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Inventory is a list of goods and materials, or those goods and materials themselves, held available in stock by a business. Inventory are held in order to manage and hide from the customer the fact that manufacture/supply delay is longer than delivery delay, and also to ease the effect of imperfections in the manufacturing process that lower production efficiencies if new home builders brisbane production capacity stands idle for lack of materials.
The reasons for keeping stock
All these stock reasons can apply to any owner or product stage.
Buffer stock is held in individual workstations against the possibility that the upstream workstation may be a little delayed in providing the next item for processing. Whilst some processes carry very large buffer stocks, Toyota moved to one (or a few items) and has now moved to eliminate this stock type.
Safety stock is held against process or machine failure in the hope/belief that the failure can be repaired before the stock runs out. This type of stock can be eliminated by programmes like Total Productive Maintenance
Overproduction is held because the forecast and the actual sales did not match. Making to order and JIT eliminates this stock type.
Lot delay stock is held because a part of the process is designed to work on a batch basis whilst only processing items individually. Therefore each item of the lot must wait for the whole lot to be processed before moving to the next workstation. This can be eliminated by single piece working or a lot size of one.
Demand fluctuation stock is held where production capacity is unable to flex with demand. Therefore a stock is built in times of lower utilisation to be supplied to customers when demand exceeds production capacity. This can be eliminated by increasing the flexibility and capacity of a production line or reduced by moving to item level load balancing.
Line balance stock is held because different sub-processes in a line work at different rates. Therefore stock will accumulate after a fast sub-process or before a large lot size sub-process. Line balancing will eliminate this stock type.
Changeover stock is held after a sub-process that has a long setup or change-over time. This stock is then used while that change-over is happening. This stock can be eliminated by tools like SMED.
Where these stocks contain the same or similar items it is often the work practice to hold all these stocks mixed together before or after the sub-process to which they relate. This 'reduces' costs. Because they are mixed-up together there is no visual reminder to operators of the adjacent sub-processes or line management of the stock which is due to a particular cause and should be a particular individual's responsibility with inevitable consequences. Some plants have centralized stock holding across sub-processes which makes the situation even more acute.
The basis of Inventory accounting
Inventory needs to be accounted where it is held across accounting period boundaries since generally expenses should be matched against the results of that expense within the same period. When processes were simple and short then inventories were small but with more complex processes then inventories became larger and significant valued items on the balance sheet. This need to value unsold and incomplete goods has driven many new behaviours into management practise. Perhaps most significant of these are the complexities of fixed cost recovery, transfer pricing, and the separation of direct from indirect costs. This, supposedly, precluded "anticipating income" or "declaring dividends out of capital". It is one of the intangible benefits of Lean and the TPS that process times shorten and stock levels decline to the point where the importance of this activity is hugely reduced and therefore effort, especially managerial, to achieve it can be minimised.
When a dealer sells goods from inventory, the value of the inventory reduces by the cost of goods sold(CoG sold). This is simple where the CoG has not varied across those held in stock but where it has then an agreed method must be derived. For commodity items that one cannot track individually, accountants must choose a method that fits the nature of the sale. Two popular methods exist: FIFO and LIFO accounting (first in – first out, last in – first out). FIFO regards the first unit that arrived in inventory the first one sold. LIFO considers the last unit arriving in inventory as the first one sold. Which method an accountant selects can have a significant effect on net income and book value and, in turn, on taxation. Using LIFO accounting for inventory, a company generally reports lower net income and lower book value due to the effects of inflation. This generally results in lower taxation. Due to LIFO's potential to skew inventory value, UK GAAP and IAS have effectively banned LIFO inventory accounting.
A supply chain is a network of facilities and distribution options that performs the functions of procurement of materials, transformation of these materials into intermediate and finished products, and the distribution of these finished products to customers. Supply chains exist in both service and manufacturing organizations, although the complexity of the chain may vary greatly from industry to industry and firm to firm.
Supply chain management is typically viewed to lie between fully vertically integrated firms, where the entire material flow is owned by a single firm and those where each channel member operates independently. Therefore coordination between the various players in the chain is key in its effective management. Cooper and Ellram [1993] compare supply chain management to a well-balanced and well-practiced relay team. Such a team is more competitive when each player knows how to be positioned for the hand-off. The relationships are the strongest between players who directly pass the baton (stick), but the entire team needs to make a coordinated effort to win the race.
Below is an example of a very simple supply chain for a single product, where raw material is procured from vendors, transformed into finished goods in a single step, and then transported to distribution centers, and ultimately, customers. Realistic supply chains have multiple end products with shared components, facilities and capacities. The flow of materials is not always along an arborescent network, various modes of transportation may be considered, and the bill of materials for the end items may be both deep and large.
To simplify the concept, supply chain management can be defined as a loop: it starts with the customer and ends with the customer. All materials, finished products, information, and even all transactions flow through the loop. However, supply chain management can be a very difficult task because in the reality, the supply chain is a complex and dynamic network of facilities and organizations with different, conflicting objectives.
Supply chains exist in both service and manufacturing organizations, although the complexity of the chain may vary greatly from industry to industry and firm to firm.
Unlike commercial manufacturing supplies, services such as clinical supplies planning are very dynamic and can often have last minute changes. Availability of patient kit when patient arrives at investigator site is very important for clinical trial success. This results in overproduction of drug products to take care of last minute change in demand. R&D manufacturing is very expensive and overproduction of patient kits adds significant cost to the total cost of clinical trials. An integrated supply chain can reduce the overproduction of drug products by efficient demand management, planning, and inventory management.
Traditionally, marketing, distribution, planning, manufacturing, and the purchasing organizations along the supply chain operated independently. These organizations have their own objectives and these are often conflicting. Marketing's objective of high customer service and maximum sales dollars conflict with manufacturing and distribution goals. Many manufacturing operations are designed to maximize throughput and lower costs with little consideration for the impact on inventory levels and distribution capabilities. Purchasing contracts are often negotiated with very little information beyond historical buying patterns. The result of these factors is that there is not a single, integrated plan for the organization—there were as many plans as businesses. Clearly, there is a need for a mechanism through which these different functions can be integrated together. Supply chain management is a strategy through which such integration can be achieved.
Supply Chain Management (SCM) is the process of planning, implementing, and controlling the operations of the supply chain with the purpose to satisfy customer requirements as efficiently as possible. Supply chain management spans all movement and storage of raw materials, work-in-process inventory, and finished goods from point-of-origin to point-of-consumption.
According to the Council of Supply Chain Management Professionals (CSCMP),
A professional association that developed a definition in 2004, Supply Chain Management "encompasses the planning and management of all activities involved in sourcing and procurement, conversion, and all logistics management activities". Importantly, it also includes coordination and collaboration with channel partners, which can be suppliers, intermediaries, third-party service providers, and customers. In essence, Supply Chain Management integrates supply and demand management within and across companies.
According to Cohen & Lee (1988)
Supply Chain Management is "The network of organizations that are having linkages, both upstream and downstream, in different processes and activities that produces and delivers the value in form of products and services in the hands of ultimate consumer." Thus a shirt manufacturer is a part of supply chain that extends up stream through the weaves of fabrics to the spinners and the manufacturers of fibers, and down stream through distributions and retailers to the final consumer. Though each of these organizations are dependent on each other yet traditionally do not closely cooperate with each other. An integrated supply chain management streamlines processes and increases profitability by delivering the right product to the right place, at the right time, and at the lowest possible cost.
According to Ganeshan & Harrison (2001)
Supply Chain Management is a "systems approach to managing the entire flow of information, materials, and services from raw materials suppliers through factories and warehouses to the end customer."
Supply chain event management (abbreviated as SCEM) is a consideration of all possible occurring events and factors that can cause a disruption in a supply chain. With SCEM possible scenarios can be created and solutions can be planned.
Some experts distinguish supply chain management and logistics management, while others consider the terms to be interchangeable. From the point of view of an enterprise, the scope of supply chain management is usually bounded on the supply side by your supplier's suppliers and on the customer side by your customer's customers.
Supply chain management is also a category of software products.
SIEMENS is one of the world's largest companies and Europe's largest engineering firm. Siemens has six major business divisions: Communication and Information; Automation and Control; Power; Transportation; Medical; and Lighting. Siemens' international headquarters are located in Berlin and Munich, Germany. Siemens AG is listed on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange, and has been listed on the New York Stock Exchange since March 12, 2001. Worldwide, Siemens and its subsidiaries employ 480,000 people in 190 countries and reported global sales of €87.325 billion in fiscal year 2006
Siemens was founded by Werner von Siemens on October 1, 1847, based on the telegraph he had invented that used a needle to point to the sequence of letters, instead of using Morse code. The company – then called Telegraphen-Bauanstalt von Siemens & Halske – opened its first workshop on October 12.
In 1848, the company built the first long-distance telegraph line in Europe; 500 km from Berlin to Frankfurt am Main. In 1850 the founder's younger brother, Sir William Siemens (born Carl Wilhelm Siemens), started to represent the company in London. In the 1850s, the company was involved in building long distance telegraph networks in Russia. In 1855, a company branch headed by another brother, Carl von Siemens, opened in St Petersburg. In 1867, Siemens completed the monumental Indo-European (Calcutta to London) telegraph line.
In 1881, a Siemens AC Alternator driven by a watermill was used to power the world's first electric street lighting in the town of Godalming, United Kingdom. The company continued to grow and diversified into electric trains and light bulbs. In 1890, the founder retired and left the company to his brother Carl and sons Arnold and Wilhelm. Siemens & Halske (S&H) was incorporated in 1897.
In 1919, S&H and two other companies jointly formed the Osram lightbulb company. A Japanese subsidiary was established in 1923.
During the 1920s and 1930s, S&H started to manufacture radios, television sets, and electron microscopes.
Before World War II Siemens was involved in the secret rearmament of Germany. During the Second World War, like most big companies in Germany at the time, Siemens supported the Hitler regime, contributed to the war effort and participated in the "Nazification" of the economy. Siemens had many factories in and around famous extermination camps such as Auschwitz and used slave labor from concentration camps to build electric switches for military uses. In one example, almost 100,000 men and women from Auschwitz worked in a Siemens factory inside the extermination camp, supplying the electricity to the camp.
In the 1950s and from their new base in Bavaria, S&H started to manufacture computers, semiconductor devices, laundry machines, and pacemakers. Siemens AG was incorporated in 1966. The company's first digital telephone exchange was produced in 1980. In 1988 Siemens and GEC acquired the UK defense and technology company Plessey. Plessey's holdings were split, and Siemens took over the avionics, radar and traffic control businesses — as Siemens Plessey.
In 1991, Siemens acquired Nixdorf Computer AG and renamed it Siemens Nixdorf Informationssysteme AG. In 1997 Siemens introduced the first GSM cellular phone with colour display. Also in 1997 Siemens agreed to sell the defence arm of Siemens Plessey to British Aerospace (BAe) and a UK government agency, the Defence Analytical Services Agency (DASA). BAe and DASA acquired the British and German divisions of the operation respectively.
In 1999, Siemens' semiconductor operations were spun off into a new company known as Infineon Technologies. Also, Siemens Nixdorf Informationssysteme AG formed part of Fujitsu Siemens Computers AG in that year. The retail banking technology group became Wincor Nixdorf.
In February 2003, Siemens reopened its office in Kabul.[3]
In 2004, Siemens took over the mantle of official Formula One timekeeper, replacing TAG Heuer.
In November, 2005, Siemens signed a 12 year agreement with the Walt Disney Company to sponsor attractions in its Florida and California parks.
In 2006, Siemens announced the purchase of Bayer Diagnostics, which was incorporated into the Medical Solutions Diagnostics division officially on 1 January 2007.
In March 2007 a Siemens board member was temporarily arrested and accused of illegally financing a business-friendly labour association which competes against the union IG Metall. He has been released on bail. Offices of the labour union and of Siemens have been searched. Siemens denies any wrongdoing.
In April 2007, the Fixed Networks, Mobile Networks and Carrier Services divisions of Siemens merged with Nokia's Network Business Group in a 50/50 joint venture, creating a fixed and mobile network company called Nokia Siemens Networks. Nokia delayed the merger due to bribery investigations against Siemens.
Through an American sub-organisation known as the Siemens Foundation, Siemens also devotes funds to rewarding students and AP teachers. One of its main programs is the Siemens Westinghouse Competition in maths, science, and technology, which annually grants scholarships up to US$100,000 to both individual and team entrants. According to the foundation website, Siemens awards a total of nearly US$2 million in scholarship money every year.
-Edmonton Transit System
-Calgary Transit
-Deutsche Bahn AG ( German rail transport company)
-METRORail (Houston, Texas)
-Sacramento Regional Transit District
-Regional Transportation District TheRide (Denver, Colorado)
-LACMTA (Los Angeles County, California)
-Pittsburgh Light Rail
-San Diego Trolley
-MAX Light Rail (Portland, Oregon)
-Nederlandse Spoorwegen (the Dutch railways) (The Netherlands)
-Port of Rotterdam (Rotterdam, The Netherlands)
-Balkim Muh. Elk. Ltd. Sti.
-Indian Railways
-Powergrid Corporation of India
-Industrial Instrumentation (Sensors and Controls)
-Telecommunication Service Platform, the TSP 7000
-Combino, ULF, and Avanto trams
-Siemens-Duwag U2 LRV
-ER20 locomotive – MTR
-LHB/Siemens M1/M2/M3 Metro Mar. Pair
-Siemens-Adtranz LRV
-Duewag/Siemens 1435 mm Combino Low Flr LRV
-MX3000 Metro car for Oslo (SGP Wien works)
-S4000 metro
-Schindler/Siemens ABB Be 4/8 Low Floor LRV
-Metro 5001
-SWBSiemensr NGT 6D LRV
-Eurosprinter locomotive
-Desiro, ICE, and Transrapid trains
-Gigaset, Home entertainment products, including Gigaset M740 AV, a set-top box to receive -TDT and integrate it in a domestic network (using WLAN or cable), i.e. for home streaming media.
-Hicom Trading E
-Hicom 300
-HiQ 8000 Softswitch
-EWSD telephone exchanges
-SPX 2000 small digital telephone exchange (rural)
-Siemens Gigaset cordless telephones
-Siemens Mobile Phones – divested to BenQ in 2005
-Siemens SPPA-T2000 Control System (formerly Teleperm XP)
-Siemens SPPA-T3000 Control System (For Electrical Power Generation Control)
-SIMATIC PCS 7 Process Automation System for Process and Hybrid industries
-Radio and core products for 2G and 3G Mobile Networks (GSM, UMTS, …)
-Gas & Steam Turbines
-Industrial programmable controls (including Simatic PLC, and Logo! microcontrollers)
-The Siemens Servo life support ventilator line
-MAGNETOM(TM) Espree
-SOMATOM(R) Definition CT
-SOMATOM(R) Sensation CT
-SOMATOM(R) Emotion CT
-AXIOM Artis
-AXIOM Sensis
-E.Cam Signature Series Gamma Camera
-Symbia TruePoint SPECT-CT
-Biograph TruePoint PET.CT
-Magnetom C!, a low field open MRI
-Magnetom Avanto, a Tim system MRI
-Magnetom Espree, a Tim system, open bore MRI
-Magnetom Trio, A Tim System, ultra high field MRI
-Windturbines, 1.3 MW, 2.3 MW, 3.6 MW
Main competitors of Siemens are:
-Automated Logic
-Cisco Systems
-General Electric
-Johnson Controls
-Reliable Controls
-Rockwell Automation
-Schneider Electric
Traditionally, marketing, distribution, planning, manufacturing, and the purchasing organizations along the supply chain operated independently. These organizations have their own objectives and these are often conflicting.
Marketing's objective of high customer service and maximum sales dollars conflict with manufacturing and distribution goals. Many manufacturing operations are designed to maximize throughput and lower costs with little consideration for the impact on inventory levels and distribution capabilities. Purchasing contracts are often negotiated with very little information beyond historical buying patterns.
The result of these factors is that there is not a single, integrated plan for the organization—there were as many plans as businesses. Clearly, there is a need for a mechanism through which these different functions can be integrated together. Supply chain management is a strategy through which such integration can be achieved.
Moreover, shortened product life cycles, increased competition, and heightened expectations of customers have forced many leading edge companies to move from physical logistic management towards more advanced supply chain management. Additionally, in recent years it has become clear that many companies have reduced their manufacturing costs as much as it is practically possible. Therefore, in many cases, the only possible way to further reduce costs and lead times is with effective supply chain management.
In addition to cost reduction, the supply chain management approach also facilitates customer service improvements. It enables the management of:
– inventories,
– transportation systems and
– whole distribution networks
so that organizations are able to meet or even exceed their customers' expectations.
The major objective of supply chain management is to reduce or eliminate the buffers of inventory that exists between originations in chain through the sharing of information on demand and current stock levels.
Broadly, an organization needs an efficient and proper supply chain management system so that the following strategic and competitive areas can be used to their full advantage if a supply chain management system is properly implemented.
1. Fulfillment of raw materials:
Ensuring the right quantity of parts for production or products for sale arrive at the right time. This is enabled through efficient communication, ensuring that orders are placed with the appropriate amount of time available to be filled. The supply chain management system also allows a company to constantly see what is on stock and making sure that the right quantities are ordered to replace stock.
2. Logistics:
The cost of transporting materials as low as possible consistent with safe and reliable delivery. Here the supply chain management system enables a company to have constant contact with its distribution team, which could consist of trucks, trains, or any other mode of transportation. The system can allow the company to track where the required materials are at all times. As well, it may be cost effective to share transportation costs with a partner company if shipments are not large enough to fill a whole truck and this again, allows the company to make this decision.
3. Smooth Production:
Ensuring production lines function smoothly because high-quality parts are available when needed. Production can run smoothly as a result of fulfillment and logistics being implemented correctly. If the correct quantity is not ordered and delivered at the requested time, production will be halted, but having an effective supply chain management system in place will ensure that production can always run smoothly without delays due to ordering and transportation.
4. Increase in Revenue & profit:
Ensuring no sales is lost because shelves are empty. Managing the supply chain improves a company flexibility to respond to unforeseen changes in demand and supply. Because of this, a company has the ability to produce goods at lower prices and distribute them to consumers quicker then companies without supply chain management thus increasing the overall profit.
5. Reduction in Costs:
Keeping the cost of purchased parts and products at acceptable levels. Supply chain management reduces costs by increasing inventory turnover on the shop floor and in the warehouse controlling the quality of goods thus reducing internal and external failure costs and working with suppliers to produce the most cost efficient means of manufacturing a product.
6. Mutual Success:
Among supply chain partners ensures mutual success. Collaborative planning, forecasting and replenishment (CPFR) is a longer-term commitment, joint work on quality, and support by the buyer of the supplier's managerial, technological, and capacity development. This relationship allows a company to have access to current, reliable information, obtain lower inventory levels, cut lead times, enhance product quality, improve forecasting accuracy and ultimately improve customer service and overall profits. The suppliers also benefit from the cooperative relationship through increased buyer input from suggestions on improving the quality and costs and though shared savings. Consumers can benefit as well through higher quality goods provided at a lower cost.
Supply chain management is a cross-functional approach to managing the movement of raw materials into an organization and the movement of finished goods out of the organization toward the end-consumer. As corporations strive to focus on core competencies and become more flexible, they have reduced their ownership of raw materials sources and distribution channels. These functions are increasingly being outsourced to other corporations that can perform the activities better or more cost effectively. The effect has been to increase the number of companies involved in satisfying consumer demand, while reducing management control of daily logistics operations. Less control and more supply chain partners led to the creation of supply chain management concepts. The purpose of supply chain management is to improve trust and collaboration among supply chain partners, thus improving inventory visibility and improving inventory velocity.
Several models have been proposed for understanding the activities required managing material movements across organizational and functional boundaries. SCOR is a supply chain management model promoted by the Supply-Chain Council. Another model is the SCM Model proposed by the Global Supply Chain Forum (GSCF). Supply chain activities can be grouped into strategic, tactical, and operational levels of activities.
(a) Strategic:-
-Strategic network optimization, including the number, location, and size of warehouses, distribution centers and facilities.
-Strategic partnership with suppliers, distributors, and customers, creating communication channels for critical information and operational improvements such as cross docking, direct shipping, and third-party logistics.
-Products design coordination, so that new and existing products can be optimally integrated into the supply chain.
-Information Technology infrastructure, to support supply chain operations.
-Where to make and what to make or buy decisions.
(b) Tactical:-
-Sourcing contracts and other purchasing decisions.
-Production decisions, including contracting, locations, scheduling, and planning process definition.
-Inventory decisions, including quantity, location, and quality of inventory. Transportation strategy, including frequency, routes, and contracting.
-Benchmarking of all operations against competitors and implementation of best practices throughout the enterprise.
(c) Operational:-
-Daily production and distribution planning, including all nodes in the supply chain.
-Production scheduling for each manufacturing facility in the supply chain (minute by minute).
-Demand planning and forecasting, coordinating the demand forecast of all customers and sharing the forecast with all suppliers.
-Sourcing planning, including current inventory and forecast demand, in collaboration with all suppliers. Inbound operations, including transportation from suppliers and receiving inventory.
-Production operations, including the consumption of materials and flow of finished goods.
-Outbound operations, including all fulfillment activities and transportation to customers.
-Order promising, accounting for all constraints in the supply chain, including all suppliers, manufacturing facilities, distribution centers, and other customers. Performance tracking of all activities.
An integrated supply chain management streamlines processes and increases profitability by delivering the right product to the right place, at the right time, and at the lowest possible cost. Unlike commercial manufacturing supplies, clinical supplies planning is very dynamic and can often have last minute changes. Availability of patient kit when patient arrives at investigator site is very important for clinical trial success.
This results in overproduction of drug products to take care of last minute change in demand. R&D manufacturing is very expensive and overproduction of patient kits adds significant cost to the total cost of clinical trials.
An integrated supply chain can reduce the overproduction of drug products by efficient demand management, planning, and inventory management. Implementation of ERP system (such as SAP) in R&D can have major ROI by an efficient supply and inventory management system and also by reducing overproduction.
-How Integration Is Achieved In Supply Chain?
Stage 1:
Complete functional independence where each business function such as production or purchasing does its own thing in complete isolation from other business function. For instance, production function seeking to optimize its unit cost of manufacture by long production runs with out regard for build up of finished goods inventory and advance impact it will have on the warehousing as well as working capital.
Stage 2:
Companies recognize the need of limited integration between adjacent functions such as distribution and inventory management or purchasing and material control.
Stage 3:
A natural extension of stage two, leading to establishment and implementation of end- to-end integration. A concept of linkage and coordination is achieved.
The linkage achieved in stage three is extended upstream to suppliers and down stream to customers. It represents true supply chain integration. This concept is also called 'co-managed inventory' (CMI).
Force of supply chain management is on trust and cooperation and the recognition that is properly managed 'the whole cane be greater then the sum of its part'.
Inventory Decisions:
These refer to means by which inventories are managed. Inventories exist at every stage of the supply chain as either raw material, semi-finished or finished goods. They can also be in-process between locations. Their primary purpose to buffer against any uncertainty that might exist in the supply chain. Since holding of inventories can cost anywhere between 20 to 40 percent of their value, their efficient management is critical in supply chain operations. It is long term in the sense that top management sets goals. However, most researchers have approached the management of inventory from short term perspective. These include deployment strategies (push versus pull), control policies — the determination of the optimal levels of order quantities and reorder points, and setting safety stock levels, at each stocking location. These levels are critical, since they are primary determinants of customer service levels.
Inventory database
An important component of inventory planning involves access to an inventory database. It is a structured framework that contains the information needed to effectively manage all items of inventory, from raw materials to finished goods. This information includes the classification and amount of inventories, demand for the items, cost to the firm for each item, ordering costs, carrying costs and other data.
The task of inventory planning can be highly complex. At the same time it rests on fundamental principles. In doing so we must understand and determine the optimal lot size that has to be ordered. The EOQ (economic order quantity) refers to the optimal order size that will result in the lowest total of order and carrying costs and ordering costs. By calculating the economic order quantity the firm attempts to determine the order size that will minimize the total inventory costs. In examination of the two curves reveals that the carrying cost curve is linear i.e. more the inventory held in any period, greater will be the cost of holding it. Ordering cost curve on the other hand is different. The ordering costs decrease with an increase in order sizes. The point where the holding cost curve i.e. the carrying cost curve and the ordering cost curve meet, represent the least total cost which is incidentally the economic order quantity or optimum quantity.
In the industries there will be a competitor who will be a low cost producer and will have greater sales volume in that sector. This is partly due to economies of scale, which enable fixed costs to spread over a greater volume but more particularly to the impact of the experience curve.
It is possible to identify and predict improvements in the rate of output of workers as they become more skilled in the processes and tasks on which they work. Bruce Henderson extended this concept by demonstrating that all costs, not just production costs, would decline at a given rate as volume increased. This cost decline applies only to value added, i.e. costs other than bought in supplies. Traditionally it has been suggested that the main route to cost reduction was by gaining greater sales volume and there can be no doubt about the close linkage between relative market share and relative costs. However it must also be recognized that logistics management can provide a multitude of ways to increase efficiency and productivity and hence contribute significantly to reduced unit costs.
In today's more turbulent environment there is no longer any possibility of manufacturing and marketing acting independently of each other. It is now generally accepted that the need to understand and meet customer requirements is a prerequisite for survival. At the same time, in the search for improved cost competitiveness, manufacturing management has been the subject of massive renaissance. The last decade has seen the rapid introduction of flexible manufacturing systems, of new approaches to inventory based on materials requirement planning (MRP) and just in time (JIT) methods, a sustained emphasis on quality.
Equally there has been a growing recognition of the critical role that procurement plays in creating and sustaining competitive advantage as part of an integrated logistics process.
In this scheme of things, logistics is therefore essentially an integrative concept that seeks to develop a system wide view of the firm. It is fundamentally a planning concept that seeks to create a framework through which the needs of the manufacturing strategy and plan, which in turn link into a strategy and plan for procurement.
Inventory Flow:
The management of logistics is concerned with the movement and storage of materials and finished products. Logistical operations start with the initial shipment of a material or component part from a supplier and are finalized when a manufactured or processed product is delivered to a customer. From the initial purchase of a material or component, the logistical process adds value. By moving inventory when and where needed. Thus the material gains value at each step. For a large manufacturer, logistical operations may consist of thousands of movements, which ultimately culminate in the delivery of the product to an industrial user, wholesaler, dealer or customer. Similarly for a retailer, logistical operations may commence with the procurement of products for resale and may terminate with consumer pickup or delivery.
The significant point is that regardless of the size or type of the enterprise, logistics is useful and requires continuous management attention.
INVENTORY- related costs
Inventory carrying cost (ICC):
-Processing, including material
-handling and packaging
-Update activities, including
-receiving and date-processing
Basic Inventory Decisions
There are two basic decisions that must be made for every item that is maintained in inventory. These decisions have to do with the timing of orders for the item and the size of orders for the item.
Item Costs, Holding Costs, Ordering Costs, Shortage Costs,
Direct cost for getting an item. Purchase cost for outside orders, manufacturing cost for internal orders. Costs associated with carrying items in inventory. Storage and other related costs. Fixed costs associated with placing an order (either a purchase cost for outside orders, or a setup cost for internal orders). Costs associated with not having enough inventory to meet demand.
The EOQ can be calculated with the help of a mathematical formula. Following assumptions are implied in the calculation:
1. Constant or uniform demand- although the EOQ model assumes constant demand, demand may vary from day to day. If demand is not known in advance- the model must be modified through the inclusion of safe stock.
2. Constant unit price- the EOQ model assumes that the purchase price per unit of material will remain unaltered irrespective of the order offered by the suppliers to include variable costs resulting from quantity discounts, the total costs in the EOQ model can be redefined.
3. Constant carrying costs- unit carrying costs may very substantially as the size of the inventory rises, perhaps decreasing because of economies of scale or storage efficiency or increasing as storage space runs out and new warehouses have to be rented.
4. Constant ordering cost- this assumption is generally valid. However any violation in this respect can be accommodated by modifying the EOQ model in a manner similar to the one used for variable unit price.
5. Instantaneous delivery- if delivery is not instantaneous, which is generally the case; the original EOQ model must be modified through the inclusion of a safe stock.
6. Independent orders- if multiple orders result in cost saving by reducing paper work and the transportation cost, the original EOQ model must be further modified. While this modification is somewhat complicated, special EOQ models have been developed to deal with it.
These assumptions have been pointed out to illustrate the limitations of the basic EOQ model and the ways in which it can be easily modified to compensate for them.
The formula for the EOQ model is:
2 M Co
S Cc
Where M = is the annual demand
Co is the cost of ordering
Cc is the inventory carrying cost
S = is the unit price of an item.
Limitations of the EOQ formula-
1. Erratic changes usages- the formula presumes the usage of materials is both predictable and evenly distributed. When this is not the case, the formula becomes useless.
2. Faulty basic information- order cost varies from commodity to commodity and the carrying cost can vary with the company's opportunity cost of capital. Thus the assumption that the ordering cost and the carrying cost remains constant is faulty and hence EOQ calculations are not correct.
3. Costly calculations: the calculation required to find out EOQ is extremely time consuming. More elaborate formulae are even more expensive. In many cases, the cost of estimating the cost of possession and acquisition and calculating EOQ exceeds the savings made by buying that quantity.
4. No formula is a substitute for common sense- sometimes the EOQ may suggest that we order a particular commodity every week (six-year supply) based on the assumption that we need it at the same rate for the next six years. However we have to order it in the quantities according to our judgment. Some items can be ordered every week; some can be ordered monthly, depends on how feasible it is for the firm.
5. EOQ ordering must be tempered with judgment- Sometimes guidelines provide a conflict in ordering. Where an order strategy conflicts with an operational goal, order strategy restrictions should be developed to permit honoring the goal.
Quantity discounts: In the EOQ analysis, it has been assumed that material prices and transportation costs were constant factors for the range of order quantities considered. In practice, some situations occur in which the delivered unit cost of a material decreases significantly if a slightly larger quantity than the originally computed EOQ is purchased. Quantity discounts, freight rate schedules and price increases may create such situations. These additional variables can also be included in the formula.
Cost of carrying inventory:
Carrying material in inventory is expensive. A number of studies indicated that the annual cost of carrying a production inventory averaged approximately 25{3ab7c693efb495afa9cfa5ed3bae9ca6a83fc9331ececd25f4b8df6798b4d127} of the value of the inventory. The escalating and volatile cost of money has escalated the annual inventory carrying cost to a figure between 25{3ab7c693efb495afa9cfa5ed3bae9ca6a83fc9331ececd25f4b8df6798b4d127} – 35{3ab7c693efb495afa9cfa5ed3bae9ca6a83fc9331ececd25f4b8df6798b4d127} of the value of the inventory. The following five elements make up this cost:
1) Opportunity cost (12{3ab7c693efb495afa9cfa5ed3bae9ca6a83fc9331ececd25f4b8df6798b4d127} -20{3ab7c693efb495afa9cfa5ed3bae9ca6a83fc9331ececd25f4b8df6798b4d127})
2) Insurance cost (2{3ab7c693efb495afa9cfa5ed3bae9ca6a83fc9331ececd25f4b8df6798b4d127} – 4{3ab7c693efb495afa9cfa5ed3bae9ca6a83fc9331ececd25f4b8df6798b4d127})
3) Property taxes (1{3ab7c693efb495afa9cfa5ed3bae9ca6a83fc9331ececd25f4b8df6798b4d127} – 3{3ab7c693efb495afa9cfa5ed3bae9ca6a83fc9331ececd25f4b8df6798b4d127})
4) Storage costs (1{3ab7c693efb495afa9cfa5ed3bae9ca6a83fc9331ececd25f4b8df6798b4d127}- 3{3ab7c693efb495afa9cfa5ed3bae9ca6a83fc9331ececd25f4b8df6798b4d127})
5) Obsolescence and deterioration (4{3ab7c693efb495afa9cfa5ed3bae9ca6a83fc9331ececd25f4b8df6798b4d127} – 10{3ab7c693efb495afa9cfa5ed3bae9ca6a83fc9331ececd25f4b8df6798b4d127})
Total carrying cost (20{3ab7c693efb495afa9cfa5ed3bae9ca6a83fc9331ececd25f4b8df6798b4d127} – 40{3ab7c693efb495afa9cfa5ed3bae9ca6a83fc9331ececd25f4b8df6798b4d127})
Let us briefly look into these costs:
Opportunity cost of invested funds
When a firm uses money to buy production material and keeps it in the inventory, it simply has this much less cash to spend for other purposes. Money invested in external securities or in productive equipment earns a return for the company. Thus it is logical to charge all money invested in inventory an amount equal to that it could earn elsewhere in the company. This is the opportunity cost associated with inventory investment.
Insurance cost
Most firms insure the assets against possible losses from fire and other forms of damage.
Property taxes
This is levied on the assessed value of a firm's assets, the greater the inventory value, the greater the asset value and consequently the higher the firm's tax bill.
Storage costs
The warehouse is depreciated every year over the length of its life. This cost can be charged against the inventory occupying the space.
Obsolescence and deterioration
In most inventory operations, a certain percentage of the stock spoils, is damaged, is pilfered, or eventually becomes obsolete. A certain number always takes place even if they are handled with utmost care.
Generally speaking, this group of carrying costs rises and falls nearly proportionately to the rise and fall of the inventory level.
The ABC Classification:
Indicators that classifies a material as an A,B or C part according to its consumption value .The classification process is known as the ABC analysis.
The three indictors have the following meanings:
A-important part , high consumption value
B-less important , medium consumption value
C-relatively unimportant part , low consumption value
The ABC classification system is to grouping items according to annual sales volume, in an attempt to identify the small number of items that will account for most of the sales volume and that are the most important ones to control for effective inventory management.
Reorder Point: The inventory level R in which an order is placed where R = D.L, D = demand rate (demand rate period (day, week, etc), and L = lead time.
Safety Stock: Remaining inventory between the times that an order is placed and when new stock is received. If there are not enough inventories then a shortage may occur.
Safety stock is a hedge against running out of inventory. It is an extra inventory to take care on unexpected events. It is often called buffer stock. The absence of inventory is called a shortage.
ABC Inventory Classification
The ABC classification process is an analysis of a range of items, such as finished products or customers into three categories: A – outstandingly important; B – of average importance; C – relatively unimportant as a basis for a control scheme. Each category can and sometimes should be handled in a different way, with more attention being devoted to category A, less to B, and less to C.
Inventory Control Application: The ABC classification system is to grouping items according to annual sales volume, in an attempt to identify the small number of items that will account for most of the sales volume and that are the most important ones to control for effective inventory management.
Break-even analysis depends on the following variables:
1. Selling Price per Unit: The amount of money charged to the customer for each unit of a product or service.
2. Total Fixed Costs: The sum of all costs required to produce the first unit of a product. This amount does not vary as production increases or decreases, until new capital expenditures are needed.
3. Variable Unit Cost: Costs that vary directly with the production of one additional unit.
Total Variable Cost The product of expected unit sales and variable unit cost, i.e., expected unit sales times the variable unit cost.
4. Forecasted Net Profit: Total revenue minus total cost. Enter Zero (0) if you wish to find out the number of units that must be sold in order to produce a profit of zero (but will recover all associated costs)
Break-Even Point in siemens: Number of units that must be sold in order to produce a profit of zero (but will recover all associated costs). In other words, the break-even point is the point at which your product stops costing you money to produce and sell, and starts to generate a profit for your company.
Q = Break-even Point, i.e., Units of production (Q),
FC = Fixed Costs,
VC = Variable Costs per Unit
UP = Unit Price
Break-Even Point Q = Fixed Cost / (Unit Price – Variable Unit Cost)
Stock control and inventory
Stock control, otherwise known as inventory control, is used to show how much stock you have at any one time, and how you keep track of it.
It applies to every item you use to produce a product or service, from raw materials to finished goods. It covers stock at every stage of the production process, from purchase and delivery to using and re-ordering the stock.
Efficient stock control allows you to have the right amount of stock in the right place at the right time. It ensures that capital is not tied up unnecessarily, and protects production if problems arise with the supply chain.
Supply chain vendor management inventory:
Allows supply chain partners to share critical order, demand and inventory information in real-time and uses both integrated and web based applications to reduce administration costs, shortening cycle times and help lower inventory levels. Our unique, managed supply hub requires little upfront investment, yet quickly starts delivering high performance in real time
Inventory Control Overview
Normal Inventory
As it sounds, this type of inventory item will be used for the majority of your parts. It will correctly track the inventory received and sold on a first in first out basis, will handle cost of sales, and will warn you when you're out of stock.
Non-Inventory Type
This is used for selling things that are not really inventory items. For example, you could be selling warranty, but because you don't have warranty in a box to sell, and you'll never run out of stock, you won't need to keep inventory control on it. As well, there is no cost of sale adjustments with non-stock items. The system will not calculate how much you paid for the item, and therefore will not try to remove that value from inventory in the general ledger. If you are selling something that does cost you money, you will have to handle these details manually.
Labor Parts
You (probably) don't have technicians hanging from hooks in your back room, so like non-inventory items, the system will not try to remove them from inventory when you sell a labor item. The two differences between Non-Inventory items an Labor items are that you can optionally have the system ask you for the technician code that did the work so that you can print reports showing who did what work. As well, the system will optionally ask for a comment to explain what was done so that the description of the service work can be printed on the invoice.
Note too that you can optionally keep track of how much time was spent and how much time was billed for on a per job basis. At the end of the month, you can then print technician productivity reports to compare total time spent compared to billable hours. In the automotive industry, some mechanics can do the work faster than is what is billed because the billing is based on industry standards.
Consignment Items
Consignments can be used to keep track of inventory that you don't own, but at the time you sell it, you must pay for it. You'll be able to generate several reports, including a list of inventory that is on consignment but not sold and a list of inventory sold on consignment, but not yet paid for.
Floor Plan Inventory
Floor planning is very similar to consignment, except that you take possession and own the inventory when you receive it, but you don't have to pay for it until it's sold, or until it's been in the store for a negotiated period of time. However, you do own the inventory and do have to pay for it sometime.
Some floor planning companies want the ability to check the inventory serial number by serial number for the larger items, and others may just want to count the number of each model number on hand. Regardless, Windward System Five can handle it.
On the accounts payable side, you will be able to keep track of who you owe the money too (Floor Planning Company) and who you actually bought the inventory from (Supplier) and generate proper histories of each.
Tire Inventory
Windward System Five has the ability to sort and categorize tires by their size, aspect ratio and rim size. In addition, you will also be able to search for the tires by just entering in some of the search criteria and having the system bring up a window of all matches.
When the list brings up a list of tires that can all fit the vehicle, the system can sort the list to show the items with the highest quantity in stock at the top of the list and the items that are out of stock at the bottom of the list. This will help you sell what you actually have to sell instead of creating special orders.
Product Inventory
Products are items such as vehicles that you might service or repair after selling them to the customer. That is, they are an item in the database that can be sold, and when sold, are automatically added to the customer's list of products that can be worked on.
Examples are vehicles, trucks, recreational vehicles, fridges, air conditioners, and chainsaws. The system will let you keep additional information on these products, such as make, model, year, and other comments, and will also be able to list all the work or repairs performed between two dates.
Windward System Five can also track whole goods such as recreational vehicles by keeping track of the cost of the item before the sale, add ones and pre-delivery inspection items. In addition, the system can generate a "wash out" report one level deep to show the costs and income associated with the trade in.
Serialized Inventory
Those items that need to be tracked by their serial numbers can be marked as serialized inventory. For example, fridges, stoves, computers, and chainsaws might all be serialized. Note that if you plan on servicing these items in the future and keeping track of all work you do on them, they should be entered as products instead of serial numbers.
Several different types of inventories are conducted, depending upon the type of materiel involved and type of information needed. Bulkhead-to-Bulkhead Inventory
A bulkhead-to-bulkhead inventory is a physical count of all stock materiel within the ship or within a specific storeroom.A bulkhead-to-bulkhead inventory of a specific storeroom is taken when a random sampling inventory of that storeroom fails to meet the inventory accuracy rate of 90 percent when directed as a result of a supply management inspection (SMI). It is also taken when directed by the commanding officer or when circumstances clearly indicate that it is essential to effective inventory control.
Specific Commodity Inventory
The specific commodity inventory is a physical count of all items under the same cognizance symbol, FSC, or that support the same operational function, such as- boat spares, electron tubes, boiler tubes, or fire brick. This inventory is taken under the same conditions as a bulkhead- to-bulkhead inventory; however, prior knowledge of specific stock numbers and item location is required to conduct a specific commodity inventory
Special Materiel Inventory
A special materiel inventory requires the physical count of all items that, because of their physical characteristics, costs, mission essentiality, and criticality, are specifically designated for separate identification and inventory control. Special materiel inventories include, but are not limited to, stocked items designated as classified or hazardous. Special materiel inventories also include controlled equipage and presentation silver
Advantage Inventory Control
The Inventory Control gives you the ability to handle your inventory your way. As one of the most flexible and comprehensive modules in the Advantage, you can choose the level of control that best suits your specific business needs. Your inventory can be valued on a LIFO, FIFO or Average cost basis. You can choose to use parts explosions, serialized inventory, parts allocations, vendors, warehouses and an audit trail. The system can also track the quantity sold for each item for the last 12 months and, using this data, provides a sales analysis report to help you better manage your stock. Financing is aided by the serialized aged report that shows which serialized items have been in your inventory the longest and how much you have outstanding. Pricing can be standardized by rounding to a given factor or by being set to a specific suffix. With the Below Minimum report, reordering stock is automatic and accurate. Inventory Control is a stand–alone module that can also be integrated with Purchase Orders, Point of Sale, Billing/Order Entry, Job Cost, Time Billing and Quick Sale.
21–character alphanumeric item number field
Lookup on item number, item description (21 characters) and group (15 character) fields
Tracks serialized items
Allows for superseded, preceded and substitute items
Unlimited additional descriptions can be added to items
Handles markup and gross profit cost basis
Can automatically update item pricing and discounts
Handles core pricing
Produces a re–order report based on minimum stock quantities
Tracks unlimited vendors per item and recommends a 'best' vendor
Tracks allocations including explosion allocations
Up to 254 discounts per item, including quantity break discounts
Unit conversions can be defined for each item for both buying and selling quantities
Allows for warehouse transfers and other quantity adjustments
Set up special sale dates for item discounting
Produces physical inventory forms
Imports physical inventory and received quantities from data collected with hand-held computers
Provides up to 255 levels of parts explosion to allow you to identify all components of your assembled stock
Automatically updates cost and price on explosion items based on subassembly changes
• Reports the best and worst selling items in each of eight different categories
• Tracks items by location or quantity in multiple warehouses
• Can automatically generate items based on a template item
• Utilizes Rapid Entry to facilitate entry of item data
• conveyor needs to be slightly declined for carton movement (one way);
• may require addition of powered booster units in some applications;
• cannot be used for inter-floor movement except for down travel;
• goods need to be manually pushed when horizontal;
• no positive control over moving carton;
• produces line pressure when accumulating.
• Require efficiency of land
We propose a method for valuing new, recoverable, and recovered assemblies (products, components, parts, etc.) in production systems with reverse logistics. Values of assemblies influence their opportunity holding cost rates and are hence essential for comparing inventory strategies in average cost models. We argue that the proposed method is 'correct' from a discounted cash flow (DCF) point of view. We refer to some previous results on valuing assemblies in systems without disassembly of returned products that seem to confirm this. Furthermore, we test the method for a specific example with disassembly of returned products. The simulation results indicate that the method indeed leads to (nearly) DCF optimal inventory strategies.
In siemens, with its large product volumes, low margins and fierce competition, is constantly seeking efficiency improvements in its supply chain. The grocery retail industry uses an immense amount of packaging and is directly affected by packaging logistics activities. There is, therefore, a potential for efficiency improvements in the grocery retail supply chain through the integration and development of new systems of packaging and logistics. Packaging handling is identified as one of the main activities that has a strong impact on the overall logistical cost of chain. This research article investigates packaging handling evaluation methods and discusses how these are employed to benefit the industry from the industry, have been used to evaluate packaging and logistics activities. This work, together with a literature review, was used to identify the need for evaluative methods and the present availability of such methods. The results indicated a lack of sufficient and usable packaging handling evaluation methods in today's grocery and packaging industry especially from a logistical point of view. The paper also highlights the lack of systematization among the few methods used and discusses how these can be used to build a systematic and multifunctional evaluation model in order to utilize the information from different studies to build a knowledge base for the future
Vendor-Managed Inventory
Siemens is a leading global manufacturer, focused on delivering operational services to high-tech companies, needed to take advantage of vendor-managed inventory (VMI) postponement and optimal fulfillment solutions to stay competitive in its low-margin manufacturing marketplace. Its objective was to find ways to reduce inventory redundancy, improve customer responsiveness by reduced cycle times and simplify supplier management and procurement administration. The manufacturer also needed to augment existing infrastructure, while reducing investments in additional personnel, facilities and systems
Vendor Managed Inventory (VMI)
Vendor Managed Inventory supports the efficient flow of materials into the market. Working closely with you and your suppliers, we automate the forecast management process with Web-based software that enables the flow of supply to more accurately mirror store – and even shelf-level – demand.
Move your inventory in and out of our distribution centers and manage demand planning. We can store and stage product for replenishment at our often freeing or limited store rooms. We provide forecast visibility, comparing actual demand against DC-on-hand, store-on-hand and in-transit inventory. When store or inventory falls below pre-determined levels, auto alerts are sent to you and your supplier to prompt replenishment.
Advanced Shipping Notices (ASNs) provide detail on in-transit inventory from suppliers so you have visibility to inventory deeper into the supply chain. This allows for confident commitment to orders based on this inbound flow.
Postpone inventory ownership until shipment to your site. Once your inventory is moved to the we work with your suppliers to transition inventory ownership until demand occurs.
Perform value-added services, allowing you to more efficiently manage the flow of goods into manufacturing or directly to market.
Vendor Managed Inventory (VMI)
Vendor Managed Inventory by Kuehne + Nagel supports the efficient flow of materials into the market. Working closely with you and your suppliers, we automate the forecast management process with Web-based software that enables the flow of supply to more accurately mirror store – and even shelf-level – demand.
Move your inventory in and out of our distribution centers and manage demand planning with Web-based applications. We can store and stage prod


text:
We already knew that Facebook is tracking our every move on the web, just like everyone else is, but now the social network says it's going to use data from the other sites we visit and the apps we use to deliver more relevant ads. If you want to opt out of this enhanced behavioral targeting, there's a form for that.
Facebook's ads up until now have been mostly from things you do on Facebook and the stuff you (or your friends) like. In an announcement today, Facebook says it's going to start including information from elsewhere, explaining it like this:
Let's say that you're thinking about buying a new TV, and you start researching TVs on the web and in mobile apps. We may show you ads for deals on a TV to help you get the best price or other brands to consider. And because we think you're interested in electronics, we may show you ads for other electronics in the future, like speakers or a game console to go with your new TV.
On first glance, this might sound great—"interest-based ads" that are more relevant to you, versus generic belly fat ads. However, this kind of tracking can be insidious as well: Your activities online and other personal information (location, age, medical habits, and more) are collected and added to databases to create a profile of you for marketers.
You can opt-out of Facebook and more than 100 other companies from collecting this data for online ad purposes at the Digital Advertising Alliance. Participating companies agree to respect consumers' opt-out preferences for these kinds of interest-based ads. When you opt-out, a cookie is placed on your browser, and it has a minimum five-year lifespan.
Note, however, that opting-out won't stop companies from serving any ads or collecting any data at all. Sites can continue to collect and use information for purposes other than online behavioral advertising, such as detecting if you're a return visitor or the number of times an ad has been shown to you. If you want fuller control over sites' activity tracking, you'll probably want to install a browser extension that does that.
Still, as with opting-out from companies that mine our data, at least we have an option to tell companies to stop. (Note: Facebook is also rolling out an ad preferences feature, where you can click on an ad and tell them not to show you any similar ads in the future.)
Opt Out from Online Behavioral Advertising | Digital Advertising Alliance via The Verge

subset: commoncrawl


text:
We are the leading Venture Capital and Private Equity Law Firm in Azamgarh and offer a wide range of services to private equity funds from funds structuring to advising on primary and secondary investments. Our team of professionals give valuable legal advice and strategy to valued clients at every stage. With the best knowledge of regulatory framework trends that affect the private equity sector, our team has been working on complex and high-value deals.
We have the best Private Equity Lawyers in Azamgarh that represent a wide client base such as financial advisers, management teams, venture capital firms, entrepreneurs and financial institutions, equity investors, etc.
We are experts in handling venture capital and initial transactions involving private equity funds. We assist in selecting suitable companies for investing in venture capital funds and determining the right investment criteria. We also draft MOU among venture capitalists and shareholders totally based on the SEBI rules and regulations. This is why we come forward as the best Private Equity Law Firm in Azamgarh.


text:
About GitHub Mobile
GitHub Mobile is available as an Android and iOS app.
GitHub Mobile gives you a way to do high-impact work on GitHub Enterprise Server quickly and from anywhere. GitHub Mobile is a safe and secure way to access your GitHub Enterprise Server data through a trusted, first-party client application.
With GitHub Mobile you can:
- Manage, triage, and clear notifications
- Read, review, and collaborate on issues and pull requests
- Edit files in pull requests
- Search for, browse, and interact with users, repositories, and organizations
- Receive a push notification when someone mentions your username
For more information about notifications for GitHub Mobile, see "Configuring notifications."
Installing GitHub Mobile
To install GitHub Mobile for Android or iOS, see GitHub Mobile.
Managing accounts
You can be simultaneously signed into mobile with one personal account on GitHub.com and one personal account on GitHub Enterprise Server. For more information about our different products, see "GitHub's products."
GitHub Enterprise Server uses background fetch to support push notifications without sending your information to a third-party service, so you may experience a delay in receiving push notifications.
GitHub Mobile may not work with your enterprise if you're required to access your enterprise over VPN.
You must install GitHub Mobile 1.4 or later on your device to use GitHub Mobile with GitHub Enterprise Server.
To use GitHub Mobile with GitHub Enterprise Server, your GitHub Enterprise Server instance must be version 3.0 or greater, and your enterprise owner must enable mobile support for your enterprise. For more information, see "Release notes" and "Managing GitHub Mobile for your enterprise."
During the beta for GitHub Mobile with GitHub Enterprise Server, you must be signed in with a personal account on GitHub.com.
Adding, switching, or signing out of accounts
You can sign into mobile with a personal account on GitHub Enterprise Server. At the bottom of the app, long-press Profile, then tap Add Enterprise Account. Follow the prompts to sign in.
After you sign into mobile with a personal account on GitHub Enterprise Server, you can switch between the account and your account on GitHub.com. At the bottom of the app, long-press Profile, then tap the account you want to switch to.
If you no longer need to access data for your personal account on GitHub Enterprise Server from GitHub Mobile, you can sign out of the account. At the bottom of the app, long-press Profile, swipe left on the account to sign out of, then tap Sign out.
Supported languages for GitHub Mobile
GitHub Mobile is available in the following languages.
- English
- Japanese
- Brazilian Portuguese
- Simplified Chinese
- Spanish
If you configure the language on your device to a supported language, GitHub Mobile will default to the language. You can change the language for GitHub Mobile in GitHub Mobile's Settings menu.
Managing Universal Links for GitHub Mobile on iOS
GitHub Mobile automatically enables Universal Links for iOS. When you tap any GitHub Enterprise Server link, the destination URL will open in GitHub Mobile instead of Safari. For more information, see Universal Links on the Apple Developer site.
To disable Universal Links, long-press any GitHub Enterprise Server link, then tap Open. Every time you tap a GitHub Enterprise Server link in the future, the destination URL will open in Safari instead of GitHub Mobile.
To re-enable Universal Links, long-press any GitHub Enterprise Server link, then tap Open in GitHub.
Sharing feedback
You can submit feature requests or other feedback for GitHub Mobile on GitHub Community.
Opting out of beta releases for iOS
If you're testing a beta release of GitHub Mobile for iOS using TestFlight, you can leave the beta at any time.
- On your iOS device, open the TestFlight app.
- Under "Apps", tap GitHub.
- At the bottom of the page, tap Stop Testing.


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AJ on Alcohol
By A.J. Jacobs
Before I started my year of living biblically, I had feared that I'd be forced into twelve months of sobriety. After all, I knew the puritans had a reputation for condemning alcohol. And certain fundamentalist Christians think of booze as up there with adultery, idol worship and South Park. Some even argue that the "wine" drunk in the Bible is not wine at all, but actually grape juice. This was apparently the thinking of a temperance advocate named Thomas Welch who tried to sell "unfermented wine" in the late 19th century for communion services. He failed. At least until his family changed the name to grape juice and marketed it to the secular.
The truth is,
Biblical wine is wine. But is it a good thing or a bad thing?
In some passages, wine seems like a gift from God. In other passages, it's portrayed as a wicked toxin:
"[wine] bites like a serpent, and stings like an adder. Your eyes will see strange things, and your mind utter perverse things." (Proverbs 23:32-34).
To clear things up, I found the expert of all experts, a Christian oenophile named Daniel Whitfield who has made an astoundingly exhaustive study of every alcohol reference in Scripture Bible "" all 247 of them.
Marijuana and the Bible, the negative and positive references to hooch, and what happened when Noah got drunk all after the jump...
On the negative side,
(I'm quoting Whitfeld's findings here) there are 17 warnings against abusing alcohol, 19 examples of people abusing alcohol, 3 references to selecting leaders, and one verse advocating abstinence if drinking will cause a brother to stumble. Total negative references: 40, or 16%.
On the positive side,
there are 59 references to the commonly accepted practice of drinking wine (and strong drink) with meals, 27 references to the abundance of wine as an example of God's blessing, 20 references to the loss of wine and strong drink as an example of God's curse, 25 references to the use of wine in offerings and sacrifices, 9 references to wine being used as a gift, and 5 metaphorical references to wine as a basis for a favorable comparison. Total positive references: 145, or 59%.Neutral references make up the remaining 25 percent.
If I could add one observation to Whitfield's study: There is also one reference to medicinal alcohol: "No longer drink only water, but use a little wine for the sake of your stomach and your frequent ailments (1 Timothy 5:23)
It comes down to the battle between the Bible's gusto for life, and the Bible's wariness of excess. Between its Epicureanism and Puritanism. You can find both themes in the Scriptures. The Epicurean side is best seen in Ecclesiastes:
"There is nothing better for a man than that he should eat and drink, and find enjoyment in his toil. This also, I saw, is from the hand of God."
The key seems to be to enjoy wine as one of the many great things that God has provided us. But don't enjoy it too much. Use what Anheuser-Busch public service announcements call "Responsible drinking." Otherwise, bad things happen. For instance, after the Flood, Noah got sozzled and passed out naked. Noah's son Ham walked in on him nude and presumably mocked him, and Noah cursed Ham's descendants to slavery. So that didn't turn out well.
Or else there's the remarkable story of what happened when Lot "" the one who fled Sodom "" drank too much. Lot had escaped to a cave with his two daughters (his wife, as you know, had been turned into a pillar of salt). The daughters, thinking all other men in the world had died, got their father very, very drunk "" and slept with him. Both got pregnant. Their incestuous offspring founded two nations "" Moab and Amon "" which became enemies of Israel.
Too much wine is an abomination. But a glass or two? That seems fine. Incidentally, I did an Internet search for marijuana and the Bible. As I suspected, someone has figured out a way to make the Bible seem in favor of pot-smoking. Not only does the website equalirghts4all quote Genesis 1:29 ("Behold, I have given you every herb bearing seed which is upon the face of all the earth."¦To you it will be for meat"), but it claims Moses' holy anointing oil contained a high concentration of THC. This, as my high school hero Jeff Spicoli used to say, seems totally bogus.


text:
The case came in a neat box, and given how small it is, it is not your average pc case box:
On opening the case I was greeted with the glass panel for the case, carefully positioned to avoid damage, the manual and tools and accessories to build the case:
Once free of the packaging, the case looks great and very small:
The panel covering both sides of the case are removable by unscrewing the four hex screws holding them in, which look rather nice in my opinion:
The case itself is thermal material designed to direct heat away from the case, and it does this with a design that means it is quite an open case, which makes it look very different from the usual cases:
I had to pick red for the case as the A1222 will be running AmigaOS 4.1 Final Edition. There is also blue and green colours available, which use a different colouring for the thermal structure of the case that matches. More details about the case are on In Win's website here.
It is almost like someone knew about NG Amiga when making this case - Red for AmigaOS 4.1, Blue for MorphOS, Green for AROS :-)
It comes with a 180W power supply, and this is important as we need a reasonable amount of power to power the A1222 and all the associated hard disks, graphics cards, dvd drives, etc.
Once I open the red cover, I can see the mini-itx bay and associated cables for connecting everything in:
This case has covers on both sides. The other side has locations for 2 SATA hard disks and a Slim DVD drive. You will note that the SATA power and data cables are already in position, ready to slot the drives straight in.
This method of placing is clever, since undoing the panels on both sides makes all components easy to change out in what would otherwise be a hard case to work on:
Given the Slim DVD requirement, I purchased a Silverstone DVD-R slim SATA drive to fit into this case:
I had to go with slot load obviously, for extra coolness :-)
Here is the DVD drive installed in the case. Literally slide in as all the connectors are already in the correct position out of the box. No screws needed for the DVD. Love it - easy to do:
Next up was the hard disk. Now I took a 320GB Sata 2.5 Hard disk I used to use in another computer for this build. I connected to the A1222 in the old case and prepped the hard disk and transferred all the contents across from the 3.5 Hard disk I was using before.
Here is the 320Gb SATA disk installed in the system. (The hard disk does need screws to secure it which are included)
Flipping the case over, I now start work on fitting the A1222 board inside:
As you would expect, it is a snug fit in this very small case, but everything does fit well. The case is designed to make cable routing around the outside of the board easy to accomplish, which is important if you plan to use the glass cover to show off your build!
I also need to install the PCI-e graphics card into the PCI-e graphics slot on the A1222. My Radeon 5450 PCI-e card I was using for the A1222 needs to be slimmed down first to it's low profile form to fit in, which is easily done:
Here it is, installed. As you can see you can only install a low profile single slot graphics card in this case, but that is perfect for the A1222 as it has only one PCI-e slot:
View of the back of the system case, showing the A1222 board and PCI-e card installed:
One more detail needs sorting out though - the case comes with two front USB3 ports only, with a corresponding USB3 connector to connect to the motherboard. However the A1222 motherboard has a USB2 port connection, which means I can't use the front ports as it is. (only the rear 2 USB ports)
I picked up a USB3 to USB2 port converter to solve this problem as shown below:
So now I can connect the front USB3 ports to the A1222 motherboard:
With everything connected up, I put on the optional glass cover to show the system off:
Alternate view from the top - note the case includes a small grill at the top to stop dust falling on the motherboard:
I then put the red cover back on, as I prefer it this way:
View of the back with the red covers on - you can see how open the case is:
First power on and amazingly (for me) the system worked straight away - all present and correct.
With Debian 8 Linux booting up fine on the new hard disk, I could breath a sigh of relief. I was most worried about the hard disk transfer process not working properly, but fortunately it did work fine.
The USB 3 ports on the front also work fine on the A1222 with the converter I installed:
I am very glad this week to get the AmigaOne A1222 system into an appropriate Mini-ITX case that will be it's permanent home!
I still have to put the sam 460 back into it's original system, but I think this is enough builds for this week!


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I've built a ASP.NET MVC 3 (RC at the moment) site that uses OpenID login system. I was still learning about OpenID while implementing this so I commented the code heavily. The result is a site that let's users login/register with OpenID, add other OpenIDs to their account and also remove them. This little project can be then used as a starting point for any new project that would use OpenID login system. It can also be used as a resource for people to learn OpenID with.
I decided to release this project as open source. This will be my first open source project and I need to decided what license to use. I want people to be able to use this for any purpose they wish for. They can learn from it, use it for commercial or non-commercial projects and make their own forks of the code. It would also be nice for others to be able to contribute back to the project with stuff like bug fixes on sites like GitHub. But I'd like to be the copyright owner of the code that is under my control. For example the code that is in my GitHub repository (I'll call this the main code base). I've heard that for this I need to get every contributor, that adds code to this code base, to give me the copyright for their contribution. How exactly does this work?
I also use other licensed (mostly open source) resources in my projects. Here's their list and their licenses:
- DotNetOpenAuth (Ms-PL)
- T4MVC (part of MvcContrib which is licesned using Apache License 2.0)
- ASP.NET MVC (Ms-PL)
- ADO.NET Entity Framework CTP4 (I couldn't find a license)
I of course want to use the main code base for any type of projects I want. Commercial, non-commercial, open source, ...
So I have some very important questions here:
- Which license should I use? I think GPL or LGPL is not suitable here. I was looking at Apache 2, New BSD, MIT and Ms-PL. Ms-PL seems to be a good fit as, but I'm not sure.
- What restrictions and/or obligations do I have towards the resources I use in this project? I think I read somewhere that I have to add -LICENSE.txt for Ms-PL resources. Is that true? How does this work for Apache 2 and other licenses? What do I have to do if I modify any of these resources' code and then use that in my project?
- I'd also really like a "as-is" clause in the license, so people can't sue me if something goes wrong while they're using my code.
- Do I need to add anything to my files to make clear what the license is? If so, how do I format that?
Also one last thing. If I decide to make a Visual Studio template out of this samples how do I license that?