text:
This document is obsolete. Please refer to
Network Working Group A. B. Roach
Request for Comments:
June 2002
Category: Standards Track
Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)-Specific Event Notification
Status of this Memo
This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the
Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for
improvements. Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet
Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state
and status of this protocol. Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2002). All Rights Reserved.
This document describes an extension to the Session Initiation
Protocol (SIP). The purpose of this extension is to provide an
extensible framework by which SIP nodes can request notification from
remote nodes indicating that certain events have occurred.
Concrete uses of the mechanism described in this document may be
standardized in the future.
Note that the event notification mechanisms defined herein are NOT
intended to be a general-purpose infrastructure for all classes of
event subscription and notification.
Table of Contents
Introduction........................................... 3
Overview of Operation.................................. 4
Documentation Conventions.............................. 4
Definitions............................................ 5
Node Behavior.......................................... 6
Description of SUBSCRIBE Behavior...................... 6
Subscription Duration.................................. 6
Identification of Subscribed Events and Event Classes.. 6
Additional SUBSCRIBE Header Values..................... 7
Subscriber SUBSCRIBE Behavior.......................... 7
Proxy SUBSCRIBE Behavior............................... 9
Notifier SUBSCRIBE Behavior............................ 10
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Description of NOTIFY Behavior......................... 13
Identification of Reported Events, Event Classes, and
Current State.......................................... 13
Notifier NOTIFY Behavior............................... 14
Proxy NOTIFY Behavior.................................. 15
Subscriber NOTIFY Behavior............................. 16
General................................................ 18
Detecting support for SUBSCRIBE and NOTIFY............. 18
CANCEL requests........................................ 18
Forking................................................ 18
Dialog creation and termination........................ 18
State Agents and Notifier Migration.................... 19
Polling Resource State................................. 20
Allow-Events header usage.............................. 21
PINT Compatibility..................................... 21
Event Packages......................................... 21
Appropriateness of Usage............................... 21
Event Template-packages................................ 22
Amount of State to be Conveyed......................... 22
Complete State Information............................. 23
State Deltas........................................... 23
Event Package Responsibilities......................... 24
Event Package Name..................................... 24
Event Package Parameters............................... 24
SUBSCRIBE Bodies....................................... 24
Subscription Duration.................................. 25
NOTIFY Bodies.......................................... 25
Notifier processing of SUBSCRIBE requests.............. 25
Notifier generation of NOTIFY requests................. 25
Subscriber processing of NOTIFY requests............... 26
Handling of forked requests............................ 26
Rate of notifications.................................. 26
State Agents........................................... 27
Examples............................................... 27
Use of URIs to Retrieve State.......................... 27
Security Considerations................................ 28
Access Control......................................... 28
Notifier Privacy Mechanism............................. 28
Denial-of-Service attacks.............................. 28
Replay Attacks......................................... 29
Man-in-the middle attacks.............................. 29
Confidentiality........................................ 29
IANA Considerations.................................... 30
Registration Information............................... 30
Registration Template.................................. 31
Header Field Names..................................... 31
Response Codes......................................... 32
Syntax................................................. 32
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New Methods............................................ 32
SUBSCRIBE method....................................... 34
NOTIFY method.......................................... 34
New Headers............................................ 34
"Event" header......................................... 34
"Allow-Events" Header.................................. 35
"Subscription-State" Header............................ 35
New Response Codes..................................... 35
"202 Accepted" Response Code........................... 35
"489 Bad Event" Response Code.......................... 35
Augmented BNF Definitions.............................. 35
Normative References................................... 36
Informative References................................. 37
Acknowledgements....................................... 37
Notice Regarding Intellectual Property Rights.......... 37
Author's Address....................................... 37
Full Copyright Statement............................... 38
The ability to request asynchronous notification of events proves
useful in many types of SIP services for which cooperation between
end-nodes is required. Examples of such services include automatic
callback services (based on terminal state events), buddy lists
(based on user presence events), message waiting indications (based
on mailbox state change events), and PSTN and Internet
Internetworking (PINT) [2] status (based on call state events).
The methods described in this document provide a framework by which
notification of these events can be ordered.
The event notification mechanisms defined herein are NOT intended to
be a general-purpose infrastructure for all classes of event
subscription and notification. Meeting requirements for the general
problem set of subscription and notification is far too complex for a
single protocol. Our goal is to provide a SIP-specific framework for
event notification which is not so complex as to be unusable for
simple features, but which is still flexible enough to provide
powerful services. Note, however, that event packages based on this
framework may define arbitrarily elaborate rules which govern the
subscription and notification for the events or classes of events
they describe.
This document does not describe an extension which may be used
directly; it must be extended by other documents (herein referred to
as "event packages"). In object-oriented design terminology, it may
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be thought of as an abstract base class which must be derived into an
instantiatable class by further extensions. Guidelines for creating
these extensions are described in
section 4
Overview of Operation
The general concept is that entities in the network can subscribe to
resource or call state for various resources or calls in the network,
and those entities (or entities acting on their behalf) can send
notifications when those states change.
A typical flow of messages would be:
Subscriber Notifier
|-----SUBSCRIBE---->| Request state subscription
|<-------200--------| Acknowledge subscription
|<------NOTIFY----- | Return current state information
|<------NOTIFY----- | Return current state information
Subscriptions are expired and must be refreshed by subsequent
SUBSCRIBE messages.
Documentation Conventions
There are several paragraphs throughout this document which provide
motivational or clarifying text. Such passages are non-normative,
and are provided only to assist with reader comprehension. These
passages are set off from the remainder of the text by being indented
This is an example of non-normative explanatory text. It does not
form part of the specification, and is used only for
Numbers in square brackets (e.g., [1]) denote a reference to one of
the entries in the reference sections; see sections
The all-capital terms "
", "
", "
", "
", "
", and "
" are used as defined in
The use of quotation marks next to periods and commas follows the
convention used by the American Mathematical Society; although
contrary to traditional American English convention, this usage lends
clarity to certain passages.
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Event Package: An event package is an additional specification which
defines a set of state information to be reported by a notifier to
a subscriber. Event packages also define further syntax and
semantics based on the framework defined by this document required
to convey such state information.
Event Template-Package: An event template-package is a special kind
of event package which defines a set of states which may be
applied to all possible event packages, including itself.
Notification: Notification is the act of a notifier sending a NOTIFY
message to a subscriber to inform the subscriber of the state of a
Notifier: A notifier is a user agent which generates NOTIFY requests
for the purpose of notifying subscribers of the state of a
resource. Notifiers typically also accept SUBSCRIBE requests to
create subscriptions.
State Agent: A state agent is a notifier which publishes state
information on behalf of a resource; in order to do so, it may
need to gather such state information from multiple sources.
State agents always have complete state information for the
resource for which they are creating notifications.
Subscriber: A subscriber is a user agent which receives NOTIFY
requests from notifiers; these NOTIFY requests contain information
about the state of a resource in which the subscriber is
interested. Subscribers typically also generate SUBSCRIBE
requests and send them to notifiers to create subscriptions.
Subscription: A subscription is a set of application state associated
with a dialog. This application state includes a pointer to the
associated dialog, the event package name, and possibly an
identification token. Event packages will define additional
subscription state information. By definition, subscriptions
exist in both a subscriber and a notifier.
Subscription Migration: Subscription migration is the act of moving a
subscription from one notifier to another notifier.
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Node Behavior
Description of SUBSCRIBE Behavior
The SUBSCRIBE method is used to request current state and state
updates from a remote node.
Subscription Duration
SUBSCRIBE requests
contain an "Expires" header (defined in SIP
[1]). This expires value indicates the duration of the subscription.
In order to keep subscriptions effective beyond the duration
communicated in the "Expires" header, subscribers need to refresh
subscriptions on a periodic basis using a new SUBSCRIBE message on
the same dialog as defined in SIP [1].
If no "Expires" header is present in a SUBSCRIBE request, the implied
default is defined by the event package being used.
200-class responses to SUBSCRIBE requests also
contain an
"Expires" header. The period of time in the response
be shorter
be longer than specified in the request. The period of
time in the response is the one which defines the duration of the
An "expires" parameter on the "Contact" header has no semantics for
SUBSCRIBE and is explicitly not equivalent to an "Expires" header in
a SUBSCRIBE request or response.
A natural consequence of this scheme is that a SUBSCRIBE with an
"Expires" of 0 constitutes a request to unsubscribe from an event.
In addition to being a request to unsubscribe, a SUBSCRIBE message
with "Expires" of 0 also causes a fetch of state; see
Notifiers may also wish to cancel subscriptions to events; this is
useful, for example, when the resource to which a subscription refers
is no longer available. Further details on this mechanism are
discussed in
section 3.2.2
Identification of Subscribed Events and Event Classes
Identification of events is provided by three pieces of information:
Request URI, Event Type, and (optionally) message body.
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The Request URI of a SUBSCRIBE request, most importantly, contains
enough information to route the request to the appropriate entity per
the request routing procedures outlined in SIP [1]. It also contains
enough information to identify the resource for which event
notification is desired, but not necessarily enough information to
uniquely identify the nature of the event (e.g.,
"sip:email@example.com" would be an appropriate URI to subscribe
to for my presence state; it would also be an appropriate URI to
subscribe to the state of my voice mailbox).
include exactly one "Event" header in SUBSCRIBE
requests, indicating to which event or class of events they are
subscribing. The "Event" header will contain a token which indicates
the type of state for which a subscription is being requested. This
token will be registered with the IANA and will correspond to an
event package which further describes the semantics of the event or
event class. The "Event" header
also contain an "id" parameter.
This "id" parameter, if present, contains an opaque token which
identifies the specific subscription within a dialog. An "id"
parameter is only valid within the scope of a single dialog.
If the event package to which the event token corresponds defines
behavior associated with the body of its SUBSCRIBE requests, those
semantics apply.
Event packages may also define parameters for the Event header; if
they do so, they must define the semantics for such parameters.
Additional SUBSCRIBE Header Values
Because SUBSCRIBE requests create a dialog as defined in SIP [1],
contain an "Accept" header. This header, if present,
indicates the body formats allowed in subsequent NOTIFY requests.
Event packages
define the behavior for SUBSCRIBE requests
without "Accept" headers; usually, this will connote a single,
default body type.
Header values not described in this document are to be interpreted as
described in SIP [1].
Subscriber SUBSCRIBE Behavior
Requesting a Subscription
SUBSCRIBE is a dialog-creating method, as described in SIP [1].
When a subscriber wishes to subscribe to a particular state for a
resource, it forms a SUBSCRIBE message. If the initial SUBSCRIBE
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represents a request outside of a dialog (as it typically will), its
construction follows the procedures outlined in SIP [1] for UAC
request generation outside of a dialog.
This SUBSCRIBE request will be confirmed with a final response.
200-class responses indicate that the subscription has been accepted,
and that a NOTIFY will be sent immediately. A 200 response indicates
that the subscription has been accepted and that the user is
authorized to subscribe to the requested resource. A 202 response
merely indicates that the subscription has been understood, and that
authorization may or may not have been granted.
The "Expires" header in a 200-class response to SUBSCRIBE indicates
the actual duration for which the subscription will remain active
(unless refreshed).
Non-200 class final responses indicate that no subscription or dialog
has been created, and no subsequent NOTIFY message will be sent. All
non-200 class responses (with the exception of "489", described
herein) have the same meanings and handling as described in SIP [1].
A SUBSCRIBE request
include an "id" parameter in its "Event"
header to allow differentiation between multiple subscriptions in the
same dialog.
Refreshing of Subscriptions
At any time before a subscription expires, the subscriber may refresh
the timer on such a subscription by sending another SUBSCRIBE request
on the same dialog as the existing subscription, and with the same
"Event" header "id" parameter (if one was present in the initial
subscription). The handling for such a request is the same as for
the initial creation of a subscription except as described below.
If the initial SUBSCRIBE message contained an "id" parameter on
the "Event" header, then refreshes of the subscription must also
contain an identical "id" parameter; they will otherwise be
considered new subscriptions in an existing dialog.
If a SUBSCRIBE request to refresh a subscription receives a "481"
response, this indicates that the subscription has been terminated
and that the subscriber did not receive notification of this fact.
In this case, the subscriber should consider the subscription
invalid. If the subscriber wishes to re-subscribe to the state, he
does so by composing an unrelated initial SUBSCRIBE request with a
freshly-generated Call-ID and a new, unique "From" tag (see
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If a SUBSCRIBE request to refresh a subscription fails with a non-481
response, the original subscription is still considered valid for the
duration of the most recently known "Expires" value as negotiated by
SUBSCRIBE and its response, or as communicated by NOTIFY in the
"Subscription-State" header "expires" parameter.
Note that many such errors indicate that there may be a problem
with the network or the notifier such that no further NOTIFY
messages will be received.
Unsubscribing is handled in the same way as refreshing of a
subscription, with the "Expires" header set to "0". Note that a
successful unsubscription will also trigger a final NOTIFY message.
Confirmation of Subscription Creation
The subscriber can expect to receive a NOTIFY message from each node
which has processed a successful subscription or subscription
refresh. Until the first NOTIFY message arrives, the subscriber
should consider the state of the subscribed resource to be in a
neutral state. Documents which define new event packages
this "neutral state" in such a way that makes sense for their
application (see
section 4.4.7
Due to the potential for both out-of-order messages and forking, the
be prepared to receive NOTIFY messages before the
SUBSCRIBE transaction has completed.
Except as noted above, processing of this NOTIFY is the same as in
section 3.2.4
Proxy SUBSCRIBE Behavior
Proxies need no additional behavior beyond that described in SIP [1]
to support SUBSCRIBE. If a proxy wishes to see all of the SUBSCRIBE
and NOTIFY requests for a given dialog, it
record-route the
initial SUBSCRIBE and any dialog-establishing NOTIFY requests. Such
also record-route all other SUBSCRIBE and NOTIFY
Note that subscribers and notifiers may elect to use S/MIME
encryption of SUBSCRIBE and NOTIFY requests; consequently, proxies
cannot rely on being able to access any information that is not
explicitly required to be proxy-readable by SIP [1].
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Notifier SUBSCRIBE Behavior
Initial SUBSCRIBE Transaction Processing
In no case should a SUBSCRIBE transaction extend for any longer than
the time necessary for automated processing. In particular,
wait for a user response before returning a final
response to a SUBSCRIBE request.
This requirement is imposed primarily to prevent the non-INVITE
transaction timeout timer F (see [1]) from firing during the
SUBSCRIBE transaction, since interaction with a user would often
exceed 64*T1 seconds.
The notifier
check that the event package specified in the
"Event" header is understood. If not, the notifier
return a
"489 Bad Event" response to indicate that the specified event/event
class is not understood.
The notifier
also perform any necessary authentication and
authorization per its local policy. See
section 18.104.22.168
The notifier
also check that the duration in the "Expires" header
is not too small. If and only if the expiration interval is greater
than zero AND smaller than one hour AND less than a notifier-
configured minimum, the notifier
return a "423 Interval too
small" error which contains a "Min-Expires" header field. The "Min-
Expires" header field is described in SIP [1].
If the notifier is able to immediately determine that it understands
the event package, that the authenticated subscriber is authorized to
subscribe, and that there are no other barriers to creating the
subscription, it creates the subscription and a dialog (if
necessary), and returns a "200 OK" response (unless doing so would
reveal authorization policy in an undesirable fashion; see
If the notifier cannot immediately create the subscription (e.g., it
needs to wait for user input for authorization, or is acting for
another node which is not currently reachable), or wishes to mask
authorization policy, it will return a "202 Accepted" response. This
response indicates that the request has been received and understood,
but does not necessarily imply that the subscription has been
authorized yet.
When a subscription is created in the notifier, it stores the event
package name and the "Event" header "id" parameter (if present) as
part of the subscription information.
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The "Expires" values present in SUBSCRIBE 200-class responses behave
in the same way as they do in REGISTER responses: the server
shorten the interval, but
lengthen it.
If the duration specified in a SUBSCRIBE message is unacceptably
short, the notifier may be able to send a 423 response, as
described earlier in this section.
200-class responses to SUBSCRIBE requests will not generally contain
any useful information beyond subscription duration; their primary
purpose is to serve as a reliability mechanism. State information
will be communicated via a subsequent NOTIFY request from the
The other response codes defined in SIP [1] may be used in response
to SUBSCRIBE requests, as appropriate.
Confirmation of Subscription Creation/Refreshing
Upon successfully accepting or refreshing a subscription, notifiers
send a NOTIFY message immediately to communicate the current
resource state to the subscriber. This NOTIFY message is sent on the
same dialog as created by the SUBSCRIBE response. If the resource
has no meaningful state at the time that the SUBSCRIBE message is
processed, this NOTIFY message
contain an empty or neutral body.
section 3.2.2
. for further details on NOTIFY message generation.
Note that a NOTIFY message is always sent immediately after any 200-
class response to a SUBSCRIBE request, regardless of whether the
subscription has already been authorized.
Authentication/Authorization of SUBSCRIBE requests
Privacy concerns may require that notifiers apply policy to determine
whether a particular subscriber is authorized to subscribe to a
certain set of events. Such policy may be defined by mechanisms such
as access control lists or real-time interaction with a user. In
general, authorization of subscribers prior to authentication is not
particularly useful.
SIP authentication mechanisms are discussed in SIP [1]. Note that,
even if the notifier node typically acts as a proxy, authentication
for SUBSCRIBE requests will always be performed via a "401" response,
not a "407;" notifiers always act as a user agents when accepting
subscriptions and sending notifications.
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Of course, when acting as a proxy, a node will perform normal
proxy authentication (using 407). The foregoing explanation is a
reminder that notifiers are always UAs, and as such perform UA
If authorization fails based on an access list or some other
automated mechanism (i.e., it can be automatically authoritatively
determined that the subscriber is not authorized to subscribe), the
reply to the request with a "403 Forbidden" or "603
Decline" response, unless doing so might reveal information that
should stay private; see
section 5.2
If the notifier owner is interactively queried to determine whether a
subscription is allowed, a "202 Accept" response is returned
immediately. Note that a NOTIFY message is still formed and sent
under these circumstances, as described in the previous section.
If subscription authorization was delayed and the notifier wishes to
convey that such authorization has been declined, it may do so by
sending a NOTIFY message containing a "Subscription-State" header
with a value of "terminated" and a reason parameter of "rejected".
Refreshing of Subscriptions
When a notifier receives a subscription refresh, assuming that the
subscriber is still authorized, the notifier updates the expiration
time for the subscription. As with the initial subscription, the
shorten the amount of time until expiration, but
increase it. The final expiration time is placed in the "Expires"
header in the response. If the duration specified in a SUBSCRIBE
message is unacceptably short, the notifier
respond with a
"423 Subscription Too Brief" message.
If no refresh for a notification address is received before its
expiration time, the subscription is removed. When removing a
subscription, the notifier
send a NOTIFY message with a
"Subscription-State" value of "terminated" to inform it that the
subscription is being removed. If such a message is sent, the
"Subscription-State" header
contain a "reason=timeout"
The sending of a NOTIFY when a subscription expires allows the
corresponding dialog to be terminated, if appropriate.
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Description of NOTIFY Behavior
NOTIFY messages are sent to inform subscribers of changes in state to
which the subscriber has a subscription. Subscriptions are typically
put in place using the SUBSCRIBE method; however, it is possible that
other means have been used.
If any non-SUBSCRIBE mechanisms are defined to create subscriptions,
it is the responsibility of the parties defining those mechanisms to
ensure that correlation of a NOTIFY message to the corresponding
subscription is possible. Designers of such mechanisms are also
warned to make a distinction between sending a NOTIFY message to a
subscriber who is aware of the subscription, and sending a NOTIFY
message to an unsuspecting node. The latter behavior is invalid, and
receive a "481 Subscription does not exist" response (unless
some other 400- or 500-class error code is more applicable), as
described in
section 3.2.4
. In other words, knowledge of a
subscription must exist in both the subscriber and the notifier to be
valid, even if installed via a non-SUBSCRIBE mechanism.
A NOTIFY does not terminate its corresponding subscription; in other
words, a single SUBSCRIBE request may trigger several NOTIFY
Identification of Reported Events, Event Classes, and Current
Identification of events being reported in a notification is very
similar to that described for subscription to events (see
As in SUBSCRIBE requests, NOTIFY "Event" headers will contain a
single event package name for which a notification is being
generated. The package name in the "Event" header
match the
"Event" header in the corresponding SUBSCRIBE message. If an "id"
parameter was present in the SUBSCRIBE message, that "id" parameter
also be present in the corresponding NOTIFY messages.
Event packages may define semantics associated with the body of their
NOTIFY requests; if they do so, those semantics apply. NOTIFY bodies
are expected to provide additional details about the nature of the
event which has occurred and the resultant resource state.
When present, the body of the NOTIFY request
be formatted into
one of the body formats specified in the "Accept" header of the
corresponding SUBSCRIBE request. This body will contain either the
state of the subscribed resource or a pointer to such state in the
form of a URI (see
section 4.4.13
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Notifier NOTIFY Behavior
When a SUBSCRIBE request is answered with a 200-class response, the
immediately construct and send a NOTIFY request to the
subscriber. When a change in the subscribed state occurs, the
immediately construct and send a NOTIFY request,
subject to authorization, local policy, and throttling
A NOTIFY request is considered failed if the response times out, or a
non-200 class response code is received which has no "Retry-After"
header and no implied further action which can be taken to retry the
request (e.g., "401 Authorization Required".)
If the NOTIFY request fails (as defined above) due to a timeout
condition, and the subscription was installed using a soft-state
mechanism (such as SUBSCRIBE), the notifier
remove the
This behavior prevents unnecessary transmission of state
information for subscribers who have crashed or disappeared from
the network. Because such transmissions will be sent multiple
times, per the retransmission algorithm defined in SIP [1]
(instead of the typical single transmission for functioning
clients), continuing to service them when no client is available
to acknowledge them could place undue strain on a network. Upon
client restart or reestablishment of a network connection, it is
expected that clients will send SUBSCRIBE messages to refresh
potentially stale state information; such messages will re-install
subscriptions in all relevant nodes.
If the NOTIFY request fails (as defined above) due to an error
response, and the subscription was installed using a soft-state
mechanism, the notifier
remove the corresponding subscription.
A notify error response would generally indicate that something
has gone wrong with the subscriber or with some proxy on the way
to the subscriber. If the subscriber is in error, it makes the
most sense to allow the subscriber to rectify the situation (by
re-subscribing) once the error condition has been handled. If a
proxy is in error, the periodic SUBSCRIBE refreshes will re-
install subscription state once the network problem has been
If a NOTIFY request receives a 481 response, the notifier
the corresponding subscription even if such subscription was
installed by non-SUBSCRIBE means (such as an administrative
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If the above behavior were not required, subscribers receiving a
notify for an unknown subscription would need to send an error
status code in response to the NOTIFY and also send a SUBSCRIBE
request to remove the subscription. Since this behavior would
make subscribers available for use as amplifiers in denial of
service attacks, we have instead elected to give the 481 response
special meaning: it is used to indicate that a subscription must
be cancelled under all circumstances.
NOTIFY requests
contain a "Subscription-State" header with a
value of "active", "pending", or "terminated". The "active" value
indicates that the subscription has been accepted and has been
authorized (in most cases; see
section 5.2
.). The "pending" value
indicates that the subscription has been received, but that policy
information is insufficient to accept or deny the subscription at
this time. The "terminated" value indicates that the subscription is
not active.
If the value of the "Subscription-State" header is "active" or
"pending", the notifier
also include in the "Subscription-
State" header an "expires" parameter which indicates the time
remaining on the subscription. The notifier
use this mechanism
to shorten a subscription; however, this mechanism
be used
to lengthen a subscription.
Including expiration information for active and pending
subscriptions is useful in case the SUBSCRIBE request forks, since
the response to a forked SUBSCRIBE may not be received by the
subscriber. Note well that this "expires" value is a parameter on
the "Subscription-State" header, NOT an "Expires" header.
If the value of the "Subscription-State" header is "terminated", the
also include a "reason" parameter. The notifier
also include a "retry-after" parameter, where appropriate. For
details on the value and semantics of the "reason" and "retry-after"
parameters, see
section 3.2.4
Proxy NOTIFY Behavior
Proxies need no additional behavior beyond that described in SIP [1]
to support NOTIFY. If a proxy wishes to see all of the SUBSCRIBE and
NOTIFY requests for a given dialog, it
record-route the initial
SUBSCRIBE and any dialog-establishing NOTIFY requests. Such proxies
also record-route all other SUBSCRIBE and NOTIFY requests.
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Note that subscribers and notifiers may elect to use S/MIME
encryption of SUBSCRIBE and NOTIFY requests; consequently, proxies
cannot rely on being able to access any information that is not
explicitly required to be proxy-readable by SIP [1].
Subscriber NOTIFY Behavior
Upon receiving a NOTIFY request, the subscriber should check that it
matches at least one of its outstanding subscriptions; if not, it
return a "481 Subscription does not exist" response unless
another 400- or 500-class response is more appropriate. The rules
for matching NOTIFY requests with subscriptions that create a new
dialog are described in
section 3.3.4
. Notifications for
subscriptions which were created inside an existing dialog match if
they are in the same dialog and the "Event" headers match (as
described in
section 7.2.1
If, for some reason, the event package designated in the "Event"
header of the NOTIFY request is not supported, the subscriber will
respond with a "489 Bad Event" response.
To prevent spoofing of events, NOTIFY requests
authenticated, using any defined SIP authentication mechanism.
NOTIFY requests
contain "Subscription-State" headers which
indicate the status of the subscription.
If the "Subscription-State" header value is "active", it means that
the subscription has been accepted and (in general) has been
authorized. If the header also contains an "expires" parameter, the
take it as the authoritative subscription duration
and adjust accordingly. The "retry-after" and "reason" parameters
have no semantics for "active".
If the "Subscription-State" value is "pending", the subscription has
been received by the notifier, but there is insufficient policy
information to grant or deny the subscription yet. If the header
also contains an "expires" parameter, the subscriber
take it
as the authoritative subscription duration and adjust accordingly.
No further action is necessary on the part of the subscriber. The
"retry-after" and "reason" parameters have no semantics for
If the "Subscription-State" value is "terminated", the subscriber
should consider the subscription terminated. The "expires" parameter
has no semantics for "terminated". If a reason code is present, the
client should behave as described below. If no reason code or an
unknown reason code is present, the client
attempt to re-
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subscribe at any time (unless a "retry-after" parameter is present,
in which case the client
attempt re-subscription until
after the number of seconds specified by the "retry-after"
parameter). The defined reason codes are:
deactivated: The subscription has been terminated, but the subscriber
retry immediately with a new subscription. One primary use
of such a status code is to allow migration of subscriptions
between nodes. The "retry-after" parameter has no semantics for
probation: The subscription has been terminated, but the client
retry at some later time. If a "retry-after" parameter is
also present, the client
wait at least the number of
seconds specified by that parameter before attempting to re-
rejected: The subscription has been terminated due to change in
authorization policy. Clients
attempt to re-subscribe.
The "retry-after" parameter has no semantics for "rejected".
timeout: The subscription has been terminated because it was not
refreshed before it expired. Clients
immediately. The "retry-after" parameter has no semantics for
giveup: The subscription has been terminated because the notifier
could not obtain authorization in a timely fashion. If a "retry-
after" parameter is also present, the client
wait at least
the number of seconds specified by that parameter before
attempting to re-subscribe; otherwise, the client
immediately, but will likely get put back into pending state.
noresource: The subscription has been terminated because the resource
state which was being monitored no longer exists. Clients
attempt to re-subscribe. The "retry-after" parameter has no
semantics for "noresource".
Once the notification is deemed acceptable to the subscriber, the
return a 200 response. In general, it is not
expected that NOTIFY responses will contain bodies; however, they
, if the NOTIFY request contained an "Accept" header.
Other responses defined in SIP [1] may also be returned, as
appropriate. In no case should a NOTIFY transaction extend for any
longer than the time necessary for automated processing. In
particular, subscribers
wait for a user response before
returning a final response to a NOTIFY request.
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Detecting support for SUBSCRIBE and NOTIFY
Neither SUBSCRIBE nor NOTIFY necessitate the use of "Require" or
"Proxy-Require" headers; similarly, there is no token defined for
"Supported" headers. If necessary, clients may probe for the support
of SUBSCRIBE and NOTIFY using the OPTIONS request defined in SIP [1].
The presence of the "Allow-Events" header in a message is sufficient
to indicate support for SUBSCRIBE and NOTIFY.
The "methods" parameter for Contact may also be used to
specifically announce support for SUBSCRIBE and NOTIFY messages
when registering. (See reference [8] for details on the "methods"
CANCEL requests
No semantics are associated with cancelling SUBSCRIBE or NOTIFY.
In accordance with the rules for proxying non-INVITE requests as
defined in SIP [1], successful SUBSCRIBE requests will receive only
one 200-class response; however, due to forking, the subscription may
have been accepted by multiple nodes. The subscriber
be prepared to receive NOTIFY requests with "From:" tags which differ
from the "To:" tag received in the SUBSCRIBE 200-class response.
If multiple NOTIFY messages are received in different dialogs in
response to a single SUBSCRIBE message, each dialog represents a
different destination to which the SUBSCRIBE request was forked. For
information on subscriber handling in such situations, see
Dialog creation and termination
If an initial SUBSCRIBE request is not sent on a pre-existing dialog,
the subscriber will wait for a response to the SUBSCRIBE request or a
matching NOTIFY.
Responses are matched to such SUBSCRIBE requests if they contain the
same the same "Call-ID", the same "From" header "tag", and the same
"CSeq". Rules for the comparison of these headers are described in
SIP [1]. If a 200-class response matches such a SUBSCRIBE request,
it creates a new subscription and a new dialog (unless they have
already been created by a matching NOTIFY request; see below).
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NOTIFY requests are matched to such SUBSCRIBE requests if they
contain the same "Call-ID", a "To" header "tag" parameter which
matches the "From" header "tag" parameter of the SUBSCRIBE, and the
same "Event" header field. Rules for comparisons of the "Event"
headers are described in
section 7.2.1
. If a matching NOTIFY request
contains a "Subscription-State" of "active" or "pending", it creates
a new subscription and a new dialog (unless they have already been
created by a matching response, as described above).
If an initial SUBSCRIBE is sent on a pre-existing dialog, a matching
200-class response or successful NOTIFY request merely creates a new
subscription associated with that dialog.
Multiple subscriptions can be associated with a single dialog.
Subscriptions may also exist in dialogs associated with INVITE-
created application state and other application state created by
mechanisms defined in other specifications. These sets of
application state do not interact beyond the behavior described for a
dialog (e.g., route set handling).
A subscription is destroyed when a notifier sends a NOTIFY request
with a "Subscription-State" of "terminated".
A subscriber may send a SUBSCRIBE request with an "Expires" header
of 0 in order to trigger the sending of such a NOTIFY request;
however, for the purposes of subscription and dialog lifetime, the
subscription is not considered terminated until the NOTIFY with a
"Subscription-State" of "terminated" is sent.
If a subscription's destruction leaves no other application state
associated with the dialog, the dialog terminates. The destruction
of other application state (such as that created by an INVITE) will
not terminate the dialog if a subscription is still associated with
that dialog.
Note that the above behavior means that a dialog created with an
INVITE does not necessarily terminate upon receipt of a BYE.
Similarly, in the case that several subscriptions are associated
with a single dialog, the dialog does not terminate until all the
subscriptions in it are destroyed.
State Agents and Notifier Migration
When state agents (see
section 4.4.11
.) are used, it is often useful
to allow migration of subscriptions between state agents and the
nodes for which they are providing state aggregation (or even among
various state agents). Such migration may be effected by sending a
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NOTIFY message with a "Subscription-State" header of "terminated",
and a reason parameter of "deactivated". This NOTIFY request is
otherwise normal, and is formed as described in
section 3.2.2
Upon receipt of this NOTIFY message, the subscriber
attempt to
re-subscribe (as described in the preceding sections). Note that
this subscription is established on a new dialog, and does not re-use
the route set from the previous subscription dialog.
The actual migration is effected by making a change to the policy
(such as routing decisions) of one or more servers to which the
SUBSCRIBE request will be sent in such a way that a different node
ends up responding to the SUBSCRIBE request. This may be as simple
as a change in the local policy in the notifier from which the
subscription is migrating so that it serves as a proxy or redirect
server instead of a notifier.
Whether, when, and why to perform notifier migrations may be
described in individual event packages; otherwise, such decisions are
a matter of local notifier policy, and are left up to individual
Polling Resource State
A natural consequence of the behavior described in the preceding
sections is that an immediate fetch without a persistent subscription
may be effected by sending a SUBSCRIBE with an "Expires" of 0.
Of course, an immediate fetch while a subscription is active may be
effected by sending a SUBSCRIBE with an "Expires" equal to the number
of seconds remaining in the subscription.
Upon receipt of this SUBSCRIBE request, the notifier (or notifiers,
if the SUBSCRIBE request was forked) will send a NOTIFY request
containing resource state in the same dialog.
Note that the NOTIFY messages triggered by SUBSCRIBE messages with
"Expires" headers of 0 will contain a "Subscription-State" value of
"terminated", and a "reason" parameter of "timeout".
Polling of event state can cause significant increases in load on the
network and notifiers; as such, it should be used only sparingly. In
particular, polling
be used in circumstances in which it
will typically result in more network messages than long-running
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When polling is used, subscribers
attempt to cache
authentication credentials between polls so as to reduce the number
of messages sent.
Allow-Events header usage
The "Allow-Events" header, if present, includes a list of tokens
which indicates the event packages supported by the client (if sent
in a request) or server (if sent in a response). In other words, a
node sending an "Allow-Events" header is advertising that it can
process SUBSCRIBE requests and generate NOTIFY requests for all of
the event packages listed in that header.
Any node implementing one or more event packages
include an
appropriate "Allow-Events" header indicating all supported events in
all methods which initiate dialogs and their responses (such as
INVITE) and OPTIONS responses.
This information is very useful, for example, in allowing user agents
to render particular interface elements appropriately according to
whether the events required to implement the features they represent
are supported by the appropriate nodes.
Note that "Allow-Events" headers
be inserted by proxies.
PINT Compatibility
The "Event" header is considered mandatory for the purposes of this
document. However, to maintain compatibility with PINT (see [2]),
interpret a SUBSCRIBE request with no "Event" header as
requesting a subscription to PINT events. If a server does not
support PINT, it
return "489 Bad Event" to any SUBSCRIBE
messages without an "Event" header.
Event Packages
This section covers several issues which should be taken into
consideration when event packages based on SUBSCRIBE and NOTIFY are
Appropriateness of Usage
When designing an event package using the methods described in this
document for event notification, it is important to consider: is SIP
an appropriate mechanism for the problem set? Is SIP being selected
because of some unique feature provided by the protocol (e.g., user
mobility), or merely because "it can be done?" If you find yourself
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defining event packages for notifications related to, for example,
network management or the temperature inside your car's engine, you
may want to reconsider your selection of protocols.
Those interested in extending the mechanism defined in this
document are urged to follow the development of "Guidelines for
Authors of SIP Extensions" [7] for further guidance regarding
appropriate uses of SIP.
Further, it is expected that this mechanism is not to be used in
applications where the frequency of reportable events is excessively
rapid (e.g., more than about once per second). A SIP network is
generally going to be provisioned for a reasonable signalling volume;
sending a notification every time a user's GPS position changes by
one hundredth of a second could easily overload such a network.
Event Template-packages
Normal event packages define a set of state applied to a specific
type of resource, such as user presence, call state, and messaging
mailbox state.
Event template-packages are a special type of package which define a
set of state applied to other packages, such as statistics, access
policy, and subscriber lists. Event template-packages may even be
applied to other event template-packages.
To extend the object-oriented analogy made earlier, event template-
packages can be thought of as templatized C++ packages which must be
applied to other packages to be useful.
The name of an event template-package as applied to a package is
formed by appending a period followed by the event template-package
name to the end of the package. For example, if a template-package
called "winfo" were being applied to a package called "presence", the
event token used in "Event" and "Allow-Events" would be
Event template-packages must be defined so that they can be applied
to any arbitrary package. In other words, event template-packages
cannot be specifically tied to one or a few "parent" packages in such
a way that they will not work with other packages.
Amount of State to be Conveyed
When designing event packages, it is important to consider the type
of information which will be conveyed during a notification.
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A natural temptation is to convey merely the event (e.g., "a new
voice message just arrived") without accompanying state (e.g., "7
total voice messages"). This complicates implementation of
subscribing entities (since they have to maintain complete state for
the entity to which they have subscribed), and also is particularly
susceptible to synchronization problems.
There are two possible solutions to this problem that event packages
may choose to implement.
Complete State Information
For packages which typically convey state information that is
reasonably small (on the order of 1 kb or so), it is suggested that
event packages are designed so as to send complete state information
when an event occurs.
In some circumstances, conveying the current state alone may be
insufficient for a particular class of events. In these cases, the
event packages should include complete state information along with
the event that occurred. For example, conveying "no customer service
representatives available" may not be as useful as conveying "no
customer service representatives available; representative
sip:firstname.lastname@example.com just logged off".
State Deltas
In the case that the state information to be conveyed is large, the
event package may choose to detail a scheme by which NOTIFY messages
contain state deltas instead of complete state.
Such a scheme would work as follows: any NOTIFY sent in immediate
response to a SUBSCRIBE contains full state information. NOTIFY
messages sent because of a state change will contain only the state
information that has changed; the subscriber will then merge this
information into its current knowledge about the state of the
Any event package that supports delta changes to states
a version number that increases by exactly one for each NOTIFY
transaction in a subscription. Note that the state version number
appears in the body of the message, not in a SIP header.
If a NOTIFY arrives that has a version number that is incremented by
more than one, the subscriber knows that a state delta has been
missed; it ignores the NOTIFY message containing the state delta
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(except for the version number, which it retains to detect message
loss), and re-sends a SUBSCRIBE to force a NOTIFY containing a
complete state snapshot.
Event Package Responsibilities
Event packages are not required to reiterate any of the behavior
described in this document, although they may choose to do so for
clarity or emphasis. In general, though, such packages are
expected to describe only the behavior that extends or modifies
the behavior described in this document.
Note that any behavior designated with "
" or "
" in this
document is not allowed to be weakened by extension documents;
however, such documents may elect to strengthen "
requirements to "
" strength if required by their application.
In addition to the normal sections expected in standards-track
RFCs and SIP extension documents, authors of event packages need
to address each of the issues detailed in the following
subsections, whenever applicable.
Event Package Name
This section, which
be present, defines the token name to be
used to designate the event package. It
include the information
which appears in the IANA registration of the token. For information
on registering such types, see
section 6
Event Package Parameters
If parameters are to be used on the "Event" header to modify the
behavior of the event package, the syntax and semantics of such
be clearly defined.
SUBSCRIBE Bodies
It is expected that most, but not all, event packages will define
syntax and semantics for SUBSCRIBE method bodies; these bodies will
typically modify, expand, filter, throttle, and/or set thresholds for
the class of events being requested. Designers of event packages are
strongly encouraged to re-use existing MIME types for message bodies
where practical.
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This mandatory section of an event package defines what type or types
of event bodies are expected in SUBSCRIBE requests (or specify that
no event bodies are expected). It should point to detailed
definitions of syntax and semantics for all referenced body types.
Subscription Duration
It is
that event packages give a suggested range of times
considered reasonable for the duration of a subscription. Such
also define a default "Expires" value to be used if
none is specified.
NOTIFY Bodies
The NOTIFY body is used to report state on the resource being
monitored. Each package
define what type or types of event
bodies are expected in NOTIFY requests. Such packages
or cite detailed specifications for the syntax and semantics
associated with such event body.
Event packages also
define which MIME type is to be assumed if
none are specified in the "Accept" header of the SUBSCRIBE request.
Notifier processing of SUBSCRIBE requests
This section describes the processing to be performed by the notifier
upon receipt of a SUBSCRIBE request. Such a section is required.
Information in this section includes details of how to authenticate
subscribers and authorization issues for the package. Such
authorization issues may include, for example, whether all SUBSCRIBE
requests for this package are answered with 202 responses (see
section 5.2
Notifier generation of NOTIFY requests
This section of an event package describes the process by which the
notifier generates and sends a NOTIFY request. This includes
detailed information about what events cause a NOTIFY to be sent, how
to compute the state information in the NOTIFY, how to generate
neutral or fake state information to hide authorization delays and
decisions from users, and whether state information is complete or
deltas for notifications; see
section 4.3
. Such a section is
This section may optionally describe the behavior used to process the
subsequent response.
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Subscriber processing of NOTIFY requests
This section of an event package describes the process followed by
the subscriber upon receipt of a NOTIFY request, including any logic
required to form a coherent resource state (if applicable).
Handling of forked requests
Each event package
specify whether forked SUBSCRIBE requests are
allowed to install multiple subscriptions.
If such behavior is not allowed, the first potential dialog-
establishing message will create a dialog. All subsequent NOTIFY
messages which correspond to the SUBSCRIBE message (i.e., match "To",
"From", "From" header "tag" parameter, "Call-ID", "CSeq", "Event",
and "Event" header "id" parameter) but which do not match the dialog
would be rejected with a 481 response. Note that the 200-class
response to the SUBSCRIBE can arrive after a matching NOTIFY has been
received; such responses might not correlate to the same dialog
established by the NOTIFY. Except as required to complete the
SUBSCRIBE transaction, such non-matching 200-class responses are
If installing of multiple subscriptions by way of a single forked
SUBSCRIBE is allowed, the subscriber establishes a new dialog towards
each notifier by returning a 200-class response to each NOTIFY. Each
dialog is then handled as its own entity, and is refreshed
independent of the other dialogs.
In the case that multiple subscriptions are allowed, the event
specify whether merging of the notifications to form a
single state is required, and how such merging is to be performed.
Note that it is possible that some event packages may be defined in
such a way that each dialog is tied to a mutually exclusive state
which is unaffected by the other dialogs; this
be clearly stated
if it is the case.
Rate of notifications
Each event package is expected to define a requirement (
strength) which defines an absolute maximum on the rate at which
notifications are allowed to be generated by a single notifier.
Each package
further define a throttle mechanism which allows
subscribers to further limit the rate of notification.
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State Agents
Designers of event packages should consider whether their package can
benefit from network aggregation points (state agents) and/or nodes
which act on behalf of other nodes. (For example, nodes which
provide state information about a resource when such a resource is
unable or unwilling to provide such state information itself). An
example of such an application is a node which tracks the presence
and availability of a user in the network.
If state agents are to be used by the package, the package
specify how such state agents aggregate information and how they
provide authentication and authorization.
Event packages
also outline specific scenarios under which
notifier migrations take place.
Event packages
include several demonstrative message flow
diagrams paired with several typical, syntactically correct, and
complete messages.
It is
that documents describing event packages clearly
indicate that such examples are informative and not normative, with
instructions that implementors refer to the main text of the document
for exact protocol details.
Use of URIs to Retrieve State
Some types of event packages may define state information which is
potentially too large to reasonably send in a SIP message. To
alleviate this problem, event packages may include the ability to
convey a URI instead of state information; this URI will then be used
to retrieve the actual state information.
The precise mechanisms for conveying such URIs are out of the scope
of this document.
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Security Considerations
Access Control
The ability to accept subscriptions should be under the direct
control of the notifier's user, since many types of events may be
considered sensitive for the purposes of privacy. Similarly, the
notifier should have the ability to selectively reject subscriptions
based on the subscriber identity (based on access control lists),
using standard SIP authentication mechanisms. The methods for
creation and distribution of such access control lists is outside the
scope of this document.
Notifier Privacy Mechanism
The mere act of returning a 200 or certain 4xx and 6xx responses to
SUBSCRIBE requests may, under certain circumstances, create privacy
concerns by revealing sensitive policy information. In these cases,
the notifier
always return a 202 response. While the
subsequent NOTIFY message may not convey true state, it
to contain a potentially correct piece of data from the point of view
of the subscriber, indistinguishable from a valid response.
Information about whether a user is authorized to subscribe to the
requested state is never conveyed back to the original user under
these circumstances.
Individual packages and their related documents for which such a mode
of operation makes sense can further describe how and why to generate
such potentially correct data. For example, such a mode of operation
is mandated by
[6] for user presence information.
Denial-of-Service attacks
The current model (one SUBSCRIBE request triggers a SUBSCRIBE
response and one or more NOTIFY requests) is a classic setup for an
amplifier node to be used in a smurf attack.
Also, the creation of state upon receipt of a SUBSCRIBE request can
be used by attackers to consume resources on a victim's machine,
rendering it unusable.
To reduce the chances of such an attack, implementations of notifiers
require authentication. Authentication issues are discussed
in SIP [1].
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Replay Attacks
Replaying of either SUBSCRIBE or NOTIFY can have detrimental effects.
In the case of SUBSCRIBE messages, attackers may be able to install
any arbitrary subscription which it witnessed being installed at some
point in the past. Replaying of NOTIFY messages may be used to spoof
old state information (although a good versioning mechanism in the
body of the NOTIFY messages may help mitigate such an attack). Note
that the prohibition on sending NOTIFY messages to nodes which have
not subscribed to an event also aids in mitigating the effects of
such an attack.
To prevent such attacks, implementations
authentication with anti-replay protection. Authentication issues
are discussed in SIP [1].
Man-in-the middle attacks
Even with authentication, man-in-the-middle attacks using SUBSCRIBE
may be used to install arbitrary subscriptions, hijack existing
subscriptions, terminate outstanding subscriptions, or modify the
resource to which a subscription is being made. To prevent such
attacks, implementations
provide integrity protection across
"Contact", "Route", "Expires", "Event", and "To" headers of SUBSCRIBE
messages, at a minimum. If SUBSCRIBE bodies are used to define
further information about the state of the call, they
included in the integrity protection scheme.
Man-in-the-middle attacks may also attempt to use NOTIFY messages to
spoof arbitrary state information and/or terminate outstanding
subscriptions. To prevent such attacks, implementations
provide integrity protection across the "Call-ID", "CSeq", and
"Subscription-State" headers and the bodies of NOTIFY messages.
Integrity protection of message headers and bodies is discussed in
The state information contained in a NOTIFY message has the potential
to contain sensitive information. Implementations
encrypt such
information to ensure confidentiality.
While less likely, it is also possible that the information contained
in a SUBSCRIBE message contains information that users might not want
to have revealed. Implementations
encrypt such information to
ensure confidentiality.
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To allow the remote party to hide information it considers sensitive,
all implementations
be able to handle encrypted SUBSCRIBE and
NOTIFY messages.
The mechanisms for providing confidentiality are detailed in SIP [1].
IANA Considerations
This document defines an event-type namespace which requires a
central coordinating body. The body chosen for this coordination is
the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA).
There are two different types of event-types: normal event packages,
and event template-packages; see
section 4.2
. To avoid confusion,
template-package names and package names share the same namespace; in
other words, an event template-package
share a name with a
Following the policies outlined in "Guidelines for Writing an IANA
Considerations Section in RFCs" [4], normal event package
identification tokens are allocated as First Come First Served, and
event template-package identification tokens are allocated on a IETF
Consensus basis.
Registrations with the IANA
include the token being registered
and whether the token is a package or a template-package. Further,
include contact information for the party responsible
for the registration and/or a published document which describes the
event package. Event template-package token registrations
include a pointer to the published RFC which defines the event
Registered tokens to designate packages and template-packages
contain the character ".", which is used to separate template-
packages from packages.
Registration Information
As this document specifies no package or template-package names, the
initial IANA registration for event types will be empty. The
remainder of the text in this section gives an example of the type of
information to be maintained by the IANA; it also demonstrates all
five possible permutations of package type, contact, and reference.
The table below lists the event packages and template-packages
defined in "SIP-Specific Event Notification" [
]. Each name is
designated as a package or a template-package under "Type".
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RFC 3265 SIP-Specific Event Notification June 2002
Package Name Type Contact Reference
------------ ---- ------- ---------
example1 package [Roach]
example2 package [Roach] [
example3 package [
example4 template [Roach] [
example5 template [
[Roach] Adam Roach <firstname.lastname@example.com>
] Roach, A., "SIP-Specific Event Notification",
June 2002.
Registration Template
To: firstname.lastname@example.com
Subject: Registration of new SIP event package
Package Name:
(Package names must conform to the syntax described in
section 7.2.1
Is this registration for a Template Package:
(indicate yes or no)
Published Specification(s):
(Template packages require a published RFC. Other packages
may reference a specification when appropriate).
Person & email address to contact for further information:
Header Field Names
This document registers three new header field names, described
elsewhere in this document. These headers are defined by the
following information, which is to be added to the header sub-
registry under
Header Name: Allow-Events
Compact Form: u
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RFC 3265 SIP-Specific Event Notification June 2002
Header Name: Subscription-State
Compact Form: (none)
Header Name: Event
Compact Form: o
Response Codes
This document registers two new response codes. These response codes
are defined by the following information, which is to be added to the
method and response-code sub-registry under
Response Code Number: 202
Default Reason Phrase: Accepted
Response Code Number: 489
Default Reason Phrase: Bad Event
This section describes the syntax extensions required for event
notification in SIP. Semantics are described in
section 3
. Note
that the formal syntax definitions described in this document are
expressed in the ABNF format used in SIP [1], and contain references
to elements defined therein.
New Methods
This document describes two new SIP methods: SUBSCRIBE and
This table expands on tables 2 and 3 in SIP [1].
Header Where SUB NOT
------ ----- --- ---
Accept R o o
Accept 2xx - -
Accept 415 o o
Accept-Encoding R o o
Accept-Encoding 2xx - -
Accept-Encoding 415 o o
Accept-Language R o o
Accept-Language 2xx - -
Accept-Language 415 o o
Alert-Info R - -
Alert-Info 180 - -
Allow R o o
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RFC 3265 SIP-Specific Event Notification June 2002
Allow 2xx o o
Allow r o o
Allow 405 m m
Authentication-Info 2xx o o
Authorization R o o
Call-ID c m m
Contact R m m
Contact 1xx o o
Contact 2xx m o
Contact 3xx m m
Contact 485 o o
Content-Disposition o o
Content-Encoding o o
Content-Language o o
Content-Length t t
Content-Type * *
CSeq c m m
Date o o
Error-Info 300-699 o o
Expires o -
Expires 2xx m -
From c m m
In-Reply-To R - -
Max-Forwards R m m
Min-Expires 423 m -
MIME-Version o o
Organization o -
Priority R o -
Proxy-Authenticate 407 m m
Proxy-Authorization R o o
Proxy-Require R o o
RAck R - -
Record-Route R o o
Record-Route 2xx,401,484 o o
Reply-To - -
Require o o
Retry-After 404,413,480,486 o o
Retry-After 500,503 o o
Retry-After 600,603 o o
Route R c c
RSeq 1xx o o
Server r o o
Subject R - -
Supported R o o
Supported 2xx o o
Timestamp o o
To c(1) m m
Unsupported 420 o o
Roach Standards Track [Page 33]
RFC 3265 SIP-Specific Event Notification June 2002
User-Agent o o
Via c m m
Warning R - o
Warning r o o
WWW-Authenticate 401 m m
SUBSCRIBE method
"SUBSCRIBE" is added to the definition of the element "Method" in the
SIP message grammar.
Like all SIP method names, the SUBSCRIBE method name is case
sensitive. The SUBSCRIBE method is used to request asynchronous
notification of an event or set of events at a later time.
NOTIFY method
"NOTIFY" is added to the definition of the element "Method" in the
SIP message grammar.
The NOTIFY method is used to notify a SIP node that an event which
has been requested by an earlier SUBSCRIBE method has occurred. It
may also provide further details about the event.
New Headers
This table expands on tables 2 and 3 in SIP [1], as amended by the
changes described in
section 7.1
Header field where proxy ACK BYE CAN INV OPT REG PRA SUB NOT
Allow-Events R o o - o o o o o o
Allow-Events 2xx - o - o o o o o o
Allow-Events 489 - - - - - - - m m
Event R - - - - - - - m m
Subscription-State R - - - - - - - - m
"Event" header
Event is added to the definition of the element "message-header" in
the SIP message grammar.
For the purposes of matching responses and NOTIFY messages with
SUBSCRIBE messages, the event-type portion of the "Event" header is
compared byte-by-byte, and the "id" parameter token (if present) is
compared byte-by-byte. An "Event" header containing an "id"
parameter never matches an "Event" header without an "id" parameter.
No other parameters are considered when performing a comparison.
Roach Standards Track [Page 34]
RFC 3265 SIP-Specific Event Notification June 2002
Note that the forgoing text means that "Event: foo; id=1234" would
match "Event: foo; param=abcd; id=1234", but not "Event: foo" (id
does not match) or "Event: Foo; id=1234" (event portion does not
This document does not define values for event-types. These values
will be defined by individual event packages, and
be registered
with the IANA.
be exactly one event type listed per event header.
Multiple events per message are disallowed.
"Allow-Events" Header
Allow-Events is added to the definition of the element "general-
header" in the SIP message grammar. Its usage is described in
section 3.3.7
"Subscription-State" Header
Subscription-State is added to the definition of the element
"request-header" in the SIP message grammar. Its usage is described
section 3.2.4
New Response Codes
"202 Accepted" Response Code
The 202 response is added to the "Success" header field definition.
"202 Accepted" has the same meaning as that defined in HTTP/1.1 [3].
"489 Bad Event" Response Code
The 489 event response is added to the "Client-Error" header field
definition. "489 Bad Event" is used to indicate that the server did
not understand the event package specified in a "Event" header field.
Augmented BNF Definitions
The Augmented BNF definitions for the various new and modified syntax
elements follows. The notation is as used in SIP [1], and any
elements not defined in this section are as defined in SIP and the
documents to which it refers.
SUBSCRIBEm = %x220.127.116.11.126.96.36.199.45 ; SUBSCRIBE in caps
NOTIFYm = %x4E.4F.126.96.36.199 ; NOTIFY in caps
extension-method = SUBSCRIBEm / NOTIFYm / token
Roach Standards Track [Page 35]
RFC 3265 SIP-Specific Event Notification June 2002
Event = ( "Event" / "o" ) HCOLON event-type
*( SEMI event-param )
event-type = event-package *( "." event-template )
event-package = token-nodot
event-template = token-nodot
token-nodot = 1*( alphanum / "-" / "!" / "%" / "*"
/ "_" / "+" / "`" / "'" / "~" )
event-param = generic-param / ( "id" EQUAL token )
Allow-Events = ( "Allow-Events" / "u" ) HCOLON event-type
*(COMMA event-type)
Subscription-State = "Subscription-State" HCOLON substate-value
*( SEMI subexp-params )
substate-value = "active" / "pending" / "terminated"
/ extension-substate
extension-substate = token
subexp-params = ("reason" EQUAL event-reason-value)
/ ("expires" EQUAL delta-seconds)
/ ("retry-after" EQUAL delta-seconds)
/ generic-param
event-reason-value = "deactivated"
/ "probation"
/ "rejected"
/ "timeout"
/ "giveup"
/ "noresource"
/ event-reason-extension
event-reason-extension = token
Normative References
[1] Rosenberg, J., Schulzrinne, H., Camarillo, G., Johnston, A.,
Peterson, J., Sparks, R., Handley, M. and E. Schooler, "SIP:
Session Initiation Protocol",
, June 2002.
[2] Petrack, S. and L. Conroy, "The PINT Service Protocol",
, June 2000.
[3] Fielding, R., Gettys, J., Mogul, J., Frystyk, H., Masinter, L.,
Leach, P. and T. Berners-Lee, "Hypertext Transfer Protocol --
, June 1999.
[4] Narten, T. and H. Alvestrand, "Guidelines for Writing an IANA
Considerations Section in RFCs", BCP 26,
, October
Roach Standards Track [Page 36]
RFC 3265 SIP-Specific Event Notification June 2002
[5] Bradner, S., "Key Words for Use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement
Levels", BCP 14,
, March 1997.
[6] Day, M., Aggarwal, S., Mohr, G. and J. Vincent, "Instant
Messaging/Presence Protocol Requirements",
, February
Informative References
[7] Rosenberg, J. and H. Schulzrinne, "Guidelines for Authors of
SIP Extensions", Work in Progress.
[8] Schulzrinne, H. and J. Rosenberg, "SIP Caller Preferences and
Callee Capabilities", Work in Progress.
Thanks to the participants in the Events BOF at the 48th IETF meeting
in Pittsburgh, as well as those who gave ideas and suggestions on the
SIP Events mailing list. In particular, I wish to thank Henning
Schulzrinne of Columbia University for coming up with the final
three-tiered event identification scheme, Sean Olson for
miscellaneous guidance, Jonathan Rosenberg for a thorough scrubbing
of the -00 draft, and the authors of the "SIP Extensions for
Presence" document for their input to SUBSCRIBE and NOTIFY request
Notice Regarding Intellectual Property Rights
The IETF has been notified of intellectual property rights claimed in
regard to some or all of the specification contained in this
document. For more information, consult the online list of claimed
rights at
Author's Address
Adam Roach
5100 Tennyson Parkway
Suite 1200
Plano, TX 75024
EMail: email@example.com
Voice: sip:firstname.lastname@example.com
Roach Standards Track [Page 37]
RFC 3265 SIP-Specific Event Notification June 2002
Full Copyright Statement
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2002). All Rights Reserved.
This document and translations of it may be copied and furnished to
others, and derivative works that comment on or otherwise explain it
or assist in its implementation may be prepared, copied, published
and distributed, in whole or in part, without restriction of any
kind, provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are
included on all such copies and derivative works. However, this
document itself may not be modified in any way, such as by removing
the copyright notice or references to the Internet Society or other
Internet organizations, except as needed for the purpose of
developing Internet standards in which case the procedures for
copyrights defined in the Internet Standards process must be
followed, or as required to translate it into languages other than
The limited permissions granted above are perpetual and will not be
revoked by the Internet Society or its successors or assigns.
This document and the information contained herein is provided on an
"AS IS" basis and THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING
Funding for the RFC Editor function is currently provided by the
Internet Society.
Roach Standards Track [Page 38]


text:
ST. LOUIS (BP) — For the first time a federal appeals court has issued an order against the Obama administration's abortion/contraceptive mandate.
The one-page order Wednesday (Nov. 28) from a three-judge Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals panel prevents the government from forcing a Missouri business — O'Brien Industrial Holdings, LLC — to cover contraceptives and abortion-causing drugs in its employee health care plans as the appeals process is completed. The panel's temporary injunction came two months after a lower court tossed out the lawsuit.
It marks the fourth time this year that a federal court has issued an order or ruling against the mandate, which applies to businesses and religious organizations. There are about 40 cases nationwide seeking to overturn the mandate, which was implemented by the Department of Health and Human Services after President Obama signed the landmark health care bill into law.
The lawsuit by the American Center for Law and Justice (ACLJ) says the mandate would force Frank O'Brien — the business owner — to violate his "religious beliefs and company policy." The mandate violates two federal laws as well as the First Amendment guarantee of religious freedom and free speech, the suit states. If the court does not intervene and O'Brien does not follow the mandate, he would face steep fines. O'Brien's company and its subsidiaries employ about 85 people.
"O'Brien is a Catholic who has the religious duty to conduct himself and his business in a manner consistent with the Catholic faith," ACLJ stated in an appeal to the Eighth Circuit. "Pursuant to these beliefs, O'Brien has 'established as company policy that [it] cannot pay for and provide coverage for contraceptives, sterilization, abortion or related education and counseling.'"
O'Brien's business operates a number of businesses that explore, mine and process refractory and ceramic raw materials, according to ACLJ.
"The order sends a message that the religious beliefs of employers must be respected by the government," said ACLJ attorney Francis Manion. "We have argued from the beginning that employers like Frank O'Brien must be able to operate their business in a manner consistent with their moral values, not the values of the government. We look forward to this case moving forward and securing the constitutional rights of our client."
The panel split 2-1 on the order, although all three judges were nominated by Republican presidents. The two justices in the majority were Raymond W. Gruender and Bobby E. Shepherd, each nominated by George W. Bush. Dissenting in the order was Morris Sheppard Arnold, who was nominated by George H.W. Bush.
The ACLJ suit involves a private business, but many of the 40 suits against the mandate involve religious organizations. Tyndale House Publishers, which publishes Bibles and Christian books, won in federal court in November when a judge issued a temporary injunction preventing it from being forced to follow the mandate.
Michael Foust is associate editor of Baptist Press. Get Baptist Press headlines and breaking news on Twitter (@BaptistPress), Facebook (Facebook.com/BaptistPress ) and in your email ( baptistpress.com/SubscribeBP.asp).

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Print Quality of Digital QST
Dec 23rd 2012, 16:51 | |
KL0SJoined: Apr 6th 1998, 00:00Total Topics: 0 Total Posts: 0 |
For many years I kept all my paper copies of QST, 73, Ham Radio, CQ etc. I finally bit the bullet and went thru all those issues and extracted the articles that I wanted to keep for future reference and use. In recent years to create more useful copies I began using my color copier/printer to make copies of those articles I wanted to keep. When QST (and others) began distributing digital media I was encouraged that I could reduce my paper footprint even further by simply printing those articles I needed a print copy of at the time of use. But I have found that the reproduction quality you get from the digital QST application falls short. My Mac operating system allows me to create .pdf file copies from documents. As an experiment I extracted an article I wanted to keep from the January 2013 QST and via the "nxt" application print function I saved the pages I wanted as a .pdf file. The initial file size was ~11MB for a six-page article. Then via a .pdf compression utility I was able to compress that to a file size of ~1.5MB. When printed neither of those files provided a paper copy quality that approached the QST printed page. I then used the digital version to directly print the same pages with similar lower quality results. Finally to prove that my color printer could actually produce a print quality that approached the printed page I simply made made a color copy from the article I snipped out of my QST. That print quality was VERY close to the QST paper print quality. So for the foreseeable future I still need to use my paper QST to produce acceptable file copies of those articles I want to keep; why can't the QST digital application produce a clear, sharp printed copy that I can produce with the scan/print function of my color printer? Dino KL0S |
Dec 24th 2012, 18:32 | |
aa6eJoined: Apr 4th 1998, 00:00Total Topics: 0 Total Posts: 0 |
Dino - I have found that the PDFs in the annual CDROM are very good quality. Chances are they will always be at least as good as, if not better than what you get via the digital magazine (and you get QEX, NCJ, and supplementary files.) I have suggested that the annual CDROM should be bundled with the membership and QST subscription, either at no cost (best!) or for an (optional) low additional charge. If you agree, feel free to let HQ know. 73 Martin AA6E p.s. It's worth a note that the on-line archives -- from the mid-90's (?) at least until this year! -- are available to members in high-quality PDFs. The CDROM is better, because you get the complete issues with ads, etc. |
Jan 14th 2013, 15:15 | |
VK4APNJoined: Jan 17th 2005, 09:22Total Topics: 0 Total Posts: 0 |
I have just re-joined the ARRL. I opted for the digital version. I have found that if I print out an article from the digital version that the print quality is no better than a 5th generation photocopy - very poor, blurred and difficult to read. The images seem crisp tho. Am I missing a setting? My colour laser printer produces excellent output from every other source. Or is the print quality deliberately trashed on the digital version? Paul vk4apn |
Jan 14th 2013, 16:26 | |
aa6eJoined: Apr 4th 1998, 00:00Total Topics: 0 Total Posts: 0 |
Paul, I get the same ragged results as you when I print using the Google Chrome browser under Ubuntu LInux, sad to say. (The copyright notice comes through nice and sharp. :-) If you want to get a specific photo or figure printed in best quality, you can use the "Print Screen" function on your computer, but this is not a great solution. Digital QST is clearly optimized for on-line viewing. For archiving and printing, the annual CD-ROM (or the on-line archive of older issues) with PDFs is a better way to go. Unfortunately, these won't help you print from a current issue. 73 Martin AA6E |
Jan 25th 2013, 23:42 | |
N4AABJoined: Jan 16th 2013, 01:39Total Topics: 0 Total Posts: 0 |
I have a HP P1102w B&W laser printer. I printed two pages. Some of the characters of the font are not consistent in letter thickness. Some areas of the text the letters are broken, missing part of the letters. Not common though. I currently use 2.0 diopters reading glasses and the print is readable. I can read it with little problems. I have Vista Home Premium for an operating system. |
Apr 13th 2014, 22:39 | |
K6LCMJoined: May 15th 2006, 14:50Total Topics: 0 Total Posts: 0 |
Same issue with poor text print quality here on the Mac printing from all browsers. I tried upgrading Adobe Flash on the Mac and making PDFs before printing but no joy. Prints from Windows 7 produced significantly better results. Not sure if the worst of it is Mac/Linux specific. Can others weigh in with comparisons by OS? |


text:
London final tickets go on international sale
Monday, February 11, 2013
Article summary
International ticket sales for this season's UEFA Champions League final at Wembley Stadium on Saturday 25 May are now under way and continue until Friday 15 March.
Article top media content
Article body
International ticket sales for the 2013 UEFA Champions League final at London's Wembley Stadium on Saturday 25 May are under way for international football fans.
The 2013 UEFA Champions League final ticket portal are on sale to the international general public – exclusively via UEFA.com.
Applicants will be able to apply for a maximum of two tickets per person (in the same price category) during a five-week period running until Friday 15 March. Each applicant has to complete an online application form, with allocation to be decided by lottery.
Once the sales window is closed, every valid application will enter a ballot, irrespective of the time of submission within the application period, to determine which fans are awarded tickets for the Wembley showpiece. Any ticket order not in accordance with the 2013 UEFA Champions League final ticketing Terms and Conditions will be rejected.
Tickets come in four price categories (GBP).
Category 1: £330
Cat 2: £230
Cat 3: £140
Cat 4: £60.
Youth Package tickets for one child accompanied by one adult are available at discount prices in Category 2: £120 (1 adult + 1 child ticket).
An administrative fee will be charged per successful ticket order as follows:
Ticket orders within United Kingdom: £8
Ticket orders within Europe: £16
Ticket orders outside Europe: £28
Payment will be by credit card only and applicants will be informed by Monday 8 April if they have been successful or not in the lottery. Tickets will then be dispatched by registered post no later than the end of April.
Orders can also be put in for wheelchair tickets, with each £60 wheelchair ticket including one free seat for an accompanying person (please check the UEFA Champions League final ticketing section for further details).
For questions about ticket applications that are not addressed in our FAQ section, fans can contact the customer service appointed by the English Football Association (FA) to oversee the ticketing process for this Wembley final:
By email: firstname.lastname@example.com
By phone to the following numbers:
From UK – 0844 844 1313
Outside UK – +44 (0)208 616 5432
Opening times: 09.00-17.00GMT Monday to Friday


text:
Super Bowl Tech: A Supersized Role For Security
The cold weather has been the strongest story line throughout the entire NFL season. Sunday's game will be no exception -- behind the scenes and on the field.
This week will be one of the most exciting weeks in recent sports history, kicking off Sunday with the first cold weather Super Bowl in the modern era and ending with the 2014 Winter Olympics opening ceremonies. Most of us will be watching the Super Bowl, but what does that fact have to do with IT security?
First, technology plays a role in everything today. In 2012, InformationWeek put together a nice slideshow called 9 Security Technologies for the Super Bowl and Beyond. It captures some of the tech that is used to secure some of the largest sporting events around the world. It's worth checking out as we focus this weekend on the Super Bowl.
Second, Super Bowl XLVIII has plenty of its own storylines: The league's best offense versus the league's best defense, old guard QB versus upstart QB. But the cold weather aspect has been the strongest story line throughout the entire NFL Season. Just look at the weather forecast: 27-44 degrees by game time with a slight wind projected for Sunday night.
The cold weather inserts more security and public safety issues that must be monitored and managed. For example, people will be wearing more layers of clothes, and there are significant travel restrictions heading to MetLife Stadium. Furthermore, we all know that cold weather and hardware don't always mix. That not mixing creates an additional strain on the technology that helps law enforcement do its job.
It's a Super Bowl-sized example of physical security and IT convergence. Covering more than 2 million square feet over nearly 13.5 acres, with seating for 82,500 fans, 222 suites, and four club lounges with more than 9,000 club seats, MetLife Stadium and the surrounding facilities and activities around Super Bowl weekend represent a massive area to monitor and secure to ensure public safety.
I've seen these types of events from behind-the-scenes and there are many ways that IT will play a vital security role:
IP Video: IP-based surveillance cameras provide security and operations personnel with HDTV- and megapixel-quality video, a significant upgrade from the grainy CCTV feeds of the past. Like any other network-connected device, these cameras need to adhere to the same IT security protocols to ensure the devices, and the live and stored video footage on the network, are all secure.
Collaboration: The NFL, MetLife Stadium, New Jersey Transit, and the New Jersey State Police have been collaborating for months. Beyond requiring procedures and traffic patterns for fans, staff, and public safety personnel, a globally-watched event in a public venue has its own security challenges. IP technology allows security organizers to bring public and private video feeds into a centralized control room. This enables greater collaboration; more contextual analysis; and a quicker, orchestrated, and more appropriate response to any situation.
HDTV: Security managers can now quarterback the control room. They finally have an HD view of the game with the same quality we see at home. They can catch more "plays" they might otherwise miss, both inside the stadium and elsewhere on the premises. Crisp pictures and powerful pan/tilt/zoom (PTZ) capabilities, combined with video monitoring software (VMS), allow them to identify incidents quickly, track the sequence of an incident, and respond effectively. In the past, by the time guards responded to an incident, the perpetrators had often moved on. Today, technology helps stitch together the sequence of events to help locate a lost child, break up a drunken fan-fight or an out-of-control tailgate party, or respond to a public safety concern. The control room acts as a calm QB, directing the team to be in the right place for each play.
Wireless Remote Access: Wireless access literally puts HDTV-quality video in the palms of the hands of patrol members who can see exactly what's happening in real-time instead of relying on a radio feed from the control room.
Temporary Networks: IP technologies allow for quick set-up and break-down of temporary networks. IP video, wireless technologies, and power-supply capabilities make it easier to support the additional security required for the game and all the surrounding festivities. It's simply another network drop vs. having to trench cable -- a more permanent requirement of the past. This allows for activities to sprawl out over a greater distance while remaining under control.
It's not just about security either. Remember, last year when a power outage at the Superdome knocked Super Bowl XLVII out of commission for more than a half hour? That was a transformer problem that became more of a story than the game itself, and highlighted how disruptive a blip in IT and facilities operations can be. When the lights go out, it not only leaves fans in the dark, but the operations personnel as well.
The complex security environment surrounding major sporting events offers great perspective for enterprise security teams on how to prepare, monitor, and respond to security threats -- both physical and cyber. Take a lesson from the Super Bowl. Let's chat about the game -- from a security or a sports focus -- in the comments.
About the Author(s)
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August 27, 2024


text:
The week's events
- "Typewriter Muse: Inspiration in Analog" with Bob Marshall
"Typewriter Muse: Inspiration in Analog" with Bob Marshall
"Typewriter Muse: Inspiration in Analog" with Bob Marshall
July 10, 2021Live event Saturday, July 10, 2021 at 2:00 PM PDT
Live and in person at Riverside Art Museum, 3425 Mission Inn Ave, Riverside, CA 92501
Free to RAM members
$5/adults $3/seniors & students
Installation Viewing: June 25-July 16
Are you looking for an interesting – yet easygoing – way to get back into the world? Do you wax nostalgic for the clickety-clack of a Smith-Corona? Then join Inlandia Institute and Riverside Art Museum in a joyful celebration of the typewriter! The installation includes eight typewriters you can actually touch – as well as one mystery typewriter with an intriguing origin story, under glass.
Typewriters will be on display in the RAM Atrium from June 25-July 16 and visitors are encouraged to give them a try. Prove your skills with "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog" and other inspirations from typing class – or hunt and peck a tome of your own!
And on Saturday, July 10, at 2:00 PM, join us for a special presentation from typewriter aficionado and repairman to the stars, Bob Marshall, who will talk about his love for this classic writing instrument, which, as he sees it, is "no longer the business machine of yesteryear, but the preferred writing tool for a curious, creative mind." Journey with Bob through the decades and discover how these writing machines of old can find new purpose as a muse to your creative writing process. Typewriters provided – bring your imagination.


text:
On this page, you can find the official link to download Tecno Phantom X2 AD8 Stock Firmware ROM (Flash File) on your computer. Firmware comes in a zip package containing Flash File, Flash Tool, USB Driver, and How-to Flash Manual.
Tecno Phantom X2 AD8 Stock Firmware (Flash File)
The Flash File will help you Upgrade, Downgrade, or re-install the Stock Firmware (OS) on your Mobile Device. In addition, the Flash File (ROM) also enables you to repair the Mobile device if facing any Software Issue, Bootloop Issue, IMEI Issue, or Dead Issue.
File Name: Tecno_Phantom_X2_AD8_MT6983_V1462_240521_MXML.zip
File Size: 6.18 GB
Flash Tool: SP Flash Tool for Windows | SP Flash Tool for Linux
How-to Flash (install): Follow Tutorial
How to Flash or Install Firmware (ROM)
- Download and extract the Tecno Phantom X2 AD8 stock firmware package on the computer.
- After extracting the package, you will be able to get the Firmware File, Flash Tool, Driver, and How-to Flash Guide.
- Install the provided USB Driver on the computer (if the USB Driver is already installed, then SKIP this step).
- Follow the How-to Flash Manual to Flash or install the Firmware on your Tecno Phantom X2 AD8 device.
Readme Once:
[*] Flash Tool: If you wish to download the latest version of SP Flash Tool, then head over to SP Flash Tool for Windows or SP Flash Tool for Linux page.
[*] Take a Backup: If you are going to flash or install the above Firmware on the Tecno Phantom X2 AD8 device, then take a backup of everything because your data will be deleted or removed post flashing or installing the Firmware.
[*] We have scanned the above firmware (ROM) package against viruses/malware using Malwarebytes Premium. You can also use Malwarebytes to scan your computer against viruses/malware.


text:
About the Artist:
MOORESTOWN-Cal Massey said that the wonderful images that appear on his canvases come to him during his daily meditations. He jots them on notecards and stores them in a filing cabinet that stands near the easel in his studio. "Everything in my work is spiritual," the 80-year-old artist said. Entering the artist's home/gallery studio on Dawson Street is almost a spiritual experience in itself. Messiah, a rendition of a black Christ as one with the earth, standing between the galaxies and the oceans, is the first painting a visitor notices. Near it hangs "Angel Heart", which Massey considers one of his most popular works, inspired in part by the lack of black angels in traditional artwork. The angel's hair, styled in a full Afro, is a tribute to the natural beauty of the black woman, Massey said. For years, Massey's work has represented the black community in the art world. Now the artist, whose work already hangs on the walls of Congress members and rock stars, will see his work hang from the necks of Olympians. Massey was one of 13 artists from around the world chosen to design a commemorative medal for the 1996 ,Summer Olympics in Atlanta. His design, The High Jump, depicts a young black woman – her back arched slightly, her knees bent – as her thighs begin to top the bar. He said his is the only medal that features an athlete of color. "I'm proud to be a role model," Massey said. The High Jump will be cast in sterling silver and run two inches in diameter. The medals will go on sale in late March or early April, and remain available until after the Games end.