text:
March 28, 2013 - Christie Administration Submits Disaster Recovery Action Plan To Federal Government For Approval
Christie Administration Submits Disaster Recovery Action Plan To Federal Government For Approval Federal Government Promises Expedited Review of State's Plan to Utilize $1.83 Billion in Community Development Block Grant Funding for Superstorm Sandy Recovery |
Trenton, NJ – The Christie Administration today submitted the Community Development Block Grant (CDBG) Disaster Recovery Action Plan to the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) for review and approval. The Action Plan outlines how the State will utilize $1,829,520,000 in federal funding to help homeowners, renters, businesses and communities impacted by Superstorm Sandy.
As part of the grant process, members of the public had an opportunity to comment on the Action Plan during a seven-day period that closed March 19. The Plan submitted to HUD includes the public comments that were submitted along with the State's responses. The comments informed the final Action Plan that was sent to the federal government, including suggestions and revisions that assisted the Department of Community Affairs (DCA) in establishing a process to better identify public housing needs, to better explain how citizen participation helped develop the Action Plan, and to provide clarity on what "first-come, first-served" means in the context of applicable programs.
"The programs designed as part of the Action Plan will help address the unmet needs of Sandy-impacted homeowners, renters, and business owners as they rebuild their lives and recover from their losses," said Governor Christie. "I thank HUD Secretary Shaun Donovan for his assurance of a quick review so that we can begin getting relief out to the many people who were devastated by Superstorm Sandy.
Pursuant to HUD guidelines, the Action Plan focuses predominantly on the nine counties most affected by the storm (Atlantic, Bergen, Cape May, Essex, Hudson, Middlesex, Monmouth, Ocean, and Union) and on assisting low-to-moderate-income families. Following HUD approval, more than 26,000 homeowners, more than 5,000 renters and more than 10,000 businesses will be helped, as well as dozens of local governmental units.
HUD has up to 45 days to approve the Action Plan, but has stated that it intends to work closely with New Jersey to conduct an expedited review process. Therefore, the State anticipates that the Action Plan should be approved in April.
While HUD is reviewing the Action Plan, we will move diligently to finalize all program designs and put in place the framework needed to implement the programs in order to enable funds to reach residents and businesses as quickly as possible," said Richard E. Constable, III, Commissioner of the NJ Department of Community Affairs, which will administer the distribution of CDBG Disaster Recovery funds for New Jersey. "We recognize people and communities are hurting and we are working literally night and day to get aid out the door.
Assisting homeowners in the reconstruction, rehabilitation, and elevation of their homes and helping them prepare for future storms is a top priority of the Christie Administration's rebuilding efforts and, if approved, $825 million will be allocated to these efforts with this first phase of funding. The Action Plan will also set aside $254.5 million to meet the needs of displaced renters whose primary residences were damaged by the storm. Through the Plan, the State will leverage CDBG Disaster Recovery funds to create approximately 5,000 affordable rental units for low-to-moderate-income families, including those with special needs.
Additionally, economic recovery is a focus of the Action Plan. To help New Jersey businesses, the State will set aside $500 million of the CDBG Disaster Recovery allocation for the New Jersey Economic Development Authority (EDA) to administer such activities as small business grants, community revitalization programs and a tourism marketing campaign.
The EDA hopes to be able to get assistance to impacted businesses as quickly as possible to ensure they have the capital they need to resume, maintain or grow their operations," said EDA Chief Executive Officer Michele Brown. "We are working to develop programs and a marketing strategy to best meet the needs of our businesses and communities and ensure that the world knows New Jersey is open for business.
In general, CDBG Disaster Recovery funds are intended to support local rebuilding efforts after private insurance, Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) grants and other available sources of funds have been applied. HUD also requires that at least 50% of the funding focus on low-to-moderate-income households.
A copy of the Final CDBG Disaster Recovery Action Plan as submitted to HUD can be found here: http://www.nj.gov/dca/announcements/pdf/CDBG-DisasterRecoveryActionPlan.pdf
An overview of the Action Plan can be found below:
Taking Action To Distribute The Necessary Resources For The Rebuilding Process What New Jersey Residents Need To Know About The Christie Administration's Proposed First Community Development Block Grant Disaster Recovery Action Plan
The finalization and submission to HUD of the Action Plan represents an important step in distributing the federal resources necessary to aid New Jersey's rebuilding by developing the state's specific plan for how those resources will be spent. Helping Families Return To Their Homes: Assisting homeowners in the reconstruction, rehabilitation, and elevation of their homes and helping them prepare for future storms is a top priority of the Christie Administration's rebuilding efforts. Superstorm Sandy caused an estimated $3.837 billion in damage to houses and apartments throughout the state, with over 86,700 units impacted. The Administration's Plan proposes a variety of programs to meet the needs of displaced homeowners and renters whose primary residences were damaged by the storm, which include:
Economic recovery and revitalization is also a top priority of the Action Plan to restore communities and promote job growth. Businesses in the 113 municipalities most impacted by Superstorm Sandy incurred $382 million in commercial property loss and another $63.9 million in business interruption losses. To help New Jersey businesses, the Christie Administration is setting aside $500 million in funding for the New Jersey Economic Development Authority to administer the following activities:
In November 2012, the first full month after the storm, approximately 138,000 New Jerseyans filed unemployment claims. The economic development funding in the Action Plan will help to create thousands of jobs and help struggling New Jerseyans get back to work. Assisting Local Governments And Property Taxpayers: While the housing and economic sectors are the central focus of this first allocation of CDBG Disaster Recovery funding, the Christie Administration also proposes to use funds to help local governments provide essential services after incurring unanticipated expenses caused by the storm that are not reimbursed by FEMA. The Action Plan proposes to allocate $116 million in funds as follows:
Providing For New Jersey's Most Vulnerable Citizens And Protecting Shore Communities: Governor Christie is committed to helping low-to-moderate income families as well as vulnerable populations recover from Sandy. The Christie Administration is proposing a range of rental housing activities designed to replenish rental housing stock lost to Sandy, rehabilitate affordable rental units left uninhabitable by Sandy, and provide affordable housing for special needs populations.
The New Jersey Housing and Mortgage Finance Agency will administer rental housing and homebuyer assistance programs, which would be funded by at least $154 million. It is estimated the Action Plan's rental development and rehabilitation programs will create 3,000 jobs and $500 million in economic activity. |


text:
Add. 3996 is a notebook that Newton used as a young student. Newton's youthful interest in learning was encouraged by his uncle, William Ayscough, and by the schoolmaster at Grantham, John Stokes. Despite opposition from his mother, who wanted him to stay at home and farm, Newton was admitted to Trinity College, Cambridge, on 5 June 1661, and matriculated on 8 July. His uncle had been educated at Trinity and one of the fellows of the College, Humphrey Babington, was related to a family with whom Newton had lodged while at school in Grantham. Perhaps because of some reluctance of his mother's to waste money on education, perhaps in order to assist Babington, Newton entered Trinity as a sub-sizar, that is a student who was to supplement his income by acting as a servant either for the fellows or for other wealthier students, and who was allowed to pay lower fees for attending lectures.

 Newton's 'Trinity College Notebook' MS Add. 3996 was used by him as an undergraduate, from about 1661 to 1665. It includes his notes on books he was recommended to read for his studies, but it also shows him starting to read for himself and comment not only on classical sources, but also contemporary natural philosophical writing, such as the works of René Descartes or the Dutch mathematician Willebrord Snell. Newton also makes his own observations on a comet. In this notebook we see Newton, in his independent reading, reflection and observations of the world around him embarking on his career as a natural philosopher.

 Although this is not the earliest of Newton's surviving notebooks, it may well be the one that he purchased, together with some ink, on his arrival in Cambridge. Undergraduate education at this time consisted largely of following courses of reading directed by a tutor, in Newton's case Benjamin Pulleyn. These initially focussed on the traditional skills of grammar, logic, and rhetoric. At Cambridge, it was also usual for undergraduates to study ethics, metaphysics, physics, and mathematics. Together with some books that he bought in the early 1660s, this notebook bears witness to Newton's first steps in the Aristotelian curriculum of the early modern university. It is dated on the flyleaf, 'Isaac Newton/ Trin: Coll Cant/ 1661' [fol 1r] and contains notes and occasional exercises relating to Newton's reading, compiled in the manner of summarising and glossing recommended by most tutors. Many of these notes are written in the rather crude form of secretary hand that the young Newton practised. They cover his study of Aristotle's Organon and Porphyry's Isagoge; the scholastic compendium, Physiologiae peripateticae, by Joannes Magirus; Aristotle's Ethics and the Ethica of Eustachius of St. Paul; the Axiomata of Daniel Stahl, which introduced him to Aristotelian metaphysics, and, finally, a text-book of rhetoric by the great humanist scholar, Gerardus Joannes Vossius.

 By about the beginning of 1664, Newton's writing had matured into the neat, if slightly spindly, italic hand that he would continue to develop over the rest of his life. His reading and thinking had also taken a new course, albeit one that was promoted by many of the best tutors in contemporary Cambridge. Newton had begun to reflect for himself on the metaphysical and natural philosophical terms and concepts deployed by the scholastic authors that he had been studying. Prompted perhaps by the scholarship to which he was elected in April 1664, Newton had started to read for himself both in the classical sources and commentaries and in contemporary philosophical and scientific writing, notably the works of Walter Charleton and René Descartes. Within the confines of a traditional commonplace book, and deploying many of the categories of renaissance philosophy, Newton had thus embarked through reading on his career as a mechanical, and eventually experimental, philosopher. Quoting portentously from Charleton, he headed his remarks 'Amicus Plato amicus Aristoteles magis amica veritas' (Plato is my friend, Aristotle is my friend, but my greatest friend is truth) [fol 88r]. This marks the beginning of a famous section of the manuscript where Newton organised his notetaking according to 'Qu[a]estiones quaedam Philosophiae' (certain philosophical questions) [fols 88r-135r], where he listed the subjects that interested him, and intended to study in greater depth – not only through the reading of Aristotelian and anti-Aristotelian texts, but also by means of experiments.

Niccolò Guicciardini, Università degli Studi di Milano, and Scott Mandelbrote, Peterhouse, Cambridge.

Under the 'More' menu you can find metadata about the item, and information about sharing this image.
The images contained in the pdf download have the following copyright:
This will create a PDF with thumbnail images for all pages, and may take some time for large documents.
The images contained in this document have the following copyright:
This image has the following copyright:
Choose one of the available sizes to download: Default (2000px) Download Cancel
This metadata has the following copyright:
Do you want to download metadata for this document?

subset: commoncrawl


text:
April 26, 2011, - 4:00 pm
Atlas Shrugged Movie & a Reality Check on Ayn Rand
Ever since the trailer for the "Atlas Shrugged: Part I" came out, I've been ceaselessly asked by readers whether I'd review it. As many have noted, even though the movie came out on April 15th, I've yet to do so. And here's why: the movie had no critics' screening or other opportunity for me to see it, and the producers neither contacted me, nor sent me a screener. So, I won't be posting a review, until and unless I see it, and I wasn't aware it was playing in Detroit (now that I am, I may see it). Some are deriding the fact that it was a small production with unknown actors, but that's irrelevant. I've seen some great stuff made on shoestring budgets with no names, who can act. So, we'll see. That said, I really think people need a reality check on Ayn Rand.
Reality Check on Atlas Shrugged & Its Author Ayn Rand
I enjoyed Ayn Rand's books when I was younger and my father recommended I read "The Fountainhead" and "Atlas Shrugged." I liked both and their messages. But my father was smart enough to warn me about the author, a Russian Jew who wasn't too keen on Jews or Judaism from whence she came. While Rand was a brilliant writer, she was by no means the heroine or "conservative" so many have been fooled into believing. She was a militantly pro-abortion atheist, feminist, isolationist, and anti-Vietnam war protester, who hated Ronald Reagan and opponents of busing as much as she hated religious people. If she were alive, today, I'm not so sure she'd be any different from the rest of the feminist, left-wing world in their silence on the Islamic threat to the West. She might even have voted for Barack Obama.
Sadly, these days, conservatives–as much as liberals and perhaps far more–seem to have replaced principles with personalities (and, on top of that, the personalities leave a lot to be desired). That includes Sean Hannity, Bill O'Reilly, Sarah Palin (and anyone who came out of her vagina and is whoring out a single mom act), Michelle Fraudkin, Donald Trump, and a number of other hypocrites, frauds, and lesser minds who are performers and selfish acts (laughing at you behind your backs), nothing more. Criticize them and actually do your homework on these circus performers, and you are mercilessly attacked for legitimate criticism of their overwhelming fakeries and clown acts.
As I said, conservatism has pretty much ceased as the mindless lumpenconservatariat has sacrificed values and principles like morality, family values, in-wedlock births, and knowledge for those who eschew these. And that includes the sudden conservative embrace of Ayn Rand, who was far smarter and more legit than all of those I named above combined, but who really wasn't such a great human being.
When I went to college, the Randians on campus weren't just libertarians, they were weirdos: anarchists who believed in no government at all (not even small government), bizarros who derided myself and other persons of faith, and they supported the "Four Ps"–Pot, Pornography, Prostitution, and (ending) Pregnancies (via abortion). What's needed is a refresher on Ayn Rand for those who seem to be ignorant, and a great, recent Wall Street Journal op-ed by Donald L. Luskin, an Ayn Rand expert and Chief Investment Officer of Trend Macrolytics LLC. He is the author of I Am John Galt: Today's Heroic Innovators Building the World and the Villainous Parasites Destroying It, an upcoming book from the Randian viewpoint, and tells you everything you need to know about her in his terrific column.
Here are some key excerpts on how Rand ain't so grand–information sorely needed to be absorbed by many of Rand's current rabid conservative fans:
It's a misreading of "Atlas" to claim that it is simply an antigovernment tract or an uncritical celebration of big business. In fact, the real villain of "Atlas" is a big businessman, railroad CEO James Taggart, whose crony capitalism does more to bring down the economy than all of [DS: Atlas Shrugged's Barney Frank-esque government villain] Mouch's regulations. With Taggart, Rand was anticipating figures like Angelo Mozilo, the CEO of Countrywide Financial, the subprime lender that proved to be a toxic mortgage factory. Like Taggart, Mr. Mozilo engineered government subsidies for his company in the name of noble-sounding virtues like home ownership for all. Still, most of the heroes of "Atlas" are big businessmen who are unfairly persecuted by government. . . .
The reality is that in Rand's novel, as in life, self-described capitalists can be the worst enemies of capitalism. But that doesn't fit in easily with the simple pro-business narrative about Rand now being retailed.
Today, Rand is celebrated among conservatives: Rep. Paul Ryan (R., Wis.) insists that all his staffers read "Atlas Shrugged." It wasn't always this way. During Rand's lifetime—she died in 1982—she was loathed by the mainstream conservative movement.
That's when conservatives had principles and intellect and didn't sacrifice either for popular personalities like Palin, Hannity, Trump, and the like.
Rand was a devout atheist, which set her against the movement's Christian bent. She got off on the wrong foot with the movement's founder, William F. Buckley Jr., when she introduced herself to him in her thick Russian accent, saying "You are too intelligent to believe in God!" . . .
Rand rankled conservatives by living her life as an exemplary feminist, even as she denied it by calling herself a "male chauvinist." She was the breadwinner throughout her lifelong marriage. The most sharply drawn hero in "Atlas" is the extraordinarily capable female railroad executive Dagny Taggart, who is set in contrast with her boss, her incompetent brother James. She's the woman who deserves the man's job but doesn't have it; he's the man who has the job but doesn't deserve it.
Rand was strongly pro-choice, speaking out for abortion rights even before Roe v. Wade. In late middle age, she became enamored of a much younger man and made up her mind to have an affair with him, having duly informed her husband and the younger man's wife in advance. Conservatives don't do things like that—or at least they say they don't. . . .
She was an early opponent of the Vietnam war, once saying, "I am against the war in Vietnam and have been for years. . . . In my view we should fight fascism and communism when they come to this country." During the '60s she declared, "I am an enemy of racism," and advised opponents of school busing, "If you object to sending your children to school with black children, you'll lose for sure because right is on the other side."
If anything, Rand's life ought to ingratiate her to the left. . . . And in 1975 she wrote, "I urge you, as emphatically as I can, not to support the candidacy of Ronald Reagan," primarily on the grounds that he didn't support pure laissez-faire capitalism. But she endorsed Richard Nixon in 1968 because he supported abolition of the military draft.
Yes, Ayn Rand was a great writer, but personally, she was no hero. As is the case with almost everyone the right embraces these days, she was a personality, not principled.
Unless you pick principles over personalities, you will always lose. . . even if you "win" the thrones of power. False idols abound and have many followers. Sadly, tried and true principles do not. Those who abandon them to win elections or feel good about embracing a selfish, ambitious quitter governor and empty-headed feminist from Alaska, have nothing. They are losers. Desperate losers. And very stupid ones, too.
And Sarah Palin and Donald Trump and Sean Hannity and the like are laughing at them . . . all the way to the bank, just like "Atlas Shrugged's" James Taggart (and the ghost of Ayn Rand from her grave).
Tags: Anti-War, Atheist, Atlas Shrugged, Atlas Shrugged movie, Atlas Shrugged: Part I, Ayn Rand, busing, Dagny Taggart, feminist, I Am John Galt: Today's Heroic Innovators Building the World and the Villainous Parasites Destroying It, James Taggart, movie, personalities, principles, pro-abortion, pro-busing, pro-choice, Ronald Reagan, Vietnam War protester, William F. Buckley


text:
Pielke Senior on Geoengineering
Guest post at WUWT by Dr. Roger Pielke Senior
Comment on The BBC News Article By Richard Black On Climate Geoengineering
There is an article on BBC News on April 6 2011 by Richard Black titled
Climate 'technical fix' may yield warming, not cooling
The article starts with the text
"Whitening clouds by spraying them with seawater, proposed as a "technical fix" for climate change, could do more harm than good, according to research.'
Whiter clouds reflect more solar energy back into space, cooling the Earth.
But a study presented at the European Geosciences Union meeting found that using water droplets of the wrong size would lead to warming, not cooling."
This article further underscores how little we know about the climate system. To deliberately alter the system by geoengineering is, therefore, quite a risky approach. The reason it is even being considered is that there remains the assumption that added CO2 is the dominate climate forcing that can "disrupt" the climate system from its current equilibrium.
Such a static view of the climate is not supported by observations (e.g. see) yet this simplistic view persists as illustrated by the 2007 IPCC, and, more specifically by the BBC news article. In the article it is written [highlight added]
"In an era when many climate scientists are frustrated by slow progress in reducing greenhouse gas emissions, cloud whitening has sometimes been held up as an example of a technology that could make a real difference, at least to "buy time".
The technique's prospects depend crucially on how droplet size affects reflectivity It has been calculated that a fairly modest increase in the reflectivity of these marine clouds could balance the warming from a doubling of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere – although even proponents admit it would do nothing to combat the other major consequence of carbon emissions, ocean acidification."
One of the interviewees for the news article does realize this is a complex issue. As Richard Black writes
"…Piers Forster from the UK's University of Leeds, who is leading a major UK project on geoengineering techniques, suggested more research would be needed before cloud whitening could be considered for "prime time" use.
"The trouble is that clouds are very complicated; as soon as you start manipulating them in one way, there are a lot of different interactions," he said."
The statement that "a fairly modest increase in the reflectivity of these marine clouds could balance the warming from a doubling of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere" illustrates the failure of many to understand the real behavior of the climate system. Even with respect to just the radiative forcing effect of aerosols, in addition to any global average forcing, it is spatial heterogeneity that matters much more than a global average in terms of how weather and ocean patterns could be modified.
As we have shown with respect to inadvertant inputs of aerosols into the atmsophere by human activities; i.e. see
Matsui, T., and R.A. Pielke Sr., 2006: Measurement-based estimation of the spatial gradient of aerosol radiative forcing. Geophys. Res. Letts., 33, L11813, doi:10.1029/2006GL025974.
in regards to their effect on atmospheric circulations in the tropical and subtropical latitudes, in our study, their influence is ~60 times that of the radiative effect of CO2. The deliberate insertion of aerosols for geoengineering would similarly have a large effect on circulation patterns. There is no way to balance the effect of CO2 and of aerosols with the approach discussed in this paper. Adding aerosols as part of geoengineering is not a "climate fix" but a recipe for climate disruption.
The real question then becomes are willing to let these scientist mess about with the environment to fix a problem that may not even yet be a problem?


text:
Welcome to HealthStyle Fitness
At HealthStyle Fitness we believe that living in a healthy, fit and vivacious body is essential for quality of life in 2013.
We believe fitness should be simple and fun. We believe your workout facility should be energizing, supportive, and friendly, where everyone is excited you when you come in.
Modern day technological advances now require that we make time to move and eat better in order to LOOK, FEEL and PERFORM like our bodies are designed.
Our mission is to cut through all the CRAZY hype & gimmicks, and give you the time-tested tools and skills for success, so you can enjoy your healthy lifestyle.
We deliver cutting edge fitness through professional instructor-guided programs that continually evolve to bring about positive results in your health, energy and body.
Clients choose one of two options: The Essentials package; or the Customized package.


text:
Principles of Economics
By Alfred Marshall
Economic conditions are constantly changing, and each generation looks at its own problems in its own way. In England, as well as on the Continent and in America, Economic studies are being more vigorously pursued now than ever before; but all this activity has only shown the more clearly that Economic science is, and must be, one of slow and continuous growth. Some of the best work of the present generation has indeed appeared at first sight to be antagonistic to that of earlier writers; but when it has had time to settle down into its proper place, and its rough edges have been worn away, it has been found to involve no real breach of continuity in the development of the science. The new doctrines have supplemented the older, have extended, developed, and sometimes corrected them, and often have given them a different tone by a new distribution of emphasis; but very seldom have subverted them…. [From the Preface to the First Edition]
First Pub. Date
London: Macmillan and Co., Ltd.
Pub. Date
8th edition
The text of this edition is in the public domain.
- Preface
- Bk.I,Ch.I
- Bk.I,Ch.II
- Bk.I,Ch.III
- Bk.I,Ch.IV
- Bk.II,Ch.I
- Bk.II,Ch.II
- Bk.II,Ch.III
- Bk.II,Ch.IV
- Bk.III,Ch.I
- Bk.III,Ch.II
- Bk.III,Ch.III
- Bk.III,Ch.IV
- Bk.III,Ch.V
- Bk.III,Ch.VI
- Bk.IV,Ch.I
- Bk.IV,Ch.II
- Bk.IV,Ch.III
- Bk.IV,Ch.IV
- Bk.IV,Ch.V
- Bk.IV,Ch.VI
- Bk.IV,Ch.VII
- Bk.IV,Ch.VIII
- Bk.IV,Ch.IX
- Bk.IV,Ch.X
- Bk.IV,Ch.XI
- Bk.IV,Ch.XII
- Bk.IV,Ch.XIII
- Bk.V,Ch.I
- Bk.V,Ch.II
- Bk.V,Ch.III
- Bk.V,Ch.IV
- Bk.V,Ch.V
- Bk.V,Ch.VI
- Bk.V,Ch.VII
- Bk.V,Ch.VIII
- Bk.V,Ch.IX
- Bk.V,Ch.X
- Bk.V,Ch.XI
- Bk.V,Ch.XII
- Bk.V,Ch.XIII
- Bk.V,Ch.XIV
- Bk.V,Ch.XV
- Bk.VI,Ch.I
- Bk.VI,Ch.II
- Bk.VI,Ch.III
- Bk.VI,Ch.IV
- Bk.VI,Ch.V
- Bk.VI,Ch.VI
- Bk.VI,Ch.VII
- Bk.VI,Ch.VIII
- Bk.VI,Ch.IX
- Bk.VI,Ch.X
- Bk.VI,Ch.XI
- Bk.VI,Ch.XII
- Bk.VI,Ch.XIII
- Appendix A
- Appendix B
- Appendix C
- Appendix D
- Appendix E
- Appendix F
- Appendix G
- Appendix H
- Appendix I
- Appendix J
- Appendix K
- Bk.App,Ch.L
- Bk.App,Ch.M
§ 1. In a primitive community each family is nearly self-sufficing, and provides most of its own food and clothing and even household furniture. Only a very small part of the income, or comings in, of the family is in the form of money; when one thinks of their income at all, one reckons in the benefits which they get from their cooking utensils, just as much as those which they get from their plough: one draws no distinction between their capital and the rest of their accumulated stock, to which the cooking utensils and the plough alike belong
But with the growth of a money economy there has been a strong tendency to confine the notion of income to those incomings which are in the form of money; including "payments in kind" (such as the free use of a house, free coals, gas, water), which are given as part of an employee's remuneration, and in lieu of money payments.
In harmony with this meaning of Income, the language of the market-place commonly regards a man's capital as that part of his wealth which he devotes to acquiring an income in the form of money; or, more generally, to acquisition (
Erwerbung) by means of trade. It may be convenient sometimes to speak of this as his
trade capital; which may be defined to consist of those external goods which a person uses in his trade, either holding them to be sold for money or applying them to produce things that are to be sold for money. Among its conspicuous elements are such things as the factory and the business plant of a manufacturer; that is, his machinery, his raw material, any food, clothing, and house-room that he may hold for the use of his employees, and the goodwill of his business.
To the things in his possession must be added those to which he has a right and from which he is drawing income: including loans which he has made on mortgage or in other ways, and all the command over capital which he may hold under the complex forms of the modern "money market." On the other hand debts owed by him must be deducted from his capital.
This definition of capital from the individual or business point of view is firmly established in ordinary usage; and it will be assumed throughout the present treatise whenever we are discussing problems relating to business in general, and in particular to the supply of any particular group of commodities for sale in open market. Income and capital will be discussed from the point of view of private business in the first half of the chapter; and afterwards the social point of view will be considered.
§ 2. If a person is engaged in business, he is sure to have to incur certain outgoings for raw material, the hire of labour, etc. And, in that case, his true or
net income is found by deducting from his gross income "the outgoings that belong to its production
Anything which a person does for which he is paid directly or indirectly in money, swells his nominal income; while no services that he performs for himself are commonly reckoned as adding to his nominal income. But, though it is best generally to neglect them when they are trivial, account should for consistency be taken of them, when they are of a kind which people commonly pay for having done for them. Thus a woman who makes her own clothes or a man who digs in his own garden or repairs his own house, is earning income; just as would the dressmaker, gardener or carpenter who might be hired to do the work.
In this connection we may introduce a term of which we shall have to make frequent use hereafter. The need for it arises from the fact that every occupation involves other disadvantages besides the fatigue of the work required in it, and every occupation offers other advantages besides the receipt of money wages. The true reward which an occupation offers to labour has to be calculated by deducting the money value of all its disadvantages from that of all its advantages; and we may describe this true reward as the
net advantages of the occupation.
The payment made by a borrower for the use of a loan for, say, a year is expressed as the ratio which that payment bears to the loan, and is called
interest. And this term is also used more broadly to represent the money equivalent of the whole income which is derived from capital. It is commonly expressed as a certain percentage on the "capital" sum of the loan. Whenever this is done the capital must not be regarded as a stock of things in general. It must be regarded as a stock of one particular thing, money, which is taken to represent them. Thus £100 may be lent at four per cent., that is for an interest of £4 yearly. And, if a man employs in business a capital stock of goods of various kinds which are estimated as worth £10,000 in all; then £400 a year may be said to represent interest at the rate of four per cent. on that capital, on the supposition that the aggregate money value of the things which constitute it has remained unchanged. He would not, however, be willing to continue the business unless he expected his total net gains from it to exceed interest on his capital at the current rate. These gains are called
The command over goods to a given money value, which can be applied to any purpose, is often described as "free" or "floating" capital
When a man is engaged in business, his profits for the year are the excess of his receipts from his business during the year over his outlay for his business. The difference between the value of his stock of plant, material, etc. at the end and at the beginning of the year is taken as part of his receipts or as part of his outlay, according as there has been an increase or decrease of value. What remains of his profits after deducting interest on his capital at the current rate (allowing, where necessary, for insurance) is generally called his
earnings of undertaking or
management. The ratio in which his profits for the year stand to his capital is spoken of as his
rate of profits. But this phrase, like the corresponding phrase with regard to interest, assumes that the money value of the things which constitute his capital has been estimated: and such an estimate is often found to involve great difficulties.
When any particular thing, as a house, a piano, or a sewing machine is lent out, the payment for it is often called
Rent. And economists may follow this practice without inconvenience when they are regarding the income from the point of view of the individual trader. But, as will be argued presently, the balance of advantage seems to lie in favour of reserving the term Rent for the income derived from the free gifts of nature, whenever the discussion of business affairs passes from the point of view of the individual to that of society at large. And for that reason, the term
Quasi-rent will be used in the present volume for the income derived from machines and other appliances for production made by man. That is to say, any particular machine may yield an income which is of the nature of a rent, and which is sometimes called a Rent; though on the whole, there seems to be some advantage in calling it a Quasi-rent. But we cannot properly speak of the interest yielded by a machine. If we use the term "interest" at all, it must be in relation not to the machine itself, but to its money
value. For instance if the work done by a machine which cost £100 is worth £4 a year net, that machine is yielding a quasi-rent of £4 which is equivalent to interest at four per cent. on its original cost: but if the machine is worth only £80 now, it is yielding five per cent. on its present value. This however raises some difficult questions of principle, which will be discussed in Book V.
§ 3. Next to consider some details relating to capital. It has been classed as Consumption capital, and Auxiliary or Instrumental capital: and though no clear distinction can be drawn between the two classes, it may sometimes be convenient to use the terms, with the understanding that they are vague. Where definiteness is necessary, the terms should be avoided; and explicit enumerations should be given. The general notion of the distinction which the terms are designed to suggest, can be gathered from the following approximate definitions.
Consumption capital consists of goods in a form to satisfy wants directly; that is, goods which afford a direct sustenance to the workers, such as food, clothes, house-room, etc.
Auxiliary, or
instrumental, capital is so called because it consists of all the goods that aid labour in production. Under this head come tools, machines, factories, railways, docks, ships, etc.; and raw materials of all kinds.
But of course a man's clothes assist him in his work and are instrumental in keeping him warm; and he derives a direct benefit from the shelter of his factory as he does from the shelter of his house
We may follow Mill in distinguishing
circulating capital "which fulfils the whole of its office in the production in which it is engaged, by a single use," from
fixed capital "which exists in a durable shape and the return to which is spread over a period of corresponding duration
§ 4. The customary point of view of the business man is that which is most convenient for the economist to adopt when discussing the production of goods for a market, and the causes which govern their exchange value. But there is a broader point of view which the business man, no less than the economist, must adopt when he studies the causes which govern the material wellbeing of the community as a whole. Ordinary conversation may pass from one point of view to another without any formal note of the change: for if a misunderstanding arises it soon becomes manifest; and confusion is cut short by a question or by a volunteered explanation. But the economist may take no risks of that sort: he must make prominent any change in his point of view or in his uses of terms. His path might have seemed smoother for the time, if he had passed silently from one use to another: but in the long run better progress is made by a clear indication of the meaning attached to each term in every doubtful case
Let us then during the remainder of this chapter deliberately adopt the
social, in contrast with the individual point of view: let us look at the production of the community as a whole, and at its total net income available for all purposes. That is, let us revert nearly to the point of view of a primitive people, who are chiefly concerned with the production of desirable things, and with their direct uses; and who are little concerned with exchange and marketing.
From this point of view income is regarded as including all the benefits which mankind derive at any time from their efforts, in the present and in the past, to turn nature's resources to their best account. The pleasure derived from the beauties of the rainbow, or the sweet taste of the fresh morning air, are left out of the reckoning, not because they are unimportant, nor because the estimate would in any way be vitiated by including them; but solely because reckoning them in would serve no good purpose, while it would add greatly to the length of our sentences and the prolixity of our discussions. For a similar reason it is not worth while to take separate account of the simple services which nearly every one renders to himself, such as putting on his clothes; though there are a few persons who choose to pay others to do such things for them. Their exclusion involves no principle; and time spent by some controversial writers on discussing it has been wasted. It simply follows the maxim
De minimis non curat lex. A driver who, not noticing a pool in his way, splashes a passer by is not held to have done him legal injury; though there is no distinction in principle between his act and that of another, who by a similar lack of attention, did serious harm to someone else.
A man's present labour yields him income directly, when devoted to his own use; and he looks to be paid for it in some for or another if he devotes it as a matter of business to the service of others. Similarly any useful thing which he has made or acquired in the past, or which has been handed down to him, under the existing institutions of property, by others who have so made or acquired it, is generally a source of material benefit to him directly or indirectly. If he applies it in business, this income generally appears in the form of money. But a broader use of this term is occasionally needed, which embraces the whole income of benefits of every sort which a person derives from the ownership of property however applied: it includes for instance the benefits which he gets from the use of his own piano, equally with those which a piano dealer would win by letting out a piano on hire. The language of common life while averse to so broad a use of the term Income as this even when discussing social problems, yet habitually includes a certain number of forms of income, other than money income.
The Income Tax Commissioners count a dwelling-house inhabited by its owner as a source of taxable income, though it yields its income of comfort directly. They do this, not on any abstract principle; but partly because of the practical importance of house-room, partly because the ownership of a house is commonly treated in a business fashion, and partly because the real income accruing from it can easily be separated off and estimated. They do not claim to establish any absolute distinction in kind between the things which their rule includes, and those which it excludes.
Jevons, regarding the problem from a purely mathematical point of view, was justified in classing all commodities in the hands of consumers as capital. But some writers, while developing this suggestion with great ingenuity, have treated it as a great principle; and that appears to be an error in judgment. A true sense of proportion requires us not to burden our work with the incessant enumeration of details of secondary importance, of which no account is taken in customary discourse, and which cannot even be described without offending against popular conventions.
§ 5. This brings us to consider the use of the term
capital from the point of view of inquiries into the material wellbeing of society as a whole. Adam Smith said that a person's capital is
that part of his stock from which he expects to derive an income. And almost every use of the term capital, which is known to history, has corresponded more or less closely to a parallel use of the term Income: in almost every use, capital has been that part of a man's stock from which he expects to derive an income.
By far the most important use of the term Capital in general,
i.e. from the social point of view, is in the inquiry how the three agents of production, land (that is, natural agents), labour and capital, contribute to producing the national income (or the national dividend, as it will be called later on); and how that income is distributed among the three agents. And this is an additional reason for making the terms Capital and Income correlative from the social, as we did from the individual point of view.
Accordingly it is proposed in this treatise to count as part of capital from the social point of view all things other than land, which yield income that is generally reckoned as such in common discourse; together with similar things in public ownership, such as government factories: the term Land being taken to include all free gifts of nature, such as mines, fisheries, etc., which yield income.
Thus it will include all things held for trade purposes, whether machinery, raw material or finished goods; theatres and hotels; home farms and houses: but not furniture or clothes owned by those who use them. For the former are and the latter are not commonly regarded as yielding income by the world at large, as is shown by the practice of the income tax commissioners.
This usage of the term is in harmony with the common practice of economists of treating social problems in broad outline to start with, and reserving minor details for later consideration: it is in harmony also with their common practice of taking Labour to include those activities, and those only, which are regarded as the source of income in this broader use of the term. Labour together with capital and land thus defined are the sources of all that income of which account is commonly taken in reckoning up the National Income
§ 6. Social income may be estimated by adding together the incomes of the individuals in the society in question, whether it be a nation or any other group of persons. We must however not count the same thing twice. If we have counted a carpet at its full value, we have already counted the values of the yarn and the labour that were used in making it; and these must not be counted again. And further, if the carpet was made of wool that was in stock at the beginning of the year, the value of that wool must be deducted from the value of the carpet before the net income of the year is reached; while similar deduction must be made for the wear and tear of machinery and other plant used in making it. This is required by the general rule, with which we started, that true or net income is found by deducting from gross income the outgoings that belong to its production.
But if the carpet is cleaned by domestic servants or at steam scouring works, the value of the labour spent in cleaning it must be counted in separately; for otherwise the results of this labour would be altogether omitted from the inventory of those newly-produced commodities and conveniences which constitute the real income of the country. The work of domestic servants is always classed as "labour" in the technical sense; and since it can be assessed
en bloc at the value of their remuneration in money and in kind without being enumerated in detail, its inclusion raises no great statistical difficulty. There is however some inconsistency in omitting the heavy domestic work which is done by women and other members of the household, where no servants are kept.
Again, suppose a landowner with an annual income of £10,000 hires a private secretary at a salary of £500, who hires a servant at wages of £50. It may seem that if the incomes of all these three persons are counted in as part of the net income of the country, some of it will be counted twice over, and some three times. But this is not the case. The landlord transfers to his secretary, in return for his assistance, part of the purchasing power derived from the produce of land; and the secretary again transfers part of this to his servant in return for his assistance. The farm produce the value of which goes as rent to the landlord, the assistance which the landlord derives from the work of the secretary, and that which the secretary derives from the work of the servant are independent parts of the real net income of the country; and therefore the £10,000 and the £500 and the £50 which are their money measures, must all be counted in when we are estimating the income of the country. But if the landlord makes an allowance of £500 a year to his son, that must not be counted as an independent income; because no services are rendered for it. And it would not be assessed to the Income tax.
As the
net payments on account of interest etc. due to an individual—
net, i.e. after deducting those due from him to others—are part of his income, so the money and other things received
net by a nation from other countries are part of its income.
§ 7. The money income, or inflow, of wealth gives a measure of a nation's prosperity, which, untrustworthy as it is, is yet in some respects better than that afforded by the money value of its stock of wealth.
For income consists chiefly of commodities in a form to give pleasure directly; while the greater part of national wealth consists of the means of production, which are of service to the nation only in so far as they contribute to producing commodities ready for consumption. And further, though this is a minor point, consumable commodities, being more portable, have more nearly uniform prices all the world over than the things used in producing them: the prices of an acre of good land in Manitoba and Kent differ more than those of a bushel of wheat in the two places.
But if we look chiefly at the income of a country we must allow for the depreciation of the sources from which it is derived. More must be deducted from the income derived from a house if it is made of wood, than if it is made of stone; a stone house counts for more towards the real richness of a country than a wooden house which gives equally good accommodation. Again, a mine may yield for a time a large income, but be exhausted in a few years: in that case, it must be counted as equivalent to a field, or a fishery, which yields a much smaller annual income, but will yield that income permanently.
§ 8. In purely abstract, and especially in mathematical, reasoning the terms Capital and Wealth are used as synonymous almost perforce, except that "land" proper may for some purposes be omitted from Capital. But there is a clear tradition that we should speak of Capital when considering things as agents of production; and that we should speak of Wealth when considering them as results of production, as subjects of consumption and as yielding pleasures of possession. Thus the chief
demand for capital arises from its productiveness, from the services which it renders, for instance, in enabling wool to be spun and woven more easily than by the unaided hand, or in causing water to flow freely wherever it is wanted instead of being carried laboriously in pails; (though there are other uses of capital, as for instance when it is lent to a spendthrift, which cannot easily be brought under this head). On the other hand the
supply of capital is controlled by the fact that, in order to accumulate it, men must act prospectively: they must "wait" and "save," they must sacrifice the present to the future.
At the beginning of this Book it was argued that the economist must forego the aid of a complete set of technical terms. He must make the terms in common use serve his purpose in the expression of precise thought, by the aid of qualifying adjectives or other indications in the context. If he arbitrarily assigns a rigid exact use to a word which has several more or less vague uses in the market place, he confuses business men, and he is in some danger of committing himself to untenable positions. The selection of a normal use for such terms as Income and Capital must therefore be tested by actually working with it
Pure Capital and
Capital Goods: the former is to correspond to a waterfall which remains stationary; while Capital Goods are the particular things which enter and leave the business, as particular drops pass through the waterfall. He would of course connect interest with pure capital, not with capital goods.
both to the embodied aggregate of the benefits derivable from its use,
and to the embodied aggregate of the costs of the efforts and of the saving needed for its production: and it will be shown how these two aggregates tend to balance. Thus in V. IV., which may be taken as in some sense a continuation of the present chapter, they will be seen balancing directly in the forecasts of an individual Robinson Crusoe; and—for the greater part at least—in terms of money in the forecasts of a modern business man. In either case both sides of the account must be referred to the same date of time; those that come after that date being "discounted" back to it; and those that come before being "accumulated" up to it.
A similar balancing in regard to the benefits and the costs of capital at large will be found to be a chief corner stone of social economy: although it is true that in consequence of the unequal distribution of wealth, accounts cannot be made up from the social point of view with that clearness of outline that is attainable in the case of an individual whether a Robinson Crusoe, or a modern business man.
In every part of our discussion of the causes that govern the accumulation and the application of productive resources, it will appear that there is no universal rule that the use of roundabout methods of production is more efficient than direct methods; that there are some conditions under which the investment of effort in obtaining machinery and in making costly provision against future wants is economical in the long run, and others in which it is not: and that capital is accumulated in proportion to the prospectiveness of man on the one hand, and on the other to the absorption of capital by those roundabout methods, which are sufficiently productive to remunerate their adoption. See especially IV. VII. 8; V. IV.; VI. I. 8; and VI. VI. 1.
The broader forces, that govern the production of capital in general and its contribution to the national income, are discussed in IV. VII. IX.-XI.: the imperfect adjustments of the money measures of benefits and costs to their real volume are discussed chiefly in III. III.-V; IV. VII.; and VI. III.-VIII.; the resulting share in the total product of labour and capital, aided by natural resources, which goes to capital, is discussed chiefly in VI. I. II. VI.-VIII. XI. XII.
Some of the chief incidents in the history of the definitions of Capital are given in Appendix E.


text:
Topic: Logistics
Try our new app — Logistics!
This is a simple logistic solution, which allows you to create or import orders, then distribute them among vehicles in the most rational way and, finally, track routes online as well as generate reports upon their fulfillment.
Logistics consists of two applications — web and mobile.
The web application is for operators (dispatchers). It's available on apps.wialon.com and can be added to your service in the usual manner. Besides, there's a separate point of entry on logistics.wialon.com
Mobile application is an addition to the web application. It's aimed to drivers and couriers. Android (released) and iOS (coming soon) platforms are supported.


text:
General technique. Applies to all technologies.
This technique relates to:
The purpose of this technique is to provide an accessible alternative way of presenting the information in an video-only presentation.
In a video-only presentation, information is presented in a variety of ways including animation, text or graphics, the setting and background, the actions and expressions of people, animals, etc. In order to present the same information in accessible form, this technique involves creating a document that tells the same story and presents the same information as the prerecorded video-only content. In this technique, the document serves as a long description for the content and includes all of the important information as well as descriptions of scenery, actions, expressions, etc. that are part of the presentation.
If a screenplay for the video-only content was used to create the content in the first place, this can be a good place to start. In production and editing however, the final version often varies somewhat from the screenplay. To use the screenplay, it would need to be corrected to match the final edited form of the video-only presentation.
An animation shows how to assemble a woodworking project. There is no audio, but the animation includes a series of numbers to represent each step in the process as well as arrows and picture-in-picture highlights illustrating how the assembly is completed. It also includes short outtake animations illustrating what will happen if assembly is done incorrectly. A text alternative that identifies the video-only content reads, "Breadbox assembly video (text description follows)," and the text description of the video includes a full text description of each step in the video.
No resources available for this technique.
View the video-only content while referring to the alternative for time-based media.
Check that the information in the transcript includes the same information that is in the video-only presentation.
If the video includes multiple people or characters, check that the transcript identifies which person or character is associated with each action described.
Check that at least one of the following is true:
The transcript itself can be programmatically determined from the text alternative for the video-only content
The transcript is referred to from the programmatically determined text alternative for the video-only content
If the alternate version(s) are on a separate page, check for the availability of link(s) to allow the user to get to the other versions.
All of the above checks are true.
If this is a sufficient technique for a success criterion, failing this test procedure does not necessarily mean that the success criterion has not been satisfied in some other way, only that this technique has not been successfully implemented and can not be used to claim conformance.
Techniques are informative—that means they are not required. The basis for determining conformance to WCAG 2.0 is the success criteria from the


text:
Okay, now is why I take serious unfair advantage of having this blog. We have a postdoc opening. See the official ad below for details:
A postdoc position is available in the Computational Linguistics and
Information Processing (CLIP) Laboratory in the Institute for Advanced
Computer Studies at University of Maryland. We are seeking a talented
researcher in natural language processing, with strong interests in
the processing of scientific literature.
A successful candidate should have a strong NLP background with a
track record of top-tier research publications. A Ph.D. in computer
science and strong organizational and coordination skills are a must.
In addition to pursuing original research in scientific literature
processing, the ideal candidate will coordinate the efforts of the
other members of that project. While not necessary, experience in one
or more of the following areas is highly advantageous: summarization,
NLP or data mining for scientific literature, machine learning, and
the use of linguistic knowledge in computational systems.
Additionally, experience with large-data NLP and system building will
be considered favorably.
The successful candidate will work closely with current CLIP faculty,
especially Bonnie Dorr, Hal Daume III and Ken Fleischmann, while
interacting with a large team involving NLP researchers across several
other prominent institutions. The duration of the position is one
year, starting Summer or Fall 2011, and is potentially extendible.
CLIP is a a dynamic interdisciplinary computational linguistics
program with faculty from across the university, and major research
efforts in machine translation, information retrieval, semantic
analysis, generation, and development of large-scale statistical
language processing tools.
Please send a CV and names and contact information of 3 referees,
preferably by e-mail, to:
Jessica Touchard
jessica AT cs DOT umd DOT edu
Department of Computer Science
A.V. Williams Building, Room 1103
University of Maryland
College Park, MD 20742
Specific questions about the position may be addressed to Hal Daume
III at hal AT umiacs DOT umd DOT edu.
10 March 2011
Postdoc Position at CLIP (@UMD)
Posted by hal at 3/10/2011 11:58:00 AM | 3 comments
Labels: hiring
08 March 2011
Some thoughts on supplementary materials
Having the option of authors submitting supplementary materials is becoming popular in NLP/ML land. NIPS was one of the first conferences I submit to that has allowed this; I think ACL allowed it this past year, at least for specific types of materials (code, data), and EMNLP is thinking of allowing it at some point in the near future.
Here is a snippet of the NIPS call for papers (see section 5) that describes the role of supplementary materials:
In addition to the submitted PDF paper, authors can additionally submit supplementary material for their paper... Such extra material may include long technical proofs that do not fit into the paper, image, audio or video sample outputs from your algorithm, animations that describe your algorithm, details of experimental results, or even source code for running experiments. Note that the reviewers and the program committee reserve the right to judge the paper solely on the basis of the 8 pages, 9 pages including citations, of the paper; looking at any extra material is up to the discretion of the reviewers and is not required.(Emphasis mine.) Now, before everyone goes misinterpreting what I'm about to say, let me make it clear that in general I like the idea of supplementary materials, given our current publishing model.
You can think of the emphasized part of the call as a form of reviewer protection. It basically says: look, we know that reviewers are overloaded; if your paper isn't very interesting, the reviewers aren't required to read the supplement. (As an aside, I feel the same thing happens with pages 2-8 given page 1 in a lot of cases :P.)
I think it's good to have such a form a reviewer protection. What I wonder is whether it also makes sense to add a form of author protection. In other words, the current policy -- which seems only explicitly stated in the case of NIPS, but seems to be generally understood elsewhere, too -- is that reviewers are protected from overzealous authors. I think we need to have additional clauses that protect authors from overzealous reviewers.
Why? Already I get annoyed with reviewers who seem to think that extra experiments, discussion, proofs or whatever can somehow magically fit in an already crammed 8 page page. A general suggestion to reviewers is that if you're suggesting things to add, you should also suggest things to cut.
This situation is exacerbated infinity-fold with the "option" of supplementary material. There now is no length-limit reason why an author couldn't include everything under the sun. And it's too easy for a reviewer just to say that XYZ should have been included because, well, it could just have gone in the supplementary material!
So what I'm proposing is that supplementary material clauses should have two forms of protection. The first being the existing one, protecting reviewers from overzealous authors. The second being the reverse, something like:
Authors are not obligated to include supplementary materials. The paper should stand on its own, excluding any supplement. Reviewers must take into account the strict 8 page limit when evaluating papers.Or something like that: the wording isn't quite right. But without this, I fear that supplementary materials will, in the limit, simply turn into an arms race.
Posted by hal at 3/08/2011 06:47:00 AM | 9 comments
Labels: conferences, reviewing
02 March 2011
Grad school survey, revisited
You may recall a while ago I ran a survey on where people applied to grad school. Obviously I've been sitting on these results for a while now, but I figured since it's that time of year when people are choosing grad schools, that I would say how things turned out. Here's a summary of things that people thought were most important (deciding factor), and moderately important (contributing factor, in parens):
- Academic Program
- Specialty degree programs in my research area, 48%
- (Availability of interesting courses, 16%)
- (Time to completion, 4%)
- Application Process
- Nothing
- Faculty Member(s)
- Read research papers by faculty member, 44%
- Geographic Area
- (Outside interests/personal preference, 15%)
- Recommendations from People
- Professors in technical area, 45%
- (Teachers/academic advisors, 32%)
- (Technical colleagues, 20%)
- Reputation
- ... of research group, 61%
- ... of department/college, 50%
- (Ranking of university, 35%)
- (Reputation of university, 34%)
- Research Group
- Research group works on interesting problems, 55%
- Many faculty in a specialty area (eg., ML), 44%
- (Many faculty/students in general area (eg., AI), 33%)
- (Research group publishes a lot, 26%)
- Web Presence
- (Learned about group via web search, 37%)
- (Learned about dept/univ via web search, 24%)
- General
- Funding availability, 49%
- (High likelihood of being accepted, 12%)
- (Size of dept/university, 5%)
Posted by hal at 3/02/2011 05:57:00 AM | 6 comments
Labels: survey


text:
Cotton Oil and Sunflower Oil Fuel Mixtures
Key words: Gas emissions; Cotton oil; Sunflower oil; CO-HC-NO-smoke emissions; Biofuels
Full Text:
[1] Arapatsakos, C., Karkanis, A., & Sparis, P. (2004). Gasoline–Ethanol, Methanol Mixtures and a Small Four-Stroke Engine. International journal of heat and technology, 22(2).
[2] Arapatsakos, C., Christoforidis, D., Karkanis, A., Mitroulas, D., & Teka, C. (2007). Test Results from the Use of Cotton Oil Mixtures as Fuel in a Four-Stroke Engine. International journal of Energy and Environment, 3(1).
[3] Arapatsakos, C., Christoforidis, D., Karkanis, A., Mitroulas D., & Teka C. (2008). Cotton Oil Mixtures Behavior in a Four-Stroke Engine. Proceedings of the 4th IASME/WSEAS International Conference on Energy, Environment, Ecosystems and Sustainable Development(EEESD' 08), Portugal.
[4] Arapatsakos, C., Karkanis, A., Christoforidis, D., Mitroulas, D., & Teca C. (2008). Sunflower Oil as Fuel in a Diesel Engine. WIT Transaction on the Built Environment, 101.
[5] Arapatsakos, C., Karkanis, A., Christoforidis, D., Moschou, M., & Pantokratoras, I. (2011). Comparison Between Cotton oil and Sunflower Oil Fuel Mixtures. Proceedings of WSEAS International Conference on Heat Transfer, Thermal Engineering and Environment, Florence, Italy.
[6] Arapatsakos, C. (2010). Used Vegetable Oil as Fuel in Diesel Engine. Proceedings of 5th IASME/WSEAS International Conference on Energy and Environment, Cambridge.
[7] Timothy, M. T., & Jesse, J. C. (1995). Alternative fuels: Emissions, Economics and Performance. SAE.
[8] Menrad, H., & Haselhorst, M. (1981). Alcohol Fuels. New York: Springer.
[9] Keith, O., & Trevor C. (1995). Automotive Fuels Reference Book (2nd Ed.). SAE.
[10] Fred, S., & Richard, B. (1995). Reduced Emissions and Fuel Consumption in Automobile Engines. SAE.
[11] Swedish Motor Fuel Technology Co. (1986). Alcohols and Alcohol Blends as Motor Fuels (II B, pp. 8-39). STU information No 580.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3968/j.aped.1925543820110202.117
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c)
- How to do online submission to another Journal?
- If you have already registered in Journal A, then how can you submit another article to Journal B? It takes two steps to make it happen:
1. Register yourself in Journal B as an Author
- Find the journal you want to submit to in CATEGORIES, click on "VIEW JOURNAL", "Online Submissions", "GO TO LOGIN" and "Edit My Profile". Check "Author" on the "Edit Profile" page, then "Save".
2. Submission
- Go to "User Home", and click on "Author" under the name of Journal B. You may start a New Submission by clicking on "CLICK HERE".
We only use three mailboxes as follows to deal with issues about paper acceptance, payment and submission of electronic versions of our journals to databases:
firstname.lastname@example.com; email@example.com; firstname.lastname@example.com
Articles published in Advances in Petroleum Exploration and Development are licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC-BY).
ADVANCES IN PETROLEUM EXPLORATION AND DEVELOPMENT Editorial Office
Address:1055 Rue Lucien-L'Allier, Unit #772, Montreal, QC H3G 3C4, Canada.
Telephone: 1-514-558 6138
Website: Http://www.cscanada.net
E-mail:firstname.lastname@example.com; firstname.lastname@example.com
Copyright © 2010 Canadian Research & Development Centre of Sciences and Cultures


text:
Desert Mirage I
Free International Shipping $100aud+
30 Day Free Returns
This pillow is made from a vintage huipil from the mountainous province of Coban in Guatemala.
Front: Vintage Textile from the Coban Province
Back: Soft white, hand woven cotton
- Size: 15" x 11"
- Insert not included
- Invisible zipper
- 100% cotton
- Accommodates a 16" x 12" insert
Spot clean or dry clean only
Shipping & Returns
Order processing time:
1-2 business days
Delivery time frame:
Domestic: 2-4 business days
International: 14-20 days
30 day free returns
Can't see your Country?
Contact me and I'll add it to my shop
For more information please visit Shipping and Returns page
Need help?
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Call: +61 491 732 617
Chat: Live Chat 👉
Choose options
More Product Details
Product Information
All pillow products are pillow cases only. Inserts are not included.
We highly recommend buying inserts 1" - 2" larger than the pillow case to achieve the plump look as shown in photos.
No two pillow cases are ever exactly the same. The photos in this website are a very close representation of the pillow, but may not be identical to the one you receive.
These pillows are hand made from used textiles and as such sizes can vary slightly. We recommend purchasing inserts only after receiving your pillow cases.
Due to the handwoven and vintage nature of these products, small defects and signs of wear and tear, fading or ageing are not uncommon. We feel this only adds to the unique story behind each pillow.
Textile Provenance
Huipil (pronounced wee-peel) designs are infused with ancient Mayan traditions of nature, astrology and ritual. Designs and symbols, representing gods, the natural world and protection for the household are interwoven throughout the fabrics.
Corte designs (Mayan womans skirt) are most commonly a jaspè ikat that is unique to the Mayans. The variety within this design range from simple stripes with almost indiscernible ikat to richly complicated ikat designs depicting stylised animals and symbols of nature.
Tzute textiles are a ceremonial or all purpose rectangular cloth that is hand woven and often embroidered with elaborate stylised designs.
Brocade Weaving
Supplemental weft, a technique integral to the art of weaving, involves the introduction of an extra yarn or thread into the fabric, contributing intricate patterns and embellishments.
Particularly utilized in crafting the brocade textiles for our huipil cushions, this method is known for its time-consuming and intricate nature.
Skilled artisans carefully weave supplemental weft threads, investing significant time and attention to detail, to achieve the unique and elaborate designs featured on our brocade textile cushions.
The complexity of this process adds a touch of artistry to each cushion, making it a distinctive and luxurious addition to your home decor.
Hundreds of 5 Star Reviews
Another wonderful addition to my textile collection.The colours are so subtle and muted. These pillows are really among the nicest you could ever hope to find.
Simply stunning embroidery once again and I am in love with the dark avocado background. Then I turned it over and I have a new love! Can't decide which side to feature first so will do daily turns!
Oh my goodness, my box was waiting for me when I got home, and I have to tell you that when I opened it I literally cried! They are all sooo beautiful. I am beyond thrilled with my purchases. They are the prettiest pillows in the world, and the craftsmanship is lovely. Thank you so much!
Beautiful textile, this lovely vintage textile pillow is taking pride of place in my home! You can tell the seller loves what she does and she shares that with the customer through her thoughtful attention and enthusiasm!
My mythical bird pillow arrived yesterday and it is fantastical! The color is deep and rich and looks even better in person! Thx!
The cushion arrived this morning. And it's lovely.
I am thrilled with my purchase!!! The pillows are outstanding!!!!! I love love love them! They are just as beautiful and brilliant as seen in the photos! Thank you soooo much for doing such a lovely job…it's just what was needed to swoosh up the house!!!❤
These coral pillows are exquisite! Willow has done it again with her beautifully selected textiles so expertly transformed into jewel-like pillows. Thank you for shipping so speedily to Southern California, too.
I had to return the pillow as it did not go well with my couch. The seller was totally kind and responsive to my needs. She was a pleasure to deal with.
They are truly exquisite. The added embroidery inserted were the neck opening was an unexpected added bonus. I've made many purchased from Willow and they are alway beautiful. I can't help myself I keep coming back for more.
Gorgeous green Guatemalan Corte pillow. I'm now looking to buy one in a pink color for my baby's room.
I LOVE the creams and brown. They are beyond beautiful.
Sarah Jane
A stunning piece and a beautiful note from Willow on its history, thank you!
Absolutely fantastic pillow And the hand written note was really lovely to receive it. Thank you so much for such a lovely note!
Seller was extremely helpful. I received 3 pillow covers. Very well made product.
These pillows are so deeply nourishing to me, thank you so much for creating and curating them. There is something about the 'cotton candy' colour way that celebrates my inner child.
Absolutely adore the textural richness and warm colors of this gorgeous pillow! Arrived quickly with excellent communication from the owner.
These pillows have such a sophisticated pattern. I love thé rich colours
I'm absolutely floored by how beautiful this pillow is. Even more beautiful in person. Thank you. Wonderful high quality item.
SUCH a lovely shop to work with and the pillows are truly stunning! Thank you so much for your kind, thoughtful service and for offering such gorgeous textiles! Will definitely shop with you again.
I love the textiles from Lamour Artisans, and this pillow cover is no exception.


text:
Glenwood IRS Lawyer
Anyone who's ever faced a notice from the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) has undergone the dread and stress of financial instability.
And if you haven't, you may avoid all these unnecessary complications by getting an experienced Glenwood, NC IRS lawyer to guide you through your tax issues.
At Defense Tax Partners, we have a team of expert IRS lawyers to help you through any tax concerns and problems you have.
Call Defense Tax Partners at (704) 610-2813 for your Free Consultation with a Glenwood IRS Lawyer!
Need Tax Help?
Whether it's representing you in court or filing your taxes, our Glenwood IRS lawyers at Defense Tax Partners will ensure that you get the best possible outcome with issues like:
Non-Filing of Taxes
The IRS imposes hefty fines on taxpayers who don't file their tax returns properly or fail to do so entirely. It charges a failure-to-file penalty where you end up paying 5% to 25% of your unpaid taxes each month your returns are missing. And failure to file your taxes also results in missed tax credits or deductions because the IRS will calculate your tax liability for you.
Unpaid Taxes
And even if you do file your tax returns, sometimes you don't pay the amount due. Taxpayers who don't make the payments are charged with the same penalty of 5% to 25% each month.
Unsettled Tax Debts
For unsettled tax debts, there is a possibility the IRS will seize your property for your unpaid debts as a federal tax lien. With the help of a skilled Glenwood IRS lawyer, you can handle these situations with the least complications so that upon debt settlement, you get your property back.
At Defense Tax Partners, our team of Glenwood IRS lawyers offers first-rate legal services and advice for any tax situation and complications that you face.
How Our IRS Lawyers Can Assist You
Defense Tax Partners has years of experience in handling tax issues and IRS difficulties so we can guide you throughout the whole process of solving your tax problems. With our Glenwood IRS lawyers' expertise in both federal and state laws, you can be sure to arrive at the best possible solution. Defense Tax Partners doesn't see its clients as customers but as partners; we're dedicated to helping you through your tax concerns with as little stress as possible.
We are prepared to offer legal advice, assistance, and representation on any tax issues including:
- Audit Representation
- Wage Garnishment Removal
- Tax Lien Removal
- Tax Resolution
- Penalty Abatement
- Tax Preparation
- Bank Levy Removal
- Innocent Spouse
- Offer in Compromise
- Passport Reinstatement
Let's Talk – Compassionate Legal Advice
Before anything else, we offer a free initial consultation so you can ensure we're qualified to address your concerns. The initial consultation allows us to discover the details of your case and offer the best legal advice concerning it.
With Defense Tax Partners, you can rest soundly knowing that you've chosen experienced professionals to handle your tax issues and concerns.
Call Defense Tax Partners at (704) 610-2813 for your Free Consultation with a Glenwood IRS Lawyer!


text:
QCamPro runs on your iOS or Android device and allows you to self monitor your home or business CCTV system with push notifications so you always know when an event occurs. With support for MxPEG and two-way audio in MOBOTIX cameras, it is also the perfect companion app to the MOBOTIX T25 DoorStation and S15M Intercom.
For security providers, the monitoring service can be resold, making QCamPro a valuable addition to your business and its recurring monthly revenue.


text:
Plan to ban A&E walk-ins without referral
The "talk before you walk" scheme would mean patients could not just turn to A&E for help without first seeking advice elsewhere.
Dr Helen Thomas, national medical adviser for integrated urgent care at NHS England, told a conference that it "may well pilot" such a scheme - with the backing of the Health Secretary - in a bid to cut down the numbers attending A&E.
Hide AdAdvertisement
Hide AdBut the British Medical Association (BMA) and College of Emergency Medicine said the plan was misguided and the pressure on A&E departments was actually due to seriously ill people needing care.
Dr Thomas said talks were at an early stage but added: "Jeremy Hunt has mentioned to some of my colleagues, maybe we should have a "talk before you walk" and we may well pilot that.
"I think it's been done in other countries where they've actually said you can't come into ED (emergency department) until you've talked on referral or you have to have that sort of docket that you're given by having talked on the phone that you do need to come to ED."
She admitted piloting such a scheme would be a political "hot potato".
Hide AdAdvertisement
Hide AdSpeaking at the Urgent Health UK conference, reported in Pulse magazine, she said that out of 100 patients that come to A&E "only 20 have called 111".
She said: "So I think that other 80 - there is opportunity there. Some of them will need ED but there's an awful lot that won't."
The Government is already introducing GPs across A&E departments to act as a "gateway" to emergency care.
But the scheme has attracted intense criticism, with the BMA warning that the move could actually encourage more people to go to hospital inappropriately.
Hide AdAdvertisement
Hide AdResponding to the latest plan, Dr Chaand Nagpaul, chairman of the BMA, said: "Trying to solve a problem in one part of the NHS by shifting it on to another won't work.
"Pressure on emergency departments is down to seriously ill patients and a lack of capacity and funding across the whole system.
"All this proposed system would do is add an extra layer of bureaucracy for patients and an extra burden on the NHS, GPs, or other clinicians.
"It could also have the added effect of increasing the burden on the ambulance service as people could instead just call an ambulance to get a place in A&E."
Hide AdAdvertisement
Hide AdFigures from NHS Digital show that 37% of people going to A&E are discharged with no follow-up needed, while 20% are discharged to their GP and 20% are admitted to hospital.
Mr Hunt has told MPs that up to a third of patients do not need to be seen in A&E.
In 2014, Mr Hunt took his own children to A&E because he did not want to wait to see a GP.
But Chris Moulton, vice president of the Royal College of Emergency Medicine, said data showed that British people "do not attend A&E more often than in any other country in the developed world".
Hide AdAdvertisement
Hide AdHe added: "This is blaming the patient for problems in the system.
"Most of those needing hospital care have complex conditions, they are older people, those with cancer and those who need genuine care.
"These people that they are saying they want to divert are not the ones filling the beds."
He said the college's own estimates were that 15% to 20% of people in A&E could be treated by a GP and it was a fallacy to suggest most people in A&E were time-wasters.
Hide AdAdvertisement
Hide AdAn NHS England spokesman denied there were any plans to change the current system.
He said: "It is wrong to suggest or imply that the NHS will do anything other than continue to provide A&E care for all patients who need it, nor are there any plans to prevent patients from visiting A&Es alongside the other options now available for non-urgent care such as NHS 111 or urgent treatment centres."
A Department of Health spokeswoman said: "There are absolutely no plans to pilot this approach - patients can be reassured that unprecedented planning has gone in to preparing the NHS for this winter, supported by an extra £100m for A&E departments and £2bn for the social care system."
Professor Helen Stokes-Lampard, chairwoman of the Royal College of GPs, said: "Our understanding of this proposed pilot scheme is that it will involve phone referrals to A&E via NHS 111 - it will not involve patients having to make additional visits to their GP before they can attend A&E.
Hide AdAdvertisement
Hide Ad"However, if what is being reported is the case, then this would be completely counter-productive.
"Pressures in the NHS are not restricted to emergency departments - intense workload and workforce issues are being faced in general practice too, and this would simply create further capacity problems, and increase bureaucracy for a profession already drowning in it.
"We know that the main issue contributing to pressures in A&E is not inappropriate attendance, but a lack of hospital beds, and a lack of the community support services patients need when they are discharged, so they end up staying in hospital for longer than they needed to."


text:
A spokesman for a powerful Syrian Kurdish political party said his faction is planning to declare a federal region in northern Syria.
Nawaf Khalil of the Democratic Union Party told The Associated Press that his party is not lobbying for an only-Kurdish region but wants to see the "model of federalism applied to all of Syria."
Khalil, in a phone interview, said the area envisioned for northern Syria would include representation for Turkmen, Arabs and Kurds.
The declaration is expected to be made at the end of a Kurdish conference that is being held Wednesday in the town of Rmeilan in northern Syria.


text:
assion for staying on top of tech trends, experimenting with and learning new technologies, participating in internal & external technology communities, mentoring other members of the engineering community
Collaborate with digital product managers, and deliver robust cloud-based solutions that drive powerful experiences to help millions of Americans achieve financial empowerment
Utilize programming languages/Frameworks like Java, Spring, JavaScript,HTML/CSS, TypeScript, SQL, Python, and Go, Open Source RDBMS and NoSQL databases, Splunk, Test Automation Tools, Container Orchestration services including Docker and Kubernetes, and a variety of AWS tools and services
Basic Qualifications:
Bachelor's Degree
At least 4 years of experience in software engineering (Internship experience does not apply)
Preferred Qualifications:
8+ years of experience in the following: Java,Spring, JavaScript, TypeScript, SQL, Python, Go
2+ years of experience with AWS, GCP, Microsoft Azure, or another cloud service
3+ years of experience in open source frameworks
3+ years of experience in Agile practices
At this time, Capital One will not sponsor a new applicant for employment authorization for this position.
The minimum and maximum full-time annual salaries for this role are listed below, by location. Please note that this salary information is solely for candidates hired to perform work within one of these locations, and refers to the amount Capital One is willing to pay at the time of this posting. Salaries for part-time roles will be prorated based upon the agreed upon number of hours to be regularly worked.
New York City (Hybrid On-Site): $165,100 - $188,500 for Senior Software Engineer
Candidates hired to work in other locations will be subject to the pay range associated with that location, and the actual annualized salary amount offered to any candidate at the time of hire will be reflected solely in the candidate's offer letter.
This role is also eligible to earn performance based incentive compensation, which may include cash bonus(es) and/or long term incentives (LTI). Incentives could be discretionary or non discretionary depending on the plan.
Capital One offers a comprehensive, competitive, and inclusive set of health, financial and other benefits that support your total well-being. Learn more at the Capital One Careers website . Eligibility varies based on full or part-time status, exempt or non-exempt status, and management level.
This role is expected to accept applications for a minimum of 5 business days.
No agencies please. Capital One is an equal opportunity employer committed to diversity and inclusion in the workplace. All qualified applicants will receive consideration for employment without regard to sex (including pregnancy, childbirth or related medical conditions), race, color, age, national origin, religion, disability, genetic information, marital status, sexual orientation, gender identity, gender reassignment, citizenship, immigration status, protected veteran status, or any other basis prohibited under applicable federal, state or local law. Capital One promotes a drug-free workplace. Capital One will consider for employment qualified applicants with a criminal history in a manner consistent with the requirements of applicable laws regarding criminal background inquiries, including, to the extent applicable, Article 23-A of the New York Correction Law; San Francisco, California Police Code Article 49, Sections 4901-4920; New York City's Fair Chance Act; Philadelphia's Fair Criminal Records Screening Act; and other applicable federal, state, and local laws and regulations regarding criminal background inquiries.
If you have visited our website in search of information on employment opportunities or to apply for a position, and you require an accommodation, please contact Capital One Recruiting at 1-800-304-9102 or via email at [email protected] . All information you provide will be kept confidential and will be used only to the extent required to provide needed reasonable accommodations.
For technical support or questions about Capital One's recruiting process, please send an email to [email protected]
Capital One does not provide, endorse nor guarantee and is not liable for third-party products, services, educational tools or other information available through this site.
Capital One Financial is made up of several different entities. Please note that any position posted in Canada is for Capital One Canada, any position posted in the United Kingdom is for Capital One Europe and any position posted in the Philippines is for Capital One Philippines Service Corp. (COPSSC).