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IEER Comments on the Nuclear Regulatory Commission's Regulatory Basis and Preliminary Rule Language Regarding Low-Level Waste Disposal (10 CFR Part 61; Docket NRC-2011-0012) [1] January 7, 2013
(Download these comments as a PDF file)
These are initial comments of the Institute for Energy and Environmental Research (IEER) on NRC docket NRC-2011-0012, including two documents cited below in Footnote 1.
- The time allowed for comments – one month, including the Christmas and New Year's holidays – is unreasonably short, especially given the fact that the deadline for comments on the waste confidence rule scoping comments was January 2, 2013. IEER reserves the right to make future additional comments or more detailed comments at a later date but before February 7, 2013.
- I have made a number of comments formally and informally on elements of NRC 2011 on many occasions, including at the invitation of the NRC staff. By-and-large, the proposed revisions ignore essentials of my comments at best. The NRC has ignored sound science and common sense in many aspects of the proposed rule.
- The proposed rule revisions constitute a major federal action. For instance, they would potentially allow large amounts of long-lived radionuclides, including hundreds of thousands of tons of depleted uranium from enrichment plants and possibly even wastes currently defined as Greater-than-Class-C waste, to be disposed of in shallow land facilities. It is therefore incumbent on the NRC to prepare an Environmental Impact Statement on the proposed revisions, setting forth and analyzing reasonable alternatives as well as a no-action alternative.
- I provided comments to NRC Chairman Macfarlane on a variety of issues in a memorandum to her dated November 14, 2012. [2] The comments on 10 CFR 61 are incorporated here by reference except that on one point, a method for setting limits on total quantities of radionuclides, they are amended somewhat and amplified here. On this one point, the present comments should be taken into account.
- A definition of the term "member of the public" should be provided in the rule. It should explicitly include people of all ages, including infants and children, and including males as well as females. Annual dose compliance should be explicitly assessed to the member of the public who is estimated to get the largest dose according to this definition.
- The proposed revised language of 10 CFR 61.41 (the proposed 10 CFR 61.41(a)) drops organ doses altogether from the rule. This is unacceptable; it would cause a massive relaxation of allowable pollution and organ doses from many radionuclides including all actinides, strontium-90, and various radioiodines. The language of the present 10 CFR 61.41 – "Concentrations of radioactive material which may be released to the general environment in ground water, surface water, air, soil, plants, or animals must not result in an annual dose exceeding an equivalent of 25 millirems to the whole body, 75 millirems to the thyroid, and 25 millirems to any other organ of any member of the public" should be retained with the explicit clarification that "any member of the public" includes males and females of all ages, including male and female infants and children. Generally guidance for the rule and for compliance assessment and enforcement should explicitly reference the Executive Order on Children (Executive Order 13045 at http://energy.gov/sites/prod/files/nepapub/nepa_documents/RedDont/Req-EO13045childenvtlhealth.pdf)
- External dose compliance calculations should take into account that children are smaller and hence their various organs are closer to the ground (and hence to contamination that is present on the ground). These organs include their reproductive organs. This is especially important for female children.
- The proposed language of 10 CFR 61.41a does not specify what guidance document will be used for dose calculations. It should specify that the EPA's current guidance – Federal Guidance Report 13 – will be used. At present FGR 13 does not contain separate dose conversion factors [3] for males and females. Therefore, the rule should also specify that when the EPA publishes separate dose conversion factors for males and females that they will be automatically incorporated into compliance assessment.
- Ten thousand years as a compliance period is both too short and too long. It is too short because some radioactive materials have half-lives that are far longer. For instance, the half-life of uranium-238, the main constituent of depleted uranium, is over 4.4 billion years. Its specific activity grows over hundreds of thousands of years due to the growth of progeny (uranium-234, thorium-230, and radium-226). The proposed rule is unacceptably vague about the protection of the public for long periods, including periods beyond the 10,000 years period to which explicit compliance with 10 CFR 61.41 is proposed to be limited. For instance, the proposed 10 CFR 61.13(e) simply says that long-term radiological impact analysis will be required only if there are wastes exceeding Class A limits (by reference to Table 1 in 10 CFR 61.55) "or if necessitated by site-specific factors including engineering design, operational practices, and site characteristics." This language does not specify what factors would trigger such a special analysis. Nor does it state that if long-lived radionuclides (according to the NRC's proposed definition) are present, that such an analysis would be required.
- At the same time, 10,000 years is a very long-time for analysis of performance of shallow land systems. Ice ages can occur and have occurred on time scales that are similar. Severe climate disruption due to warming is already occurring, according to the best available scientific evidence and analysis. The NRC's own invited experts to the 2009 depleted uranium workshop considered 10,000 years far too long for reasonable modeling of shallow land facilities. Specifically, Peter Burns, a geochemist, stated "I was particularly amused by the climatic divisions, none of which can be relied on, even perhaps at 1,000 but certainly not in 10,000 or 100,000 (years). As an example, I am a geoscientist. So I have this rare ability to see into the far distant past. (Laughter.) And I know, for example, that Death Valley was filled with about 1,000 feet of water 10,000 years ago. And that tells you how much the climate can change in the arid regions." [4] The NRC has ignored this advice and the underlying science. No scientifically sound calculation for shallow land disposal can be done over such a long period without uncertainties that would be huge – potentially involving several orders of magnitude of uncertainty in the dose. The proposed 10 CFR 61.13 would require that "uncertainties" be taken into account (at (a)(6)) in providing the "reasonable assurance" of compliance. But it provides no clue as to how climate disruption would be taken into account. Indeed, the word "climate" does not even appear in the proposed text, let alone a definition of climate change or climate disruption. The language regarding uncertainties in the proposed 10 CFR 61 is clearly pro forma; as it currently stands it would have little scientific connection to the real world even over a few hundred years, let alone 10,000 years.
- The rule should acknowledge that the risks from disposal of long-lived radionuclides, like plutonium-239 or the constituents of depleted uranium over time in shallow land facilities, are too uncertain to be accurately modeled. It would be unacceptable to dispose of large amounts of long-lived radionuclides or long-lived radionuclides in high-concentrations in shallow land facilities. This means that depleted uranium from enrichment plants, recycled uranium, and other such waste streams that resemble Greater-than-Class-C waste or transuranic waste should be banned from shallow land facilities and be explicitly designated for deep disposal without exception and without any loopholes allowing for special exceptions or permits.
- It is acknowledged here that wastes containing mainly short-lived radionuclides cannot exclude every iota of long-lived material. This is the reason for having concentration limits. The current GTCC limits should be maintained. Depleted uranium and recycled uranium (whether depleted or not), large amounts of thorium-232 and other similar materials should be added to the GTCC list. Long-lived radionuclides should be defined as those having half-lives of more than 10 years, which is compatible with an institutional control period of 100 years (ten half-lives). The definition of long-lived radionuclides in the proposed rule at 61.2 is far too expansive in the context of shallow land burial.
- Total curie limits are needed in addition to the present GTCC concentration definition in 10 CFR 61.55, and the proposed additions to that definition in paragraph 12 above. For instance, Class C waste containing less than a hundred curies of carbon-14 (half-life 5,730 years), even under the current Class C concentration limits, can pollute groundwater (at least at Hanford) to levels exceeding safe drinking water standards as well as the 10 CFR 61 dose limits. This was the result as estimated by the Department of Energy's calculations for the reactor graphite disposal at the Hanford site. [5] Hundreds of curies disposed of in similar conditions would violate the present 10 CFR 61.41 without violating Class C concentration limits.
- The above considerations indicate that a method must be found to protect the public based on the current 10 CFR 61.41 (modified to explicitly include all members of the public, including males and females of all ages) without crossing the boundary of scientific reasonableness and common sense. As can be seen from paragraph 13 above, the current rule does not do that. The proposed rule would, overall, make the problem a lot worse.
- I proposed one way to limit the total amount of long-lived radioactivity in a waste disposal facility in my memorandum to Chairman Macfarlane of November 14, 2012. I stated: "One way to set these limits could be to examine a hypothetical worst-case pulse release of the entire inventory of long-lived radionuclides into the environment in various ways immediately after the end of the period of performance. The limits for long-lived radionuclides could be set so that the dose criteria would not be exceeded with any combination of long-lived radionuclides or release modes. This could allow upper curie limits to be derived in a scientifically reasonable way that would also ensure compliance with dose criteria." This is a reasonable approach for radionuclides, such as carbon-14, that do not have build up of decay progeny, such as uranium-238. In the latter case, the peak inventory should be assumed to be released instantly. For instance, the inventory could be assumed to be exposed to the surface instantly for external dose assessment, from radium-226. Or a mixture of uranium-238 and its progeny could be assumed to be deposited in groundwater instantly. This would not be modeling in the conventional sense of choosing parameters such as erosion for the long-term. It would be a heuristic calculation that would indicate maximum conceivable dose at the end of the compliance period without involving methods that are technically indefensible for periods of thousands of years. The goal would be to assure protection of the public according to the same standards we expect for ourselves today. Wastes exceeding the concentrations or quantities as discussed above should be slated for deep geologic disposal, as is the case for DOE transuranic waste.
- The proposed "intruder" dose limit of 500 millirem per year is unacceptably high. There is no moral rationale for allowing doses to future generations beyond 500 years, the proposed period of barrier life after which "intruders" could come into the site unrestricted, to be greater than those for those of the present public or the public in the coming decades. The proposed limit is five times bigger than the 10 CFR 20 limit for members of the public from all sources of man-made radioactivity (except medical). Intruder doses should be limited to the same doses as for the present and immediate future. Only the method of calculating them after the formal modeling performance period would change.
- With the above provisos, and only with the above provisos, the compliance calculations done by formal modeling such as by the use of RESRAD or similar approaches, can be limited to 500 years. This would be a reasonable period since the NRC would limit for the durability of intruder barriers is 500 years. If the NRC does not adopt total radionuclide and concentration limits as above and the calculation methods for long-term public health protection along the lines suggested above, then the present language of 10 CFR 61, which does not have a time limit of compliance, should be maintained. This would not be a very good result but greatly preferable to the proposed changes in NRC 2011.
- The revised rule should address how the NRC is going to assure the scientific soundness of the modeling. It should also create a process for making corrections of errors if and when they occur in licensing-related technical documents along with license amendments as needed such cases. I have pointed out the problem of some specific egregious errors and their persistence over many years in a number of forums, including in my memorandum to Chairman Macfarlane. Please refer to that document for more detail as well as references. It is important for the NRC to have a formal external, independent review procedure in done through blind contracts awarded from an escrow fund not controlled by the industry or by the NRC. The NRC should also have a procedure for promptly addressing technical errors pointed out by the public as part of the rule and for making the needed corrections should they be verified. Verification calculations should be published promptly.
- U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, "10 CFR Part 61 [NRC-2011-0012] RIN 3150-AI92, Low-Level Waste Disposal," Federal Register v.77, no.236 (December 7, 2012), pages 72997-72998, on the Web at http://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=NRC-2011-0012-0044, hereafter NRC FR Proposed Rule 2012; and November 2012 Preliminary Rule Language for Proposed Revisions to Low-Level Waste Disposal Requirements (10 CFR Part 61), Nuclear Regulatory Commission, November 2011, on the Web at http://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=NRC-2011-0012-0045, hereafter NRC 2011. ↩ Return
- Arjun Makhijani (IEER) to Dr. Allison Macfarlane (Chair, NRC), Subject: Some notes and references regarding our meeting on November 13, 2012. (November 14, 2012), on the Web at http://ieer.org/resource/letters/follow-up-memo-to-nrc-chair. ↩ Return
- Dose conversion factors for internal dose convert an intake (inhalation or ingestion) of a unit of radioactivity of a particular radionuclide into an organ dose. ↩ Return
- U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Public Workshop 1 on Unique Waste Streams – Depleted Uranium, September 2, 2009, Bethesda, Maryland, on the Web at http://www.nrc.gov/about-nrc/regulatory/rulemaking/potential-rulemaking/uw-streams/workshop-1-transcripts-day1.pdf, pp. 94-95. Emphasis added. ↩ Return
- The DOE calculated that disposing of 37,000 curies of carbon-14 on the Central Plateau would cause a contamination of 1.3 million picocuries per liter, or 650 times the drinking water limit of 2,000 picocuries per liter. See Attachment 3, pages 13 and 14 in Comments on Draft Tank Closure and Waste Management Environmental Impact Statement for the Hanford Site, Richland, Washington (DOE/EIS-0391), by the Yakama Nation Environmental Restoration and Waste Management (ERWM) Program and the Institute for Energy and Environmental Research. (March 18, 2010), on the Web http://ieer.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Tanks-Hanford-EIS-Comments-2010-YakamaNation_with_IEER.pdf. Assuming the same concentration and environmental conditions, a total source term of 57 curies would produce contamination to the drinking water limit. Adding pathways other than drinking water would of course add to the dose. ↩ Return


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Condizioni generali
Terms and Conditions
Article 1 - Definitions
Article 2 - Identity of the entrepreneur
Article 3 - Applicability
Article 4 - The offer
Article 5 - The agreement
Article 6 - Right of withdrawal
Article 7 - Obligations of the consumer during the cooling-off period
Article 8 - Exercise of the right of withdrawal by the consumer and costs thereof
Article 9 - Obligations of the entrepreneur in case of withdrawal
Article 10 - Liability
Article 11 - The price
Article 12 - Compliance and warranty
Article 13 - Delivery and implementation
Article 14 - Payment
Article 15 - Complaints procedure
Article 16 - Disputes
Article 17 - Additional or different provisions
Article 1 - Definitions
The following definitions apply in these terms and conditions:
1. Additional agreement : an agreement whereby the consumer acquires products, digital content and / or services in connection with a distance agreement and these goods, digital content and / or services are supplied by the entrepreneur or by a third party on the basis of an agreement between that third party and the entrepreneur;
2. Cooling-off period : the period within which the consumer can make use of his right of withdrawal;
3. Consumer : the natural person who does not act for purposes related to his trade, business, craft or professional activity;
4. Day : calendar day;
5. Digital content : data that is produced and delivered in digital form;
6. Duration agreement : an agreement that extends to the regular delivery of goods, services and / or digital content during a certain period;
7. Sustainable data carrier : any tool - including e-mail - that enables the consumer or entrepreneur to store information that is addressed to him personally in a way that future consultation or use during a period that is tailored to the purpose for which the information is intended and which allows unaltered reproduction of the stored information;
8. Right of withdrawal : the possibility for the consumer to cancel the distance agreement within the cooling-off period;
9. Entrepreneur : the natural or legal person who offers products, (access to) digital content and / or services to consumers remotely;
10. Distance agreement: an agreement that is concluded between the entrepreneur and the consumer within the framework of an organized system for distance selling of products, digital content and / or services, whereby, up to and including the conclusion of the agreement, exclusive or joint use was made becomes of one or more techniques for distance communication;
11. Technology for distance communication : means that can be used to conclude an agreement, without the consumer and trader having to come together in the same room at the same time.
Article 2 - Identity of the entrepreneur
Meskers Web (Webshop is part of Meskers Web)
Kagerplein 415
2172 EG Sassenheim
Email address : firstname.lastname@example.com
Chamber of Commerce number : 55358365
VAT identification number: NL206322355B01
Article 3 - Applicability
1. These general terms and conditions apply to every offer from the entrepreneur and to every distance contract concluded between the entrepreneur and the consumer.
2. Before the distance agreement is concluded, the text of these general terms and conditions is made available to the consumer.
3. If the distance contract is concluded electronically, contrary to the previous paragraph and before the distance contract is concluded, the text of these general terms and conditions may be made available to the consumer electronically in such a way that the consumer can can be stored in a simple way on a durable data carrier.
Article 4 - The offer
1. If an offer has a limited duration or is subject to conditions, this will be explicitly stated in the offer.
2. The offer contains a complete and accurate description of the products, digital content and / or services offered. The description is sufficiently detailed to enable a proper assessment of the offer by the consumer. If the entrepreneur uses images, these are a true representation of the products, services and / or digital content offered. Obvious mistakes or errors in the offer do not bind the entrepreneur.
3. Each offer contains such information that it is clear to the consumer what rights and obligations are attached to accepting the offer.
Article 5 - The agreement
1. The agreement is subject to the provisions of paragraph 4, concluded at the time the consumer accepts the offer and meets the corresponding conditions.
2. If the consumer has accepted the offer electronically, the entrepreneur will immediately confirm receipt of the acceptance of the offer electronically. As long as the entrepreneur has not confirmed receipt of this acceptance, the consumer can terminate the agreement.
3. If the agreement is concluded electronically, the entrepreneur will take appropriate technical and organizational measures to secure the electronic transfer of data and he will ensure a safe web environment . If the consumer can pay electronically, the entrepreneur will take appropriate security measures.
4. The entrepreneur can - within the law - inform himself if the consumer can meet his payment obligations, as well as of all those facts and factors that are important for a sound conclusion of the distance agreement. If on the basis of this investigation the entrepreneur has good reasons not to enter into the agreement, he is entitled to refuse an order or request or to attach special conditions to the implementation.
5. The entrepreneur will send the following information to the consumer at the latest on delivery of the product, service or digital content, in writing or in such a way that it can be stored by the consumer in an accessible manner on a durable medium:
a. the visiting address of the establishment of the entrepreneur where the consumer can go with complaints;
b. the conditions under which and the way in which the consumer can exercise the right of withdrawal, or a clear statement regarding the exclusion of the right of withdrawal;
c. the information about guarantees and existing service after purchase;
d. the price including all taxes of the product, service or digital content; where applicable, the costs of delivery; and the method of payment, delivery or implementation of the distance agreement;
e. if the consumer has a right of withdrawal, the model form for withdrawal.
Article 6 - Right of withdrawal
For products:
1. The consumer can terminate an agreement regarding the purchase of a product during a cooling-off period of at least 14 days without giving reasons. The entrepreneur may ask the consumer about the reason for withdrawal, but not oblige him to state his reason (s).
2. The cooling-off period referred to in paragraph 1 starts on the day after the consumer, or a third party designated by the consumer in advance, who is not the carrier, has received the product, or:
a. if the consumer has ordered several products in the same order: the day on which the consumer, or a third party designated by him, has received the last product. The entrepreneur may, provided that he has clearly informed the consumer prior to the ordering process, refuse an order for several products with a different delivery time.
b. if the delivery of a product consists of several shipments or parts: the day on which the consumer, or a third party designated by him, has received the last shipment or part;
c. for agreements for regular delivery of products during a certain period: the day on which the consumer, or a third party designated by him, has received the first product.
For services and digital content that is not supplied on a tangible medium:
3. The consumer can terminate a service agreement and an agreement for the delivery of digital content that has not been delivered on a tangible medium for at least 14 days without giving reasons. The entrepreneur may ask the consumer about the reason for withdrawal, but not oblige him to state his reason (s).
4. The reflection period referred to in paragraph 3 starts on the day following the conclusion of the agreement.
Extended cooling-off period for products, services and digital content that has not been supplied on a tangible medium if the right of withdrawal is not informed:
5. If the entrepreneur has not provided the consumer with the legally required information about the right of withdrawal or the model form for withdrawal, the cooling-off period ends twelve months after the end of the original cooling-off period determined in accordance with the previous paragraphs of this article.
6. If the entrepreneur has provided the consumer with the information referred to in the previous paragraph within twelve months of the starting date of the original cooling-off period, the cooling-off period expires 14 days after the day on which the consumer received that information.
Article 7 - Obligations of the consumer during the cooling-off period
1. During the cooling-off period, the consumer will handle the product and the packaging with care. He will only unpack or use the product to the extent that is necessary to determine the nature, characteristics and operation of the product. The basic principle here is that the consumer may only handle and inspect the product as he would be allowed to do in a store.
2. The consumer is only liable for value reduction of the product that is the result of a way of handling the product that goes beyond what is permitted in paragraph 1.
3. The consumer is not liable for value reduction of the product if the entrepreneur has not provided him with all legally required information about the right of withdrawal before or at the conclusion of the agreement.
Article 8 - Exercise of the right of withdrawal by the consumer and costs thereof
1. If the consumer makes use of his right of withdrawal, he must report this to the entrepreneur within the withdrawal period by means of the model withdrawal form or in another unambiguous manner.
2. As soon as possible, but within 14 days from the day following the notification referred to in paragraph 1, the consumer returns the product or hands it to (an agent of) the entrepreneur. This is not necessary if the entrepreneur has offered to collect the product himself. The consumer has in any case observed the return period if he returns the product before the cooling-off period has expired.
3. The consumer returns the product with all accessories supplied, if reasonably possible in its original condition and packaging, and in accordance with the reasonable and clear instructions provided by the entrepreneur.
4. The risk and burden of proof for the correct and timely exercise of the right of withdrawal lies with the consumer.
5. The consumer bears the direct costs of returning the product. If the entrepreneur has not reported that the consumer must bear these costs or if the entrepreneur indicates to bear the costs himself, the consumer does not have to bear the costs for return.
6. The consumer does not bear any costs for the full or partial delivery of digital content not supplied on a tangible medium if:
a. prior to delivery, he has not explicitly agreed to commence compliance with the agreement before the end of the reflection period;
b. he has not acknowledged that he has lost his right of withdrawal when granting his permission; or
c. the entrepreneur has failed to confirm this statement from the consumer.
7. If the consumer makes use of his right of withdrawal, all additional agreements will be dissolved by operation of law.
Article 9 - Obligations of the entrepreneur in case of withdrawal
1. If the trader makes it possible for the consumer to withdraw electronically, he will immediately send a confirmation of receipt after receiving this notification.
2. The entrepreneur reimburses all payments made by the consumer, including any delivery costs charged by the entrepreneur for the returned product, without delay but within 14 days following the day on which the consumer notifies him of the cancellation. Unless the entrepreneur offers to collect the product himself, he may wait to pay back until he has received the product or until the consumer demonstrates that he has sent back the product, whichever is the earlier.
3. The entrepreneur uses the same payment method that the consumer used for reimbursement, unless the consumer agrees to a different method. The reimbursement is free of charge for the consumer.
4. If the consumer has opted for a more expensive method of delivery than the cheapest standard delivery, the entrepreneur does not have to pay back the additional costs for the more expensive method.
Article 10 - Liability
1. The consumer is fully liable for the incorrect use of the products, so it is forbidden to shine on people, animals, objects in the air such as airplanes and helicopters.
2. Meskers Web cannot be held liable for any incorrect use of the products offered in this webshop. At all times the consumer must adhere to the safety requirements set in the user manual of the product.
Article 11 - The price
3. During the validity period stated in the offer, the prices of the products and / or services offered are not increased, except for price changes due to changes in VAT rates.
4. Contrary to the previous paragraph, the entrepreneur can offer products or services with variable prices that are subject to fluctuations in the financial market and over which the entrepreneur has no influence. This link to fluctuations and the fact that any stated prices are target prices are stated in the offer.
5. The prices stated in the range of products or services include 21% VAT.
Article 12 - Compliance with agreement and guarantee
1. The entrepreneur guarantees that the products and / or services comply with the agreement, the specifications stated in the offer, the reasonable requirements of soundness and / or usability and the legal provisions existing on the date of the conclusion of the agreement and / or government regulations. If agreed, the entrepreneur also guarantees that the product is suitable for other than normal use.
2. An extra guarantee is understood to mean any commitment of the entrepreneur, his supplier, importer or producer in which he grants the consumer certain rights or claims that go beyond what is legally required in the event that he has failed to fulfill his part of the agreement. .
3. The warranty on all laser pens is 2 years from delivery date ing. The consumer can return the product and we will send a replacement copy or carry out a repair within 30 days. Shipping costs for returning are for the consumer.
Article 13 - Delivery and implementation
1. The entrepreneur will take the greatest possible care when receiving and implementing orders for products and when assessing applications for the provision of services.
2. The place of delivery is the address that the consumer has made known to the entrepreneur.
3. With due observance of what is stated about this in Article 4 of these general terms and conditions, the entrepreneur will execute accepted orders with due speed, though at the latest within 30 days, unless another delivery period has been agreed. If the delivery is delayed, or if an order cannot or only partially be executed, the consumer will be notified of this no later than 30 days after he has placed the order. In that case, the consumer has the right to terminate the contract without costs and is entitled to any compensation.
4. After dissolution in accordance with the previous paragraph, the entrepreneur will immediately refund the amount that the consumer has paid.
5. The risk of damage and / or loss of products rests with the entrepreneur until the moment of delivery to the consumer or a representative designated in advance and made known to the entrepreneur, unless explicitly agreed otherwise.
Article 1 4 - Payment
1. Insofar as not stipulated otherwise in the agreement or additional conditions, the amounts owed by the consumer must be paid within 14 days after the commencement of the reflection period, or in the absence of a reflection period within 14 days after the conclusion of the agreement. In the case of an agreement to provide a service, this period commences on the day after the consumer has received the confirmation of the agreement.
2. The consumer has the duty to immediately report inaccuracies in payment data provided or specified to the entrepreneur.
3. If the consumer does not meet his payment obligation (s) in time, this is, after he has been informed by the entrepreneur of the late payment and the entrepreneur has granted the consumer a period of 14 days to still meet his payment obligations, after the Failure to pay within this 14-day period, owe statutory interest on the amount still due and the entrepreneur is entitled to charge the extrajudicial collection costs incurred by him. These collection costs amount to a maximum of: 15% on outstanding amounts up to € 2,500; 10% over the following € 2,500 and 5% over the following € 5,000 with a minimum of € 40. The entrepreneur can, for the benefit of the consumer, deviate from the stated amounts and percentages.
Article 1 5 - Complaints procedure
1. The entrepreneur has a well-publicized complaints and deals with complaints under this procedure.
2. Complaints about the implementation of the agreement must be submitted to the entrepreneur within a reasonable time after the consumer has found the defects , fully and clearly described.
3. Complaints submitted to the entrepreneur will be answered within a period of 14 days from the date of receipt. If a complaint requires a foreseeable longer processing time, the entrepreneur will respond within a period of 14 days with a message of receipt and an indication when the consumer can expect a more detailed answer.
4. The consumer must at least give the entrepreneur 4 weeks to resolve the complaint in mutual consultation. After this period a dispute will arise that is subject to the dispute settlement procedure.
Article 1 6 - Disputes
1. Agreements between the entrepreneur and the consumer to which these general terms and conditions apply are exclusively governed by Dutch law.
Article 1 7 - Additional or different provisions
Additional or deviating provisions from these general terms and conditions may not be to the detriment of the consumer and must be recorded in writing or in such a way that they can be stored in an accessible manner on a durable medium.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
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Cohesive Interior Signs for Business
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Every Indoor Sign Your Business Needs!
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Our indoor sign services include:
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Full-Service Interior Sign Manufacturers
As a full-service signage shop, Image Master Custom Signs handles all aspects of the interior sign process. We start with an initial free consultation where we discuss what you want from your interior signage. If you have any existing brand guidelines in place, we are happy to work with those or create a brand stylesheet for you to use. Once our designers understand what you want, they will draft a "mock-up" for you to review and edit. This sample allows you to get a feel for what your signs can look like in your space, and if desired, and will enable you to change any aspect of your signage project.
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Gmail's massive redesign includes a feature that has previously only been available on corporate email services, encryption-oriented programs like ProtonMail and Signal, and, well, Snapchat: disappearing messages.
It's part of Gmail's new "confidential mode," which will supposedly give users an added layer of security when sending emails. This includes the ability to password protect emails, unsend messages, and prevent others from forwarding, printing, copying, or downloading messages. Disappearing messages come through the ability to set expiration dates for emails — which means they will "disappear" from inboxes after a specified amount of time.
Confidential mode will roll out "in the coming weeks," according to Google. But Mashable was curious about how well the self-destructing emails will actually work. Google suggests that (potentially incriminating, often innocuous) emails wouldn't be available to prying eyes in the future; that your email would not be a forever trove of every online communication you've ever had.
So, if people actually use expiration dates, they could prevent data dumps like those from the John Podesta hack, or lawyers' ability to get all email communications in lawsuit discovery, and use messages in incriminating ways, as in the Gawker lawsuit.
But do expiring emails actually achieve this panacea of online communication? Gmail shared a few more details about how it works. In short, this feature works well for the very specific instance of not letting a recipient see the email you've sent them after a certain amount of time, which is what Google explicitly intends it to do.
But does it have the ability to automatically wipe out all trace of the email from the interwebs, as the "confidential mode" and "expiring" labels might suggest?
Not so much.
How to set an expiration date
To set an expiration date in the new Gmail, you'll need to enable confidential mode on the specific email that you're sending. Click the little lock with a timer on it to the right of the send button in an email. Then you select the time period after which you want the email to expire.
The expiration occurs on the specific day set by the sender — it doesn't depend on when the recipient gets or opens the message.
Where does it actually disappear from?
When emails expire, they disappear from the recipient's inbox or whatever folder it has been stored in on the recipient's end.
What about recipients who aren't on Gmail?
Here are details from Google about how it deals with disappearing emails for Gmail vs. non-Gmail users:
Gmail replaces the message body and any attachments with a link. Only the subject and link are sent via Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) - an Internet standard for electronic mail (email) transmission.
If the recipient is a Gmail user, the message will render / appear like a normal message in Gmail. If the recipient is not using a native Gmail client or is on a different email provider, the confidential message will instead have an HTTPS link that directs the recipient to a Confidential Web Portal where he/she may securely read the message.
This means that, if you send an expiring email to a non-Gmail user, there will be a trace left that the email exists. The actual content will be gone, since it's stored (and deleted) elsewhere. But it definitely means that the feature doesn't wipe away all evidence that you've had communication with someone.
Do expiring emails disappear on the sender's end?
No. Expiring emails remain in the "Sent" folder. This means that people who use expiring emails should make sure to permanently delete folders in their sent folders, if they don't want any trace of them to exist.
As we see it, this is a pretty big shortcoming of the feature. A big perk of expiring messages is that purging happens automatically. If a message is only deleted on one end, an online record exists.
So if a message expires on the recipient's end, and is deleted on the sender's end, is it really... gone?
This is a tricky one. Google says, "when you delete a message, it stays in your Trash for 30 days. After that time, it will be permanently deleted from your account and can't be recovered."
This wording seems to specifically skirt the question of whether emails remain on Google's servers — and if so, for how long. Some past reports have said that deleted emails remain on Google's servers for 60 days after they disappear from Trash. We've asked Google for more clarity on how long it stores deleted emails on its servers.
All in all, "expiring emails" seems to work well if what you want to do is prevent an email recipient from seeing the content of your email after a specified amount of time (although, then again, nothing is screenshot-proof).
But it's neither a privacy guarantee, nor an all-purpose tool that automatically erases a record of your online conversations. For gmail, the cat might just be out of the bag on that goal.
UPDATE April 27, 2018 2:40 p.m. E.T.: Google sent us the following statement regarding how long deleted emails stay on Google servers:
We're not able to comment on internal procedures.
CORRECTION April 27, 2018 5:30 p.m. E.T.: An earlier version of this story said that Google's intention was to make emails "disappear." The article has been updated to reflect that the company never made this specific claim.
Topics Cybersecurity Google


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OpenMRS Around the World
OpenMRS clinical and research locations as of 2011.OpenMRS is an electronic medical record system (EMR), designed for use in the developing world and first established in 2004. Today, the system has evolved into a medical informatics platform used on every continent, supporting health care delivery and research in an extremely wide variety of contexts.
Our world continues to be ravaged by pandemics of epic proportions, as untold millions of people are infected with diseases such as HIV/AIDS, multi-drug resistant tuberculosis, malaria, and many others. Many of these infections occur in developing countries, where lack of education and resources contribute to scores of preventable deaths. Prevention and treatment interventions on this scale require efficient information management, which is particularly critical as clinical care must increasingly be entrusted to less skilled providers. Whether for lack of time, lack of money, or no access to software developers, most health care programs in developing countries manage their information with simple spreadsheets or small, poorly designed databases--if they have any electronic infrastructure at all. Most health care records in the developing world are still maintained on paper.
As a response to these challenges in developing countries, OpenMRS was created as a medical record platform--a rising tide which we hope will lift all ships. It is designed to offer a better tool for information management, but also to reduce unnecessary, duplicate efforts. In the years since its inception, the OpenMRS community has grown from a handful of organizations to a massive collaborative effort by both groups and individuals, all focused on creating medical record systems and a corresponding implementation network that allows self-reliance in system development, even in resource-constrained environments.
Since its beginning, OpenMRS has been based on the principles of openness and of sharing ideas, software and strategies for deployment and use. The system is designed to be usable in very resource-poor environments and can be modified with the addition of new data items, forms and reports without the need to write complicated application code. It is intended as a platform that organizations can adopt and modify, avoiding the need to develop a system from scratch.
And indeed, organizations around the world are doing just that. OpenMRS is now in use in clinics in Argentina, Botswana, Cambodia, Congo, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Haiti, Honduras, India, Indonesia, Kenya, Lesotho, Malawi, Malaysia, Mali, Mozambique, Nepal, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Pakistan, Peru, Philippines, Rwanda, Senegal, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Tanzania, The Gambia, Uganda, United States, Zanzibar, Zimbabwe, and many other places. This work is supported by many individuals and organizations, including international and government aid groups, NGOs, and for-profit and non-profit corporations.
OpenMRS is not only in use in many different places, but it is also being used to meet many different needs. In Kenya, it is used to support health care delivery for hundreds of thousands of patients at a network of over 50 clinics--some connected by typical networks, but many where the connection requires offline synchronization to external storage that can be physically transported between sites! Another NGO uses a central OpenMRS server connected to clinics in multiple countries via satellite Internet connections. In Malawi, creative individuals with a talent for technology have created a mobile cart running OpenMRS that physicians roll around their clinic, interacting with the system using a touchscreen. In Rwanda, the national ministry of health has worked to roll out a connected national health care system using OpenMRS. In the United States, OpenMRS is used to track patients at large sporting events, for mobile providers of health care to homeless people, and as a personal health record that allows cancer patients to share treatment and home health care information with caregivers and family members.
OpenMRS in use at TRAC Plus Clinic in Kigali, Rwanda.In the last several years, use of mobile technology has increased dramatically, particularly in the developing world. In some developing countries, there are more mobile phones than people! Facilitated by other open source projects, OpenMRS can be integrated with SMS messaging, allowing community health workers to add information about adherence to medication regimens to a patient's record, as they make rounds through villages in rural Africa. Elsewhere, mobile phone applications are used to guide these community volunteers in home-based HIV testing and counseling, enrolling prospective patients from the comfort of their own homes.
Besides clinical care, the platform can also be used in research settings. In the United States, OpenMRS has been used both in training medical informatics students, as well as in conducting various research projects in the fields of public health. In Peru OpenMRS is used as the research database for a large study of drug resistant tuberculosis funded by the US National Institutes of Health. Because the system has been designed as an extensible platform, it is very easy for researchers to adapt OpenMRS to do what they need.


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Hosting (also known as cheap website hosting or cheap Web hosting) is the business of housing, serving, and maintaining files for one or more websites. In a sense, you rent space on a computer to hold your website.
Your host, the computer where your website files are stored, assigns an address (DNS) for your files to your domain name so that anyone can find your website on the Internet by typing in your domain name.


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Peace talks are set to resume today between Ukrainian and Russian officials.
That's as Russia's invasion of its neighboring country enters its sixth week. Ukrainian leaders and their Western allies are skeptical of Russia's commitment to seek peace. Fierce fighting continues in many parts of the country.
MARTIN: Including near Kyiv, where NPR's Nathan Rott is this morning. Hi, Nate.
NATHAN ROTT, BYLINE: Hey, good morning, Rachel.
MARTIN: In the last round of diplomatic talks, Nate, Russia promised to scale back, right? They said that they were going to reduce their troop presence around the capital city in particular. You're there. Is that happening?
ROTT: Yes and no. So Western intelligence agencies are saying they're seeing some of those troop movements here around Kyiv and in Chernihiv. That's a bit northeast of here. The governors in both oblasts - that's the Ukrainian equivalent of states - both said today that they are also seeing some of those troop movements, but they say other troops are digging in. And just about every Ukrainian you talk to here, you know, from politician to military medic to person walking their dog on the street, is highly skeptical that Russia's actually going to relieve pressure on either of these areas. I talked to a person yesterday who was with an aid convoy that got turned around in Chernihiv because of fighting. And there were two loud booms that we heard while in central Kyiv yesterday, though we're still waiting for confirmation to hear what was hit.
MARTIN: Even so, we do keep hearing these reports that, at least in some places, that Russia is sort of on its heels, right?
ROTT: Yeah. I mean, in Kyiv and in Chernihiv, they both suffered heavy losses. And, you know, we are hearing that the Ukrainians are being able to force Russian troops out of some of these areas, though they remain unsafe for civilians, for normal people, to return to. There were reports of a possible Ukrainian strike about 20 miles across the border in Russia overnight. The regional governor in Russia said it was an oil depot that was hit, though there's still a lot of details that need to be confirmed there. In southern Ukraine, the military is now saying it's retaking 11 towns in the Kherson region, which is near the Crimean peninsula. And today, it's in the south where we're going to be paying a lot of attention because that's where Mariupol is. That's the city that's been under siege for weeks where we've seen just horrific images. A major Red Cross convoy is trying to get into that city today to deliver humanitarian aid, to get more civilians out. But they've been waiting for assurances from both Ukraine and Russia that it's going to be safe to do so.
MARTIN: You've been talking to people in Kyiv. What's the sense there?
ROTT: You know, it's super interesting. Besides air raid warnings, the nights here are, like, ghostly silent. Curfews are in effect. There's no traffic on the streets. Buildings are keeping their lights off. So you're in this major city, but it's really quiet. During the day, there's more activity. People are out. Businesses are starting to open back up, and some people are coming back. I talked to a 26-year-old yesterday named Olgha Selho who said she'd just gotten back and that she's - it's been a little weird trying to adjust back to the life here.
OLGHA SELHO: When you leave, you understand in one way it's a war and you need to go somewhere. And then you came back. But it's still war and the action is different. So you need to get to know how to live again.
ROTT: So she's trying to learn how to live again. She does say it feels safer here. But, you know, as she said and as we've heard from everybody, it's hard to say anywhere is safe in Ukraine right now given that there are still Russian strikes happening all over.
MARTIN: Right. NPR's Nathan Rott reporting from Kyiv. Thank you so much, Nate.
ROTT: Yeah, thank you, Rachel.
MARTIN: OK. Student loan payments can end up being a part of your life for a very long time. I know this from personal experience. NPR has done this investigation into federal loan programs and found that they are not exactly living up to their promises to borrowers.
MARTÍNEZ: Yeah, they specifically looked at programs designed to help eligible low-income students get affordable monthly payments and ultimately debt free. But the results of an exclusive NPR investigation point to years of mismanagement and mistakes by the Department of Education that have made it more difficult for borrowers to get their loans erased.
MARTIN: NPR's Cory Turner has led the investigation and joins us now. Hey, Cory.
CORY TURNER, BYLINE: Hey, Rachel.
MARTIN: So, first off, just explain more about these particular repayment plans.
TURNER: Yeah, they fall under this umbrella - you've probably heard the term - income-driven repayment or IDR. IDR offers borrowers a smaller monthly payment that can change each year depending on income and family size, which means that truly low-income borrowers can end up with, you know, $5 payment or even an official $0 monthly payment. And then after 20 to 25 years, whatever's left of their student debts will be canceled.
MARTIN: So what did you find?
TURNER: So NPR obtained internal Education Department documents, including a review the department did back in 2016, right before the election, of its student loan servicers and how they were handling IDR. And it found that servicers had been making mistakes for years. For example, servicers are supposed to track IDR payments so they can obviously tell borrowers when they qualify for a debt cancellation. But this review found that several servicers didn't even have IDR payment counters, so it was up to borrowers to call and ask and trigger the servicer to manually go back through two decades of records.
MARTIN: Do the servicers at least have those records of qualifying payments?
TURNER: Well, that's another problem from this report. It says that those $0 payments that we talked about were, quote, "not adequately tracked." Now, remember, for those lowest income borrowers, loan cancellation after 20 years isn't just a perk, Rachel. For many, it is a lifeline. So servicers not always giving borrowers credit for those payments means some people could be delayed on the path to forgiveness or even derailed completely. Late yesterday, I ran my findings by the top two members on the House Education Committee, and in a rare show of bipartisanship, they both used the same word, calling it a mess. Here's Democrat Bobby Scott and Republican Virginia Foxx.
BOBBY SCOTT: We knew there was a mess. We had no idea it was this bad. If you've made qualifying payments, you need to get credit for them.
VIRGINIA FOXX: The department could have avoided this mess if the department had done its job.
MARTIN: Ouch.
TURNER: And, Rachel, by its job, Foxx says the department never actually gave servicers clear, consistent guidance on how to manage IDR.
MARTIN: I imagine you've reached out to the Department of Education. What have they said?
TURNER: I have. The department did not respond in time to our request for comment. But, you know, they're in a tough spot because the first IDR plan was created back in the mid-'90s. So the current administration did not create this problem. The question for the Biden administration, though, is how do you try to address a problem that's been building for more than two decades? The good news here is there - some big, forward-looking changes have already been made or are in the works. Those won't do anything for borrowers who've been hurt by IDR's past problems. That's something the department's going to want to look at as it decides when or whether to restart student loan payments.
MARTIN: NPR education correspondent Cory Turner. Cory, thanks for this.
TURNER: You're welcome, Rachel.
MARTIN: Not one but two Amazon union elections hang in the balance in two different parts of the country.
MARTÍNEZ: On Staten Island in New York, workers voted on whether to join an independent union. It was started by a former Amazon employee fired from the company a couple years ago. The count is not quite complete, but the yes votes have the lead. In a do-over election in Bessemer, Ala., workers have voted no to joining a well-established national union. But there are hundreds of challenge ballots that have yet to be resolved.
MARTIN: NPR's Andrea Hsu is following all this. Hey, Andrea.
ANDREA HSU, BYLINE: Hey, good morning.
MARTIN: So some suspense in these votes. Just explain where we're at right now.
HSU: Well, in Bessemer, they finished counting the votes yesterday, but it was close. And there are more than 400 challenge ballots. You know, these are ballots from workers whose eligibility may be questioned by one side or the other. So there's going to be a hearing to determine if any of those can be counted, but we may not get a final result for weeks. Now on Staten Island, the counting resumes this morning. And as of last night, the yes votes had a pretty sizable lead. But there are still a couple of boxes of ballots left to count.
MARTIN: So that would be a big deal if the Staten Island facility actually votes to approve a union, right? Explain the consequences.
HSU: Yes. Yes, a huge deal. No Amazon facility, Rachel, in the U.S. is unionized. And what's especially notable is that unlike the campaign in Alabama, which, as we said, was backed by a national union, the one in Staten Island is truly a grassroots operation. They call themselves the Amazon Labor Union. And its leader is this guy Christian Smalls. He's in his early 30s. He was working at the Staten Island warehouse when COVID hit. And around this time two years ago, he organized a walkout over safety concerns after some co-workers caught the virus. He was fired that same day. Now, Amazon said he had violated COVID safety protocols. He'd been asked to quarantine because of an exposure to COVID, but he showed up for the walkout. So then he launched this upstart union drive, which he financed through GoFundMe. He got some of his co-workers on board, and their thinking was that as insiders with access to the workforce, they might have better success than an outside group.
MARTIN: So what do they want? What are the organizers asking for in particular?
HSU: Well, a whole range of things like longer lunch breaks, better health plans and higher wages. You know, on Staten Island, the pay starts at $18.25 an hour. But it's New York. It's an expensive place to live. And Smalls has said that a lot of workers take on second jobs to earn enough for themselves and their families, and some even rely on public assistance.
MARTIN: It's interesting, though, in this moment, right? It's not just Amazon. I mean, there are other big-name companies that are going through similar union efforts.
HSU: Yeah, it's bubbling up in a lot of places. And one place that we're watching closely is Starbucks. There's been a wave of organizing among workers at its stores. You know, these Starbucks elections have been tiny compared to the Amazon ones because they're store by store. So there might only be 20-some votes. But their campaign is spreading really fast. Nine stores have unionized so far, and more than 180 stores in more than two dozen states have sought union elections with more added every day. And what I'm hearing from workers is they want more money. They want more respect from the companies that they helped make profitable through the pandemic. Meanwhile, you know, the companies like Amazon and Starbucks, they point to the recent raises they've given workers and the great benefits they offer. Like at Amazon, health insurance is offered on day one, right off the bat, to new full-time employees. So the companies are saying, we've done this without unions all these years, and we don't need them now.
MARTIN: OK. NPR's Andrea Hsu reporting on two important union votes at two different Amazon facilities in the country, Bessemer, Ala., and Staten Island in New York. Andrea, thanks. We appreciate your reporting on this.
HSU: You're welcome. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.


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BM #93 Week 4 Day 3 -
To conclude this series of mini meals for this week, check my favorite no onion no garlic platter of the week. This platter features Yellow Cucumber Dal, Drumstick Rasam, Corn Methi Stir Fry, Lauki Mango Chutney, Rice and Yogurt. The bonus in this platter is the Uppu Mirapakaya.
I remember when I made this platter, I was cleaning out the fridge and found half of a small bottle gourd, and one yellow cucumber. Since the bottle gourd wouldn't be enough for a sabji, I looked into my freezer for more veggie options when my little one picked up corn for a stir fry. So I had to come up with the chutney and make a meal out of the veggies on hand.
These are the regular components in an everyday meal at my mom's place even today. Sambar is a rarity for some reason.
Ingredients -
Lauki cubed 2 cups
Tomato cubed 1/2 cup
Salt, Turmeric, Green Chilies as needed
Raw Mango peeled and cubed 1/2 cup
Seasoning (Oil 1 Tbsp, Chana Dal 2 tsp, Urad Dal 2 tsp, Methi Seeds a pinch, Cumin seeds 1/2 tsp, Asafotida 1/8 tsp, Curry leaves few, Coriander seeds 1 tsp, Sesame seeds 1 Tbsp)
Method Of Preparation -
In a heated pan, add oil and the rest of the seasoning ingredients. After the dals brown and the mustard seeds splutter, saute green chilies.
Add the chopped lauki and tomatoes, mix well. Cover and let them cook through.
Sprinkle salt and turmeric. Mix well. Remove from heat. Add the cubed raw mango. Add coriander leaves if using.
Grind into a fine paste.
Serve with steaming hot rice and ghee!
Preparation Time 20 minutes
Serves 7-8


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The Supersizers Go... on BBC Two: A fun look back at food in history
Last year, a very interesting hour-long program(me) called Edwardian Supersize Me aired on BBC Four. Taking their cue from the hit documentary Supersize Me, Giles Coren, food critic for The Times, and writer/actress/comedienne Sue Perkins spent a week eating as the middle-class Edwardians did - meaning a lot. The pair are back, upgraded to BBC Two, in a new multipart series called The Supersizers Go.... The premise is the same as Edwardian Supersize Me - in each show Sue and Giles spend a week eating as people did in a certain historical era. The first episode aired last night, and the era was World War II.
The Supersizers Go... is a bit more jokey than Edwardian Supersize Me was, but just as fun and informative. Giles and Sue have gotten used to each other it seems, and are are lot more comfortable with each other. The visual details were great - they found a typical 1930s semi-detached house, decorated it inside as it would have been in the 1940s, and both of them dressed in clothing of the era. I could have done without the scenes of Sue chomping on grass and the like, and perhaps the tone was a bit too lighthearted for a period which was probably not much fun at all. Still, these are minor quibbles.
The most interesting part for me of course was look into how people ate during the war. I already sort of knew that food was strictly rationed then, especially things like sugar, fats (butter in particular), meat and eggs. What I didn't know though was that people were required by law to "eat up": it was even a crime to waste food, and some people even went to jail for it! Imagine if that were the case now - most of us would be spending some time behind bars.
The government sent a lot of instructions on how food was to be eaten. There was something called the National Loaf, made with "more of the grain than white bread"; it was fortified with calcium and vitamins and was required eating. It was dry and grey, and was nicknamed Hitler's Secret Weapon. There was also something called Special Margerine included in the weekly rations, also laced with vitamins. Vegetables however were not rationed. People were encouraged to Eat for Victory. And there were those infamous dried eggs, imported from America.
To supplement the rationed food, the British people grew tons of vegetables in their gardens (encouraged to "Dig for Victory") and resorted to foraging in the wild for things like nettles and snails. A black market also sprang up for forbidden foods. Housewives desperate to liven up the table also resorted to a weird range of foods that pretended to be something else - Mock Duck formed from sausage meat, Mock pies, and more. (The Mock part reminded me somewhat of the tendency of some current day vegetarians to try to make Mock versions of meat-based dishes...Tofurkey anyone?)
It seems that food served at designated British Restaurants, initially set up to feed people who had beem bombed out, was not rationed, so eating out became very popular.
Generally though, people ate a lot of carbohydrates, especially potatoes and National Loaf; much less fat and meat, and tons of vegetables - though it seems prepared in ways that sound rather awful from a modern perspective. The most famous wartime recipe was something called Woolton Pie, made by cooking equal parts of potatoes, cauliflowers, carrots and swedes (large turnips) with water and 'vegetable extract' (I assume this is something like Marmite) with water to a mushy state, then topping with a potato or whole wheat (wholemeal) pie crust. On the show Sue did most of the cooking, guided by chef and nutrionist Allegra McEvedy (who's also one of the Guardian Word of Mouth bloggers), though Giles did step into the kitchen when the American G.I.s (bearing nylon stockings as gifts of course) came to visit and whipped up some horrific sounding cake that used paraffin as the fat.
The result of this kind of eating was that by the end of the war, the British people were much healthier than they had ever been - and probably a lot healthier than current day Brits. After a week of WWII eating, both Giles and Sue lost weight and improved their overall fitness indicators. This is probably why there are some calls to return to a 'wartime diet' (most prominently from that improvement-minded guy Jamie Oliver).
In any case, the first episode was The Supersizers Go.. was a lot of fun, and I'm looking forward to the rest of the series. Next week's historical era is the Restoration. Looks like Sue and Giles will be imbibing a lot of alcohol.
Disappointingly, the Beeb haven't set up a dedicated site or even a page for the series as of yet. I hope they will, because I really wanted to read more about the subject. In the meantime here are some related sites I've found:
- Giles Coren writes about the whole series. He says each era left him healthier at the end!
- Home Sweet Home Front has a lot of interesting information about life during WWII, including rationing.
- This World War II site also has information on food rationing.
- The World War II era on the British Nutrition Foundation site.
- For digging further into the World War II era, this reprint of the official Ministry of Information book Eating For Victory sounds interesting.
- The Old Foodie is one of my favorite blogs, serving up a snippet of food history daily.
A list of the foods and recipes mentioned in this episode
- Wheaties (made from stale bread cut into cubes and dried in oven)
- National Loaf (nicknamed Hitler's Secret Weapon)
- Scrambled eggs (made with powdered dried eggs imported from America; only one real egg per week per person allowed in rations)
- Tea
- Woolton Pie
- Oatmeal Sauce
- Raw Cabbage Salad
- Sherry
- Beer
Giles on night watch:
- Spam sandwich (can of Spam on National Loaf bread)
Sue's midnight snack:
- Cold lamb chop
At the British Restaurant (John Lewis' staff canteen - bananas seen there were strictly forbidden during the war):
- Skilly (a much hated soup)
- Cottage Pie
- Carrot and Swede
- Apple Crumble
Mock Dinner:
- Mock Crab with Mock Mayonnaise (margarine, dried egg, vinegar, cheese, salad cream)
- Mock Duck (sausage meat, onion, grated apple, sage, shaped into a duck)
- Mock Apricot Tart with Mock Cream (grated carrot, almond essence, plum jam; cream is made of margarine, sugar, flour)
- Mock Coffee
Lunch with the G.I.s:
- Sue's face painted with beetroot juice
- Sue's legs painted with gravy (to simulate stockings)
- Lettuce and Margarine Sandwiches
- Mock Hamburgers
- American Pinwheels
- Lemon Sponge (made with paraffin in lieu of butter)
- Custard
- Ersatz Coffee (roasted chicory and dandelion root)
- Nylons and a can of pineapple given by the G.I.s to Sue
Winston Churchill's wartime lunch (he didn't ration himself, apparently):
- Native Oysters
- Petite Marmite (a soup)
- Roast Venison with Mushrooms
- Ice Cream and Raspberries
- Stilton
- Apples, Grapes and Walnuts
- Pol Roger Champagne
- Chardonnay
- Claret
- Port
- Cognac
- Cigars
Foraging in the fields lunch:
- Snail and Nettle Consommé
- Rabbit Casserole with Ear Fungus
- Steamed Alexander Bracken
Sunday lunch:
- Snoek Piquante (snoek was a fish imported from South Africa)
- Braised Sheep Hearts (hearts obtained on the black market)
- Wartime Trifle
- Sherry
- Red wine
Supper in the Tube (sheltering from the bombing):
- Cheese and Crackers
- Turnip Soup
- Wartime Sausages (3% meat)
- Cocoa
Victory Lunch (a party after V-E Day):
- Victory Scotch Eggs
- Pilchard Sandwiches
- Cheese Dreams (cheese and beetroot sandwiches fried in margarine)
- Mock Banana
- Fish Eyes and Goo (tapioca custard pudding)
- Jam Tarts
- Rabbit Blancmange
- Orange Squash Jelly
- Toffee Carrots (unpeeled carrots on sticks dipped in melted sugar)
- Honey Chocolate
- Carrot Fudge
- Patriotic Pudding
- Eggless Victory Cake (with lots of icing made with black market sugar)
- Onions as raffle prizes (onions were in very short supply)
Supersizers Go recaps
- Edwardian Supersize Me, not part of the series, but sort of the pilot that aired in 2007
- Description of the whole series, plus World War II (episode 1)
- Restoration (episode 2)
- Victorian (episode 3)
- 1970s (episode 4)
- Elizabethan (episode 5)
- Regency (episode 6, last in series)
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I missed the first one?!
I missed the first one?! Darnnit! I'll have to watch out for the re-run. I loved the Edwardian series. I didn't know that cleaning one's plate was law either!
I was able to catch it on
I was able to catch it on BBC online, and the Husband was peeking over my shoulder and trying to pry the headphones off me so he could hear too - so yes we watched it again on the 24th - what an interesting show! I'm quite excited about the Restoration Period show on tonight.
I wasn't allowed to watch Eurovision. Husband put his foot down and forbade it on our telly. He's so cute when he forbids.
Re: The Supersizers Go... on BBC Two: A fun look back at ...
It's now June, 2009, and I've only just caught up with this programme via this very page. I couldn't resist making a comment because of the way you perpetuate myths about the National Loaf. There was no way that it could have been dry and grey. It was simply bread made with 85% flour, which made it one step short of wholemeal (ie 100% flour). It was fortified with calcium because after 1941 it was compulsory to add calcium to all flour other than wholemeal, and I believe this remains the case to the present day.
The British public was used to nutritionally poor white bread, so something close to wholemeal was bound to come as a culture shock. I can understand some people calling it grey and dry at the time, but journalists should really train themselves not to serve up past prejudices as if they were objective truth.
Your description of Woolton Pie is also a quite dreadful misrepresentation. The original recipe says that the ingredients should be put into a saucepan with just enough water to cover and cooked for ten minutes. A mushy state in ten minutes? I don't think so. But then reporting the facts doesn't make for smart sounding put-downs of the droll past, which I assume is the main intention of this series.
Re: The Supersizers Go... on BBC Two: A fun look back at ...
I have just finished watching the whole series on the Food Network here in Canada and I really loved it. It was very informative along with being very funny. I looked forward to each episode.
Re: The Supersizers Go... on BBC Two: A fun look back at ...
This is fun show. Have not seen all of them. Are the two seasons ever going to put on DVD?
Re: The Supersizers Go... on BBC Two: A fun look back at ...
A friend of mine lived on WW2 rations recently for 8 months. His comments make interesting reading! http://ontheration.blogspot.com/
Re: The Supersizers Go... on BBC Two: A fun look back at ...
Either I have just noticed it recently, or it just started airing here in America, on the Cooking Channel. I have only seen a few episodes but my favorite, so far, is the one about the 1920s. That was the era when my grandparents were growing up. Both of my parents were born within the last 13 months of the decade. I find all kinds of things about the era fascinating and I love how the "Supersizers" go all out to dress in the era, eat as food would have been prepared at the time, and add other interesting tidbits about life during the decade. I absolutely love Sue's fashions and think she looked adorable in the "Colleen Moore" hairstyle. I hope they will make many more programs!
On a more sour note, their 1920s discussion of weight reducing during the 1920s is the first time I have heard that laxatives were used liberally by dieters. My maternal grandmother, born in 1908, had a figure that would have been envied in the years both previously and later on, but was out of fashion when she was a teenager and young adult. I now wonder if a desire to be fashionably thin and flat chested might have been what started her life-long need to use laxatives, and such.
Re: The Supersizers Go...back to the Rennaissance.
Watching the "Rennaissance" period in England, you spoke as a cure for a ladies'rounded bellies and unusual amounts of cellulite. It proclaimed the benefits of taking a bath in claret, slong with chamomile flowers, wormwood, and other various spices and herbs.
I wonder if there is anywhere,to your knowledge, where I might be able to find the original recipe.
I would be ever so gratful.
Jeffrey Leeds
Scegli elementi per creme anti-cellulite naturale
Creme per la cellulite può essere scelta non dovrebbe vuole investire molto denaro per realizzare la liposuzione . Questo è esattamente il motivo per cui l'uso di creme per la cellulite diventa il metodo più semplice per eliminare la cellulite sul nostro fisico dal momento che è più conveniente e più semplice. Probabilmente, hai ancora molte domande se fosse brava a sbarazzarsi della cellulite cellulite crema dal troverete marche disponibili sul mercato che offre tutti con il sole e la pioggia e la sicurezza dell'approvvigionamento. Non è facile ottenere la crema giusta cellulite, però, devono stare attenti con la lettura attraverso con gli elementi. La merce è di gran lunga migliore per eliminare la cellulite è davvero una crema che utilizza elementi naturali. Come un cliente, è necessario essere saggio approfittare di elementi naturali, perché non dà effetti indesiderati. Probabilmente, vi è anche una grande quantità di elementi sintetici che offrono risultati più rapidi, tuttavia può danneggiare ulteriormente la pelle. Inoltre, durante la gravidanza non è possibile utilizzare creme anticellulite sintetici.
Re: The Supersizers Go... on BBC Two: A fun look back at ...
Tea lovers cannot resist trying the varieties of herbal teas available in the market but using Dandelion Root Tea will be a memorable experience. It would not merely be based on its taste and aroma but for its medicinal value as well.


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Asked and Answered
The seller is a foreign citizen and does not have a social security number. Does that prevent the seller from selling the apartment?Not necessarily. As a foreign citizen (that is, someone who is not a citizen of the United States), the seller may not have a social security number, but that will not be required to complete the closing documentation and consummate the closing. What can cause a problem is the IRS requirement to withhold ten percent of the purchase price as a "withholding" payment by the "foreign person" (that is a foreign citizen who does not have a green card and who not a resident alien), to cover any capital gains recognized by the seller when the apartment is sold. That withholding payment has to be made at closing and forwarded by the buyer's attorney to IRS. Foreign sellers can have the amount of the actual capital gains payment that is due calculated in advance (which is usually done if the estimate is less than the ten percent withholding), but that requires planning by the seller's attorney. If the payment due the IRS has not been calculated in advance, the ten percent withholding must be collected at closing and paid. To avoid the problem entirely, the seller can deliver a "FIRPTA" affidavit, by which the seller certifies that the Seller is not a foreign person, within the meaning of Section 1445 of the Internal Revenue Code. If the seller is a foreign person, obviously, that's not a solution.
In addition, if the seller is not a resident of New York State, or does not qualify for one of the exemptions, an estimated capital gains tax payment must also be made by the seller at closing to New York State.


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Baby Talk Is Universal
- Date:
- August 22, 2007
- Source:
- Association for Psychological Science
- Summary:
- Regardless of the language we speak, most adults raise their voices to elicit an infant's attention and talk at a much slower rate to communicate effectively. In the scientific community this baby talk is termed "infant-directed speech." This is the first study to show that adult listeners in an indigenous, non-industrialized, and nonliterate culture can easily tell the difference between baby talk and normal adult directed speech.
- Share:
A major function of speech is the communication of intentions. In everyday conversation between adults, intentions are conveyed through multiple channels, including the syntax and semantics of the language, but also through nonverbal vocal cues such as pitch, loudness, and rate of speech.
The same thing occurs when we talk to infants. Regardless of the language we speak, most adults, for example, raise their voices to elicit the infant's attention and talk at a much slower rate to communicate effectively. In the scientific community, this baby talk is termed "infant-directed speech."
There are direct relationships between the way we speak and what we wish to convey. For example, when we see a child reaching for the electrical socket, we do not call out their name as we would during a game of hide-and-go-seek.
Researchers Greg Bryant and Clark Barrett, at the University of California, Los Angeles, propose that the relationships between sounds and intentions are universal, and thus, should be understood by anyone regardless of the language they speak.
To test their hypothesis, Bryant and Barrett recorded native English-speaking mothers as if they were talking to their own child and then as if they were speaking to an adult. The speech varied across four categories: prohibitive, approval, comfort, and attention. Then, they played the recordings to habitants of a Shuar (South American hunter-horticulturalists) village in Ecuador to see if the participants could discriminate between infant-directed (ID) and adult-directed (AD) speech, and whether they could tell the difference between the categories in both types of speech.
The results, which appear in the August issue of Psychological Science, published by the Association for Psychological Science, showed that the Shuar participants were able to distinguish ID speech from AD speech with 73% accuracy. They were also able to tell which category (e.g. prohibitive, approval, etc.) the English-speaking mothers used, but they were better at this when the mothers used baby talk.
This is the first study to show that adult listeners in an indigenous, nonindustrialized, and nonliterate culture can easily tell the difference between baby talk and normal adult directed speech.
"These results also provide support for the notion that vocal emotional communication manifests itself in similar ways across disparate cultures," writes Bryant. Future research might focus on how infants respond behaviorally when listening to infant-directed speech in a different language.
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A mortgage loan, also referred to as a mortgage, is used by purchasers of real property to raise funds to buy real estate; or by existing property owners to raise funds for any purpose while putting a lien on the property being mortgaged. The loan is "secured" on the borrower's property. This means that a legal mechanism is put in place which allows the lender to take possession and sell the secured property ("foreclosure" or "repossession") to pay off the loan in the event that the borrower defaults on the loan or otherwise fails to abide by its terms. The word mortgage is derived from a "Law French" term used by English lawyers in the Middle Ages meaning "death pledge", and refers to the pledge ending (dying) when either the obligation is fulfilled or the property is taken through foreclosure. Mortgage can also be described as "a borrower giving consideration in the form of a collateral for a benefit (loan).
Mortgage borrowers can be individuals mortgaging their home or they can be businesses mortgaging commercial property (for example, their own business premises, residential property let to tenants or an investment portfolio). The lender will typically be a financial institution, such as a bank, credit union or building society, depending on the country concerned, and the loan arrangements can be made either directly or indirectly through intermediaries. Features of mortgage loans such as the size of the loan, maturity of the loan, interest rate, method of paying off the loan, and other characteristics can vary considerably. The lender's rights over the secured property take priority over the borrower's other creditors which means that if the borrower becomes bankrupt or insolvent, the other creditors will only be repaid the debts owed to them from a sale of the secured property if the mortgage lender is repaid in full first.
Mortgage may refer to:
Mortgage is a 1990 Australian drama film directed by Bill Bennett.
Dave and Tina Dodd want to buy a house. They make a contract with shifty John Napper who suggests builder George Shooks.
The film was one of a series of drama documentaries produced at Film Australia for the Nine Network dealing with social issues. It was made using improvisation. Others in the series included Prejudice.
Bill Bennett described it as one of his favourite films.
African(s) may refer to: