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Rev. Alban Butler (1711–73). Volume VI: June. The Lives of the Saints. 1866.
June 22St. Paulinus of Nola, Bishop and Confessor
A.D. 431. PONTIUS MEROPIUS PAULINUS was born at Bourdeaux in 353. In his pedigree, both by the father and mother's side, was displayed a long line of illustrious senators, and his own father, Pontius Paulinus, was præfectus prætorio in Gaul, the first magistrate in the western empire. But the honours and triumphs of his ancestors were eclipsed by his superior virtues, which rendered him the admiration of his own and all succeeding ages, and excited St. Martin, St. Sulpicius Severus, St. Ambrose, St. Austin, St. Jerom, St. Eucherius, St. Gregory of Tours, Apollinaris, Cassiodorus, and others to vie with each other in celebrating his heroic actions, and to become the publishers of his praises to the corners of the earth. Besides the pre-eminence of his birth and riches, he received from nature a penetrating and elevated understanding, and an elegant genius, with other excellent accomplishments of mind and body, by which he was qualified for the highest attainments, and seemed born for everything that is great. These talents he cultivated from his infancy, by the closest application to the study of all the liberal arts, and he acquired the most extensive compass of useful learning. He had for master in poesy and eloquence the famous Ausonius, the first man of his age in those sciences, whose delicacy and wit would have ranked him among the greatest poets, if industry, evenness of style, and the purity of the Augustan age had not been wanting in his writings. 1 That professor, merely for his literary abilities, was honoured by Valentinian with the dignity of præfectus prætorio, and by Gratian, whose preceptor he was, with that of consul. Under such a master Paulinus fully answered the hopes which his friends had conceived of him, and, whilst young, harangued at the bar with great applause. "Every one," says St. Jerom, 2 "admired the purity and eloquence of his diction, the delicacy and loftiness of his thoughts, the strength and sweetness of his style, and the liveliness of his imagination." Such were the acquirements of Paulinus in his youth, whilst a desire of pleasing men yet divided his heart. Probity, integrity, and other moral virtues were endowments of his soul still more admirable than his learning. His merit was soon distinguished by those who had the administration of the state, and by the emperors themselves, by whom he was raised, yet young, to the first dignities, and declared consul before his master Ausonius; consequently before the year 379. He took to wife a Spanish lady of sincere piety, and one of the most accomplished of her sex; her name was Therasia, and she brought him a great estate in land. The prudence, generosity, affability, and other social and religious virtues of the young statesman attracted veneration and esteem wherever he came, and gained him many friends and clients in Italy, Gaul, and Spain; in all which countries he had displayed his talents during fifteen years in the discharge of various employments and affairs both public and domestic. But God was pleased to open his eyes to see the emptiness of all worldly pursuits, and to inspire him with a more noble and innocent ambition of becoming little for the sake of the kingdom of heaven. | 1 | ||
The conversation of St. Ambrose at Milan, of St. Martin whom he had met at Vienne, and of St. Delphinus bishop of Bourdeaux gave him a relish for retirement, and strong sentiments of a more perfect virtue. The last-mentioned holy prelate being bishop of the native city and most ordinary residence of Paulinus whilst he remained in the world, made good use of the opportunity which his situation gave him, and being charmed with the saint's happy dispositions, often spoke to him on the necessity and happiness of giving himself to God without reserve. Paulinus had made some advances in virtue; but was not yet perfect. He was always an enemy to vanity or the love of human applause, than which passion nothing can be more unworthy of virtue, or more beneath a generous soul: though all the heathen philosophers shamefully disgraced their attainments by this base weakness. Tully was not ashamed to boast of it, and Demosthenes was delighted to hear a poor old woman whisper, "This is the great Demosthenes." Paulinus seemed always raised by his own greatness of soul above this abject passion, and showed that geniuses which are truly great, are superior to their own abilities. But still he found how difficult a task it is for a man to preserve a perfect disengagement and purity of heart in the midst of worldly honours and blandishments, and to stand his ground against the incitements of the softer passions. Whilst every thing goads him on, and his senses and his own heart betray him, to shield his soul from the penetrating caresses of pleasure must be little short of a continued miracle. Moreover, by serious meditation on the vanities of the world, Paulinus had possessed his mind with a sincere conviction that its pleasures are empty, treacherous, and fraught with deadly poison. Certain shocks which he felt in his fortune through revolutions that happened in the empire, contributed to give him a more feeling sense of the instability of earthly things, and that bitterness which is inseparable from worldly affairs in high life, helped to increase this disgust and contempt of the world, and to discover to him the falsehood of its gilded bubbles which dazzle the eye of men at a distance. His wife, though yet young, and in a condition to enjoy the world, was the first to excite him to a contempt of whatever is not God; and they mutually encouraged one another to forsake all, that they might more perfectly follow Christ. In this resolution they retired first into Spain, and passed four years in a little country solitude, from 390 to 394, in exercises of penance and devotion. There they lost their only son an infant whom Paulinus calls a holy offspring, because he had been purified by baptism. They buried him at Alcala near the bodies of the martyrs Justus and Pastor. The holy couple lived from that time, by mutual consent, in perpetual chastity; and Paulinus soon after changed his dress, to signify to the world his resolution of forsaking it, and he determined to renounce the senate, his country, estate, and house, and to bury himself in some monastery or wilderness. He was very rich, and Ausonius 3 grieved to see the kingdoms of Paulinus the father, as he calls his vast estates, divided among a hundred possessors. 4 The saint sold all his estates, and distributed the price among the poor; as he did also the estate of his wife, with her consent, who aspired with no less fervour to Christian perfection. This action was much extolled by all true servants of God, 5 but severely condemned by the slaves of the world; who called his piety folly, hating God in the works of his servant, because contrary to theirs. The rich forsook him; his own slaves, his relations, and brothers refused to pay him the common duties of humanity and charity, and rose up against him, so that he became as one unknown to his brothers, "and as a stranger to the children of his mother." God permitted this persecution to befal him that by it he might be more perfectly weaned from the world, and might learn to contemn its frowns. If I please men, says the apostle, I should not be a servant of Christ. 6 And Christ himself assures us that no man is worthy to be called his disciple, who hath not courage to despise human respects. Paulinus, instructed in this school, rejoiced to hear men bark at him, and all his own friends conspire to tear him to pieces, and to accuse his retreat of melancholy, hypocrisy, and every other sinister motive. His short, but golden answer to their invectives was comprised in five words: 7 "O happy affront to displease you with Christ;" as he wrote to St. Aper to comfort and encourage him under a like persecution of the world, because though a person who by his eloquence, learning, and dignity of judgment, held an eminent rank among the first magistrates of the empire in Gaul, he preferred to these advantages the obscurity of a religious state, which he and his wife embraced by mutual consent, soon after which he was promoted to priest's orders. Paulinus's old master Ausonius, who had always the most tender love and the greatest esteem for him, regretted exceedingly that he should lose a nobleman whom he knew capable of being an honour to the greatest dignities; and in verses and letters yet extant, which discover how deeply his heart was rooted in a worldly spirit, reproached him in the most bitter terms, arraigning his action of madness and extravagance. He employed the most tender entreaties, and the harshest invectives in hopes to overcome his resolution, and complains that Bilboa or Calahorra should possess and bury the glory and pillar of the Roman senate and empire. 8 The saint, without the least emotion, wrote him back in beautiful verse, a mild and elegant answer, in which he testifies, that it was to him the highest pleasure to meet with reproaches for serving Christ: and that he regarded not the opinion or railleries of men, who pursue opposite views, provided his actions might gain the approbation of the Eternal King whom alone he desired to please. 9 Thus whilst the world despised him, he justly and courageously despised it again, and gloriously trampled it under his feet. His persecutors and upbraiders, seeing him regardless of the censures of a world to which they were themselves enslaved, became in a short time their admirers, and loudly extolled his modesty and meekness no less than his greatness of soul and the purity of his intention. In his poverty and obscurity he became the admiration of the universe, and persons of the first rank travelled from the remotest boundaries of the empire to see Paulinus in his little cottage, as St. Austin and St. Jerom witness. Therasia confirmed him in these good resolutions, and was not inferior to him in virtue. Having joined with him in selling her estate, she was not ashamed to appear in mean clothes, being persuaded that an humble dress suits penitent minds, and that humility is not easily to be preserved under rich attire. | 2 | ||
St. Ambrose, St. Austin, St. Jerom, and St. Martin, gave due praise to this heroic virtue of St. Paulinus, knowing they might safely do it to one dead to the applause no less than to the censures of others. St. Austin being then only priest, in 392, commended his generous resolution, calling it, The glory of Jesus Christ. 10 And exhorting Licentius, a young nobleman who had formerly been his scholar, to a contempt of the world, he wrote thus to him, "Go into Campania; see Paulinus, that man so great by his birth, by his genius, and by his riches. See with what generosity this servant of Christ has stript himself of all to possess only God. See how he has renounced the pride of the world to embrace the humility of the cross. See how he now employs in the praises of God those riches of science, which unless they are consecrated to him who gave them, are lost." 11 Our saint could not bear applause. Greater by his humility than by all his other virtues, he sincerely desired to be forgotten by men, and begged his friends to refrain from their compliments, and not add to the load of his sins by praises which were not his due. "It surprised me," said he, "that any one should look upon it as a great action for a man to purchase eternal salvation, the only solid good, with perishable pelf, and to sell the earth to buy heaven." Others called him perfect in virtue; but his answer was, "A man that is going to pass a river by swimming is not got on the other side when he has but just put off his clothes. His whole body must be in action, and his limbs all put in motion; he must exert his utmost strength, and make great efforts to master the current." 12 The saint had, indeed, for the sake of virtue, forsaken all that the world could give; he had despised its riches, honours, and seducing pleasures, and had trampled upon its frowns, and all human respects. Courted in the world by all who would be thought men of genius, and caressed by all who valued themselves upon a fine taste, he had courage to renounce those flattering advantages; and with honours and riches he had made a sacrifice also of his learning and great attainments only that he might consecrate himself to the divine service. Yet this was only the preparation to the conflict. Wherefore not to lose by sloth the advantages which he had procured to himself, he laboured with all his strength to improve them to his advancement in virtue. He made it his first endeavour to subdue himself, to kill the very seeds of pride, impatience, and other passions in his heart, and to ground himself in the most profound humility, meekness, and patience. If any one seemed to admire the sacrifice he had made in renouncing so great riches and honours, in the number of captives he had ransomed, of debtors whom he had freed from prison by discharging their debts, of hospitals he had founded, and of churches he had built, he replied that the only sacrifice which God accepted was that of the heart, which he had not yet begun to make as he ought; that if others had not given so much to the poor, they excelled in more heroic virtues; for the gifts of grace are various; that his sacrifice was too defective in itself, and only exterior, consequently of no value, but rather hypocrisy. These and the like sentiments he so expresses, as to show how perfectly he considered himself as the most unprofitable and unworthy of servants in the house of God, and saw nothing in himself but what was matter of compunction, and a subject of the most profound humiliation. To the practice of interior self-denial, by which he bent his will, he added exterior mortification. And so great was the poverty in which he lived, that he often was not able to procure a little salt to his herbs or bread, which the most austere hermits usually allowed themselves. Yet the holy cheerfulness of his pious soul was remarkable to all who had the happiness to enjoy his acquaintance; and we sensibly discern it in a constant vein of gaiety which runs through all his writings. | 3 | ||
Paulinus would not choose a retreat at Jerusalem or Rome, because he desired to live unknown to the world. His love of solitude and his devotion to St. Felix determined him to prefer a lonely cottage near Nola, a small city in Campania, that he might serve Christ near the tomb of that glorious confessor, which was without the walls of the town. He would be the porter of his church, to sweep the floor every morning, and to watch the night as keeper of the porch; and he desired to end his life in that humble employment. 13 But he was promoted to holy orders before he left Spain. The people of Barcelona seized him in the church on Christmas day in 393, and demanded with great earnestness that he should be made priest. He resolutely opposed their desire, and only at length consented on condition that he should be at liberty to go wherever he pleased. This being agreed to, he received holy orders from the hands of the bishop. The citizens of Barcelona were indeed in hopes to fix him among them; but the next year, 394, after Easter, he left Spain to go into Italy. He saw St. Ambrose at Milan, or rather at Florence, who received him with great honour, and adopted him into his clergy, but without any obligation of residing in his diocess. The saint went to Rome, and met with great civilities from Domnio, a holy priest of that church, from St. Pammachius, and many others. But Pope Siricius did not appear equally gracious, and the saint made no stay in that capital, being in haste to arrive at Nola, the place of his retirement. 14 There stood a church over the tomb of Felix, half a mile from the walls of the city, and to it was contiguous a long building of two stories, with a gallery divided into cells, in which Paulinus lodged the clergymen who came to see him. On the other side was a lodging for secular persons, who sometimes visited him; and he had a little garden. Several pious persons lived with him, whom he calls a company of monks, 15 and he practised with them all the rules and austerities of a monastic state. They celebrated the divine office, were clad with sackcloth, and abstained for the most part from wine, though Paulinus himself, on account of his infirmities, drank sometimes a little diluted with a great quantity of water: they fasted and watched much, and their ordinary diet was herbs; but they never ate or drank so much as to satisfy hunger or thirst. St. Paulinus says, 16 that every day he laboured to render to St. Felix all the honour he was able; yet he strove to outdo himself on the day of his festival: to which he added every year a birth-day poem in his honour as a tribute of his voluntary service, as he styles it. We have fourteen, or as others count them, fifteen of these birth-day poems of St. Felix, composed by St. Paulinus, still extant. 17 | 4 | ||
The saint testifies that no motive so strongly excited him to the greatest fervour in the divine service as the consideration of the infinite goodness of God, who, though we owe him so much, demands only our love to pay off all debts, and to cancel our offences. Poor and insolvent as we are, if we love, this clears off all the score. And in this no man can allege the difficulty, because no man can say he has not a heart. We are masters of our love; if we give this to the Lord, we are quit. The excess of his goodness carries him still further, for he is pleased that by paying him our poor love, we should be moreover entitled to his greatest favours, and of our creditor should make him our debtor. 18 St. Paulinus had spent fifteen years in his retirement, when upon the death of Paul the bishop of Nola, about the end of the year 409, he was chosen to fill the episcopal chair. Uranius, a priest of that church under our saint, who has given us a short relation of his death, to which he was an eye-witness, testifies that the holy prelate in the discharge of his pastoral duties, sought to be beloved by all rather than feared by any. No provocations were ever able to move him to anger, and in his tribunal he always joined mildness with severity. No one ever had recourse to him who did not receive from him every kind of comfort of which he stood in need. Every one received a share in his liberalities, in his counsels, or in his alms. He looked upon only those as true riches which Christ hath promised to his saints, saying that the chief use of gold and silver consists in affording means to assist the indigent. By his liberality in relieving others he reduced himself to the last degree of penury. 19 The Goths in their plunder of Italy in 410, besieged Nola, and, among others, Paulinus was taken prisoner. In this extremity he said to God with confidence, "Suffer me not to be tortured for gold and silver; for you know where I have placed all that you gave me." And not one of those who had forsaken all for Christ was tormented by the barbarians. This is related by St. Austin. 20 A virtuous lady called Flora having buried her son Cynegius in the church of St. Felix, consulted St. Paulinus, what advantage the dead receive by being buried near the tombs of saints. Paulinus put the question to St. Austin, who answered it by his book, On the Care for the Dead, in which he shows that pomp of funerals and the like honours are only comforts of the living friends, not succours of the deceased; but that a burial in a holy place proceeds from a devotion which recommends the soul of the deceased to the divine mercy, and to the saint's intercession. St. Paulinus lived to the year 431. Three days before his death he was visited in his last sickness by Symmachus and Acyndinus, two bishops, with whom he entertained himself on spiritual things, as if he had been in perfect health. The joy of seeing them made him forget his distemper. With them he offered the tremendous sacrifice, causing the holy vessels to be brought to his bedside. 21 Soon after the priest Posthumian coming in, told him that forty pieces of silver were owing for clothes for the poor. The saint smiling, said some one would pay the debt of the poor. A little after arrived a priest of Lucania, who brought him fifty pieces of silver, sent him for a present from a certain bishop and a layman. St. Paulinus gave thanks to God, gave two pieces to the bearer, and paid the merchants for the clothes. He slept a little at night, but awaked his clergy to matins according to his custom, and made them an exhortation to unanimity and fervour.—After this he lay silent till the hour of vespers, when stretching out his hands, he said in a low voice,—I have prepared a lamp for my Christ, Psalm, xxxi. The lamps in the church were then lighting. Between ten and eleven at night, all who were in his chamber felt a sudden trembling as by some shock of an earthquake, and that moment he gave up his soul to God. He was buried in the church he had built in honour of St. Felix. His body was afterwards removed to Rome, and lies in the church of St. Bartholomew beyond the Tiber. | 5 | ||
The world by persecuting St. Paulinus served only to enhance the glory of his victory, and to prepare him a double crown. This enemy is much less dangerous if it condemn than if it applaud us. To fear its impotent darts is to start at shadows. Itself will in the end admire those who for the sake of virtue have dared to despise its frowns. To serve men for God as far as it lies in our power is a noble part of charity; but to enslave our conscience to the mad caprice of the world is a baseness, a pusillanimity, and a wickedness, for which we cannot find a name. In other things we serve you, said the Hebrews to king Pharaoh, when his slaves in Egypt; but we must be free to go into the wilderness to sacrifice to the God of Israel. In the indispensable duties of religion, in the service of God, in the affair of eternity, we are essentially free; the dignity of our nature, and our allegiance to God, forbid us in this ever to become slaves. Here we must always exert an heroic courage, and boldly profess, by our conduct, with all the saints, that we know no other glory but what is placed in the service of God, and that we look upon ignominies suffered for the sake of virtue as our greatest gain and honour. We are his disciples who hath told us,—If the world hateth you, know that it hated me first, John xv. 18. | 6 |
Note 1. Ausonius having taught rhetoric at Bourdeaux about thirty years, was called by Valentinian I. to his imperial court at Triers, and made preceptor to his son Gratian, who was then Augustus in 367. He was raised to the first dignities in the empire. After the death of Gratian in 383, Ausonius returned to Bourdeaux, and died in the year 394, the eighty-fifth of his age, the fourth after the retreat of St. Paulinus. He was esteemed the first man of his age in polite literature, and the ablest master. St. Paulinus expresses his gratitude to him for his care in his education in strong and tender terms:—
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Note 2. St. Hier. ep. 101, 102. [back] | |||||||||
Note 3. Ep. 23. [back] | |||||||||
Note 4. It appears from several letters of Paulinus. &c. that he had an estate and a country house where he often resided at Ebromagus, near the Garonne, now Burg, according to Samson, or rather Bram, upon the Lers, which falls into the Garonne, according to Dom De Vic. and Dom Vaisette, in their history of Languedoc, t. 1, note 39, p. 634, another estate near Bourdeaux, still called Le Puy Paulin: others at Alengones, now Langon, on the Garonne, thirty leagues from the mouth of the river: others near Narbonne; others about Fundi and Cæcubum in Latium, &c. and doubtless in many other places. [back] | |||||||||
Note 5. St. Ambrose, ep. 30. St. Jerom, ep. 13, 34. St. August. l. de Civit Dei, c. 10, ep. 30; olim. 36, ep. 26; ol. 30, ep. 27; ol. 32, &c. Uranius, § 5. S. Gregor. Turon. de Glor. Conf. c. 107. Sulpic. Sever. Vit. S. Martini, c. 21 et 26. Fortunatus, &c. [back] | |||||||||
Note 6. Gal. i. 10. [back] | |||||||||
Note 7. O beata injuria displicere cum Christo. St. Paulin. ep. 38, ol. 29, p. 228, et Veron. [back] | |||||||||
Note 8.
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Note 9.
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Note 10. St. Paulin. ep. 31. [back] | |||||||||
Note 11. St. Aug. ep. 26, olim 39, ad Licent. [back] | |||||||||
Note 12. St. Paulin. ep. 24, n. 7, p. 151. See other admirable instances of his sincere humility. Ib. n. 20, ep. 32, n. 3, ep. 4, n. 4, ep. 40, n. 11. [back] | |||||||||
Note 13. Carm. 12. [back] | |||||||||
Note 14. St. Paulinus in his poems testifies that from his tender age he had been particularly devoted to St. Felix, and ascribes to the prayers of that saint his conversion from the world, and other favours. Muratori most probably thinks with Chifflet, that he was substituted to Valens in the consulship after his death in 378, the twenty-fifth of his age. Pagi thinks he was only honorary consul, but is evidently mistaken; for Paulinus thanks St. Felix that by his patronage when honoured with the consulate he had put no one to death. (Muratori, Diss. 9, p. 816.) St. Paulinus, the year after his consulate, was made consular of Campania, the first among the consular provinces, the government of which was given to the most illustrious ex-consuls. Paulinus entered upon this charge in 379, and in it assisted at the feast of St. Felix, at Nola, in 380, as he testifies in a poem he wrote fifteen years after. (Nat. 2.) During this time he resided not at Capua, as usually the governors did, but at Nola, and he caused a road to be paved to St. Felix's church, an aqueduct to be built for the use of the city and church, &c. It is clear from his writings that he had also been at Nola when a child, then dedicated his heart to God through the patronage of St. Felix, and always retained a singular devotion to that saint. See Muratori, Diss. 10, p. 817; Diss. 13, p. 823. [back] | |||||||||
Note 15. Ep. 23, n. 8. [back] | |||||||||
Note 16. Ep. 28, n. 6. [back] | |||||||||
Note 17. The eleventh, twelfth, and thirteenth were imperfect even in Le Brun's edition; but Muratori, historian to the Duke of Modena, has given them complete in his Anecdotes of the Ambrosian library, and they are printed in the edition of St. Paulinus's works at Verona, with Muratori's Dissertations on St. Paulinus. We have several other poems of our saint's composition. The three first were written whilst he was yet in the world, as appears from their subjects: the tenth and eleventh were addressed to Ausonius to justify his retreat from the world, to whom he says (Carm. 10,) that he ought rather to have congratulated with him because till then he had only fed on the viands of death, and had no relish but for things which are a folly before God. His poem to Jovius was written to prove a providence; that to Julian on the occasion of his marriage contains excellent advice to married persons. His poems are thirty-two, which with fifty-one elegant epistles make up his works, of which the most complete edition is that given by Le Brun, at Paris, 1685, in one volume, 8vo. with his life; and that in folio, printed at Verona in 1736, corrected from a great number of MSS. enriched with the notes and dissertations of several authors and with four entire poems of this father, published before by Muratori, and for this edition again revised by the same hand; three being on St. Felix, the fourth upon the follies of idolatry. St. Paulinus's epistles gained him the name of "the delight of ancient Christian piety." St. Austin (ep. 27,) writes, that they flow with milk and honey, and that the faithful in reading them are transported with their charms, and that it cannot be expressed with what sweetness and ardour they are inspired by them. They represent to our view the true picture of his holy soul, being the natural effusion of the abundance of his heart, and of the fervour with which he sought God. He finds allusions to piety and religious sentiments in everything; as in being shaved, he meditated on the cutting off of the superfluities of sin and passions in his heart; in a coat of camel's hair he considers the motives of compunction, &c. St. Jerom (ep. ad Paulin.) extols the art and eloquence of his panegyric of the Emperor Theodosius, which is now lost; but we may apply those praises to his discourse on alms. His poems are sprightly and full of gaiety and sweetness; the thoughts are beautiful, the comparisons noble, and well adapted; the poet never flags; never suffers his reader to sleep. His master Ausonius confesses, that he yields to him the palm in poesy; (ep. 20, ad Paulin;) and says, he knew no modern Roman who could vie with him, and that he is the only poet who joins brevity with perspicuity. (ep. 19, ad Paulin.) St. Paulinus expresses a great devotion to the saints; he testifies that their relics were used in the consecration of altars and churches, (ep. 23. ad Sever. p. 204,) the faithful not doubting that they serve for a defence and a remedy. He mentions that their shrines were adorned with flowers, (poem 14,) that crowds flocked to them, (poem 13,) being attracted by the miracles wrought by them; for by the intercession of the martyrs (poem 18,) lost things were found, and the sick were cured. He speaks as an eye-witness of a raging fire, which had mastered all the power of human industry, but was extinguished by a little chip of the holy cross. (poem 25.) He sent to Sulpicius Severus a chip of that holy wood enchased in gold, calling it "a great present in a little atom, a defence of our temporal, and a pledge of eternal life." (ep. 32.) He made every year a journey to Rome to visit the tombs of the apostles, (ep. 45, ad Augustin. p. 270,) and to assist at the feast of SS. Peter and Paul. (ep. 17, ad Sever.) All his poems on St. Felix are full of testimonies of his confidence in the merits of that saint. He prays him to recommend his petitions to God, and to be his protector before the throne of his divine Majesty, especially at the day of Judgment. (poem 14, p. 43.) He declares that in the holy eucharist we eat the same flesh of Christ which was fastened to the cross:—
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Note 18. St. Paulin. ep. 23, ad Sulpic. Sever. n. 46, 47. [back] | |||||||||
Note 19. St. Gregory the Great (Dial. l. 3, c. 1,) recounts, that Paulinus of Nola sold himself to the Vandals to redeem the son of a poor widow, having before employed all he could raise in the ransom of other captives, and that he laboured as a slave working in the garden, till his master, discovering his merit, and that he was endued with a gift of prophecy, gave him his liberty. Some think this happened under the Goths, who sacked Nola in our saint's time. Ceillier says that this history belongs to our saint's successor, whose name, according to some catalogues, was Paulinus II. and who died in 442. For before that year the Vandals had made descents into that part of Italy. Nor does St. Austin, Uranius, or any other author mention any such thing of our saint. Many deny that the saint's immediate successor was called Paulinus. But all agree that there was a bishop of Nola called Paulinus the Younger, and Paulinus II. or according to others III. who lived in 520, as Muratori observes, (p. 446,) of whom St. Gregory, who wrote his dialogues about the year 540, most probably is to be understood. The Vandals entered Africa in 427. (Papebroke, t. 4. Junij, p. 193. Append. de 3.) Paulinis distinguishes three Paulinus's of Nola, and that it was the third, called the Younger, who sold himself to the Vandals before the year 535. He is mentioned in an epitaph found in the cemetery of Nola. (See Ferrarius in Thesauro, Eccl. Nolan. anno 1644.) This Paulinus foretold the death of Thrasimund, who died in 511. St. Gregory the Great was informed of this good bishop's voluntary captivity by eye-witnesses. [back] | |||||||||
Note 20. L. de Cura pro mortuis, c. 16. [back] | |||||||||
Note 21. Uranius de Obitu Paulini. [back] | |||||||||


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- Non-Narcotic Pain Reliever
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- Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory
- Works on Multiple Types of Chronic Pain

subset: commoncrawl


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BERLIN (AP) — Japan's Mitsubishi is investing €576 million ($770 million) in developing German offshore wind farms.
Netherlands-based grid operator Tennet said Wednesday that Mitsubishi will take a 49 percent stake in the €2.9 billion high-voltage cables linking four offshore farms to the German grid.
The four plants have a total production capacity of 2.8 gigawatts, more than two average nuclear reactors.
Linking the wind farms, some of which are more than 100 kilometers (60 miles) offshore, to electrical grids is costly. Tennet needs to invest a total of €5.8 billion to connect ten offshore wind farms, and has been struggling to finance the grid expansion.
Germany is phasing out nuclear power by 2022 in favor of renewable energies instead, and offshore wind is expected to become one of the main energy sources.


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Green & Pink Turtle Plushie
Green & Pink Turtle Plushie
Regular price
Regular price
Sale price
Unit price
♥ Handmade by Rylee
♥ Made with yarn.
♥ This plushie is 6" approx inches.
♥ Each item is handmade so every crochet plushie you receive will have their own personality!
♥ These are handmade so color and size might slightly vary from how it looks on a screen.
⚠ WARNING: These plushies have small safety eyes attached to them which can become a choking hazard for small children. This crochet plushie is NOT recommended for children the age of 3 or younger.


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WASHINGTON (AP) — The 15-year search for a pill that boosts sexual desire in women has hit another roadblock, raising questions about the future of efforts to develop a female equivalent to Viagra.
Sprout Pharmaceuticals said Wednesday it has reached an impasse with the Food and Drug Administration over its drug, flibanserin. The daily pill is designed to increase libido in women by acting on brain chemicals linked to mood and appetite.
The FDA questions whether the drug's benefits outweigh its risks, considering its "modest" effectiveness and side effects including fatigue, dizziness and nausea.
Sprout said it is appealing an October letter from the FDA that denied approval and asked for more information. But chances for approval appear slim: Of the 17 appeals FDA considered last year, 14 were denied, according to government figures.
The agency's letter is the latest challenge for companies working to develop therapies for women who report stress due to lack of libido. It's a market drugmakers have been trying to tap since the success of Viagra, an erectile-dysfunction drug that was developed in the late 1990s to increase blood flow to the genitals.
But unlike sexual problems in men, most of women's sexual issues are psychological, not physical. As a result, there are a number of alternate causes doctors must consider before diagnosing female sexual desire disorders, including relationship problems, hormone disorders, depression and mood issues caused by other medications. Likewise, other factors must be considered when treating it.
Experts say that developing drugs for female sexual dysfunction is so difficult because of how little we understand the underlying causes.
"Erectile dysfunction is a really easy thing to measure," says Emory University researcher Kim Wallen. "Motivation is a hard thing to measure and, quite honestly, we don't know enough about what creates sexual motivation to manipulate it."
And Dr. Virginia Sadock, a psychiatrist, says the idea that a single pill can restore female libido oversimplifies the problem. Even if the FDA eventually approves a drug for female sexual dysfunction, she says it will likely be used with non-drug techniques to reduce stress and improve self-image.
"A pill just doesn't take care of it," says Sadock, who teaches human sexuality at New York University's School of Medicine. "You may take a statin drug to control your cholesterol, great. But you should also exercise and you should also watch your diet."
Drugmakers have made several unsuccessful attempts at tweaking their approach to boosting female libido over the years. Initially, Pfizer tested Viagra on women, hoping that the drug's ability to increase blood flow to genitals would increase sex drive in women.
When that didn't work, drugmakers turned to hormones, including the male hormone testosterone. In 2004, an FDA panel rejected Procter & Gamble's testosterone patch, Intrinsa, due to questions about its long-term safety — despite evidence of effectiveness.
Sprout's flibanserin is the first drug to approach the problem through brain chemistry. Sprout acquired flibanserin from Boehringer Ingelheim in 2011, after the German drugmaker abandoned development of the pill following an FDA rejection letter.
Researchers believe the drug works by boosting dopamine — a brain transmitter associated with appetite — while lowering serotonin — another transmitter linked with feelings of satiation. Studies of the drug show that it boosts sexual desire, reduces stress and increases "sexually satisfying events," reported by women with hypoactive sexual desire disorder, or a lack of sexual appetite that causes stress.
Amanda Blackie of Nashville, Tenn., said she decided to enroll in a trial of the drug after noticing a lack of sexual interest in her fiancé. After a few weeks on flibanserin, Blackie said she got sexual cravings from simply talking to her partner on the phone — something she'd never experienced before.
Still, identifying the original source of her low libido is tricky. Like many women, Blackie talks about the demands of working a full-time job and caring for her teenage children.
"We're so consumed and so bogged down … that most women are too tired to mess with it," Blackie, 50, says.
Despite experiences of women like Blackie, the FDA has twice rejected flibanserin since 2010. A key issue for the agency is that women taking the drug reported only 1.7 more satisfying sexual experiences per month than women taking placebo.
Sprout executives argue that number is statistically significant and warrants approval for their product, considering there are no other drugs approved for the condition.
"We've now got 24 drugs for men for either testosterone replacement or erectile dysfunction," says Cindy Whitehead, Sprout's chief operating officer. "Yet there are zero drugs for the most common form of sexual dysfunction in women."
The FDA, which does not comment on drugs under appeal, is expected to make a decision on Sprout's appeal in the first quarter of next year.


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Summer is over, and that's not a bad thing if you're looking for hot shopping deals. June, July and August are actually among the worst months of the year to find great sales.
In September, though, retailers work harder to get shoppers into stores, with the hope that they'll also return later in the year to do some of their Christmas shopping. September is also a month when shoppers – for a variety of reasons – are in a better position to negotiate and save money on big and small purchases alike.
We'll start with a big one, and move on to less pricey purchases you should consider making this month:
New cars. Most 2013 model year cars have been delivered to car lots by September, and this is the month when car dealers start working hard to make room for them by getting rid of the older models. The good thing for new car buyers is the "old ones" are 2012 models. They might be considered a year old by car dealership standards, but they should be brand new, with fewer than 100 miles on their odometers. Many of the 2012 models can be had for at least 10 percent less in September – and the discounts grow more substantial as the year wears on. On the other hand, if you wait too long, the lots could be well picked over and selection is likely to be limited.
(MORE: Summer Movies 2012: 100 Million Fewer Tickets Sold Compared to 10 Years Ago)
Cars (again). Don't want to buy? Lease prices tend to be lower in September than in any other month. The beginning of the model year, usually September, is when banks estimate the value of the vehicles, and the highest residual values usually occur in September. The higher the residual value, the lower the lease price. If you wait just a few months – say, until January — the value will dip and your lease will cost you more.
Jewelry. The prime gift-giving months of the year are February (Valentine's Day), May (Mother's Day), June (graduations, weddings and Father's Day) and October, November and December (Christmas), when jewelers know you're eager to buy, making them less eager to negotiate. September is one of the six non-gift-giving months, when shoppers often see the lowest prices and are in the best position to negotiate with jewelers. Why? Jewelry sales tend to slump in September – and in the other non-gift-giving months (January, March, April, July, August) – and jewelers are more eager to wheel and deal.
Summer stuff. Everything from sunscreen and swimsuits to grills and outdoor furniture are 40 percent off or more in September. Home improvement and department stores are especially eager to sell large items, which they don't want to store or ship. Word to the wise about one small item, though: Before you buy sunscreen, check out the expiration date. Sunscreen is actually made about two years before the expiration date. By the expiration date, sunscreen is less effective because its ingredients have begun to separate.
Back-to-school stuff. Most people shop for school supplies in August, but if you can wait until September, you're more likely to see good sales, particularly on things that didn't sell as well as retailers expected. That sometimes includes clothes as well as notebooks and pens.
(MORE: The New Shape of Retail)
Bushes and plants. Garden centers look to dump many varieties of plants just before and after Labor Day, as the weather cools and fewer people want to work in their yards — or care as much about how their yards look. Expect buy-one-get-one-free sales and other great deals on plants in September, especially at big-box retailers and warehouse stores.
Ranges and stoves. Retailers discount them during holiday weekends throughout the year and in September, when new models arrive in stores and year-old models, which are also new, are discounted 20% to 30%.
Produce. Every month, including in the winter, there are several fruits and vegetables in season, and September is no exception. Buying produce in season makes sense because the flavors are at their peak, and the prices usually are lower. In-season produce is more plentiful, and grocers want to sell it before it goes bad, so prices tend to be lower. According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture, here are several fruits and vegetables that are in-season in September: apples, berries, cantaloupes, honey melons, nectarines, peaches, plums, cauliflower, corn, eggplants, peppers and spinach.
Long-time journalist Mark Di Vincenzo wrote The New York Times best-seller Buy Ketchup In May And Fly At Noon: A Guide To The Best Time To Buy This, Do That And Go There. This month he released an app based on that book called WHEN; and an all-new, second edition on the best time to buy things, called Buy Shoes On Wednesday And Tweet At 4:00: More Of The Best Times To Buy This, Do That And Go There, will be released on Sept. 11.


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About project
The agency builds personal brands for entrepreneurs and corporates. We built a page with all kind of information about the service, examples of results, case studies, testimonials of old clients and pricing packages. We like to build new websites especially for any kind of marketing agencies. At this time we created a landing page for social media marketing agency.
Client: Geat Marketing company
Category: Web development
Start date: 22 Jul 2019
Finish date: 22 Aug 2019
We are committed to using fact-based knowledge and our unique brand of innovation to help you dominate the competition.


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3 steps for a face that can face anything
Your skin wants to breathe. To glow. To be firm. The good news is: getting pro-level results is now easier than ever. You can do it anytime, anywhere. Effortlessly. So forget about spending at least an hour at a beauty salon. Check out these 4 products used for a 6-minute routine recommended by Vogue.
Loved by celebrities
Loved by celebrities
Feels like I am literally at the spa! UFO™ 2 makes you feel like you are having a massage & it's so nourishing.
When my eyes get puffy, I pull out my FOREO IRIS™ massager — it mimics the tapping used in traditional Asian skin care. It looks like a vibrator, so I call it my 'eyebrator.'
Every day, I wash my face using the Kora Organics Cream Cleanser and the FOREO LUNA™ mini 2 Pink, for an extra deep cleanse.
...when I use the LUNA™ mini 2 and put on my cleanser, before I even take a shower, it just brings the blood supply to my skin, and you know...it just helps everything settle faster in the morning.
I think probably one of the hugest benefits is that this only takes 90 seconds. Everyone is always in a rush these days, and I think if we could all mask in the morning we would – the UFO™ definitely makes that possible.
It takes 90 seconds and it will immediately make your skin look and feel phenomenal, exactly the same effect as if you've just had a super luxurious facial.
My FOREO face brush, which is fantastic for cleansing skin while travelling.
I hate it when they put vaseline on my face for boxing, so afterwards I cleanse with my FOREO and Dr Barbara Sturm cleanser, which gets rid of all the dirt from the fight, too.
4-in-1 sonic toothbrush
Know that great feeling of freshly brushed teeth? Now you can increase it by 140% with the world's first silicone sonic toothbrush. It cleans teeth, gums, tongue and cheeks, with a battery that lasts up to a year per one charge. Meet ISSATM
FOREO, the Swedish expert in connected beauty, has come up with an express protocol to transform your bathroom into a high-tech spa.
The FOREO BEAR™ microcurrent device has five intensities to help lift and contour the various areas of the face. It has an anti-shock system to protect your skin and comes with a paired app to programme various facial workouts.
The feeling of freshness UFO™ 2 offers, tones and moisturizes the skin in just 2 minutes (...) helping to neutralize imperfections such as sagging skin, excessive swelling and dilated pores.
The most compact LED face mask here, its handbag-friendly size didn't compromise its performance. Skin looked brighter after use - 73% of testers were pleased with their added glow.
The silicone bristles are softer than your typical brush and more sanitary for all the germaphobes out there, but still left 87% with squeaky-clean skin.
FOREO Imagination™ has a luxurious, creamy texture, taking away the homemade feel of DIY masks and making them feel as fancy as a clinic treatment for a spa at home vibe.
The exciting story of FOREO family
Behind our global presence is a simple idea: to help millions of people feel great in their own skin. By getting professional results without leaving home.


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About Baked Bars Resellers
Baked Bars Resellers Since 2019 has been the top destination in USA & Canada for all your vape disposable needs. We have been in the medical marijuana community for the past years, and possess a passion for truly helping our patients receive the optimum relief through medical marijuana. We pride ourselves on our superior customer service assisting you, the patient with whatever questions or concerns you may have through every step of the ordering process. We put the customer first and pride ourselves off of our many repeat, lifelong customers and the relationships we have developed along the way.
Quick Reliable Shipping
We offer shipping and tracking with all orders. Tracking information is given IMMEDIATELY when orders are shipped. We also give a notification e-mail when your payment is received.
Cost Effective Shipping
We ship directly to your door! Quality baked bars disposable! With the price of gas nowadays, we can save you money. We also offer discounts for customers with a medical condition and prescription.
With the many relationships with manufacturers we have developed over the years, we consistently provide the customer with a superior product. You can trust us for being the superior online supplier.
Who We Are
We are a couple of cannabis loving enthusiasts that enjoy experiencing new vape products and passing them on to our friends and customers. Coming from the alcohol industry we realized the social harms and destruction that alcohol creates across communities in USA. Instead of opening a cold beer & wine store or getting back in the bar business we chose to go for the safer alternative. We are the modern day equivalent to the Seagram's family, Sleeman family and the Bronfmans who all made a living selling alcohol a much more dangerous substance than cannabis. We look forward to helping you with all your Baked bars needs.


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Compare Standard & Premium Memberships
Some features and benefits are reserved for Premium memberships.
The chart below compares the Premium membership with the Standard (free) membership.
For a demo of Premium features such as 'My Literary Agents' and 'My Documents', log on with user name 'demo' and password 'demo'. Not registered as a member yet? Register here for free. Or upgrade to a Premium membership today. |
Features & Benefits | Standard Free | Premium $2.95/mo. | Premium $19.95/yr. |
Literary Agents in the Listings | |||
View links to literary agents' and agencies' websites | |||
View agents' email addresses | |||
Add listed agents that you select to "My Literary Agents" | |||
Save notes on listing pages for your selected agents | |||
Icons designate your selected agents in all listings | |||
Icons designate agents who are in agencies with your selected agents | |||
Send a quick auto-filled query or other document directly from an agent's listing | |||
Receive periodic email notifications of updates to agents' listings | |||
Literary Agents in "My Literary Agents" | |||
Save and edit submission-tracking records for your selected agents | |||
View and edit notes for your selected agents | |||
Use advanced filters and options to view your selected agents in various reports | |||
Archive agents no longer considered in order to declutter your working lists | |||
Click "New Document" to personalize a document to send to an agent | |||
Print records of your submissions to agents | |||
Add agents that are not found in listings to your private "Unlisted Agents" | |||
Folders & Manuscripts in "My Literary Agents" | |||
Create folders for classifying and organizing agents | 2 | Unlimited | Unlimited |
Number of manuscripts that you can manage and track | 1 | Unlimited | Unlimited |
Query Letters, Synopses, etc., in "My Documents" | |||
Create query-letter templates for automated insertion of names, addresses, etc. | |||
Store other documents, e.g., synopses and sample chapters, for mailing | |||
Automatically insert (Auto-Fill) names, addresses, etc., into stored documents | |||
Print queries and other documents for postal mailing or hard-copy records | |||
Sending email in "My Documents" | |||
Email documents to agents from your personal SMTP account (best method) | |||
Email documents to yourself for remailing to agents | |||
Email documents to agents from 1000LiteraryAgents' server | |||
Automatically create records of emailed documents for tracking | |||
Export Data to Your Computer | |||
Export CSV of search results for mail merge, offline records, etc. | |||
Export CSV of agents in "My Literary Agents" | |||
Ads and Pricing | |||
Hide advertisements, load pages faster | |||
Discount on 1000LiteraryAgents' Premium membership | 47% | ||
Discount on purchase of Book Writer™ | 25% |


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Part of what was going through my mind, writing that Internet nostalgia post, was the notion that my being granted Internet access in August of '93 was a privilege. Quite literally. By backing up my request for an account on the Mistral.ERE.UMontreal.CA machine, Kevin Tuite was granting me access to a whole wide world, mostly undiscovered by other undergraduate students. Knowing how justifiably strict André Earl Paquet (UdeM SysAdmin) was, the fact that I got on ERE at such an early stage is rather significant.
It's not the only time I was allowed access to restricted areas, "before my time". Often with teachers. For instance, I'm still moved by a strong musical moment in which I've had the privilege to participate as a student in a music daycamp. The camp's instructors were hanging out at the end of the day and I was waiting for a ride with one of them. I was the only student there and the age difference (I was 13 and they were 19 or 20) should have mattered. The point is, we all lay down on the floor with lights off and we all started… vocal improvisations over the sound of a vending machine. Deep.
Part of my privileged access to teachers might have been related to the fact that my father was a teacher and I perceived his colleagues as normal human beings. In fact, I was only a kid when I witnessed a group of teachers cry. In a tiny-scale version, it's distantly related to African soldiers fighting alongside colonials and seeing fear in their eyes. I know how far those two situations sound, from one another. But there's something significant about hierarchy, that it of"bten relies on flimsy masks.
But back to the Internet. I was privileged in my early access. I'm still privileged with better access to the 'Net than a large part of the population of the planet, though there are hundreds of millions of us with such access. In this sense, I'm on "the better side of the Digital Divide". I'm also privileged with working knowledge of a number of tools, which I acquired through many ways which are still inaccessible to most people on the planet. Not only was my university education part of this but the fact that I was getting a steady (though relatively low) salary during that Summer of 1993 meant that I could spend that formative time online.
The "classic" (almost textbook) example of privileged access to the Internet is Bill Gates. Though he's occasionally been portrayed as a "self-made man". Of course, the concept has a specific meaning in financial circles. But deep privilege is often hidden by the Horatio Alger connotations of that concept. Not to take anything away from Gates's business acumen and programming chops, but I find it important to point out that, in the 1970s, it would have been extremely unlikely to have a computer mogul emerge out of a rural single-parent low-income family in the US Heartland.
"But", I hear some sociology students say, "that's just life! It's not 'privilege'! Would you say that Gates was privileged by when he was born?"
Why, yes, I probably would call that "privilege". That's a big part of what we mean by privilege, in sociology: arbitrary conditions which imply easier access to key resources. Even such a thing as going to a school which had decent computer labs at a time when most schools didn't is significant privilege.
"Oh, but, but…", some of the same students might say, "that means nothing, then. Success is still 90% hard work."
You're engineering majors, right?
"What does this have to do with anything?"
Depending on how you think about determinism, that might be accurate. But I'd say it's misleading. Some people might talk about "luck" instead of privilege, and assign it a 10% influence. But it's at least an enabling factor in this model and it might be a whole lot more. If "success" doesn't happen without "luck", the proportional impact of "luck" is a moot point.
"C'm'on!", students continue, "Bill Gates had to work hard! He wasn't born with a silver spoon in his mouth!"
I don't dispute that. I'd be very surprised if Gates had an actual silver spoon in his mouth at birth and I don't think it'd have been that useful for him. But I'm saying that privilege is something we do well to put in context.
"Now you're playing with us!"
Yep. I love to play. But there's an important idea, here, which may help you understand sociology:
Privilege is often invisible to those who hold it.
Can you do well in a challenging situation without being told what an inspiration you are?
Check out the "Invisible Knapsack".
It's an assignment!


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Canon has launched the new imagePROGRAF TM Series of large format inkjet printers for customers producing CAD, GIS and poster applications. The new printers address the needs of customers in the corporate, construction and engineering, retail, education and government sectors, enabling them to produce high quality drawings, maps and posters on demand, in-house.
It has been designed to meet demand for a productive, robust, large format printer for business environments that require smaller volumes of high quality prints, with a compact footprint and less noise.
The new printers are built on the proven technology of the large format imagePROGRAF TX Series, which has been very successful in the market since its commercial launch in December 2017. The new imagePROGRAF TM models add to Canon's large format technology portfolio, which also includes the imagePROGRAF PRO Series for photographic and fine art applications.
The new imagePROGRAF TM Series features eight different models, all aimed at customers printing low- to mid-volumes. The five 36-inch models are: TM-300; TM-305 (with built-in HDD and PDF support); TM-300MFP L36ei (multifunctional printer with low-volume scanning solution); TM-300MFP T36 (multifunctional printer with higher scanning solution); TM-305MFP T36 (high performance multifunctional printer). The three 24-inch models are: TM-200; TM-205 (with built-in HDD and PDF support); TM-200MFP L24ei (multifunctional printer with low-volume scanning solution).
Designed for office environments
The imagePROGRAF TM Series are compact and quiet devices optimised for space-constrained office environments. The printer's footprint is as small as 982 x 887 mm for the TM-200/205 models, a reduction of 9% compared to the imagePROGRAF iPF Series.
The new imagePROGRAF TM Series has been developed to meet the demands of quieter office environments to ensure minimal distraction. Without compromising on high productivity, enhancements have been made to some primary noise sources; the Platen Suction Fan now includes a damping structure; the media Cutter cuts cleaner which reduces vibrations; the Media Feeding technology has been developed with the line-feeding motor being slowed and motor pulley diameter being enlarged to also reduce media vibrations. The enhancements have contributed to a reduction in noise by 60% in comparison to the imagePROGRAF iPF Series.
The intuitive operation panel means that users do not require training or specialist skills to operate the device, enabling employees to produce high quality prints in the workplace with ease.
The new imagePROGRAF TM Series aims to make it easy to produce creative and complex applications, with the newly improved software tools. PosterArtist V3.0 poster creation software helps operators to produce multi-lingual posters with over 900 expressions in 10 different languages and using over 350 templates and images, while Free Layout Plus offers a template tool for the design of folded posters.
The new printers also offer strong security features, including secure authentication and user controls, ensuring they are fit-for-purpose for large corporations or government offices requiring tighter security functionality.
High print quality
The imagePROGRAF TM Series boasts Canon's LUCIA TD 5-colour pigment inks. This unique ink, which includes MBK with high surface tension, produces lines and text that are dense and crisp with minimal feathering. Vibrant colours can also be produced from LUCIA TD ink with pigments staying closer to the media surface. This enables customers to economically print high quality documents and posters on inexpensive uncoated plain paper.
The LUCIA TD water resistant 5-colour pigment inks used for the imagePROGRAF TM Series can print on water resistant media, offering immediate benefits for customers producing plans and drawings that need to be viewed outside, or creating posters for outdoor use.
Canon offers a range of optimised water resistant media, including polypropylene and adhesive vinyl, for banner and poster displays. Outdoor poster applications produced with the imagePROGRAF TM Series can withstand wet weather conditions for up to six months without additional lamination, further increasing productivity and reducing costs for outdoor prints.
Optimal productivity
With the imagePROGRAF TM Series, businesses have the capability to produce CAD drawings, GIS maps and posters on demand and in-house, reducing outsourcing costs and response times.
For continuous printing of drawings on A1 landscape plain paper in the fastest mode, the imagePROGRAF TM-300/305 can produce 144 prints per hour, which represents an increase in speed of up to 23% compared to its predecessor, the imagePROGRAF iPF Series, thanks to improved print head scanning and reduced time between processing each print.
'Hot swap' ink tanks enable users to replace inks during printing for continuous production. There is also the option to add one of Global Scanning's fast, high quality scanners, including the T36 scanner with a user-friendly touchscreen display, to the imagePROGRAF TM Series creating the perfect multifunctional office companion.
Michele Tuscano, Director Large Format Printing & Partner Channel at Canon Europe, comments: "Today, customers in many business and public-sector environments want to produce high quality large format prints on demand and need to keep external costs down. We identified an opportunity to create a product optimised for businesses with lower print volumes who can still benefit from having their own large format inkjet printer."
"The imagePROGRAF TM Series offers these customers high performance and high speed, with unbeatable image quality for promotional posters, as well as the sharpness required for complex CAD drawings. The intuitive user interface and new software tools mean any employee can quickly and easily produce prints of the quality they would expect from an external supplier. With less noise, this makes the printers barely audible to co-workers."
Check out the product introduction video: https://youtu.be/ajewDaYRLCA


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The word "Christmas" is derived from the words "Christ's Mass" - the celebration of the birth of Jesus Christ. But although Christmas is undoubtedly a Christian celebration, it is also true to say that it is an unusual combination of pagan and Christian festivities.
A Christmas tree stands in everybody's living room at Christmas, shining its good cheer around the room. Sitting on the very top of the tree is a silver star surrounded by tiny lights. All the branches are hung with silver bells, tinsel and sparkling lights. Around the base of the tree lie the gifts and toys wrapped up in bright colourful paper.
The Christmas tree has spread its influence around the world. In fact America adopted it before it found its way to England early in Queen Victoria's reign. Now every Christmas British people are sent a huge fir tree from Norway which stands in Trafalgar Square, in the centre of London, shining down on all the people who gather on Christmas Eve.
In pre-Christian times evergreens, trees that remain green throughout the year. were worshiped in Northern Europe as symbols of eternal life. Mistletoe, hung up as a Christmas decoration is a symbol of love and reconciliation.
Holly, a well-known Christmas decoration today, has Christian associations. In Norwegian, Swedish and Danish, holly is known as "Christ's thorns", the legend being that Christ wore a crown of holly thorns before his death. Some people have seen associations between the word "holly" and "holy".
Giving presents goes back to Roman Saturnalia when good luck gifts of fruit, pastry or gold were given to friends on New Year's Day. In Britain the traditional day to give presents until relatively recently was December 26th and not as it is today, Christmas Day. December 26th is now known as Boxing Day, for it was then that the priests of the Middle Ages opened alms boxes to give to the poor.
Not all Christian customs and traditions are of ancient origin. Although various people have claimed to have designed the first Christmas card. William Egley, an English artist, seems to have the best claim. In 1842 he designed his own card and sent it to one hundred of his friends. Today three billion are sent annually in the United States alone.