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Transcendentalism is an American literary, philosophical, religious, and political movement of the early nineteenth century, centered around Ralph Waldo Emerson. Other important transcendentalists were Henry David Thoreau, Margaret Fuller, Lydia Maria Child, Amos Bronson Alcott, Frederic Henry Hedge, Elizabeth Palmer Peabody, and Theodore Parker. Stimulated by English and German Romanticism, the Biblical criticism of Herder and Schleiermacher, and the skepticism of Hume, the transcendentalists operated with the sense that a new era was at hand. They were critics of their contemporary society for its unthinking conformity, and urged that each person find, in Emerson's words, "an original relation to the universe" (O, 3). Emerson and Thoreau sought this relation in solitude amidst nature, and in their writing. By the 1840s they, along with other transcendentalists, were engaged in the social experiments of Brook Farm, Fruitlands, and Walden; and, by the 1850s in an increasingly urgent critique of American slavery.
- 1. Origins and Character
- 2. High Tide: The Dial, Fuller, Thoreau
- 3. Social and Political Critiques
- Bibliography
- Academic Tools
- Other Internet Resources
- Related Entries
1. Origins and Character
What we now know as transcendentalism first arose among the liberal New England Congregationalists, who departed from orthodox Calvinism in two respects: they believed in the importance and efficacy of human striving, as opposed to the bleaker Puritan picture of complete and inescapable human depravity; and they emphasized the unity rather than the "Trinity" of God (hence the term "Unitarian," originally a term of abuse that they came to adopt.) Most of the Unitarians held that Jesus was in some way inferior to God the Father but still greater than human beings; a few followed the English Unitarian Joseph Priestley (1733–1804) in holding that Jesus was thoroughly human, although endowed with special authority. The Unitarians' leading preacher, William Ellery Channing (1780–1842), portrayed orthodox Congregationalism as a religion of fear, and maintained that Jesus saved human beings from sin, not just from punishment. His sermon "Unitarian Christianity" (1819) denounced "the conspiracy of ages against the liberty of Christians" (P, 336) and helped give the Unitarian movement its name. In "Likeness to God" (1828) he proposed that human beings "partake" of Divinity and that they may achieve "a growing likeness to the Supreme Being" (T, 4).
The Unitarians were "modern." They attempted to reconcile Locke's empiricism with Christianity by maintaining that the accounts of miracles in the Bible provide overwhelming evidence for the truth of religion. It was precisely on this ground, however, that the transcendentalists found fault with Unitarianism. For although they admired Channing's idea that human beings can become more like God, they were persuaded by Hume that no empirical proof of religion could be satisfactory. In letters written in his freshman year at Harvard (1817), Emerson tried out Hume's skeptical arguments on his devout and respected Aunt Mary Moody Emerson, and in his journals of the early 1820s he discusses with approval Hume's Dialogues on Natural Religion and his underlying critique of necessary connection. "We have no experience of a Creator," Emerson writes, and therefore we "know of none" (JMN 2, 161).
Skepticism about religion was also engendered by the publication of an English translation of F. D. E. Schleiermacher's Critical Essay Upon the Gospel of St. Luke (1825), which introduced the idea that the Bible was a product of human history and culture. Equally important was the publication in 1833—some fifty years after its initial appearance in Germany—of James Marsh's translation of Johann Gottfried von Herder's Spirit of Hebrew Poetry (1782). Herder blurred the lines between religious texts and humanly-produced poetry, casting doubt on the authority of the Bible, but also suggesting that texts with equal authority could still be written. It was against this background that Emerson asked in 1836, in the first paragraph of Nature: "Why should we not have a poetry and philosophy of insight and not of tradition, and a religion by revelation to us, and not the history of theirs" (O, 5). The individual's "revelation"—or "intuition," as Emerson was later to speak of it—was to be the counter both to Unitarian empiricism and Humean skepticism.
An important source for the transcendentalists' knowledge of German philosophy was Frederic Henry Hedge (1805–90). Hedge's father Levi Hedge, a Harvard professor of logic, sent him to preparatory school in Germany at the age of thirteen, after which he attended the Harvard Divinity School. Ordained as a Unitarian minister, Hedge wrote a long review of the work of Samuel Taylor Coleridge for the Christian Examiner in 1833. Noting Coleridge's fondness for "German metaphysics" and his immense gifts of erudition and expression, he laments that Coleridge had not made Kant and the post-Kantians more accessible to an English-speaking audience. This is the task—to introduce the "transcendental philosophy" of Kant, (T, 87)—that Hedge takes up. In particular, he explains Kant's idea of a Copernican Revolution in philosophy: "[S]ince the supposition that our intuitions depend on the nature of the world without, will not answer, assume that the world without depends on the nature of our intuitions." This "key to the whole critical philosophy," Hedge continues, explains the possibility of "a priori knowledge" (T, 92). Hedge organized what eventually became known as the Transcendental Club, by suggesting to Emerson in 1836 that they form a discussion group for disaffected young Unitarian clergy. The group included George Ripley and Bronson Alcott, had some 30 meetings in four years, and was a sponsor of The Dial and Brook Farm. Hedge was a vocal opponent of slavery in the 1830s and a champion of women's rights in the 1850s, but he remained a Unitarian minister, and became a professor at the Harvard Divinity School.
Another source for the transcendentalists' knowledge of German philosophy was Germaine de Staël (Anne-Louise-Germaine Necker) (1766–1817), whose De l'Allemagne (On Germany) was a favorite of the young Emerson. In a sweeping survey of European metaphysics and political philosophy, de Staël praises Locke's devotion to liberty, but sees him as the originator of a sensationalist school of epistemology that leads to the skepticism of Hume. She finds an attractive contrast in the German tradition that begins with Leibniz and culminates in Kant, which asserts the power and authority of the mind.
James Marsh (1794–1842), a graduate of Andover and the president of the University of Vermont, was equally important for the emerging philosophy of transcendentalism. Marsh was convinced that German philosophy held the key to a reformed theology. His American edition of Coleridge's Aids to Reflection (1829) introduced Coleridge's version—much indebted to Schelling—of Kantian terminology, terminology that runs throughout Emerson's early work. In Nature, for example, Emerson writes: "The Imagination may be defined to be, the use which the Reason makes of the material world" (O, 25).
German philosophy and literature was also championed by Thomas Carlyle, whom Emerson met on his first trip to Europe in 1831. Carlyle's philosophy of action in such works as Sartor Resartus resonates with Emerson's idea in "The American Scholar" that action—along with nature and "the mind of the Past" (O, 39) is essential to human education. Along with his countrymen Coleridge and Wordsworth, Carlyle embraced a "natural supernaturalism," the view that nature, including human beings, has the power and authority traditionally attributed to an independent deity.
Piety towards nature was also a main theme of William Wordsworth, whose poetry was in vogue in America in the 1820s. Wordsworth's depiction of an active and powerful mind cohered with the shaping power of the mind that his collaborator in the Lyrical Ballads, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, traced to Kant. The idea of such power pervades Emerson's Nature, where he writes of nature as "obedient" to spirit and counsels each of us to "Build … your own world." Wordsworth has his more receptive mode as well, in which he calls for "a heart that watches and receives" (in "The Tables Turned"), and we find Emerson's receptive mode from Nature onward, as when he recounts an ecstatic experience in the woods: "I become a transparent eyeball. I am nothing; I see all; The currents of the universal being circulate through me." (O, 6).
Emerson's sense that men and women are, as he put it in Nature, gods "in ruins," led to one of transcendentalism's defining events, his delivery of an address at the Harvard Divinity School graduation in 1838. Emerson portrayed the contemporary church that the graduates were about to lead as an "eastern monarchy of a Christianity" that had become an "injuror of man" (O, 58). Jesus, in contrast, was a "friend of man." Yet he was just one of the "true race of prophets," whose message is not so much their own greatness, as the "greatness of man" (O, 57). Emerson rejects the Unitarian argument that miracles prove the truth of Christianity, not simply because the evidence is weak, but because proof of the sort they envision embodies a mistaken view of the nature of religion: "conversion by miracles is a profanation of the soul." Emerson's religion is based not on testimony but on a "perception" that produces a "religious sentiment" (O, 55).
The "Divinity School Address" drew a quick and angry response from Andrews Norton (1786–1853) of the Harvard Divinity School, often known as the "Unitarian Pope." In "The New School in Literature and Religion" (1838), Norton complains of "a restless craving for notoriety and excitement," which he traces to German "speculatists" and "barbarians" and "that hyper-Germanized Englishman, Carlyle." Emerson's "Address," he concludes, is at once "an insult to religion" (T, 248) and "an incoherent rhapsody" (T, 249).
An earlier transcendentalist scandal surrounded the publication of Amos Bronson Alcott's Conversations with Children Upon the Gospels (1836). Alcott (1799–1888) was a self-taught educator from Connecticut who established a series of schools that aimed to "draw out" the intuitive knowledge of children. He found anticipations of his views about a priori knowledge in the writings of Plato and Kant, and support in Coleridge's Aids to Reflection for the idea that idealism and materiality could be reconciled. Alcott replaced the hard benches of the common schools with more comfortable furniture that he built himself, and left a central space in his classrooms for dancing. The Conversations with Children Upon the Gospels, based on a school Alcott (and his assistant Elizabeth Peabody) ran in Boston, argued that evidence for the truth of Christianity could be found in the unimpeded flow of children's thought. What people particularly noticed about Alcott's book, however, were its frank discussions of conception, circumcision, and childbirth. Rather than gaining support for his school, the publication of the book caused many parents to withdraw their children from it, and the school—like many of Alcott's projects, failed.
Theodore Parker (1810–60) was the son of a farmer who attended Harvard and became a Unitarian minister and accomplished linguist. He published a long critical essay on David Friedrich Strauss's Das Leben Jesu, and translated Wilhelm Martin Leberecht de Wette's Introduction to the Old Testament, both of which cast doubt on the divine inspiration and single authorship of the Bible. After the publication of his "A Discourse Concerning the Transient and Permanent in Christianity" (1841) he was invited to resign from the Boston Association of Ministers (he did not), and was no longer welcome in many pulpits. He argued, much as Emerson had in the "Divinity School Address," that Christianity had nothing essential to do with the person of Jesus: "If Jesus taught at Athens, and not at Jerusalem; if he had wrought no miracle, and none but the human nature had ever been ascribed to him; if the Old Testament had forever perished at his birth, Christianity would still have been the Word of God … just as true, just as lasting, just as beautiful, as now it is…" (T, 352). Parker exploited the similarities between science and religious doctrine to argue that although nature and religious truth are permanent, any merely human version of such truth is transient. In religious doctrines especially, there are stunning reversals, so that "men are burned for professing what men are burned for denying" (T, 347).
Surveying the scene in his 1842 lecture, "The Transcendentalist," Emerson begins with a philosophical account, according to which what are generally called "new views" are not really new, but rather part of a broad tradition of idealism. It is not a skeptical idealism, however, but an anti-skeptical idealism deriving from Kant:
It is well known to most of my audience, that the Idealism of the present day acquired the name of Transcendental, from the use of that term by Immanuel Kant, of Konigsberg [sic], who replied to the skeptical philosophy of Locke, which insisted that there was nothing in the intellect which was not previously in the experience of the senses, by showing that there was a very important class of ideas, or imperative forms, which did not come by experience, but through which experience was acquired; that these were intuitions of the mind itself; and he denominated them Transcendental forms (O, 101–2).
Emerson shows here a basic understanding of three Kantian claims, which can be traced throughout his philosophy: that the human mind "forms" experience; that the existence of such mental operations is a counter to skepticism; and that "transcendental" does not mean "transcendent" or beyond human experience altogether, but something through which experience is made possible. Emerson's idealism is not purely Kantian, however, for (like Coleridge's) it contains a strong admixture of Neoplatonism and post-Kantian idealism. Emerson thinks of Reason, for example, as a faculty of "vision," as opposed to the mundane understanding, which "toils all the time, compares, contrives, adds, argues…." (Letters, vol. 1, 413). For many of the transcendentalists the term "transcendentalism" represented nothing so technical as an inquiry into the presuppositions of human experience, but a new confidence in and appreciation of the mind's powers, and a modern, non-doctrinal spirituality. The transcendentalist, Emerson states, believes in miracles, conceived as "the perpetual openness of the human mind to new influx of light and power…" (O, 100).
Emerson keeps his distance from the transcendentalists in his essay by speaking always of what "they" say or do, despite the fact that he was regarded then and is regarded now as the leading transcendentalist. He notes with some disdain that the transcendentalists are "'not good members of society," that they do not work for "the abolition of the slave-trade" (though both these charges have been leveled at him). He closes the essay nevertheless with a defense of the transcendentalist critique of a society pervaded by "a spirit of cowardly compromise and seeming, which intimates a frightful skepticism, a life without love, and an activity without an aim" (O, 106). This critique is Emerson's own in such writings as "Self-Reliance," and "The American Scholar"; and it finds a powerful and original restatement in the "Economy" chapter of Thoreau's Walden.
2. High Tide: The Dial, Fuller, Thoreau
The transcendentalists had several publishing outlets: at first The Christian Examiner, then, after the furor over the "Divinity School Address," The Western Messenger (1835–41) in St Louis, then the Boston Quarterly Review (1838–44). The Dial (1840–4) was a special case, for it was planned and instituted by the members of the Transcendental Club, with Margaret Fuller (1810–50) as the first editor. Emerson succeeded her for the magazine's last two years. The writing in The Dial was uneven, but in its four years of existence it published Fuller's "The Great Lawsuit" (the core of her Woman in the Nineteenth Century) and her long review of Goethe's work; prose and poetry by Emerson; Alcott's "Orphic Sayings" (which gave the magazine a reputation for silliness); and the first publications of a young friend of Emerson's, Henry David Thoreau (1817–62). After Emerson became editor in 1842 The Dial published a series of "Ethnical Scriptures," translations from Chinese and Indian philosophical works.
Margaret Fuller was the daughter of a Massachusetts congressman who provided tutors for her in Latin, Greek, chemistry, philosophy and, later, German. Exercising what Barbara Packer calls "her peculiar powers of intrusion and caress" (P, 443), Fuller became friends with many of the transcendentalists, including Emerson. In the winters of 1839–44, Fuller organized a series of popular and influential "conversations" for women in Elizabeth Peabody's bookstore in Boston. She journeyed to the Midwest in the summer of 1843, and published her observations as Summer on the Lakes the following year. After this publishing success, Horace Greeley, a friend of Emerson's and the editor of the New York Tribune, invited her to New York to write for the Tribune. Fuller abandoned her previously ornate and pretentious style, issuing pithy reviews and forthright criticisms: for example, of Longfellow's poetry and Carlyle's attraction to brutality. Fuller was in Europe from 1846–9, sending back hundreds of pages for the Tribune. On her return to America with her husband and son, she drowned in a hurricane off the coast of Fire Island, New York.
Woman in the Nineteenth Century (1845), a revision of her "Great Lawsuit" manifesto in The Dial, is Fuller's major philosophical work. She holds that masculinity and femininity pass into one another, that there is "no wholly masculine man, no purely feminine woman" (T, 418). In classical mythology, for example, "Man partakes of the feminine in the Apollo; woman of the Masculine as Minerva." But there are differences. The feminine genius is "electrical" and "intuitive," the male more inclined to classification (T, 419). Women are treated as dependents, however, and their self-reliant impulses are often held against them. What they most want, Fuller maintains, is the freedom to unfold their powers, a freedom necessary not only for their self-development, but for the renovation of society. Like Thoreau and Emerson, Fuller calls for periods of withdrawal from a society whose members are in various states of "distraction" and "imbecility," and a return only after "the renovating fountains" of individuality have risen up. Such individuality is necessary in particular for the proper constitution of that form of society known as marriage. "Union," she holds, "is only possible to those who are units" (T, 419). In contrast, most marriages are forms of degradation, in which "the woman does belong to the man, instead of forming a whole with him" (T, 422).
Henry Thoreau studied Latin, Greek, Italian, French, German, and Spanish at Harvard, where he heard Emerson's "The American Scholar" as the commencement address in 1837. He first published in The Dial when Emerson commissioned him to review a series of reports on wildlife by the state of Massachusetts, but he cast about for a literary outlet after The Dial's failure in 1844. In 1845, his move to Walden Pond allowed him to complete his first book, A Week on the Concord and the Merrimac Rivers. He also wrote a first draft of Walden, which eventually appeared in 1854.
Nature comes to even more prominence in Walden than in Emerson's Nature, which it followed by eighteen years. Nature now becomes particular: this tree, this bird, this state of the pond on a summer evening or winter morning become Thoreau's subjects. Thoreau is receptive. He finds himself "suddenly neighbor to" rather than a hunter of birds (W, 85); and he learns to dwell in a house that is no more and no less than a place where he can properly sit. From the right perspective, Thoreau finds, he can possess and use a farm with more satisfaction than the farmer, who is preoccupied with feeding his family and expanding his operations.
In Walden's opening chapter, "Economy," Thoreau considers the trade-offs we make in life, and he asks, as Plato did in The Republic, what are life's real necessities. Like the Roman philosophers Marcus Porcius Cato and Marcus Varro he seeks a "life of simplicity, independence, magnanimity, and trust" (W, 15). Considering his contemporaries, he finds that "the mass of men lead lives of quiet desperation" (W, 8). Thoreau's "experiment" at Walden shows that a life of simplicity and independence can be achieved today (W, 17). If Thoreau counsels simple frugality—a vegetarian diet for example, and a dirt floor—he also counsels a kind of extravagance, a spending of what you have in the day that shall never come again. True economy, he writes, is a matter of "improving the nick of time" (W, 17).
Thoreau went to Walden Pond on the anniversary of America's declared independence from Britain—July 4, 1845, declaring his own independence from a society that is "commonly too cheap." It is not that he is against all society, but that he finds we meet too often, before we have had the chance to acquire any "new value for each other" (W, 136). Thoreau welcomes those visitors who "speak reservedly and thoughtfully" (W, 141), and who preserve an appropriate sense of distance; he values the little leaves or acorns left by visitors he never meets. Thoreau lived at Walden for just under three years, a time during which he sometimes visited friends and conducted business in town. (It was on one such visit, to pick up a mended shoe, that he was arrested for tax avoidance, an episode that became the occasion for "Resistance to Civil Government.")
At the opening of Walden's chapter on "Higher Laws" Thoreau confesses to once having desired to slaughter a woodchuck and eat it raw, just to get at its wild essence. He values fishing and hunting for their taste of wildness, though he finds that in middle age he has given up eating meat. He finds wildness not only in the woods, but in such literary works as Hamlet and the Iliad; and even in certain forms of society: "The wildness of the savage is but a faint symbol of the awful ferity with which good men and lovers meet" ("Walking" (1862), p. 621). The wild is not always consoling or uplifting, however. In The Maine Woods, Thoreau records a climb on Mount Ktaadn in Maine when he confronted the alien materiality of the world; and in Cape Cod (1865), he records the foreignness, not the friendliness, of nature: the shore is "a wild, rank place, and there is no flattery in it" (P, 577).
Although Walden initiates the American tradition of environmental philosophy, it is equally concerned with reading and writing. In the chapter on "Reading," Thoreau speaks of books that demand and inspire "reading, in a high sense" (W, 104). He calls such books "heroic," and finds them equally in literature and philosophy, in Europe and Asia: "Vedas and Zendavestas and Bibles, with Homers and Dantes and Shakespeares…" (W, 104). Thoreau suggests that Walden is or aspires to be such a book; and indeed the enduring construction from his time at Walden is not the cabin he built but the book he wrote.
Thoreau maintains in Walden that writing is "the work of art closest to life itself" (W, 102). In his search for such closeness, he began to reconceive the nature of his journal. Both he and Emerson kept journals from which their published works were derived. But in the early 1850s, Thoreau began to conceive of the journal as a work in itself, "each page of which should be written in its own season & out of doors or in its own locality wherever it may be" (J, 67). A journal has a sequence set by the days, but it may have no order; or what order it has emerges in the writer's life as he meets the life of nature. With its chapters on "Reading," "Solitude," "Economy," "Winter," and "Spring," Walden is more "worked up" than the journal; in this sense, Thoreau came to feel, it is less close to nature than the journal.
3. Social and Political Critiques
The transcendentalists operated from the start with the sense that the society around them was seriously deficient: a "mass" of "bugs or spawn" as Emerson put it in "The American Scholar"; slavedrivers of themselves, as Thoreau says in Walden. Thus the attraction of alternative life-styles: Alcott's ill-fated Fruitlands; Brook Farm, planned and organized by the Transcendental Club; Thoreau's cabin at Walden. As the nineteenth century came to its mid-point, the transcendentalists' dissatisfaction with their society became focused on policies and actions of the United States government: the treatment of the Native Americans, the war with Mexico, and, above all, the continuing and expanding practice of slavery.
Emerson's 1838 letter to President Martin Van Buren is an early expression of the depth of his despair at actions of his country, in this case the ethnic cleansing of American land east of the Mississippi. The 16,000 Cherokees lived in what is now Kentucky and Tennessee, and in parts of the Carolinas, Georgia, and Virginia. They were one of the more assimilated tribes, whose members owned property, drove carriages, used plows and spinning wheels, and even owned slaves. Wealthy Cherokees sent their children to elite academies or seminaries. The Cherokee chief refused to sign a "removal" agreement with the government of Andrew Jackson, but the government found a minority faction to agree to move to territories west of the Mississippi. Despite the ruling by the Supreme Court under Chief Justice John Marshall that the Cherokee Nation's sovereignty had been violated, Jackson's policies continued to take effect. In 1838, President Van Buren, Jackson's former Vice-President and approved successor, ordered the U. S. Army into the Cherokee Nation, where they rounded up as many remaining members of the tribe as they could and marched them west and across the Mississippi. Thousands died along the way. In his letter to President Van Buren, Emerson calls this "a crime that really deprives us as well as the Cherokees of a country; for how could we call the conspiracy that should crush these poor Indians our Government, or the land that was cursed by their parting and dying imprecations our country, any more?" (A, 3).
Slavery had existed in the United States from the beginnings of the country, but the question of its morality and entrenchment within the American political system came to the fore with the annexation of Texas, where slavery was legal, and its admission to the Union as the 28th state in 1845. Emerson's breakout address "On the Emancipation of the Negroes in the British West Indies" (1844) was delivered in this context. (The Slavery Abolition Act was passed by the British Parliament in 1833 and celebrated annually in Concord.) In his address Emerson wrote: "Language must be raked, the secrets of slaughter-houses and infamous holes that cannot front the day, must be ransacked, to tell what negro-slavery has been. These men, our benefactors, … the producers of comfort and luxury for the civilized world. … I am heartsick when I read how they came there, and how they are kept there. Their case was left out of the mind and out of the heart of their brothers" (A, 9).
Frederick Douglass spoke in Concord at Thoreau's invitation, and was on the dais in Concord in August 1844, when Emerson delivered his emancipation address, where he states: "The Black Man carries in his bosom an indispensable element of a new and coming civilization" (Wirzbicki, 95; A, 31). Douglass took up Emerson's term "self-reliance" in advice to his readers and hearers, and he quotes "The American Scholar" in his abolitionist newspaper North Star. "It is a mischievous notion," Douglass quotes Emerson as saying, "that we are come late into nature; that the world was finished a long time ago. As the world was plastic and fluid in the hands of God so is it ever to so much of his attribute that we bring to it" (Wirzbicki, 53; O, 47).
Another important black abolitionist with Transcendentalist leanings and connections was William C. Nell, who founded Boston's Adelphic Union Library Association in 1836. Nell attended Bronson Alcott's conversations, heard Emerson speak, and participated in Emerson's Town and Country Club. He referred to Emerson as the "ever-to-be-honored friend of equal rights" (Wirzbicki, 55). The leadership of Nell's Association was black, but invited speakers included prominent black and white abolitionists, including Douglass, Wendell Phillips, and Angelina Grimké. Nell founded the New England Freedom Association in 1842 to "extend the helping hand to the 'chattel' who may have taken to itself 'wings'" (Wirzbicki, 148); and he joined with Lewis Hayden (who had escaped slavery in Kentucky) to establish the Boston Vigilance Committee after passage of the Fugitive Slave Law in 1850. Thoreau worked with both Nell and Hayden. He brought Hayden to Concord to speak to the Concord Female Anti-Slavery Society, and he contributed to the Underground Railroad by hosting fugitives in his cabin at Walden Pond (Wirzbicki, 158).
Fuller addresses American slavery directly in Woman in the Nineteenth Century, recalling her dread at the news that James K. Polk, a Tennessee slaveholder who favored the extension of slavery to Texas, had been elected the nation's 11th president (by an all-male electorate). The "choice of the people," she wrote, "threatens to rivet the chains of slavery and the leprosy of sin permanently on this nation, with the annexation of Texas!" (F, 97). Addressing "[t]he women of my country," she asks: "have you nothing to do with this? You see the men, how they are willing to sell shamelessly, the happiness of countless generations of fellow-creatures, the honor of their country, and their immortal souls for a money market and political power. Do you not feel within you that which can reprove them, which can check, which can convince them? You would not speak in vain; whether each in her own home, or banded in union" (F, 98).
This call both to the individual and to individuals acting together characterizes Thoreau's "Resistance to Civil Government" (1849). Thoreau was arrested in 1846 for nonpayment of his poll tax, and he took the opportunity presented by his night in jail to meditate on the authority of the state. The government, Thoreau argues, is but an expedient by which we succeed "in letting one another alone" (R, 64). The citizen has no duty to resign his conscience to the state, and may even have a duty to oppose immoral legislation such as that which supports slavery and the Mexican War. Thoreau concludes: "I cannot for an instant recognize that political organization as my government which is the slave's government also" (R, 67). Slavery could be abolished by a "peaceable revolution," he continues, if people refused to pay their taxes and clogged the system by going to jail (R, 76).
The Fugitive Slave Law passed by the United States Congress in 1850 had dramatic and visible effects not only in Georgia or Mississippi but in Massachusetts and New York. For the law required all citizens of the country to assist in returning fugitive slaves to their owners. This extension of the slave-system to the north, the subject of Thoreau's "Slavery in Massachusetts" (1854), was on public view when an escaped slave named Anthony Burns was captured in Boston, tried by a Massachusetts court, and escorted by the Massachusetts militia and U. S. marines to the harbor, where he was taken back to slavery in Virginia. His owner placed him in a notorious "slave pen" outside Richmond, where Burns was handcuffed, chained at the ankles and left to lie in his own filth for four months. Thoreau denounced the absurdity of a court in Boston "trying a MAN, to find out if he is not really a SLAVE," when the question has already been "decided from eternity" (R, 92). In his "Lecture on Slavery" of 1855, Emerson calls the original 1787 Constitution's recognition of slavery a "crime" (A, 100), and he contrasts the written law of the constitution with the "Laws" and "Right" ascertained by Jesus, Menu, Moses, and Confucius. An immoral law, he holds, is void.
Although Thoreau advocated nonviolent action in "Resistance to Civil Government," he later supported the violent actions of John Brown, who killed unarmed pro-slavery settlers in Kansas, and in 1859 attacked the federal arsenal at Harper's Ferry, Virginia. In "A Plea for Captain John Brown," Thoreau portrays Brown as an "Angel of Light" (R, 137) and "a transcendentalist above all" (115) who believed "that a man has a perfect right to interfere by force with the slaveholder, in order to rescue the slave" (R,132). In early 1860, just months before the outbreak of the Civil War, he and Emerson participated in public commemorations of Brown's life and actions.
Primary Sources
A | Emerson's Antislavery Writings, Joel Myerson and Len Gougeon (eds.), New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995. |
F | Fuller, Margaret, Woman in the Nineteenth Century, Larry J. Reynolds (ed.), New York: W. W. Norton and Co., 1998 [Anthology with commentary] |
J | A Year in Thoreau's Journal: 1851, H. Daniel Peck (ed.), New York: Penguin Classics, 1993. |
JMN | Emerson, Ralph Waldo. The Journals and Miscellaneous Notebooks of Ralph Waldo Emerson, William H. Gilman, et al. (eds.), Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1960– |
O | Emerson, Ralph Waldo, Ralph Waldo Emerson (The Oxford Authors), Richard Poirier (ed.), Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1990. |
R | Thoreau, Henry David, Reform Papers, Wendell Glick (ed.), Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1973. |
T | Myerson, Joel, Transcendentalism, A Reader, New York: Oxford University Pres, 2000. [Anthology with commentary] |
W | Thoreau, Henry David, Walden, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1989. |
Other Primary Sources
- Buell, Lawrence. The American Transcendentalists: Essential Writings, New York: Modern Library, 2006. [Anthology with commentary]
- Emerson, Ralph Waldo, The Collected Works of Ralph Waldo Emerson, Robert B. Spiller, et al. (eds.), Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Press, 1971–
- –––, The Letters of Ralph Waldo Emerson, New York and London: Columbia University Press, 1939. 6 vols.
- –––, Ralph Waldo Emerson: Selected Journals: 1820–1842, Lawrence Rosenwald (ed.), New York: Library of America, 2010.
- Fuller, Margaret, Margaret Fuller, Critic: Writings from the New-York Tribune, 1844–1846, Judith Mattson Bean and Joel Myerson (eds.), New York: Columbia University Press, 2000.
- –––, "These Sad But Glorious Days": Dispatches from Europe, 1846–1850, Larry J. Reynolds and Susan Belasco Smith (eds.), New Haven: Yale University Press, 1991.
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Academic Tools
How to cite this entry. Preview the PDF version of this entry at the Friends of the SEP Society. Look up topics and thinkers related to this entry at the Internet Philosophy Ontology Project (InPhO). Enhanced bibliography for this entry at PhilPapers, with links to its database.
Other Internet Resources
- Transcendentalists website by Jone Johnson Lewis (M. Div.), available at the Internet Archive.


text:
The swim test of individuals participating at an aquatic facility is a key element in both aquatic safety and basic water safety standards. Swim tests should be performed annually to children under the age of 14 years old or 48 inches or less. A swim test is developed to demonstrate a skill level consistent with the circumstances in which a participant will be in the water without a parent or guardian at their side using "touch-supervision" or using proper USCG flotation device (life jacket). A swim test will demonstrate the minimum level of swimming ability for recreation activity in a confined body of water. "Touch-supervision" means that the supervising adult is constantly monitoring the swimmer and within immediate (arm's length) reach of the swimmer. Watch Around Water is an organization that USA Pools of Texas is proud to have partnered with to help promote water safety awareness to reduce drownings or near drownings. A Swim Test is another practice to help promote water safety in and around water.
A lifeguard will administer the swim test. Swim tests will be given upon child's arrival to facility or during safety breaks throughout the day at the lifeguards' discretion. After the test is given, the lifeguard will record the result from the given test into a database. All staff at the aquatic facility will have access to this information.
USA Pool of Texas has adopted the Swim Test Protocol to promote water safety at all aquatic facilities. The swim test program has five basic objectives.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Kimberley Broome to Darwin Gibb River Rd 8 days with Home Valley and Manning Gorge
- Продолжительность: 8 дн. (прибл.)
- Место встречи: Broome
- Код предложения: 20KBDM8
Kimberley Broome to Kununurra via Gibb River Road – 8 days/7 nights with Home Valley Station & Mt Barnett. Extension options also available to Darwin. If departing Darwin, tour via Katherine, Kununurra, (alternatively from Broome via Fitzroy Crossing & Halls Creek) to Bungles Bungles, El Questro, Zebedee Hot Springs, Galvans Gorge, Windjana Gorge, Tunnel Creek, Cable Beach, Broome. Opportunity to meet Aboriginal elders & Aboriginal artists, visit Wandjina and Bradshaw / Gwion Gwion rock art sites, swim in pristine waterholes on this Gibb River Rd by 4WD tour, Fully Accommodated or camping options
Broome to Darwin Tour – Kimberley Broome Darwin via Kununurra Bungle Bungles Tour 8 Days with 1 cruise & Bungle Bungles walks and 4WD tour via Gibb River Road – with El Questro, Bungle Bungles walks and flight option. Departs Broome via Fitzroy Crossing Windjana Gorge, Tunnel Creek, Galvans Gorge, Manning Gorge, Home Valley Station, Pentecost River, El Questro, Zebedee Hot Springs, Bungles Bungles for an easy walk to Cathedral & Piccanniny Creek. From Kununurra travel via Victoria River escarpments, Katherine hot springs to Darwin or optional fly out from Kununurra. Optional day flight with walk option to Mitchell Falls and extreme North Western coastline and Lake Argyle cruise or overnight options. Visit Aboriginal communities, meet Aboriginal artists, visit Wandjina and Bradshaw / Gwion rock art sites, swim in pristine waterholes on this Gibb River Rd by 4WD tour. Fully Accommodated or camping options. Broome to Darwin Tour is Code KBDM8 or Broome to Kununurra KBKM8 Book Tour
Kimberley Broome Darwin via Kununurra Bungle Bungles Tour 8 DaysIncludes –
- Broome to Darwin 8 days or Kununurra exit option.
- 1 Cruise – Geike Gorge
- El Questro, Bungles walks & Gibb River Rd
- Mitchell Falls flight option with an optional walk to Merton & Mitchell Falls
- Accommodated or Comfy Camping – all bedding, full height tents, self inflating mattresses or stretchers
- Bungle Bungles Domes walk to Cathedral Gorge and Picanniny Creek
- El Questro, Zebedee Hot Springs Emma Gorge, Cockburn Range, Jackaroos waterhole
- Pentecost River, Hann, Durack, Fitzroy River crossings
- Cattle Stations of Home Valley, Mt Barnett, El Questro, Ellenbrae Station, Mt House and more
- Galvans & Windjana Gorges, Tunnel Creek walks / swims, Jandamarra story, Fitzroy Crossing
- Aboriginal artists, Wandjina & Gwion rock art sites.
Kimberley Broome Darwin via Kununurra Bungle Bungles Tour 8 Days
– Itinerary –
Day 1 – Depart from Broome travelling through vast Savannah grasslands to Willare on the Fitzroy River. We visit the culturally significant Prison Boab Tree and Mowanjum Aboriginal Art Centre and Derby township. Heading east on the Savannah Way we arrive at Fitzroy Crossing which is an education and supply centre for surrounding cattle stations and Aboriginal communities. It's then a short drive to Geike Gorge for a 1 hour sunset cruise on the mighty Fitzroy River through the Devonian Reef. Overnight accommodation at Fitzroy Crossing. LD
Day 2 – We drive through the Devonian Reef / Napier Range to Tunnel Creek, well hidden in the fascinating geology of this limestone reef with its many boab trees and picturesque complex shapes. This is where the Aboriginal freedom fighter Jandamarra and the Bunuba Resistance was centred in the 1890s, depicted in 2 novels and a recent stage production. Here we can don torches and shorts to wade through this incredible underground river system full of stalagmites and stalactites and even an underground spring. Alternatively, take a short walk in the shady and refreshing surrounding area by the creek that feeds the underground water system. Travelling on we follow the range and cross through them again, to arrive for lunch and a short walk in Windjana Gorge National Park with abundant wildlife and numerous freshwater crocodiles in this eerie, ancient seabed environment – where the mega fauna roamed.
Driving on now on the Gibb River Road, we cross the Lennard River and pass through the ancient Devonian era Napier Range at Queen Victoria Pass. Our tour then climbs the King Leopold Ranges and we travel through the picturesque Inglis Gap and King Leopold Conservation Park. This is a spectacular mountain country with impressive views over the ranges and vast woodlands and plains. We travel through spectacular Kimberley woodlands and river crossings before the Imitji Aboriginal Community and store. Here we have unique Aboriginal artwork and one of the few real coffees you can find on the Gibb (except our BYO). Overnight Imitji / Bell Gorge Safari Camp
Day 3 – After a tasty breakfast, we head off the Gibb for a walk into picturesque Bell Gorge We are deep in the Kimberley now, and time permitting enjoy a swim and relax at the easy to access and scenic Galvans Gorge with more Wandjina rock art, great scenery and good swimming and photos too. We arrive at the beautiful Manning Gorge water hole campground for swimming or relaxing or if accommodated, Mt Barnett Roadhouse for overnight. BLD
Day 4 - Enjoy an early swim in this large picturesque and safe waterhole surrounded by large paperbark trees. A 3 hour return walk to Manning Gorge Falls is also available for active walkers. We continue on the Gibb River road crossing the Hann River, and travelling through Ellenbrae and Home Valley stations. At the Durack River crossing, we enjoy a stop on the river bank then traverse several more small water crossings to the mighty Pentecost River and view the stunning Cockburn Range from a high vantage point. Overnight El Questro. BL dinner own cost in restaurant
Day 5 – An optional 2 hours return walk up Emma Gorge (or alternative gorge) to a waterfall is available or simply relax among the boabs and comforts of the resort. This morning enjoy the Zebedee Hot springs nestled in the Livingstonia Palms against 1.8 Billion year old King Leopold sandstone escarpments. Warm water flows from here and the springs are a delight for reflecting the journey and relaxing in the true Kimberley way. Enjoy lunch by Jackaroos waterhole,then an afternoon swim in the Pentecost River at the resort. We depart El Questro and travel travel on to Wyndham, Western Australia's most northerly town and awe at the landscape from Five Rivers Lookout, with views over the spectacular river systems and wetland flood plains feeding Cambridge Gulf. We visit the wetlands of Parry's Lagoon, a Ramsar listed site and haven for wetland birds from afar. The bird life at Parry Lagoon is some of the richest in the Kimberley, with Brolgas, Jabiru, Whistling Ducks, Egrets, waders, and many more. We leave the region adjacent the Cockburn Ranges and boab trees, having completed the Gibb River Rd, to arrive Kununurra for overnight. BLD
Day 6 – Depart 830 am to experience Kununurra, 'the eastern gateway to the Kimberley' and surroundings by air with a morning scenic flight over the renowned Ord Irrigation area, mighty Ord River Scheme and the enormous man made Lake Argyle before arriving at the Bungle Bungle where you transfer to an air-conditioned 4WD. On your short overland travels to Cathedral Gorge learn of the Bungles heritage and hear some of local nature's hidden secrets. Be amazed on your walk into Cathedral Gorge, where you will be surrounded by the Beehive Domes for which the park is so famous. Arrival into the gorge displays a magnificent amphitheatre designed by nature at its best. Relax in this shaded area and enjoy a memorable picnic lunch before returning on your walk to rejoin the 4WD. Travel to theBungle Bush Camp for afternoon tea then rejoin the aircraft to complete your afternoon scenic flight over the ancient Ragged Ranges and the Argyle Diamond Mine. Arriving back in Kununurra approx. 500 pm. The day includes easy to moderate 3 km walk into Cathedral Gorge via the Beehive Domes. On return, enjoy some free time relaxing by the lake or check out some art bargains. Overnight in Kununurra. Dinner own expense local restaurant.
Day 7 – Fly to Darwin option otherwise depart Kununurra at 7 am via spectacular Victoria River mountain landscapes, travelling savannah cattle country, then Timber Creek. Here we climb the escapement for an expansive view over the Victoria River and learn of the Nackaroos, the "Northern Force" that scouted the region on horseback protecting Australia's coastal border during World War II. We stop at the Durack Monument, Victoria River Roadhouse then on to Katherine hot springs for a dip – time permitting. Then on to the Stuart Highway for the last 300 km run into Darwin, arriving approximately 7pm BLD Optional flights to several major Australian cities which depart Darwin late evening/ early am.
Day 8 – Tour completes in Darwin after breakfast 10am allowing flight or transport connections, or Kakadu or Litchfield or other tour options.
Options to extend time in Kununurra for Mitchell Falls flight day or Lake Argyle cruise day
Kimberley Broome Darwin via Kununurra Bungle Bungles Tour 8 Days
- Broome to Darwin or Kununurra
- 1 Cruise at Geike Gorge, Bungles walks & Gibb River Rd
- Mitchell Falls flight option with optional walk to Merton & Mitchell Falls
- Accommodated or Comfy Camping – full height tents, self inflating mattresses or stretchers
- Bungle Bungles Domes walk to Cathedral Gorge and Piccanniny Creek
- El Questro, Zebedee Hot Springs Emma Gorge, Cockburn Range, Jackaroos waterhole
- Pentecost River, Hann, Durack, Fitzroy River crossings
- Cattle Stations of Home Valley, Mt Barnett, El Questro, Ellenbrae, Mt House Lissadell, Mabel Downs and more
- Galvans & Windjana Gorges, Tunnel Creek walks / swims, Jandamarra story, Fitzroy Crossing
- Aboriginal artists, Wandjina & Gwion rock art sites.
- Professional and experienced driver / guides Long established relationships with local Aboriginal people enriches experiences
- Access to remote areas and rock art sites unreachable by most tour vehicles
- Delicious meals as shown, including vegetarian optional. Celebration dinner at journey end.
- Accommodated sleeping or comfy camping. Camp gear includes options of self inflating mattress & /or stretcher, pillow & linen.
- All World Heritage and National Park entry and accommodation fees
- Aboriginal Art community visits for "direct from artist" purchases
- Contributions of tour price supports Outback Kids and nature care programs.
- You – and Your involvement in a creation much bigger than most can imagine
NOTE this tour may be able to be can be extended 1 day to allow for flight and walk at Mitchell Falls – see here
Exclusions for Kimberley Broome Darwin via Kununurra Bungle Bungles Tour 8 Days
- 1 dinner own purchase in restaurant. Alcohol
- Accommodation upgrades if required. Available at most locations if prebooked
- Flights to and from departure points
Departure most Sundays May to September – Check dates on website or call 1300 763 188


text:
Comprehensive study of esophageal cancer reveals several molecular subtypes, provides new insight into increasingly prevalent disease
January 4, 2017
The Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network recommends clinical trials organizers and drug manufacturers focus on newly discovered molecular subtypes
GRAND RAPIDS, Mich. (Jan. 4, 2017) – A comprehensive analysis of 559 esophageal and gastric cancer samples, collected from patients around the world, suggests the two main types of esophageal cancer differ markedly in their molecular characteristics and should be considered separate diseases.
The study, published today in Nature from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) Research Network, includes two key takeaways. First, upper esophageal cancers more closely resemble cancers of the head and neck, while tumors further down in the esophagus are virtually indistinguishable from a subtype of stomach cancer. Second, cancer clinical trials should group patients according to molecular subtype—in general, grouping lower esophageal tumors with stomach cancers, while evaluating upper esophageal cancers separately.
"These findings add several layers of depth and sophistication to our current understanding of esophageal cancer genomics," said Adam Bass, M.D., co-leader of TCGA's esophageal cancer study and physician-scientist at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute. "Our hope is this work settles several long-standing uncertainties in the esophageal cancer field and will serve as the definitive reference manual for researchers and drug developers seeking more effective clinical trials and new treatment approaches."
Physicians have known for decades that esophageal cancers, when looked at under the microscope, fall into one of two categories—adenocarcinomas, which resemble stomach or colorectal cancers, and squamous cell carcinomas, which are similar to some lung, skin, and head and neck cancers. What remained unknown was the extent to which adenocarcinomas and squamous esophageal cancers differ molecularly and the relationship between esophageal adenocarcinoma and stomach adenocarcinoma.
"We have shown that these clinical subtypes differ profoundly at the molecular level," said Peter W. Laird, Ph.D., a principal investigator in the international TCGA Research Network and a professor at Van Andel Research Institute. "These findings suggest that whether the tumor originates in the esophagus or the stomach is less relevant than the molecular characteristics of the individual tumors."
Esophageal cancer represents just 1 percent of new cancer diagnoses in the U.S. However, it kills 4-in-5 patients within five years of diagnosis, and current treatment approaches often fail to help. Additionally, cases of esophageal adenocarcinoma have skyrocketed over the last four decades, increasing seven-fold since the mid-1970s. Within the field, there has been great uncertainty regarding the relationship between this growing burden of esophageal adenocarcinoma and adenocarcinomas that occur in the stomach.
Results from this new report argue against the need to continue to debate the demarcations of esophageal and gastric adenocarcinoma and instead view gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma as a more singular entity, analogous to colorectal cancer. Specifically, this study revealed that esophageal adenocarcinomas have striking molecular similarity to a class of stomach cancers called chromosomally unstable tumors, the hallmark of which are significant structural chromosomal aberrations.
Oncologists say this nuanced view of the disease, including the detailed molecular taxonomy of esophageal adenocarcinomas, will likely change their approach to studies and treatment.
"It is clear from the TCGA data that esophageal squamous and esophageal adenocarcinomas are completely different diseases and should never be included in the same therapeutic trial," said Yelena Y. Janjigian, M.D., a gastrointestinal oncologist from Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center who contributed samples to the study and served as a co-author. "In esophageal adenocarcinoma, it is likely a combination of pathways and therapeutic strategies that will be successful. The therapeutic significance of these alterations will be explored in follow-up studies."
Members of the TCGA Research Network team say these studies represent the work of dedicated collaborators, who seek to maximize results in search of new ways to battle cancer.
"Studies from TCGA transcend the work of any one institution or individual," said Ilya Shmulevich, Ph.D., a principal investigator in the international TCGA Research Network and a professor at the Institute for Systems Biology. "These are massive undertakings that are possible only through contributions from hundreds of specialists and scientists around the world—people dedicate years of their lives to these projects in the hope of finding new treatments for people who are very sick."
About Dana-Farber Cancer Institute
From achieving the first remissions in childhood cancer with chemotherapy in 1948, to developing the very latest new therapies, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute is one of the world's leading centers of cancer research and treatment. It is the only center ranked in the top 4 of U.S. News and World Report's Best Hospitals for both adult and pediatric cancer care.
Dana-Farber sits at the center of a wide range of collaborative efforts to reduce the burden of cancer through scientific inquiry, clinical care, education, community engagement, and advocacy. Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center provides the latest in cancer care for adults; Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center for children. The Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center unites the cancer research efforts of five Harvard academic medical centers and two graduate schools, while Dana-Farber Community Cancer Care provides high quality cancer treatment in communities outside Boston's Longwood Medical Area.
Dana-Farber is dedicated to a unique, 50/50 balance between cancer research and care, and much of the Institute's work is dedicated to translating the results of its discovery into new treatments for patients locally and around the world
About Van Andel Institute
Van Andel Institute (VAI) is an independent nonprofit biomedical research and science education organization committed to improving the health and enhancing the lives of current and future generations. Established by Jay and Betty Van Andel in 1996 in Grand Rapids, Michigan, VAI has grown into a premier research and educational institution that supports the work of more than 360 scientists, educators and staff. Van Andel Research Institute (VARI), VAI's research division, is dedicated to determining the epigenetic, genetic, molecular and cellular origins of cancer, Parkinson's and other diseases and translating those findings into effective therapies. The Institute's scientists work in onsite laboratories and participate in collaborative partnerships that span the globe.
About Institute for Systems Biology
The Institute for Systems Biology is a nonprofit biomedical research organization based in Seattle, Washington. It was founded in 2000 by systems biologist Leroy Hood, immunologist Alan Aderem, and protein chemist Ruedi Aebersold. ISB was established on the belief that the conventional models for exploring and funding breakthrough science have not caught up with the real potential of what is possible today. ISB serves as the ultimate environment where scientific collaboration stretches across disciplines and across academic and industrial organizations, where our researchers have the intellectual freedom to challenge the status quo, and where grand visions for breakthroughs in human health inspire a collective drive to achieve the seemingly impossible. Our core values ensure that we always keep our focus on the big ideas that eventually will have the largest impact on human health. ISB is an affiliate of Providence Health & Services.
About the Cancer Genome Research Atlas Network
The Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network represents a collaborative effort of the National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), and more than 100 medical and research centers on six continents. The Atlas is generating comprehensive, multi-dimensional maps of the key genomic changes in 33 types of cancer that pose immediate public health issues or are poorly understood.
Peter W. Laird, Ph.D.
Professor, Center for Epigenetics
Read the Nature article "Cancer genomics: Spot the difference" by clicking here.


text:
We have a need to create SFX files by way of scripts. Once applications are compiled, installers created, post process installer built that chains installers, batch scripts, reg scripts together, we need to package it up into one single executable for easy distribution for techs. Power Archiver allows us to do this by way of the SFX Wizard. However, it will quickly become time consuming, difficult, and impractical for us to manually do this process with the wizard for all of the installation scenarios, especially when a change occurs. It is my understanding this option has been discussed before but was declined to be added to PACL. Can this option be revisited?
Other possibilities…
PowerAcrhiver.exe does support limited command line arguments with an option to make an SFX from a compressed filed. However, it is missing all of the SFX options such as starting executable, destination folder, relative path options…
The SFX Wizard already generates text containing a summary of most of the configuration settings. It would be easy enough for a user to copy the text, save it as a configuration file and pass the file name as an argument into PowerArchiver.exe. This would allow an easy mechanism to get predefined information into Power Archiver without adding a million switches.
It would be nice if the Archive Converter included the choice of converting to .zpaq…
Just saying…
–Chuck :)
Like the title says, I would like to have PACL for Linux. I don't mind if I would have to buy a separate license for a Linux version. I know that the odds for having a Linux version of PACL is very low, but it's still a wish from my side.
Kind Regards
When we save settings, some are not saved. I know whenever I update i have to do various tweaks to get PA back in the same order.
What doesn't get saved? I know the items on and the location of the QAT is not saved. It seems, too, that there are others . . . maybe some shell extensions; even some basic GUI features (whether queue is on; whether PA is pinned; whether preview is on).
Indeed, the latter three are not always on, even when I check the appropriate boxes during installation.
Could you expand the number of settings saved? That would be nice (but maybe unduly complex to execute).
There are several requests I have offered several times. Perhaps there are technical reasons why you cannot do any of these. But let me offer them again. They all concern AC:
I standardly get 2-3 acknowledgments of an AC download. Perhaps some of that is caused because some people have their email forwarded from one server to another . . . so the download notification gets keyed by each server.
could you please note that the time you are using for download time – so that users will know that the time listed is 5-8 hours off that of US users?
could you give users a way (a) to delete all AC filenames, and (b) to show us which files are still active for download? Actually, I would prefer that AC delete file names once their download date has passed.
This would make AC more attractive (unless, for cost reasons, you would prefer not to make it more attractive – which I would regret, but understand).
… this would be a nice feature
I am new to your application and do like what you have done. There have been postings asking if you have any intent to build your application for platforms other than Windows. I have the same question but will offer a possible solution. If you code utilizing HTML5, CSS3 and Javascript it would be runnable on any platform natively. As an example Google packaged applications. Don't get me wrong as I do not think it a trivial task but at the same time find it might be worthwhile.
Thank for listening.
It would be nice if we could call upon cloud backup options via command line.
I like to use batch files to set up different jobs. PACL will not work with nearly 15.000 files in 512 folders. I'd really like PACL to be enable to use the new zip-format and have the ability to add large number of files to an archive.
I'm doing some tests with list files in PACOMP and the documentation about this says the following thing.
@list : specify list of files for compression (use filename instead of list - see example)
I assume this means that I can only use a list file when I create a archive using the -a parameter.
I have tried this:
pacomp -d Test_Remove.zip @Filelist.txt
Archive: D:\Script\Test_Remove.zip
preparing to compress…
*** WARNING: Nothing to add or update…All OK
The error probably appears because I can only use a list file when I create the archive and not when delete files from it.
Now I can remove one file at a time, but if the Archive is about 1 Gb in size, it will take a lot of time updating the archive after removing one file. It would be better if I could have a list of files that I wanted to remove from the archive. That way I could for example remove 10 files at one time and then update the archive instead of remove 1 file at a time and update the archive 10 times in total.
If each update of the Archive takes approximate 5 min, then it would take about 50 min to remove 10 files from an Archive that is 1 Gb in size. If I could remove the 10 files at one time instead, then the whole update would take 5 min instead of 50 min.
My question is this:
Is it possible to remove more than one file at a time from an archive using PACL?
If not, I'll put it in a Wishlist for future versions of PACL.
Kind Regards
Version 6 of PACL no longer allows archiving of windows share names. This used to work in version 4 as shown below:
E:\PACL4>type pacl6prob.lst
\DTRAH05\Data\pacltest*.*E:\PACL4>pacomp -a -r -p -k -c2 PACL6prob.zip @pacl6prob.lst
PowerArchiver Command Line (PACL) Version 4.01 [Mar 07 2005]
Copyright© 1999-2005 ConeXware, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Registered Version
This product is licensed to:
Archive Compression Utility – ZIP, CAB, LHA, BH, JAR, TAR, GZIP, BZIP2
Internet: http://www.powerarchiver.com Email: email@example.com: E:\PACL4\PACL6prob.zip
preparing to compress…
adding: \DTTST03\Data\pacltest\F1\FILE1.TXT --> Done. [12%]
adding: \DTTST03\Data\pacltest\F1\FILE2.TXT –> Done. [25%]
adding: \DTTST03\Data\pacltest\F2\FILE3.TXT –> Done. [38%]
adding: \DTTST03\Data\pacltest\F2\FILE4.TXT –> Done. [50%]
adding: \DTRAH05\Data\pacltest\F1\FILE1.TXT –> Done. [62%]
adding: \DTRAH05\Data\pacltest\F1\FILE2.TXT –> Done. [75%]
adding: \DTRAH05\Data\pacltest\F2\FILE3.TXT –> Done. [88%]
adding: \DTRAH05\Data\pacltest\F2\FILE4.TXT –> Done. [100%]E:\PACL4>paext -t PACL6prob.zip
PowerArchiver Command Line (PACL) Version 4.01 [Mar 07 2005]
Copyright© 1999-2005 ConeXware, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Registered Version
This product is licensed to:
Archive Extr.—ZIP,CAB,LHA,ARJ,RAR,ARC,ACE,TAR,GZIP,BZIP2,UUE,ZOO,B64,YENC,…
Internet: http://www.powerarchiver.com Email: email@example.com –> E:\PACL4\PACL6prob.zip [ZIP]
testing: DTTST03\Data\pacltest\F1\FILE1.TXT –> OK [12%]
testing: DTTST03\Data\pacltest\F1\FILE2.TXT –> OK [25%]
testing: DTTST03\Data\pacltest\F2\FILE3.TXT –> OK [38%]
testing: DTTST03\Data\pacltest\F2\FILE4.TXT –> OK [50%]
testing: DTRAH05\Data\pacltest\F1\FILE1.TXT –> OK [62%]
testing: DTRAH05\Data\pacltest\F1\FILE2.TXT –> OK [75%]
testing: DTRAH05\Data\pacltest\F2\FILE3.TXT –> OK [88%]
testing: DTRAH05\Data\pacltest\F2\FILE4.TXT –> OK [100%]E:\PACL4>
Here's the thing.
I need to automate the process of locating a file, compress to a .ZIP, then to convert that to a SFX self-extracting file that is configured to extract to a specific folder on the user's computer.
To 'partially' automate this, I have done the following.
1. Create a BATCH file. The command lines are…
To create the ZIP file, I am using the PACL program called PACOMP.
To create the SFX file, I'm calling the POWERARC -tosfx command.
2. After running the BATCH, I have to manually edit the destination folder, assign 'overwrite' option, etc.
I would think that it would not be difficult to add additional 'args' for powerarc.exe so that these settings can be included on the command line (and thus in my batch file to completely automate this).
This process is something I must do regularly, so having the ability to do this via the command prompt (batch file) would be really, really nice.
There was a time when 4 GB was considered to be more than enough. Since I'm using PACL to back up different folders on my laptop, it is now becoming a limitation that needs to be adressed. I'll hope the next version of PACL will be similar to WinZip Command Line Support Add-On.
I'm using it at work and it has full support for making archives larger than 4 GB and I think it's faster than PACL.
Shouldn't be hard, I seem to recollect a deb file is just a .ar archive with some embedded .tar.gz or some such. Sure would be handy, though, to be able to read and extract files.
Thanks again for a great product.
I saw that there was a limitation to Delphi that will limit 64bit support for the windows app, is there a plan to update PACL to support the 64 bit platform as well?
It would be nice if you could Display / Create and Edit Info-Zip style Unix permissions information.
At least File Properties should show them.
Oops! Wrong forum…
I would like to see the RAR compression facility in the future versions. Similar to that of WinRAR.
I would like to see support for adding files in folders and subfolders just by using wildcards, i.e., "." without having to actually select all the files.
Option to not include path information
A small item for the wish-list: an option comparable to InfoZips'
"-j junk (don't record) directory names"
switch which neither stores path information relative nor absolute but just throws it away. Useful when compiling ZIPs for distribution with files out of different directories.Anyway, thanks for PA, keep up the good work.


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ASCE Collaborate has switched to a new platform called Thrive.
We appreciate your patience during the transition. What is Thrive? View more information here. Any questions or feedback? Please contact [email protected]. View Video Tutorials here.
An ASCE membership login is required to participate in discussion forums and ASCE Mentor Match.
I applaud the initiative to strengthen the teaching of design and personal safety into the undergraduate curriculum ref Academic Safety Challenge. Civil Engineering, September / October 2021
However, the challenges with implementation reflect a somewhat sad and disturbing commentary on our current educational system. Specifically, and as highlighted in the article, many civil engineering educators are focused on theory and / or lack practical experience to teach safety. The article is specific to safety but safety in my opinion is a proxy for a more extensive gap in engineering skills. Bringing in lecturers or professors of practice to teach topics like safety treats the symptoms and not the root cause of a larger problem in my view. Getting the educational system to get the right balance back between educators with theory and practice is not going to easy but we need to try.
How do others see the problem and solutions? Did others see the irony in the safety article?
Universities are responsible for OSHA safety plans, and they should be the ones planning and offering basic safety courses to all students, or at the very least, the science (labs) and engineering students. Economics/business students learn about "risk" and how to avoid it. "Break-out" groups, or homework, could be tailored for particular disciplines. (maybe just having required reading of the regulations, or the Federal Registers for proposed rulemaking that lay out the reasons behind the regs). Even passersby face safety risks at the border of construction projects, on the road, around holes, or at the outlet of ventilation systems. This could be a good way to bring the real world to the whole community, and it might even help make the public a little more knowledgeable about the physical reality, which science and engineering seek to understand and/or modify for human use.Having taken required OSHA safety training while in various environmental roles, I found that it can be an excellent way to understand hazards and how to do a job safely, provided the instructors are good and experienced in workplace conditions where their "trainees" work. We should not reinvent the wheel. But I propose that hazard and safety principles need to be incorporated throughout a department's curriculum, instead of having a separate course for an extra few hours. On the other hand, safety/risk training for safety trainers would be a valuable course addition to any institution of higher learning, and could welcome professionals from outside the ivory tower as students. It would definitely diversify the real world safety stories of the class. As civil or other engineering student are taught to design, they should be fully trained in the hazards and risks of those designs over their lifecycles, including in construction (installation) and operation. Workforce (and personal) risk should certainly be included in our courses. Sarah Simon P.E.Boston Section
Dear Colleagues:
If you are really concerned with the current state of CE education, I would like to urge all of you to become more actively involved with ASCE's committees such as the Committee of Accreditation and C. of Education. ASCE provides guidance to ABET which is the accreditation organization for all engineering programs throughout the country. ABET sets the standards for engineering programs in the US and elsewhere. Currently, the program criterion for civil engineering is being rewritten by ASCE. This will impact all current and future graduates in civil engineering.
Some further thoughts on my post, spurred by the responses.
It does not require a 3 credit course to get across the basic tenets of safety. CE graduates (all levels) in my view should have awareness of the importance of workplace and worksite safety and how their actions impacts the safety and welfare of the general public. A knowledgeable and experienced instructor should be able to create this awareness within any design course. Others would hopefully be able to repeat and message. Awareness is the key. Graduates should have sufficient awareness to know if their work environment is safe. They should also have an awareness that they play a critical (albeit small initially) role in managing risk
My original post, while prompted by safety, was more about the current practice and norms for undergraduate CE education. Not to be dismissive of the dedication of those working to update the current system, I see the effort as largely focused on tweaking what is already in place. Change is admittedly hard and is usually most effectively accomplished through small, incremental, steps. The problem with this approach, however, it that it is slow and potentially lagging to the needs of students and employers. I think a valuable exercise, if not already conducted, would be to apply a strategic assessment process to CE education. A process that would objectively look at the end in mind and how to get there, including alternatives and options. The goals would be to gain a view of priorities and how to deliver that transcends vested interests and seemingly inviolable issues. While the outcome may not be able to be implemented it will at a minimum set a strategic road map to support and guide incremental efforts and provide for constructive tension.


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The Puffco Plus Dart 3-Pack was designed for performance, durability, and easy cleaning. The darts feature a silicone top and scoop shaped loading tool, used to extend the dart length and allow easier concentrate collection. They also feature a built-in carb cap and splash guard to maximize airflow and overall experience.
Cleaning – The Puffco Plus Dart can removed from the metal casing and cleaned using ISO alcohol.


text:
Immerse yourself in some of our planet's most extraordinary biodiversity.
Protected by the Southern Ocean, secluded and seldom visited, the Australian and New Zealand Sub-Antarctic Islands, recognized by UNESCO as one of the worlds' precious regions of unique biodiversity, will be visited by the expedition cruise ship Orion in December, 2009.
Today these remote nature reserves enjoy World Heritage status, recognised for their volcanic and glacial geological formations and extraordinary diversity of flora and fauna - much of which endangered or recovering since being discovered and later plundered in the late 1700's and early 1800's by sealers and whalers.
Home to over half of the world's seabirds, some of which exist nowhere else, this wildlife paradise contains 40% of the world's albatross species and 50% of the world's penguin species including the endangered yellow-eyed penguin, plus hundreds of thousands of other endemic birds - petrels, prions and cormorants.
The expedition team will include the highly respected British zoologist and naturalist Dr John Sparks, who travelled to Antarctica onboard Orion in 2006.
At Snares there is every expectation guests will see Sooty Shearwaters, the endemic Snares Crested Penguins, Snares Fernbird and Tomtits. On Enderby Island expect to see pipits, parakeets and plovers, Hooker's Sea Lions, and perhaps even the Auckland Island Flightless Teal and Sub-Antarctic Snipe. Campbell Island, home to the Southern Royal Albatrosses, has the highest diversity of breeding albatrosses of any island in the world.
And then there are plant species that have to be seen to be believed, including 5 meter high tree daisies on Snares, giants compared to their relatives in more temperate climates.
With convenient embarkation in Bluff (Invercargill, New Zealand) or Hobart, Orion will head south to visit (depending on voyage) Macquarie, Campbell, Stewart, Snares and Auckland islands as well as spending time exploring New Zealand's beautiful Fjordlands (including Milford and Doubtful Sounds).
These two expeditions to the Sub-Antarctic islands are designed for nature lovers and photographers alike. The remnants of the old whaling station on Macquarie Island, the high cliffs and numerous caves and arches formed by marine erosion on Campbell Island and the enormous sea stacks on the southern peninsulas of Snares present dramatic contrast to the prolific bird life, penguins, seals, sea lions and flora in this remote sanctuary.
Dr John Sparks has travelled all over the world making wildlife films, including five with Sir David Attenborough; he has written 11 books and visited Antarctica on many occasions. Details available at www.johnsparks.org
Orion Fares Guide:
13 night Sub-Antarctic Adventure –departs Hobart 1 December 2009 or Bluff (Invercargill) NZ 14 December 2009. Itineraries vary.
Fares from $10,630 per person twin share for an ocean view Category B stateroom
Suites from $14,660 per person twin share for a Junior Suite
Owners' Suites with French Balcony are $22,265 per person twin share
Ranked #2 expedition cruise ship in the world in the current Berlitz Cruise Guide, Orion is the world's latest purpose-built luxury expedition cruise ship, featuring an unmatched range of onboard facilities.
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Further information on all Orion Expedition Cruises to Antarctica, Papua New Guinea, Melanesia, Asia, New Zealand, the Kimberley and Arnhem Land can be obtained by visiting the website www.orionexpeditions.com
For reservations or to obtain a brochure call Orion Expedition Cruises: 61-2 9033 8777 (Sydney callers) 1300 361 012 (regional and interstate) or your travel agent. Email: firstname.lastname@example.com


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We have been posting periodic updates on Gil and Kelly Bates and their 19 children to this blog since 2011. With the premiere of the UP original series Bringing Up Bates at 9pm ET on New Years Day, we figured, why not create a separate site for Bates updates? So that's what we did.
It took time to set everything up, but we are excited to reveal the URL of the Bates Family Blog to our readers: www.batesfamilyblog.com.
We will continue to post Duggar updates and episode recaps to the Duggar Family Blog as usual, so be sure to follow both blogs. (In case you haven't heard, the new season of 19 Kids and Counting premieres February 17th on TLC!)
Photo: Courtesy of UP


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Video Games But Not Only
Welcome to the Beroux.com website,
The official website of the creator of some games and applications for Windows, Linux, and other OS. Sometimes the source code is provided. You'll also find different articles related to computers (and usually software programming).
The common point is that they have all been created by Werner BEROUX. Beroux.com is his website.
Current News:
- We're https://beroux.com 2016-04-22
- New article about Kubernetes and Docker 2016-04-07
- Bootstrap Polymer on AppEngine 2015-04-11
- Cuckoo 4.34 2013-04-04
- Comment articles 2012-09-18
- Server upgrade 2012-07-05
- Planned server maintenance this week's end 2012-02-23
- 18-Jan Beroux.com on Strike! 2012-01-14
Our Highlighted Products
- iPuissance 4D 6.13
- Free multiplayer Connect Four game with players ranking.
- Rename-It! 3.42
- Rename a large number of files at once in seconds with its Shell incorporation (and support RegExp).
- Cuckoo 4.34
- Cukoo, tower clock or Mickey Mouse screen saver that draws the current time.
Our Highlighted Articles
- Progressive Web Apps & Service Workers for any website
- Make your website work offline, do push notifications, become an installable app, and more.
- Kubernetes made easy: Develop and deploy on a cloud cluster
- A rapid and practical introduction of Kubernetes and Docker technologies to build and deploy your web services from small to very large.
- Object-Oriented Analysis and Design with UML and RUP
- Overview of object-oriented programming: The basis, the CRC cards, the UML, analysis, design, up to programming methodologies and processes like the Unified Process (RUP).


text:
Two bombs exploded less than a minute apart, killing 29 people and wounding 166 outside a soccer stadium in Istanbul on Saturday night, in a co-ordinated attack on police shortly after a match between two of Turkey's top teams.
First a car bomb exploded outside the Vodafone Arena, home to Istanbul's Besiktas soccer team, leaving flaming wreckage on the street. Forty-five seconds later, a suspect wearing explosives detonated them while surrounded by police in an adjacent park, Deputy Prime Minister Numan Kurtulmus told a news conference.
President Tayyip Erdogan described the blasts as a terrorist attack on police and civilians. He said the aim of the bombings, two hours after the end of a match attended by thousands of people, had been to cause the maximum number of casualties.
"Nobody should doubt that with God's will, we as a country and a nation will overcome terror, terrorist organisations... and the forces behind them," he said in a statement.
The attack shook a soccer-mad nation still trying to recover from a series of deadly bombings this year in cities including Istanbul and the capital Ankara, some blamed on the militant Islamic State (IS) group and others claimed by Kurdish militants.
There was no immediate claim of responsibility. But the blasts came less than a week after IS urged its supporters to target Turkey's "security, military, economic and media establishment".
"It was like hell. The flames went all the way up to the sky. I was drinking tea at the cafe next to the mosque," said Omer Yilmaz, who works as a cleaner at the nearby Dolmabahce mosque, directly across the road from the stadium.
"People ducked under the tables, women began crying. Football fans drinking tea at the cafe sought shelter, it was horrible," he told Reuters.
Turkey is a member of the Nato military alliance and part of the US-led coalition against IS. It launched a military incursion into Syria in August against IS. It is also fighting a Kurdish militant insurgency in its own southeast.
Victims mainly police
Interior Minister Suleyman Soylu said the first explosion, which came around two hours after the end of the match between Besiktas and Bursaspor, was at an assembly point for riot police officers. The second came as police surrounded the suicide bomber in the nearby Macka park.
Two of those killed in the blasts were civilians. The other 27 were police officers, including a police chief and another senior officer, Soylu said. He said 17 of the wounded were undergoing surgery and another six were in intensive care.
Soylu also said 10 people had been detained based on evidence from the detonated vehicle, but gave no indication of who the authorities thought might be behind the attack.
A Reuters photographer said many riot police officers were seriously wounded. Armed police sealed off streets. A police water cannon doused the wreckage of a burned-out car and there were two separate fires on the road outside the stadium.
Bursaspor said none of its fans appeared to have been injured. Both it and Besiktas condemned the bombings.
"Those attacking our nation's unity and solidarity will never win," Sports Minister Akif Cagatay Kilic said on Twitter. Transport Minister Ahmet Arslan, also writing on Twitter, described it as a terrorist attack.
Nato Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg condemned what he described as "horrific acts of terror", while European leaders also sent messages of solidarity. The United States condemned the attack and said it stood with its Nato ally.
The bombings come five months after Turkey was shaken by a failed military coup, in which more than 240 people were killed, many of them in Istanbul, as rogue soldiers commandeered tanks and fighter jets in a bid to seize power.
Istanbul has seen several other attacks this year, including in June, when around 45 people were killed and hundreds wounded as three suspected Islamic State militants carried out a gun and bomb attack on its main Ataturk airport.


text:
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