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Qty : 1
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...one of the most highly
regarded and expertly designed C++ library projects in the
— Herb Sutter and Andrei
Alexandrescu, C++
Coding Standards
Copyright © 2003-2005 Douglas Gregor
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt).
Table of Contents
The BoostBook documentation format is an extension of DocBook, an SGML- or XML-based format for describing documentation. BoostBook augments DocBook with semantic markup that aids in the documentation of C++ libraries, specifically the Boost C++ libraries, by providing the ability to express and refer to C++ constructs such as namespaces, classes, overloaded functions, templates, and specializations.
BoostBook offers additional features more specific to its use for documenting the Boost C++ libraries. These features are intended to eliminate or reduce the need for duplication of information and to aid in documenting portions of Boost that might otherwise not be documented. Examples of Boost-centric features include:
Testsuites in Boost are created by writing an appropriate
Jamfile and including that Jamfile in
. If the testsuites are
documented (as
in the MultiArray library), the documentation is
maintained separately from the testcase Jamfile, leading to
duplication of information and the possibility of having the
documentation out of sync with the Jamfile. BoostBook
contains elements that describe a testsuite for both
purposes: the BoostBook stylesheets can generate
documentation for the testcases and also generate an
appropriate Jamfile to integrate the testcases with the
regression testing system.
Example programs: Example programs in documentation need to be duplicated in testcases to ensure that the examples compile and execute correctly. Keeping the two copies in sync is a tedious and error-prone task. For instance, the following code snippet persisted for six months:
std::cout << f(5, 3) >> std::endl;
The BoostBook format allows testcases to be generated by weaving together program fragments from example programs in the documentation. This capability is integrated with testsuite generation so that example programs are normal tests in BoostBook.

subset: commoncrawl


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Reading Qur'aan together, giving good deeds to the dead, and al-Mawlid al-Nabawi (celebrating the birthday of the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him))
On every last Sunday of the month, we get together with a group of 30 or more sisters and each of us reads two or three hizb (portions of Qur'aan) until we complete the Holy Qur'aan in one and a half or two hours. We have been told that this will count – in sha Allaah – as a completion of the Qur'aan for each one of us. Is that correct? After that we make du'aa' and ask Allaah to give the reward for our reading to the rest of the believers, living and dead. Will the reward reach the dead? They quote as evidence for that the words of our master Muhammad (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him): "When a man dies, all his good deeds come to an end except three: ongoing charity, beneficial knowledge or a righteous son who will pray for him."
On the festival of the Prophet's birthday (al-mawlid al-nabawi), they hold a ribaat (vigil) which starts at 10 a.m. and lasts until 3 p.m. They start with prayers for forgiveness, praise of Allaah, tasbeeh and takbeer, and sending blessings upon our master Muhammad (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) silently, then they read the Qur'aan, and some sisters fast on that day. Is singling out this day for all these acts of worship regarded as an innovation (bid'ah)? We also have a lengthy du'aa' seeking blessing that we say at the time of suhoor, for those who are able to say it. It is called du'aa' al-raabitah. It starts by sending blessings and salaams upon our master Muhammad and his party and the other Prophets, and the Mothers of the Believers, and the female companions of the Prophet, the Rightly Guided Caliphs, the Taabi'een, and the righteous close friends (awliya') of Allaah, mentioning each of them by name. Is it correct that mentioning all these names will make their owners recognize us and call out to us in Paradise? Is this du'aa' an innovation? I feel that it is, but most of the sisters disagree with me. Will I be punished by Allaah if I am wrong? How can I convince them if I am correct? This matter is making me lose sleep and every time I remember the hadeeth of the Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) which says that every newly-invented matter is an innovation and every innovation is a going-astray, and every going-astray will be in the Fire, my worry and grief get even worse.
Praise be to Allaah.
In the saheeh Sunnah there are many reports which speak of the virtues of gathering to read the Book of Allaah, but in order for the Muslim to attain those rewards, he should ensure that the gathering is in accordance with sharee'ah. One of the prescribed ways in which people may gather to read Qur'aan is for the people gathered to read together for the purpose of study, learning the meanings and how to recite properly. Another kind of gathering that is prescribed is for each of them to read and the others to listen, so that they may ponder the meanings of the verses. Both are mentioned in the Sunnah of the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him).
For more information please see question no. 22722, which explains the ruling on gathering to read the Qur'aan.
With regard to what each person reads being counted as a khatmah (complete reading of the Qur'aan) for each of them, this is not correct, because none of them has read the entire Qur'aan, or even listened to it, rather each of them has read a part of it, so they will only be rewarded for whatever they have read of the Qur'aan.
The scholars of the Standing Committee said:
Distributing ajza' or parts of the Qur'aan to those who are present so that each one of them may read a hizb of the Qur'aan is not necessarily regarded as a khatmah or complete reading of the Qur'aan on the part of each one of them. End quote.
Fataawa al-Lajnah al-Daa'imah, 2/480
It is not prescribed to say du'aa' together after reading Qur'aan, and it is not permissible to pray that the reward for the reading go to any of the dead or the living. Our Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) did not do that, and neither did any of his companions (may Allaah be pleased with them).
Shaykh 'Abd al-'Azeez ibn Baaz (may Allaah have mercy on him) was asked:
Is it permissible for me to read the entire Qur'aan for my parents, knowing that they are illiterate and cannot read or write? Is it permissible for me to read the entire Qur'aan for a person who knows how to read and write, but I want to give this khatmah to him? Is it permissible for me to read the entire Qur'aan for more than one person?
He replied:
There is no report in the Holy Qur'aan or in the Sunnah of the Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him), or from his companions (may Allaah be pleased with them) to indicate that it is prescribed to give one's reading of Qur'aan (or the reward thereof) to one's parents or to anyone else. Rather Allaah has enjoined reading Qur'aan so that one may benefit from it, learn from it, ponder its meanings and act upon it. Allaah says (interpretation of the meaning):
"(This is) a Book (the Qur'aan) which We have sent down to you, full of blessings, that they may ponder over its Verses, and that men of understanding may remember"
[Saad 38:29]
"Verily, this Qur'aan guides to that which is most just and right"
[al-Isra' 17:90]
"Say: It is for those who believe, a guide and a healing"
[Fussilat 41:44]
And our Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said: "Read the Qur'aan, for it will come as an intercessor for its companions." And he (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said: "The Qur'aan will be brought on the Day of Resurrection along with its people who used to act upon it, preceded by Soorat al-Baqarah and Aal 'Imraan, like two clouds or two flocks of birds, spreading their wings, pleading on behalf of their companions (i.e., those who used to read them)."
The point is that it was revealed to be acted upon and pondered, to be read as an act of worship and read a great deal, not to be given to the dead or to anyone else. I do not know of any reliable basis for giving it to one's parents or anyone else. The Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said: "Whoever does any action that is not in accordance with this matter of ours will have it rejected." Some of the scholars are of the view that that is permissible, and they said: There is no reason why the reward for reading Qur'aan and other righteous actions cannot be given to others, and they liken that to the case of charity and du'aa' for the deceased and others. But the correct view is the first view, because of the hadeeth quoted above, and other similar reports. If giving the reward for reading to another was permissible or prescribed, the righteous salaf would have done it. It is not permissible to make analogies with regard to acts of worship, because they can only be proven by a text from the Book of Allaah, may He be blessed and exalted, or the Sunnah of His Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him), because of the hadeeth quoted above and other similar reports.
Majmoo' Fataawa al-Shaykh Ibn Baaz, 8/360, 361
With regard to their quoting the hadeeth, "When the son of Adam dies, all his good deeds come to an end…" this is not correct, rather if you think about it, you will see that the hadeeth indicates that it is not prescribed to give the reward for reading Qur'aan to the dead, because the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said: "A son who will pray for him," not "who will read Qur'aan for him."
We should not write the letter (S) or abbreviations for the blessing upon the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him). If a person can write such a lengthy question, he is not incapable of writing the blessing upon the Prophet in full. We have already discussed the ruling on writing such abbreviations in the answer to question no. 47976.
Celebrating the Prophet's birthday (al-mawlid) is an innovation, and doing special acts of worship on this day such as saying tasbeeh and tahmeed, observing i'tikaaf, reading Qur'aan and fasting is an innovation for which a person will not receive any reward, for these are all rejected.
It was narrated from 'Aa'ishah (may Allaah be pleased with her) that the Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said: "Whoever introduces anything into this matter of ours that is not part of it will have it rejected." Narrated by al-Bukhaari, 2550; Muslim, 1718.
According to a version narrated by Muslim (1718) he said: "Whoever does an action that is not in accordance with this matter of ours will have it rejected."
Al-Faakihaani (may Allaah have mercy on him) said:
I do not know of any basis for this mawlid in the Qur'aan or Sunnah, and there is no report that any of the scholars of this ummah, who are examples in matters of religion and adhere to the path of those who came before, did this. Rather it is an innovation (bid'ah) which was introduced by those who have nothing better to do, and it is a means for them to have fun and eat a lot.
Al-Mawrid fi 'Aml al-Mawlid, quoted in Rasaa'il fi Hukm al-Ihtifaal bi'l-Mawlid al-Nabawi, 1/8, 9
Shaykh 'Abd al-'Azeez ibn Baaz (may Allaah have mercy on him) said:
If celebrating the Prophet's birthday was prescribed, then the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) would have told his ummah of that, because he is the most sincere of people and there is no Prophet after him who could explain anything he did not speak about. He (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) is the Seal of the Prophets and he explained to the people what he had to explain of the truth, such as loving him and following his sharee'ah, sending blessings and salaams upon him and other rights of his that are explained in the Qur'aan and Sunnah. He did not tell his ummah that celebrating the day of his birth was something prescribed so that they would do that. He (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) did not do that during his lifetime and his companions (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) who were the dearest of people to him and the most knowledgeable of his rights did not celebrate that day, neither did the Rightly-Guided Caliphs or any others. Then those who followed them in truth of the best three generations did not celebrate this day either.
Do you think that all these people were ignorant of his rights or fell short with regard to them, until the later generations came and made up for this shortfall and made the truth complete? No, by Allaah. No wise man who understands the nature of the Sahaabah and how they followed the truth would say this. If you understand that the celebration of the Prophet's birthday was unknown at the time of the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) and the time of his companions and the time of their earliest followers, you will realize that it is an innovation that has been introduced into the faith, and it is not permissible to do it, approve of it or advocate it, rather we must denounce it and warn people against it.
Majmoo' Fataawa al-Shaykh Ibn Baaz, 6/318, 319
It is not permissible for anyone to make up a du'aa' or dhikhr and promulgate it among the people. The du'aa' that is called du'aa' al-raabitah is an innovated du'aa', and thinking of those who are being prayed for and believing that they will recognize the one who is praying for them and will call out to him in Paradise – all of that is Sufi myths and fables that have no basis in the religion of Allaah. The Islamic guidelines by means of which a person can distinguish between Sunnah and bid'ah, right and wrong, are clear. The basic principle with regard to acts of worship is that nothing is permitted unless there is evidence. We cannot seek to draw closer to Allaah by doing an act of worship unless there is evidence from the Qur'aan or saheeh Sunnah that it is prescribed. The basic principle for the Muslim is to follow and not to innovate, and innovations will be rejected. Allaah has completed this sharee'ah for us and has completed His blessing upon us, so what need do we have for such innovations to be part of our lives at the time when we are falling so far short with regard to that which is proven in sharee'ah?
For more information see the answer to questions no. 27237 and 6745
We hope that what we have mentioned is sufficient to make these sister refrain from their innovation. We advise them to fear Allaah and follow the Sunnah. They should remember that Allaah does not accept any innovated act of worship, no matter what efforts and wealth are expended on it. Being moderate in following the Sunnah is better than striving hard in following innovation, as the great Sahaabi 'Abd-Allaah ibn Mas'ood (may Allaah be pleased with him) said.
We ask Allaah to guide those sisters to that which pleases Him, and we advise you to convey this message well and not take part in that with them, and to be patient in bearing any problems that may result from that.
And Allaah knows best.


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Hospital-acquired infections continue to be a big problem in health care, with 4 percent of patients getting a new infection while hospitalized, a study finds. And 11 percent of those infections turn deadly.
It's the first time that the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has attempted to catalog all hospital infections, not just the infections with germs on their watch list. Researchers surveyed 183 hospitals nationwide, emphasizing smaller community hospitals.
"Although there has been some progress, today and every day, more than 200 Americans with health care-associated infections will die during their hospital stay," said the CDC's director, Dr. Tom Frieden. That translates to more than 70,000 deaths a year caused by hospital infections.
The finding suggests that hospitals could reduce their pneumonia rates by doing more to prevent patients from inhaling food particles, a known cause of the lung ailment. So there are clues in this study that can improve treatment.
But the overall numbers show there's still a long way to go. The 2011 survey, published Wednesday in the New England Journal of Medicine, found that 4 percent of people hospitalized picked up an infection, and of those, about 11 percent died.
"One of the most common things affecting patients in the survey was pneumonia," says Dr. Michael Bell, deputy director of the division of health care quality promotion at the CDC. The centers had already been tracking pneumonias that occur in people who are on mechanical ventilators. But, it turns out, "a good proportion of it was pneumonias in patients who were not in the intensive care unit."
Some gains have been made in certain procedures, Bell says — for example, when physicians or nurses insert a catheter tube.
"By doing things right when you put the catheter in," he says, "we can drive down infection rates because of those catheters by 70 percent."
But those specific improvements still leave hospital patients at significant risk.
"It's sobering to realize that despite all those efforts we still have this level of problem," says Dr. Brad Spellberg at the Harbor-UCLA Medical Center. And it won't be an easy fix, he says. "If we depend on changing human behavior as the only implementation tool to prevent infections, we're going to plateau."
Instead, Spellberg argues we need new germ-killing technology, including new vaccines that target common hospital infections.
"We need to be much better as a health care delivery system in this country at preventing hospital admissions and getting people out of hospitals much faster," Spellberg says, "because if you're not in the hospital, you won't get a health care-associated infection."
He congratulates the CDC for finally finding the money to do a broad survey like this. But Europe, he notes, conducts this kind of survey on an ongoing basis. Patients, as well as health care researchers, can go online any time to see annual statistics for hospital infections. He says that's what we need in the United States.
Meanwhile, Americans can get some information about infection rates at specific hospitals via this Medicare site. Select a particular hospital and then click on the tab that says "Readmission, complications & deaths." Click on "Healthcare-associated infections" for basic information, and on the "Show Graphs" button for further details.
Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.


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@Glitchy (and @learningiscaring)
There is a logic error in the conditional expressions of your (if:) and (else-if:) macros, the expression $a > $b and $c doesn't equate the way you think it does. Because the expression contains the and operator it is first broken into two parts and then evaluated as follows:
(note: for the sake of this explanation I will assume that $a equals 1, $b equals 2, and $c equals 3)
1. The $a > $b part equates to true if the current value of $a is greater than the current value of $b, otherwise it equates to false. In our example 1 ($a) isn't greater than 2 (b$) so this part would equate to false.
2. The $c part equates to true if the current value is considered Truthy, in the case of numbers this is any value other than 0 (zero), otherwise it equates to false. In our example 3 ($c) isn't equal to 0 (zero) so this part would equate to true.
3. The Boolean outcomes of each of the two parts are recombined to determine the overall outcome of the whole expression. The and operator equates to true if both it's left and right conditions equate to true, otherwase it equates to false. In our example the outcome of part 1 was false and the outcome of part 2 was true, so when the and operator is applied (eg. false and true) the overall outcome would be false.
The issue with each of your condition expressions is that the right side of each of the and operators will only equate to false if the referenced variable equals zero, and this isn't what you're trying to test for. Your conditional expressions should look as follows
(if: $a > $b and $a > $c)[(goto: "Ending A")] (else-if: $b > $a and $b > $c)[(goto: "Ending B")] (else-if: $c > $a and $c > $b)[(goto: "Ending C")]


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This copy is copyright protected.
Copyright © 2024 Geographicus Rare Antique Maps
1771 Bonne Map of East Africa (Ethiopia, Sudan, Red Sea)
1771 (dated) $400.00
1771 Bonne Map of Abyssinia (Ethiopia), Sudan and the Red Sea
Abissine-bonne-1771Rigobert Bonne (October 6, 1727 - September 2, 1794) was one of the most important French cartographers of the late 18th century. Bonne was born in Ardennes à Raucourt, France. He taught himself mathematics and by eighteen was a working engineer. During the War of the Austrian Succession (1740 - 1748) he served as a military engineer at Berg-op-Zoom. It the subsequent years Bonne became one of the most respected masters of mathematics, physics, and geography in Paris. In 1773, Bonne succeeded Jacques-Nicolas Bellin as Royal Cartographer to France in the office of the Hydrographer at the Depôt de la Marine. Working in his official capacity, Bonne compiled some of the most detailed and accurate maps of the period - most on an equal-area projection known erroneously as the 'Bonne Projection.' Bonne's work represents an important step in the evolution of the cartographic ideology away from the decorative work of the 17th and early 18th century towards a more scientific and practical aesthetic. While mostly focusing on coastal regions, the work of Bonne is highly regarded for its detail, historical importance, and overall aesthetic appeal. Bonne died of edema in 1794, but his son Charles-Marie Rigobert Bonne continued to publish his work well after his death. More by this mapmaker...
Jean Lattré (170x - 178x) was a Paris based bookseller, engraver, globe maker, calligrapher, and map publisher active in the mid to late 18th century. Lattré published a large corpus of maps, globes, and atlases in conjunction with a number of other important French cartographic figures, including Janvier, Zannoni, Bonne and Delamarche. He is also known to have worked with other European cartographers such as William Faden of London and the Italian cartographer Santini. Map piracy and copyright violations were common in 18th century France. Paris court records indicate that Lattré brought charges against several other period map publishers, including fellow Frenchman Desnos and the Italian map engraver Zannoni, both of whom he accused of copying his work. Lattré likes trained his wife Madame Lattré (né Vérard), as an engraver, as a late 18th century trade card promotes the world of 'Lattré et son Epouse.' Lattré's offices and bookshop were located at 20 rue St. Jaques, Paris, France. Later in life he relocated to Bordeaux. Learn More...
Copyright © 2024 Geographicus Rare Antique Maps | Geographicus Rare Antique Maps
This copy is copyright protected.
Copyright © 2024 Geographicus Rare Antique Maps


text:
In law, treason is the crime of disloyalty to one's nation. A person who betrays the nation of their citizenship and/or reneges on an oath of loyalty and in some way willfully cooperates with an enemy, is considered to be a traitor. Traitorous acts include helping a foreign government to overthrow or make war against one's own state, conspiring by oneself to overthrow the government, and killing a head of state. The similar offense of sedition need not involve acts against the government, but rather is the act of inciting insurrection or rebellion. The punishment for treason varies by nation, though is typically harsh so as to discourage the action.
Historically, treason was considered the worst crime and drew the harshest penalties. In England, punishment for treason went beyond the standard execution by hanging, invoking the horrific drawing and quartering. However, the charge of treason was greatly abused by monarchs, who used it to remove their opponents. Thus, the United States Constitution restricts the definition of treason, and denies Congress the authority to reshape the offense. Today, acts of treason in the traditional sense are less common, given the changes in political structure and increasing globalization. Many of those conspiring and acting against authority, particularly terrorists, do not necessarily act against a particular government, but rather against an ideology or for a cause that goes beyond statehood. Thus, some governments have declared an act of treason to include support for organizations deemed a threat, such as al-Qaeda.
Treason has always been viewed as the most serious offense, for it is an act against not only an individual but against the society as a whole, embodied in the ruling authority whether individually in the monarch or collectively as government. It is indeed the act or attempt to "murder" one's nation. While harsh penalties have been used in attempts to deter traitors, the very reason that such acts are considered the worst of crimes are the same ones that drive people to commit them. While people are dissatisfied with human society and find no comfort or recognition from its leaders, they will be tempted, even forced to rebel against those that lead their own "home," violating the relationship of trust that should exist. The only way that treason and sedition can be eliminated is by the emergence of true authority, able to care for all the people with a parental heart that embraces and allows each to fulfill their own potential as individuals, feeling value and valued through their relationships and contributions to society.
Treason is defined as a betrayal of one's homeland. Some crimes that can be considered treason include murdering the sovereign or head of state, making war against the state, conspiring with an enemy of the state, or revealing state secrets.
Today, murder is generally considered the worst of crimes, but in the past, treason was thought of as worse. In Dante Alighieri's Inferno, the lowest circles of Hell are reserved for traitors; Judas Iscariot, who betrayed Jesus in Christian theology, suffers the worst torments of all. His treachery is in fact so notorious that his name has long been synonymous with "traitor," a fate he shares with Benedict Arnold, Pétain, Quisling, Alcibiades, and Ephialtes.
In English law, high treason was punishable by the horrific method of execution known as hanging, drawing and quartering, the only crime which attracted that penalty. In Shakespeare's play King Lear (c. 1600), when the king learns that his daughter Regan has publicly dishonored him, he says "They could not, would not do 't; 'tis worse than murder," a conventional attitude at that time. Today, the punishment for treason varies by jurisdiction, although it is usually a lengthy prison sentence.
At times, the term "traitor" has been leveled as a political epithet, regardless of any verifiable treasonous action. In a civil war or insurrection, the winners may deem the losers to be traitors. Likewise the term "traitor" is used in heated political discussion—typically as a slur against political dissidents, or against officials in power who are perceived as failing to act in the best interest of their constituents. In certain cases, as with the German Dolchstoßlegende, the accusation of treason towards a large group of people can be a unifying political message.
Sedition is a term of law to refer to covert conduct such as speech and organization that is deemed by the legal authority as tending toward insurrection against the established order. Sedition often included subversion of a constitution and incitement of discontent (or resistance) to lawful authority. Sedition may include any commotion, though not aimed at direct and open violence against the laws. Seditious words in writing are seditious libel. Because sedition is typically considered a subversive act, the overt acts that may be prosecutable under sedition laws vary from one legal code to another.
The difference between sedition and treason consists primarily in the subjective ultimate object of the violation to the public peace. Sedition does not consist of levying war against a government or of adhering to its enemies, giving enemy's aid, and giving enemies comfort. Nor does it consist, in most representative democracies, of peaceful protest against a government, nor of attempting to change the government by democratic means (such as direct democracy or constitutional convention).
Put simply, sedition is the stirring up of rebellion against the government in power. Treason is the violation of allegiance to one's sovereign or state and has to do with giving aid to enemies or levying war. Sedition involves encouraging people to rebel, while treason is actually betraying the country.
The English Treason Act 1695 enacted, among other things, a rule that treason could be proved only in a trial by the evidence of two witnesses to the same overt act. Nearly one hundred years later this rule was incorporated into the United States Constitution. It also provided for a three-year time limit on bringing prosecutions for treason (except for assassinating the king), another rule which has been imitated in some common law countries. The Treason Act 1795 made it treason to imprison, restrain, or wound the king. Although this law was repealed in the United Kingdom in 1998 it still continues to apply in some Commonwealth countries.
To avoid the abuses of the English law (including executions by Henry VIII of those who criticized his repeated marriages), treason was specifically defined in the United States Constitution, the only crime so defined. Article Three defines treason as levying war against the United States or "in adhering to their Enemies, giving them Aid and Comfort," and requires the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act or a confession in open court for conviction. Congress has, at times, passed statutes creating treason-like offenses with different names (such as sedition in the 1798 Alien and Sedition Acts, or espionage and sabotage in the 1917 Espionage Act) that do not require the testimony of two witnesses and have a much broader definition than Article Three treason. For example, some well-known spies have been convicted of espionage rather than treason.
In the history of the United States there have been fewer than 40 federal prosecutions for treason and even fewer convictions. Several men were convicted of treason in connection with the 1794 Whiskey Rebellion but were pardoned by President George Washington. The most famous treason trial, that of Aaron Burr in 1807, resulted in acquittal. Politically motivated attempts to convict opponents of the Jeffersonian Embargo Acts and the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 all failed. Most states have provisions in their constitutions or statutes similar to those in the U.S. Constitution. There have been only two successful prosecutions for treason on the state level, that of Thomas Dorr in Rhode Island and that of John Brown in Virginia.
After the American Civil War, no person involved with the Confederate States of America was tried for treason, though a number of leading Confederates (including Jefferson Davis and Robert E. Lee) were indicted. Those who had been indicted received a blanket amnesty issued by President Andrew Johnson when he left office in 1869.
Treason Today
The Cold War saw frequent associations between treason and support for (or insufficient hostility toward) Communist-backed causes. The most memorable of these came from Senator Joseph McCarthy, who characterized the Franklin Delano Roosevelt and Harry Truman administrations as "twenty years of treason." McCarthy also investigated various government agencies for Soviet spy rings; however, he acted as a political fact-finder rather than criminal prosecutor. Despite such rhetoric, the Cold War period saw few prosecutions for treason.
Financial gain has been an incentive for treason. In the 1990s, CIA officers Aldrich Ames and Harold James Nicholson were caught passing information to Russian intelligence services in return for payment.[1]
The global "War on Terror" following the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 has created a gray area for the definition of treason. As the war is not being fought against a nation but against an ideology, combatants and allies can be of any nation.
The British government declared that any citizen found fighting for the Taliban would be prosecuted for treason if caught. In August 2005, it was reported that the UK Government was considering bringing prosecutions for treason against a number of British Islamic clerics who had publicly spoken positively about acts of terrorism against civilians in Britain, or attacks on British soldiers abroad, including the July 7 London bombings and numerous attacks on troops serving in Iraq and Afghanistan.[2] However, later that year prosecutors indicted Abu Hamza al-Masri for inciting murder, not treason.
On October 11, 2006, a federal grand jury issued the first indictment for treason against the United States since 1952, charging Adam Yahiye Gadahn for videos in which he spoke supportively of al-Qaeda.
Famous people convicted of treason
- Marie Antoinette - Queen of France, executed during the French Revolution
- Anne Boleyn - Queen of England, convicted of treason for committing adultery
- John Brown - American abolitionist, convicted of treason and hanged for an attempted slave revolt in 1859
- Charles I - King of England, convicted of treason as the monarchy in England was abolished
- Guy Fawkes - English Catholic convicted of treason for attempting to blow up the English parliament in the failed Gunpowder Plot
- Louis XVI - King of France, executed during the French Revolution
- Imre Nagy - Hungarian prime minister, convicted for leading the Hungarian Revolution in 1956
- Gavrilo Princip - Convicted for the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
- William Wallace - Scottish nationalist convicted of treason for making war against English King Edward I
Several people generally thought of as traitors in the United States, including Jonathan Pollard, the Walker Family, Robert Soblen, and Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, were not prosecuted for treason, but rather for espionage. John Walker Lindh, an American citizen who fought with the Taliban against the U.S.-supported Northern Alliance, was convicted of conspiracy to murder U.S. nationals rather than treason.
- ↑ Central Intelligence Agency, Joint CIA-FBI Press Release on Arrest of Harold James Nicholson News & Information, November 18, 1996.
- ↑ Terror treason charge considered BBC News, August 8, 2005. Retrieved May 20, 2019.
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Ben-Yehuda, Nachman. "Betrayals and Treason. Violations of trust and Loyalty." Westview Press, 2001. ISBN 0813397766
- Breight, Curtis, C. Surveillance, Militarism and Drama in the Elizabethan Era. London: Macmillian, 1996. ISBN 0333529685
- Chapin, Bradley. American Law of Treason: Revolutionary and Early National Origins. University of Washington Press, 1964. ISBN 0295737050
- Hurst, James Willard. The Law of Treason in the United States: Collected Essays (Contributions in American History). Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1971. ISBN 0837146666
- Ó Longaigh, Seosamh. "Emergency Law in Independent Ireland, 1922-1948". Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2006. ISBN 1851829229
- Shannon, Elaine and Ann Blackman. The Spy Next Door: The Extraordinary Secret Life of Robert Philip Hanssen, The Most Damaging FBI Agent in US History. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 2002. ISBN 0316718211
- Weyl, Nathaniel. Treason: The Story of Disloyalty and Betrayal in American History. Public Affairs Press, 1950.
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Monitoring Hard Disks with SMART
It's a given that all disks eventually die, and it's easy to see why. The platters in a modern disk drive rotate more than a hundred times per second, maintaining submicron tolerances between the disk heads and the magnetic media that store data. Often they run 24/7 in dusty, overheated environments, thrashing on heavily loaded or poorly managed machines. So, it's not surprising that experienced users are all too familiar with the symptoms of a dying disk. Strange things start happening. Inscrutable kernel error messages cover the console and then the system becomes unstable and locks up. Often, entire days are lost repeating recent work, re-installing the OS and trying to recover data. Even if you have a recent backup, sudden disk failure is a minor catastrophe.
Many users and system administrators don't know that Self-Monitoring, Analysis and Reporting Technology systems (SMART) are built in to most modern ATA and SCSI hard disks. SMART disk drives internally monitor their own health and performance. In many cases, the disk itself provides advance warning that something is wrong, helping to avoid the scenario described above. Most implementations of SMART also allow users to perform self-tests on the disk and to monitor a number of performance and reliability attributes.
By profession I am a physicist. My research group runs a large computing cluster with 300 nodes and 600 disk drives, on which more than 50TB of physics data are stored. I became interested in SMART several years ago when I realized it could help reduce downtime and keep our cluster operating more reliably. For about a year I have been maintaining an open-source package called smartmontools, a spin-off of the UCSC smartsuite package, for this purpose.
In this article, I explain how to use smartmontools' smartctl utility and smartd dæmon to monitor the health of a system's disks. See smartmontools.sourceforge.net for download and installation instructions and consult the WARNINGS file for a list of problem disks/controllers. Additional documentation can be found in the man pages (man smartctl and man smartd) and on the Web page.
Versions of smartmontools are available for Slackware, Debian, SuSE, Mandrake, Gentoo, Conectiva and other Linux distributions. Red Hat's existing products contain the UCSC smartsuite versions of smartctl and smartd, but the smartmontools versions will be included in upcoming releases.
To understand how smartmontools works, it's helpful to know the history of SMART. The original SMART spec (SFF-8035i) was written by a group of disk drive manufacturers. In Revision 2 (April 1996) disks keep an internal list of up to 30 Attributes corresponding to different measures of performance and reliability, such as read and seek error rates. Each Attribute has a one-byte normalized value ranging from 1 to 253 and a corresponding one-byte threshold. If one or more of the normalized Attribute values less than or equal to its corresponding threshold, then either the disk is expected to fail in less than 24 hours or it has exceeded its design or usage lifetime. Some of the Attribute values are updated as the disk operates. Others are updated only through off-line tests that temporarily slow down disk reads/writes and, thus, must be run with a special command. In late 1995, parts of SFF-8035i were merged into the ATA-3 standard.
Starting with the ATA-4 standard, the requirement that disks maintain an internal Attribute table was dropped. Instead, the disks simply return an OK or NOT OK response to an inquiry about their health. A negative response indicates the disk firmware has determined that the disk is likely to fail. The ATA-5 standard added an ATA error log and commands to run disk self-tests to the SMART command set.
To make use of these disk features, you need to know how to use smartmontools to examine the disk's Attributes (most disks are backward-compatible with SFF-8035i), query the disk's health status, run disk self-tests, examine the disk's self-test log (results of the last 21 self-tests) and examine the disk's ATA error log (details of the last five disk errors). Although this article focuses on ATA disks, additional documentation about SCSI devices can be found on the smartmontools Web page.
To begin, give the command smartctl -a /dev/hda, using the correct path to your disk, as root. If SMART is not enabled on the disk, you first must enable it with the -s on option. You then see output similar to the output shown in Listings 1–5.
The first part of the output (Listing 1) lists model/firmware information about the disk—this one is an IBM/Hitachi GXP-180 example. Smartmontools has a database of disk types. If your disk is in the database, it may be able to interpret the raw Attribute values correctly.
Listing 1. Output of smartctl -i /dev/hda
Device Model: IC35L120AVV207-0 Serial Number: VNVD02G4G3R72G Firmware Version: V24OA63A Device is: In smartctl database [for details use: -P show] ATA Version is: 6 ATA Standard is: ATA/ATAPI-6 T13 1410D revision 3a SMART support is: Available - device has SMART capability. SMART support is: Enabled
The second part of the output (Listing 2) shows the results of the health status inquiry. This is the one-line Executive Summary Report of disk health; the disk shown here has passed. If your disk health status is FAILING, back up your data immediately. The remainder of this section of the output provides information about the disk's capabilities and the estimated time to perform short and long disk self-tests.
Listing 2. Output of smartctl -Hc /dev/hda
SMART overall-health self-assessment test result: PASSED General SMART Values: Off-line data collection status: (0x82) Offline data collection activity was completed without error. Auto Off-line Data Collection: Enabled. Self-test execution status: ( 0) The previous self-test routine completed without error or no self-test has ever been run. Total time to complete off-line data collection: (2855) seconds. Offline data collection capabilities: (0x1b) SMART execute Offline immediate. Automatic timer ON/OFF support. Suspend Offline collection upon new command. Offline surface scan supported. Self-test supported. No Conveyance Self-test supported. No Selective Self-test supported. SMART capabilities: (0x0003) Saves SMART data before entering power-saving mode. Supports SMART auto save timer. Error logging capability: (0x01) Error logging supported. General Purpose Logging supported. Short self-test routine recommended polling time: ( 1) minutes. Extended self-test routine recommended polling time: ( 48) minutes.
The third part of the output (Listing 3) lists the disk's table of up to 30 Attributes (from a maximum set of 255). Remember that Attributes are no longer part of the ATA standard, but most manufacturers still support them. Although SFF-8035i doesn't define the meaning or interpretation of Attributes, many have a de facto standard interpretation. For example, this disk's 13th Attribute (ID #194) tracks its internal temperature.
Listing 3. Output of smartctl -A /dev/hda
Vendor Specific SMART Attributes with Thresholds: ID# ATTRIBUTE_NAME FLAG VALUE WORST THRESH TYPE UPDATED WHEN_FAILED RAW_VALUE 1 Raw_Read_Error_Rate 0x000b 100 100 060 Pre-fail Always - 0 2 Throughput_Performance 0x0005 155 155 050 Pre-fail Offline - 225 3 Spin_Up_Time 0x0007 097 097 024 Pre-fail Always - 293 (Average 270) 4 Start_Stop_Count 0x0012 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 10 5 Reallocated_Sector_Ct 0x0033 100 100 005 Pre-fail Always - 0 7 Seek_Error_Rate 0x000b 100 100 067 Pre-fail Always - 0 8 Seek_Time_Performance 0x0005 125 125 020 Pre-fail Offline - 36 9 Power_On_Hours 0x0012 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 3548 10 Spin_Retry_Count 0x0013 100 100 060 Pre-fail Always - 0 12 Power_Cycle_Count 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 10 192 Power-Off_Retract_Count 0x0032 100 100 050 Old_age Always - 158 193 Load_Cycle_Count 0x0012 100 100 050 Old_age Always - 158 194 Temperature_Celsius 0x0002 189 189 000 Old_age Always - 29 (Lifetime Min/Max 23/33) 196 Reallocated_Event_Count 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0 197 Current_Pending_Sector 0x0022 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0 198 Offline_Uncorrectable 0x0008 100 100 000 Old_age Offline - 0 199 UDMA_CRC_Error_Count 0x000a 200 200 000 Old_age Always - 0
Studies have shown that lowering disk temperatures by as little as 5°C significantly reduces failure rates, though this is less of an issue for the latest generation of fluid-drive bearing drives. One of the simplest and least expensive steps you can take to ensure disk reliability is to add a cooling fan that blows cooling air directly onto or past the system's disks.
Each Attribute has a six-byte raw value (RAW_VALUE) and a one-byte normalized value (VALUE). In this case, the raw value stores three temperatures: the disk's temperature in Celsius (29), plus its lifetime minimum (23) and maximum (33) values. The format of the raw data is vendor-specific and not specified by any standard. To track disk reliability, the disk's firmware converts the raw value to a normalized value ranging from 1 to 253. If this normalized value is less than or equal to the threshold (THRESH), the Attribute is said to have failed, as indicated in the WHEN_FAILED column. The column is empty because none of these Attributes has failed. The lowest (WORST) normalized value also is shown; it is the smallest value attained since SMART was enabled on the disk. The TYPE of the Attribute indicates if Attribute failure means the device has reached the end of its design life (Old_age) or it's an impending disk failure (Pre-fail). For example, disk spin-up time (ID #3) is a prefailure Attribute. If this (or any other prefail Attribute) fails, disk failure is predicted in less than 24 hours.
The names/meanings of Attributes and the interpretation of their raw values is not specified by any standard. Different manufacturers sometimes use the same Attribute ID for different purposes. For this reason, the interpretation of specific Attributes can be modified using the -v option to smartctl; please see the man page for details. For example, some disks use Attribute 9 to store the power-on time of the disk in minutes; the -v 9,minutes option to smartctl correctly modifies the Attribute's interpretation. If your disk model is in the smartmontools database, these -v options are set automatically.
The next part of the smartctl -a output (Listing 4) is a log of the disk errors. This particular disk has been error-free, and the log is empty. Typically, one should worry only if disk errors start to appear in large numbers. An occasional transient error that does not recur usually is benign. The smartmontools Web page has a number of examples of smartctl -a output showing some illustrative error log entries. They are timestamped with the disk's power-on lifetime in hours when the error occurred, and the individual ATA commands leading up to the error are timestamped with the time in milliseconds after the disk was powered on. This shows whether the errors are recent or old.
Listing 4. Output of smartctl -l error /dev/hda
SMART Error Log Version: 1 No Errors Logged
The final part of the smartctl output (Listing 5) is a report of the self-tests run on the disk. These show two types of self-tests, short and long. (ATA-6/7 disks also may have conveyance and selective self-tests.) These can be run with the commands smartctl -t short /dev/hda and smartctl -t long /dev/hda and do not corrupt data on the disk. Typically, short tests take only a minute or two to complete, and long tests take about an hour. These self-tests do not interfere with the normal functioning of the disk, so the commands may be used for mounted disks on a running system. On our computing cluster nodes, a long self-test is run with a cron job early every Sunday morning. The entries in Listing 5 all are self-tests that completed without errors; the LifeTime column shows the power-on age of the disk when the self-test was run. If a self-test finds an error, the Logical Block Address (LBA) shows where the error occurred on the disk. The Remaining column shows the percentage of the self-test remaining when the error was found. If you suspect that something is wrong with a disk, I strongly recommend running a long self-test to look for problems.
Listing 5. Output of smartctl -l selftest /dev/hda
SMART Self-test log, version number 1 Num Test_Description Status Remaining LifeTime(hours) LBA_of_first_error # 1 Extended off-line Completed 00% 3525 - # 2 Extended off-line Completed 00% 3357 - # 3 Short off-line Completed 00% 3059 -
The smartctl -t offline command can be used to carry out off-line tests. These off-line tests do not make entries in the self-test log. They date back to the SFF-8035i standard, and update values of the Attributes that are not updated automatically under normal disk operation (see the UPDATED column in Listing 3). Some disks support automatic off-line testing, enabled by smartctl -o on, which automatically runs an off-line test every few hours.
The SMART standard provides a mechanism for running disk self-tests and for monitoring aspects of disk performance. Its main shortcoming is that it doesn't provide a direct mechanism for informing the OS or user if problems are found. In fact, because disk SMART status frequently is not monitored, many disk problems go undetected until they lead to catastrophic failure. Of course, you can monitor disks on a regular basis using the smartctl utility, as I've described, but this is a nuisance.
The remaining part of the smartmontools package is the smartd dæmon that does regular monitoring for you. It monitors the disk's SMART data for signs of problems. It can be configured to send e-mail to users or system administrators or to run arbitrary scripts if problems are detected. By default, when smartd is started, it registers the system's disks. It then checks their status every 30 minutes for failing Attributes, failing health status or increased numbers of ATA errors or failed self-tests and logs this information with SYSLOG in /var/log/messages by default.
You can control and fine-tune the behavior of smartd using the configuration file /etc/smartd.conf. This file is read when smartd starts up, before it forks into the background. Each line contains Directives pertaining to a different disk. The configuration file on our computing cluster nodes look like this:
# /etc/smartd.conf config file /dev/hda -S on -o on -a -I 194 -m firstname.lastname@example.com /dev/hdc -S on -o on -a -I 194 -m email@example.com
The first column indicates the device to be monitored. The -o on Directive enables the automatic off-line testing, and the -S on Directive enables automatic Attribute autosave. The -m Directive is followed by an e-mail address to which warning messages are sent, and the -a Directive instructs smartd to monitor all SMART features of the disk. In this configuration, smartd logs changes in all normalized attribute values. The -I 194 Directive means ignore changes in Attribute #194, because disk temperatures change often, and it's annoying to have such changes logged on a regular basis.
Normally smartd is started by the normal UNIX init mechanism. For example, on Red Hat distributions, /etc/rc.d/init.d/smartd start and /etc/rc.d/init.d/smartd stop can be used to start and stop the dæmon.
Further information about the smartd and its config file can be found in the man page (man smartd), and summaries can be found with the commands smartd -D and smartd -h. For example, the -M test Directive sends a test e-mail warning message to confirm that warning e-mail messages are delivered correctly. Other Directives provide additional flexibility, such as monitoring changes in raw Attribute values.
What should you do if a disk shows signs of problems? What if a disk self-test fails or the disk's SMART health status fails? Start by getting your data off the disk and on to another system as soon as possible. Second, run some extended disk self-tests and see if the problem is repeatable at the same LBA. If so, something probably is wrong with the disk. If the disk has failing SMART health status and is under warranty, the vendor usually will replace it. If the disk is failing its self-tests, many manufacturers provide specialized disk health programs, for example, Maxtor's PowerMax or IBM's Drive Fitness Test. Sometimes these programs actually can repair a disk by remapping bad sectors. Often, they report a special error code that can be used to get a replacement disk.
This article has covered the basics of smartmontools. To learn more, read the man pages and Web page, and then write to the support mailing list if you need further help. Remember, smartmontools is no substitute for backing up your data. SMART cannot and does not predict all disk failures, but it often provides clues that something is amiss and has helped to keep many computing clusters operating reliably.
Several developers are porting smartmontools to FreeBSD, Darwin and Solaris, and we recently have added extensions to allow smartmontools to monitor and control the ATA disks behind 3ware RAID controllers. If you would like to contribute to the development of smartmontools, write to the support mailing list. We especially are interested in information about the interpretation and meaning of vendor-specific SMART Attribute and raw values.
Bruce Allen is a professor of Physics at the University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee. He does research work on gravitational waves and the very early universe, and he has built several large Linux clusters for data analysis use.


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The last time I went to Las Vegas I went on a meat eating binge and had a steak pretty much every night. I think part of the reason is that I had a bunch of dinners planned for business/networking and of course everyone wanted to get steak. I was lucky enough to to some of "the best" steakhouses in Las Vegas, here are my reviews:
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About the NHLBI ARDS Network
The NIH-NHLBI ARDS Network was a research network formed to study treatment of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome.
In order to hasten the development of effective therapy for Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS), the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), initiated a clinical network to carry out multi-center clinical trials of ARDS treatments. The ARDS Network was established as a contract program in 1994 and renewed in 2005 following two national competitions. The goal of the Network was to efficiently test promising agents, devices, or management strategies to improve the care of patients with ARDS. During its 20 years of service, 5,527 patients were enrolled in 10 randomized controlled trials and one observational study
In some of the most highly cited articles in critical care, network investigators reported improved survival with lung protective ventilation and shortened duration of mechanical ventilation with conservative fluid management. Additional trials informed best practices by suggesting no role for routine use of corticosteroids, beta agonists, pulmonary artery catheterization, or early full calorie enteral nutrition. The ARDS Network also developed new outcome measures (ventilator free days) and promoted innovative and efficient techniques (factorial designs and coenrollment) to speed the discovery of new treatment approaches for patients with ARDS. Comparative effectiveness trials using explicit methodology allowed other research groups to replicate and build upon the Network's studies. Finally, through the foresight of many investigators within the Network, additional resources were obtained for the collection and analysis of biospecimens and to perform numerous ancillary studies, efforts that have advanced our understanding of the pathogenesis and natural history of ARDS. On June 30th, 2014, the Network contract came to a close. The clinical trial data and remaining biospecimens for all but the most recent ARDS Network trial (SAILS) are available to the public through BioLINCC (https://biolincc.nhlbi.nih.gov) and the SAILS data and specimens will be available in early 2015. The NHLBI-funded Prevention and Treatment of Acute Lung Injury (PETAL) Network will begin work on prevention and early treatment of ARDS. For more information, see http://petalnet.org.
ARDS, or Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, is an inflammatory lung condition involving both lungs that may complicate severe pneumonia (including influenza), trauma, sepsis, aspiration of gastric contents, and many other conditions. Inflammation leads to injury of lung tissue and leakage of blood and plasma into the airspaces resulting in low oxygen levels in the blood. Mechanical ventilation is required both to deliver higher concentrations of oxygen to and provide ventilation to remove carbon dioxide from the body. Inflammation in the lung may lead to inflammation elsewhere causing shock and injury or dysfunction in the kidneys, heart, and muscles.
There is no proven drug treatment for ARDS per se. Current management of ARDS begins with treatment and stabilization of the underlying disease that caused ARDS, such as early and effective antibiotics for pneumonia or sepsis. The injured lung should be managed gently with small breaths and low pressures from the ventilator (so called low tidal volume and pressure ventialtion). In addition, conservative use of intravenous fluids combined with removal of excess fluids with diruetics lessens the need for mechanical ventilation. With these supportive measures, the lung may heal quickly and the patient can return to normal breathing in days; in severe cases ARDS may enter a prolonged phase of healing that may require weeks to resolve. In even more severe cases, devastating lung injury cannot support life or other organs fail along with the lung (a condition known as multiple organ failure). Death may occur in up to 40 percent of cases in this severe form.
OHRP Investigation
Some investigators objected to the study design used by the ARDS Network arguing that the control arms of the mechanical ventilation and fluid management trials were not representative of usual care. They brought their complaint to the Office of Human Research Protections (OHRP). In response, Network investigators argued that usual ICU care included many approaches to mechanical ventilation and fluid management and that the control arms were indeed well represented in usual care practices at the time. Further, usual care included widely different practices as clinicians did not have reliable evidence pointing them towards what may be best approach or best practice. This was the very reason these studies were needed.
On July 3, 2003 the OHRP published its determinations from the subsequent inquiry. In its most important finding, OHRP said "… almost all of the consultants engaged by OHRP opined that risks to subjects in the ARMA [tidal volume] trial were minimized and reasonable in relation to anticipated benefits to the subjects and the importance of the knowledge that was expected to result." The OHRP consultants expressed the same opinion regarding the ARDS Network fluids and catheters treatment trial (FACTT). The OHRP consultants' findings were consistent with those of the 5 independent consultants engaged by the NHLBI who, on August 30, 2002 concluded unanimously that the ARDS Network trials were safe and appropriately designed. The OHRP determination letter requested that all IRBs review additional background materials pertinent to the FACTT study, examine their practices, and requested changes to the FACTT consent forms. FACTT was resumed without changes to the trial design or procedures after these actions were completed.


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College has extra challenges for a student with asthma. New and unfamiliar living quarters, school and social stresses, and other factors can trigger flare-ups. As always, prevention is important. Do your best to avoid triggers and to stay healthy. Update your Asthma Action Plan annually or with each healthcare provider visit, including how to deal with emergencies. These tips can help.
Before you leave for college, review your triggers with your allergy or asthma healthcare provider, lung doctor (pulmonologist), or primary care provider. Then review this list to see what adjustments you may need to make to your living area:
If your dorm has an old heating or cooling system, buy vent filters. Or if your budget allows, buy a HEPA air cleaner. Change the filter often.
Try to stay out of rooms with forced hot air heating.
If mold is present or you have a roommate who smokes, ask about changing rooms. A note from your healthcare provider may help you avoid a room-change fee or other fees.
Ask for a room without wall-to-wall carpeting.
Don't use secondhand rugs or upholstered furniture in your room.
Cover your mattress and pillows with allergy-free covers.
Wash bedding and towels weekly with hot water.
Clean all surfaces, including the floor, every week. If your roommates won't help you clean, offer to do it in exchange for another favor.
Keep an asthma diary for a few weeks. This will give you a baseline for measuring the severity of asthma flare-ups that may occur. If you use a peak-flow meter, include peak-flow readings in your diary.
Staying away from asthma triggers is one part of asthma management. Another is staying healthy:
Ask your healthcare provider which vaccines you need. People with asthma need annual flu vaccines. Discuss with your healthcare provider if you should also get vaccines for pneumococcal infections, meningitis, and hepatitis B. Check with your student health center about low-cost options.
Wash your hands often. Or use hand cleaners or sanitizers.
Eat balanced meals, get regular exercise, and get plenty of sleep. These can help you stay healthy. And don't do all-nighters. The stress on your body can increase the risk of an asthma flare-up.
If you're sick, take care of yourself. You may feel as though you're missing out. But you'll miss more if you end up with a serious asthma flare-up. Check with your professors and administrators about attendance policies. Tell them about any special needs you have.
If college pressures, social challenges, or other stressors get to be too much for you to handle, look into student counseling services. They are often free or available at a reduced fee.
Here are other things that can help you manage your asthma:
Make sure you get answers to any questions you have about your Asthma Action Plan. Make sure it's up-to-date and that you have copies with you.
Try to stay away from triggers. Many young people on college campuses smoke. Try to stay away from smoking areas.
Take your controller medicines every day or as directed by your healthcare provider.
Watch for early signs of asthma that gets worse. Or if you use a peak-flow meter, check your peak flow as directed. If you notice changes, use your quick-relief medicine.
If you use quick-relief medicine to prevent exercise or physical activity from triggering symptoms, remember to use it. Keep an inhaler in your purse or backpack.
Make sure your roommates, friends, and dorm leaders know what to do if you have symptoms. Know how to get emergency help.
Make sure you are familiar with the campus health system and know where the closest hospital is in case of emergency. And ask your current healthcare provider if you should find an asthma specialist on or near campus.


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Classic Rock Bands Selling Face Masks for Charity
With the coronavirus pandemic continuing to plague populations all over the globe, many musicians are stepping up by selling rock band masks.
"During these Strange Days, stay safe & give to charity by pre-ordering a 3-pack of The Doors Face Masks," the classic rockers declared via Twitter, while also noting that 100% of the profits from mask sales will go to the World Health Organization.
All three of the Doors' designs feature the band's classic logo, including one printed on a psychedelic tie-dye background. Another displays the title of the group's 1967 album Strange Days, a phrase which seems especially apropos given society's new normal in COVID-19's wake.
In a similar move, a company called We've Got You Covered is selling officially licensed face masks from a variety of artists. Rolling Stones fans can put the band's iconic tongue and lips logo directly on their face, while Queen enthusiasts can wear the group's beloved coat of arms. Those looking for something edgier could don the Black Sabbath mask, stylized to resemble the band's seminal 1971 LP Master of Reality. A mask from the metal powerhouse Pantera is also available, featuring the band's classic logo in red.
Thanks to a partnership with Universal Music Group, We've Got You Covered is able to offer masks from a wide range of artists. Aerosmith, Slipknot, the Sex Pistols and Willie Nelson are among the other rockers to have masks available, as well as pop stars like Billie Eilish, Justin Bieber and Imagine Dragons.
100 percent of the proceeds generated via masks purchased through We've Got You Covered will go to the MusiCares COVID-19 relief fund. The non-profit - which is an affiliate of the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences - is using its foundation to support artists and music industry professionals who have had their livelihoods devastated by the coronavirus pandemic.
Meanwhile, Kiss have unveiled a trio of masks, available for individual purchase. Two of the designs reflect some of the band's most famous album artwork, the covers of Destroyer (1976) and Unmasked (1980). The third features the band image Kiss is had been using during their recent End of the Road tour. 100% of the profits from Kiss mask sales will go to the Global Relief Fund For Live Music Crews, a fund to aid music industry workers whose livelihood has been halted due to the pandemic.
Another collection of masks comes from New York City-based independent concert promoter Rocks Off. The company partnered with Threadless for a line of music-related facewear. Options include masks inspired by Motorhead, Van Halen, David Bowie, Pink Floyd, Iron Maiden and the Beatles. The company also sells masks depicting the likenesses of Ozzy Osbourne, Chris Cornell, Yoko Ono, Prince, Johnny Cash and Mick Jagger. For each mask sold, $3 will be donated to MedShare, a humanitarian aid organization delivering medical supplies to communities around the world.
Jimi Hendrix's official store has three neck gaiters and five masks -- in two styles -- with his image or lyrics emblazoned on them. A portion of the proceeds will go to the Odessa Brown Children's Clinic, which provides comprehensive medical, dental, mental health and nutrition services to people in the Seattle area. The mask Metallica has for sale features Pushead's King Nothing skull. The beneficiary of their proceeds is Direct Relief, an organization devoted to getting protective gear and medications to those working in the healthcare industry.


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Thumbnail Filmstrip of Haflinger GZL46 Leather Trim Clog Images
1. Contoured Heel Seat
A great clog or sandal should fit your heel snugly (but comfortably!). When the heel hits the ground, the pressure equals two-and-a-half times your body weight! Haflinger�s contoured heel seat and extra padding help your body to softly absorb the impact of this �heel strike.� Pain in the back, neck and knees can be the result of shock that travels up the skeleton from a non-resilient heel.
2. 100% Wool Felt Upper
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Thinkspace Gallery
Thinkspace presents:
'Love Conquers All: Art for Equality' group show
Main Gallery
Seth Armstrong
'Well There You Are'
Project Room
Both exhibits on view: August 7th – August 28th
Opening Reception: Sat, August 7th 7-10PM
20% of the proceeds will be donated to Equality California (http://www.eqca.org/)
Co-curated by Andrew Hosner with Suzette Franck-Rosen and Nicole Rosen
Los Angeles, CA (July 13th, 2010) – Thinkspace is pleased to present Love Conquers All: Art For Equality, a special exhibition supporting the fight for equality which aims to raise awareness for the LGBT (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual & Transgender) struggle. This special exhibition features the work of over 50 international artists and promises to open eyes and encourage dialogue. Also showing concurrently in our project room will be Well There You Are, an exhibition of new works from Oakland based artist Seth Armstrong, in what will be his debut solo exhibition with our gallery following numerous group show appearances including taking part in last December's Aqua Art Miami during Art Basel.
So, why are we fighting for civil rights? As of July 2010, multiple states have laws on the books that ban gay marriage by explicitly saying that marriage is a union between "a man and a woman." In addition, at the Federal level, LGBT individuals have over 1,000 rights that aren't afforded to them because of their sexual orientation or gender identity. They cannot serve our country in the military, cannot jointly file taxes, cannot have a foreign partner made into a legalized citizen, cannot receive death benefits, etc. As you can see, this isn't only about marriage it's also about being equally recognized by the government. The issues at hand are much larger than solely marriage.
However, in our fight for civil rights, in this day and age, we have to start somewhere. And, in history the LGBT community has always had the world turned on its ear. Prop 8 served a purpose for those to define a government sanctioned marriage using a definition based on religion, they used gay marriage as a symbol of the undermining of family values and corruption of children and it served as a defining moment that they believed that Jim Crowe's, "separate but not equal", did not apply to LGBT individuals. For LGBT individuals, it served as a bastion of hope, a light at the end of the tunnel that even after it had passed would usher in a new era of civil rights…an era that would bring a more tolerant, more accepting society.
The fight for equality is not just an LGBT fight; it is a fight for all society. There are many straight allies, like those of us here at Thinkspace and the numerous artists that are involved in Love Conquers All: Art For Equality, that want to see LGBT individuals have the same rights as them. That is why Thinkspace and its co-curators have decided that a portion of the proceeds will go to EQCA (Equality California), because in the past decade, EQCA has successfully passed more than 60 pieces of civil rights legislation for the LGBT community – more than any other statewide LGBT organization in the nation. Working in partnership with California's LGBT Legislative Caucus, EQCA is committed to building a better future for all Californians by protecting youth, strengthening families and empowering communities.
Artists taking part include:
Adam Caldwell
Allison Sommers
Ana Bagayan
Anthony Clarkson
Aunia Kahn
Bob Dob
Brooke Grucella
Caia Koopman
Cate Rangel
Chet Zar
Chris Murray
Craig 'Skibs' Barker
Dabs Myla
Dave Pressler
David MacDowell
Erik Siador
Ferris Plock
Genevive Zacconi
Harriet Lambers
Imminent Disaster
Jacub Gagnon
James 'Dalek' Marshall
Jeff Ramirez
Jen Lobo
Jenna Colby
Jesse Hotchkiss
John Michael Gill
John Park
Joseph '2H' McSween
Josie Morway
Kelly Tunstall
Kelly Vivanco
Kevin Titzer
Laurie Lipton
Leontine Greenberg
Lesley Reppeteaux
Linnea Strid
Liz Brizzi
Luke Kopycinski
Mari Inukai
Mark Dean Veca
Melanie Moore
Naoto Hattori
Paul Barnes
Paul Chatem
Rene Gagnon
Scott Belcastro
Shaunna Peterson
Stella Im Hultberg
Tiffany Liu
Timothy Karpinski
Tony Philippou
Tran Nguyen
Take a 'Sneak Peek' at the works for 'Love Conquers All' coming together here:
Since it was founded in 1998, Equality California has strategically moved California from a state with extremely limited legal protections for lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) individuals to a state with some of the most comprehensive civil rights protections in the nation.
EQCA works to achieve equality and secure legal protections for LGBT people. To improve the lives of LGBT Californians, EQCA sponsors legislation and coordinates efforts to ensure its passage, lobbies legislators and other policy makers, builds coalitions, develops community strength and empowers individuals and other organizations to engage in the political process. In the past decade, EQCA has successfully passed more than 60 pieces of civil rights legislation for the LGBT community – more than any other statewide LGBT organization in the nation. Each year at the Capitol, EQCA monitors thousands of bills and leads the state's efforts to defeat legislation that could have a negative impact on LGBT Californians and their families.
EQCA, on behalf of its members, is an organizational plaintiff in the historic lawsuit asking the California Supreme Court to strike down state law that bars same-gender couples from marriage. In court, EQCA has also successfully defended California's domestic partnership laws and related state policies that have been implemented in response to EQCA-sponsored legislation
Artist Seth Armstrong, on view in our project room, creates narrative paintings. Exactly what these narratives are, however, he probably could not tell you. Whether the subject matter is based on found reference or from the imagination, an ambiguous storyline is always present. Even in a straightforward portrait, the circumstances that surround the subject(s) and the instance of the portrait are deeply considered. With an uncertain plot, the stories behind the paintings can be limitless. Sure, the artist has his theories, but these do not take precedence over those of the casual viewer.
Since the paintings themselves are approached individually, the relationship between one piece and another is often disjointed. As a result, a common thread among a body of work is realized (if at all) only after they are completed and viewed as a whole.
ABOUT THE ARTIST (Seth Armstrong):
Seth Armstrong was born and raised in Los Angeles, California. After studying painting in Northern Holland, he received a BFA with High Distinction from the California College of the Arts in San Francisco. He currently lives and works in Oakland, CA.
Take a 'Sneak Peek' at the works for 'Well There You Are' coming together:
Artist website:
Established in November of 2005, Thinkspace exists as a catalyst for the ever expanding new contemporary art movement that is exploding forth from the streets and art schools the world over. We are here to help represent this new generation of artists, to provide them that home base and to aid them in building the right awareness and collector base necessary for long-term growth.
Our aim is to help these new talents shine and to provide them a gallery setting in which to prove themselves. It is our hope and dream that through these opportunities these individuals will prosper and continue to grow to amaze us all for years to come. With the love of and for our community, and with the talents of so many incredible artists involved, we believe that this movement will provide the necessary proving ground for the ideas and dreams of today to become the foundations of a new tomorrow.
6009 Washington Blvd., Culver City, CA 90232
Web: www.thinkspacegallery.com Blog: www.sourharvest.com
Hours: Wednesday thru Saturday 1 p.m. – 6 p.m. (or by appointment)
Thinkspace Gallery is located at 6009 Washington Blvd, in the heart of the Culver City Arts District, Culver City, CA 90232. Gallery hours are Wednesday through Saturday, 1 p.m. to 6 p.m. and by appointment. For more information, please call 310.558.3375, visit www.thinkspacegallery.com, or email email@example.com.


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Daniel Greenfield, a Shillman Journalism Fellow at the Freedom Center, is an investigative journalist and writer focusing on the radical left and Islamic terrorism.
Turn on CNN and you get the impression that mass shootings are mainly carried out by mentally unstable teenagers with assault rifles in high schools. But the data points to a very different picture.
In the last 5 years, five major mass shootings were carried out using AR-15 or similar rifles.
The perpetrators of the Parkland school massacre, the Las Vegas massacre and the Texas First Baptist Church massacre were Americans. Muslim terrorists however were responsible for the mass shootings at the Pulse nightclub and in San Bernardino. While the Vegas shooter was responsible for the deadliest attack last year, the deadliest attacks of 2015 and 2016 were both carried out by Muslim terrorists.
Two of the last three years were dominated by mass shootings carried out by Muslim terrorists.
In the last decade, there were only 10 major mass shootings where the death toll went into the double digits. Three of those were carried out by Muslim terrorists. That's all the more remarkable since Muslims make up less than 1% of the United States population, but account for 33% of major mass shootings. Proportional to their representation in the population, Muslims are responsible for far more mass shootings than Americans.
The trend is worrisome. Since 2015, not a single year has passed without a Muslim mass shooting. While 2017's Muslim mass shooter Kori Ali Muhammad only managed to kill three people in Fresno, his expressions of racial and religious hatred make it clear that we are dealing with a hateful pattern.
Muhammad had sought to kill "as many white males as possible". He shouted, "Allahu Akbar" when captured by the police. While the media has emphasized Dylann Storm Roof's racist attack on a black church in Charleston, he was only 1 of 3 racially motivated mass shooters in the past 5 years, 2 were African-Americans, Muhammad and Micah Xavier Johnson, the Black Lives Matter protester who murdered 5 Dallas police officers. Johnson's massacre of police officers and September 11 were the deadliest attacks on American police officers in this century. Both were carried out by Muslim attackers.
Johnson and Muhammad allegedly both had Nation of Islam ties. As did Gavin Long, who shot six police officers (three fatally), in a spree of racist violence. The funeral of Lovelle Mixon, who murdered 4 police officers in Oakland, included a minister from the Nation of Islam. A hate group championed by Obama's church, by the Congressional Black Caucus and by a top figure in the Democratic National Committee.
The Nation of Islam is the racist hate group whose leader had met with Obama. Rep. Keith Ellison, No. 2 at the DNC, was a longtime member and it was recently revealed that he had also met with its leader.
It is deeply disturbing to learn that two-thirds of the racist mass shootings in the past 5 years were carried out by murderers with ties to a racist hate group that had connections inside the White House, whose leader had met with members of the Congressional Black Caucus and whose man has the second top job at the DNC. When asked about his Farrakhan connections, Rep. Ellison attempted to deflect by urging the media to look at white nationalist gun violence. But black nationalist gun violence is just as important. And it is rarely discussed because its existence taints top Democrats like Obama and Ellison.
John Allen Muhammad, also known as the Beltway Sniper, was also a member of the Nation of Islam. The racist terrorist and his accomplice murdered 17 people. The NOI has less than 50,000 members and yet it has managed to account for a disproportionate number of mass murderers in this century alone.
Can gun control stop Muslim mass shootings? Gun control advocates urge us to be more like Europe.
The Muslim terrorists who attacked the offices of Charlie Hebdo came packing assault rifles, submachine guns and a grenade launcher. The Bataclan terrorists had assault rifles and hand grenades. The total death toll from that wave of attacks stands at 130. Last year, a Muslim terrorist opened fire on police officers on the Champs Elysees with an AK-47 rifle. Gun control doesn't stop Muslim terrorists.
Gun control doesn't stop terrorists, but immigration laws do. They can't kill us, if they can't come here.
Even as lefties demand the suspension of the Second Amendment, they vehemently oppose common sense Muslim migration reform. Even as cable news filled with vocal demands for gun bans, the 4th Circuit Court of Appeals announced that President Trump wasn't allowed to protect our children from Muslim migrant terror. The decision was met with unanimous cheers by the media.
But despite the claims by various lefty activist judges there is nothing in the Constitution mandating that Muslim terrorists be allowed to enter the United States. There is however an explicit right to bear arms.
An op-ed in the Washington Post declares that, "The Second Amendment is being turned into a suicide pact." But it's open borders migration from terror states that is turning immigration into a suicide pact.
Mass shootings remain a small fraction of the shootings that take place every year. Most fatal shootings are still suicides. Mass shootings, especially those carried out with rifles, are a fraction of a fraction. But Muslim mass shootings represent a growing percentage of that fraction. If the media is truly concerned about mass shootings, it must discuss the role that Muslim terrorists play in these mass shootings.
And if not, there's no reason to take the fake concern of fake news about mass shootings seriously.
Likewise, if the media is serious about racist violence, it needs to take the Nation of Islam seriously. Its literature and paraphernalia should receive the same treatment that the Dukes of Hazzard got after the Charleston church shootings. And when that doesn't happen, the media's hypocrisy must be challenged.
The media wants to talk about mass shootings as if they are the work of inanimate objects. It doesn't want to talk about motive, whether it's mental illness, Islamic beliefs or black nationalist racism. But inanimate objects don't kill people. Media propaganda blames the NRA and gun owners for shootings carried out by the mentally ill, and by the Muslim terrorists and the black racists who are their allies.
After Omar Mateen murdered 49 people in the Pulse nightclub massacre, Obama blamed the Muslim terrorist's gun. He demanded that Congress "end the plague of violence that these weapons of war inflict on so many young lives". He pontificated that "those who defend the easy accessibility of assault weapons should meet these families and explain why that makes sense."
But inanimate objects don't "inflict" anything. And it was up to him to explain why he believed that Muslim migrants, like Omar's immigrant Afghan parents, should have easy access to America.
Hillary Clinton had also denounced the "weapon of war". Then Omar's father showed up at her rally.
The media wants us to talk about guns instead of people. It's time to stop talking about triggers and start talking about the killers who pull them. That's not the conversation that Obama and Hillary, that CNN and the rest of the media want us to have. But the numbers show it's the one we need to have.


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Attorney General Merrick Garland said the Justice Department is aware that classified material has been found on former President Donald Trump's Mar-a-Lago property but didn't explicitly confirm a federal probe on the matter is underway.
"[T]he National Archives has informed the Justice Department of this and communicated with it," Garland said at a news conference Tuesday. "And we will do what we always do under these circumstances: look at the facts and the law and take it from there."
Archivist David Ferriero notified members of Congress Friday that some of the contents in 15 boxes of presidential records at the Florida resort were "marked as classified national security information." Ferriero said the National Archives had asked Trump's representatives to continue searching for more materials.
"It would be a gross departure from a long line of precedent to not even initiate an investigation," said David Laufman, a former DOJ official who oversaw investigations concerning the mishandling of classified information.
Several former government officials have been charged with unauthorized removal or retention of documents, from Central Intelligence Agency director David Petraeus to national security adviser Sandy Berger.
Legal experts said because presidents typically enjoy broad authority over decisions about what is considered classified, any possible criminal prosecution against a former president could pose more serious obstacles.
But the hurdles that could apply to a former president may not apply to others who helped pack, transport and open the boxes.
Trump, for his part, issued a statement decrying the controversy as partisan: "The National Archives did not 'find' anything, they were given, upon request, Presidential Records in an ordinary and routine process to ensure the preservation of my legacy and in accordance with the Presidential Records Act."
"If this was anyone but 'Trump,' there would be no story here," Trump said.
The controversy once again puts the Biden Justice Department in the uncomfortable position of deciding whether to investigate a former president, in a fractious political environment.
In a normal case, a couple of federal prosecutors and FBI agents would be assigned to develop a timeline of events and a list of people involved in transporting the documents from Washington to Florida. The DOJ's decision could become more clear in the coming weeks, if federal agents begin contacting witnesses and prosecutors apply for warrants to search email accounts of people who worked closely with Trump in the White House.
Copyright 2023 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.


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There is really not a great difference between land-based slots and online slots. This is because they now both rely on digital computer chip technology to generate their reels and slots, and the outcomes of spinning a reel. In earlier times, slot machines had an actual handle that you pulled to manually spin the reels. situs slot online These days, while slot machines may still provide a handle for the sake of nostalgia, the inner workings of the slot machine are computer-based. In many cases the handle has also been replaced by a button that you press to start the reels spinning.
Some land-based slot machines have actual spinning reels that spin inside the machine and stop at a certain point, much like a roulette wheel. However, there are increasing numbers of land-based slot machines that have a digital interface, meaning that the reels are represented virtually, in the same way as they are on your computer screen when you play online.
Thus the main difference between land-based slots and online slot machines is the way you interact with them. You physically take some action with a land-based machine, such as pulling a handle or pushing a button. Online everything is accomplished by clicking your mouse button.
There is one other area – which will be of great interest to you – where there is a subtle but important difference between online slot machines and ones in land-based casinos. This is that the payout percentage at online casinos is often higher than at real-world ones. This means that the casino's "hold" or it's advantage over you is slightly less, making your time spent online more profitable over time.
The difference is small, often not more than one percentage point, but it all adds up in the end, and can be the difference between ending up slightly ahead or slightly down.


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In April we announced the general availability of Azure Analysis Services, which evolved from the proven analytics engine in Microsoft SQL Server Analysis Services. The success of any modern data-driven organization requires that information is available at the fingertips of every business user, not just IT professionals and data scientists, to guide their day-to-day decisions. Self-service BI tools have made huge strides in making data accessible to business users. However, most business users don't have the expertise or desire to do the heavy lifting that is typically required, including finding the right sources of data, importing the raw data, transforming it into the right shape, and adding business logic and metrics, before they can explore the data to derive insights.
With Azure Analysis Services, a BI professional can create a semantic model over the raw data and share it with business users so that all they need to do is connect to the model from any BI tool and immediately explore the data and gain insights. Azure Analysis Services uses a highly optimized in-memory engine to provide responses to user queries at the speed of thought.
In the video below, I demonstrate to Scott Hanselman how to use Azure Analysis Services over SQL Data Warehouse. In this scenario, Azure Analysis Services servers two major functions:
- It provides a semantic model which acts as a lens that your business users look through to get to their data. It presents your underlying database in a way which makes it easy for your users to query without needing to change the structure of that database.
- A very fast in memory data caching layer which can answer queries in a fraction of a second. The cache provides users interactive querying over billions of rows of data while reducing the load on the underlying data store.
See the whole video:
You can try the Azure Analysis web designer today to build your own models by linking to it from a server in the Azure portal.
Submit your own ideas for features on our feedback forum. Learn more about Azure Analysis Services and the Azure Analysis Services web designer.


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Time: 10:00 am
Location: Boardroom, Murley Moss, Kendal, LA9 7RL.
Anyone can have a copy of the agenda and non-confidential reports before the meeting. Reports can be e-mailed as PDFs on request.
Physical copies of background papers will not be available for viewing at Murley Moss due to the current movement restrictions put in place by the Government following the Covid-19 outbreak. Papers can be e-mailed as PDFs on request. We cannot make background papers available for confidential papers.


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Explore by the list below, or search for something in particular.
Science SpotlightBioenergetics in Steller sea lionsJuly, 21st 2024
The period of maternal investment in Steller sea lions is the most energetically demanding, and is a critical period for adequate food intake in both mothers and their dependent pups. Disruptions in securing adequate energy during this period have direct consequences to reproductive success of both females and pups, ultimately impacting population levels. Unfortunately, little is known about the energetics of this period in Steller sea lions. To investigate the role adult female's energetic requirements surrounding maternal investment plays in population trends, the Alaska SeaLife Center Marine Mammal Research team has joined with Dr. Rosen, a scientist out of Vancouver Aquarium, to investigate the energetic requirements of pregnancy and lactation by calculating a resting metabolic rate in adult females and their offspring. This study will determine the costs of gestation, lactation, and growth by measuring the metabolism, energy intake, and morphology of pregnant and lactating Steller sea lions and their pups. The resulting information will inform bioenergetic models that will help define the potential effects of changes in the environment on Steller sea lion population trajectories. .