson, to the river!'
"Oh, that river! I once protested to Uncle Henry that the air was so damp I thought we must be below sea level. 'But we are below sea level,' he replied.
"There were enormous compensations in life with a man of such wisdom and kindness and sympathy, but those afternoon drives were the bad part of my day. However, then came dinner, which Uncle Henry always made into a festive occasion. We dressed, even when alone—he insisted that I should have good clothes and look well—and there was always champagne, which lie would drink in such rapid gulps that I was sometimes afraid he would choke. 'It's the only way to taste good champagne/ he would retort if I protested.
"He never dined out, even when asked to the White House—Tm in bed with a nurse' was his invariable excuse—and he never asked people in, but he expected them to propose themselves. Young people were shy about this, but I soon learned to tell when he wanted company and would suggest to friends of my own, Robert and Mildred Bliss or Frank and Lily Polk, that they come in on a given night. In this way we had many pleasant parties. Uncle Henry was passionately curious to know what 'the young men were thinking,' but he could never bear to feel that they had come out of obligation to an old man. The impulse for the meeting had to be all on their part."
Miss Tone believed that one of Adams' great disappointments was that he did not appeal more to young men. He would have adored to have been surrounded by a crowd of disciples as was Justice Holmes, of whom in this respect he was very jealous. Judge Learned Hand told me once how vividly he remembered Adams' snort and his "Very interesting, very interesting" when Hand told him that Holmes was the man he admired most in the world. Adams' interest in young men, however, diminished if they had not come to the house to talk to him . Miss Tone did not have an easy time when her own friends came.
"I remember one awkward afternoon when a friend of mine from the British embassy called on me, and Uncle Henry refused to leave the room and was so icy that the poor young man never came again. Also, he hated to have me go out without him; if I cared about a party, I had to beg permission to attend. He would cross-examine me about my prospective host and hostess and why I wanted to go, and he could be very disparaging indeed when he wanted to be. But in the end he would always yield and say with a sigh: 'It seems I must send you forth, a dove from my ark.' The next morning, of course, he would want to know every detail about the party, who was there and what was said. He was quick to discover just how little he had missed."
Then there came the terrible day, the day on which the whole plan of their life threatened to crumble.
"One evening when some old but not very interesting acquaintances of Uncle Henry's had proposed themselves for dinner, the conversation was going very slowly. He was obviously bored, and rather thunderously silent, and I tried, in my nervousness, to save the party with small talk. The next morning in the victoria Uncle Henry said gruffly and suddenly: 'My dear, you were a bore last night.'
"I shall never forget the pain of that moment! To be called a bore, of all things! By Uncle Henry, who could never suffer bores! I was almost blinded by the soreness of it; I was like some desperate hurt creature; I even tried to get out of the carriage. Then Uncle Henry grabbed my wrist and said, very clearly and firmly: 'Listen to me, and I will tell you why you were a bore, and then you need never be one again. You were a bore last night because you talked about yourself. There! It's as simple as that! And now we shan't have to worry about it in the future.' "
Miss Tone was not possessed of independent means, and it had been understood from the beginning that she should receive a salary. She was always perfectly sensible and practical about such matters, but to Adams these considerations seemed to place a blot on their high friendship.
"My monthly paycheck was agony to him. He had a habit of keeping money in drawers all over the house, and on the day when my check was due he called me into his study and abruptly pulled open a drawer full of bills. 'Take it!' he exclaimed in the tone of one performing an impossibly distasteful duty. 'Take it all, I beg of you!' I insisted on taking only what was my due and proceeded to count out the correct amount. 'This is impossible,' he cried, and the next week he summoned his nephew Charles Adams from Boston to draw up a deed of trust. By the terms of this trust he gave me an income for my life, regardless of whether or not I should remain in his household. 'Now you are independent/ he told me with satisfaction. 'You can leave me tomorrow if you choose.' But if he offered me a world of liberty with one hand, I was glad that with the other he held me to his side. This may sound possessive on his part, and perhaps it was, but Uncle Henry was old and lonely, and I had come to him of my own free will. He was terribly conscious of the sacrifice that I might be making in choosing the life that I had chosen. 'When I first suggested that you stay/ he told me ruefully, 'I thought I had only a few months to live. And now, look what has happened. I go on and on."
Mrs. Adams had committed suicide in 1885, almost thirty years before Miss Tone joined Adams' household, but her memory was always present in the very absence of references to her. All Adams' family maintained a virtual conspiracy of silence on the theory that the subject was agonizing to Adams, that even a passing reference would cause him pain. Yet he and Miss Tone very frequently visited the tomb in Rock Creek Cemetery with the beautiful brooding statue by Saint-Gaudens. She felt that the silence was artificial, and at last she broke it.
"I said to him in the carriage: 'Uncle Henry, I cannot bear that we never mention Aunt Clover. Won't you tell me about her?' He said: 'My dear child, I should like nothing better.' We went back to the house, and he spent hours showing me photographs of his wife and pictures of things that they had seen together. When I asked him why he had never spoken of her, he said that he had been made to feel that any reference to her would be painful to his family."
In the last, long winter of Adams' life Miss Tone, constantly on duty, almost wore herself out.
"I was so tired that winter. I have never before or since been so tired. Elsie Adams used to say to me, 'Vous faites pitié.' She urged me to go away, but I knew that I could not, and I knew that Uncle Henry could not spare me. I can only hope that he did not know how tired I was. I tried so hard to conceal it. No, I do not think that he ever knew.
"But at last I did go away—just for a weekend. I had been asked to stay with Mr. and Mrs. Nelson Fell in Virginia. It was a small house party, and Mrs. Fell made such a point of my coming that I agreed to go. I worried about Uncle Henry every minute. Finally I became so nervous that I called the house in Washington. Elsie Adams answered the telephone and tried to reassure me about Uncle Henry. I told her I was coming straight home. She insisted that it was not necessary, but I came anyway. When I got to the house I hurried upstairs, where I found Uncle Henry sitting with Elizabeth Hoyt, who was reading aloud to him. I went straight over to his side and knelt down by the low chair and put my arms around him. He was a little man, you know, and I could feel his whole body trembling. 'Never leave me, never leave me,' he murmured, and I replied, 'I never will.' Two days later, when I went into his room in the morning, I found him dead."


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Since ancient times, drinking Chinese tea has been one of the most important activities to regulate the mind, nourish the nature and relax. In today's fast-paced modern society, it seems difficult to calm down and enjoy a cup of tea, which is even more unimaginable for today's young white-collar workers.
Suzhou KOUCHA Catering Management Co., Ltd. established the KOUCHA brand in 2016. Adhering to the brand concept of "Tea should be Chinese style", the founding team of KOUCHA is committed to creating a tea brand integrating traditional Chinese style and current trend, developing the market in the form of chain, creating a new tea brand containing National style culture, and leading a new tea brand. "KOU" comes from "cardamom years", which symbolizes youth, rebirth and hope. Just as KOUCHA hopes to inject this vigorous vitality into the traditional tea, and strive to create a new experience of tea consumption by colliding with the modern trend culture. KOUCHA hopes to convey its sincerity and enthusiasm for Chinese tea culture to every consumer.
"KOU CHA" image and store decoration are constructed by Chinese style image. Brand image logo comes from Chinese classical elements, because the positioning of milk tea drinks is highly consistent with Chinese classical culture, it is easy to cause psychological resonance of consumers. Secondly, the main colors of the brand space design are red, blue, gray and yellow, which are in line with the latest trend design concept, supplemented by various national fashion elements. In addition, various types of Chinese style murals and logo images are matched in the store to render the theme and form the street trend style.
As the pioneer leader of Guofeng tea, KOUCHA has created many original varieties, such as Bigen oolong, Yanyun Hongpao, Zhizhi series, xianguomanman series, etc., and is committed to presenting the classic tea fragrance from the world. With inspiration, design and new tea flavor in each product, KOUCHA continuously promotes Guofeng good tea with unlimited creativity. With natural tea, fresh fruits and vegetables, pure way, warm works and comfortable environment, we can create a way of life belonging to KOUCHA tea, so that every friend we meet can relax their nerves and show their best to life.
In terms of raw materials, the raw leaf tea is used to make the tea base, and the salty and sweet green root fruit and fresh wheat germ are used as ingredients. Other raw materials also need to be strictly tested, and only those meeting the standards will be used. This kind of painstaking effort is reflected in the product, which ensures the taste and quality of the product. On the external packaging, it is exclusively drawn by the independent designer of Hong Kong, and the style of customized illustration cup is updated every quarter to make the tea cup into the characteristic culture of KOUCHA. Each different cup not only has super high color value, but also has collection value and commemorative significance, forming a new type of tea with Chinese local flavor.
In the brand image design of the store, KOUCHA has the elements of flowers, trees, calligraphy and so on, which are integrated into the Chinese style, making it completely different from the common desktop, American, Japanese and the tea shops that can't see the style. At the same time, it also has upgraded Suzhou garden landscape elements and neoclassical Chinese style element design. It not only meets the high requirements of consumer groups for product quality and appearance, but also makes young consumers more willing to publicize in the circle of friends, making the impression of Chinese style of KOUCHA deeply in every consumer's heart.
Recently, KOUCHA has been on the NASDAQ screen in New York City. The NASDAQ screen in Times Square is known as the world's first screen. New York is an important financial and economic center in the world. Times Square is a world-class landmark in the center of New York City, integrating culture and finance. It has a history of more than 100 years. It is located in Manhattan, New York City, with more than 40 shopping malls nearby And theater, including ABC and many other world news media have studios and news centers here. Because of its world status and popularity, it is also known as "the crossroads of the world".
At present, Chinese tea culture should go abroad. Chinese tea culture has a long history. We should believe that it has a strong appeal and rich connotation, and it is a sunrise industry that can become one of Chinese traditional culture and go abroad. At the same time, we should turn the traditional fashion and trend into the national trend favored by young people to attract more people to like Chinese tea culture. Lin Jialiang, founder and CEO of KOUCHA, believes that consumers are changing, and the market will change accordingly. Brand of KOUCHA should take the Chinese style as the core, continuously improve and optimize according to the market feedback, and launch new products in different seasons to meet the diversified needs. Only in this way can consumers be moved and the brand be spread.


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Financial Services Careers for Women
We believe your personal life and your professional life should be in harmony. Explore a rewarding career in financial services and discover how you can gain financial freedom through your work.
As a Financial Services Representative, you'll have the ability to set your own schedule and define your financial goals as your business grows. This is a career that capitalizes on your strengths to help others as you fulfill your own personal and professional goals. With the training, in-depth resources, mentoring, and the corporate support you need to help you thrive and grow, you'll be in business for yourself — but not by yourself.
Hear From Our Women Financial Professionals


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Effie Turquoise Pendant
Product Description
This turquoise sterling silver snake coil pendant is handcrafted by Effie Calabaza. All jewelry comes with a certificate of authenticity.
Dimensions: Length - 1 1/2in. Width - 1/2in. Artist: Effie Calabaza Zuni Pueblo, NM -
- Actual colors of stones may vary due to the fact that monitors and browsers display colors differently. We make every effort to take our photos to reflect the true color of the stone, but please be aware that it may differ slightly from what you see on your monitor.
- Prices and product availability are subject to change without notice. In the event a requested item is unavailable, you will be contacted and a refund will be issued.
Return Policy


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From: Jerry
Dear Rabbi,Does the concept of a halo or aura around a person appear in Judaism?
The answer is yes. In Jewish mystical sources the Hebrew terms are "hila" (emanation of light) and "ohr hamakif" (surrounding/enveloping light). It's very interesting, in fact, that the terms for these concepts are nearly identical to the ancient Hebrew words. Halo is as in the verse "Hilo [His light] aley roshi [is upon my head]" (Job 29:3); and aura is as in the word "ora" which also means light.
The fact that we find illustrations of light surrounding the heads of holy people from different cultures seems to indicate that this is a universal phenomenon that reflects the spiritual elevation of a person and can be perceived by others. The depiction and description of aura is similar to this, although in a more varied and individual way.
However, Judaism offers the earliest and most intense description of the "hila" in the Torah's depiction of Moshe when he came down from Mount Sinai (Exodus 34:29). His face literally beamed rays of light [not horns! – an unfortunate myth based on the Septuagint's mistranslation of the word "karan" (radiated) as "keren" (horn)] — which were so intense and palpable that the people were blinded by the light and could only look at Moshe after he veiled his face. His "hila" was so brilliant that it could be perceived by all but viewed by none.
Similarly, ancient Jewish sources describe the pure, holy and elevated plane of a fetus in its mother's womb as G-d lighting a candle over its head while an angel teaches the baby the entire Torah. In this very spiritual state, while the soul is still greatly aglow with the light of the upper realms before becoming occluded by the material of this world, the fetus is literally a little bundle of light as its head is surrounded by the "hila" of the Divine Presence.
Many of the Jewish kabalistic texts are replete with references and discussions of the "hila" and the "ohr hamakif". They deal with the properties and intensity of spiritual light/energy and their colors, their causes and their differences and variations between different people. In general, the intensity and color of a person's "hila" and "ohr hamakif" are functions of his connection to G-d through the Torah and the mitzvot. An example of this is found in Rabbi Chaim of Voloshzin's "Nefesh HaChaim" (Gate 1, ch. 6):
"When a person fulfills all of the mitzvot in perfection, with all of their details in the plane of action, and infuses [this body of mitzvot with a soul of] intense purity and holiness of thought and intention, he rectifies [energizes/harmonizes] all of the upper worlds and realms which in turn reflect back upon him and infuse within all of his creative powers and limbs the elevated holiness of these worlds such that the Glory of G-d hovers around him constantly."
This is the source of the aura of light often perceived around the bodies of the righteous tzaddikim generally, and particularly glowing from their foreheads and faces, and on their hands which are the instruments of thought and deed respectively.


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Red PVC Glove
- 27cm & 45cm single dipped PVC for hand protection
- Cotton interlock inner
- Resistant to oils grease and chemicals
- One size fits all
Red PVC Glove
Delivery Time
All products ordered will be despatched within a 48 hour period. Our aim is to hold stock and have immediate access to most products on this site. Langys will advise by email or telephone any stock shortages or non availability. Allow 10 working days for delivery (depending upon address) from your order being dispatched.
Returns Policy
Goods may be returned for credit or exchange under the following conditions:
You must contact Langys by phone, fax or email to arrange for return. Returns (or notice of intention to return) will only be accepted within 7 days of your receipt of goods. All goods must be returned in original packing, unused and include details of the original invoice. Credit or exchanges will not be issued for damages occurring during the return of product to Langys. Delivery charges will not be refunded. All freight costs involved in getting the products back to Langys are at the customer's expense. All Goods must be securely packed to avoid damage during return. A written explanation for reasons for returns and contact information must be provided.
We're happy to answer any questions you have or provide you with an estimate. Just send us a message in the form below with any questions you may have.


text: Lancer set out to engineer a better magazine; one with the reliability of steel, durability of polymer and weight of aluminum – the L5AWM. The magazine design includes a one-piece, wrap-around steel feed lip assembly and an aggressive surface texture to create the ultimate hybrid magazine tough enough for military, LE and commercial use. The internal geometry of the Advanced Warfighter Magazine is a constant curvature utilizing a non-tilting follower for reliable feeding. The body and component materials are corrosion and chemical resistant, passing military chemical testing.


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Americana Floor Lamp
The Americana series was designed by Miguel Milá in the mid-1960s to pay tribute to George Hansen's 1950s lamp collection. The Hansen lamps are built around a rotating arm with a swivel in the middle, dividing the horizontal axis into two sections; as a result, the arm can rotate, be folded in or opened out from the centre.
The Americana series includes a table lamp, a floor lamp and a wall lamp.
Sale ends in {timer}
Product Description
The Americana lamp combines a smart articulated arm and the optimal height for reading, making it the perfect companion for your favourite armchair. It is complemented by a table and a wall version. All lamps feature a white linen lampshade and satin nickel structure with a rotating arm.
Please note materials shown on this website are representative of the finish to be supplied and may not indicate an exact match; some variation may occur.
Key Features | |
Dimensions - Americana Floor Lamp |
Base Diameter |
Height |
12.9" | 44.1" |
Wattage | Weight |
4.5W LED (recommended) or 60W (max) | 15.8 lbs |
Product Downloads
Manuals | Americana Floor Lamp Product Sheet (PDF) |
Technical | Assembly Instructions (PDF) |
Warranty | n/a |
Shipping Information
Shipping Overview
At this time we can only offer shipping and delivery to addresses within Canada. All sales are in Canadian Dollars. Federal and Provincial Taxes are based on the provincial ship to address.
All Ready-To-Ship products are typically shipped within 3-5 business days of your order, larger items will be delivered at no additional cost within 30 km (depending on the product) of our warehouse locations. For more information click here.
All Made-To-Order products ship directly from the manufacturers' facilities free of charge and are shipped by designated freight carriers, depending on the target destination. More information about the specific freight carrier(s) will be provided once the order has been placed. For more information click here.
Items being shipped to remote areas will incur an additional surcharge and will be confirmed prior to processing your order (please click here to see our remote delivery policy). Delivery dates are approximate and are quoted in "business days" - this does not include weekends and statutory holidays. PO Box addresses are not acceptable for freight deliveries.
We do not keep inventory on all products. With the exception of showroom stock, all products have specific manufacturer lead times that can range anywhere from 1-16 weeks. We do our best to update lead times on all our made-to-order products displayed at checkout. Lead times are estimates only. Manufacturers may indicate longer than stated lead times after orders are placed, subject to demand and availability.
Free Shipping
We offer Free Shipping in Canada on most orders. Remote deliveries, white-glove deliveries and orders under $250 are subjected to additional fee, shown at the end of checkout
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If the 'Add to cart' button has been replaced with a 'Pre-order' button, this indicates that the product or variant is currently out of stock, but that it can be pre-ordered. We will order the item from the supplier for you, and either ship it to you or let you know when it's available for pickup once it arrives.
We accept pre-orders on all items for sale on livingspace.com.
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