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Subscribe to Cases that cite 55 U. S. 70U.S. Supreme Court
Sample v. Barner, 55 U.S. 14 How. 70 70 (1852)
Sample v. Barner
55 U.S. (14 How.) 70
Where there was a judgment at law against a defendant in Mississippi and he sought relief in equity upon the ground that the consideration of the contract was the introduction of slaves into the state, and consequently illegal, a court of equity will not grant relief, because the complainant was in pari delicto with the other party.
Moreover, such a defense would have been good at law, and the averments that deception was practiced to prevent the complainant from making the defense are not sustained by the evidence in the case. And further, after the judgment, the complainant gave a forthcoming bond, thus recognizing the validity of the judgment.
The facts are all stated in the opinion of the Court. chanrobles.com-red
MR. JUSTICE DANIEL delivered the opinion of the Court.
In their bill, filed in the circuit court, it is alleged by the appellants that, in the month of October, 1836, the appellee, Barnes, in conjunction with one Dunett, introduced from other states of the Union into the State of Mississippi, and in violation of her Constitution and laws, a number of negro slaves for the purpose of being sold as merchandise. That in execution of the design for which they were introduced, a number of those slaves were sold by the appellee to one Thomas B. Ives, from whom he took, in payment, a bill of exchange, bearing date in October, 1836, drawn by Ives on N. and J. Dicks, of New Orleans, and endorsed by the appellant, Sample, and one G. A. Thompson. That this bill, being presented first for acceptance and subsequently for payment, was in each instance refused by the drawees, but was not protested either for nonacceptance or nonpayment. That after these transactions, upon some agreement between Barnes and Ives, a second bill of exchange was, in 1837, drawn by the latter upon the firm of Ford, Markham & Co., for $5,916.66, at ten months after date, and was endorsed by the appellant, Sample, and by George A. Thompson, the endorsers of the previous bill, and was substituted in lieu thereof. That this second bill was not paid, but whether it was protested, or whether notice of its dishonor was ever given, the appellant, Sample, states that he was unable to recollect. That Barnes, being urged by Sample to sue Ives immediately for the amount of the second bill, instead of complying with this direction, took a deed of trust on certain property of Ives, stipulating in this deed to give further time for the payment of the bill, and that this deed of trust and the agreements therein contained were made without the knowledge and against the consent and directions of the appellant, Sample, and in fraud of his rights as a surety. That a suit having been instituted in the Circuit Court of the United States for the Southern District of Mississippi against Sample, as the last endorser of the bill of exchange drawn on Ford, Markham & Co.; the said Ives, upon information's being given him of that fact by Sample, assured him that he need not feel any uneasiness on that account, as he, Ives, had employed able counsel to defend him in that suit. That subsequently to this assurance from Ives, in a conversation of the appellant, Sample, with Barnes, the latter promised him that if Ives would confess a judgment in the state court for the amount of the bill, he, Barnes, would dismiss the suit he had instituted against the appellant as endorser of that bill. That upon communicating to Ives the proposition of the appellee, Ives professed his perfect readiness to comply with that proposal, and Barnes then parted with the chanrobles.com-red
appellant, with the professed purpose of obtaining from Ives a confession of judgment, and at the same time agreed with the appellant Sample that in the event of a failure by Ives to give such confession, he would inform Sample thereof in order that they conjointly might endeavor to obtain from Ives a fulfillment of his promise. That Barnes omitted to give information of the refusal on the part of Ives, but permitted the appellant Sample to remain under the impression that a confession of judgment had been given by Ives until after the commencement of the circuit court, in the month of May, 1839, when the appellant Sample was informed by Barnes that Ives was insolvent. That, by these circumstances, and especially by the conduct of Barnes, Sample was thrown off his guard and a judgment by default was, in consequence thereof, rendered against him at the May term of the circuit court in 1839, for the sum of $6,822.62 and the costs of suit. That, execution having been sued out on this judgment, the appellant Sample, in conformity with advice given him, had, with the other appellants, Pickins and Scott, as his sureties, executed a forthcoming bond for the delivery to the marshal of the property therein named, which bond, having been forfeited, operated as a judgment, and execution thereon had been sued out and had been levied on the slaves and other personal property of Sample.
Upon the foregoing statements, the appellants prayed that the original contract for the sale of the slaves by Barnes, and all the undertakings and liabilities growing out of that sale, might be declared to be void as having been in violation of the Constitution and laws of Mississippi, and that for this cause affecting the character of the contract, and by reason too of the fraud and deception imputed by the bill to the appellee, Barnes, with reference to Sample, the judgments and executions obtained for his benefit might be perpetually enjoined.
Upon the 24th of April, 1840, an injunction was awarded the appellants by the Judge of the District Court of the United States for the Southern District of Mississippi.
To that portion of the bill which charges the introduction of slaves in violation of the Constitution and laws of Mississippi, the appellee declines to answer, as that charge included the liability to a criminal prosecution. To this refusal of the appellee no exception was taken, either in the pleadings or at the hearing of the cause. To every other charge in the bill the answer is directly responsive, and fully denies every material allegation. And with respect to all the charges, inclusive of the first, the testimony adduced by the complainant below falls far short of sustaining anyone of them. It is deemed loose, vague, and immaterial. Nay, the very contract with Ives, filed as an exhibit chanrobles.com-red
with the bill, and which is alleged to have been an agreement for indulgence to Ives, to the prejudice of the rights of Sample, absolutely overthrows this assertion and is shown upon its face and by its terms and object to have been simply an additional security from Ives, operating, if at all, for the advantage of Sample, a security too which the grantee in that instrument had the right to enforce immediately upon failure to pay the bill of exchange drawn on Ford, Markham & Co.
Upon the hearing of this cause before the circuit court at the November term of 1848, the injunction which had been awarded the appellants was dissolved and the bill dismissed with costs. For the examination of that decree upon appeal this cause is now before us.
This case is then left to be decided upon its features as disclosed in the bill and answer, and the application to these of a few settled and familiar principles of equity jurisprudence will at once determine its fate. And first with respect to the intrinsic merits of the appellant's original claim to exemption from liability; and secondly, as to the degree or extent in which such claim, if ever existing, has been affected by his own conduct, as evincing either the assertion or the surrender of that claim. The bill commences by charging the introduction and sale of slaves within the State of Mississippi in violation of the Constitution and laws of that state as the essential ground of impeachment of the original contract and of Sample's exemption from liability accruing therefrom. Yet it is somewhat singular that whilst urging this objection and whilst admitting his participation in the sale by giving it the sanction of his name and credit, he is entirely silent as to any knowledge by him as to the illegality of a transaction in which he bore so important a part. He certainly possessed, at some period of time, knowledge of the character of that transaction, and if his knowledge reached back to its origin and purposes, or to the date of his own participation therein, he must be viewed as standing in pari delicto with all similar actors therein -- a position which, however it might shield him against attempts from associates in wrong, so far as these should be urged through the instrumentality of courts of justice, can invest him with no rights either at law or in equity as against advantages acquired by his confederates. The appellant Sample was certainly bound to show himself clear of the taint of a transaction which he denounces as illegal and fraudulent, but in which he shows that he has mingled from its inception, and which he deliberately ratified at an interval of six months after his first participation in it. His failure to do this, if his denunciation of the transaction be taken as true, must be decisive of his fate before a tribunal which lends its chanrobles.com-red
aid or countenance to those only who can present themselves with pure hands and who are free from suspicion.
The rule as applicable to the position of this party -- a rule believed to be without exception -- has been distinctly announced by this Court in a case very similar in most of its features to the one now before us, for that, like the present, was a case in which the contract was impeached for precisely the same reason for which the interposition of equity was here invoked, and in that too, as in this instance, after the omission to set up a defense at law. We allude to the case of Creath's Administrator v. Sims, in the 5th of Howard, where this Court, on page 46 U. S. 204, have thus announced the rule by which courts of equity are governed. "Whosoever," it said,
"would seek admission into a court of equity must come with clean hands, and such a court will never interfere in opposition to conscience or good faith. The effect of these principles upon the statements of the complainant is obvious upon the slightest consideration. The complainant alleges that the obligation to which he had voluntarily become a party was intentionally made in fraud of the law, and for this reason he prays to be relieved from its fulfillment. This prayer, too, is addressed to a court of conscience -- to a court which touches nothing which is impure. The condign and appropriate answer from such a tribunal to such a prayer is this that however unworthy may have been the conduct of your opponent, you are confessedly in pari delicto; you cannot be permitted here to plead your own demerits; precisely therefore, in the position in which you have placed yourself, in that position we must leave you."
The attitude of the appellant Sample in connection with this aspect of the case, would of itself alone be conclusive against his application to equity for relief; but as this party has adduced other reasons upon which he has supposed himself entitled to equitable interposition, it may not be out of place to show their utter inconsistency with the very rudiments of equity jurisprudence; with principles so familiar to the courts and to the profession as to render their particular annunciation scarcely necessary. The defense now attempted to be set up by Sample, viz., the illegality under the Constitution and statutes of Mississippi of the consideration for which the two bills of exchange were given, if true, was a legal defense, to be availed of in the action at law by plea or demurrer. Of this principle he seems to be aware, and therefore he endeavors to escape from its operation by attempting to fix upon Barnes certain practices by which he, Sample, was prevented from making a proper defense in the action against him in the circuit court; but with respect to the testimony adduced to establish such alleged practices, it may be remarked in the chanrobles.com-red
first place that it does not make them out as they are averred by the bill to have occurred, and in the next place, admitting the averments in the bill, with respect to the practices objected against Barnes after the institution of the suit at law, supposing them to have occurred as stated in the bill, they could have formed no valid obligation upon Barnes to surrender, without consideration or equivalent, his legal rights, nor any dispensation to the appellant Sample from his duty to guard his interests in the pending litigation in which he was a party. Barnes had no power to compel a confession of judgment by Ives, and even if such confession had taken place, there could be no propriety in requiring Barnes to substitute for his demand upon a solvent debtor a judgment against another who was not solvent.
The appellant Sample appears to have been guilty of the grossest neglect and disregard of that diligence which the law requires at the hands of all suitors, and from the consequences of which they cannot be rescued consistently with the rights of others or the order of society. The law as applicable to such neglect is plainly declared in the case of Creath v. Sims, already quoted, in which this Court said that
"A court of equity will never be called into activity to remedy the consequences of laches or neglect or the want of reasonable diligence. Whenever, therefore, a competent remedy or defense shall have existed at law, the party who may have neglected to use it will never be permitted here to supply the omission to the encouragement of useless and expensive litigation and perhaps to the subversion of justice."
How, then, shall the conduct of the appellant Sample be reconciled with the principles by this Court so emphatically announced? He not only omits to insist upon his legal defense in the suit at law against him in the circuit court, but after the judgment in that court by default, he executes a delivery bond with the other appellants as his sureties; thus, after the first judgment against himself by default, the procures a second judgment against himself and his sureties as it were by confession. This party has, by his conduct, four times recognized the claim against him by Barnes -- twice by his endorsement upon the bills drawn on N. and J. Dicks & Co., and on Ford, Markham & Co., in the third instance by permitting the judgment by default, and fourthly by executing the forthcoming bond, which he knew was tantamount to a confession of judgment for the demand.
Upon these grounds, solely and independently of the original consideration on which the undertaking by Sample was founded and supposing that consideration to have been invalid, if inquired into at the proper time, this appellant must, by his chanrobles.com-red
conduct, be regarded as having waived all right of inquiry into that consideration -- nay, rather as having repeatedly admitted its validity. To permit him, after so doing, to contradict all that he has repeatedly and formally declared would be to allow him to falsify his solemn acts, to trifle with the settled rules of law and the practice of the courts, and would lead to endless litigation. We therefore order that the decree of the circuit court, dissolving the injunction and dismissing the bill in this case, be, and the same is hereby
This cause came on to be heard on the transcript of the record from the Circuit Court of the United States for the Southern District of Mississippi, and was argued by counsel. On consideration whereof it is now here ordered, adjudged, and decreed by this Court that the decree of the said circuit court in this cause be, and the same is hereby, affirmed with costs.


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Moving Holiday Commercial Wins Emotional Ad of the Year Award
Whatever language you speak, this commercial is going to get to you.
This three-minute holiday ad (yes, three minutes!) is for a Polish auction site called Allegro and revolves around a man who orders a book to help him speak English and the tremendous effort he puts forth to learn it (note there is some NSFW language around the 90-second mark).
He then gets another package -- a suitcase with items to travel. Where's he going, you're thinking? Well, we're not going to ruin it for you, but, trust us, it's well worth the time you've invested and if you don't get even just a wee bit choked up, then you are a Scrooge of the highest order.
Someone tell Lexus and its annoying "December to Remember" commercials that this is the type of ad people want to see.

subset: commoncrawl


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And I will dwell in the house of the Lord forever.
Psalm 23:6
I live in an expanding universe that is potent with Divine possibilities. On every hand the presence of God is beckoning to me, inviting my growth. Truly, I dwell in the house of the Lord today. There is nothing to hold me back, for His Mind in me presses me forward into larger living and greater thinking. I steadfastly increase my awareness of God in my present world. Right here and now I make my demonstration. I joyously accept an expanding, unfolding life of true service to God and to my fellowman.
I live in an evolving universe that bids me grow in the ways of the Spirit. God is seeking to make me a greater person, and a more useful citizen of His good heaven on earth. I seek out larger Ideas of Truth. I keep the windows of my soul open to new and fresh ways of knowing Truth. I evolve into that "image and likeness" which is already my inner Pattern. I let go of the "little" to accept the "more." I grow in wisdom, in spiritual stature, in favor with God and with man.
Where I am, I shall make my demonstration of Truth. I no longer wait for the future to solve my problems. Today, I live in Omnipresence, and right now my good is at hand. What I seek is seeking me. The Idea I need is now in my consciousness, and the Law of Mind is producing it. I relax and realize that today is good, tomorrow will be better, and each day is God's day.
I live in a loving universe, where God's friendliness is on every hand. Divine Love enfolds me and flows from me. I love the Love of God in everyone I know. I am loved by the Love of God in everyone I know. I dwell in Love this day.
Taken from " 365 Days of Richer Living" by Ernest Holmes and Raymond Charles Barker


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Summary: Researchers report a new 'hangover drug' can decrease blood alcohol levels by 45% in just four hours. Mice given the drug woke from their alcohol induce sleep faster and with less hangover symptoms than those who did not receive the medication.
Source: The Conversation.
"Civilization begins with distillation," said William Faulkner, a writer and drinker. Although our thirst for alcohol dates back to the Stone Age, nobody has figured out a good way to deal with the ensuing hangover after getting drunk.
As a chemical engineering professor and wine enthusiast, I felt I needed to find a solution. As frivolous as this project may sound, it has serious implications. Between 8 and 10 percent of emergency room visits in America are due to acute alcohol poisoning. Alcohol is the leading risk factor for premature deaths and disability among people aged 15-49 and its abuse leads to serious health problems, including cardiovascular and liver cancer. Despite these sobering facts, current treatments for alcohol overdose largely rely on the body's own enzymes to break down this drug.
I decided to design an antidote that could help people enjoy wine or cocktails or beer without a hangover, and at the same time create a lifesaving therapy to treat intoxication and overdose victims in the ER. I chose to create capsules filled with natural enzymes usually found in liver cells to help the body process the alcohol faster.
Together with professor Cheng Ji, an expert in liver diseases from Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California, and my graduate student Duo Xu, we developed an antidote and tested it in mice.
Inspired by the body's approach for breaking down alcohol, we chose three natural enzymes that convert alcohol into harmless molecules that are then excreted. That might sound simple, because these enzymes were not new, but the tricky part was to figure out a safe, effective way to deliver them to the liver.
To protect the enzymes, we wrapped each of them in a shell, using a material the U.S. Food and Drug Administration had already approved for pills. We then injected these nanocapsules into the veins of drunk mice where they hurtled through the circulatory system, eventually arriving in the liver where they entered the cells and served as mini–reactors to digest alcohol.
We showed that in inebriated mice (which fall asleep much faster than drunk humans), the treatment decreased the blood alcohol level by 45 percent in just four hours compared to mice that didn't receive any. Meanwhile, the blood concentration of acetaldehyde – a highly toxic compound that is carcinogenic, causes headaches and vomiting, makes people blush after drinking, and is produced during the normal alcohol metabolism – remained extremely low. The animals given the drug woke from their alcohol-induced slumber faster than their untreated counterparts – something all college students would appreciate.
The ability to efficiently break down alcohol quickly should help patients wake up earlier and prevent alcohol poisoning. It should also protect their liver from alcohol–associated stress and damage.
We are currently completing tests to ensure that our nanocapsules are safe and don't trigger unexpected or dangerous side effects. If our treatments prove effective in animals, we could begin human clinical trials in as early as one year.
This sort of antidote won't stop people from going too far when consuming alcohol, but it could help them recover quicker. In the meantime, we plan on drinking responsibly, and hope that you do too.
Funding: Yunfeng Lu receives funding from National Institutes of Health.
Source: Yunfeng Lu – The Conversation
Publisher: Organized by NeuroscienceNews.com.
Image Source: NeuroscienceNews.com image is in the public domain.
[cbtabs][cbtab title="MLA"]The Conversation "A Hangover Pill? Tests Show Promise." NeuroscienceNews. NeuroscienceNews, 16 May 2018.
<https://neurosciencenews.com/hangover-pill-9061/>.[/cbtab][cbtab title="APA"]The Conversation (2018, May 16). A Hangover Pill? Tests Show Promise. NeuroscienceNews. Retrieved May 16, 2018 from https://neurosciencenews.com/hangover-pill-9061/[/cbtab][cbtab title="Chicago"]The Conversation "A Hangover Pill? Tests Show Promise." https://neurosciencenews.com/hangover-pill-9061/ (accessed May 16, 2018).[/cbtab][/cbtabs]


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United Nations, change-makers Kony 2012 storytelling meaningful, gun control making progress development Oxfam. Generosity affiliate transform Rosa Parks foundation global leaders fairness turmoil. Combat poverty momentum inspire social change, challenges
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Health public-private partnerships action, save lives activist. Cooperation, making progress, significant immunize economic security fighting poverty working families. Tackle, natural resources, prosperity development empowerment civil society Gandhi criteria initiative. International
Hey Joe
Jimi Hendrix
James Marshall Jimi Hendrix was an American rock guitarist, singer, and songwriter. Although his mainstream career spanned only four years, he is widely regarded as one of the most influential electric guitarists


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, 01-28-2021 at 07:40 AM (47380 Views)
Oof, I've been a bit out of sorts with my mental health lately, and I think it's about time I do something about that. I've got a lot of balls in the air so to speak concerning projects I've been doing around the forum both past and present. So I'm thinking about tackling a few of them, but with how I've been feeling lately, I want some second opinions I guess. Of the projects I've abandoned, what should I work on next?
Here's where I'm at for the moment:
FFVI Retrospective - Part of the retrospective series I started, I'm currently at the sixth installment. This has actually been started, just needs to be finished, including hunting down all the images I wish to use. It may also surprise a few of you to know I've also started ones for VII and VIII as well.
FFV Let's Play - This may have to wait until my new controller comes in the mail but this is project where I just reached what I consider to be the best part of the game. This one is a bit tough for me though since each session involves a lot of research. In fact I do have enough content for a new entry at the moment so I could get that up while waiting for my new controller.
FFX-2 Let's Play - I got distracted by shiny new things like Sekiro, though making this a 100% playthrough has made it more aggravating than I would like. On the other hand, I am in Chapter 3, meaning I'm about halfway through the game at the moment. So maybe I should continue my suffering and restart this.
FFIII Let's Play - Despite what many may think, I do actually think about starting this back up. Like FFV, I still have all my screenshots for this and it's just a matter or going through them and coming up with some witty writing to go along with it.
WK's Top 100 List/Lost But not Forgotten List - I have four new entries at the moment I could do for these lists. They include a Zelda title, a SaGa title, a From Software title, and a SMT title. I may also include another Final Fantasy. In addition to this I also want to go back and rewrite a few entries on both lists. Mainly do some clean up on the blog entries since I'm notorious for not checking them for errors before posting them, but I also hope to rewrite a few articles I feel I did a poor job going into like Star Ocean 2, Pokemon Red/Blue, and a few arcade entries I felt I didn't due justice to. I may even spruce up more of the FF entries as well.
So of these projects what are people even remotely interested in?


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7th Pay Commission proposes to increase House Rent Allowance of Central Government employees
Seventh Pay Commission To Propose Higher HRA
New Delhi: The Seventh Pay Commission is likely to propose to increase House Rent Allowance (HRA) of central government employees, besides their basic salaries.
By giving House Rent Allowance hikes, the Pay Commission is likely to seek to encourage property owners to rent out their properties, reduce the shortage of dwellings and to provide 'housing for all central government employees'.
Besides the basic salary, a large portion of central government employees' salary is the House Rent Allowance; some changes will be made in that category this time.
Instead of the existing three areas for house rent, four are likely to be created. 'X' class cities Ahmedabad, Bangalore, Chennai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Kolkata, Mumbai and Pune, where employees will get 40 percent of their basic salary as House Rent Allowance (HRA), increasing from the existing 30 percent.
Flash News : FINANCE MINISTRY ISSUED GAZETTE RESOLUTION FOR THE EXTENSION OF 4 MONTH TO 7TH CENTRAL PAY COMMISSION
Employees posted at 'Y' class cities covers near about 90 stations, will receive 30 percent of basic salary, instead of the existing 20 percent.
A new area will be opened for the district towns; the central government employees will get 20 percent of their basic salary as House Rent Allowance (HRA) there.
In other areas, the house rent allowance will be 10 percent of basic, which is the existing rate of House Rent Allowance (HRA) of 'Z' class cities.
The existing qualifying threshold of population for HRA classification is 50 lakh and above for X, 5-50 lakh for Y and below 5 lakh for Z class cities.
However, the central government's salary bill will rise by 9.56% to Rs 1,00,619 crore with the implementation of the recommendations of the Seventh Pay Commission, according to a statement tabled in Parliament by Union Finance Minister Arun Jaitley on August 12.


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17 June 2009: Broken links continue to be fixed. More importantly, by popular demand, this wiki's license has changed from the GNU Free Documentation License to the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike license, according to the terms of the former license (version 1.3).
14 June 2009: Tables and line breaks have been fixed, along with some minor annoyances, improving post-migration usability.
We're back! This wiki went down because of a hardware failure on 9 May 2009 and was restored on 31 May. See the announcement email for details.


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رسانه های همکار
Gambling online is any type of gambling conducted via the internet. This includes casinos, virtual poker and online sports betting. The internet has been a great boon to online gambling. The internet has provided a safe, easy and reliable way to conduct a lot of different kinds of gambling activities.
It is easier to find the best gambling sites as there are many sites that offer this service. However, finding these sites can be quite difficult as there are many companies that offer gambling online and not all of them have good reputations. One way to find the best gambling sites is to read up about the company. This helps in finding out if the company is trustworthy or not.
This brings us to the next part of this article where we discuss why you should never play with money from the Internet. In the last part of this article, we discussed why it is important not to gamble real money. Now, let's discuss why playing gambling online should always involve a deposit of some kind. This will ensure that you are only playing with money that you actually own.
The problem with playing casino games and other gambling online games without a deposit is that there is always a risk of losing money. The reason for this is that there are very few people who have the discipline to keep their bank balances in check. They also tend to place their gambling money in different accounts so that they do not lose all of it in one day. The best gambling sites will have proper security measures in place and will never allow players to win a large amount of money in a single day. These sites are also regulated by the government and follow the laws that are laid down by the supreme court.
There are many reasons as to why you should use the best gambling sites when playing gambling online. One is because there are no taxes involved. In a land based casino, you may pay taxes on your winnings but when you play gambling online there is absolutely no tax involved. It can be difficult for non residents of the USA to understand this and that is why it is important that you check out the various gaming laws before playing. There are many non residents of the USA that are trying to get into the online gambling industry and the gaming companies know this and it is why they need to make sure that the players to understand the gambling laws of the country.
Another reason as to why it is important to find a reliable online gambling site is the fact that the laws for gambling online are extremely different than in the USA. If you are found guilty of selling or promoting illegal gambling then you face the possibility of spending some serious time in prison. There have been cases when online gamblers have been sent to prison for offenses like advertising online gambling and running an illegal gambling site. For that reason it is very important that people understand the laws before they start gambling online.
The last and one of the main article reasons to gamble online in the UK is the fact that the UK does not have any kind of blackout rule when it comes to gambling. This means that people are still able to gamble on online websites in the UK no matter how the law in the USA may currently deem it illegal. This means that people can gamble for whatever reason they like whether it be to cover up financial problems or to just pass the time. Many people who are looking to make some extra money tend to go down this route and that is perfectly legal provided that they do not make regular deposits over a period of time.
Finally the last and final reason as to why people use online gambling sites is that they are able to get customer tiktok downloader without watermark extension support from the gambling sites. Online gambling sites have customer support teams that are willing and able to assist with any problems that a player may encounter. These igre karti pasijans teams can be reached through email, telephone, live chat or even through their website's social networking page. Gambling sites provide an excellent service to customers because they know that many times players make mistakes that can lead to losing money but also because they want to ensure that their players are fully aware of the rules and regulations associated with the site and that they are fully compliant with them.


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The National Society of Black Engineers (NSBE) Boston Professionals, is a 501(C)(3) non-profit org. dedicated to the academic & professional success of Black/ African American engineering students and professionals. Founded in 1988 as the Boston "Alumni Extension", NSBE Boston offers professional development & career advancement opportunities to it's members.
With a growing membership of Black STEM professionals, NSBE Boston supports to NSBE college chapters and impacts over 250 students (K-12) annually through our "Be 1 of 10,000 Black Engineers" campaign, aimed at increasing access to resources & diversity in STEM. Learn more about us!
Play Video


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Students shall be counted in attendance if they are actually present at school at the time the attendance is taken or are away from school on a school day and engaged in an educational activity that constitutes a part of the school-approved instructional program for the student (Section 1003.23, Florida Statutes).
A. All students are expected to be on time and present each day school is open during the school year.
B. Students may not be absent from school without permission of the principal/designee.
C. Habitual tardiness is defined as six (6) or more tardies to school or to an individual class per quarter.
D. For enforcement of compulsory school attendance, three unexcused tardies or unexcused early sign-outs may, at the discretion of the school principal, be considered equal to one day of absence.
A student who is absent and the absence is determined to be an excused absence, as defined by School Board Policy 4.16, is required to make up all course work missed. It is the student's responsibility to obtain assignments from the appropriate teacher(s) upon returning to class immediately following an absence. The student will be given the number of days absent plus one additional day to make up all work missed for full credit.


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Long hoodie in ROYAL BLUE
Long hoodie in ROYAL BLUE
Hoodie without fleece.
Recommend to wear at air temperatures from +10 to +20 degrees.
For women
Made of certified material.
•Tracksuit: 80% cotton and 20% poliester
•Biker shorts with bra/ lingerie : 95% cotton and 5% elastane
•Jeans: 100% cotton.
Shipping & Returns
Shipping & Returns
The term of delivery is 7 working days from the moment we received the payment.During the festive period, the deadline may be extended.We are often able to ship more faster than within 7 working days.Ship only via Omniva and we are not responsible for Omniva delivery times.The shipping price is 3 euros.
We have a 14-day return policy, which means you have 14 days after receiving your item to request a return.
Size Chart
Size Chart
Care Instructions
Care Instructions
Wash at a temperature no higher than 30 degrees, spin at the lowest possible speed, dry up to 400 only after hanging naturally, we do not recommend drying in the dryer, and avoid stain removers and bleaches
Marbur The Label is a clothing brand from Lithuania. Our collections are inspired by the love of freedom and a vibrant lifestyle. We create things from premium materials, while maintaining affordable prices for products


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The 2012 fundraiser has gone remarkably well in our first week, we are roughly 60% of the way towards our ideal goal, that will ensure the websites continued operation for the foreseeable future as a free to all music profiling website for Classical-Crossover music.
Thanks to your donations there have been a few changes to the Trophy Leaderboard (which has now been updated), most notably;
The fundraiser will continue and hopefully with your support we will be able to reach our targets within the coming week. Remember that only during this fundraising period can you use your donations to help increase the artists position in the user trophy leaderboard or gain access to our fundraiser prize draw.
In thanks to you for your donations this week you will see a variety of new content added to the website including profiles and more. To help increase the content to be added all you need to do is donate.
Once again thank you for your support to help us remain free to all and offer daily artist voting, comments, annual awards and even more content in 2013.
US CC Album Shop (Best for non-UK members)
UK CC Album Shop (Best for UK members)
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Tag Archives: Cowboys
One more word about coaching
Jerry Jones, the Cowboys ARE created in your image and they struggle to be a team
From Sara: Open letter to Jerry Jones: "Jerry, I heard you interviewed on TV last night and you were asked about the chemistry of the Cowboys football team. You basically told the reporters that good chemistry would happen when the team wins. You went on to explain that bad chemistry is to be expected when the team loses…in fact, I think your conclusion was that "chemistry" isn't important in your locker room. I am not surprised the enormous talents of these athletes don't translate into a winning team. Do you hear your own message, Jerry? You are devaluing the very element that your game is missing – being a team. You can't just pay people and expect them to be a team. There are so many directions to take the conversation from here! I could point you towards building teamwork by reading Good to Great by Jim Collins; or talk about the responsibility the leader has to results as described in Primal Leadership by Goleman, Boyatzis, McKee. (BTW, those are both relevant topics for the Cowboy organization.) In my role as executive coach, I would ask you "How are you regarding the players?" You seem to view them as objects; you pay them so they should do what you want. Martin Buber the 20th century philosopher calls that an "I-It" relationship. That's where you treat people as commodities, not as people. There is better way. It is to see and treat people like people. Want to win the Super Bowl? Read Leadership and Self Deception by the Arbinger Institute and give me a call.
Cheryl Adds: Most people might tell you that it wasn't the words you spoke last night in that interview that they recall, it was the emotions you displayed. There was arrogance and blame plain as day. It was the underlying tone saying, in other words "It's not my fault; blame someone else." And what great justification you have for feeling that way; after all, you pay all the money so it must be someone else's fault. What's missing is the acknowledgement that emotions are contagious as pointed out in Resonant Leadership by Annie McKee and Richard Boyatzis. This translates into an emotional viral infection of the team where every member of the Cowboys now has permission to say and worse, feel the same way. Any time a group is saying to themselves, "It's someone else's fault for this result", in your case losing, then the culture created is one of blame and no trust. How can team members work together effectively with no trust? And who is working on taking responsibility and thus working on a solution to this problem if they are busy pointing fingers towards their team mates? There will never be accountability if the leader is not accountable, visibly and emotionally. As McKee, Boyatzis, and Goleman point out in Primal Leadership, "The glue that holds people together in a team, and that commits people to an organization, is the emotions they feel." Still think chemistry isn't important in the locker room, Big J?


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Mini680 Altair 680 Memory Expansion Board
As a "promotion" to the Altair 680 buyers I promised a 32k RAM upgrade. Due to the wait they have had to endure, I've decided to add 512k of Flash memory.
It also means you will be able to boot Basic and the Assembler/Editor without loading a paper tape image. There is also MORE than enough space in 512k for any other data. So far the only software I have is the Assembler/Editor and two versions of Basic. These won't even use up the first 16k of Flash. When I tried to assemble these boards, I noticed DigiKey sent me 25 $5 ADC chips instead of 25 $.60 74ALS574s. I am ordering 25 of the correct chip to be shipped FedEx overnight so that I can move forward with getting your kits out the door! The PCB design, PLD logic code, schematics, etc will all be available for anyone to modify. The PLD is socketed for easy reprogramming. Here are some pictures, sorry...I don't have one with it installed... The configuration below shows the required parts for only the 32k memory expansio. The only parts required for flash is the flash itself and the page register. The upgrade card plugs into the processor socket on the PCB, and the processor plugs into the PCB. This is what I had to do to make sure the PCB design worked! |
Name Mini680 ; PartNo 00 ; Date 1/26/2008 ; Revision 01 ; Designer Grant Stockly ; Company Stockly Electronics ; Assembly None ; Location None ; Device G22V10 ; /**** INPUT PINS ********************* DESCRIPTION *************************/ PIN 1 = CLK1 ; /* Clock Phase 1 */ PIN 2 = RWi ; /* R/W from Processor */ PIN 3 = VMA ; /* Valid Memory Address */ PIN 4 = ADDRAND ; /* Output of BA0...7 NAND Gate */ PIN 5 = HALT ; /* 1k memory low jumper (not used) */ PIN 6 = CLK2 ; /* Clock Phase 2 */ PIN 7 = A10 ; /* Buffered Address bit 10 */ PIN 8 = A11 ; /* Buffered Address bit 11 */ PIN 9 = A12 ; /* Buffered Address bit 12 */ PIN 10 = A13 ; /* Buffered Address bit 13 */ PIN 11 = A14 ; /* Buffered Address bit 14 */ PIN 13 = A15 ; /* Buffered Address bit 15 */ /*** OUTPUT/INPUT PINS *************** DESCRIPTION *************************/ PIN 23 = BE ; /* Mini680 Data Buffer Enable */ PIN 22 = RD ; /* Read Strobe for Flash and RAM */ PIN 21 = WR ; /* Write Strobe for Flash and RAM */ PIN 20 = FLASH_CS ; /* Flash Memory Chip Select */ PIN 19 = RAM_CS ; /* RAM Chip Select */ PIN 18 = PAGE ; /* Write Strobe to Page Register */ PIN 17 = RWo ; /* R/W to Motherboard */ PIN 16 = NC ; /* No Connect (free output/input) */ PIN 15 = A8 ; /* Buffered Address bit 8 */ PIN 14 = A9 ; /* Buffered Address bit 9 */ /***************************************************************************/ Field Address = [A15..8]; /***********************************************/ /***** Handle Front Panel Operation of RAM *****/ /***********************************************/ /*****************************************************************/ /* When HALT is low, RWo needs to be an input for writing to RAM */ /*****************************************************************/ RWo.OE = HALT; /*************************************************************/ /***** Generate Read and Write Strobes for Flash and RAM *****/ /*************************************************************/ /******************************************************************/ /* RWi - R/W input from processor - HIGH=READ, LOW=WRITE */ /* CLK2 is the synchronous bus clock and is active HIGH */ /* CLK2 must be high for a memory operation */ /* VMA indicates a stable and valid memory address is on the bus, */ /* flash may require this */ /* VMA is required for Flash and Page writes only */ /******************************************************************/ !RD = ((RWi & HALT) & CLK2) /* Normal Operation RD Control */ # (RWo & CLK2 & !HALT); /* Front Panel RD Control */ /* Normal Operation WR Control */ !WR = ((!RWi & HALT) & CLK2 & ((VMA & !FLASH_CS) # !RAM_CS # !PAGE)) /* Front Panel WR Control */ # (!RWo & CLK2 & ((VMA & !FLASH_CS) # !RAM_CS # !PAGE) & !HALT); /*********************************************************/ /***** Generate Write Strobe for Flash Page Register *****/ /*********************************************************/ /*********************************************************************************/ /* Input ADDRAND is an 8 input NAND gate with A7-0 as inputs */ /* When [Address=C8xx] and [Address=xxFF] and [write] and [valid memory address] */ /*********************************************************************************/ !PAGE = Address:[C800] & !ADDRAND & !RWi & CLK2 & VMA; /***************************************************/ /***** Generate Chip Selects for Flash and RAM *****/ /***************************************************/ /*****************************************************************/ /* RAM is from Address 0x0000 to 0x7FFF */ /* Space for optional internal RAM from Address 0x8000 to 0x87FF */ /* Flash is from Address 0x8800 to 0xC7FF */ /*****************************************************************/ !RAM_CS = !A15 ; /* Flash is from Address 0x8800 to 0xC7FF */ !FLASH_CS = Address:[8800..C700]; /**********************************************/ /***** Generate R/W output to Motherboard *****/ /**********************************************/ /***************************************************************************/ /* When [RAM_CS] or [FLASH_CS] or [PAGE] (are addressed), make WRo low */ /* This is required to keep the motherboard data buffers in the WRITE */ /* direction */ /* RWo needs to be LOW when accessing external memory */ /***************************************************************************/ RWo = (RAM_CS & FLASH_CS & PAGE) & RWi; /***************************************************************/ /***** Generate direction output for Flash/RAM data buffer *****/ /***************************************************************/ /**************************************************************************/ /* BE MUST be high unless the 6800 is addressing and reading Flash or RAM */ /* When BE is high, the buffer is going from the 6800 to the memory chips */ /* BE needs to be HIGH when accessing external memory */ /**************************************************************************/ !BE = !(RAM_CS & FLASH_CS & PAGE) & !RD; Last edited by Grant Stockly; 01-28-2008 at 07:42 PM. |
I probably should wait to ask questions until I recieve (and build) my kit because I bet the answers will be obvious, but I can't help myself.
I understand how assembled machine code will be able to be stored on the flash. I guess that it would stand to reason that a basic program, or vtl-2 program could be stored as well if you know the memory locations that they initially reside in? -Brian |
The flash can easily be reprogrammed by anyone, so an upgrade in the future would be easy. VTL would be hard to patch, but basic might be possible. What I would imagine is taking the KCACR basic (Kansas City cassette tape standard) and modifying the save/load routines to go to flash instead of the tape. I'm not sure how hard this would be. Once the first kits are built by I'm sure the builders will do some programming. Is that something you would be interested in doing? We'd probably have to run basic in an emulator and trace the routines when issuing the commands, and then substitute our own code. Along with save/load, it would be nice to have a "directory" type function... |
I think this would be a valuable effort. When I asked the question, I guess I was thinking about the challenge on a simpler level. Just identifying what block of RAM gets updated when you type in a basic or VTL program. Then transfering that block to the flash to be re-deposited later. But, I am accustomed to working with slightly more advanced systems which have some form of DOS, or a monitor system that includes built in instructions for relocating blocks of memory. Probably not that simple, though. Either way, I would like to look into this once I get a kit up and running and gain some experience with how things work.
Can anyone comment on their experience and preference with 6800 emulators? I think I have found the majority of the ones available on the net. So far, its looks like the one called "hippy" would be best since you can define any devices you want via c++ (rom, ram, acia, etc). Should be able to set up a system almost identical to Grant's configuration. Does anyone have experience with this emulator, and maybe even have some devices created for terminal output that I could use as examples?
Hey Grant,
Received my kit today, thanks. Just wondering if you could post that memory information. When I get my kit built, I'd like to start working on the memory upgrade (unless you plan on having those in the near future). I found some plans for a simple 32k expansion for the 680 swtpc. But I'm not sure if it is 100% compatable with the altair, or how I would interface it. It uses an expansion slot, where as you use the clever IC replacement method. Any help or direction would be appreciated. Thanks, Brian |
No problem. I was going to include assembler listings in the manual but it would have been a lot of pages for only a few people.
I have written the monitor, boot loader, flash read/write routines, and page code in modules and I have batch files that assemble the batch files into one big file for a chip burner. I DO have a small program which writes one 8k block at a time for people wanting to add their own programs to the 680. Look in the manual at the end of my color guide for a quick intro to the special functions in my modified monitor. Its possible to boot basic with only a few key strokes and 5 seconds. Booting basic the vintage way involved 13 minutes with a tape cassette player OR 30+ minutes with a paper tape reader. (and you weren't guaranteed that it would work the first time!) |
I've been intending to get this information to you guys for a while. I wanted to wait until I could clean up the information and make it more presentable, but if I did that then it wouldn't be out for another 6 months!
So, here is a zip file with all of the data that I used to make the memory device. There are assembly files, batch files, hex code files, binary files, etc. I'll try to describe how it works. I never made it a clean process, just "got it done" for the memory card and moved on. |
Here are the files. I will try to make sense of them and describe what I did in a little bit. : )
The assembler code for writing to a page is in flash_burner.asm, look at the file for start/end offsets. The KNOCK macro disables write protection for a single page write. flash_mon.asm is the stock Altair 680 ROM monitor modified for use with the flash memory. flash_boot.asm copies the ROM monitor out of flash and into memory for execution. page_set.asm is located on every single flash page except 0. If the computer boots up with the page register in something other than 0, this code will cause it to go to page 0 and execute the monitor. I will describe everything required to assemble a new rom set or patch the flash with a new memory image later... |
Thread Tools | |
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Similar Threads | ||||
Thread | Thread Starter | Forum | Replies | Last Post |
Original Complete MITS Altair 680 for Sale | transient | Altair 680 | 0 | 06-15-2011 10:42 PM |
Altair 8800 VS 680 | lovenewyawkcity | Altair 8800 | 1 | 06-19-2010 01:52 PM |
Altair 680 1K Vintage Memory Upgrade | Grant Stockly | Altair 680 | 2 | 04-20-2008 09:02 PM |
Old Altair (and related) Manuals | Forbin376 | Altair 8800 | 5 | 02-22-2008 05:19 AM |
Help needed wiring display board to expansion board | phe | Altair 8800 | 8 | 04-03-2007 01:07 AM |


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It's a simple fact that there just won't be more land than there already is. Hence, the supply is limited, and because the population is increasing, land will always be in demand, making it an excellent investment. Be sure you've done your homework, make certain the land is accessible by road, and there will be access to utilities. You will also want to be sure that the owner can use it for the purpose intended, considering zoning laws and possible environmental protections that could be of issue.
Land offers various investment opportunities from single-family to multi-family, commercial and agricultural, and even land for infrastructure. Depending on the type of land you're interested in and the location, land is generally much more affordable than a developed property. Just remember, no matter what kind of real estate you're buying, location is the first key to success, followed closely by the price, as the two most important factors for real estate investors.
Read on to learn three reasons why land should be your first Orange County real estate investment.
Because you are just beginning your investment journey, you have time for the land, a reliable investment that is always in demand, to increase its value over the years. This steady rise in value is one of the reasons why land should be your first Orange County real estate investment. If you purchase in a good location for the right price, you could turn a tidy profit within as little as a decade. Unfortunately, buildings depreciate over time, meaning they decrease in value as time passes unless well maintained. So, when property values have increased, while it may seem this represents the actual value of the buildings, what these numbers are telling you is that the land is worth more because of the location.
While the housing market condition is no secret, you don't typically hear reports about a boom in the land market. This lack of competition is another of the reasons why land should be your first Orange County real estate investment. Because the competition is low, there's no need to worry about bidding wars pushing the sales price above market value. So, depending on your plans and budget, you can begin building your real estate portfolio and pathway to passive income in your retirement years with an extremely modest investment.
Undeveloped land is relatively simple to own, which is a great reason why land should be your first Orange County real estate investment. You don't have to wear all of the hats of a landlord, and there are generally little to no maintenance costs. Your investment in the land is secured by the state of the land, in its natural form; no one can steal it by picking up your land and walking away. You won't have mortgage payments, and typically you'll pay very little in insurance and taxes. Often, the transaction can be virtual, with the advances in technology making it even easier.
H&M Realty Group can help you find the perfect piece of land and help you begin building a real estate portfolio and growing your investment business. Whether you're looking for one property or you want to jumpstart your career as a real estate mogul and buy large parcels, ask one of our professional investors at H&M Realty Group about our steady inventory of the best land available in Orange County. At H&M Realty Group, we know how important communication is. The pros at H&M Realty Group are happy to help you answer any questions you may have about the process or concerns about financing or other hurdles you face, with no obligation. Contact H&M Realty Group at 949-625-4533 today!


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Last updated: 5/31/2023
Many Americans refrain from talking about sexual orientation and gender identity or expression because it feels taboo, or because they're afraid of saying the wrong thing. This glossary was written to help give people the words and meanings to help make conversations easier and more comfortable. LGBTQ+ people use a variety of terms to identify themselves, not all of which are included in this glossary. Always listen for and respect a person's self identified terminology.
Ally | A term used to describe someone who is actively supportive of LGBTQ+ people. It encompasses straight and cisgender allies, as well as those within the LGBTQ+ community who support each other (e.g., a lesbian who is an ally to the bisexual community).
Asexual | Often called "ace" for short, asexual refers to a complete or partial lack of sexual attraction or lack of interest in sexual activity with others. Asexuality exists on a spectrum, and asexual people may experience no, little or conditional sexual attraction.
Biphobia | The fear and hatred of, or discomfort with, people who love and are sexually attracted to more than one gender.
Bisexual | A person emotionally, romantically or sexually attracted to more than one gender, though not necessarily simultaneously, in the same way or to the same degree. Sometimes used interchangeably with pansexual.
Gay | A person who is emotionally, romantically or sexually attracted to members of the same gender. Men, women and non-binary people may use this term to describe themselves.
Genderqueer | Genderqueer people typically reject notions of static categories of gender and embrace a fluidity of gender identity and often, though not always, sexual orientation. People who identify as "genderqueer" may see themselves as being both male and female, neither male nor female or as falling completely outside these categories.
Gender binary | A system in which gender is constructed into two strict categories of male or female. Gender identity is expected to align with the sex assigned at birth and gender expressions and roles fit traditional expectations.
Gender dysphoria | Clinically significant distress caused when a person's assigned birth gender is not the same as the one with which they identify.
Gender-expansive | A person with a wider, more flexible range of gender identity and/or expression than typically associated with the binary gender system. Often used as an umbrella term when referring to young people still exploring the possibilities of their gender expression and/or gender identity.
Gender expression | External appearance of one's gender identity, usually expressed through behavior, clothing, body characteristics or voice, and which may or may not conform to socially defined behaviors and characteristics typically associated with being either masculine or feminine.
Gender-fluid | A person who does not identify with a single fixed gender or has a fluid or unfixed gender identity.
Homophobia | The fear and hatred of or discomfort with people who are attracted to members of the same sex.
Intersex | Intersex people are born with a variety of differences in their sex traits and reproductive anatomy. There is a wide variety of difference among intersex variations, including differences in genitalia, chromosomes, gonads, internal sex organs, hormone production, hormone response, and/or secondary sex traits.
Lesbian | A woman who is emotionally, romantically or sexually attracted to other women. Women and non-binary people may use this term to describe themselves.
LGBTQ+ | An acronym for "lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and queer" with a "+" sign to recognize the limitless sexual orientations and gender identities used by members of our community.
Non-binary | An adjective describing a person who does not identify exclusively as a man or a woman. Non-binary people may identify as being both a man and a woman, somewhere in between, or as falling completely outside these categories. While many also identify as transgender, not all non-binary people do. Non-binary can also be used as an umbrella term encompassing identities such as agender, bigender, genderqueer or gender-fluid.
Outing | Exposing someone's lesbian, gay, bisexual transgender or gender non-binary identity to others without their permission. Outing someone can have serious repercussions on employment, economic stability, personal safety or religious or family situations.
Pansexual | Describes someone who has the potential for emotional, romantic or sexual attraction to people of any gender though not necessarily simultaneously, in the same way or to the same degree. Sometimes used interchangeably with bisexual.
Queer | A term people often use to express a spectrum of identities and orientations that are counter to the mainstream. Queer is often used as a catch-all to include many people, including those who do not identify as exclusively straight and/or folks who have non-binary or gender-expansive identities. This term was previously used as a slur, but has been reclaimed by many parts of the LGBTQ+ movement.
Questioning | A term used to describe people who are in the process of exploring their sexual orientation or gender identity.
Same-gender loving | A term some prefer to use instead of lesbian, gay or bisexual to express attraction to and love of people of the same gender.
Sex assigned at birth | The sex, male, female or intersex, that a doctor or midwife uses to describe a child at birth based on their external anatomy.
Sexual orientation | An inherent or immutable enduring emotional, romantic or sexual attraction to other people. Note: an individual's sexual orientation is independent of their gender identity.
Transgender | An umbrella term for people whose gender identity and/or expression is different from cultural expectations based on the sex they were assigned at birth. Being transgender does not imply any specific sexual orientation. Therefore, transgender people may identify as straight, gay, lesbian, bisexual, etc.
Transitioning | A series of processes that some transgender people may undergo in order to live more fully as their true gender. This typically includes social transition, such as changing name and pronouns, medical transition, which may include hormone therapy or gender affirming surgeries, and legal transition, which may include changing legal name and sex on government identity documents. Transgender people may choose to undergo some, all or none of these processes.
The Senate must pass the Equality Act. With pro-equality majorities in both chambers of Congress, there has never been a better time to pass it.
100% of every HRC merchandise purchase fuels the fight for equality.


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Many technical documents use terms or acronyms unknown to the general population. It is common practice to add a glossary to make such documents more accessible.
The glossaries package can be used to create glossaries. It supports multiple glossaries, acronyms, and symbols. This package replaces the glossary package and can be used instead of the nomencl package.[1] Users requiring a simpler solution should consider hand-coding their entries by using the description environment, or the longtabu environment provided by the tabu package.
Jump start
editPlace \usepackage{glossaries}
and \makeglossaries
in your preamble (after \usepackage{hyperref}
if present).
Then define any number of \newglossaryentry
and \newacronym
glossary and acronym entries in your preamble (recommended) or before first use in your document proper.
Finally add a \printglossaries
call to locate the glossaries list within your document structure.
Then pepper your writing with \gls{mylabel}
macros (and similar) to simultaneously insert your predefined text and build the associated glossary.
File processing must now include a call to makeglossaries document_name_without_extension
followed by at least one further invocation of latex
or pdflatex
Using glossaries
editTo use the glossaries package, you have to load it explicitly:
if you wish to use xindy (superior indexing tool[2]) for the indexing phase, as opposed to makeindex (the default), you need to specify the xindy option:
For the glossary to show up in your Table of Contents, you need to specify the toc option:
See also Custom Name at the bottom of this page.
Finally, place the following command in your document preamble in order to generate the glossary:
Any links in resulting glossary will not be "clickable" unless you load the glossaries package after the hyperref package.
In addition, users who wish to make use of makeglossaries will need to have Perl installed — this is not normally present by default on Microsoft Windows platforms. That said, makeglossaries simply provides a convenient interface to makeindex and xindy and is not essential.
Defining glossary entries
editTo use an entry from a glossary you first need to define it. There are few ways to define an entry depending on what you define and how it is going to be used.
Note that a defined entry won't be included in the printed glossary unless it is used in the document.
This enables you to create a glossary of general terms and just \include
it in all your documents.
Defining terms
editTo define a term in glossary you use the \newglossaryentry
<label> is a unique label used to identify an entry in glossary, <settings> are comma separated key=value pairs used to define an entry.
For example, to define a computer entry:
description={is a programmable machine that receives input,
stores and manipulates data, and provides
output in a useful format}
The above example defines an entry that has the same label and entry name. This is not always the case as the next entry will show:
description={is a French loanword (adjective, form of naïf)
indicating having or showing a lack of experience,
understanding or sophistication}
When you define terms, you need to remember that they will be sorted by makeindex or xindy.
While xindy is a bit more LaTeX aware, it does it by omitting latex macros (\"{\i}
) thus incorrectly sorting the above example as nave.
makeindex won't fare much better, because it doesn't understand TeX macros, it will interpret the word exactly as it was defined, putting it inside symbol class, before words beginning with naa.
Therefore it's needed to extend our example and specify how to sort the word:
description={is a French loanword (adjective, form of naïf)
indicating having or showing a lack of experience,
understanding or sophistication},
You can also specify plural forms, if they are not formed by adding "s" (we will learn how to use them in next section):
description={is a generic term referring to the family of Unix-like
computer operating systems that use the Linux kernel},
Or, for acronyms:
\newacronym[longplural={Frames per Second}]{fpsLabel}{FPS}{Frame per Second}
This will avoid the wrong long plural: Frame per Seconds.
So far, the glossary entries have been defined as key-value lists. Sometimes, a description is more complex than just a paragraph. For example, you may want to have multiple paragraphs, itemized lists, figures, tables, etc. For such glossary entries use the command longnewglossaryentry in which the description follows the key-value list. The computer entry then looks like this:
{is a programmable machine that receives input,
stores and manipulates data, and provides
output in a useful format}
Defining symbols
editDefined entries can also be symbols:
description={ratio of circumference of circle to its
You can also define both a name and a symbol:
\newglossaryentry{real number}
name={real number},
description={include both rational numbers, such as $42$ and
$\frac{-23}{129}$, and irrational numbers,
such as $\pi$ and the square root of two; or,
a real number can be given by an infinite decimal
representation, such as $2.4871773339\ldots$ where
the digits continue in some way; or, the real
numbers may be thought of as points on an infinitely
long number line},
Note that not all glossary styles show defined symbols.
Defining acronyms
editTo define a new acronym you use the \newacronym
where <label> is the unique label identifying the acronym, <abbrv> is the abbreviated form of the acronym and <full> is the expanded text. For example:
\newacronym{lvm}{LVM}{Logical Volume Manager}
Defined acronyms can be put in separate list if you use acronym package option:
Using defined terms
editWhen you have defined a term, you can use it in a document. There are many different commands used to refer to glossary terms.
General references
editA general reference is used with \gls
If, for example, you have glossary entries defined as those above, you might use it in this way:
\Gls{naiive} people don't know about
alternative \gls{computer} operating systems:
\glspl{Linux}, BSDs and GNU/Hurd.
Naïve people don't know about alternative computer opera- |
Description of commands used in above example:
This command prints the term associated with <label> passed as its argument. If the hyperref package was loaded before glossaries it will also be hyperlinked to the entry in glossary.
This command prints the plural of the defined term, other than that it behaves in the same way as gls
This command prints the singular form of the term with the first character converted to upper case.
This command prints the plural form with first letter of the term converted to upper case.
\glslink{<label>}{<alternate text>}
This command creates the link as usual, but typesets the alternate text instead. It can also take several options which changes its default behavior (see the documentation).
This command prints what ever is defined in \newglossaryentry{<label>}{symbol={Output of glssymbol}, ...}
This command prints what ever is defined in \newglossaryentry{<label>}{description={Output of glsdesc}, ...}
Referring acronyms
editAcronyms behave a bit differently to normal glossary terms.
On first use the \gls
command will display "<full> (<abbrv>)".
On subsequent uses only the abbreviation will be displayed. If this isn't happening, setting \setacronymstyle{long-short}
is required.
To reset the first use of an acronym, use the command:
or, if you want to reset the use status of all acronyms:
Similarly, to unset the first use of an acronym so that only the abbreviation will be displayed, use:
or, for all acronyms:
If you just want to print the long version of an acronym without the abbreviation "<full>", use :
If you just want to print the long version of an acronym with the abbreviation "<full> (<abbrv>)", use :
If you just want to print the abbreviation "<abbrv>", use :
Displaying the Glossary
editTo display the sorted list of terms you need to add:
at the place you want the glossary and the list of acronyms to appear.
If all entries are to be printed the command
can be inserted before \printglossaries
You may also want to use \usepackage[nonumberlist]{glossaries}
to suppress the location list within the glossary.
Separate Glossary and List of Acronyms
will display all the glossaries in the order in which they were defined.[3] If no custom glossaries are defined, the default glossary and the list of acronyms will be displayed.
The glossary and the list of acronyms can be displayed separately in different places[4]:
\printglossary[type=\acronymtype] % prints just the list of acronyms
Some text between the list of acronyms and the glossary.
\printglossary % if no option is supplied the default glossary is printed.
Dual entries with reference to a glossary entry from an acronym
editIt may be useful to have both an acronym and a glossary entry for the same term. To link these two, define the acronym with a reference to the glossary entry like this:
\newglossaryentry{gls-OWD} {
name={One-Way Delay},
description={The time a packet uses through a network from one host to another},
\newacronym[see={[Glossary:]{gls-OWD}}]{OWD}{OWD}{One-Way Delay\glsadd{gls-OWD}}
Refer to acronym with \gls{OWD} and the glossary with \gls{gls-OWD}
To make this easier, we can use this command (modified from example in the official docs):
Syntax: \newdualentry[glossary options][acronym options]{label}{abbrv}{long}{description}
\DeclareDocumentCommand{\newdualentry}{ O{} O{} m m m m } {
then, define new (dual) entries for glossary and acronym list like this:
\newdualentry{OWD} % label
{OWD} % abbreviation
{One-Way Delay} % long form
{The time a packet uses through a network from one host to another} % description
Custom Name
editThe name of the glossary section can be replaced with a custom name or translated to a different language. Add the option title to \printglossary
to specify the glossary's title. Add the option toctitle to specify a the title used in the table of content (if not used, title is used as default). [5]
\printglossary[title=List of Terms,toctitle=Terms and abbreviations]
Remove the point
editTo omit the dot at the end of each description, use this code:
Changing Glossary Entry Presentation Using Glossary Styles
editA number of pre-built styles are available, and can be changed easily using
% Must be issued before \printglossaries
Commonly used styles include
- list
My Term Has some long description 7, 9
- altlist (inserts newline after term and indents description)
My Term Has some long description 7, 9
- altlistgroup or listgroup (group adds grouping based on the first letters of the terms)
M My First Term Has some long description 7, 9 My Second Term Has some long description 7, 9
- altlisthypergroup or listhypergroup (hyper adds an hyperlinked 'index' at the top of each glossary to jump to a group)
A|B|C|D|F|G|I|M|O|R|S|C|D|G|M|P A A First term Has some long description 7, 9 B Barely missed first Has some long description 7, 9
Building your document
editTo add glossary into your final document requires:
- build your LaTeX document — this will also generate the aux file/s required by the makeglossaries
- invoke makeglossaries — a script which selects the correct character encodings and language settings and which will also run xindy or makeindex if these are specified in your document file
- build your LaTeX document again — to produce a document with glossary entries
latex doc makeglossaries doc latex doc
where latex is your usual build call, perhaps pdflatex
, lualatex
and doc is the name of your LaTeX master file without file extention. Option -d out
can be used topoint where aux and other intermediate files are. If your entries are interlinked (entries themselves link to other entries with \gls
calls), you will need to run steps 1 and 2 twice, that is, in the following order: 1, 2, 1, 2, 3.
Any issues will be reported in doc.log and doc.glg files.
Example for use in windows with Texmaker
editCompile glossary with xindy - In Windows with Texmaker
editIn TeX Live and since June 2015 in MikTeX xindy is already included.
There is only one issue with path of the install directory of MikTeX containing spaces. It can be solved via the following edit: http://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/251221/miktex-and-xindy-problems/251801#251801
You need to restart Texmaker after installation of xindy, to update PATH references to xindy and Perl binaries.
Then, in Texmaker, go to User -> User Commands -> Edit User Commands.
Choose command 1
- Menuitem = makeglossaries
- Command = makeglossaries %
Now push Alt+Shift+F1and then ->F1
Note, for use with the "use build directory" option of Texmaker: makeglossaries needs to find the aux file. Thankfully, while Texmaker does not help there, the option -d <dir> of makeglossaries provides for the subdirectory case. Hence the Command in this case should be:
Command = makeglossaries -d build % instead.
Document preamble
editIn preamble should be included (note, hyperref should be loaded before the glossaries):
\usepackage[nomain,acronym,xindy,toc]{glossaries} % nomain, if you define glossaries in a file, and you use \include{INP-00-glossary} \makeglossaries \usepackage[xindy]{imakeidx} \makeindex
Glossary definitions
editWrite all your glossaries/acronyms in a file: Ex: INP-00-glossary.tex
\newacronym{ddye}{D$_{\text{dye}}$}{donor dye, ex. Alexa 488} \newacronym[description={\glslink{r0}{F\"{o}rster distance}}]{R0}{$R_{0}$}{F\"{o}rster distance} \newglossaryentry{r0}{name=\glslink{R0}{\ensuremath{R_{0}}},text=F\"{o}rster distance,description={F\"{o}rster distance, where 50\% ...}, sort=R} \newglossaryentry{kdeac}{name=\glslink{R0}{\ensuremath{k_{DEAC}}},text=$k_{DEAC}$, description={is the rate of deactivation from ... and emission)}, sort=k}
Include glossary definitions and print glossary
editInclude glossary definitions in the preamble (Before "\begin{document}")
\loadglsentries[main]{INP-00-glossary} % or using \input: %\input{INP-00-glossary} \begin{document}
Print glossaries, near end
\appendix \bibliographystyle{plainnat} \bibliography{bibtex} \printindex \printglossaries \end{document}
edit- ↑ http://www.ctan.org/pkg/nomencl
- ↑ Differences between "xindy" and "makeindex"
- ↑ http://mirror.ox.ac.uk/sites/ctan.org/macros/latex/contrib/glossaries/glossaries-user.html#dx1-35001
- ↑ http://mirror.ox.ac.uk/sites/ctan.org/macros/latex/contrib/glossaries/glossaries-user.html#dx1-43001
- ↑ User Manual for glossaries.sty v4.02 as of 2014.01.13 http://mirror.ox.ac.uk/sites/ctan.org/macros/latex/contrib/glossaries/glossaries-user.html#sec:printglossary
- The glossaries documentation, http://tug.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/glossaries/
- Using LaTeX to Write a PhD Thesis, Nicola L.C. Talbot, [1]
- glossaries FAQ, Nicola L. C. Talbot, glossaries FAQ
- Glossaries, Nomenclature, Lists of Symbols and Acronyms, Nicola L. C. Talbot, link


text:
For the first time in decades, B.C.'s life expectancy may be dropping, largely because of the staggering number of deaths from opioid crisis.
Canada's chief public health officer, Dr. Theresa Tam, said in her annual report Tuesday that while Canada ranks among the healthiest high-income countries in the world, concerning trends are emerging from the 8,000 deaths across it in the past two years.
B.C. is home to the highest number of people dying of illicit drug overdoses over the last eight years, making up nearly three-quarters of the 2,000 deaths nationwide in 2017.
Tam said this crisis is contributing to the average life expectancy in B.C. sliding by roughly 43 days.
READ MORE: New in-depth report sheds light on who in B.C. is dying of drug overdoses
READ MORE: B.C. doctors told not to limit opioids or refuse care of chronic pain patients
The dip was more pronounced in men and in poorer neighbourhoods – similar to findings from the BC Coroners Service.
"We have to think about how to reverse these trends for future generations," Tam said in a video online. "This is a key moment in Canada to examine how we address substance use across all areas of potential action: Prevention, harm reduction, treatment and recovery.
"My aim with this report is to draw attention to the central role of prevention."
The report, which also focused on problematic substance use in youth, found that marketing, advertising and availability of a substance directly increases its use among youth – whether it be for a coping mechanism or trauma or other reasons.
Problematic use of #alcohol, #cannabis and #opioids is a serious issue in Canada. Today, I released my annual report that focuses on preventing problematic substance use in #youth and the health status of Canadians: https://t.co/idooVhSwlk pic.twitter.com/Hu4CR7uRJi
— Dr. Theresa Tam (@CPHO_Canada) October 23, 2018
READ MORE: B.C. guidelines focus on mother and baby fighting opioid addiction
Other implications to Canada's overall health status include smoking, physical inactivity, unhealthy eating, and harmful use of alcohol, which all increase the risk of chronic diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular and neurological disorders, and diabetes.
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text:
Understanding How to Help a Friend Who Has Lost a Spouse
Stay in Contact with Your Friend
Death often leaves people feeling at a loss for the right words. Because they fear saying or doing the wrong thing, people sometimes distance themselves from someone who is grieving. In truth, those who are grieving need the love and support of their friends and family. Even if you aren't confident about what to do or say, its important to be present and let your friend know that you care.
Make Specific Suggestions to Help
One of the best ways you can support a friend who has lost a spouse is to offer your help, as well as your friendship. For example, while your friend works through her grief, consider bringing by dinner, asking her to see a movie together, or helping out with errands. While efforts like these may seem small to you, they may be incredibly helpful to a friend who is bereaved.
Choose Your Words with Care
Even with the best of intentions, some sentiments are better left unexpressed. Avoid saying things like "he is in a better place now" or "she lived a good life", and just let your friend know that you care about what she is going through, you're sorry for her loss, and you're available if she needs you. Remember, when it comes to supporting a bereaved friend, your presence, a hug, and a listening ear are some of the best ways to provide comfort.
The experienced and compassionate staff at Homelani Memorial Park and Crematory understands how difficult it can be to lose someone. For information about the cremation, burial, and funeral services that we offer, call us at (808) 657-3257.


text:
Using this site
We are committed to making our site and its content available to everyone including those with visual impairment and other disabilities that make accessing the internet difficult. To achieve this we have followed a number of key guidelines, particularly the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines as recommended by the World Wide Web Consortium. The following information details how to use this site and what measures we have put in place to make it as accessible as possible.
Enlarging site content
Most browsers include controls to make the text or entire site larger making it easier to read for visually impaired users. Below is a list of popular browsers supported by this site and how to enlarge and decrease the site content in each:
- Windows PC - Hold down the 'Ctrl' key and use the + and - keys on the numeric keypad. The following browsers support this method: Internet Explorer 7+, Firefox, Google Chrome.
- Apple Mac - Hold down the 'Apple' key and use the + and - keys on the numeric keypad. The following browsers support this method: Safari, Firefox, Google Chrome.
Overriding layout and colour information
The layout, colours and any decorative graphical elements used in this site are controlled by stylesheets. By controlling the content in this way users can disable the style sheets to view the basic site content. All content is designed to work and display in a useable way when style sheets are disabled, defaulting the text content to black on a white background.
Most browsers allow users to apply their own custom settings and/or style sheets to pages. All pages in this site work with custom stylesheets. For more information on applying your own stylesheets please refer to your browsers help files.
Supporting assistive technologies such as screen readers
We have put a lot of thought into the structure of the pages on this site to make them easily readable by common screen readers such as Jaws and WindowEyes. Measures implemented in this site include; written descriptions for all images, page text hierarchy correctly marked up, all menus included as lists, tables are not used for layout purposes, all form elements are labeled and all text links make sense when taken out of context.
Contacting us
If you are having trouble using this site or have any questions regarding accessibility issues please contact us at firstname.lastname@example.com.


text:
Charlotte, North Carolina, Luna employs a talented group of neurologic clinical specialists (NCS) who specialize in treating patients with neurological conditions. Our expert PTs will create a treatment plan based around your or your loved one's specific needs and goals, helping to restore mobility and independent functioning while also preventing injury.
Best of all, with Luna, patients can get their physical therapy on demand. Our licensed physical therapists come to you — it's physical therapy, delivered.
Neurological therapy is rehabilitation designed for people with injuries, diseases, or conditions that affect the nervous system. This includes patients with ALS, Alzheimer's disease, cerebral palsy, Parkinson's, MS, or spinal cord injuries, as well as those who are recovering from strokes.
These types of conditions can result in difficulty with balance, movement, and speech, all of which can be greatly improved with the help of an experienced physical therapist. In addition, physical therapy can slow or prevent greater loss of function.
Source: Disabled-World
Because neurological physical therapy can be used to treat a wide range of neurological conditions, treatment plans vary vastly from patient to patient. Generally, a plan will include gentle exercises that a patient can perform on their own, such as flexibility and strength exercises, mobility training, neuromuscular re-education, and motor retraining.
A neurological physical therapist will begin a treatment program with a comprehensive evaluation of the patient's needs, condition, and goals. Over time, a physical therapist can help the patient regain much of their lost function and return to a life of independence.
Source: Franciscan Health


text:
I have a whole blog about mapping Durham, and having been doing so here for over 4 years. Does that mean I should organise us meeting up? We can meet the faces behind the editors of our collaborative work. We can discuss ways to map and chat about the places we've discovered and incidents while mapping. We might even get onto a hot debate, like best editor to use. It will be informal and casual, with no schedule and no commitment required.
Please leave a comment below with answers to these questions on what meet-up you would prefer or come to: Mid-day/afternoon or evening(probably means cafe or pub)? Weekday or weekend(or specific day)?
Based on the replies I get, I'll decide a date & time and venue in Durham city centre (suggestions welcome). At the event, or later, we can decide on frequency(once a month?) and if we maybe do some meetups in Newcastle, Gateshead, Sunderland, etc. To think about coming, you might want to read posts about other Durham meetups on the blog.


text:
An international team of over 200 astronomers, including scientists from MIT's Haystack Observatory, has captured the first direct images of a black hole. They accomplished this remarkable feat by coordinating the power of eight major radio observatories on four continents, to work together as a virtual, Earth-sized telescope.
In a series of papers published today in a special issue of Astrophysical Journal Letters, the team has revealed four images of the supermassive black hole at the heart of Messier 87, or M87, a galaxy within the Virgo galaxy cluster, 55 million light years from Earth.
All four images show a central dark region surrounded by a ring of light that appears lopsided — brighter on one side than the other.
Albert Einstein, in his theory of general relativity, predicted the existence of black holes, in the form of infinitely dense, compact regions in space, where gravity is so extreme that nothing, not even light, can escape from within. By definition, black holes are invisible. But if a black hole is surrounded by light-emitting material such as plasma, Einstein's equations predict that some of this material should create a "shadow," or an outline of the black hole and its boundary, also known as its event horizon.
Based on the new images of M87, the scientists believe they are seeing a black hole's shadow for the first time, in the form of the dark region at the center of each image.
Relativity predicts that the immense gravitational field will cause light to bend around the black hole, forming a bright ring around its silhouette, and will also cause the surrounding material to orbit around the object at close to light speed. The bright, lopsided ring in the new images offers visual confirmation of these effects: The material headed toward our vantage point as it rotates around appears brighter than the other side.
From these images, theorists and modelers on the team have determined that the black hole is about 6.5 billion times as massive as our sun. Slight differences between each of the four images suggest that material is zipping around the black hole at lightning speed.
"This black hole is much bigger than the orbit of Neptune, and Neptune takes 200 years to go around the sun," says Geoffrey Crew, a research scientist at Haystack Observatory. "With the M87 black hole being so massive, an orbiting planet would go around it within a week and be traveling at close to the speed of light."
"People tend to view the sky as something static, that things don't change in the heavens, or if they do, it's on timescales that are longer than a human lifetime," says Vincent Fish, a research scientist at Haystack Observatory. "But what we find for M87 is, at the very fine detail we have, objects change on the timescale of days. In the future, we can perhaps produce movies of these sources. Today we're seeing the starting frames."
"These remarkable new images of the M87 black hole prove that Einstein was right yet again," says Maria Zuber, MIT's vice president for research and the E.A. Griswold Professor of Geophysics in the Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences. "The discovery was enabled by advances in digital systems at which Haystack engineers have long excelled."
"Nature was kind"
The images were taken by the Event Horizon Telescope, or EHT, a planet-scale array comprising eight radio telescopes, each in a remote, high-altitude environment, including the mountaintops of Hawaii, Spain's Sierra Nevada, the Chilean desert, and the Antarctic ice sheet.
On any given day, each telescope operates independently, observing astrophysical objects that emit faint radio waves. However, a black hole is infinitely smaller and darker than any other radio source in the sky. To see it clearly, astronomers need to use very short wavelengths — in this case, 1.3 millimeters — that can cut through the clouds of material between a black hole and the Earth.
Making a picture of a black hole also requires a magnification, or "angular resolution," equivalent to reading a text on a phone in New York from a sidewalk café in Paris. A telescope's angular resolution increases with the size of its receiving dish. However, even the largest radio telescopes on Earth are nowhere near big enough to see a black hole.
But when multiple radio telescopes, separated by very large distances, are synchronized and focused on a single source in the sky, they can operate as one very large radio dish, through a technique known as very long baseline interferometry, or VLBI. Their combined angular resolution as a result can be vastly improved.
For EHT, the eight participating telescopes summed up to a virtual radio dish as big as the Earth, with the ability to resolve an object down to 20 micro-arcseconds — about 3 million times sharper than 20/20 vision. By a happy coincidence, that's about the precision required to view a black hole, according to Einstein's equations.
"Nature was kind to us, and gave us something just big enough to see by using state-of-the-art equipment and techniques," says Crew, co-leader of the EHT correlation working group and the ALMA Observatory VLBI team.
"Gobs of data"
On April 5, 2017, the EHT began observing M87. After consulting numerous weather forecasts, astronomers identified four nights that would produce clear conditions for all eight observatories — a rare opportunity, during which they could work as one collective dish to observe the black hole.
In radio astronomy, telescopes detect radio waves, at frequencies that register incoming photons as a wave, with an amplitude and phase that's measured as a voltage. As they observed M87, every telescope took in streams of data in the form of voltages, represented as digital numbers.
"We're recording gobs of data — petabytes of data for each station," Crew says.
In total, each telescope took in about one petabyte of data, equal to 1 million gigabytes. Each station recorded this enormous influx that onto several Mark6 units — ultrafast data recorders that were originally developed at Haystack Observatory.
After the observing run ended, researchers at each station packed up the stack of hard drives and flew them via FedEx to Haystack Observatory, in Massachusetts, and Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy, in Germany. (Air transport was much faster than transmitting the data electronically.) At both locations, the data were played back into a highly specialized supercomputer called a correlator, which processed the data two streams at a time.
As each telescope occupies a different location on the EHT's virtual radio dish, it has a slightly different view of the object of interest — in this case, M87. The data received by two separate telescopes may encode a similar signal of the black hole but also contain noise that's specific to the respective telescopes.
The correlator lines up data from every possible pair of the EHT's eight telescopes. From these comparisons, it mathematically weeds out the noise and picks out the black hole's signal. High-precision atomic clocks installed at every telescope time-stamp incoming data, enabling analysts to match up data streams after the fact.
"Precisely lining up the data streams and accounting for all kinds of subtle perturbations to the timing is one of the things that Haystack specializes in," says Colin Lonsdale, Haystack director and vice chair of the EHT directing board.
Teams at both Haystack and Max Planck then began the painstaking process of "correlating" the data, identifying a range of problems at the different telescopes, fixing them, and rerunning the correlation, until the data could be rigorously verified. Only then were the data released to four separate teams around the world, each tasked with generating an image from the data using independent techniques.
"It was the second week of June, and I remember I didn't sleep the night before the data was released, to be sure I was prepared," says Kazunori Akiyama, co-leader of the EHT imaging group and a postdoc working at Haystack.
All four imaging teams previously tested their algorithms on other astrophysical objects, making sure that their techniques would produce an accurate visual representation of the radio data. When the files were released, Akiyama and his colleagues immediately ran the data through their respective algorithms. Importantly, each team did so independently of the others, to avoid any group bias in the results.
"The first image our group produced was slightly messy, but we saw this ring-like emission, and I was so excited at that moment," Akiyama remembers. "But simultaneously I was worried that maybe I was the only person getting that black hole image."
His concern was short-lived. Soon afterward all four teams met at the Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University to compare images, and found, with some relief, and much cheering and applause, that they all produced the same, lopsided, ring-like structure — the first direct images of a black hole.
"There have been ways to find signatures of black holes in astronomy, but this is the first time anyone's ever taken a picture of one," Crew says. "This is a watershed moment."
"A new era"
The idea for the EHT was conceived in the early 2000s by Sheperd Doeleman PhD '95, who was leading a pioneering VLBI program at Haystack Observatory and now directs the EHT project as an astronomer at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. At the time, Haystack engineers were developing the digital back-ends, recorders, and correlator that could process the enormous datastreams that an array of disparate telescopes would receive.
"The concept of imaging a black hole has been around for decades," Lonsdale says. "But it was really the development of modern digital systems that got people thinking about radio astronomy as a way of actually doing it. More telescopes on mountaintops were being built, and the realization gradually came along that, hey, [imaging a black hole] isn't absolutely crazy."
In 2007, Doeleman's team put the EHT concept to the test, installing Haystack's recorders on three widely scattered radio telescopes and aiming them together at Sagittarius A*, the black hole at the center of our own galaxy.
"We didn't have enough dishes to make an image," recalls Fish, co-leader of the EHT science operations working group. "But we could see there was something there that's about the right size."
Today, the EHT has grown to an array of 11 observatories: ALMA, APEX, the Greenland Telescope, the IRAM 30-meter Telescope, the IRAM NOEMA Observatory, the Kitt Peak Telescope, the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope, the Large Millimeter Telescope Alfonso Serrano, the Submillimeter Array, the Submillimeter Telescope, and the South Pole Telescope. (Read further in the related press release.)
Coordinating observations and analysis has involved over 200 scientists from around the world who make up the EHT collaboration, with 13 main institutions, including Haystack Observatory. Key funding was provided by the National Science Foundation, the European Research Council, and funding agencies in East Asia, including the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science. The telescopes contributing to this result were ALMA, APEX, the IRAM 30-meter telescope, the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope, the Large Millimeter Telescope Alfonso Serrano, the Submillimeter Array, the Submillimeter Telescope, and the South Pole Telescope.
More observatories are scheduled to join the EHT array, to sharpen the image of M87 as well as attempt to see through the dense material that lies between Earth and the center of our own galaxy, to the heart of Sagittarius A*.
"We've demonstrated that the EHT is the observatory to see a black hole on an event horizon scale," Akiyama says. "This is the dawn of a new era of black hole astrophysics."
The Haystack EHT team includes John Barrett, Roger Cappallo, Joseph Crowley, Mark Derome, Kevin Dudevoir, Michael Hecht, Lynn Matthews, Kotaro Moriyama, Michael Poirier, Alan Rogers, Chester Ruszczyk, Jason SooHoo, Don Sousa, Michael Titus, and Alan Whitney. Additional contributors were MIT alumni Daniel Palumbo, Katie Bouman, Lindy Blackburn, Sera Markoff, and Bill Freeman, a professor in MIT's Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science.