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High-frequency stock trading of little value to investors, general public
- Date:
- January 10, 2013
- Source:
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
- Summary:
- High-frequency stock trading leads to an increase in order cancelation but little else of value to investors and the general public, according to new research.
- Share:
The increase in the speed of stock trading from microseconds to nanoseconds leads to an increase in order cancellation, but little else of value to investors and the general public, says research by a University of Illinois business professor.
According to a forthcoming study by Mao Ye, a professor of finance at Illinois, the arms race in speed at the sub-millisecond level of stock trading is a "purely positional game" in which a trader's payoff depends on transaction speed relative to other traders.
"There are lots of extreme views about high-frequency trading, but if you look at high-frequency trading scientifically, you would see that's it's neither good nor evil," Ye said. "Although some people think it's good, and others, necessarily, think that it's really bad, our paper shows that neither extreme view is correct. So stock exchanges are investing heavily in order to play what's really a zero-sum game."
According to the research, co-written with Jiading Gai and Chen Yao, both graduate students at Illinois, since the current exchange fee structure only charges for executed trades, and not order cancellations, legitimate traders and investors essentially subsidize high-frequency traders who purposefully cancel orders, reflecting a wealth transfer from low-frequency traders to high-frequency traders.
"If you increase the speed of trading from micro- to nanoseconds, which is a 1,000 percent increase in speed, there's really no social value to that," Ye said. "There is, however, a lot of private value in that for traders."
The research shows an increase in the cancellation-execution ratio of orders, as well as a corresponding increase in short-term volatility and a decrease of market depth.
"We found that an increase in the speed of trading does increase the liquidity of the market, but it also doesn't decrease market liquidity," Ye said. "But considering the huge investment these exchanges have made in speed, you really have to question the social benefit to doing that."
The research also finds evidence consistent with "quote stuffing," a practice that involves submitting an extraordinarily large number of orders followed by immediate cancellation for the sole purpose of creating congestion in the market.
"Quote stuffing is certainly an externality-generating activity -- the equivalent of noise or pollution in financial markets," Ye said. "We've found evidence that's consistent with quote-stuffing, and the economic incentive for that is pretty straightforward. If only relative speed matters, then people invest heavily to increase their speed. But firms have invested a sufficiently large amount of money simply to max out their speed, which in essence has created a positional arms race in the markets."
The researchers say the study is one of the largest computing efforts ever conducted in academic finance.
"From a computational standpoint, this paper involved calculations that were both data-intensive and computing-intensive, which represented a special challenge," Gai said.
"One year of trading data is equivalent to if you were to digitize all of the books in the Library of Congress -- and the majority of that data is cancellations," Ye said. "On an average trading day, a stock like Microsoft has over a million messages -- and the majority are cancellations. Cancelling trades is taking over the system and monopolizing resources."
So how do you create "speed bumps" in the market speed so that trade cancellations don't overtake the system? There needs to be a level-playing field so that no one can game the system, Ye says.
"Mary Shapiro, the chairman of the Securities and Exchange Commission, wants to impose a minimum quote life," Ye said. "But let's ask an extremely simple question: What's the distribution of a quote life now? Well, no one really knows, because to draw a summary statistic from that data takes lots of computing power. Without a scientific approach, the debate has become based on ideology, on whether you think high-frequency trading is inherently good or bad."
As a result, a restriction on trading speed should only be imposed unilaterally by an outside authority, which means slowing down everyone by the same amount, Ye says.
"What that means is that you can't push the order and then cancel it within 50 milliseconds," he said. "What do orders less that 50 milliseconds contribute to liquidity? I don't think anyone has looked at that. Considering the investment that was made, that wasn't really the best allocation of resources. There's a lot of debate over that, and we have some concerns about that. If you continuously increase the speed, our results indicate that the benefits do not justify the costs, because it only slightly increases volatility."
But it's probably not a good idea to remove high-frequency traders' profits in the current market just yet.
"Let it continue to grow because they're eventually going to hit a speed wall, and at a certain point there will be no value to it," he said.
The research was sponsored by the National Science Foundation's Extreme Science and Engineering Discovery Environment program. The data for the research were provided by The NASDAQ OMX Group Inc.
Story Source:
Materials provided by University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.
Journal Reference:
- Mao Ye, Chen Yao, Jiading Gai. The Externality of High Frequency Trading. SSRN Electronic Journal, 2012; DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2066839
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John William Waterhouse (April 6, 1849 – February 10, 1917) was an English painter known for working in the Pre-Raphaelite style. He worked several decades after the breakup of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, which had seen its heyday in the mid-nineteenth century, leading to his sobriquet"the modern Pre-Raphaelite".[1] Borrowing stylistic influences not only from the earlier Pre-Raphaelites but also from his contemporaries, the Impressionists,[1] his artworks were known for their depictions of women from both ancient Greek mythology and Arthurian legend.
Born in Italy to English parents who were both painters, he later moved to London, where he enrolled in the Royal Academy of Art. He soon began exhibiting at their annual summer exhibitions, focusing on the creation of large canvas works depicting scenes from the daily life and mythology of ancient Greece. Later on in his career he came to embrace the Pre-Raphaelite style of painting despite the fact that it had gone out of fashion in the British art scene several decades before.
Although not as well known as earlier Pre-Raphaelite artists such as Dante Gabriel Rossetti, John Everett Millais and William Holman Hunt, Waterhouse's work is currently displayed at several major British art galleries, and the Royal Academy of Art organised a major retrospective of his work in 2009.
Romantic pictures of pretty women and mythological creatures- what's not to like?

subset: commoncrawl


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It's an illusion that dates back to Roman magicians, but the "cups and balls" trick continues to awe: three overturned cups, three balls and a magician that seems to make the balls move through one cup to another.
The trick is an audience favorite, but it may also be a window into some serious neuroscience as well. Brain experts say they can learn a lot about attention, perception and brain cognition from magicians, who have been practicing sleight of hand to distract and deceive audiences' minds for thousands of years. And now the relationship goes both ways: A new study examining the cups and balls trick shows magicians can improve their craft with the help of science, too.
"How is that you can see David Blaine do a trick and you're still fooled a year later when you see someone else do it?" says Stephen Macknik, the director of the Laboratory of Behavioral Neurophysiology at the Barrow Neurological Institute and a co-author of the study, which appears in the journal PeerJ. "The answer is they have all these techniques to make these illusions more robust than what we do in science. We needed to learn their techniques, poach them, bring them back to the laboratory, and we could increase the rate of discovery in neuroscience."
Macknik and his co-author, Susana Martinez-Conde, have worked closely with Penn & Teller and other top magicians in the world to develop neuromagic, or the study of how magicians' techniques can help neurologists better understand brain functions. Carrying out the first-ever scientific analysis of the cups and balls trick, however, allowed the two to also give back to the magic community by analyzing which elements in a magic trick are most successful at creating an illusion.
(MORE: Can You Hear Me Now? Training the Brain to Hear Better)
When Penn & Teller perform the cups and balls trick, they throw an additional variation into the mix: After performing the trick with the traditional cups, they repeat the illusion with transparent cups. The mechanisms of the illusion are so effective, however, that audiences are still deceived even when they can see through the cups and presumably track the journey of the balls.
"It's more impressive, not just because of the cups, but also because the audience has already seen it," says Martinez-Conde, the director of the Laboratory of Visual Neuroscience at the Barrow Neurological Institute. "They're breaking several of the main axioms of magicians, one of which is to never do the same trick in front of the same audience twice."
Teller (he's the quiet one) first developed the transparent cup variation in a Midwestern diner while playing around with an empty glass and rolled-up paper napkins. He placed a napkin ball on the top of the glass and tipped it over with one hand while he slipped another napkin ball underneath the glass with the other. The falling ball captured his attention so strongly that he didn't noticed the second ball enter the glass. Teller thought that would make an ideal trick for a show, and figured the drop technique would be key to distracting audiences enough for the illusion to work.
(MORE: Fighting Crime by Reading Minds)
Macknik and Martinez-Conde decided to investigate Teller's hunch and document whether dropping the ball from the top of the cup really does steal viewers' attention. As part of the study, they showed participants video clips of Teller performing the cups and balls routine using one of six different manipulations to distract their attention: One involved the tip-and-drop technique, others involved dropping the ball to the floor, or raising the ball to the participants' eye level, or, in the simplest trick, sticking the ball to the bottom of the overturned cup with tape while Teller surreptitiously loaded the cup with another ball or "removed" a ball from the upside-down cup. Teller repeated each series twice, once with opaque cups and another time with transparent cups. Macknik and Martinez-Conde tracked the eye movements of the participants and also asked them to push one of two buttons to report whether they thought a ball was to calculate which manipulations were the most effective at misleading audiences. In some videos, Teller's face was blacked out to test whether the direction of his gaze during the trick has any effect.
It came as no surprise that participants' perceptions about the placement of the balls in the cups were more accurate when Teller used transparent cups. But contrary to Teller's intuition, dropping the ball from the top of the cup was not the most effective way to trick audiences. Putting tape on the inside of cups to suspend balls fooled viewers the most. Lifting the balls from the table to the tops of the cups, instead of dropping them, held viewers' gaze longer, and Teller's gaze during the trick had no effect on viewers' perceptions at all.
These new insights aren't ground-breaking revelations about how to do the trick, but the scientists say they reveal quite a bit about how to improve the art of illusion — by exploiting some of the biases that drive the way the brain divides its attention. The brain is most easily tricked by the stuck ball, for example, probably because our logical minds expect the ball to drop, and therefore don't expect it to remain suspended. Likewise, bringing the ball up to eye level or dropping it on the floor directs our attention to that act, and distracts it from other activities that may be going on in the background, such as the loading of removing balls from other cups.
"All we knew before we did this experiment was the ways magicians thought about these tricks and the way they worked in the minds of spectators." Macknik says. "Now that we know some of those insights are incorrect, we can start to get a handle on what is correct."
(MORE: How to Terrify the Fearless)
The cups and balls study, for example, confirms what other Macknik and Martinez-Conde's other research has suggested: that our ability to focus on multiple things at the same time isn't as strong as we thought.
"The fact that magic works is evidence that multitasking doesn't exist, because if it did, you'd be able to see the method behind every magic trick," Macknik says. "If being able to simultaneously attend to multiple things happening at once was possible, there'd be no magic trick."
Macknik and Martinez-Conde aren't setting out to tell magicians how to do their jobs, but they hope the relationship they've established with the magic community will continue to benefit both worlds. Neuromagic has already helped scientists learn basic truths about the brain that magicians have been exploiting for thousands of years, and now, researchers are returning the favor.
"We really have arrived at a symbiosis of both disciplines," Martinez-Conde says. And, perhaps, better magic tricks as well.


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CATLIN et al. v. UNITED STATES.
65 S.Ct. 631
89 L.Ed. 911
CATLIN et al.
No. 419.
Argued and Submitted Feb. 1, 2, 1945.
Decided Feb. 26, 1945.
Messrs. Thomas S. McPheeters and Henry Davis, both of St. Louis, Mo., and Mr. George D. Burroughs, of Edwardsville, Ill., for petitioners.
Mr. Ralph F. Fuchs, of Washington, D.C., for respondent.
Mr. Justice RUTLEDGE delivered the opinion of the Court.
The proceeding is for the condemnation of land in Madison County, Illinois, under the War Purposes Act of 1917.1 The question for review is whether orders entered in the course of the proceedings are appealable as 'final decisions' within the meaning of Section 128 of the Judicial Code, as amended, 28 U.S.C. § 225(a), 28 U.S.C.A. § 225(a).2
The petition for condemnation was filed in the District Court March 31, 1942. The same day an order for immediate possession was entered ex parte. On November 12, 1942, pursuant to the Declaration of Taking Act of February 26, 1931,3 the Secretary of War filed a declaration and deposited in court $43,579.00 as the estimated compensation for Tract ED-7, to which petitioners assert ownership as trustees. The court thereupon entered 'judgment,' likewise ex parte, decreeing that title had vested in the United States upon the filing of the declaration and making of the deposit, also declaring the right of just compensation 'now vested in the persons entitled thereto,' and holding the cause open for further 'orders, judgments and decrees.'
Thereafter, on August 2, 1943, an order for service of process by publication was entered, and in October following petitioners moved to vacate the 'judgment' and to dismiss the petition as to Tract ED-7. After this the Government amended its petition4 and petitioners filed an amended motion to vacate and dismiss,5 which the court denied. From this order and the order entering the 'judgment' on the declaration of taking, petitioners appealed. The Circuit Court of Appeals held the orders not final decisions within Section 128 and dismissed the appeal. 7 Cir., 142 F.2d 781. We granted certiorari, 323 U.S. 696, 65 S.Ct. 92, in order to resolve conflict upon this question among several Circuit Courts of Appeals.6
We think the judgment was right. Petitioners' motions raised issues grounded in contentions that the taking was not for a purpose authorized by the War Purposes Act.7 Accordingly they urged that neither petition stated a cause of action, the court acquired no jurisdiction of the cause or to enter the order relating to title, and it was error to deny the motion to vacate and to dismiss. Since the issue here is whether the orders are final, for purposes of appeal, we assume, though we do not decide, that the substantive issues have sufficient merit to warrant determination upon review. Even so, we think petitioners have mistaken their remedy.
Their right to appeal rests upon Section 128 of the Judicial Code. This limits review to 'final decisions' in the District Court. A 'final decision' generally is one which ends the litigation on the merits and leaves nothing for the court to do but execute the judgment. St. Louis I.M. & S.R.R. v. Southern Express Co., 108 U.S. 24, 28, 2 S.Ct. 6, 8, 27 L.Ed. 638. Hence, ordinarily in condemnation proceedings appellate review may be had only upon an order or judgment disposing of the whole case, and adjudicating all rights, including ownership and just compensation, as well as the right to take the property. This has been the repeated holding of decisions here.8 The rule applies to review by this Court of judgments of state courts, in advance of determination of just compensation, although by local statute 'judgments of condemnation,' i.e., of the right to condemn particular property, are reviewable before compensation is found and awarded. Wick v. Superior Court, 278 U.S. 574, 49 S.Ct. 94, 73 L.Ed. 515; Id., 278 U.S. 575, 49 S.Ct. 94, 73 L.Ed. 515; Public Service Co. of Indiana v. City of Lebanon, 305 U.S. 558, 59 S.Ct. 84, 83 L.Ed. 352; Id., 305 U.S. 671, 59 S.Ct. 143, 83 L.Ed. 435; cf. Dieckmann v. United States, 7 Cir., 88 F.2d 902. The foundation of this policy is not in merely technical conceptions of 'finality.' It is one against piecemeal litigation. 'The case is not to be sent up in fragments * * *.' Luxton v. North River Bridge Co., 147 U.S. 337, 341, 13 S.Ct. 356, 358, 37 L.Ed. 194. Reasons other than conservation of judicial energy sustain the limitation. One is elimination of delays caused by interlocutory appeals.
The rule applies to proceedings under the War Purposes Act of 1917.9 That act does not purport to change or depart from the generally prevailing rule concerning appeals in condemnation proceedings. It is an amended version of the 1890 act, under which from its enactment to now that rule has been applied, except in the three decisions of Circuit Courts of Appeals reaching the contrary result, where however the Declaration of Taking Act of 1931 also was involved.10 The 1917 act purports to authorize no judgment except one 'for the acquirement by condemnation of any land,' etc., for the purposes specified or, necessarily, one finally denying this. The provision for the proceedings 'to be prosecuted in accordance with the laws relating to suits for the condemnation of property of the States wherein the proceedings may be instituted * * *' had no purpose to make the right of appeal in such proceedings depend upon and vary with the local procedure in this respect, cf. Wick v. Superior Court, supra; Public Service Co. v. Lebanon, supra, or to incorporate local ideas of 'finality' in the application of Section 128 to such suits. The language may be applied in other ways without introducing so much lack of uniformity into the application of Section 128, if indeed the quoted provision has not been largely nullified by the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure in all respects concerning appeals.11
Furthermore, the 1917 act contemplated emergency action, to the extent that upon the filing of the petition immediate possession might be taken and the lands occupied 'for military purposes' during war 'or the imminence thereof.' This purpose, it seems clear, would be largely defeated, if entry must be deferred until specific challenges to jurisdiction and the sufficiency of the petition are determined seriatim, not only by ruling of the trial court but by separate appeals from each ruling which, if sustained,12 would end the litigation, but if lacking in merit could only prolong it. We find neither in the language nor in the purposes of the 1917 act an intent to authorize departure from the general course of applying Section 128 in condemnation proceedings.
Indeed, we do not understand petitioners to urge that the 1917 act without more accomplishes the departure. They say rather that it does so when used in conjunction with the Declaration of Taking Act of 1931. It is the 'judgment' upon 'a declaration of taking' and the subsequent order denying their motion to vacate this 'judgment' and to dismiss the proceedings which they contend are 'final decisions' within Section 128 and therefore appealable. It is 'judgments' of this character which the decisions of Circuit Courts of Appeals, upon which petitioners rely, have involved. One of them relied expressly upon the 1931 act as being intended 'to sever the taking of title and possession from controversies as to valuation, and to provide a procedure whereby the United States might be speedily and conclusively vested with title and possession' and therefore as having a 'final and immediate effect on property rights' which 'obviously should be reviewable at once, without the necessity of awaiting the outcome of long drawn out controversies as to valuation.' Puerto Rico Ry. Light & Power Co. v. United States, 1 Cir., 131 F.2d 491, 494. The reason stated might afford ground for Congress to provide a special appeal. However, we do not think the reason accords with the statute's provisions or their effect. Consequently it gives no ground for believing that Congress has provided a separate appeal.
We dispose shortly of the motion, or that part of it, which was directed at dismissal of the proceedings, in so far as it may require treatment separately from the motion to vacate the 'judgment,' if it does so at all. Had this motion been granted and judgment of dismissal been entered, clearly there would have been an end of the litigation and appeal would lie within Section 128. United States v. Carey, 9 Cir., 143 F.2d 445; United States v. Marin, 9 Cir., 136 F.2d 388. But denial of a motion to dismiss, even when the motion is based upon jurisdictional grounds, is not immediately reviewable. Cf. Roche v. Evaporated Milk Ass'n, 319 U.S. 21, 63 S.Ct. 938, 87 L.Ed. 1185. See also Dieckmann v. United States, 7 Cir., 88 F.2d 902. Certainly this is true whenever the question may be saved for disposition upon review of final judgment disposing of all issues involved in the litigation or in some other adequate manner. As will appear, we think such a remedy is available in this case.
The 'judgment' and the order denying the motion to vacate it stand no better. The 1931 act, like that of 1917, contains no language purporting to change the general rule relating to appeals in condemnation proceedings. Section 1, which is the basis section, makes no express reference to appeals.13 Section 2 implies the contrary effect. It provides: 'No appeal in any such cause nor any bond or undertaking given therein shall operate to prevent or delay the vesting of title to such lands in the United States.' While the section does not in terms deny the right of appeal contended for, neither does it confer that right. The possibility of delaying or preventing the vesting of title by appeals was explicitly in the mind of Congress, when it included this section. If it had thought granting an earlier appeal than the existing procedure allowed, upon the severed issue of the right to take the property, would expedite the taking or the vesting of title or the proceedings in any other manner, slight additional words would have made provision for such an appeal. The omission, and the clear import of the language used, are against the implication that separate appeals were to be allowed.
This seems reinforced by Section 4. It makes the right to take possession and title 'in advance of final judgment' additional to other rights, powers or authority conferred by federal or local law, and expressly states that this right 'shall not be construed as abrogating, limiting, or modifying any such right, power, or authority.' One of the rights of the Government under pre-existing federal law was the right not to have the proceeding, or the taking of possession,14 delayed by separate appeals over issues of title or taking.15 Its right was rather to have these issues determined with others in the final judgment dispositive of the whole cause. This right, we think, was guarded by Section 4 against being construed as having been abrogated, limited or modified, by virtue of the additional right conferred 'to take possession and title in advance of final judgment.' (Emphasis added) Other provisions of the statute, as will appear, support the same conclusion.
Moreover, the statute does not purport in terms to authorize such a 'judgment' as was entered in this cause or to make its entry the event upon which title is changed, if so summary a procedure could be valid. The 'judgment' apparently was entered ex parte, prior to service of process or publication of notice. Cf. Pennoyer v. Neff, 95 U.S. 714, 24 L.Ed. 565. By the terms of Section 1, 'Upon the filing said declaration of taking (in the condemnation proceeding) and of the deposit in the court * * * title * * * shall vest in the United States * * * and said lands shall be deemed to be condemned and taken for the use of the United States, and the right to just compensation for the same shall vest in the persons entitled thereto; and said compensation shall be ascertained and awarded in said proceeding and established by judgment therein * * *.'16
The exact effect of these provisions is not entirely clear. But we find nothing in the statute to indicate that Congress intended to deprive the owner of all opportunity to challenge the validity of the taking for departure from the statutory limits. Such a purpose cannot be implied from the provision for transfer of title itself and the fact that the specific references to the final judgment in Section 1 speak only concerning compensation. Those references, we think, are counterbalanced by other provisions and considerations, in so far as they may be thought to exclude matters of title from the final adjudication.
We think the purpose was to leave intact the owner's remedy existing before the statute was adopted. For one thing, the statute is not an independent one for condemnation. It provides for no new condemnation proceeding. It merely affords steps ancillary or incidental to suits brought under other statutes; and was so used in this case in conjunction with the suit brought under the Act of 1917. Its declared purpose is to expedite, in the cases to which it applies, the construction of public buildings and works 'by enabling possession and title of sites to be taken in advance of final judgment in proceedings for the acquisition thereof under the power of eminent domain,' (emphasis added) as the title states, and it applies to 'any proceeding * * * instituted * * * under the authority of the United States for the acquisition of any land * * * for the public use * * *.' Section 1. The procedure clearly is ancillary to the main condemnation proceeding, cf. United States, v. 17,280 Acres of Land, D.C., 47 F.Supp. 267, 269, is intended to dovetail with it and by Section 4 is declared expressly to provide rights which are to be 'in addition to' preexisting rights and are not to 'be construed as abrogating, limiting, or modifying' them. This provision, inserted primarily to safeguard the Government's interest, is not expressly so limited; and we think it may be applied also to safeguard the owner's preexisting rights where doing this will not be in essential conflict with the additional rights validly conferred on the Government. This would be done by preserving his preexisting right of appeal.
While the language and the wording of the act are not wholly free from doubt, we see no necessary inconsistency between the provisions for transfer of title upon filing of the declaration and making of the deposit and at the same time preserving the owner's preexisting right to question the validity of the taking as not being for a purpose authorized by the statute under which the main proceeding is brought. That result may be reached if the statute is construed to confer upon the Government, upon occurrence of the events specified, only a defeasible title in cases where an issue concerning the validity of the taking arises. So to construe the act would accomplish fully the purposes for which it was adopted in the large number of cases where no such issue is made. In others this would go far toward doing so, for not all such issues will be followed through to final decision or, if so followed, will turn out adversely to the Government. The alternative construction, that title passes irrevocably, leaving the owner no opportunity to question the taking's validity or one for which the only remedy would be to accept the compensation which would be just if the taking were valid, would raise serious question concerning the statute's validity. In any event we think it would run counter to what reasonable construction requires.
Some stress is placed upon the provisions of Sections 3 and 5 relating to irrevocable commitment of the United States to pay the amount ultimately to be awarded,17 together with the provision of Section 1 authorizing award of more than the amount deposited as estimated compensation, as indicating a purpose to make the transfer of title irrevocable upon the filing of the declaration and the making of the deposit.18 From the fact that the Government may become irrevocably committed to pay, it does not follow that the owner is irrevocably committed to submit to the taking, since the statute's terms are not in pari materia in this respect. Neither Section 3 nor Section 5 purports to bind the owner irrevocably. On the contrary, Section 5 deals only with authority to expend appropriated funds for demolition of existing structures and construction of new ones; and the concluding proviso, requiring the opinion of the Attorney General that 'title has been vested in the United States or all persons having an interest therein have been made parties to such proceeding and will be bound by the final judgment therein,' (emphasis added) before the funds are expended, seems clearly to contemplate that title is not indefeasibly vested in the United States merely by following the administrative procedure. Final judgment in 'such proceeding,' that is, the main condemnation suit, is necessary for that purpose. The operation of Sections 3 and 5 is to cut off the Government's right to abandon the proceedings. It is not to compel the owner to submit to unauthorized takings.
Accordingly, in our opinion the right of the owner to challenge the validity of the taking, for nonconformity with the prescribed statutory purposes, was not destroyed by the 1931 act. Nor was the right to do this upon appeal, existing before that act was adopted, affected. No such 'severance' was made as the court deciding the Puerto Rico case thought was created. No new right of separate appeal was given. The preexisting right of appeal, including appeal on grounds relating to validity of the taking, remained in force to be exercised when and only when final judgment, disposing of the cause in its entirety, has been rendered. The statute makes no other explicit provision. Nor is one so clearly implied that we can make it. The weightier implications are the other way.
We have not discussed other issues presented or suggested in the briefs or argument, since that has not been necessary to the disposition of this cause. These include the question whether, when possession has been taken and damage has been done to the premises in the course of proceedings not authorized, the remedy by appeal is adequate. That issue has not been made in this case, since the grounds urged rest upon the provisions of the 1931 act relating to title and their effect, through the proceedings had, upon the petitioners' right. They do not relate simply to the taking of possession, the right to take it or damages resulting from exercise of that right, apart from the question of title. Possession in this case had been taken, pursuant to the terms of the 1917 act, prior to the time of the purported transfer of title. It will be time enough to consider the question concerning adequacy of the appeal or possible existence of other remedy affecting such a case when it arises.
The judgment is
Mr. Justice ROBERTS and Mr. Justice DOUGLAS concur in the result.
Act of August 18, 1890, 26 Stat. 316, as amended by the Acts of July 2, 1917, 40 Stat. 241, and April 11, 1918, 40 Stat. 518, 50 U.S.C. § 171, 50 U.S.C.A. § 171. The Act provides:
'That hereafter the Secretary of War may cause proceedings to be instituted in the name of the United States, in any court having jurisdiction of such proceedings for the acquirement by condemnation of any land, temporary use thereof or other interest therein, or right pertaining thereto, needed for the site, location, construction, or prosecution of works for fortifications, coast defenses, military training camps, and for the construction and operation of plants for the production of nitrate and other compounds and the manufacture of explosives and other munitions of war and for the development and transmission of power for the operations of such plants; such proceedings to be prosecuted in accordance with the laws relating to suits for the condemnation of property of the States wherein the proceedings may be instituted: * * * And provided further, That when such property is acquired in time of war, or the imminence thereof, upon the filing of the petition for the condemnation of any land, temporary use thereof or other interest therein or right pertaining thereto to be acquired for any of the purposes aforesaid, immediate possession thereof may be taken to the extent of the interest to be acquired and the lands may be occupied and used for military purposes * * *.' (Emphasis added.)
Section 128 is in part as follows:
'The circuit courts of appeal shall have appellate jurisdiction to review by appeal final decisions—
'First. In the district courts, in all cases save where a direct review of the decision may be had in the Supreme Court under section 345 of this title.'
46 Stat. 1421, 40 U.S.C. §§ 258a—258e, 40 U.S.C.A. §§ 258a 258e. Material portions of the statute are set forth in the text of this opinion and the notes.
Petitioners attacked the original petition for failure to set forth (1) the purpose of the acquisition or that it was for any purpose authorized by the act; (2) that the Secretary of War had found that the land was needed or (3) had requested the Attorney General to institute the proceeding to acquire it for such a purpose. Considering these objections jurisdictional, petitioners regard 'all further proceedings based upon the said petition' as 'ineffective,' including the filing of the first declaration of taking and the 'judgment' entered pursuant to it.
The amendment added a new paragraph to the petition stating the lands were being taken for purposes described in the language of the statute and incorporated in the petition the letter of the Secretary of War requesting the Attorney General to institute the proceedings to acquire the land 'for use in the establishment of the Granite City Engineer Branch Depot.' This is the specific purpose which petitioners say does not come within any set forth in the statute, for which see note 1.
The amended motion urged that the amendment of the petition, by incorporating the Secretary's statement of intended use for an engineer depot, caused the petition to show on its face that the use was not within those authorized by the act. Petitioners assert the amendment 'came too late to validate' the 'judgment.'
Dade County, Fla. v. United States, 5 Cir., 142 F.2d 230, accords with the decision in this case. Contrary decisions were rendered in City of Oakland v. United States, 9 Cir., 124 F.2d 959, certiorari denied, 316 U.S. 679, 62 S.Ct. 1106, 86 L.Ed. 1753; United States v. 243.22 Acres of Land, 2 Cir., 129 F.2d 678, certiorari denied, 317 U.S. 698, 63 S.Ct. 441, 87 L.Ed. 558; Puerto Rico Ry. Light & Power Co. v. United States, 1 Cir., 131 F.2d 491.
Under the comparable provision of the 1929 act applicable in the District of Columbia, where special appeal may be allowed upon interlocutory orders, D.C.Code 1940, § 17—101, compare Lee v. United States, 61 App.D.C. 153, 58 F.2d 879, with Keyes v. United States, 73 App.D.C. 273, 119 F.2d 444.
See notes 1, 4 and 5.
Luxton v. North River Bridge Co., 147 U.S. 337, 341, 13 S.Ct. 356, 358, 37 L.Ed. 194; Southern Ry. v. Postal Telegraph Co., 179 U.S. 641, 643, 21 S.Ct. 249, 250, 45 L.Ed. 355; Grays Harbor Logging Co. v. Coats-Fordney Co., 243 U.S. 251, 256, 37 S.Ct. 295, 297, 61 L.Ed. 702; State of Washington ex rel. McPherson Bros. Co. v. Superior Court in and for Douglas County, 274 U.S. 726, 47 S.Ct. 769, 71 L.Ed. 1335; Ornstein v. Chesapeake & Ohio Ry., 284 U.S. 572, 52 S.Ct. 14, 76 L.Ed. 497; cf. Collins v. Miller, 252 U.S. 364, 370, 40 S.Ct. 347, 349, 64 L.Ed. 616; United States v. Florian, 312 U.S. 656, 61 S.Ct. 713, 85 L.Ed. 1105.
No case has been found in which appeal was taken, or attempted to be taken, under the 1890 and 1917 acts, from an order other than the final judgment disposing of all issues raised in the proceeding, including compensation. The uniform practice under those acts appears to have been therefore to confine appeals to such orders. Only three cases appear to have sought to raise, in appeals from final judgments, the question of the right to condemn. See Forbes v. United States, 5 Cir., 268 F. 273; Chappell v. United States, 4 Cir., 81 F. 764; Id., 160 U.S. 499, 16 S.Ct. 397, 40 L.Ed. 510; Henry v. United States, 3 Cir., 46 F.2d 640. Numerous other cases involved appeals on questions affecting compensation without raising question concerning title or authority to condemn.
Cf. note 6 and text beginning with the paragraph following note 12.
'In proceedings for condemnation of property under the power of eminent domain, these rules govern appeals but are not otherwise applicable.' Rule 81(a)(7), 28 U.S.C.A. following section 723c.
See United States v. Carey, 9 Cir., 143 F.2d 445; United States v. Marin, 9 Cir., 136 F.2d 388.
Because of its importance, the Section is set forth here in full, except for the concluding paragraph which is quoted in note 14:
'An Act To expedite the construction of public buildings and works outside of the District of Columbia by enabling possession and title of sites to be taken in advance of final judgment in proceedings for the acquisition thereof under the power of eminent domain.
'Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That in any proceeding in any court of the United States outside of the District of Columbia which has been or may be instituted by and in the name of and under the authority of the United States for the acquisition of any land or easement or right of way in land for the public use, the petitioner may file in the cause, with the petition or at any time before judgment, a declaration of taking signed by the authority empowered by law to acquire the lands described in the petition, declaring that said lands are thereby taken for the use of the United States. Said declaration of taking shall contain or have annexed thereto—
'(1) A statement of the authority under which and the public use for which said lands are taken.
'(2) A description of the lands taken sufficient for the identification thereof.
'(3) A statement of the estate or interest in said lands taken for said public use.
'(4) A plan showing the lands taken.
'(5) A statement of the sum of money estimated by said acquiring authority to be just compensation for the land taken.
'Upon the filing said declaration of taking and of the deposit in the court, to the use of the persons entitled thereto, of the amount of the estimated compensation stated in said declaration, title to the said lands in fee simple absolute, or such less estate or interest therein as is specified in said declaration, shall vest in the United States of America, and said lands shall be deemed to be condemned and taken for the use of the United States, and the right to just compensation for the same shall vest in the persons entitled thereto; and said compensation shall be ascertained and awarded in said proceeding and established by judgment therein, and the said judgment shall include, as part of the just compensation awarded, interest at the rate of 6 per centum per annum on the amount finally awarded as the value of the property as of the date of taking, from said date to the date of payment; but interest shall not be allowed on so much thereof as shall have been paid into the court. No sum so paid into the court shall be charged with commissions or poundage.
'Upon the application of the parties in interest, the court may order that the money deposited in the court, or any part thereof, be paid forthwith for or on account of the just compensation to be awarded in said proceeding. If the compensation finally awarded in respect of said lands, or any parcel thereof, shall exceed the amount of the money so received by any person entitled, the court shall enter judgment against the United States for the amount of the deficiency.' (Emphasis added.)
This was authorized by the Act of 1917, cf. note 1 above, as well as by the Act of 1931 in the concluding paragraph of Section 1, which is as follows:
'Upon the filing of a declaration of taking the court shall have power to fix the time within which and the terms upon which the parties in possession shall be required to surrender possession to the petitioner. The court shall have power to make such orders in respect of encumbrances, liens, rents, taxes, assessments, insurance, and other charges, if any, as shall be just and equitable.'
See note 9.
See note 13 for the complete text.
Section 3 is set forth in note 18. Section 5 is as follows:
'In any case in which the United States has taken or may take possession of any real property during the course of condemnation proceedings and in advance of final judgment therein and the United States has become irrevocably committed to pay the amount ultimately to be awarded as compensation, it shall be lawful to expend moneys duly appropriated for that purpose in demolishing existing structures on said land and in erecting public buildings or public works thereon, notwithstanding the provisions of section 355 of the Revised Statutes of the United States: Provided, That in the opinion of the Attorney General, the title has been vested in the United States or all persons having an interest therein have been made parties to such proceeding and will be bound by the final judgment therein.'
Including or following the finding required by Section 3, which provides:
'Action under this statute irrevocably committing the United States to the payment of the ultimate award shall not be taken unless the chief of the executive department or agency or bureau of the Government empowered to acquire the land shall be of the opinion that the ultimate award probably will be within any limits prescribed by Congress on the price to be paid.'
The following state regulations pages link to this page.


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Legal information
Privacy Statement
This Privacy Statement explains which personal data is collected before the first use as well as during the use of the Stud.IP learning platform and how it is processed. In addition, it is intended to comply with the obligation to provide information required under Art. 13 of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR).
I. Responsible entity
Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg
The President
Ammerländer Heerstr. 114-118
D-26129 Oldenburg, Germany
Phone: +49-441-798-0
II. II. Process owner
IT Services of the Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg
Z. Hd. Herbert Greis
Uhlhornsweg 49-55
D-26129 Oldenburg
Tel.: 49 (0)4 41 / 7 98 - 48 00 +49 (0)4 41 / 7 98 - 25 55
E-mail: email@example.com
Raum: A2 3-301
Responsible for administration:
Phone: +49 (0)4 41 / 798 - 4832 (Mr. Müller)
E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
III. Data protection officer
If you have any questions about data protection in connection with this website, please contact us:
The Data Protection Officer
Room: V03 3 - S330
Phone: +49 (0)4 41 / 0441 798 - 4196
E-mail: email@example.com
IV. Scope of processing
1 Collection and use of personal data
Required personal data:
The Stud.IP platform offers users personalised access to learning materials, which is why users must be registered with name, first name and e-mail.
A user name is required when logging on to the system. For users at the University of Oldenburg, this is the anonymous user ID and for external users it is usually their university e-mail address. This data is stored by Stud.IP in encrypted form so that it is not possible to determine the original value, i.e. the matriculation number or personnel number cannot be determined for a person.
If you use the online exam registration and online grade inspection, you will also record the matriculation number, which is only stored and used for the purpose of the online exam functions. The matriculation number can only be viewed by yourself, the lecturer of the respective examination for which you have registered, and the administrators of the learning platform.
Voluntary disclosure of personal data:
In addition, you may optionally provide other personal information, for example to facilitate communication with other users.
Personal data in the context of the "doctoral student" status:
If you use Stud.IP with the status "Promovend" (doctoral candidate), then the additional personal data required for the administration of the doctoral process will be processed in Stud.IP. These are displayed under the "Doctoral student" tab and can be checked by you and supplemented as required, e.g. as part of a structured doctoral programme.
2 Purposes of data processing/deletion periods
a) General:
All information entered in Stud.IP is processed on secure systems of the University of Oldenburg and not passed on to third parties.
b) Required personal data:
For the purpose of user administration, establishing contact with you and providing personalised services (registration for events and internships and their administration, examination registration, review of grades, creation of mailing lists, registration for graduation celebrations), the above-mentioned mandatory personal data must be stored and processed by us. They are deleted 1 year after exmatriculation at the latest.
c) Personal data provided voluntarily:
This data serves exclusively to facilitate or improve communication with other users and can be deleted or changed at any time by yourself.
d) Personal data within the framework of the "doctoral candidate" status:
This data is used exclusively for managing your graduation process and for your information. You can also enter any additional services required here. This information is deleted when you no longer have a status of "doctoral student" or when your Stud.IP account is deleted.
e) Server log files
When you access this website, your IP address and the date and time of access are registered. The collection and use of this log file data serves only to identify errors or malicious access attempts, so they are not evaluated in connection with names or e-mail addresses. This data is stored for a period of 5 days and then deleted.
f) Stud.IP log files
When a user accesses this website, the browser type, operating system, monitor size and user status as well as the date and time of access are registered. The only purpose of collecting and using this log file data is the evaluation of the data for purely statistical research and evaluation purposes. Names, university IDs or e-mail addresses which could be used to identify the user are not stored.
3 Legal bases
The above-mentioned personal data (with the exception of the data mentioned in 2 c)) is processed for members and employees of the university (in particular students of the University of Oldenburg) in accordance with Art. 6 Para. 1 (e) of the GDPR in connection with Sections 3 and 17 of the Lower Saxony University Act (NHG) for the fulfilment of the tasks of the university.
The above-mentioned personal data is processed for members and employees of the university who are in a service or employment relationship with the University of Oldenburg and for whom the use of Stud.IP is not necessary in the context of their employment relationship and for external users on the basis of Art. 6 Para. 1 (a) of the GDPR (consent), which they submit in electronic form when registering for the first time. The same applies to all users with regard to the data mentioned under item 2 c).
The processing of the above-mentioned personal data (with the exception of those specified in 2 c) is carried out for members and employees who are in a service or employment relationship with the University of Oldenburg in accordance with Section 12, Paragraph 1 of the Lower Saxony Data Protection Act (NDSG) in conjunction with Sections 88-95 of the Lower Saxony Civil Servants Act (NBG) insofar as the use of Stud.IP is necessary for the employment relationship.
Please also note the Terms of use you have agreed to the first time you registered or which you have to agree to.
V. Rights of data subjects
You can request information about the personal data stored about you at any time, free of charge. Simply use the action "Request privacy information" provided in your Stud.IP profile for this purpose.
If your personal data stored in Stud-IP is incorrect, you can request it to be corrected at any time or correct it yourself in your profile.
You can request the deletion of your personal data at any time. However, with regard to the personal data required for use, this also means that you can no longer use Stud.IP.
At any time, you can request that processing of your personal data be restricted.
You can object to the processing of your personal data at any time. However, with regard to the personal data required for use, this also means that you can no longer use Stud.IP.
You have the right to receive the personal data you have provided in a structured, common and machine-readable format, and you have the right to communicate such data to another data controller without interference from the data controller, provided that the processing is based on consent or a contract and the processing is carried out using automated procedures (right to data transferability). You can also simply use the action "Request data protection information" provided in your profile in Stud.IP for this purpose.
You may revoke any consent you may have given at any time with effect for the future, without affecting the legality of the processing carried out on the basis of the consent until revocation. Please send your revocation to: the above address or by email to firstname.lastname@example.com. Your user data will then be deleted immediately. If the revocation also includes indispensable personal data, you will no longer be able to use the Stud.IP learning platform.
If you feel that the processing of your personal data violates data protection regulations, please contact the data protection officer (see Section III). You also have the right to complain to the competent supervisory authority. The address of the competent supervisory authority is:
Die Landesbeauftragte für den Datenschutz Niedersachsen
Prinzenstraße 5
30159 Hannover
Phone: +49-511120-4500
Fax: +49-511120-4599
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
VI. VI. Links
Information provided by the data protection officer and the data protection management team of the University of Oldenburg
Text of the European General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)
Data Protection Act of Lower Saxony (NDSG)
Lower Saxony Higher Education Act (NHG)
Further information on data protection can also be found on the website of the State Commissioner for Data Protection:


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Request Your Free Catalog
Explore the world of native plants with our catalog, designed to inspire gardeners and land stewards of all levels. Mailed annually in mid-to-late January, we also send it to new subscribers throughout the year, at approximately two week intervals. Sign-up today if you're not already on our list!


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Work on the HTTP Activity has been managed as part of W3C's Architecture Domain. This Activity has achieved its goals, and has been closed in May 2000.
As Web traffic has come to dominate the Internet, remedying the weaknesses of the HTTP protocol has become critical. W3C has worked with the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) to develop a number of refinements to HTTP, work that has culminated in a new specification for the protocol. This new specification, called HTTP/1.1, has just recently become an IETF Draft Standard.
IETF specifications proceed through three main steps: Proposed Standard; Draft Standard; and finally Internet Standard. A Draft Standard is considered to be the final specification, apart from only small changes of a very specific nature. Only a short step away is the Internet Standard - a specification that, to quote the IETF, is "stable and well-understood, is technically competent, has multiple, independent, and interoperable implementations with substantial operational experience, enjoys significant public support, and is recognizably useful in some or all parts of the Internet."
The standardization of HTTP was started within the IETF in late 1994, and W3C has strongly supported these efforts. Significant W3C effort went into HTTP/1.1, particularly from Jim Gettys, visiting scientist at W3C from Compaq, HTTP/1.1 editor and co-author, and from Henrik Frystyk Nielsen, formerly W3C staff, and co-author of HTTP/1.1.
W3C has several HTTP/1.1 implementations and a large community of developers have already demonstrated their interest. Experimental implementations include the libwww client library, and Jigsaw, W3C's Web server. These were among the very first HTTP/1.1 implementations, and they played a key role in discovering errors in the HTTP/1.1 Proposed Standard, and show the full potential of the protocol.
The focus of the work behind the HTTP/1.1 specification has been to alleviate the most prominent problems in HTTP/1.0 which has led to serious bottlenecks on the Internet as the Web continues to grow. The result has been the specification of a protocol which will make the Web faster and more efficient. The three main features of interest are as follows:
The rapid growth of the Web has produced a frenzy for domain names like mycompany.example.com, often as important for corporate recognition as a logo. Domain names may be infinite in number, but the IP addresses they translate into are not, and IP address depletion has become a serious concern. The HTTP/1.1 Host header field allows Web service providers to assign multiple domain names to a single IP address in such a way that a Web server can distinguish the home page for mycompany.example.com from yourcompany.example.net without using more than one IP address.
HTTP uses the Internet TCP/IP protocol stack. All information you read or write on the Web is sent accross the Net in TCP/IP packets. A TCP connection is really like a responsible courier getting around in a big city (the Net) - it makes sure the data you send and receive reaches the final destination realiably while avoiding traffic jams and allowing other people to get through as well. The funny thing is that TCP drives an old car - it takes time for it to warm up, and as soon as it is done, it cools off again very quickly.
To function efficiently, HTTP must take advantage of TCP/IP's strengths and avoid its weaknesses, something that HTTP/1.0 does not do very well. Whenever a client accesses a document, an image, a sound bite etc. HTTP/1.0 creates a new TCP connection and as soon as it is done, it is immediately dismissed and never reused. As a result, TCP rarely has time to get warm leaving lots of "cold cars" with little data creating a lot of traffic jams.
HTTP/1.1 fixes this in two ways. First, it allows the client to reuse the same TCP connection (persistent connections) again and again when talking to the same server. Second, it makes sure that the courier carries as much information as possible (pipelining) so that it doesn't have to run back and forth as much. That is, not only does HTTP/1.1 use less TCP connections, it also makes sure that they are better used. The result is less traffic jam and faster delivery.
Documents you read on the Web are often read by thousands and even millions of other people at the same time. This of course keeps servers very busy. Imagine that instead of having everybody talking to the same server people could get the same information much closer to where they are. This is what caching allows us to do.
Whereas HTTP/1.0 merely enabled caching, it did not specify any well-defined rules describing how a cache should interact with clients or with origin servers. The lack of control resulted in that most content providers and users did not trust the HTTP/1.0 caching model and instead tried to short-circuit it. The result was that many busy parts of the Internet were bogged down even more. A major part of the HTTP/1.1 specification is devoted to providing a well-defined caching model which allows both servers and clients to control the level of cachability and the conditions under which the cache should update its contents.
Another important part of HTTP/1.1 is the Digest Authentication Specification. Digest authentication allows users to authenticate themselves to a server without sending their passwords in clear text which can be sniffed by anybody listening on the network. In HTTP/1.0, passwords are sent without being encrypted using so-called basic authentication. Although not providing real security, Digest Authentication is an important step in a making the Web a more secure place to live.
A continuing area of interest is how HTTP can be extended according to the needs of specific applications. HTTP has been extended locally, as well as globally, in ways that few could have predicted. Current efforts span an enormous range, including distributed authoring, collaboration, printing, and remote procedure call mechanisms. The usual practice is to add new header fields to the protocol, and rely on the software at the other end to recognize the header and process it accordingly. This, however, is the equivalent of relying on magic! A standard framework for defining extensions has for some time been badly needed.
The HTTP Extension Framework provides a simple yet powerful mechanism for extending HTTP. The Framework enables authors to introduce extensions in a systematic manner: programmers will be able to specify which extensions are introduced along with information about who the recipient is, and how the recipient should deal with them.
The specification has been accepted as an experimental RFC as of February 2000 (RFC 2774). Here are some W3C specifications that are already using it:
The Composite Capability/Preference Profiles (CC/PP) is a mechanism for describing the capabilities and preferences associated with users and the hardware and software they are using to access the World Wide Web.
The P3P specification will enable Web sites to express their privacy practices and users to to exercise preferences over those practices. P3P products will allow users to be informed of site practices, to delegate decisions to their computer when possible, and allow users to tailor their relationship to specific sites.
Jigsaw has already an experimental implementation of the extension framework and implementation is ongoing in the libwww.
The HTTP drafts and specifications are produced by the IETF HTTP Working Group, in which the W3C Team takes an active role in editing specifications and providing sample implementations. Related protocols include the HTTP-NG specifications and the HTTP Extension Framework.
Libwww is a highly modular, general-purpose client-side Web API written in C for Unix and Windows. It is well suited for both small and large applications, such as browser/editors, robots, batch tools, etc. Pluggable modules provided with libwww include complete HTTP/1.1 (with caching, pipelining, PUT, POST, Digest Authentication, deflate, etc). As for all W3C OpenSource code, the purpose of libwww is to provide an environment for experimenting with extensions and new features. The focus of libwww is performance, modularity, and extensibility. Libwww now supports a large community of authors and boasts a number of new features: HTML 4, XML, RDF, SSL and much more.
Jigsaw is not only a server, it also provide a reusable HTTP/1.1 stack, with a RFC 2616 compliant cache in its latest 2.1.1 release. It allows every Java program to use a HTTP/1.1 compliant stack without modification.
The ongoing results from our analysis show that the performance is increased significantly using HTTP/1.1 with persistent connections and pipelining. We also have practical experience with clients such as Amaya, who use the pipeline features of libwww.
As of February 2000, HTTP Extension Framework is now known as RFC 2774.
No more developments are scheduled, now that HTTP Extension Framework has been accepted as a RFC. However we will continue to survey all the ongoing activities around HTTP/1.1


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Since 2001, the gacaca community courts have been the centrepiece of Rwanda's justice and reconciliation process. Nearly every adult Rwandan has participated in the trials, but lawyers are banned from any official involvement. Human rights organisations fiercely opposed the use of gacaca for trying genocide cases, on the grounds that it fell short of international legal standards of fairness. Much criticism reflects legal rigidity towards the unprecedented challenges confronting post-genocide Rwanda – and a limited understanding of the aims of the community courts. Gacaca was inevitably imperfect, but also highly ambitious and innovative. While the full impact of the process will not be apparent for many years, gacaca has delivered benefits to Rwandans in the spheres of justice, truth and democratic participation. Other societies confronting the aftermath of mass conflict could learn much from Rwanda's approach to local justice.
Read by Edward Paice – Director, Africa Research Institute


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Robin Good: Just as much as music is no longer in the hands of record companies and books are no longer in the hands of traditional book publishers, learning is not anymore in the hands of schools and other educational institutions.
Today a person can learn from a myriad of new different sources, at his own pace and time.
"The internet has democratized education and businesses should take notice.
You are in business because you have some area of expertise.
Sharing your expertise is a way to help you build your brand and provide value."
From the original article: "The Education of Millionaires, a book by Michael Ellsberg that proposes that the best investment in education is one that offers lifelong, relevant knowledge that will make you financially successful.
He urges people to find mentors and experts to teach the skills they need, rather than investing six figures in a traditional college education that is unlikely to contribute to their ability to earn a living.
I have mixed feelings about suggesting that people forgo or drop out of college, but I believe we are seeing a trend worth noting.
People are looking to non-traditional sources to learn from. Education and business are merging. "
The article is full of short, valuable insights, like these:
"As a brand, your expertise in the product you sell — in every way it affects the people who use it — sets you apart. If you sell shoes, you could teach fashion or fitness. If your product is food, teach nutrition."
"Consumers need information to choose when there are too many options."
"Education is a form of curation."
Right on track. Must-read. 8/10
Full article: http://www.socialmediaexplorer.com/digital-marketing/education-is-the-new-marketing/


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LOS ANGELES (AP) — Columbus Short won't be returning to "Scandal" following his legal troubles.
The 31-year-old actor said in a statement released Friday that he's exiting the ABC political thriller after three seasons.
"At this time, I must confirm my exit from a show I've called home for three years, with what is the most talented ensemble on television today," Short said. "I would like to first thank Shonda Rhimes for the opportunity to work with such an amazing cast."
The announcement of Short's exit from the series created by Rhimes comes amid two pending criminal cases, one accusing him of misdemeanor spousal battery and another accusing him of felony battery that seriously injured a man during an altercation at a West Hollywood restaurant in March.
If convicted, Short faces up to four years in state prison.
Short was charged Feb. 14 with misdemeanor spousal battery and has pleaded not guilty in that case. A judge ordered him to stay away from his wife, Tuere Short, at a March 5 court hearing. The case is due back in court on May 13.
In that instance, Short's wife reported that the actor began choking her while she was sleeping, chased her around their home, dragged her from a room and threw her on the ground, according to an application for a temporary restraining order that she filed.
Short's wife filed for divorce April 15 after nearly nine years of marriage, citing irreconcilable differences. She is seeking legal and physical custody of the couple's 2-year-old daughter.
With her filing, Tuere Short obtained another temporary restraining order accusing her husband of choking her and threatening to kill her and himself during a fight on April 7. A hearing on extending the order is scheduled for May 6. She wrote in a court declaration that her husband was wielding a knife while threatening her, and that while fleeing from the home with her daughter, she believes the actor slashed her tires.
Short played attorney Harrison Wright on the hit series starring Kerry Washington. His character was last seen in grave jeopardy in the explosive season finale.
"Everything must come to an end, and unfortunately the time has come for Harrison Wright to exit the canvas," Short said. "I wish nothing but the best for Shonda, Kerry and the rest of the cast, who have become like a second family to me in such a short amount of time. For this, I will forever be grateful."
AP Entertainment Writer Anthony McCartney contributed to this report.
Follow AP Entertainment Writer Derrik J. Lang on Twitter at https://www.twitter.com/derrikjlang.


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LAKE BUENA VISTA, Fla. (AP) — A sheriff said charges are unlikely against a Nebraska couple after an alligator killed their 2-year-old son by snatching him out of shallow water at a Walt Disney World beach, but the entertainment giant is reviewing whether to add gator warning signs.
Orange County Sheriff Jerry Demings told The Associated Press after a news conference Wednesday there was no indication Will and Melissa Graves of suburban Omaha, Nebraska, committed any crime that contributed to the reptile grabbing their son, Lane Graves.
"There's nothing in this case to indicate that there was anything extraordinary" in terms of neglect by the parents, Demings said.
Demings said his department and the state wildlife agency would look into the issue of signs around Seven Seas Lagoon, where Disney had posted "no swimming" signs but no warnings about the presence of alligators. Searchers removed five of the reptiles from the water while looking for the child, who was attacked at a small beach area near nightfall Tuesday.
A Disney representative, speaking on condition of anonymity because the company had yet to prepare a formal statement, said Disney would "thoroughly review" the sign issue in the future. Beaches that were closed during the search remained off limits to visitors, the company said.
Divers found the child's body about 16 hours after authorities first got the call that a reptile had taken the boy at Seven Seas Lagoon, which borders the Magic Kingdom theme park. The park is one of the world's most popular tourist spots, drawing millions of visitors annually.
Demings said it appeared the gator drowned the child and left the body near the spot where he was last seen. An autopsy was planned.
"Of course the family was distraught, but also I believe somewhat relieved that his body was found intact," Demings told a news conference.
A family friend released a statement on behalf of the Graves thanking well-wishers for their "thoughts and hope-filled prayers." CEO Michael Iaccarino of Infogroup, a marketing company where Matt Graves is chief data officer, said Graves' family "is the light of his life."
In the family's hometown of Elkhorn, Nebraska, friends and neighbors reacted with disbelief and shock.
The principal of their church parish described the Graves parents as caring and attentive parents.
"The St. Patrick's Parish and school community is just flat out devastated," Norman Hale, principal of St. Patrick's Parish Catholic School, told Omaha station KMTV.
Wildlife officials said the attack was a rarity in a state with a gator population estimated at 1 million. But it still shocked visitors in a city built on tourism.
"It's the most magical place on Earth, supposedly," said Michelle Stone, a Detroit-area resident visiting Disneyfor 10 days with her two children. "To come here with your family and (be) having this great time ... There are no words."
In a statement from Disney World Resort President George A. Kalogridis, the company said it was "doing what we can" to help the family.
Authorities said the boy waded into no more than 1 or 2 feet of water in the lagoon around nightfall Tuesday when he was taken from a small beach. The boy's father desperately tried to fight off the gator, suffering cuts on a hand, but he could not save his son. Neither could a nearby lifeguard, officials said.
Nick Wiley with the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission said witnesses estimated that the alligator was 4 feet to 7 feet long. One of the five gators that searchers removed from the water may have been responsible for the attack, he said.
The beach where the reptile grabbed the child is part of the luxury Grand Floridian resort, across the lake from Magic Kingdom. The lake, which stretches over about 200 acres and reaches a depth of 14 feet, feeds into a series of canals that wind through the entire Disney property.
More than 50 law enforcement personnel searched the well-tended lagoon along with an alligator tracker and marine units equipped with sonar to search the lake's sandy, mostly flat bottom. The sheriff said a dive team found the child's remains.
Though Florida has grown to the nation's third-most populous state, fatal alligator attacks remain rare. Before the child's death, 23 people had been killed by wild alligators in Florida since 1973, according to Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission statistics.
The grim news was only the latest for Orlando, a city struck by tragedy in the past few days.
On Sunday, a gunman opened fire at a gay nightclub in Orlando, leaving 49 people dead in the worst mass shooting in modern U.S. history. On Friday night, Christina Grimmie, 22, a contestant on season six of "The Voice," was fatally shot as she signed autographs after a show in Orlando.


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M3 Standard Flange 6.5-inch Marine Coaxial System (60 W, 4 Ω) - Gloss White Classic Grille
Purpose-engineered and built for real marine duty, M3 coaxial systems deliver excellent performance at a more affordable price than our maximum-performance M6 models.
The M3-650X 6.5-inch coaxial speaker is designed around the standard marine 6.5-inch speaker format and features a wide mounting flange with a six hole mounting pattern.
The long excursion woofer design and excellent power handling make your music come through loud and clear at speed, or at anchor. The woofer design is optimized to operate with a large volume of air behind it (at least 2 cu. ft. / 57 l). Operating this coaxial system in less space will compromise its low frequency performance.
A 0.75-inch pure silk dome tweeter, specially treated to withstand the marine environment, handles the high-frequency duties. Silk has been chosen for its lightness, excellent damping properties and smooth response characteristics.
Although M3-650X Coaxial Systems can be used with as little as 20 W per channel, for best audio performance we recommend amplifiers capable of between 75-100 W of continuous power per channel.
Sold as a pair.
Continuous Power Handling (RMS) | 60 W |
Recommended Amplifier Power (RMS) | 20 - 120 W / Ch. |
System Efficiency | 89.5 dB @ 1 W / 1 m |
System Nominal Impedance | 4 Ω |
System Frequency Response | 55 Hz - 25 KHz ± 3 dB |
Frame Outer Diameter (A) | 6.90 in / 175 mm |
Bolt Hole Circle Diameter (B) | 6.125 in / 156 mm |
Frontal Grille Protrusion* (C) | 0.97 in / 25 mm |
Mounting Hole Diameter (D) | 5.00 - 5.25 in / 127 - 133 mm |
Mounting Depth (E) | 2.78 in / 71 m |
*Frontal grille protrusion measured from mounting surface |
Dynamic Motor Analysis - DMA Optimized Motor
JL Audio's proprietary Dynamic Motor Analysis system is a powerful suite of FEA-based modeling systems, first developed by JL Audio in 1997 and refined over the years to scientifically address the issue of speaker motor linearity. This leads to vastly reduced distortion and faithfully reproduced transients... or put simply: tight, clean, articulate bass.
Detailed Information:
Since 1997, JL Audio has been at the forefront of Finite Element Analysis-based modeling of loudspeaker motors and suspensions. This research is aimed at decoding what we refer to as the "Loudspeaker Genome"... a project aimed at understanding the true behavior of loudspeakers under power and in motion. A major component of this integrated system is DMA (Dynamic Motor Analysis). Starting with the 15W3 and the W7 Subwoofers in the late 1990's and early 2000's, DMA has played an important role in the design of all JL Audio woofers sold today, including our component woofers.
DMA is a Finite Element Analysis (FEA)-based system, meaning that it takes a large, complex problem, breaks it down into small solution elements for analysis and then assembles the data to form an accurate, "big-picture" solution. DMA's breakthrough is that it actually considers the effects of power through the coil as well as coil/cone position within the framework of a time-domain analysis. This gives us a highly accurate model of a speaker's actual behavior under real power, something that the traditional Thiele-Small models or other low power measurements cannot do. Because DMA does not rely on a steady-state model, it is able to consider shifts in the circuit elements being analyzed. These modeling routines are intense, requiring hours to run for a whole speaker.
DMA is able to analyze the real effects of fluctuating power and excursion upon the magnetic circuit of the motor, specifically the dynamic variations of the "fixed" magnetic field. This delivers intensely valuable information compared to traditional modeling, which assumes that the "fixed" field produced in the air gap by the magnet and the motor plates is unchanging. DMA not only shows that this "fixed" field changes in reaction to the magnetic field created by current flowing through the voice coil, but it helps our engineers arrive at motor solutions that minimize this instability. Analyzing this behavior is critical to understanding the distortion mechanisms of a speaker motor and sheds light on the aspects of motor design that determine truly linear behavior:
- Linear motor force over the speaker's operational excursion range
- Consistent motor force with both positive and negative current through the coil
- Consistent motor force at varying applied power levels
Our ability to fully analyze these aspects of motor behavior allows our transducer engineers to make critical adjustments to motor designs that result in extremely linear, highly stable dynamic loudspeaker motor systems.
The payoff is reduced distortion, improved transient performance and stellar sound quality.
Marine Materials / Testing
The design of marine products requires extensive materials testing to achieve reliability and longevity.
Detailed Information:
Building serious marine products requires a real commitment to environmental testing and materials specification. To this end, JL Audio has invested in Ultraviolet testing chambers (to simulate years of sun exposure) and Salt Fog chambers (to simulate years of exposure to salt-water environments). This testing is critical to building products that will not only sound great in your boat, but will also sound great for many, many years.
Materials Used:
- injection-molded mica-filled polypropylene cone bodies with synthetic rubber surrounds, specifically formulated with UV inhibitors for marine duty.
- Marine-grade, synthetic fiber spiders with progressive roll designs to withstand high humidity.
- Specifically engineered polymer baskets are corrosion and UV-resistant and encapsulate the woofer's motor system to prevent corrosion.
- Gold-plated, marine-grade brass connection terminals
- Marine-grade stainless steel mounting hardware is included.
USA Limited Warranty: Two (2) years from the original date of purchaseWarranty Details
Find the answers to many common questions:
Available in stores only


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"I don't have time to build my LinkedIn profile. I already get more useless messages than I can handle anyway."
"Why would I want to be on Twitter? It's a lot of noise, and no one cares about what I'm reading."
"I want to be a thought leader, but I don't have time for blogging."
Sound familiar? I hear these objections all the time when speaking to top executives about social media. Their concerns are motivated by a basic misunderstanding of how people use tools like LinkedIn and Twitter. There is special value to these platforms for executives that don't necessarily apply to the rest of us.
To follow my reasoning, you have to understand the concept of "connection points." These are details of our lives that create opportunities to establish connections with others. We constantly seek connection points in all our interactions because they create a foundation for trust. That's why the first few minutes of any meeting, even one with people we know very well, invariably consists of small talk about stuff that has nothing to do with business. Finding common ground puts everyone more at ease.
The same applies to online interactions, and that's why social networks can be so powerful for executives. Here are five little-known benefits to consider.
1. Finding connection points with customers and prospects – Executives typically spend a lot of time meeting with customers and business partners. It's a fair bet that most of the people they're meeting with do some research in advance. Because of LinkedIn's exceptional search performance, a search on nearly any executive's name is likely to turn up a LinkedIn profile within the top three results. That profile should be rich with connection points.
A good LinkedIn profile is a lot more than just a resume. The summary statement should talk about accomplishments, motivations, passions, and turnoffs. It should also include some personal details, such as favorite sports teams or hobbies. Schools, professional memberships and volunteer activities should also be filled out. These connection points are built-in conversation starters. You never know where a connection point is going to surface.
Customers, partners, and employees also follow executives who matter to them. By updating your profile with new responsibilities, achievements, and publications you keep these important constituents up to date on your progress.
2. Alerting the media – Why do CEOs like Bill Gates, Richard Branson, Oprah Winfrey, Rupert Murdoch and Elon Musk waste time on Twitter? They certainly don't need the publicity. One reason is because they know that the journalists, analysts and others who influence audiences they care about are following them. That means they can reach large numbers of people who matter to them quickly and without the overhead and expense of press releases.
The same applies to corporate executives. As the people who are called upon to represent their businesses in public, they can use media like Twitter to communicate important business news and reinforce the image and culture of the companies they represent to the people who matter most to them. Without the red tape.
3. Cementing business relationships – When Cisco CEO Chuck Robbins tweets an attagirl to his company's head of executive talent or thanks a customer for a great meeting, he's doing more than just casting off casual praise. He's reinforcing a relationship that matters to his business. Compliments are one of the most powerful ways we had to support others and thereby earn their trust. Executives have special leverage in this respect. By recognizing an associates qualities or achievements in public, we not only do them a favor but issue a warning to competitors and interlopers to back off. That's one of the values of having a large Twitter following. When Bill Gates compliments Code.org on Twitter, he's giving that organization a publicity boost.
4. Building thought leadership – Most organizations want their executives to exhibit thought leadership, but placing articles in management magazines is both time-consuming and unpredictable. Many executives create thought-leading content all the time in emails and posts on the company intranet. With a little wordsmithing, these can be turned into essays on platforms like LinkedIn Publishing, Medium, and Svbtle. LinkedIn is particularly valuable in this respect, because it has a built-in promotion medium through notifications. And because executives tend to be followed by other influencers, their LinkedIn posts can spread particularly fast.
5. Recruiting – In the same way that customers and prospects research the people they do business with, so do prospective employees. People want to work for people they like and admire, so creating a LinkedIn profile that showcases both your accomplishments and personality presence enhances your ability to reach people who are a good fit for your culture. Conversely, it can dissuade people who are the wrong candidates from wasting your time.
In short, a social media profile that reflects who you are rather than simply what you do creates a trust foundation that pays off in many ways. You just have to look below the surface.
This post originally appeared on Biznology.
Photo by nzchrissy2 via Pixabay


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My great-grandfather, James Churchward wrote a series of books on the Lost Continent of Mu beginning in the late 1920s. His books stated that the now-lost Pacific continent of Mu maintained a high level of civilization and colonies around the world. He also stated that Mu was the birthplace of the human race and that cataclysmic events sunk Mu beneath the waves thousands of years ago. This website is my research into the lost continent of Mu and the theories of ancient advanced civilizations. There is a lot of data available on the subject in these pages, the Interactive Media page will connect you with the podcast, mailing lists, Guest blog, My-Mu.com blog, as well as my Youtube, Facebook and twitter accounts. The Resources page connects you to static reference pages of original research, and you will not want to miss the my-mu.com Book Store to catch some of the exclusive titles for sale. Please take the opportunity to browse through the tabs at the top of this page to access the data.. Subscribe to the newsletter and receive a free pdf copy of the index to James Churchward's 1926 book, "Lost Continent of Mu Motherland of Man" |
Current PodcastPodcast #36 Churchward's Theories on the Lost Continent of Mu A synopsis...more Visit the Podcast Archive Current Blog EntryOR
Examining the 'Mound Builder's Calendar Stone' Visit the Blog Entries of Note |


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A Tyrannosaurus rex could bite hard enough to shatter the bones of its prey. But how it accomplished this feat without breaking its own skull bones has baffled paleontologists. That's why scientists at the University of Missouri are arguing that the T. rex's skull was stiff much like the skulls of hyenas and crocodiles, and not flexible like snakes and birds as paleontologists previously thought.
"The T. rex had a skull that's 6 feet long, 5 feet wide and 4 feet high, and bites with the force of about 6 tons," said Kaleb Sellers, a graduate student in the MU School of Medicine. "Previous researchers looked at this from a bone-only perspective without taking into account all of the connections — ligaments and cartilage — that really mediate the interactions between the bones."
Using a combination of imaging, anatomy and engineering analysis, the team observed how the roof of the mouth of the T. rex reacted to the stresses and strains from chewing by applying models of how two present day relatives of T. rex — a gecko and a parrot — chew to how the T. rex skull worked.
"Dinosaurs are like modern-day birds, crocodiles and lizards in that they inherited particular joints in their skulls from fish — ball and socket joints, much like people's hip joints — that seem to lend themselves, but not always, to movement like in snakes," said Casey Holliday, an associate professor of anatomy in the MU School of Medicine. "When you put a lot of force on things, there's a tradeoff between movement and stability. Birds and lizards have more movement but less stability. When we applied their individual movements to the T. rex skull, we saw it did not like being wiggled in ways that the lizard and bird skulls do, which suggests more stiffness."
In addition to helping paleontologists with a detailed study of the anatomy of fossilized animals, researchers believe their findings can help advance human and animal medicine by providing better models of how joints and ligaments interact.
"In humans, this can also be applied to how people's jaws work, such as studying how the jaw joint is loaded by stresses and strains during chewing," said Ian Cost, the lead researcher on the study. Cost is an assistant professor at Albright College and a former doctoral student in the MU School of Medicine. "In animals, understanding how those movements occur and joints are loaded will, for instance, help veterinarians better understand how to treat exotic animals such as parrots, which suffer from arthritis in their faces."


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The supreme thickness of your card will be sure to make an impression with everyone you meet. With so many combinations available, you have the freedom to design the most personalized business cards ever. One of our most popular Triplex options is to select a colored stock for the middle layer, and a matching stock for the front and back. Our triplex business cards weigh in at a heft 900 gsm ! Add extra sturdy cardstock to make your card durable and feel soft touch.
Printed both sides as standard and sandwiched over a coloured middle layer.
Choose from different coloured middle layers and card sizes.
Front stock : 300 gsm +
Middle stock : 220 gsm
Back stock : 300 gsm +
Printing Process : CMYK, Pantane, Foil, Embossing, Debossing
*Turn around time varies based on job complexity, quantity and size. Please feel free to contact us at firstname.lastname@example.com or via WhatsApp with any questions you may have.


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be Strong | Shampoo Bar
The be STRONG line is fine or damaged hair. Nettle and avocado oil strengthen while red clover stimulates the hair follicle for subtle volume and new growth.
PH Balanced / Salon Grade / Natural.
- lasts for 50+ washes
- replaces 2-3 bottles of traditional shampoo
directions: lather in your hands or directly on your hair. We recommend shampooing twice for best results (a common tip and trick from professionals in the hair industry). Avoid contact with the eyes.
storage instructions: after each use make sure the bar dries completely out on an elevated soap dish. Do not store in the shower as the water and humidity can erode the bars faster. Store in the open air and not the travel containers as it will make your bar nice and hard, and last longer.
ingredients: Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate, Cetyl Alcohol, Decyl Glucoside, Sodium Lactate, Theobroma cacao (Cocoa) Seed Butter, Persea gratissima (Avocado) Butter, Persea gratissima (Avocado) Oil, Olea eruopaea (Olive) Fruit Oil, Trifolium pratense (Red Clover) Flower, Calendula officinalis Flower, Lavender angustifolia (Lavender) Oil, Rosmarinus officinalis (Rosemary) Oil, Cedrus deodorata (Cedarwood) Wood Oil, Citric Acid, Panthenol (Pro-Vitamin B5), Moroccan Lava Clay, Mica.


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St. Felix of Valois
ST. FELIX was son of the Count of Valois. His mother throughout his youth did all she could to cultivate in him a spirit of charity. The unjust divorce between his parents matured a long-formed resolution of leaving the world; and, confiding his mother to her pious brother, Thibault, Count of Champagne, he took the Cistercian habit at Clairvaux.
His rare virtues drew on him such admiration that, with St. Bernard's consent, he fled to Italy, where he led an austere life with an aged hermit. At this time he was ordained priest, and his old counsellor having died, he returned to France, and for many years lived as a solitary at Cerfroid.
Here God inspired him with the desire of founding an Order for the redemption of Christian captives, and moved St. John of Matha, then a youth, to conceive a similar wish. Together they drew up the rules of the Order of the Holy Trinity. Many disciples gathered round them; and, seeing that the time had come for further action, the two Saints made a pilgrimage to Rome to obtain the confirmation of the Order from Innocent III. Their prayer was granted, and the last fifteen years of Felix's long life were spent in organizing and developing his rapidly increasing foundations. He died in 1213.
Reflection.—"Think how much," says St. John Chrysostom, "and how often thy mouth has sinned, and thou wilt devote thyself entirely to the conversion of sinners. For by this one means thou wilt blot out all they sins, in that thy mouth will become the mouth of God."


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As parents, we spend a lot of money raising our children – from basic needs such as food, housing, doctor bills, and clothing, to education, daycare, soccer teams and lessons on the clarinet – it seems like the list is endless.
Since the kids don't generally pay you back (at least in dollars), the IRS steps in to help out. There are several tax benefits that you may be eligible for just because the little urchins are in your care… and here's a list of ten tax benefits that the IRS has put together (taken from IRS Tax Tip 2011-18):
- Dependents In most cases, a child can be claimed as a dependent in the year they were born. For more information see IRS Publication 501, Exemptions, Standard Deduction, and Filing Information.
- Child Tax Credit You may be able to take this credit on your tax return for each of your children under age 17. If you do not benefit from the full amount of the Child Tax Credit, you may be eligible for the Additional Child Tax Credit. For more information see IRS Publication 972, Child Tax Credit.
- Child and Dependent Care Credit You may be able to claim the credit if you pay someone to care for your child under age 13 so that you can work or look for work. For more information see IRS Publication 503, Child and Dependent Care Expenses.
- Earned Income Tax Credit The EITC is a benefit for certain people who work and have earned income from wages, self-employment of farming. EITC reduces the amount of tax you owe and may also give you a refund. For more information see IRS Publication 596, Earned Income Credit.
- Adoption Credit You may be able to take a tax credit for qualifying expenses paid to adopt an eligible child. Taxpayers claiming the adoption credit must file a paper tax return because adoption-related documentation must be included. For more information see the instructions for IRS Form 8839, Qualified Adoption Expenses.
- Children with Earned Income If your child has income earned from working they may be required to file a tax return. For more information see IRS Publication 501.
- Children with Investment Income Under certain circumstances a child's investment income may be taxed at the parent's tax rate. For more information see IRS Publication 929, Tax Rules for Children and Dependents.
- Higher Education Credits Education tax credits can help offset the costs of education. The American Opportunity and the Lifetime Learning Credit are education credits that reduce your federal income tax dollar-for-dollar, unlike a deduction, which reduces your taxable income. For more information see IRS Publication 970, Tax Benefits for Education.
- Student Loan Interest You may be able to deduct interest you pay on a qualified student loan. The deduction is claimed as an adjustment to income so you do not need to itemize your deductions. For more information see IRS Publication 970.
- Self-employed Health Insurance Deduction If you were self-employed and paid for health insurance, you may be able to deduct any premiums you paid for coverage after March 29, 2010, for any child of yours who was under age 27 at the end of 2010, even if the child was not your dependent. For more information see the IRS website.
Photo by pingnews.com


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Walking to work this morning I saw a profusion of butterflies, flurries of them. From a distance they looked like leaves carried on the breeze, but as they fluttered past (so fast!) it was obvious they were on a mission. I think they were "painted ladies":http://www.nctimes.com/articles/2005/03/27/special_reports/science_technology/12_31_263_26_05.txt flying their hearts out toward the desert and its "new flowers":http://www.california-desert.org/flower_main.html.
Happy spring, everyone!


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Doggles are designed just for dogs with a deeper lens cup (because dogs have protruding eyes), wide nose bridge (because dogs have a really big nose), foam padding around the entire frame, and soft adjustable head and chin straps.
The Doggles products and designs are protected by three patents. They created these unique products to help dogs who need eye protection from the sun's harmful rays, flying debris, wind, rocks, or bugs. The deep lens cup keeps the lens away from the eye, preventing potentially dangerous rubbing or hitting of the eye. The lenses are shatterproof to protect from flying bugs, rocks, or other objects while riding in cars (head out the window), motorcycles, or properly secured in pickup trucks.
Doggles are worn by working dogs all over the world: K9 Units, Border Patrol dogs, Search and Rescue, are just some of them.
Doggles are recommended by Vet Ophthalmologists to protect their patients in all types of situations and also after some types of eye surgery.


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The General Collection of Graphic Arts illustrates the arts of graphic design and printmaking with reference to resources in the University of Florida's Department of Special and Area Studies Collections. The general collection holds hundreds of published examples together with proofs and engraved wood blocks by Lucienne Bloch, Sir Edward Burne-Jones, Eric Gill, and John Buckland Wright among others.
For more information on the Department's holdings in the graphic arts see the Libraries' Rare Book Collection's Subjects page.


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Turquoise & Brown Paisley - Paisley
For sizing guidelines and other Cub Co-Z information, please click here:
Size Guidelines and Product Information
Two items in one -- A compact diaper bag that converts into a sling-style baby carrier in just one zip!. All of the convenient pockets are located on the outside of the bag and carrier, allowing you access to everything you need regardless of which way it's being worn.
This is the perfect product for new baby wearers and for running quick errands. There is no need to carry an awkward car seat, a bulky diaper bag, or purse anymore. Easily wear your baby (at least 8lbs and full term) in a cradle carry or kangaroo position. Babies and toddlers with head control may be worn in a tummy-to-tummy or hip carry position. Recommended for children up to 35 pounds.
Each Cub Co-z is constructed with 100% cotton in designer materials and proudly made in the USA. Machine washable. Every purchase includes care, wear, and safety instructions. Please read all care, use and safety instructions to ensure proper fit, wearing, and safety of your baby or toddler.
Tags: baby carrier, sling-style baby carrier, Cub Co-Z Convertible Carrier
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