text:
BAGHDAD — The European Union supports an Iraqi proposal to hold a regional conference amid rising tensions between the United States and Iran, the group's foreign policy chief said Saturday.
Iraq is an ally of the two rival nations, which are on a collision course as the Iran nuclear deal threatens to unravel. Iraq has offered to mediate between Tehran and Washington, while Iran has pressed European parties to the nuclear agreement to offset the effects of U.S. sanctions.
Foreign Policy Chief Federica Mogherini, on her first visit since 2014, said the EU shared with Iraq the approach to dealing with the difficult situation, adding that the priority is to avoid escalation and any miscalculations that could lead to "dangerous consequences" for Iraq and beyond.
She said the EU is ready to support the regional conference idea "in all ways that could be useful." She said there is a need to de-escalate and find avenues for dialogue.
Avenues of the "unknown ... can be dangerous for everybody," Mogherini said.
Iraq is under pressure to prevent its territories from becoming a battleground for the spiraling tension between Iran and the U.S., both power brokers here.
The U.S. maintains military bases and more than 5,000 troops in Iraq.
Iran backs powerful Iraqi militia groups, who played a key role in fighting Islamic State militants, and some of them are openly against U.S. presence in Iraq. A series of unclaimed attacks on U.S. interests in recent weeks caused jitters and sparked Iraqi government decrees clearly designed to prevent a confrontation in its territories.
"The region is not prepared for a new war. We are still fighting terrorism. It is an unfinished war," said Iraq's Foreign Minister Mohammed al-Hakim, speaking alongside Mogherini. He said Iraq should not be a scene for this conflict "but should have a supportive role in resolving this crisis with other Arab countries, particularly Kuwait and Oman."
The Emir of Kuwait visited Iraq last month to discuss the rising tension; while Oman has also offered to mediate between the two rivals.
Iraqi Foreign Ministry spokesman Ahmed al-Sahaf said the idea of a regional conference is being developed but the issue was raised with foreign delegations that visited Iraq.
Mogherini also met with Iraq's prime minister and president.


text:
Lift one of the eight peg puzzle pieces to see and hear what's happening in each room of this busy house! This unique sound puzzle lets kids two and older discover an alarm clock waking up a child in the bedroom, the car engine roaring to life in the garage, breakfast sizzling on the stove in the kitchen, and much more. Replace the piece to immediately stop the sound and move to the next room! Kids two and older will love exploring the house and discovering new, full-color pictures under each piece, and learning what is making the realistic sounds. The interactive, sturdy wooden puzzle helps develop fine motor skills and auditory processing skills, and encourages problem solving and narrative thinking.
8-piece wooden sound peg puzzle with realistic household sounds
Sounds play when pieces are lifted, stop when they are replaced
Lift a piece to reveal new picture of an activity happening in each room of the house
Encourages motor and auditory processing skills, problem solving, and narrative thinking
2+ years
AAA batteries not included.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Pricing and Computing Yields for Fixed-Income Securities
The Financial Toolbox™ product provides functions for computing accrued interest, price, yield, convexity, and duration of fixed-income securities. Various conventions exist for determining the details of these computations. The Financial Toolbox software supports conventions specified by the Securities Industry and Financial Markets Association (SIFMA), used in the US markets, the International Capital Market Association (ICMA), used mainly in the European markets, and the International Swaps and Derivatives Association (ISDA). For historical reasons, SIFMA is referred to in Financial Toolbox documentation as SIA and ISMA is referred to as International Capital Market Association (ICMA). Financial Instruments Toolbox™supports additional functionality for pricing fixed-income securities. For more information, see Price Interest-Rate Instruments (Financial Instruments Toolbox).
Fixed-Income Terminology
Since terminology varies among texts on this subject, here are some basic definitions that apply to these Financial Toolbox functions.
The settlement date of a bond is the date when money first changes hands; that is, when a buyer pays for a bond. It need not coincide with the issue date, which is the date a bond is first offered for sale.
The first coupon date and last coupon date are the dates when the first and last coupons are paid, respectively. Although bonds typically pay periodic annual or semiannual coupons, the length of the first and last coupon periods may differ from the standard coupon period. The toolbox includes price and yield functions that handle these odd first and/or last periods.
Successive quasi-coupon dates determine the length of the standard coupon period for the fixed income security of interest, and do not necessarily coincide with actual coupon payment dates. The toolbox includes functions that calculate both actual and quasi-coupon dates for bonds with odd first and/or last periods.
Fixed-income securities can be purchased on dates that do not coincide with coupon payment dates. In this case, the bond owner is not entitled to the full value of the coupon for that period. When a bond is purchased between coupon dates, the buyer must compensate the seller for the pro-rata share of the coupon interest earned from the previous coupon payment date. This pro-rata share of the coupon payment is called accrued interest. The purchase price, the price paid for a bond, is the quoted market price plus accrued interest.
The maturity date of a bond is the date when the issuer returns the final face value, also known as the redemption value or par value, to the buyer. The yield-to-maturity of a bond is the nominal compound rate of return that equates the present value of all future cash flows (coupons and principal) to the current market price of the bond.
The period of a bond refers to the frequency with which the issuer of a bond makes coupon payments to the holder.
Period of a Bond
Period Value | Payment Schedule |
| No coupons (Zero coupon bond) |
| Annual |
| Semiannual |
| Tri-annual |
| Quarterly |
| Bi-monthly |
| Monthly |
The basis of a bond refers to the basis or day-count convention for a bond. Day count basis determines how interest accrues over time for various instruments and the amount transferred on interest payment dates. Basis is normally expressed as a fraction in which the numerator determines the number of days between two dates, and the denominator determines the number of days in the year.
For example, the numerator of actual/actual means that when
determining the number of days between two dates, count the actual number of days; the
denominator means that you use the actual number of days in the given year in any
calculations (either 365 or 366 days depending on whether the given year is a leap year).
The calculation of accrued interest for dates between payments also uses day count basis.
Day count basis is a fraction of Number of interest accrual days
Days in the relevant coupon period
Although the concept of day count sounds deceptively simple, the actual calculation
of day counts can be complex. You can find a good discussion of day counts and the
formulas for calculating them in Chapter 5 of Stigum and Robinson, Money
Market and Bond Calculations in Bibliography. For more information on Basis
, see EMU and Market Conventions: Recent Developments.
Supported day count conventions and basis values are:
Basis Value | Day Count Convention |
| actual/actual (default) — Number of days in both a period and
a year is the actual number of days. Also, another common actual/actual basis
is basis |
| 30/360 SIA — Year fraction is calculated based on a 360 day year with 30-day months, after applying the following rules: If the first date and the second date are the last day of February, the second date is changed to the 30th. If the first date falls on the 31st or is the last day of February, it is changed to the 30th. If after the preceding test, the first day is the 30th and the second day is the 31st, then the second day is changed to the 30th. |
| actual/360 — Number of days in a period is equal to the actual number of days, however the number of days in a year is 360. |
| actual/365 — Number of days in a period is equal to the actual number of days, however the number of days in a year is 365 (even in a leap year). |
| 30/360 PSA — Number of days in every month is set to 30 (including February). If the start date of the period is either the 31st of a month or the last day of February, the start date is set to the 30th, while if the start date is the 30th of a month and the end date is the 31st, the end date is set to the 30th. The number of days in a year is 360. |
| 30/360 ISDA — Number of days in every month is set to 30, except for February where it is the actual number of days. If the start date of the period is the 31st of a month, the start date is set to the 30th while if the start date is the 30th of a month and the end date is the 31st, the end date is set to the 30th. The number of days in a year is 360. |
| 30E /360 — Number of days in every month is set to 30 except for February where it is equal to the actual number of days. If the start date or the end date of the period is the 31st of a month, that date is set to the 30th. The number of days in a year is 360. |
| actual/365 Japanese — Number of days in a period is equal to the actual number of days, except for leap days (29th February) which are ignored. The number of days in a year is 365 (even in a leap year). |
| actual/actual ICMA — Number of days in both a period and a year is the actual number of days and the compounding frequency is annual. |
| actual/360 ICMA — Number of days in a period is equal to the actual number of days, however the number of days in a year is 360 and the compounding frequency is annual. |
| actual/365 ICMA — Number of days in a period is equal to the actual number of days, however the number of days in a year is 365 (even in a leap year) and the compounding frequency is annual. |
| 30/360 ICMA — Number of days in every month is set to 30, except for February where it is equal to the actual number of days. If the start date or the end date of the period is the 31st of a month, that date is set to the 30th. The number of days in a year is 360 and the compounding frequency is annual. |
| actual/365 ISDA — The day count fraction is calculated using
the following formula: |
| bus/252 — The number of days in a period is equal to the actual number of business days. The number of business days in a year is 252. |
End-of-Month Rule
The end-of-month rule affects a bond's coupon payment structure. When the rule is in effect, a security that pays a coupon on the last actual day of a month will always pay coupons on the last day of the month. This means, for example, that a semiannual bond that pays a coupon on February 28 in nonleap years will pay coupons on August 31 in all years and on February 29 in leap years.
End-of-Month Rule
End-of-Month Rule Value | Meaning |
| Rule in effect. |
| Rule not in effect. |
Although not all Financial Toolbox functions require the same input arguments, they all accept the following common set of input arguments.
Common Input Arguments
Input | Meaning |
| Settlement date |
| Maturity date |
| Coupon payment period |
| Day-count basis |
| End-of-month payment rule |
| Bond issue date |
| First coupon payment date |
| Last coupon payment date |
Of the common input arguments, only Settle
are required. All others are optional. They are set to the
default values if you do not explicitly set them. By default, the
and LastCouponDate
nonapplicable. In other words, if you do not specify FirstCouponDate
, the bond is assumed to have no odd first or last coupon
periods. In this case, the bond is a standard bond with a coupon payment structure based
solely on the maturity date.
Default Parameter Values
To illustrate the use of default values in Financial
Toolbox functions, consider the cfdates
function, which computes actual cash flow payment dates for a
portfolio of fixed income securities regardless of whether the first and/or last coupon
periods are normal, long, or short.
The complete calling syntax with the full input argument list is
CFlowDates = cfdates(Settle, Maturity, Period, Basis, ... EndMonthRule, IssueDate, FirstCouponDate, LastCouponDate)
while the minimal calling syntax requires only settlement and maturity dates
CFlowDates = cfdates(Settle, Maturity)
Single Bond Example
As an example, suppose that you have a bond with these characteristics:
Settle = '20-Sep-1999' Maturity = '15-Oct-2007' Period = 2 Basis = 0 EndMonthRule = 1 IssueDate = NaN FirstCouponDate = NaN LastCouponDate = NaN
, Basis
, and
are set to their default values, and
, FirstCouponDate
, and
are set to NaN
Formally, a NaN
is an IEEE® arithmetic standard for Not-a-Number and is used to
indicate the result of an undefined operation (for example, zero divided by zero).
However, NaN
is also a convenient placeholder. In the SIA functions of
Financial Toolbox software, NaN
indicates the presence of a nonapplicable
value. It tells the Financial Toolbox functions to
ignore the input value and apply the default. Setting IssueDate
, and LastCouponDate
in this example tells cfdates
to assume that the bond has been issued before settlement and that
no odd first or last coupon periods exist.
Having set these values, all these calls to cfdates
produce the same result.
cfdates(Settle, Maturity) cfdates(Settle, Maturity, Period) cfdates(Settle, Maturity, Period, []) cfdates(Settle, Maturity, [], Basis) cfdates(Settle, Maturity, [], []) cfdates(Settle, Maturity, Period, [], EndMonthRule) cfdates(Settle, Maturity, Period, [], NaN) cfdates(Settle, Maturity, Period, [], [], IssueDate) cfdates(Settle, Maturity, Period, [], [], IssueDate, [], []) cfdates(Settle, Maturity, Period, [], [], [], [],LastCouponDate) cfdates(Settle, Maturity, Period, Basis, EndMonthRule, ... IssueDate, FirstCouponDate, LastCouponDate)
Thus, leaving a particular input unspecified has the same effect as passing an empty
matrix ([]
) or passing a NaN
– all three tell
(and other Financial Toolbox functions) to use the default value for a particular
input parameter.
Bond Portfolio Example
Since the previous example included only a single bond, there was no difference
between passing an empty matrix or passing a NaN
for an optional input
argument. For a portfolio of bonds, however, using NaN
as a placeholder
is the only way to specify default acceptance for some bonds while explicitly setting
nondefault values for the remaining bonds in the portfolio.
Now suppose that you have a portfolio of two bonds.
Settle = '20-Sep-1999' Maturity = ['15-Oct-2007'; '15-Oct-2010']
These calls to cfdates
all set the coupon period to its
default value (Period = 2
) for both bonds.
cfdates(Settle, Maturity, 2) cfdates(Settle, Maturity, [2 2]) cfdates(Settle, Maturity, []) cfdates(Settle, Maturity, NaN) cfdates(Settle, Maturity, [NaN NaN]) cfdates(Settle, Maturity)
The first two calls explicitly set Period = 2
. Since
is a 2
vector of
maturity dates, cfdates
knows that you have a two-bond
The first call specifies a single (that is, scalar) 2 for Period
Passing a scalar tells cfdates
to apply the scalar-valued input to
all bonds in the portfolio. This is an example of implicit scalar-expansion. The
settlement date has been implicit scalar-expanded as well.
The second call also applies the default coupon period by explicitly passing a
two-element vector of 2's. The third call passes an empty matrix, which cfdates
interprets as an invalid period, for which the default value is
used. The fourth call is similar, except that a NaN
has been passed.
The fifth call passes two NaN
's, and has the same effect as the third.
The last call passes the minimal input set.
Finally, consider the following calls to cfdates
for the same two-bond portfolio.
cfdates(Settle, Maturity, [4 NaN]) cfdates(Settle, Maturity, [4 2])
The first call explicitly sets Period = 4
for the first bond and
implicitly sets the default Period = 2
for the second bond. The second
call has the same effect as the first but explicitly sets the periodicity for both
The optional input Period
has been used for illustrative purpose
only. The default-handling process illustrated in the examples applies to any of the
optional input arguments.
Coupon Date Calculations
Calculating coupon dates, either actual or quasi dates, is notoriously complicated. Financial Toolbox software follows the SIA conventions in coupon date calculations.
The first step in finding the coupon dates associated with a bond is to determine the reference, or synchronization date (the sync date). Within the SIA framework, the order of precedence for determining the sync date is:
The first coupon date
The last coupon date
The maturity date
In other words, a Financial Toolbox function first
examines the FirstCouponDate
input. If FirstCouponDate
is specified, coupon payment dates and quasi-coupon dates are computed with respect to
; if FirstCouponDate
is unspecified,
empty ([]
), or NaN
, then the
is examined. If LastCouponDate
specified, coupon payment dates and quasi-coupon dates are computed with respect to
. If both FirstCouponDate
are unspecified, empty ([]
), or
, the Maturity
(a required input argument) serves
as the synchronization date.
Yield Conventions
There are two yield and time factor conventions that are used in the Financial Toolbox software – these are determined by the input basis
Specifically, bases 0
to 7
are assumed to have
semiannual compounding, while bases 8
to 12
assumed to have annual compounding regardless of the period of the bond's coupon payments
(including zero-coupon bonds). In addition, any yield-related sensitivity (that is, duration
and convexity), when quoted on a periodic basis, follows this same convention. (See
, bndconvy
, bnddurp
, bnddury
, and bndkrdur
Pricing Functions
This example shows how easily you can compute the price of a bond with an odd first
period using the function bndprice
. Assume that you have a bond with
these characteristics:
Settle = '11-Nov-1992'; Maturity = '01-Mar-2005'; IssueDate = '15-Oct-1992'; FirstCouponDate = '01-Mar-1993'; CouponRate = 0.0785; Yield = 0.0625;
Allow coupon payment period (Period = 2
), day-count basis
(Basis = 0
), and end-of-month rule (EndMonthRule =
) to assume the default values. Also, assume that there is no odd last coupon
date and that the face value of the bond is $100. Calling the function
[Price, AccruedInt] = bndprice(Yield, CouponRate, Settle, ... Maturity, [], [], [], IssueDate, FirstCouponDate)
Price = 113.5977 AccruedInt = 0.5855
returns a price of $113.60 and accrued interest of $0.59.
Similar functions compute prices with regular payments, odd first and last periods, and prices of Treasury bills and discounted securities such as zero-coupon bonds.
and other functions use nonlinear formulas to compute the
price of a security. For this reason, Financial Toolbox software uses Newton's method when solving for an independent variable
within a formula. See any elementary numerical methods textbook for the mathematics
underlying Newton's method.
Yield Functions
To illustrate toolbox yield functions, compute the yield of a bond that has odd first and last periods and settlement in the first period. First set up variables for settlement, maturity date, issue, first coupon, and a last coupon date.
Settle = '12-Jan-2000'; Maturity = '01-Oct-2001'; IssueDate = '01-Jan-2000'; FirstCouponDate = '15-Jan-2000'; LastCouponDate = '15-Apr-2000';
Assume a face value of $100. Specify a purchase price of $95.70, a coupon rate of 4%,
quarterly coupon payments, and a 30/360 day-count convention (Basis = 1
Price = 95.7; CouponRate = 0.04; Period = 4; Basis = 1; EndMonthRule = 1;
Calling the bndyield
Yield = bndyield(Price, CouponRate, Settle, Maturity, Period,... Basis, EndMonthRule, IssueDate, FirstCouponDate, LastCouponDate)
Yield = 0.0659
The function returns a Yield = 0.0659
Fixed-Income Sensitivities
Financial Toolbox software supports the following options for managing interest-rate risk for one or more bonds:
Calculating Duration and Convexity for Bonds
The toolbox includes functions to perform sensitivity analysis such as convexity and
the Macaulay and modified durations for fixed-income securities. The Macaulay duration of
an income stream, such as a coupon bond, measures how long, on average, the owner waits
before receiving a payment. It is the weighted average of the times payments are made,
with the weights at time T
equal to the present value of the money
received at time T
. The modified duration is the Macaulay duration
discounted by the per-period interest rate; that is, divided by (1+rate/frequency). The
Macaulay duration is a measure of price sensitivity to yield
changes. This duration is measured in years and is a weighted average-time-to-maturity of
an instrument.
To illustrate, the following example computes the annualized Macaulay and modified
durations, and the periodic Macaulay duration for a bond with settlement (12-Jan-2000) and
maturity (01-Oct-2001) dates as above, a 5% coupon rate, and a 4.5% yield to maturity. For
simplicity, any optional input arguments assume default values (that is, semiannual
coupons, and day-count basis
= 0 (actual/actual), coupon payment
structure synchronized to the maturity date, and end-of-month payment rule in
CouponRate = 0.05; Yield = 0.045; Settle = '12-Jan-2000'; Maturity = '01-Oct-2001'; [ModDuration, YearDuration, PerDuration] = bnddury(Yield,... CouponRate, Settle, Maturity)
ModDuration = 1.6107 YearDuration = 1.6470 PerDuration = 3.2940
The durations are
ModDuration = 1.6107 (years) YearDuration = 1.6470 (years) PerDuration = 3.2940 (semiannual periods)
Note that the semiannual periodic Macaulay duration (PerDuratio
is twice the annualized Macaulay duration (YearDuration
Calculating Key Rate Durations for Bonds
Key rate duration enables you to evaluate the sensitivity and price of a bond to nonparallel changes in the spot or zero curve by decomposing the interest rate risk along the spot or zero curve. Key rate duration refers to the process of choosing a set of key rates and computing a duration for each rate. Specifically, for each key rate, while the other rates are held constant, the key rate is shifted up and down (and intermediate cash flow dates are interpolated), and then the present value of the security given the shifted curves is computed.
The calculation of bndkrdur
Where PV is the current value of the instrument, PV_up and PV_down are the new values after the discount curve has been shocked, and ShiftValue is the change in interest rate. For example, if key rates of 3 months, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 years were chosen, then a 30-year bond might have corresponding key rate durations of:
.01 | .04 | .09 | .21 | .4 | .65 | 1.27 | 1.71 | 1.68 | 1.83 | 7.03 |
The key rate durations add up to approximately equal the duration of the bond.
For example, compute the key rate duration of the US Treasury Bond with maturity date of August 15, 2028 and coupon rate of 5.5%.
Settle = datenum('18-Nov-2008'); CouponRate = 5.500/100; Maturity = datenum('15-Aug-2028'); Price = 114.83;
For the ZeroData
information on the current spot curve for this
bond, refer to https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/data-chart-center/interest-rates/Pages/TextView.aspx?data=yield:
ZeroDates = daysadd(Settle ,[30 90 180 360 360*2 360*3 360*5 ...
360*7 360*10 360*20 360*30]);
ZeroRates = ([0.06 0.12 0.81 1.08 1.22 1.53 2.32 2.92 3.68 4.42 4.20]/100)';
Compute the key rate duration for a specific set of rates (choose this based on the maturities of the available hedging instruments):
krd = bndkrdur([ZeroDates ZeroRates],CouponRate,Settle,Maturity,'keyrates',[2 5 10 20])
krd = 0.2865 0.8729 2.6451 8.5778
Note, the sum of the key rate durations approximately equals the duration of the bond:
[sum(krd) bnddurp(Price,CouponRate,Settle,Maturity)]
ans = 12.3823 12.3919
See Also
| bndconvy
| bnddurp
| bnddury
| bndkrdur


text:
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Thursday October 13, 2011 1:20 pm
Why the TiVo Elite is so much faster than the TiVo Premiere
The TiVo Premiere Elite was released this week, and many have been wondering if the only changes are the addition of a couple of tuners, and more hard drive space. Well, as it turns out, one immediately noticeable difference is just how fast the Elite is when compared to the non-Elite TiVo Premiere. In fact, it boots up in half the time, and you can move through the menus virtually lag-free. A thread on the TiVo Community forum goes into detail on what we know about the Elite so far:
- Newer 14.9 software (instead of 14.8)
- Newer kernel revision 2.6.18 buildmaster93 (instead of buildmaster64)
- Newer GCC 4.2.0 compiler used (instead of 3.3.4)
- 1024 MB of RAM (instead of 512 MB)
- SMP support enabled during boot process (instead of ?)
- Quad Tuner support (instead of dual cable & dual OTA)
After the break, we've got the full breakdown of what each of those changes means, and how they make the Elite a powerful and worthwhile beast. If you're interested, you can pick up the TiVo Premiere Elite now on Amazon.
Newer 14.9 software (instead of 14.8)
The software version is really the overall container of features. A new version could contain a new kernel, updated support libs, newer UI code, etc. Some of the data is exposed to us in the form of version #s but is typically internal to TiVo what exactly has changed. What we know exists in this version is new UI code, a newer kernel build (not to be confused with a new kernel version), MoCA support, and Quad Tuner support.
Of note library wise Flash Player Version: mainline3/2011.07.06.0601 & HD Menu Software Version:1-9/2011.08.31-1134 show fairly new revision dates compared to a non-Elite Premiere with Flash Player Version: 14-8-mr/2011.02.24-0601 & HD Menu Software Version: 1-8/2011.04.08-1413. Any advances in these could provide significantly greater UI performance features. In relation to boot times if the core files have been optimized to use SMP as well as the larger memory space then load times at the end of the post BIOS pre-OS could be reduced.
Newer kernel revision 2.6.18 buildmaster93 (instead of buildmaster64)
The latest 14.9 release includes a more recent kernel build. This is not to be confused with a new version of the kernel. The non-Elite & Elite both run 2.6.18 so there are no new features added at the kernel level between these two versions. However newer builds of the same kernel version indicate bug fixes and performance enhancements to the system as it currently exists. The kernel is where the enable/disable of SMP (multiple cores) is defined and controlled so any resolutions here could have provided the ability to enable features already planned or prevent issues that were causing problems.
Newer GCC 4.2.0 compiler used (instead of 3.3.4)
This to me is really the most important of software level changes. The GCC 3.3.4 compiler was built in May 2004 where 4.2.0 was built in May 2007 (of note GCC 4.2.1 was what Android was being built against until late last year). The compiler takes the code you've written and translates it into the machine code your device will run. Besides dealing with your own bugs and performance issues, compiler level fixes and performance gains can provide impressive results. The various GCC versions between these sets have all produced significant performance enhancement features along with improved debugging and tracing. In terms of SMP support as well your compiler needs to properly understand certain ways of writing code to be much more SMP friendly. These newer tools can provide a very significant performance boost to SMP code as well as may have been instrumental in finally solving the SMP issues TiVo has been plagued with. As with moving to newer kernel versions moving to newer GCC versions can allow the removal of legacy components providing more efficient CPU cycle usage and memory usage.
1024 MB of RAM (instead of 512 MB)
As with PCs the more RAM you have in general the better your performance. However doubling the system RAM will not provide a doubling in performance. It does however prevent items being loaded and then pushed out of RAM to make room for new items being loaded. This type of behavior is extremely detrimental to a SQL type application which is what the heart of a TiVo's guide data and recording systems are stored in. Providing the ability to load these into memory and keep them loaded would provide an impressive performance gain in relation to tasks accessing it like scheduling, editing, listing, etc. From digging in the code of the previous 512 MB devices only a portion of the RAM is dedicated to the tuners, and it was less than 256 MB if I recall correctly meaning the Elite if they doubled the tuner memory would still allow for a doubling of RAM for the OS.
The most important aspect of more RAM becomes apparent with the enabling of SMP. The problem with running multiple concurrent processes is that you need to feed them or they starve and stall in action waiting for data. For an SMP system to function optimally it really needs more RAM and faster RAM than a single threaded core. The cores also need extra space in order to share data between each other as well for communication and data sharing.
SMP support enabled during boot process (instead of ?)
Threading is the beast & the beauty of performance improvements. The beauty of threading is if you can successfully thread an application set and then provide it an SMP environment you can see up to a 50% improvement in speed by running two instances. However the beast of threading comes in the form of debugging and capability. Once you break from one thread doing everything you've more than doubled the complexity of programming and debugging the issues that arise with your code. An improperly developed system can actually see a performance decrease from running on a multiple core platform as certain aspects become faulty due to unfound bugs.
If the SMP functionality has truly been enabled at the kernel level finally then this could very well provide along with additional RAM the ability to provide performance boosts in lots of regions. At boot time the ability to process multiple starting services (this kernel does not support asynchronous device loading though) greatly decreasing system loads. Under system load the ability to run UI threads and SQL threads simultaneously could provide significant UI enhancement as data is immediately available instead of in seconds or 10s of seconds.
Quad Tuner support (instead of dual cable & dual OTA)
The support for Quad tuners allows for the removal of OTA tuner support. Depending on how long the initialization portion is for this hardware you can see a benefit from its removal. As the loading of only one driver set for two cable tuners may provide a slight benefit. It does allow the removal of the OTA drivers from memory as well.
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text:
Tag: War on Drugs
The U.N. holding its first special session on the global war on drugs in 20 years. Cracks are showing, but there's a long way to go.
The countries clashed over the death penalty for drug traffickers. Indonesia is unrepentant.
The governments of Mexico and Central and South America seem more attuned to the problems:[More...]
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In an 88 page opinion based on principles of human rights, Justice Arturo Zaldívara of the Mexican Supreme Court has paved the way for legal marijuana in Mexico.
The vote by the court's criminal chamber declared that individuals should have the right to grow and distribute marijuana for their personal use. While the ruling does not strike down current drug laws, it lays the groundwork for a wave of legal actions that could ultimately rewrite them, proponents of legalization say.
Justice Zaldívar writes: "...[T]he state recognizes an individual's autonomy to engage in recreational activities that do not harm others.
(14 comments, 563 words in story) There's More :: Permalink :: Comments
The XXXII International Conference for Drug Control in Cartagena, Colombia, has wrapped up. Tomás Zerón, the head of the Mexico Attorney General's Criminal Investigation Agency, who attended the conference, tells Proceso (use google translate) that there are only two drug cartels and three drug lords left in Mexico: Sinaloa, led by Ismael Zambada-Garcia and Fausto Isidro Meza Flores, and CJNG (Jalisco New Generation)led by Nemesio Oseguera Cervantes. He said Sinaloa deals primarily in cocaine, while CJNG concentrates on meth. He also said Zambada-Garcia doesn't seem too active these days.
Zerón said the Zetas disintegrated, and the Gulf Cartel turned to kidnapping and extortion instead of drugs because it lacks the financing and contacts to obtain drugs. According to Zerón, the Juarez, Tijuana, Beltran Leyva and Knights of Templar cartels have dismantled, due to the death or detention of their leaders (more here), and now are operating as independent cells. [More...]
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This doesn't seem to have picked up as much traction in the U.S. as it has elsewhere, and it may not be huge, but it does represent a shift in stance on the U.S. global war on drugs.
Robert Brownfield, Assistant Secretary, Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs, speaking at a foreign press conference in New York on October 9, while discussing the third of the four pillars of global drug policy, said (Full text here):
Things have changed since 1961. We must have enough flexibility to allow us to incorporate those changes into our policies … to tolerate different national drug policies, to accept the fact that some countries will have very strict drug approaches; other countries will legalize entire categories of drugs.
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Via Sentencing Law and Policy: Check out this new law review article by Law Professor Shima Baradaran. It debunks the link between drug crimes and violence.
[This article] demonstrates that a connection between drugs and violence is not supported by historical arrest data, current research, or independent empirical evidence. That there is little evidence to support the assumption that drugs cause violence is an important insight, because the assumed causal link between drugs and violence forms the foundation of a significant amount of case law, statutes, and commentary.
In particular, the presumed connection between drugs and violence has reduced constitutional protections, misled government resources, and resulted in the unnecessary incarceration of a large proportion of non-violent Americans. In short, if drugs do not cause violence — and the empirical evidence discussed in this Article suggests they do not — then America needs to rethink its entire approach to drug policy.
(14 comments, 275 words in story) There's More :: Permalink :: Comments
Human Rights Watch has a new report, A Nation Behind Bars, with facts on the current state of our prison nation and recommendations to reduce our over-reliance on incarceration.
Some facts:[More...]
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As many have been saying for years, the Global war on drugs has been an epic failure:
The International Centre for Science in Drug Policy said its report suggested the war on drugs had failed. The report, published in the British Medical Journal Open, looked at data from seven international government-funded drug surveillance systems.
(52 comments) Permalink :: Comments
Richard Branson, founder of Virgin Group and member of the Global Drug Commision, has an op-ed at CNN on the failure of the war on drugs.
Here we are, four decades after Richard Nixon declared the war on drugs in 1971 and $1 trillion spent since then. What do we have to show for it?
The U.S. has the largest prison population in the world, with about 2.3 million behind bars. More than half a million of those people are incarcerated for a drug law violation. What a waste of young lives.
(37 comments, 894 words in story) There's More :: Permalink :: Comments
Via the New York Times: U.S. Rethinks a Drug War After Deaths in Honduras
All joint operations in Honduras are now suspended. Senator Patrick J. Leahy of Vermont, expressing the concerns of several Democrats in Congress, is holding up tens of millions of dollars in security assistance, not just because of the planes, but also over suspected human rights abuses by the Honduran police and three shootings in which commandos with the United States Drug Enforcement Administration effectively led raids when they were only supposed to act as advisers.
DEA's FAST program began under George W Bush. (Obama has extended it.) FAST stands for Foreign-deployed Advisory Support Team. In plain English, squads of commandos. It operates in Haiti, Honduras, the Dominican Republic, Guatemala and Belize. Here's a powerpoint about it.
The Administration's total Drug War budget for 2013 is $25 billion. [More.]
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The New Yorker has an extensive article, The Throwaways , on the misuse of informants.
Informants are the foot soldiers in the government's war on drugs. By some estimates, up to eighty per cent of all drug cases in America involve them, often in active roles like Hoffman's. For police departments facing budget woes, untrained C.I.s provide an inexpensive way to outsource the work of undercover officers. "The system makes it cheap and easy to use informants, as opposed to other, less risky but more cumbersome approaches," says Alexandra Natapoff, a professor at Loyola Law School in Los Angeles and a leading expert on informants. "There are fewer procedures in place and fewer institutional checks on their use." Often, deploying informants involves no paperwork and no institutional oversight, let alone lawyers, judges, or public scrutiny; their use is necessarily shrouded in secrecy.
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The militarization of the war on drugs is officially underway.
A team of 200 U.S. Marines began patrolling Guatemala's western coast this week in an unprecedented operation to beat drug traffickers in the Central America region, a U.S. military spokesman said Wednesday.
The Marines are deployed as part of Operation Martillo, a broader effort started last Jan. 15 to stop drug trafficking along the Central American coast. Focused exclusively on drug dealers in airplanes or boats, the U.S.-led operation involves troops or law enforcement agents from Belize, Britain, Canada, Colombia, Costa Rica, El Salvador, France, Guatemala, Honduras, the Netherlands, Nicaragua, Panama and Spain.
Wired has more here.
(10 comments) Permalink :: Comments
Marc Ambinder's new article suggesting Obama will shift his position on the War on Drugs if he gets re-elected doesn't offer much.
Since the United Ststes isn't about to legalize or regulate the illegal narcotics markets, the best thing a president can do may be what Obama winds up doing if he gets re-elected: using the bully pulpit to draw attention to the issue. But he won't do so before November.
The article is more a review of the documentary The House I Live In, which I wrote about in January here than it is about Obama.
I have no expectations Obama will ease up on the War on Drugs. But since we know that Republicans will keep escalating it, as they will our over-reliance on incarceration, the choice in November on this issue is clear: Obama.
(67 comments) Permalink :: Comments
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If Sarah Copelin-Wood isn't the worst and most embarassing board of education elected official in the state, lord help the person who is. Copelin-Wood is Example No. 1 on why there should be term limits for board of ed members, not just in DeKalb, but state-wide. If we're going to elect her to multiple times on the board that supervises education for our children and votes on a billion dollar entity, maybe we deserve what we get.
The DeKalb County school closings process was derailed by a board member telling task force members how to vote, pitting schools against each other and charging racism is a factor, one task force member said.
Citizens Planning Task Force member Marcia Coward said she is filing a complaint against board member Sarah Copelin-Wood with the board and the superintendent.
"I know that Sarah Wood made phone calls and pitted one school against the other in her own district. I think that's very wrong," Coward said Saturday. "She's supposed to represent all of the schools in her district."
Coward's complaint is the latest drama in the state's third-largest school district, which also is facing a $115 million budget shortfall, a superintendent under criminal investigation and a standardized test cheating scandal.
The board assembled the 20-member task force and charged the group with recommending four elementary schools to close at the end of this school year. But after weeks of reviewing data, the task force voted on Thursday to not close any schools, leaving the decision up to the school board.
The nine-member board will have to do that without the leadership of Superintendent Crawford Lewis, a DeKalb educator for 33 years. The board is in the midst of negotiating a "mutual separation" agreement with Lewis, one of several people under investigation by the district attorney's office for possible wrongdoing involving the district's multimillion-dollar school construction program.
Coward said the task force would have been able to move forward with its decision on school closures if Copelin-Wood had not intervened in numerous task force meetings.
Reached at her home on Saturday, Copelin-Wood denied the allegations and refused to answer some questions.
"This is a lie," said Copelin-Wood, who represents District 3. "The person who would do that [made the allegations] was mad they didn't get their way. I don't have to answer to them."
Chairman Tom Bowen said the school board will review the complaint, but he said no board members were supposed to be involved in the task force.
"The public task force was instituted by the board to get independent, direct feedback from the public on the issue of school closings," he said on Saturday. "The board will have the final say on any school closings. So there should be absolutely no board influence on that process."
Coward left Thursday's task force meeting early to attend a DeKalb Council of PTAs meeting, where she was elected president. She did not participate in the final vote when the task force chose not to close any schools, but said she would have voted on four closures.
"In my opinion, we had all of the data relative in making that decision, but we were not able to because of all of the turmoil," she said. "We felt pressure because Sarah passed notes back and forth to the people [task force members] that she knew she could influence. That kept the confusion going and made it an unfair process."
Copelin-Wood said it was a public meeting and she had the right to distribute information. "I had things I wanted people to consider," she said.
Each of the nine board members, along with Lewis, appointed two residents to the task force. At the first meeting, Copelin-Wood did not appoint any residents to serve and said she wanted to be the representative for her district. After task force members made complaints about her behavior to the board, Copelin-Wood appointed two citizens.
However, she attended all of the other meetings and sat in the front, passing out fliers and encouraging parents to speak during the public comment session.
"As a board member, she [Copelin-Wood] has the responsibility to stay neutral and not make this a racial issue because it was not a racial issue," Coward said. "But she kept making comments about black and white task force members."
Copelin-Wood declined to talk about allegations of racism on Saturday or say if she wanted schools to close. However, she said she is angry that all of the schools on the closure list are in south DeKalb. The 10 schools on the possible closure list -- eight of which are in Copelin-Wood's district -- are primarily in African-American neighborhoods.
"What I wanted is none of anybody's business," Copelin-Wood said. "If she [Coward] wants to ask me something, I think she will be a big enough woman to ask me."
Copelin-Wood has served on the DeKalb County Board of Education since 1998 and is up for re-election later this year.
Vice Chair Zepora Roberts was the only other board member to attend any of the task force meetings, but she made no statements.
The board is slated to vote April 12 on $115 million in budget cuts, including closing four schools to save $2.35 million.


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The Unholy by Paul DeBlassie III
Published August 1, 2013 by Sunstone Press
4 Ritualistic Stars
"A tale so gripping it will have any Zealot daring enough to read questioning their very beliefs."
Published August 1, 2013 by Sunstone Press
4 Ritualistic Stars
"A tale so gripping it will have any Zealot daring enough to read questioning their very beliefs."
Synopsis -
A young curandera, a medicine woman, intent on uncovering the secrets of her past is forced into a life-and-death battle against an evil Archbishop. Set in the mystic land of Aztlan, "The Unholy" is a novel of destiny as healer and slayer. Native lore of dreams and visions, shape changing, and natural magic work to spin a neo-gothic web in which sadness and mystery lure the unsuspecting into a twilight realm of discovery and decision.
PAUL DeBLASSIE III, PhD, is a psychologist and writer living in his native New Mexico. A member of the Depth Psychology Alliance, the Transpersonal Psychology Association, and the International Association for Relational Psychoanalysis and Psychotherapy, he has for over thirty years treated survivors of the dark side of religion. (Goodreads)
Review -
While this book is not exactly for everyone, more of a love or hate it, I loved it. Fans of neo-Gothic tales, as well as fans of real history mixed in with fantasy, are sure to enjoy this read. The Unholy is a novel that describes in gruesome detail just how people are willing to go in the name of religion. Where people are more cultists than merely church-goers, believing with their entirety that as long as they are acting in the name of God, what they are doing is right, including murder.
Claire Sanchez is the last of her line of medicine women. Having witnessed her mother's brutal murder at the tender age of five, she is less than willing to pick up the staff and take her place. As always with fate, she will eventually learn that she has no choice. Though it will take a trail of bodies to convince of this. Turns out the past isn't something that can always be buried.
The town know as Ecclesia Dei would give even the Manson Family a run for their money. Convinced beyond a shadow of doubt the pathway to Heaven lies upon the backside of Archbishop Anarch. The wealthy have learned to give him his tithe no matter what exorbitant amount it may be. For to not do so would lead their souls to eternal damnation, after an untimely death. The less fortunate give whatever asked of them, and do as they are told, or they may also suffer the same fate. With followers worshiping him, and the hand of who he believes is God upon his shoulder, Anarch thinks he is above reproach, even a sin is not a sin if he is the one committing it. But there is one person who stands in his way and plans on crushing her like an ant.
Ritualistic killings, cultists to the extreme, zealots at their worst and only a handful of people willing to stand up to them. Though I wish there had been more Paranormal at work; more powers shown and explored by the Medicine women, The Unholy was truly a great read. Showing how the most self-righteous are usually the biggest sinners of all.


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Final Sale
Get ready to dance the day away in our cherry print child Presley bralette, it's simple but stylish. This bralette is constructed of a shiny rib fabric, lined in the front and features a double knot detail at the center front.


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Back-to-school is around the corner, but don't be daunted by the transition from summer fun to school schedule. Children take their cues from their parents, so it's key for US to get into the back-to-school mind-set first. Here are my pain-free prep tips for parents – our stressless adjustment will filter down to the kids, making it smoother for everyone.
Adjust your schedule. Ease back into the more strict school schedule by making the week before school starts a test-run week. Plan for the whole family to adopt more regular mealtimes, bedtimes and tidying-up routines.
Document your summer. Organize photos and mementos of summer adventures. Have everyone help, and display your project. Seeing summer fun all in one place is a concrete way of knowing that it's time for the next phase.
Organize your home. Organizing the house helps to organize your mind! Get your surroundings into school mode to help you prepare. Reclaim school space by putting away sidewalk chalk and pool floaties, making room for lunch boxes, jackets and school papers. Have the kids help you set aside things they've outgrown, label bins and organize. Activities like this cue the whole family that it's time to move into a new season.
Go shopping. Doctor's orders! I love being able to use shopping as an excuse to boost psychological adjustment. Back-to-school shopping is a way to psychologically prepare. There's nothing like buying school supplies or seeing your child fit into the next, larger clothing size to tell you that it's transition time. Have the kids help you donate their outgrown clothes to those who need them, too.
Get haircuts. Shaggy summer hair is adorable, but fresh, official new haircuts (for Mom and Dad, too) signal it's time for a fresh, official new schedule.
Back-to-school parent prep helps make an easy transition for everyone. How do you plan to prepare for back-to school?


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Saturday, June 12, 2010
Hectic Week, Finally Over!
I maintain that Cambridge/Boston is a great place to hold co-located conferences like this, and we should try to do the same thing again (perhaps with a different conference mix) in just a few years. We have lots of researchers in the area, lots of students (to attend and help set things up), and lots of universities that can help host in terms of lecture space. And a very viable airport to travel to. If you look at the list above, though, I do think Harvard really did much more than its fair share this time. Maybe next time around one of our smaller, less-resourced, less visible neighbors, like MIT, can step up to the plate.
6 comments:
EC and STOC were co-located and yet not. Having them in buildings 3 miles apart was a very bad idea.
- June 12, 2010 at 2:06 PM
- Michael Mitzenmacher said...
Anon #1: Thanks so much for volunteering for local arrangements for the next group of conferences. I didn't catch your name again?
- June 12, 2010 at 3:47 PM
MIT rox!!
- June 12, 2010 at 6:47 PM
Michael: Anon #1 is right; maybe for locals (like you) there is no difference (in the location) between MIT and Harvard, but for the visitors they are in some distance. Hence, it would be easier for visitors to have the conferences much closer. How could one attend STOC and some EC tutorials, if the travel between the two places requires 15 mins in the cab (which also costs some bucks, or over half an hour walk).
I have no doubt that Cambridge is a nicer place than San Jose, but FCRC has a more user freiendly format in that respect. If all the conferences are in the same building, or one block from each other, then it would be easier to attend even the clashing events.
But please dont take this as a critisism but rather as a friendly advice. The organizers of the three events did great job and I hope Cambridge will be hosting similar events in near future again. - June 12, 2010 at 8:29 PM
- Michael Mitzenmacher said...
Anon #4 (and #1): I think somehow you have (and perhaps are perpetuating) a mistaken impression that somehow the 3 conferences all organized this together ahead of time. From what I know, that's not the case. I don't know the timeline -- my guess if STOC was figured first, and then CCC and EC figured it would be nice to run the same week in the same city. This is very different that FCRC, and hence I think your apparent expectation -- that the conferences would be at the same location -- is misguided. (In fact, I find it downright bizarre.)
Let's not confuse this with FCRC, which is organized from the start to be a huge collection of conferences. This was, as far as I know, independent organizations that happened to try to put things together conveniently. I think, with that in mind, they did an amazing job.
Now, given their success, I think it would be nice if, in the future, we try to plan these things together more closely to begin with. But that takes a level of organization that, from what I know, up to this point the theory community has completely lacked. - June 12, 2010 at 8:39 PM
Both the energy of attracting a larger audience and the convenience of saving on airfare makes co-location a big win. I fail to see the difficulty of changing hotels on Tuesday night or finding a single convenient hotel between the two locations.
- June 13, 2010 at 2:51 AM


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The Del Rey is a minimalist shield for just the right amount of protection and style. Designed for smaller Harley Davidson models, this windshield also feels at home on the larger Softail models. With its 13" height from the top of the headlight cut-out, it is the smallest shield in our Sportshield family. If you are looking for a small shield for just the right amount of wind protection, the Del Rey is your answer.
The revolutionary Trigger-Lock mounting hardware features an innovative system that allows you to quickly and easily remove your windshields without the use of any tools. Each kit is model specific and custom-fit to each style of bike for a truly no-hassle installation.
Trigger-Lock Mounting Kits consist of anchoring hardware (the part that stays on the bike), and mounting plates (the part that connects the fairing or windshield to the bike). "Plates Only" kits can be use when you already have Memphis Shades Trigger-Lock anchoring hardware on your bike. For example, if you already run, say, a Gauntlet fairing, you could mount a windshield or another fairing using "Plates Only".


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Relations are 'links' between assets, they can be found for each asset in the 'linked items' panel. A relation knows both of the assets that it links together. This means a relation can always be discovered from both ends of its link.
Relations have a type, which determines their behavior (see below). Relations also have some basic metadata that describes when and who created them. If needed, it is possible to set additional metadata on a relation to keep track of information about the link between the two assets.
Relation types
Some relations are directional which means that target 1 will be the parent and target 2 will be the child. Assets Server currently supports the following relation types:
Relations between similar files, for example files saved as a new file or exported to another format (rendition). This type of relation is also created when an asset is dragged into the Linked items panel of another asset.
- A Photoshop (PSD) file and a related PSD (Save As...)
- A PSD file and a related JPG (Save As...)
- An InDesign (INDD) file and a related PDF (Export...)
Relation between a file which is placed on or included in another file. For example a PSD placed on an InDesign document or an JPG placed on an Illustrator document.
This is a bi-directional relation, which means in this case that the placed PSD is "referenced by" the InDesign document and that the InDesign document "references" the placed PSD.
When viewed from the placed asset-side, the relation is called referenced-by.
A directional relation. It is used by collections for the relations to their contents. The containing collection must be target 1/parent-side of the relation. When viewed from the child-side, the relation is called contained-by.
A non-directional relation used to indicate assets that are duplicates of each other. If XMP metadata is available, Assets Server may create this relation automatically.
A directional relation, created when a modification of an asset is checked in as a variation. When viewed from the variation-side, the relation is called variation-of.
Automatic relations
Assets Server automatically creates some relations based on metadata or based on information from third-party integrated solutions (such as WoodWing Studio Server).
XMP relations
Adobe products such as Photoshop, InDesign, and Illustrator store information about relations between files. Assets Server uses this information to automatically create relations between files with XMP metadata, specifically document IDs and instance IDs.
These IDs are created and embedded on creation or saving in Adobe or on import into Assets Server. So for the link mechanism to work properly, you have to put the files into Assets Server before you use them in a layout (for example) or you must have saved them in Adobe before importing them.
More technical explanations and samples of automatic relations are available in Automatically creating XMP relations.


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The Fetchmail package contains a mail retrieval program. "It retrieves mail from remote mail servers and forwards it to your local (client) machine's delivery system, so it can then be read by normal mail user agents."
Download (HTTP): http://www.catb.org/~esr/fetchmail/fetchmail-6.2.5.tar.gz
Download (FTP): ftp://gnome.dti.ad.jp/.1/unix/net/mail/fetchmail/fetchmail-6.2.5.tar.gz
Download size: 1.2 MB
Estimated Disk space required: 5.8 MB
Estimated build time: 0.14 SBU
OpenSSL-0.9.7d and a local MDA (Procmail-3.22)
Python-2.3.3 and Tk-8.4.6.
Install Fetchmail by running the following commands:
./configure --prefix=/usr --with-ssl --enable-fallback=procmail &&
make &&
make install
--with-ssl: This enables SSL if found, so that you can handle connections to secure POP3 and IMAP servers.
--enable-fallback=procmail: This tells Fetchmail to hand incoming mail to Procmail for delivery if your port 25 mail server is not present or not responding.
cat > ~/.fetchmailrc << "EOF" set logfile /var/log/fetchmail.log set no bouncemail set postmaster root poll SERVERNAME : user [username] pass [password]; mda "/usr/bin/procmail -f %F -d %T"; EOF chmod 0600 ~/.fetchmailrc
This is an example configuration that should suffice for most people. You can add as many users and servers as you need using the same syntax.
man fetchmail: Look for the section near the bottom named CONFIGURATION EXAMPLES. It gives some quick examples. There are countless other config options once you get used to it.
The Fetchmail package contains fetchmail and fetchmailconf.
When executed as a user, this will source that users ~/.fetchmailrc and download the appropriate mail.


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iPhone 14 – PRO – PLUS – PRO MAX
Worlds Most Advanced Impact-Resistant Waterproof Case for iPhone 14 PRO/PLUS/MAX
Worlds Most Advanced Impact-Resistant Waterproof Case for iPhone 14 PRO/PLUS/MAX
The Extreme Hydro GT™ iPhone 14 Pro/Plus/Max Case combines award winning design with High-Performance Technology. Engineered with our innovative Tech.8™ Architecture for advanced WaterProof – ShockProof and Impact-Resistant protection.
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The Hydro GT™ iPhone 14 Case features our new patented Tech.8™ Architecture for Advanced Impact-Proof and Water-Proof Protection. The innovative case is also compatible with High-Speed Wireless Charging.
The iPhone 14 case features ultra responsive premium Tactile-Click™ buttons for quick and easy use of volume and on/off functions. The case also features a innovative re-mapped vertical mute-switch for smooth access to the volume-mute control.
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For expert advice, product recommendations or general enquiries please contact us via the following email and a member of the team will be happy to help.
is the design philosophy that propels Extreme® in pursuit of global excellence. Our design approach is inspired by high performance engineering and technological art, to create unique and minimalistic products with the perfect balance of unrivalled craftsmanship and state of the art technology.
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Extreme® offers FREE Worldwide shipping to all of our customers and typically despatches the same working day, if placed up to 2pm. During peak times, your order may ship up to 24 hours after it was placed.
We endeavour to deliver your order within 3-5 business days. Orders are shipped via FedEx or USPS delivery and a signature may be required.
We endeavour to deliver your order within 3-5 working days. Orders are shipped via RoyalMail or UPS delivery.
Delivery should be within 3-5 working days. Orders are shipped via FedEx or UPS delivery.
We aim to deliver within 7-14 business days via FedEx or UPS shipping.
In the event of non-delivery, please allow up to 30 days before contacting us, as we do need to allow the postal services sufficient time before we can file a missing claim and resend the goods.
Currently we are operating as usual however some courier services may be disrupted depending on your location.
Extreme® has the risk and liability for damage to the goods during transport when delivering until you or someone appointed by you have taken physical possession of the goods.
We strive to keep all products sold on Extreme® in stock, but high demand occasionally results in delayed shipment. Stock status is indicated on the product page and in your basket during checkout.
Extreme® works with all major carriers to make sure that products are delivered safely.
In some cases, a signature is required before a package can be left at your location. The delivery driver decides if a signature is needed, based on location, weather conditions and other factors. If you receive a notice stating delivery was attempted while you were out, please follow its instructions regarding an alternative delivery date or package pick-up.
At Extreme®, we pride ourselves in our Customer Satisfaction Guarantee. If you change your mind for any reason, you can arrange a return within 14 calendar days of delivery for a full refund. Please note the buyer is responsible for return shipping costs and it is also important that you contact our customer support first at: firstname.lastname@example.com to generate an RMA.
The returned item(s) must be sent back in its original packaging and in the same new condition as when it was sold, including all packaging, parts and accessories. Refunds will be processed within 3-5 working days of receiving the products, to the original payment method.
Extreme® warrants your product against defects in materials and workmanship when purchased directly from Extreme® or an authorised reseller. This warranty is extended only to the original end-use purchaser or the person receiving the product as a gift and shall not be extended to any other person or transferee. The warranty is valid from the date of retail purchase for a period of 1 year. In the case of a covered warranty defect, Extreme® will at its option: (A) repair the product using new or refurbished parts; or (B) replace the product with an equivalent new or refurbished product.
There may be occasions when a replacement product is no longer available as the product is no longer manufactured or available. If this occurs, Extreme® will offer an alternate product of an equal value. We do not offer refunds or store credit as a resolution to any warranty claim.
This warranty does not cover defects or damage arising from improper use or maintenance, normal wear and tear, commercial use, accident or external causes. Unauthorised repair, modification or customisation of your product voids this warranty.
The built-in Screen Protector is engineered with PureVision™ Technology that allows 100% Transparency with the iPhone 14 XDR Retina Display.
The Extreme™ TECH.8™ Architecture provides WaterProof, DropProof, DirtProof and SnowProof protection.
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The iPhone 14 case features ultra responsive Tactile-Click™ buttons for quick and easy use of volume and on/off functions.
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Military Discount
Fred Astaire Dance Studios Military Discount
At Fred Astaire Dance Studios, everyone is welcome!
- Come on your own, or with a dance partner – we teach either way
- Active duty, reservist, retired and support employees – you CAN dance, regardless of your age, skill level or physical attributes
- Our skilled, compassionate, friendly Dance Instructors make lessons enjoyable & engaging
- Ballroom dance is great exercise, that's also LOTS of FUN
- Get out of your shell, discover a new passion
- You'll be on your way to confident social dancing after just one lesson
The Many Benefits of Dance
There is an impressive list of documented physical, mental, social and emotional benefits of ballroom dance. Dance is a great low-impact workout; it has a myriad of physical and mental health benefits; dance can enhance your social life and increase self-confidence; dance reduces stress and depression; dance promotes relaxation; dance is a wonderful outlet for self-expression and creativity; and it's FUN!! There is also a growing body of evidence that dance programs can also support veterans dealing with PTSD, by helping to promote well-being, self-confidence, and stress reduction. Here are a few resources with more detail on the therapeutic value of dance:
Veterans Find Support in Dance Programs (DanceUSA.org, 11/10/17)
Let's Dance: A Holistic Approach to Treating Veterans With Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (MD Edge / Federal Practitioner, July 2016)


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- Description
[ SUGABOO ] I Holographic Statement Earrings
Earring weight: 1 gram
Dimensions: 18 x 18 mm
Materials: Acrylic, Surgical Stainless Steel
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text:
(Redirected from Nom. et orth. cons.)
Terms and abbreviations
[edit]- !: Indicates that a specimen has been seen by the author.
- †: Indicates that a taxon is extinct, that a (type) specimen has been destroyed, or that a publication was published posthumously.
[edit]- affinis (often abbreviated aff. or occasionally, affin.) indicates that available material or evidence suggests that the proposed taxon is related to – has an affinity to – but is not identical to, the taxon with the binomial name it comes after. The Latin word affinis can be translated as "closely related to", or "akin to".
- agg. Aggregate species. A grouping of closely-related species that are treated like a single species for practical purposes.
- allotype A designated paratype of a species (or lower-order taxon) that is the opposite sex of the holotype.
- auct.; auctt. (Auctorum) A name used in the sense of a number of subsequent authors and not in its (different) sense as established by the original author. It is often used in conjunction with nec or non to indicate a misapplied name.
- autonym An automatically generated infrageneric or infraspecific name.
[edit]- basionym In botany, the first legitimate name ("base name") upon which a name at new rank or a new combination is based, providing the final epithet, name or stem of the new combination or name at new rank. Equivalent to protonym in zoology, and basonym in bacteriology.
- basonym In bacteriology, the first name used for a taxon. Equivalent to protonym in zoology, and basionym in botany.
- bis In author abbreviations "bis" denotes the second son of an author. Compare "f." and "filius". For example Schult.f. (Julius Hermann Schultes, 1804–1840) and J.H.Schult.bis (Julius Hermann Schultes, 1820–1887), the first and second sons of Josef August Schultes (1773–1831, Schult.)
[edit]- Candidatus In bacterial nomenclature, Candidatus is a component of the taxonomic name for a bacterium that cannot be maintained in a bacteriology culture collection. It is an interim taxonomic status for yet-to-be-cultured organisms. According to the "Ad Hoc Committee for the re-evaluation of the species definition in bacteriology", microbiologists are encouraged to use the Candidatus concept for well characterised but as-yet uncultured organisms. The names included in this category are usually written as: Candidatus (in italics), the subsequent name(s) in Roman type (with an initial capital letter for the genus name) and the entire name in quotation marks. For example, "Candidatus Carsonella", and "Candidatus Carsonella ruddii".
- cf. (confer). Latin for "compare", marking an uncertain identification or referring to a comparison between sources with differing taxonomic opinions.
- chresonym Is the cited use of a taxon name, usually a species name, within a publication. There are no assumptions with respect to appropriateness or accuracy in designations cf. synonym.
- chresonymy Is a summary of the published occurrences of any given scientific name or set of names for a taxon. May contain orthochresonyms and/or heterochresonyms.
- comb. ined. (combinatio inedita). A combination that appears not to have been validly published or whose publication is uncertain under one or more articles under ICBN. See also nom. ined.
- comb. inval. (combinatio invalida). A combination not validly published according to ICBN.
- comb. illeg. (combinatio illegitima). A validly published name that is not in accordance with one or more rules in ICBN.
- comb. nov. (combinatio nova). A newly published name (sometimes noted as "combinatio revivisco" or comb. rev. by its author) that is introduced based on a pre-existing name, often the specific epithet is used with another genus name.
- comb. superfl. (combinatio superflua). Superfluous combination, created with the use of a junior synonym instead of the appropriate basionym.
- cum descr. (cum descriptione). With description.
- cv. (cultivated variety). Added before the name of a cultivar in botany, e.g. Ziziphus jujuba cv. 'Spinasa'
[edit]- emend. (emendavit) The diagnostic characters or the circumscription of a taxon has been altered ("emended").
- et al. or & al. (Grammatical genders: et alii [masculine], et aliae [feminine] or et alia [neuter]). Latin for: and others, used to indicate other authors of a published work. Should always be italicized when using as an abbreviation.
- ex Used to credit the coiner of a name, when said name was never, or invalidly published. Usage differs between botany and zoology:
- In botany, the "correct" author goes last, same as with combination authors.
- In zoology, the "correct" author goes first, as it is closest to the name.
- excl. var. (exclusis varietatibus). This taxonomic concept excludes varieties which other authors have subsequently included.
[edit]- fide "on the authority of", or with reference to publication, to a cited published statement
- filius (often abbreviated f.) In author abbreviations "f." denotes the first son of an author. For example L.f. (Carolus Linnaeus the Younger), the son of L. (Carolus Linnaeus). Compare "bis".
- floruit (often abbreviated fl. or occasionally, flor.) Latin meaning "he/she flourished", and denotes a date or period during which a person was known to have been alive or active. In English, the word may also be used as a noun indicating the time when someone "flourished", e.g. a period in life when an author of taxa was the most active.
[edit]- gen. nov. (genus novum). A genus that is newly and validly published.
[edit]- hemihomonyms The same name used for taxa from different nomenclature jurisdictions.
- heterochresonym A chresonym that is applied incorrectly or inappropriately for a given taxon, possibly by misidentification. In botany this term can be more or less equivalent to a later heterotypic homonym. Examples at Wikipedia.
- heterotypic synonym (taxonomic synonym). A name referring to the same taxon based on a type different from that of another name; often indicated by the symbol "="; termed a "subjective synonym" in the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature.
- holotype (holotypus) A single physical example (or illustration) of an organism, known to have been used when the species (or lower-ranked taxon) was formally described.
- homonym The same name based on different types.
- homotypic synonym (nomenclatural synonym). A name based on the same type as that of another name; often indicated by the symbol "≡"; termed an "objective synonym" in the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature.
- Hort. (Hortulanorum). Used to indicate a name that saw significant use in the horticultural literature (usually of the 19th century and earlier), but was never properly published. (For the author abbreviation Hort (without period), see Fenton John Anthony Hort.)
[edit]- ICN or ICNafp International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants, formerly known as the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN), maintained by the International Association for Plant Taxonomy (IAPT).
- ICZN International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, published by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN).
- in clavi. (in clavis, in clavem). In key or glossary.
- in litt. (in litteris). In correspondence.
- in obs. (in observatione). In observation.
- in sched. (in schedis). On a herbarium sheet.
- incertae sedis Of uncertain placement. A term used for a taxonomic group where its broader relationships are unknown or undefined.
- ined. (ineditus). Unpublished and not validated, provisional name.
- isonym The same name based on the same type, published independently at different times.
- isotype In plant taxonomy a plant specimen that is a duplicate of or very similar to the type specimen and can be used as a reference specimen. They are collected at the same time and from the same plant, or localised population of plants, as the holotype. These duplicate specimens are often separated and deposited in several institutions.
[edit]- juv. (juvenilis). Individual organism that has not yet reached its adult form, sexual maturity, or size.
[edit]- lectotype A specimen or illustration designated from the original material as the nomenclatural type, in conformity with Art. 9.9 and 9.10 ICN, if no holotype was indicated at the time of publication, or if it is missing, or if it is found to belong to more than one taxon (see also Art. 9.13 ICN).
- loc. cit. (loco citato). From the Latin: 'in the place mentioned'
[edit]- nec (or non) Warning, that a homonym could be misinterpreted.
- neotype A specimen or illustration later selected to serve as the single type specimen when an original holotype has been lost or destroyed, or where the original author never cited a specimen (Art. 75 ICZN and Art. 9.6, 9.15 ICN).
- nom. alt. (nomen alternativum). A name of a family that is treated as validly published due to long usage (Art. 18 ICN).
- nom. ambig. (nomen ambiguum). An ambiguous name, name commonly used by mistake for more than one taxon. Often impossible to typify.
- nom. cons. (nomen conservandum)
- A name of a family, genus or species [or infraspecies] ruled as legitimate and with precedence over other specified names even though it may have been illegitimate when published or lack priority (Art. 14.1-14.7 ICN).
- A name for which its type, orthography, or gender has been fixed by the conservation process (Art. 14.1, 14.9-14.11 ICN).
- nom. cons. prop. (nomen conservandum propositum). Proposed conserved name.
- nom. dub. (nomen dubium, plural: nomina dubia). A dubious name whose application is difficult or impossible to determine.
- nom. et orth. cons. (nomen et orthographia conservanda). Both name and orthographic variant conserved (Art. 14.1, 14.9-14.11 ICN).
- nom. et typ. cons. (nomen et typus conservandum). Both name and type of a family, genus or species [or infraspecies] ruled as legitimate and with precedence over other specified names even though they may have been illegitimate when published or lack priority (Art. 14.1-14.7 ICN).
- nom. illeg. (nomen illegitimum). A validly published name that is not in accordance with one or more rules (Art. 6.4 ICN), principally those on superfluity (Art. 52 ICN) and homonymy (Art. 53 and 54 ICN).
- nom. illeg. hom. (nomen illegitimum homonymum). A validly published name that is not in accordance with the one or more of the rules on homonymy (Art. 53 and 54 ICN). A later or junior homonym.
- nom. illeg. superfl. (nomen illegitimum superfluum). A validly published name that is not in accordance with the rule of superfluity (Art. 52 ICN). See also nom. superfl.
- nom. inadmiss. (nomen inadmissibile). Illegitime renaming of the type.
- nom. ined. (nomen ineditum). A name that does not appear to have been properly published in accordance with conditions under Art. 29-50 ICN.
- nom. inval. (nomen invalidum). A name not validly published according to Art. 29-45 ICN or H.9 ICN (Art. 6.2 ICN).
- nom. nov. (nomen novum, replacement name, avowed substitute). A nomen novum (new name) is a replacement name based on a legitimate or illegitimate, previously published name. The previous name is its replaced synonym and, when legitimate, does not provide the final epithet, name, or stem of the replacement name. New names are created in order to avoid homonymy or creation of tautonyms. (Art. 6.11 ICN).
- nom. nud. (nomen nudum). A "naked name". A name of a new taxon published without a description or diagnosis, nor with reference to a description or diagnosis (Art. 50B.1 ICN).
- nom. obl. (nomen oblitum, plural: nomina oblita). Latin for "forgotten name". In zoological nomenclature, a nomen oblitum is a disused scientific name which has been declared to be obsolete (figuratively "forgotten") in favour of another "protected" name; a nomen protectum.
- nom. praeocc. (nomen praeoccupatum). Name preoccupied, i.e., already published for another taxon.
- nom. prot. (nomen protectum). Latin for "protected name". In zoological nomenclature, a nomen protectum is declared to be protected, against a nomen oblitum.
- nom. prov. or nom. provis. (nomen provisorium). Provisional name.
- nom. rej. (nomen rejiciendum). A name rejected in favour of a name conserved under Art. 14 ICN or a name ruled as rejected under Art. 56 ICN (App. II, III, IV, and V).
- nom. rej. prop. (nomen rejiciendum propositum). Proposed rejected name.
- nom. seminud. (nomen seminudum). Published with little diagnosis or description, thus leaving it in doubt whether or not it is a name.
- nom. subnud. (nomen subnudum). Published with a dubious diagnosis or description, thus leaving it in doubt whether or not it is a name.
- nom. superfl. (nomen superfluum). Superfluous name; usually used for illegitimate names where the correct name or basionym is mentioned at the time of publication.
- nom. supp. (nomen suppressum). Suppressed name; used for names suppressed by an ICZN Opinion or equivalent act.
- nom. utique rej. prop. (nomen utique rejiciendum propositum). Name proposed for rejection to the ICBN (Art. 56.1), because otherwise it would cause a disadvantageous nomenclatural change.
- non design. (non designatus). Not designated.
- non vidi (n. v.). Not seen. Usually refers to a protologue or description of a taxon that is difficult to locate and hence verify. In the literature refers to a specimen, usually a type, that the author couldn't physically examine.
[edit]- op. cit. (opus citatum/opere citato). Refers to a publication previously cited or a cited work.
- opus utiq. oppr./opera utiq. oppr. (Opus utique oppressum/Opera utique oppressa). Works, ruled as suppressed. In these names, in specified ranks, are not validly published. "Opus" is singular, "opera" is plural.
- opus utiq. rej./opera utiq. rej. (Opus utique rejectum/Opera utique rejectum). Works, ruled as rejected. In these names, in specified ranks, are not validly published. "Opus" is singular, "opera" is plural.
- orth. cons. (orthographia conservanda). Conserved orthographic variant.
- orth. emend. (orthographia emendata). Orthography emended in accordance with ICBN requirements.
- orth. err. Orthography error correctable in accordance with ICBN requirements.
- orth. var. Orthographic variant.
- orthochresonymA chresonym appropriately used to designate a taxon according to the relevant Acts, but the name is not accepted, or has become superfluous. Examples at Wikipedia.
- ordo. nov. (ordo novus). Newly published or proposed novel order.
[edit]- parahomonyms Under ICN, names that are similar enough that they are likely to be confused, are also considered to be homonymous (Art. 53.3). For the zoological code has a set of spelling variations (Art. 58) that are considered to be identical.
- paralectotype In botany a specimen prior to lectotypification included among the syntypes, other than the chosen lectotype and isolectotypes. Duplicates are isoparalectotype(s). Not covered by ICN.
- paratype In both zoology and botany it is a specimen of an organism that helps define what the scientific name of a taxon actually represents. However, it is not the holotype and in botany it is also neither an isotype nor a syntype. Also, see allotype.
- p.p. or pro parte "In part", regarding synonyms caused by subdivided taxa and circumscriptional changes.
- preocc. ([nomen] praeoccupatum). Preoccupied, i.e. name already published for another taxon.
- pro gen. (pro genus). As genus.
- pro hybr. or pro hybrid. (pro hybrido). As hybrid.
- pro sp. (pro specie). As species.
- pro syn. (pro synonymo). As synonym.
- protologue first valid description: formal description of a newly discovered taxon, usually in the form of a scientific paper
- protonym In zoology, the first name used for a taxon. Equivalent to basionym in botany, and basonym in bacteriology.
- pv. (pathovar). Added before the name of a pathovar — a bacterial strain or set of strains with the same or similar characteristics — in bacteriology, e.g. Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri.
[edit]- quoad typum With respect or pertaining to the type of a taxon. Commonly found in association with p.p. or pro parte, as p.p. quoad typum or p.p. (quoad typum).
[edit]- rank The following endings indicate rank in botanical nomenclature:
- -obiotina = subkingdom
- -ophytanae = superdivision or superphylum
- -ophyta = division or phylum
- -ophytina = subdivision
- -opsida = class
- -idea = subclass
- -anae = superordo
- -ales = ordo
- -ineae = subordo
- -ariae = superfamilia
- -aceae = familia
- -indae = supersubfamilia
- -oideae = subfamilia
- -odae = supertribus
- -eae = tribus
- -odinae = supersubtribus
- -inae = subtribus
- replaced synonym The previously published, legitimate or illegitimate name on which a replacement name (nomen novum) is based. When legitimate, the replaced synonym does not provide the final epithet, name, or stem of the replacement name.
[edit]- sanctioned name In botany, a name defined under the Code (Art. F.3) as used in certain works by Persoon and Fries. These names are treated as though conserved against earlier homonyms and synonyms, but can still be conserved, rejected or protected in their own right. The earlier names are also not considered illegitimate.
- sensu auct. (sensu auctorum). As used by the cited author, but specifically excluding the original meaning.
- serotype or serovar A distinct infraspecific variation within a species of bacteria or virus.
- s.c. (sine collector). Without an assigned collector's name.
- s.d. (sine data). Undated.
- s.l..
- sensu lato In the wide sense.
- sine loco Without a location (i.e. where the specimen was collected).
- s.n. (sine numero).Without a collector-assigned number.
- s.s., s.str. (sensu stricto). In the narrow sense.
- sine dign. defin. (sine dignitate definita). Unranked taxa.
- sine descr. (sine descriptione). Without a description in nomenclature.
- species inquirenda Species of doubtful identity requiring further investigation.
- sphalm. (sphalmate). By mistake, mistakenly.
- supra [see "vide supra"]
- syn. or synonym A scientific name that applies to a taxon that now goes by a different scientific name. Synonyms may arise whenever the same taxon is described and named more than once, independently. They may also arise when existing taxa are changed, as when two taxa are joined to become one, a species is moved to a different genus, a variety is moved to a different species, etc. A synonym is always the synonym of a different scientific name and cannot exist in isolation. One taxon may have several synonyms, but can only have one valid scientific name. An example of this is the domestic dog. It was originally described as Canis aegyptius. Some years later it was redescribed as Canis minor (and several other names), and today it is named Canis lupus familiaris. Hence both Canis aegyptius and Canis minor are synonyms of the now valid scientific name Canis lupus familiaris – but they all apply to the same taxon.
- Syntype In botany, any specimen cited in the protologue when there is no holotype, or any one of two or more specimens simultaneously designated as types (Art. 9.5 ICN). In zoology, each specimen of a type series (q.v.) from which neither a holotype nor a lectotype has been designated [Arts. 72.1.2, 73.2, 74 ICZN]. The syntypes collectively constitute the name-bearing type.
[edit]- t., tab., tabula Plate, used in bibliography to refer to a numbered illustration. That illustration may be used as a division (some work have unnumbered pages matched to numbered plates) or constitute in and of itself valid publication of a name (under ICZN article 12.2.7 or ICNafp article 38.7).
- tautonym A tautonym is a scientific name of a species in which both parts of the name have the same spelling, as Pica pica. It is permissible in zoological nomenclature but prohibited in botanical taxonomy.
- tax. nov. (taxon novum). A new taxon.
- t.b.c. To be confirmed.
- topotype A specimen from the type locality.
- typ. cons. (typus conservandus). With a conserved type.
- typus or type A particular specimen (or in rare cases a group of specimens) to which the scientific name is formally attached. The type is an example that serves to anchor a particular scientific name in a particular taxon.
- Type genus genus from which the name of a family or subfamily is formed. The type genus is not necessarily the most representative, but is usually the earliest described, largest or best known. In botany type genus has no formal standing, but this is not the case in zoology.
- Type locality The geographical location where a type specimen was originally found.
- Type species Each genus must have a designated type species with which it is permanently associated. In botany type species has no formal standing, but this is not the case in zoology.
[edit]- Unplaced name Names that currently cannot be accepted, nor can they be put into a synonymy. This may be because the name is not validly published, or it is a later homonym and therefore illegitimate or because it is a species whose genus name is not accepted. See also comb. ined. and nom. ined.
[edit]- varietas (var., plural form varietates) "variety", a taxonomic rank below that of species and subspecies, but above that of form.
- vide "see" or "refer to", used in scholarly citations.
- vide infra (v. i.) "see below", used in scholarly works.
- vide supra (v. s.) "see above", used in scholarly works. Sometimes truncated to supra.
- videlicet (viz) contraction of "videre licet" ("one may see", "it is permitted to see") and sometimes used instead of vide infra.
See also
[edit]- wikidata:Q2023165 — Glossary of scientific naming on Wikipedia
[edit]- abbrev. sys.
- International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) - Glossary. Accessed 20 September 2023.
- International Code of Zoological Nomenclature - Glossary. Accessed 20 September 2023.
- List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature - Glossary. Accessed 26 October 2023.
- Winston, J.E. 1999. Describing Species: Practical Taxonomic Procedure for Biologists. Columbia University Press, New York. xx + 518 pp. ISBN 9780231068253 (paperback), ISBN 9780231068246 (hardcover). Reference page.


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General Motors Co is cutting hundreds of executive-level and salaried jobs as it looks to cut costs and streamline operations, a person briefed on the matter told Reuters on Tuesday. The global reductions are in the "low hundreds," the person said. GM Chief People Officer Arden Hoffman said in a letter to employees on Tuesday the Detroit automaker is "committed to $2 billion in cost savings in the next two years, which we'll find by reducing corporate expenses, overhead, and complexity in all our products." GM disclosed the $2 billion cost cut target in January. The automaker said in January it did not plan layoffs and on Tuesday did not characterize the cuts as layoffs. GM said the job action Tuesday "follows our most recent performance calibration and supports managing the attrition curve as part of our overall structural costs reduction effort." Hoffman said "in an environment where our competitors' margins are improving, it's imperative that we act now and focus on our own efficiency."
Hoffman Added That "To Deliver On Our Commitments And to Beat The Competition.
we need to have the winning team, bar none. We need a culture shift that enables us to hold ourselves accountable for achieving the higher levels of operating that are now required." GM shares closed down 1.5%. Hoffman said "globally, employees and leaders will be equipped with options to address any issues with greater urgency, so we can achieve our boldest goals…. This is a fundamental cultural shift to be more performance-driven and accountable." Earlier this month, Ford Motor (NYSE:F) said it was cutting one in nine jobs in Europe, axing 3,800 roles in product development and administration as part of a drive to lower costs in the region and concentrate engineering know-how in the United States. Stellantis and unions on Monday signed an agreement to cut up to 2,000 workers from the carmaker's Italian operations this year through voluntary redundancies. On Tuesday, Stellantis indefinitely idled a plant in Illinois that employs about 1,350 workers.