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Frequently Asked Questions: General Queries
What do Hs values represent?
The wave height (Hs) represents a 30-minute average of the 1/3 highest waves at a sensor. The height is the distance between the trough and the crest of the wave. Statistically, the highest wave during the measurement period is likely to be approximately twice the reported wave height (1.8*Hs).
What are Tp and Dp? Why are there different values given in different products?
The period of waves is the time it takes two consecutive crests to pass a single spot, and the direction is the compass angle (0-360 degrees clockwise from true North) that the waves are coming from. In the ocean, however, no two waves are perfectly identical - they are constantly coming from different directions at different frequencies.
Since there is never just a single direction or period for ocean waves, we can only measure the peak period (Tp) and peak direction (Dp). The peak period is the most common period between consecutive waves, while the peak direction is the most common direction. To come up with these values, all of the wave energy for a station over a specified period of time - approximately 30 minutes, in most cases - is grouped into different bands. For instance, in CDIP's 9-band products, all waves with periods from 6 to 8 seconds go into the 7-second band, those from 8 to 10 secs go into the 9-second band, etc. After all of the wave energy has been divided into these bands, the band with the most energy is selected as the peak band.
The cutoffs between bands, however, are arbitrary, and changing the cutoffs and/or number of bands affects the resulting Tp and Dp values. At CDIP we use two formats for analysis, 9-band and parameter. In the the 9-band products, all of the wave energy is divided into 9 broad bands. In the parameter products, the energy is split into 64 (or 128) narrow bands. As a result, the 9-band Tp and Dp give more general, broad values, while the parameter Tp and Dp identify finer, subtler peaks.
So which Tp/Dp values are better? It depends what you're looking for. For instance, the broad bands of the 9-band values are better for addressing general questions about the sea state (e.g. which is currently predominant - local seas or ground swell?). To pick up more subtle features - like the arrival of long-period swell from a distant storm - the parameters values may be more helpful.
Although the wave height is staying pretty stable, the peak period and peak direction are jumping all around. Which of those Tp and Dp values are really correct?
Over any given period, the waves at a point in the ocean are actually coming from a number of different sources. There may be short-period waves from local winds, long-period waves from one or more distant storms, and a range of other wave fields originating from different weather systems. The peak period and peak direction describe the strongest of all the sources of wave energy. When one source becomes stronger than another, the Tp and Dp values can suddenly change dramatically. And when two sources of wave energy have near-equal strength, the Tp and Dp values may bounce back and forth between them.
For instance, in summer on the US west coast we often have long-period swell from large storms in the southern hemisphere and short-period seas from local winds off the coast. Whenever the south swell is the stronger the peak period could be 18 seconds and the peak direction 180 degrees. Whenever the seas are a bit stronger, the Tp could be 5 seconds and the Dp 290 degrees. And if these two sources have near equal energy, we may find that from hour to hour the Tp and Dp values jump up and down repeatedly, showing whichever of the two sources is briefly the more energetic.
Are your sea temperatures correct? At the beach the lifeguards are reporting 63F, but the buoy says 70F!
There are often big differences between inshore and offshore temperatures due to various phenomena. In the surfzone, for instance, mixing may result in temperatures much colder than in calm surface waters offshore. Our buoys are all located offshore and measure sea surface temperature using a sensor located about 18 inches directly below the buoy.
What causes wave sets?
Very often waves from different parts of a distant storm arrive here at the same time. Their period (or lengths) can be nearly the same size. For a while the crests of the two wave trains begin to coincide. The two trains adding together result in waves that grow bigger. Later, the troughs of one begins to coincide with the crests of the other. The combination wave grows smaller. We see this as a "set" of large waves, followed by an interval of smaller waves. See figure below.
Why are wave heights sometimes underestimated on windy days?
Local winds generate very short-period, high frequency waves, and not all of CDIP's instruments can measure these waves effectively. This is especially true of pressure sensors postioned deep underwater. At Kings Bay, for example, the sensors are mounted at a depth of 55 feet. Due to attenuation, these sensors do not feel high frequency waves, and so on windy days the high frequency energy will not be reflected in the reported Hs.
Why are the times on your buoy data often an hour or more old? Can't the data be more up-to-date?
To determine the wave conditions, you can't simply look at the ocean for a few seconds. Instead, you need to sample data over a long period. For most of CDIP's wave calculations, a data sample of approximately 30 minutes is used. And unlike the NDBC and other data providers who use sample end times on their spectra, CDIP uses sample start times.
This means that when we update our site based on a data sample that ended just a few minutes ago, the time assigned to the data - the start time - will already be more than 30 minutes old. For Datawell buoys, at the end of a 30-minute sampling period, the sensor calculates a wave spectrum and starts to transmit it; it's repeatedly sent in 4-minute blocks over the next half-hour.
This means that the when a CDIP station updates, the new spectrum will have a time that is at least 35 or 40 minutes old (30 min sample + 4 min transmission + a few minutes to process). But sometimes newly-updated data may have a start time that is up to 1 hour and 10 minutes old; it simply depends on which point in the half-hour cycle the buoy is contacted. (I.e. CDIP only grabs the data from stations once each half-hour, and it may happen that we're grabbing the spectrum near the end of its transmission cycle.)
Is the wave direction from the SF/IB Nearshore Buoy correct? All the buoys show a northwest swell, but that buoy is reporting the same swell from the west-southwest!
When looking at buoy data, it's important to distinguish between deep-water measurements and shallow-water measurements. In deep water, swell direction is primarily determined by the location of the fetch that produced the swell. So deep-water buoys on the West Coast register swells from the Gulf of Alaska as NW swells, and swells from the South Pacific as S or SW swells.
In shallow water, on the other hand, the swell direction is determined primarily by the local bathymetery; swell is refracted such that wave crests approach the coast parallel to shore. I.e. whether it's a NW swell or S swell, at your local beach the waves always come in and line up at nearly the same angle, with only slight shifts to the N or S.
For example, the San Francisco Bar buoy is a shallow-water buoy at a location where the shore normal points to the WSW. Thus all long-period swell, regardless of source, has been refracted to the WSW at that spot. So the readings you see are correct given the water depth (15m) at the buoy's location.
Sometimes the swell and wind wave heights reported on the NDBC site for CDIP buoys aren't consistent with neighboring NDBC buoys. The CDIP buoys report larger wind waves, while the NDBC buoys report more swell. Why is this the case?
The relative amounts of swell and wind waves (or seas) reported for a buoy depend upon the cutoff period used to distinguish swell from seas. NDBC buoys include anemometers and use wind measurements to determine the sea/swell cutoff period based on current conditions. CDIP buoys, on the other hand, do not measure winds, and instead of a dynamic sea/swell cutoff they use a fixed 10-second cutoff when reporting swell and wind wave measurements to NDBC.
Sometimes there are significant amounts of wave energy with periods in the 8 to 10 second range. Depending on wind conditions, NDBC may report this energy as swell, whereas CDIP buoys will always report it as wind waves. Hence the NDBC reports will show more swell, and the CDIP reports will show more wind waves. By looking at the swell and wind wave periods, however, it should be clear when this sort of discrepancy occurs; the NDBC buoys will be reporting a low swell period, one that falls below CDIP's 10-second cutoff.
For a more in depth discussion of wave measurements and standards, we recommend the Coastal Engineering Manual (CEM) published by the United States Army Corps of Engineers' Coastal and Hydraulics Laboratory.


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Down in Lincolnshire
There is a hush upon Chesney Wold in these altered days, as there is upon a portion of the family history. The story goes that Sir Leicester paid some who could have spoken out to hold their peace; but it is a lame story, feebly whispering and creeping about, and any brighter spark of life it shows soon dies away. It is known for certain that the handsome Lady Dedlock lies in the mausoleum in the park, where the trees arch darkly overhead, and the owl is heard at night making the woods ring; but whence she was brought home to be laid among the echoes of that solitary place, or how she died, is all mystery. Some of her old friends, principally to be found among the peachy-cheeked charmers with the skeleton throats, did once occasionally say, as they toyed in a ghastly manner with large fans--like charmers reduced to flirting with grim death, after losing all their other beaux--did once occasionally say, when the world assembled together, that they wondered the ashes of the Dedlocks, entombed in the mausoleum, never rose against the profanation of her company. But the dead-and-gone Dedlocks take it very calmly and have never been known to object.
Up from among the fern in the hollow, and winding by the bridle- road among the trees, comes sometimes to this lonely spot the sound of horses' hoofs. Then may be seen Sir Leicester--invalided, bent, and almost blind, but of worthy presence yet--riding with a stalwart man beside him, constant to his bridle-rein. When they come to a certain spot before the mausoleum-door, Sir Leicester's accustomed horse stops of his own accord, and Sir Leicester, pulling off his hat, is still for a few moments before they ride away.
War rages yet with the audacious Boythorn, though at uncertain intervals, and now hotly, and now coolly, flickering like an unsteady fire. The truth is said to be that when Sir Leicester came down to Lincolnshire for good, Mr. Boythorn showed a manifest desire to abandon his right of way and do whatever Sir Leicester would, which Sir Leicester, conceiving to be a condescension to his illness or misfortune, took in such high dudgeon, and was so magnificently aggrieved by, that Mr. Boythorn found himself under the necessity of committing a flagrant trespass to restore his neighbour to himself. Similarly, Mr. Boythorn continues to post tremendous placards on the disputed thoroughfare and (with his bird upon his head) to hold forth vehemently against Sir Leicester in the sanctuary of his own home; similarly, also, he defies him as of old in the little church by testifying a bland unconsciousness of his existence. But it is whispered that when he is most ferocious towards his old foe, he is really most considerate, and that Sir Leicester, in the dignity of being implacable, little supposes how much he is humoured. As little does he think how near together he and his antagonist have suffered in the fortunes of two sisters, and his antagonist, who knows it now, is not the man to tell him. So the quarrel goes on to the satisfaction of both.
In one of the lodges of the park--that lodge within sight of the house where, once upon a time, when the waters were out down in Lincolnshire, my Lady used to see the keeper's child--the stalwart man, the trooper formerly, is housed. Some relics of his old calling hang upon the walls, and these it is the chosen recreation of a little lame man about the stable-yard to keep gleaming bright. A busy little man he always is, in the polishing at harness-house doors, of stirrup-irons, bits, curb-chains, harness bosses, anything in the way of a stable-yard that will take a polish, leading a life of friction. A shaggy little damaged man, withal, not unlike an old dog of some mongrel breed, who has been considerably knocked about. He answers to the name of Phil.
A goodly sight it is to see the grand old housekeeper (harder of hearing now) going to church on the arm of her son and to observe-- which few do, for the house is scant of company in these times--the relations of both towards Sir Leicester, and his towards them. They have visitors in the high summer weather, when a grey cloak and umbrella, unknown to Chesney Wold at other periods, are seen among the leaves; when two young ladies are occasionally found gambolling in sequestered saw-pits and such nooks of the park; and when the smoke of two pipes wreathes away into the fragrant evening air from the trooper's door. Then is a fife heard trolling within the lodge on the inspiring topic of the "British Grenadiers"; and as the evening closes in, a gruff inflexible voice is heard to say, while two men pace together up and down, "But I never own to it before the old girl. Discipline must be maintained."
The greater part of the house is shut up, and it is a show-house no longer; yet Sir Leicester holds his shrunken state in the long drawing-room for all that, and reposes in his old place before my Lady's picture. Closed in by night with broad screens, and illumined only in that part, the light of the drawing-room seems gradually contracting and dwindling until it shall be no more. A little more, in truth, and it will be all extinguished for Sir Leicester; and the damp door in the mausoleum which shuts so tight, and looks so obdurate, will have opened and received him.
Volumnia, growing with the flight of time pinker as to the red in her face, and yellower as to the white, reads to Sir Leicester in the long evenings and is driven to various artifices to conceal her yawns, of which the chief and most efficacious is the insertion of the pearl necklace between her rosy lips. Long-winded treatises on the Buffy and Boodle question, showing how Buffy is immaculate and Boodle villainous, and how the country is lost by being all Boodle and no Buffy, or saved by being all Buffy and no Boodle (it must be one of the two, and cannot be anything else), are the staple of her reading. Sir Leicester is not particular what it is and does not appear to follow it very closely, further than that he always comes broad awake the moment Volumnia ventures to leave off, and sonorously repeating her last words, begs with some displeasure to know if she finds herself fatigued. However, Volumnia, in the course of her bird-like hopping about and pecking at papers, has alighted on a memorandum concerning herself in the event of "anything happening" to her kinsman, which is handsome compensation for an extensive course of reading and holds even the dragon Boredom at bay.
The cousins generally are rather shy of Chesney Wold in its dullness, but take to it a little in the shooting season, when guns are heard in the plantations, and a few scattered beaters and keepers wait at the old places of appointment for low-spirited twos and threes of cousins. The debilitated cousin, more debilitated by the dreariness of the place, gets into a fearful state of depression, groaning under penitential sofa-pillows in his gunless hours and protesting that such fernal old jail's--nough t'sew fler up--frever.
The only great occasions for Volumnia in this changed aspect of the place in Lincolnshire are those occasions, rare and widely separated, when something is to be done for the county or the country in the way of gracing a public ball. Then, indeed, does the tuckered sylph come out in fairy form and proceed with joy under cousinly escort to the exhausted old assembly-room, fourteen heavy miles off, which, during three hundred and sixty-four days and nights of every ordinary year, is a kind of antipodean lumber- room full of old chairs and tables upside down. Then, indeed, does she captivate all hearts by her condescension, by her girlish vivacity, and by her skipping about as in the days when the hideous old general with the mouth too full of teeth had not cut one of them at two guineas each. Then does she twirl and twine, a pastoral nymph of good family, through the mazes of the dance. Then do the swains appear with tea, with lemonade, with sandwiches, with homage. Then is she kind and cruel, stately and unassuming, various, beautifully wilful. Then is there a singular kind of parallel between her and the little glass chandeliers of another age embellishing that assembly-room, which, with their meagre stems, their spare little drops, their disappointing knobs where no drops are, their bare little stalks from which knobs and drops have both departed, and their little feeble prismatic twinkling, all seem Volumnias.
For the rest, Lincolnshire life to Volumnia is a vast blank of overgrown house looking out upon trees, sighing, wringing their hands, bowing their heads, and casting their tears upon the window- panes in monotonous depressions. A labyrinth of grandeur, less the property of an old family of human beings and their ghostly likenesses than of an old family of echoings and thunderings which start out of their hundred graves at every sound and go resounding through the building. A waste of unused passages and staircases in which to drop a comb upon a bedroom floor at night is to send a stealthy footfall on an errand through the house. A place where few people care to go about alone, where a maid screams if an ash drops from the fire, takes to crying at all times and seasons, becomes the victim of a low disorder of the spirits, and gives warning and departs.
Thus Chesney Wold. With so much of itself abandoned to darkness and vacancy; with so little change under the summer shining or the wintry lowering; so sombre and motionless always--no flag flying now by day, no rows of lights sparkling by night; with no family to come and go, no visitors to be the souls of pale cold shapes of rooms, no stir of life about it--passion and pride, even to the stranger's eye, have died away from the place in Lincolnshire and yielded it to dull repose.


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An official website of the United States government
Alert 2007-8 | February 20, 2007
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Chief Executive Officers of All National Banks; All State Banking Authorities; Chairman, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System; Chairman, Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation; Director, Office of Thrift Supervision; Conference of State Bank Supervisors; Deputy Comptrollers (districts); Assistant Deputy Comptrollers; District Counsel; and All Examining Personnel
The above-named bank has reported that counterfeit cashier's checks issued in the bank's name and using a correct routing number of 121144285 are being presented for payment nationwide in connection with a mystery shopping scam.
Counterfeit items may be identified by the following traits: The checks are of unknown color with border along the top of the instrument. The following statement is contained within the top border: "THE FACE OF THIS DOCUMENT IS PRINTED RED – THE BACK CONTAINS A SIMULATED WATERMARK." The bank's name and logo appear in the upper-left corner of the check with the words "Cashier's Check" printed in the top-center portion of the item and enclosed in a box. The center of the instrument contains a rectangle with six arrows pointing towards the drawer name and the dollar amount of the check. The top portion of the rectangular area contains the phrase "Match the amount in words with the amount in numbers." To the right of the box is the drawer bank information followed by an authorized signature line. The remitter information appears directly beneath the signature line.
Items presented to date contain a check number of 68428, are payable in the amount of $4,770, and include a remitter name of Quality Shopper Inc.
Correspondence accompanying the checks may contain the letterhead of "QUALITYSHOPPER MYSTERY SHOPPING SOLUTION, 654 Burrard Street, Vancouver BC, V7X 1M8, 604-719-1818" and may be signed by Susan Hutchins, Human Resources Manager.
The letter informs the recipient that he or she has been chosen to represent the company as a secret shopper. A statement explains that the enclosed cashier's check is to be used to purchase merchandise at various nationally known merchants and to transfer money using a nationally known wire service. The funds to be spent at each location are divided into specific dollar amounts, with the shopper being allotted the remaining funds as payment for his or her mystery shopper service. The recipient is instructed to call 604-719-1818–ext. 200, listen to the message, and then press 1. The recipient should then state his or her name and wait for the call to be answered. He or she will then receive detailed instructions on how to proceed.
For additional information and guidance and to verify the authenticity of Bank of Napa, N.A.'s cashier's checks, please contact Robert Rowen, Vice President, Bank of Napa, N.A., 2007 Redwood Road, Suite 101, Napa, CA 94558, by telephone at (707) 257-7777, by fax at (707) 257-1497, or via email at [firstname.lastname@example.com].
Consumers who receive counterfeit or fictitious items and associated material should file complaints with the following agencies, as appropriate:
Additional information concerning this matter that should be brought to the attention of the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC) may be forwarded to
Office of the Comptroller of the Currency Special Supervision Division 400 7th St. SW, Suite 3E-218; MS 8E-12 Washington, DC 20219 Phone: (202) 649-6450 Fax: (571) 293-4925 www.occ.gov email@example.com
For additional information regarding other types of financial fraud, please visit the OCC's anti-fraud resources page.
Richard C. Stearns Director for Enforcement & Compliance


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Each of our shoes averages between 60 and 100 individual pieces - and that's for a single shoe, not even per pair! So when we talk about sustainable materials and components, we are looking to reinvent our shoes from the inside out. Below we highlight just some of the main materials and components we use in our collections.
Product Description
Donation for offsetting the carbon footprint of your order.
Size Conversion Chart
Complimentary Shipping, Returns, and Exchanges
We offer complimentary ground shipping, returns, and exchanges on all domestic orders. Find more about our policies as outlined here.
Have questions about fit, sizing, color, comfort, or simply a general inquiry? Please email firstname.lastname@example.com with any customer service related questions and we will do our best to get back to you within 1-2 days.
Thank you for choosing Sylven New York! Your interest in our product means the world to us.
Customer Reviews
Materials and Components
Plant-based, bio-based, renewable, recycled,
and organic vegan materials and components.
Apple Leather - from Organic Apple Waste
Apple Leather is a bio-based leather alternative made using organic apple waste originating in Tyrol, a town nestled at the base of the Italian Alps. Tyrol is the largest supplier of organic apples in Europe and every year is faced with a significant amount of waste. The cores and skins of the apple waste are taken and transformed into a pulp, which is then bound to a fabric for structure. The result is a 'leather' imitative material that structurally holds many of the same properties as a traditional animal leather while remaining completely animal-free.
Vegan Linings - Bio-Based from Wheat and Barley Byproduct
Linings aren't always seen as the most exciting component of the shoe, but they are one of the most important! As the first point of contact with the skin, the material must be breathable, able to wick away moisture, and should be soft to the touch. While leather naturally is a great candidate for the properties needed for linings, the trick for finding a non-virgin plastic vegan option proved difficult until we sourced this groundbreaking material. Made from natural, renewable resources, polyols, or plant-based molecules, are taken from corn, grain, and seeds to comprise a non-petroleum and performance based leather alternative.
Coconut Husk Insoles
Highly renewable, and naturally antimicrobial, coconut husks are a fantastic natural resource that can be used to create a completely natural and chemical free insole. The coconut husk fibers are also great for insulating both hot and cold temperatures, and remain breathable while also being durable.
Vegan Nappa - 100% Recycled
Our Vegan Nappa is made from 100% recycled fibers. While standard vegan leathers are typically made using virgin plastics coupled with harmful chemical processes, our Vegan Nappa is made without any virgin plastics and using a water-based manufacturing process. Contrary to its name, this water-based process still uses 95% less water than the standard chemical process. Energy consumption is also reduced in this process by roughly 55%.
Recycled Soles - from Closed-Loop Recycled Rubber
Our Italian sole factory makes their standard rubber soles by cutting multiple pieces from large sheets of rubber. This creates a large amount of "off-cut" waste, resulting from the irregular shape of each sole. This waste is then melted down and reused to create the regenerated rubber soles you see here. Rubber soles also allow for excellent traction and have natural non-slip properties.
Recycled Heels - from Closed-Loop Recycled Plastic
We all know that plastic is one of the enemies of the sustainable world - but it has long been used in shoe production because of its strength. Supporting the weight of the full body and taking the majority of the impact, heels are structurally one of the most important parts of the shoe. While certain woods and natural materials can be used, there are height and width limitations. Our heel factories use a closed-loop- system.
Closed-loop Recycled Shoe Lasts
Shoe lasts are the foot-shaped form a factory uses to mold and construct a shoe. They determine the fit and shape of each shoe, and a separate last must be used for each different size and style of shoe that is manufactured. Typically made with plastics that are durable enough to withstand the shoemaking process, our factories utilize a closed-loop system of last creation. This means that after one of our lasts has been used in production, it's melted down to be reformed into a new last, a continual process that recycles old materials and avoids the introduction of virgin plastics.


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The Wesleyan Media Project has a new study out today that compares ad spending in the 2008 Republican primary vs. the 2012 primary. Overall spending is down, primarily because Mitt Romney spent a ton of money in Iowa in 2007 but very little in 2011. The big takeaway, however, is the rise of outside interest group spending. In 2008, nearly all spending came from ad buys by the campaigns themselves. In 2012, more than half the spending has come from outside groups, mostly super PACs formed in the wake of Citizens United:
The campaigns all claim they hate this trend, but I'd take that with a grain of salt. Sure, campaigns lose some control when outside groups are spending so much money, but they also gain deniability. Outside groups have more freedom to air genuinely vicious ads — something we're likely to get a big snootful of in the general election — and I'd be surprised if most campaign poobahs didn't secretly think that's a pretty good tradeoff for the loss of message control.
Here's another interesting tidbit from the report: Although overall spending is down, the number of ads purchased is about the same. This means that the average cost of an ad has gone down from $700 in 2008 to $400 this year. I really have no idea why this is. Recession or not, I'm sure ad rates haven't fallen that much, which must mean that both campaigns and outside groups have changed their ad buying strategies. Maybe shorter ads. Maybe ads in cheaper time slots. Beats me. But the data is only for national cable and broadcast buys, not local cable buys, so it's not due to a sudden surge of super-targeted local ads.
Also, Romney is absolutely swamping Gingrich in Florida, buying 60 times as many ads as Gingrich. No, that's not a typo. 60 times. More data at the link.


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Lensrentals Repair Data: 2012-2013
Correction: Lenses called "Rokinon" in the "Weeks to Failure" rate incorrectly included Bower & Samyang branded products. Because of this error, data for lenses called "Rokinon" lenses has been removed. We apologize for this inaccuracy, and any confusion that may have resulted therefrom.
What Is This?
We have a unique opportunity: We own a very large number of lenses and cameras subjected to rather harsh conditions. Basically, we have a laboratory set up to stress test photography equipment and we share those results with you.
Our numbers reflect heavy and hard use. Your personal equipment shouldn't fail nearly as often; it isn't subjected to rental conditions. But this does provide some comparison about how fragile various pieces of equipment are.
It's not completely scientific, but with data on over 12,000 copies resulting in over 2,000 repairs it's a bit more useful than posts on a forum going back and forth between "mine's great" and "mine sucked."
This list is not a comment about how good a lens is. It's simply data about how often it breaks under harsh conditions. Some of my favorite lenses and cameras are rather fragile.
Some Things to be Aware of
First of all this is our largest survey ever. This is a full year's data (the last report was for 6 months) and we have a lot more lenses and cameras than we used to have, going out on a lot more rentals. A larger sample size helps improve data accuracy, and this sample is more than twice as large as any we've done previously.
We present our data as the number of rental weeks per failure. That levels the playing field since nothing (as best we can tell) stops working while sitting on a shelf. For example, if we had 100 copies of a lens, each rented for 30 weeks during the year, and we've had 30 repairs, that lens averages 100 rental weeks per failure.
Equipment Age
Our average item is less than a year old, and none are more than two years old. For the vast majority of items the average copy is just under a year old.
But if an item has been released in the last 8 or 9 months, all the copies are new and repairs may seem falsely low. They may also seem falsely high – a problem that was noticed with the first production run may be quietly fixed before subsequent production runs. For example, the battery doors on the first batch of Nikon D800 cameras broke if you looked at them hard, but we've not seen that at all since the first 6 months.
When an item is discontinued we still stock it for a while, so all of the copies are nearly two years old and the repair rate may get higher. This year the Canon 24-70 f/2.8 and 5D Mk IIs are good examples of discontinued items where the fleet is older. This may also happen to a lesser extent when demand drops. For example Nikon D600 and D800 demand has dropped compared to last year, so we haven't added many new copies and the fleet average for those cameras is over a year old.
The Failure Rate Is Higher This Year
How we do this survey is always a work in progress. I made one major change between last year's survey and this year's. I call more repairs 'failures' and fewer 'damage'. Damaged items don't count for this survey, so if a lens is dropped and dented, while it goes to repair we don't count it as a failure.
But I noticed something while looking at our data. We've always considered a broken AF/MF switch, for example, to be damage. That makes sense, part of the lens is broken off. But when I took 31 broken AF/MF switches out of the repair spreadsheet and moved them to the 'damaged' side, I noticed that 14 of them were from one lens; the Canon 35mm f/1.4L. That means almost half of the AF/MF switch replacements were done on a lens that accounts for 1% of all of our copies.
I found a lot of similar examples. Lots of lenses get dropped (our customers email and tell us). Most are absolutely fine afterwards. With a few, though, every time a copy gets bumped the zoom key jumps out of its slot, elements shift and the optical resolutions changes, and the barrel breaks in half.
So I decided, by the power vested in me as keeper of the spreadsheets, that it made more sense to consider 'indirect damage' to be more about fragile lenses and less about minor drops and bumps. Obviously, front or rear element scratches, sand or water in the lens, dented filter rings and broken hoods are direct damage and don't count in our numbers. Everything else is now a repair.
New Lenses are Now Repaired, Not Returned
Last year, if a lens had a problem 'out of the box' we sent it in for exchange and it didn't show up on the repair list. This year, we sent it in for repair (there were business reasons for that). This increased the repair rate, too. (When you buy 5,000 or so lenses a year, that 3% out-of-the-box problem rate means another 150 repairs.)
I also counted repeat repairs as separate repairs this year. If a lens went in to repair, came back not fixed, and went back again it counted as two repairs (last year it would have been one). I did this thinking if it was your lens, you would definitely consider it two repairs. I also thought if a company was worse at getting things fixed the first time, our data should reflect it somehow.
Because of these changes, the failure rate was nearly twice as high as last year. Last year's report cut off 'high failure rate' at less than 155 rental weeks per failure. This year it's 60 rental weeks per failure. It also means you can't compare a lens' weeks-until-failure rate from last year to this year and say "it got worse", because almost every lens got worse. On the other hand, if one got better, it really did get better.
Equipment Failure Rates
Limitations and Disclaimers
This is an annualized repair rate of the period from July 1, 2012 to July 1, 2013. We list the 5% of our inventory that had the highest repair rate (fewest rental weeks per failure).
We make no comment at all on lenses that we have less than 10 copies of (that's not enough data to be useful) or that have been in stock less than 3 months — unless something spectacular is going on.
The following lenses or cameras we carry were NOT evaluated because we have less than 10 copies or they were in stock less than 3 months.
- Canon: 180 f/3.5 L; MPE-65 Macro; 800mm f/5.6 IS L; 200-400 f/4 IS L; 400mm DO IS
- Nikon: 14mm f/2.8; 16mm f/2.8; 20mm f/2.8; 200mm f/2.0 VR; all PC-E lenses
- Sony: all Alpha prime lenses; NEX 20mm f/2.8; NEX30mm f/3.5 macro; NEXOSS; 55-210;
- Tamron: 180 f/3.5
- Sigma: 20 f/1.8; 70mm f/2.8 Macro; 105mm macro; 180 f/2.8 OS; 300-80mm
- Panasonic: All cameras except GH2, 45-175mm lens, 100-300 lens
- Olympus m4/3: 9-18mm
- All Leica, Pentax, Fuji, and Schneider items
If we carry the lens and it isn't listed above or below, then its weeks per failure was greater than 60 weeks.
I used the following descriptions of the sample size: Very large – over 3,000 rental weeks and 200 copies; Large – over 1,000 rental weeks and 90 copies; Moderate – over 400 rental weeks and 40 copies; Small – under 400 rental weeks, 10 to 40 copies. The larger the data sample, the more reliable the results. Small samples sizes are more likely to just be random events.
We'll look a little further into those by telling you what it was that went wrong. If 4 different things go wrong in 4 different lenses out of 50 in stock, it's likely to be random. If all 4 have exactly the same problem, it's more likely there is a weakness in the lens.
The average rental weeks per failure for all lenses and cameras this year was just over 100 . Everything fails eventually, but it usually takes a long time to do it.
Finally, the usual 'don't read this and lose your mind' caveat applies: These are heavily used, frequently shipped lenses. A lens owned by someone who uses it on weekends, takes good care of it, and doesn't ship it around the country would have a much lower failure rate.
Lenses with High Failure Rates
First, let's give you an idea of how well things last in general. I screened over 350 lenses for failure rates. The distribution by rental weeks per failure is shown in the table below (It's not a bell curve because I lumped all the long-term survivors into the category > 140 weeks). Overall I find it pretty impressive how well lenses hold up under harsh conditions.
The 19 photography lenses with repair rates more frequent than every 60 weeks are listed below.
Lens Weeks to Failure Sample Size Common Problems
Tamron 17-50 f/2.8 VC 37 Small Optics (4), Focus jam (3), Zoom jam (2), VR
Sony 18-200 OSS LE 37 Small Zoom jam (4), electronics (3)
Nikon 70-200 f/2.8 VR II 39 Large Zoom jam (16), Optics (15), tripod footplate (8)
Nikon 14-24 f/2.8 40 Large Zoom jam (17), Optics (3), Aperture (2)
Sigma 70-200 f/2.8 OS 40
Small Motor (3), OS unit (2), Optics (2)
Sigma 50-500 OS 41 Moderate Motor (3), OS unit (3), zoom (3), optics (3)
Canon 14mm f/2.8 II 41 Large Optics (11), focus assembly (2)
Tamron 24-70 f/2.8 VC 42 Moderate focus jam (4), Optics (2), VC (2)
Canon 70-200 f/2.8 IS II 42 Very Large Optics (29), IS (7) , loose barrel (7), zoom jam (6)
Sigma 120-300 OS 45 Small AF Motor (3), OS system (2)
Canon 70-200 f/4 IS 51 Moderate Optics (5), electrical (2)
Sony 70-200 f/2.8 51 Small AF motor (4)
Canon 24-70 f/2.8 58 Very Large Optics (21), Zoom jam (3), focus jam (2)
Tokina 11-16 f/2.8 II 58 Moderate AF/MF Clutch (6), loose barrel (5), AF motor (2), Diaphragm (1)
To give you some perspective, I've included a table of video items we carry, because generally video gear is more fragile than photo gear (and probably gets abused more). The first two items are two of our highest repair video items, the CP.2 lenses are our most durable item, the rest just a couple of random picks I was interested in.
Item Weeks to Failure Sample Size Common problems
Cooke Panchro Cine Lens 6 Small Focus cams break (6)
Sony FS 7U camcorder 26 Moderate Broken viewfinder (4), Broken handle (3), Loose LCD (3)
Manfrotto 504 HD fluid head 47 Moderate Leg locks (6), pan spring (4)
Black Magic Camcorder 60 Moderate Broken SSD reader assembly (5)
Zeiss CP.2 lenses 140+ Large Optics (2). focus (2)
You may have noticed no cameras made the list this year, which is a good thing. The highest repair rate camera was the Nikon D800 (65 weeks to repair), mostly because of autofocus problems. Nothing else was less than 80 weeks to repair. I should mention that part of the reason is I didn't include some common problems as repairs: the D700's peeling grips, D600's dust issues, and buttons popping off of the OM-D I didn't consider failure since most people will take care of them at home. Even if I did include those things, though, those cameras would still not have made the list.
However, some common problems we saw a year ago like the 5D Mk III having bent CF pins and the D800 battery doors snapping off seem to have been fixed and have ceased to be an issue at all. Camera bodies, both SLR and mirrorless, had the lowest repair rates we've seen in 5 years.
Removed From the List
Off the list this year are the Canon 35mm f/1.4 and 100-400 IS; Nikon 105 f/2.8 VR Micro and 16-35m f/4 VR; and Tokina 16-26 f/2.8. For completeness I'll mention that the Canon and Nikons above were barely off, all of them in the 60-70 weeks to repair range. The Tokina did seem to be better this year, with nearly 90 weeks per repair.
A Few Observations
Several other lenses on the list have small sample sizes, so there is more concern that they may just be a random event – just a few less repairs and they wouldn't be here. I think that may be true for the Tamron 17-50 f/2.8 VC – it hasn't been here before and there seem to be several different problems going on. The Sony 18-200 OSS LE is a new lens that has already had one recall. Since many of it's problems were electronic I suspect it's something that will be fixed before next year's report.
The other small sample-size lenses are here every year, for the same problems, so I do think they really are fragile lenses.
Other conclusions I think are valid:
- Every manufacturer has some great lenses and some weak lenses.
- 70-200 f/2.8 lenses are likely to fail no matter who makes them. We think of them as 'built like tanks' because they have that heavy, all-metal case. That case, though, is as packed with mechanics and electronics as anything you've ever seen. There's a LOT of stuff in there that has to work perfectly. Inevitably, some of that stuff breaks.
- Sigma's big zooms still have trouble with their HSM motors and OS units, but Sigma really does seem to be doing better. Their large zoom lenses are still on the list but the frequency is lower than it used to be, in a year when my new accounting system made most numbers look worse. Sigma's prime lenses and smaller zooms have excellent repair rates.
- The insides of 70-200 lenses are densely packed with working parts.
The Most Reliable Lenses
I get asked every year to name the most reliable lenses, but I decline. There are two reasons. First, the repair curve is rather one-tailed – we have outliers that get repaired a lot, but because we sell everything at two years of age, there is a huge glop of lenses with low repair rates. I can give you a simple generalization, though: If you want to buy a lens that will last decades, then you want a completely mechanical prime lens.
It's just logic. Electronic components get hot, or moist, and eventually capacitors leak or solders break.
Zoom mechanisms move a lot and eventually the components supporting the zooming elements wear out. (Focus elements move too, but not as much and generally with a lot smaller mass.
All focusing motors will fail eventually. They are electronic and they move.
An IS unit is electronic, has a motor, and moves hundreds of times a second.
All of that being said, do I want an autofocus lens that zooms and has a stabilized image? Yes, I do. But the simple reality is the more complex a lens is, the more likely it is going to be to fail someday. It is no coincidence that the lenses that last 120+ weeks at Lensrentals are generally primes without image stabilization, and the ones that frequent the most repaired list are usually zooms with image stabilization.
I'll pause a second here for those of you who don't believe in the laws of physics to say, "Well, my IS zoom has lasted 10 years without a problem." That's cool; statistics suggest many IS autofocus zooms will last 10 years if you're careful with them.
But if we look at large numbers the failure rate will be higher for zooms than primes, for lenses with IS than lenses without it, and even for autofocus lenses than for manual focus lenses. I'm not certain about mechanical versus electronic apertures – we see similar numbers of failures in both.
Factory Service Center Report
I care about this a more than most of you, probably, since I send things in for repair every single day while many of you have never sent anything in for repair. But someday you will need a repair, trust me on that.
Remember that service varies greatly geographically. We are U.S. only; service is very different in Europe, Asia, even Canada. The data below is only pertinent to you if you live in the U. S.
In general, factory service got better in late 2012 and 2013. I suspect widespread consumer complaining, particularly about Nikon USA, accounts for some of that. I know that some companies began looking at service as an opportunity to enhance their own reputation. Tamron announce with their '3 day guarantee repair' turnaround time and Sigma an enhanced 'commitment to quality assurance' program. Nikon started to sell some consumer replaceable parts on their website.
Turnaround Time
Repair turnaround time had a few changes compared to last year. Olympus had some disarray this year. (In case you weren't aware, Olympus suddenly closed their repair center and for several weeks no one knew where anything was, or even where you could send a repair.) Their average turnaround time is higher because several items were gone for several months during the chaos, but even if I took those away they still would be the slowest by a good margin.
Sony made a huge improvement compared to last year, dropping from around 30 days on average to 12. Nikon actually is improving more than it appears at first glance. Repair turnaround time has decreased from nearly 30 days in late 2012, to around 20 days now. Most of the other Factory Service Centers stayed about the same.
I didn't list Leica because they don't really have a U. S. repair center; most things have to go to Germany. Their turnaround time is leisurely at nearly 35 days, but this includes shipping, reshipping, customs clearance, etc.
Repair Costs
Repair costs went up just a bit this year, but not anything like the sudden jump we saw in early 2012.
Tokina is absent from the table because we stopped sending anything in to them years ago. If we can't fix it ourselves, we use an independent service center. They may be much better now, but I have no information either way.
Before you start dancing a jig about your brand's low repair costs or complaining about its high costs, remember that repairs are generally a flat, tiered rate based on the item's sale price. That means for a $500 lens, a basic repair is probably $80-$100, while for a $2,000 lens the basic repair is likely $200-$225. When you consider mirrorless gear generally costs a lot less than SLR gear and third-party lenses cost less than brand-name lenses, it should be obvious some of the price difference in this graph is just from that.
Obviously, the 4 companies with the highest repair prices are repairing the most expensive equipment. From a purely 'price of equipment' standpoint, Panasonic, Sigma, Tamron, and Olympus are about the same, while Sony fits in between the two groups (which is expected given it's mixture of equipment).
One thing I've started seeing that I really don't like: some companies (Sony particularly) have started charging a nonrefundable repair estimate fee. If you send your lens in with a scratched element and decide after seeing the $600 replacement cost that you'll just live with it, it can cost you $135 to get your lens back. This is something you want to check before you send an item in for repair (unless you know it's so totally broken you'd throw it away if it can't be fixed).
One reason I really don't like this is simple: even a non-working lens or camera is worth something sold for parts (check eBay – some things go for more than half the new price when sold as 'not working, for parts only'). If anything, the company should be paying you for keeping your 'not repairable' item. I guarantee you they aren't throwing it away.
The other reason I don't like it is it's cheating. If you call and ask the replacement costs for a 16-350mm Bazooma front element, they usually tell you we have to look at before we can give you a quote, even though it's a flat-rate fee. So basically they're saying, "it will cost you $135 for us to tell you how much the charge is." I can understand needing to see the lens before deciding the fee for more complex things, of course.
I will point out that this year I didn't even consider sensor replacements in figuring repair costs because we've simply stopped replacing scratched and damaged sensors. At $1,000 to $1,800 for a full-frame sensor replacement, it doesn't make economic sense anymore; we either convert the cameras to infrared or part them out. I mention this because I've always said, "learn how to clean your own sensor." I'm getting hesitant to say that to someone who's never done it before. Scratching a sensor during cleaning is rare, but nowadays it's a devastating expense if it does happen.
Battery & Chargers
I didn't include this in the main part of the article, because honestly I think it might be us — simply because I haven't heard much about it in any online forums. When I looked at replacement parts we've purchased this year one thing really jumped out at me: battery chargers.
We have several hundred battery chargers, obviously. When they break, we buy a replacement charger. For chargers in general, we replace about 2% per year. With two exceptions. All smaller Nikon chargers (MH-18a, MH-22, MH-24, MH-25, MH-26, and Mh-27) are replaced at a rate of 14% to 16% per year. All Fuji chargers (BC45W, BC50, BC65N) are replaced at a rate of 17% to 21% per year. No other charger is over 2%.
Since I haven't seen anyone complaining about this online, I have to consider it's something we do. My first thought is that we 'top off' batteries constantly. A battery comes back from rental with 2/3 of a charge, but we fully charge it before sending it out. This isn't what most people do at home. So it may be those chargers get stressed somehow by our topping them off day-in and day-out. The other brand's chargers might have some circuitry that isn't bothered by that.
But any of you have other suggestions, please let me know and help me figure this one out.
ADDENDUM!! Looking at the list and saying "Canon has the highest repair rate because they have the most lenses on the list" is pretty silly. We carry far more Canon lenses than any other brand. So they would be expected to have far more lenses in the 'high repair' list. The fact that they don't dominate the list actually indicates they have a lower repair rate (they do, slightly, but it's certainly not significantly lower).
Looking at things statistically (as best as can be done) there really isn't a significant difference either by all lenses, or by fraction of lenses with higher repair rates between any of the brands. There are some slight overall differences in repair rate by brand but none that seem statistically significant, or even close to it.
I repeat, every brand has some fragile lenses. If you must Fanboy go ahead. But don't start your comment with "Roger Said" 'cause Roger didn't.
Roger Cicala
August, 2013
Author: Roger Cicala
I'm Roger and I am the founder of Lensrentals.com. Hailed as one of the optic nerds here, I enjoy shooting collimated light through 30X microscope objectives in my spare time. When I do take real pictures I like using something different: a Medium format, or Pentax K1, or a Sony RX1R.


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CCDCONFIG(8) NetBSD System Manager's Manual CCDCONFIG(8)Powered by man-cgi (2024-03-20). Maintained for NetBSD by Kimmo Suominen. Based on man-cgi by Panagiotis Christias.
ccdconfig -- configuration utility for the concatenated disk driver
ccdconfig [-cv] ccd ileave [flags] dev [...] ccdconfig -C [-v] [-f config_file] ccdconfig -u [-v] ccd [...] ccdconfig -U [-v] [-f config_file] ccdconfig -g [ccd [...]]
ccdconfig is used to dynamically configure and unconfigure concatenated disk devices, or ccds. For more information about the ccd, see ccd(4). The options are as follows: -c Configure a ccd. This is the default behavior of ccdconfig. -C Configure all ccd devices listed in the ccd configuration file. -f config_file When configuring or unconfiguring all devices, read the file config_file instead of the default /etc/ccd.conf. -g Dump the current ccd configuration in a format suitable for use as the ccd configuration file. If no arguments are specified, every configured ccd is dumped. Otherwise, the configuration of each listed ccd is dumped. -u Unconfigure a ccd. -U Unconfigure all ccd devices listed the ccd configuration file. -v Causes ccdconfig to be verbose. A ccd is described on the command line and in the ccd configuration file by the name of the ccd, the interleave factor, the ccd configuration flags, and a list of one or more devices. An interleave factor of 0 means that the devices are concatenated serially, not interleaved. The flags may be represented as a decimal number, a hexadecimal number, a comma-separated list of strings, or the word ``none''. The flags are as follows: Symbolic Numeric Comment CCDF_UNIFORM 0x02 Use uniform interleave. The size of all components is clamped to that of the smallest component. CCDF_NOLABEL 0x04 Ignore raw disklabel. Useful when creat- ing a new ccd. /etc/ccd.conf The file /etc/ccd.conf is used to configure ccdconfig if -C or -U is used. Each line of the configuration file contains arguments as per the -c argument: ccd ileave [flags] dev [...] A `#' is a comment, and everything to end of line is ignored. A `\' at the end of a line indicates that the next line should be concatenated with the current. A `\' preceding any character (other than the end of line) prevents that character's special meaning from taking effect. See EXAMPLES for an example of /etc/ccd.conf.
/etc/ccd.conf - default ccd configuration file.
The following command, executed from the command line, would configure ccd0 with 4 components (/dev/sd2e, /dev/sd3e, /dev/sd4e, /dev/sd5e), and an interleave factor of 32 blocks. # ccdconfig ccd0 32 0 /dev/sd2e /dev/sd3e /dev/sd4e /dev/sd5e An example /etc/ccd.conf: # # /etc/ccd.conf # Configuration file for concatenated disk devices # # ccd ileave flags component devices ccd0 16 none /dev/sd2e /dev/sd3e
ccd(4), ccd.conf(5), rc(8)
The ccdconfig command first appeared in NetBSD 1.1. NetBSD 9.1 August 13, 2014 NetBSD 9.1


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Donate & Volunteer
NOVA Parks offers many of Northern Virginia's favorite destinations, and it's thanks to wonderful donors like you that we're able to continue to provide the great experiences we've come to be known for! Your tax deductible donation will help this park in many ways, both now, and in the future in the form of funds for NOVA Parks, which owns and operates more than 30 parks across Northern Virginia. Make a donation to today and support NOVA Parks tomorrow – 50% of your donation will go directly to the park of your choice, the other 50% going to future projects and land preservation throughout NOVA Parks.
You can also donate directly to NOVA Parks rather than choosing an individual park to support via the NOVA Parks Fund (see below). Above all, we appreciate our guests most of all. Thank you for your support, now and in the future!
Donate In Memory of Jeff Goldstein for Meadowlark Botanical Gardens
Local Grants to Support Children Engaging in Nature
The NOVA Parks Outdoor Kids Fund awards grants to elementary schools, park and recreation departments, and nonprofits in Northern Virginia to support outdoor teambuilding, nature education and science education at Hemlock Overlook Regional Park in Clifton, VA and other suitable sites in Northern Virginia, in an effort to help children engage with nature in meaningful ways.
The NOVA Parks Fund
Supporting the Northern Virginia Regional Park Authority
The NOVA Parks Fund supports the Northern Virginia Regional Park Authority, helping it procure, develop, maintain and improve regional parks and recreational and historic facilities it owns or acquires, and supports its focus on conservation, preservation and education.
The 1863 Fund is a new endowment set up through the Community Foundation for Northern Virginia to help provide long-term support for the five regional parks with a common history along Rt. 50 from Gilberts Corner to Upperville. These five parks including Gilberts Corner Regional Park, Mt. Zion Historic Park, Aldie Mill Historic Park, Battle of Middleburg/Mt. Defiance Historic Park, and Battle of Upperville/Goose Creek Bridge Historic Park all played a central role in the four days of battle in 1863 that are known as the battles of Aldie, Middleburg, and Upperville. The success of this endowment can help promote more conservation in the area and assure that these historic sites are well maintained and available to the public for generations to come.
Land Donations
In addition to cash donations, the Foundation welcomes the donation of land. Many dedicated people have donated land that can be used for new parklands or sold to raise funds for Parks programs. The land does not have to be in Virginia in order to be sold to benefit the Foundation. These donations are fully tax-deductible. Please contact us today to discuss a land donation to the Foundation.
Planned Giving with NOVA Parks
Enrich the lives of future generations and by entrusting your legacy with NOVA Parks through estate and financial planned giving. Your gift can be tailored to your personal wishes and may benefit a specific park or program or the entire park agency. A planned gift may have tax benefits for you and your heirs and may provide you with income or tax savings during your lifetime.
TO DONATE Contact US AT:
NOVA Parks care of Community Foundation for Northern Virginia
2940 Hunter Mill Road
Suite 201
Oakton, VA 22124
Phone: 703-879-7640
Fax: 703-879-7644
*All checks must be written out to the Community Foundation for Northern Virginia with Fund noted (ex. "The NOVA Parks Fund") and mailed to the above address.
For further information on volunteer opportunities, please call 703-352-5900.


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This is a sponsored article. EthereumWisdom does not endorse any content or product on this page. Readers should do their own research before taking any actions related to the company, product or service mentioned in the content below.
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Anyone and everyone can now look in the journal Science and read about how to make lab-altered bird flu viruses that have been at the center of a controversy that's raged for months.
But in the eyes of some critics, the details of these experiments are effectively the recipe for a dangerous flu pandemic.
The H5N1 bird flu virus isn't normally contagious between people, but these mutants most likely are. They were created with the best of intentions by a lab that's trying to understand how flu viruses might change in the wild and start spreading in humans.
But as word of the experiments got out, scary headlines warned of a "doomsday" virus and a "super-flu." Scientists, public health officials and security experts debated what to do in closed-door meetings, as others made their arguments in op-eds and at public meetings.
The publication of this research paper doesn't mean that debate is over. Earlier this year, top flu scientists around the world put a voluntary moratorium on some of their work that's still in effect. And the U.S. government has issued a new policy to try to prevent future crises like this one, though it's still unclear exactly how that policy will work.
The man at the center of this controversy is a Dutch virologist named Ron Fouchier. His lab at Erasmus Medical Center in the Netherlands made the mutant viruses. He's struggled for months to get a manuscript describing them published. And now it is finally appearing in Science.
This is really a scientific breakthrough — a fundamental scientific breakthrough. And it really opens enormous new opportunities in science. So that's exciting.
"I've been asked whether this felt like a real victory. And it still doesn't," says Fouchier. "Because I am still afraid that some governments might be installing more of a regulatory system than I think is needed. And if that comes from this work, then I am not particularly happy. But, of course, we are very happy about the publication itself."
In order to submit that manuscript for publication, Fouchier had to comply with the Dutch government's demand that he first get a special permit that's normally used for the export of technology that could be used for weapons. He did so--under protest.
Fouchier says there were two moments when he realized that his bird flu research was going to be a really big deal. The first was last July. That's when he learned that an experiment in his lab had worked. His team had managed to genetically alter the bird flu virus H5N1 so that the viruses were able to spread from ferret to ferret through coughs and sneezes. Ferrets are the lab stand-in for people.
"This is really a scientific breakthrough — a fundamental scientific breakthrough. And it really opens enormous new opportunities in science. So that's exciting," says Fouchier.
Concerns About Publishing
The study shows that just a handful of mutations could transform this virus into a pandemic threat. And that's important to know, because it could happen out in nature.
For years, H5N1 has been circulating in poultry overseas, in parts of Asia and the Middle East. Only about 600 hundred people are known to have gotten sick, but over half died. They were not contagious. Fouchier says understanding the mutations that could let this virus start spreading is essential to prepare for a possible pandemic.
"We are not playing with viruses just for the heck of it," says Fouchier. "We are doing fundamental research, to prevent public health threats."
Fouchier's second moment of realizing how big this was going to be came last November. His work was funded by the U. S. government, and officials here asked an advisory committee to review his unpublished manuscript on his work and weigh in on whether publishing it could be dangerous.
"At that stage we were confident that they would agree with us that the benefits of this work by far outweighed the risks," says Fouchier. "And when they came with their advice, we were simply shocked."
The advice was to keep the details under wraps — that publishing them would be like handing out the recipe for a super-flu. This recommendation was unprecedented in basic biological research, which has a tradition of openness.
The committee wanted the full information shared only with public health officials and scientists around the world who had a real need to know. And officials tried to set up such a system. But legal issues including export controls made that impossible, at least in the short term. That's one reason why, when the advisory committee was asked to reconsider the issue, a majority reconsidered and said to go ahead and publish.
One committee member who didn't change his mind is David Relman, a microbiologist at Stanford University. He still thinks it's a bad idea to publicly reveal the mutations that can make this virus go airborne.
"What they have done is taken a very worrisome virus and made it even more worrisome, to a degree that is not easily matched in nature or even in our imaginations," says Relman.
Relman doesn't think he's exaggerating the potential danger. He acknowledges that, in theory, this work has benefits. He just thinks they're unlikely to come in the near term and that they're outweighed by the risks — not just the threat of bioterrorism, but also simple lab accidents that could let a mutant flu escape.
"The bottom line is, that with the information in this paper, it becomes much easier for someone to make this virus, and therefore pose risks to others," says Relman.
The Dual-Use Dilemma: When Research Is Misused For Harm
Government officials are now grappling with how to manage future experiments that might raise similar concerns. The goal is to prevent a repeat of this controversy, while also making sure that beneficial research isn't stifled.
The bottom line is, that with the information in this paper, it becomes much easier for someone to make this virus, and therefore pose risks to others.
The problem isn't new. It's called the dual-use dilemma, and it's been discussed for over a decade, even before the anthrax attacks of 2001 heightened concerns about bioterrorism.
"Dual-use research in the life sciences really refers to biological research which is intended for good and beneficial use, but which could potentially be misused for harm," says Carrie Wolinetz of the Association of American Universities.
She thinks the government's new dual-use research policy, released at the end of March, was put together in haste to respond to the public outcry over the bird flu work. "It does represent a knee-jerk policy response to a situation that was playing out in a very high profile way," she says.
The policy covers only government-funded research with 15 high-risk germs and toxins. Before certain kinds of experiments can be done, the risks and benefits need to be analyzed and steps have to be taken to minimize risks.
But Wolinetz says the four-page policy is vague. Plus, its limited list of germs means it wouldn't have caught some past experiments that raised concerns, like one that made polio virus from scratch and a mousepox study that showed how to potentially make smallpox even more dangerous.
"If you look at those famous case studies of dual-use research, none of them would actually be captured by this current policy," says Wolinetz, "which to me raises the question of whether or not this policy really addresses the problem that we're trying to solve."
Plus, the policy says some work might get classified or just halted. Wolinetz says that could stifle important beneficial research.
Government agencies are still hammering out how to implement the policy. "The government policy on dual-use research of concern, which will become the official policy, is still somewhat of a work in progress, though much progress has been made over the past few months," says Anthony Fauci, head of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, which funded the controversial bird flu research.
Meanwhile, flu researchers like Fouchier don't know how to move forward and are unclear on what the policy will mean in practice. For example, he says one thing the new policy requires is "a risk mitigation plan."
"How far do we have to reduce hypothetical or real risks?" asks Fouchier. "Do we have to reduce that to zero? Because zero is impossible, then you might as well just kill all this research altogether."
He says he thinks the government is struggling to find the right balance. "Whatever concerns there are in the U. S., they are for real and we need to handle that appropriately," says Fouchier, "but we are not having enough guidance as to what 'appropriate' means here."
Since January, he and other top virologists around the world have voluntarily halted their work with mutant H5N1 bird flu that could be transmitted though the air — in part because they've been waiting for that guidance. Fouchier hopes more details will emerge at a meeting of influenza researchers in New York next month.
Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.


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Intel Dual Core Performance Preview Part I: First Encounter
by Anand Lal Shimpi on April 4, 2005 2:44 PM EST- Posted in
- CPUs
I was in Austin visiting AMD when I saw the email - Intel was prepping a dual core system to be sent out my way for a preview. That was last Wednesday, the machine arrived on Friday, and today's Monday; needless to say, it's been a busy weekend.
This type of a review is a first for Intel. For the most part, doing an officially sanctioned preview with performance benchmarks isn't in the Intel vocabulary. Don't take this opportunity lightly - this is a huge change in the thinking and execution at Intel.
Make no mistake, Intel isn't officially releasing their dual core desktop processors today; this is merely a preview. Intel's dual core line is still on track to be released sometime in the April - June timeframe. Intel will beat AMD to bringing dual core to the desktop first, while AMD will do the same to Intel in the server/workstation world. We still have no idea of actual availability when these chips are officially launched. Remember that all of the first generation dual core chips are basically twice the size of their single core counterparts - meaning that they put twice the strain on manufacturing. Intel, with 11 total fabs, is in a better position to absorb this impact than AMD, but both have paper-launched products in the past, so there's no telling which way the dual core wars will go initially. All we can say at this point is that we've seen dual core parts from both AMD and Intel running at full shipping speeds, and Intel was the first to get us a review sample for this preview.
The clock speed race is over, both AMD and Intel have thrown in their towels, and now it's time to shift to dual core. Intel has been extremely forthcoming with their dual core roadmap, and for those who aren't intimately familiar with it, here's a look at the next 24 months from Intel:
The green bars are dual core, the blue is single core. Enough said.
141 Comments
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kjohnson - Tuesday, April 5, 2005 - link
I now put the Inquirer on the same level as CNN. Fox News is a better comparison. -
slatr - Tuesday, April 5, 2005 - link
Sorry.. how about a lightwave scene rendering at the same time as running a filter on a large image in photoshop. -
slatr - Tuesday, April 5, 2005 - link
slatr - Tuesday, April 5, 2005 - link
Can we see Lightwave benchmarks again please?
Anand Lal Shimpi - Tuesday, April 5, 2005 - link
As always, I appreciate the comments and support, but let's not let this get too off topic. Keep the requests for tests and new scenarios coming, I can't promise I'll get all of them included but I'll do my best to incorporate as many ideas as possible.
Take care,
Anand -
Son of a N00b - Tuesday, April 5, 2005 - link
ANAND!! lol...shoot to bad you already finished part to, but for all those whiners, who want games, i have to say this...
The only gaming benchmark that would make sence is running a game while having a firewall and antivirus running....most TRUE(not you wannabe's who run firefox in the background to induce lag in fps) gamers(including me) turn off their firewalls and antivirus to get the very best possible performace, because it matters...no one multitasks with games...
Now when you all flame about how you multitask with games, and "speak for yourself shit" let me just say, are you really going to shrink a DVD while playing Counter Strike??? YOU'D GET OWNED....
I do not see any point in benchmarking games as thesse people mentioned...they failed to read your explanation of not including games and rush to critizise....utilize the time you have on the system running more important tests....
/my 2 cents :-))
and again great job with the article and the site, and I am very impressed with how you handle the BS'ers who talk ablut your integrity...i have and probably never will question this sites validability...dont come here if you just want to complain about it.... -
retrospooty - Tuesday, April 5, 2005 - link
#92, that is a huge understatement. I have been coming here for 7 years, AT has been my start page for the last 6 years... This is 100% due to the totally unbiased and thorough reviews posted here. To compare to some trashy RAG website like the inquirer is totally inacurate. Thats like comparing CNN news to the Inquirer (magazine) LOL -
paulsiu - Tuesday, April 5, 2005 - link
Great article. You were one of the first to review, too.
I am looking forward to see AMD's take on dual core. Whether hyperthreading make sense now that you have two real processors.
In the real world, I am looking for dual core to be use in a home server at a price that will hopefully be cheaper than a dual cpu machine.
Even if dual core won't make our single threaded application run faster, it may make your machine more responsive. How much crap is running in the background these days: virus checker, spyware blocker, personal firewall, drive indexer and checker. Pretty soon, we'll all need Dual Core just to keep our machine responsive.
Detrius - Tuesday, April 5, 2005 - link
An excellent application for testing would be VMware Workstation. For me, this is by far the most demanding application that I use on a regular basis. For those of you who do not have experience with this software and have a need to stage multicomputer systems but are (like me) hardware limited this is the bomb application. Plus, it makes an great multitasking load. -
kjohnson - Tuesday, April 5, 2005 - link
I stand corrected Anand. My research indicates your reputation far exceeds that of the Inquirer.


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If you are unhappy with your current job/employer, another way to look at how you need to earn income would be to compare multiple income streams or employment interests with a day already filled with multitasking. It's rare that we have the luxury of doing only one thing at a time at work or at home. Cooking and washing dishes. Planning meals and cleaning. Coordinating activities and getting bids for repairs. Singing and dancing. Serving tables and tending bar. Planning meetings and coordinating logistics. Talking on the phone and typing (a very common requirement for even entry-level positions). Many roles require the ability to handle the immediate needs at hand and simultaneously recognize potential long-term risks. Although there are many ways we can combine functions in one job, it's possible that these combinations alone are not the sum of all you want to do, don't produce the income you desire or don't fulfill your emotional or spiritual needs.
Leaving is not the only way to get your needs met.
Although many roles require several simultaneous yet different functions, the work is still done for the same employer. The culture of a small organization is most likely the same across all departments. In a larger organization, the culture can change from department to department, and that may be another way of finding a "fit" that is closer to meeting your needs. Different activities may be partially fulfilling, but there may not be a workplace that also satisfies your social or spiritual needs. If the culture/tempo/general experience is the same across the company, then you may still be feeling unsatisfied. But even if that's the case, leaving is not the only way to get your needs met.
Multitasking/multifunctioning can be your inspiration for pairing different functions outside of the confines of your one employer. It is really possible, and more likely, to find a combination of different types of work or sources of income to satisfy all of your different/changing needs while utilizing all of your skills instead of expecting one employer to do it all. The following combinations are just a few of the occupations I have seen paired in the last few years. The reasons they were paired vary from the need for extra income to getting relief from a sedentary job to allowing the person's creativity to expand while earning a high salary in another occupation.
- Nurse and window washer
- Technical project manager and college instructor
- Claims adjustor and personal trainer
- Cruise guide and medical assistant
- Real estate agent and hotel concierge
- VP of sales and lead singer in a band
- Dentist and lead guitar player in a band
Other ways to improve your feeling of balance are to plan time to work as a volunteer on a cause that fulfills your social/spiritual/emotional needs or to start a side business that produces enough income to pay for a hobby. Although these options may not be considered careers, they can still be a means to satisfy needs that are unmet in your daily work. In the long run, it may take less time to research alternative options to build a portfolio of interests than to quit a job and hunt for another job that is "perfect."
Before you decide the grass is greener somewhere else, examine your current situation for all of the positives as well as the negatives. Look into the organization's benefits policies so you are completely aware of what you may need to replace if you left. If you are able to retain benefits in a 30-hour-per-week role, you may want to negotiate part-time work so you can use another 10 to 20 hours to invest in something completely different. If you still decide you must leave your current organization, take into account that the next role you hold may only be your segue to the one you are dreaming of. You'll need a strategy for accomplishing a major jump. Open your mind and consider all options before you jump ship. One job really doesn't have to provide everything you need. A portfolio of interesting work may be an answer to your quest for something more.


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Socket Finder - Transtibial
Specific Weight Bearing / Supracondylar
Conforms to the anatomy of the residual limb to create specific areas of weight bearing while providing relief for boney prominences.
Combines weight bearing characteristics with suspension technique.
Stabilizes the knee joint by utilizing the proximal anatomy to minimize coronal knee force moments.


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Twitter is to blame for a temporary outage, not a hactivist group that claimed it took down the site in a distributed denial-of-service attack, the micro-blogging site says.
Twitter went down about 9 a.m. Pacific time Thursday, due to a "cascading bug" within one of its infrastructure components, Mazen Rawashdeh, vice president of engineering, said in the company's blog. The service had fully recovered at 11:08 a.m. Pacific on Thursday.
"It's imperative that we remain available around the world, and today we stumbled," Rawashdeh said.
A cascading bug refers to a software flaw that causes a chain reaction that takes down other systems. Twitter corrected the problem by rolling back its applications to a previous stable version.
Roughly an hour and a half after the outage started, a hactivist group that calls itself UGNazi, also known as Underground Nazi Hacktivist Group, claimed its DDoS attack took down Twitter. Chester Wisniewski, senior security adviser for Sophos, said he doubted the claim because taking down a global content delivery network like Twitter's would take "tremendous resources."
"During the downtime I had an opportunity to probe the API (application programming interface) and the behavior I observed of certain types of queries intermittently working in waves, but never being totally unavailable, matches nicely with Twitter's explanation as to why they had availability problems," Wisniewski said Friday in an email sent to CSO.
In an email sent to multiply news organizations, UGNazi claimed it took down the site because of its support for the Cyber Intelligence Sharing and Protection Act (CISPA).
CISPA, which was passed by the House in April, would give companies immunity from lawsuits and prosecution in passing customer information to the government, if the data was necessary to maintain cybersecurity or national security. The legislation is pending further congressional action.
UGNazi taking credit for an attack it may not have committed is not unusual in the twisted hactivist world. "Hacking groups, like terrorists, have claimed responsibility for random events for a very long time," Wisniewski said. "I think they expect it to boost their cred in the community, if they are perceived to be so powerful that they can impact major players in the Web 2.0 space."
During the six months before the outage, Twitter had its "highest marks for site reliability and stability ever," said Rawashdeh. On average, the site had been running normally for all but roughly 20 seconds in a 24-hour period.


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One of the greatest financial aspects of buying a home is the ability to leverage your money. Simply put, leverage allows you to use a small down payment and financing to purchase a larger investment. For example, if you bought a $125,000 home with 10 percent down, you leveraged the $12,500 down payment to purchase an asset worth 10 times that amount!
The benefits of leverage really become apparent with appreciation, or the rise in value of a property. Using the above example, say you were to live in the house for 5 years, and during that time property values in your area were to rise an average of 2.5 percent a year. Your home would then be worth over $141,000. By putting only 10 percent down, you get to enjoy the appreciation for the full amount!
Paying yourself
In addition to the 10 percent down, you'll also have to make mortgage payments. But with each payment, a certain amount of money is being used to pay down the principal balance that you owe. This is called building equity. So in the event you sell your house, not only can you realize a profit from your leveraged money, you also have a chance to pay yourself back for the money you've put in over the years. No wonder so many people consider a home an excellent investment!


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As we close out 2015, it seems appropriate to reflect on the past year and plan for the future. A comment in this week's article caught my attention as it seemed to do both. "Fixed-index annuities, a type of annuity that benefits from market gains, have become more popular in recent years as investors wary of stocks sought more stable options." We are here to help you with options that offer continued stability as we enter this New Year. Happy Holidays.
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Does an all cash home purchase make sense?
Today we are going to be discussing whether or not to do an all-cash home purchase? I know, what a problem to have! But it's a serious decision, especially for Baby Boomers who have significant equity in their current home.
Many of my clients (especially Baby Boomers who are downsizing or relocating) ask me if they should pay cash for their next house or finance it with a new loan. While the idea of owning a home free-and-clear is certainly appealing, I always present them with a series of questions to help them clarify the big picture. Perhaps you or someone you know may benefit from these as well:
How much will you be left with after an all cash home purchase?
Maintaining a safety net of three to six months' worth of living expenses can be a real comfort after you've done well on the sale of your home. How comfortable will you be if an all-cash purchase brings you near-zero?
Are you retiring soon?
This goes to two issues: First, whether or not the absence of a mortgage will significantly improve your monthly position, keeping in mind you'll still need to make insurance, tax payments, and maintenance. Second, if you're thinking about applying for a loan. It can be a challenge to qualify for a loan after you've retired, so if you think you'll need a loan, it may be better to get it in advance.
What's your tax and income situation look like?
For some people, the mortgage interest deduction on income taxes has a significant impact on their annual tax bill and overall cash flow picture. It's always a good idea to consult with a financial professional before you "write off" the write-off.
Might you need to help someone out in the near future?
Sometimes having the liquidity to help family members or close friends in need is important. Are you planning to help someone else with a down payment on a home? Is it likely you'll have to help a close friend or relative through a tough time? Having cash on hand can be a comfort.
How important is "free and clear" to your mind?
For some, there's nothing that compares to the idea of owning a home free and clear. Sometimes the feeling of "no debt" simply can't be overpowered by tax or liquidity benefits. It's important, to be honest with yourself, and if you've always dreamed of dodging a house payment, it could be the right emotional move.
For all of these reasons and more, you'll want to choose wisely before you go in for an all-cash purchase of your next home. Naturally, if you need any help selling your current home or looking for the next one, I'd be happy to help: Just Call me, Mike Cribbin at 314-954-6500 or drop me an email at firstname.lastname@example.com.
If you are an agent and you would like help with your lead generation, let's talk!


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7 But to each one of us grace has been given as Christ apportioned it. 8 This is why it says:
"When he ascended on high,
he took many captives
and gave gifts to his people."
9 (What does "he ascended" mean except that he also descended to the lower, earthly regions? 10 He who descended is the very one who ascended higher than all the heavens, in order to fill the whole universe.) 11 So Christ himself gave the apostles, the prophets, the evangelists, the pastors and teachers, 12 to equip his people for works of service, so that the body of Christ may be built up 13 until we all reach unity in the faith and in the knowledge of the Son of God and become mature, attaining to the whole measure of the fullness of Christ.
14 Then we will no longer be infants, tossed back and forth by the waves, and blown here and there by every wind of teaching and by the cunning and craftiness of people in their deceitful scheming.


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Are you looking for evergreen sneakers that combine classic design with blissful barefoot comfort? Look no further than the Barebarics Wave sneaker in a must-have White and black colour. Featuring premium Nappa leather, stitched sole, and a minimalist design with tasteful colourways, whether you are dressing up or dressing down, these versatile barefoot sneakers are guaranteed to elevate any casual outfit.
Sneakers Barebarics Wave (white & black)
159,00 €Cena
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More info
- Town footwear
- Modern city design
- Designed and hand-crafted in the EU, using sustainable materials from local sources
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- Dermodry Coolmax® technology for continuous moisture drainage
- Available in sizes: 36-47 (according to European measurements)
Size width Length 36 8,8 23,3 37 9 23,9 38 9,2 24,6 39 9,4 25,3 40 9,6 25,9 41 9,8 26,6 42 10 27,3 43 10,2 27,9 44 10,3 28,6 45 10,5 29,3 46 10,7 29,9 47 10,9 30,6