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Systems engineering
interdisciplinary field of engineering and engineering management that focuses on how to design and manage complex systems over their life cycles
(Redirected from Industrial engineers)
Systems engineering is an interdisciplinary field of engineering focusing on how complex engineering projects should be designed and managed over their life cycles. Issues such as reliability, logistics, coordination of different teams (requirement management), evaluation measurements and different disciplines become more difficult when dealing with large, complex projects.
edit- Quotes are arranged chronologically
20th century, first half
edit- With the increasing use of electronic devices for the navigation and control of aircraft, A.R. C. has long encouraged the "Systems Engineering" of these devices into the basic design of aircraft.
- Advertising text by Aircraft Radio Corporation in: Flying. Dec 1946. Vol. 39, nr. 6. p. 131
- Radio atmospherics is one of numerous projects underway at the US Navy Electronics Laboratory, which has its headquarters in San Diego... The laboratory is operated by the Bureau of Ships and is engaged not only in research but also in development and "systems engineering" by which new ideas are converted into practical pieces of equipment for use by the fleet.
- Article "Navy explores the air waves". In: Popular Mechanics. Vol. 91. March 1949. p. 89
20th century, second half
edit- Today at Martin an entirely new concept, known as Martin Systems Engineering, is resulting in the production of new aircraft, guided missiles and electronics weapons designed not as yesterday's flying vehicles but as the coordinated and controlled spaceborne systems of tomorrow. The principle of Martin Systems Engineering now makes possible developments in airpower that may change the shape of things to come-our way.
- 1953 Advertising text by Glenn L. Martin Company, published in: Aeronautical Engineering Review. (1953) Vol 12. p. 132; Air Force Magazine (1953). Vol. 36. p. 92; American Aviation (1953). Vol. 17. p. 94; Flying Magazine, Dec. 1953; United States Army Combat Forces Journal (1953) Vol. 4, p. 4; and other magazines.
- This man could almost reach the moon tonight... for he stands at the brink of a new age in the conquest of space... an entirely new development in aircraft industry now makes this possible. It is known as Systems Engineering... a science and a method of developing aircraft, guided missiles and electronic systems not as traditional flying vehicles but as fully coordinated solutions to operations problems...
- 1954 Advertising text by Glenn L. Martin Company, Baltimore in: Flying Magazine. April 1954. p. 7
- The term "systems engineering" is a term with an air of romance and of mystery. The romance and the mystery come from its use in the field of guided missiles, rockets, artificial satellites, and space flight. Much of the work being done in these areas is classified and hence much of it is not known to the general public or to this writer. But one term that has defied classification limits is the term "systems engineering." One sees the term "systems engineering" in technical help-wanted advertisements in newspapers and magazines. For example, the New York Times advertisements have often mentioned it, and it is far from rare in the advertising carried by the magazine Scientific American. The term is also found among the course offerings of a few leading universities.
- Computers and People (1956) Vol. 5. p. 6
- From a business point of view, systems engineering is the creation of a deliberate combination of human services, material services, and machine service to accomplish an information processing job. But this is also very nearly a definition of business system analysis. The difference, from a business point of view, therefore, between business system analysis and systems engineering is only one of degree. In general, systems engineering is more total and more goal-oriented in its approach...
- Computers and People (1956) Vol. 5. p. 8-9
- Systems engineering is more likely to be closely associated with top management of an enterprise than the engineering of the components of the system. If an engineering task is large and complex enough, the arrangement-making problem is especially difficult. Commonly, in a large job, the first and foremost problem for the systems engineers is to relate the objectives to the technical art.
- Aeronautical Engineering Review (1957) Vol. 16. p. 43
- Systems engineering is a highly technical pursuit and if a nontechnical man attempts to direct the systems engineering as such, it must end up in a waste of technical talent below.
- Aeronautical Engineering Review (1957) Vol. 16. p. 43
- By some definitions "systems engineering" is suggested to be a new discovery. Actually it is a common engineering approach which has taken on a new and important meaning because of the greater complexity and scope of problems to be solved in industry, business, and the military. Newly discovered scientific phenomena, new machines and equipment, greater speed of communications, increased production capacity, the demand for control over ever-extending areas under constantly changing conditions, and the resultant complex interactions, all have created a tremendously accelerating need for improved systems engineering. Systems engineering can be complex, but is simply defined as "logical engineering within physical, economic and technical limits" — bridging the gap from fundamental laws to a practical operating system.
- Instrumentation Technology (1957) p. 361: About the "Theme of '57 ISA Conference"
- Systems engineering embraces every scientific and technical concept known, including economics, management, operations, maintenance, etc. It is the job of integrating an entire problem or problem to arrive at one overall answer, and the breaking down of this answer into defined units which are selected to function compatibly to achieve the specified objectives. The problem can be practically anything - designing a missile, building a plant, replanning an existing process, developing a new instrument, or establishing a maintenance procedure.
Instrument and control engineering is but one aspect of systems engineering - a vitally important and highly publicized aspect, because the ability to create automatic controls within overall systems has made it possible to achieve objectives never before attainable, While automatic controls are vital to systems which are to be controlled, every aspect of a system is essential. Systems engineering is unbiased, it demands only what is logically required. Control engineers have been the leaders in pulling together a systems approach in the various technologies.- Instrumentation Technology (1957) p. 361: About the "Theme of '57 ISA Conference"
- A new concept and a new method were needed. The concept from the engineering standpoint is the evolution of the engineering scientist, i.e., the scientific generalist who maintains a broad outlook. The method is that of the team approach. On large-scale-system problems, teams of scientists and engineers, generalists as well as specialists, exert their joint efforts to find a solution and physically realize it.
We are led to the concept of the system-design team, a small group of engineers or scientists, to lead a large project and organize the system effort. Such men have been variously called engineering scientists, system engineers, system analysts, or large-scale-system designers. The technique has been variously called the systems approach or the team development method. It is toward this man and his teammates that these discussions are directed. With the realization that not enough can be learned in all the required fields to make him a specialist, enough is introduced to make him aware of the language and problems of the specialist. This generalist is a new quantity in the engineering world, and his education must be begun.- Robert E. Machol, Harry H. Goode (1957) System Engineering: An Introduction to the Design of Large-scale Systems. McGraw-Hill. p. 8
- Don't tell me that man doesn't belong out there. Man belongs wherever he wants to go — and he'll do plenty well when he gets there.
- Wernher von Braun (1958) Time magazine, February 17, 1958
- There are two types of systems engineering - basis and applied. There is no need to attempt to define the term systems engineering in a manner acceptable to everybody, as Chalmer Jones brings out in his article herein. Systems engineering is, obviously, the engineering of a system. It usually, but not always, includes dynamic analysis, mathematical models, simulation, linear programming, data logging, computing, optimating, etc., etc. It connotes an optimum method, realized by modern engineering techniques. Basic systems engineering includes not only the control system but also all equipments within the system, including all host equipments for the control system. Applications engineering is — and always has been — all the engineering required to apply the hardware of a hardware manufacturer to the needs of the customer. Such applications engineering may include, and always has included where needed, dynamic analysis, mathematical models, simulation, linear programming, data logging, computing, and any technique needed to meet the end purpose - the fitting of an existing line of production hardware to a customer's needs. This is applied systems engineering.
- Instruments and Control Systems, (1958) Vol. 31. p. 72
- Systems engineering is the name given to engineering activity which considers the overall behavior of a system, or more generally which considers all factors bearing on a problem, and the systems approach to control engineering problems is correspondingly that approach which examines the total dynamic behavior of an integrated system. It is concerned more with quality of performance than with sizes, capacities, or efficiencies, although in the most general sense systems engineering is concerned with overall, comprehensive appraisal.
- Ernest F. Johnson (1958) "Automatic process control" in: T.B. Drew (eds.) Advances in Chemical Engineering. Vol 2. p. 39
- SYSTEMS ENGINEERS are required for interesting work on the study of overall weapons systems
(1) for simulator work associated with theoretical systems studies:
(2) for work in a systems engineering laboratory containing a large Analogue Computer.
Candidates for the first category should have a degree in Mathematics or Physics, and some years' experience on the simulation of guidance control systems. Candidates for the second category should have a minimum of H.N.C., and considerable experience of some of the following subjects is essential :
Electro mechanical devices, D.C. amplifiers, pulse and video circuitry, general electronic techniques, precision electrical measuring techniques and relay circuitry.- Hawker Siddeley Aviation (1959) Job advertisement for Systems Engineer in: New Scientist Dec. 17, 1959.
- Systems engineering is a realistic way of doing engineering. It is not a mythical, blue-sky concept. It is now being used with benefits and influences that can be seen. It offers management a means to potential profit that cannot be ignored.
- ISA Journal (1959) Vol. 6. p. 38
- The Systems Engineering method recognizes each system is an integrated whole even though composed of devices, specialized structures and sub-functions. It is further recognized that any system has a number of objectives and that the balance between them may differ widely from system to system. The methods seek to optimize the overall system function according to the weighted objectives and to achieve maximum capability of its parts.
- J.A. Morton (1959) "Integrating of Systems Engineering with Component Development."Electrical Manufacturing, August 1959; As cited in: Allen B. Rosenstein (1965) "Systems engineering and Modern Engineering Design"
- It may be said that systems engineering is directed at the design and operating problems of production processes and units, while operations research is applied to problems in other areas of management such as sales, marketing, and external finance.
- Tappi (1959) Vol. 42. p. 573
edit- Some engineering artifacts are most easily analysed, described, or designed as an assembly of simpler parts. Artifacts of this kind are called systems. Some systems have the property that flowing through them are streams of some 'working fluid' (which may be matter, energy, or information), in such a way that the 'working fluid' passes in turn through many parts of the system, which is in consequence termed a sequential (or flow) system. Examples are a chemical plant, an electrical power distribution network, a digital computer, a sewer system. Systems which do not have this property are termed associative systems of which examples are a motor car, an aircraft, or a bridge - - it is with (sequential) systems that the theory of system design has primarily been developed.
- William Gosling (1962). The design of engineering systems. New York, Wiley; As cited in: Allen B. Rosenstein (1965) "Systems engineering and Modern Engineering Design" p. 3
- There is a general feeling at the present time that a worth-while new subject must lie behind the structure and functioning of a large class of complex devices and organism, typified by animal nervous systems and computers... [The 1962 book The Design of Engineering Systems by William Gosling] is part of a search for such subject. [It] tries to establish a strictly practical subject, to guide engineers in designing complicated systems... Gosling touches upon many aspects of the design processes that are common to a range of engineering projects, and so produces a useful reference book for the engineer who wishes to acquaint himself with the methods used by some of his colleagues. One is left, however, with the impression that it is still a collection of logically unconnected techniques. Merely to impose a common terminology may be useful, but it does not raire "systems engineering" to the level of a new subject. Even the terminology is a little forced: we may accept "throughput" in cases where the meaning of "input" and "output" have become fused, but must we then refer to output as "ongoing throughput"?
- Stanley Gill (1962) "Brains, nerves, calculations and computers" in: New Scientist. April 5, 1962. p. 832
- It is hard to say whether increasing complexity is the cause or the effect of man's effort to cope with his expanding environment. In either case a central feature of the trend has been the development of large and very complex systems which tie together modern society. These systems include abstract or non-physical systems, such as government and the economic system. They also include large physical systems like pipe line and power distribution systems, transportation and electrical communication systems. The growth of these systems has increased the need not only for over-all planning, but also for long-range development of the systems. This need has induced increased interest in the methods by which efficient planning and design can be accomplished in complex situations where no one scientific discipline can account for all the factors. Two similar disciplines which emerged about the time of World War II to cope with these problems are called systems engineering and operations research.
- Arthur D. Hall (1962) A methodology for systems engineering p. 5
- A system must be designed and tested as a complete entity. The word 'system' has come, through actual practice, to include: the prime mission equipment; its supporting command, control, training, checkout, test, and maintenance equipment; the facilities required to operate and maintain the system; the selection and training of personnel specialists; the operational and maintenance procedures; instrumentation and data reduction for test and evaluation; special aviation and acceptance programs and logistics support programs for spare and depot maintenance.
All parts of a system must have a common unified purpose: to contribute to the production of a single set of optimum outputs from given inputs with respect to time, cost, and performance measures of effectiveness. The absolute necessity for coherence requires an organization of creative technology which lead to the successful design of the complex military system. This organized creative technology is called Systems Engineering.- USAF (1964) Air Force Systems Command Manual UFSCM 375-5, February 1964: Cited in: Harold Chestnut (1967) Systems Engineering Methods. p. 36-37
- The systems engineering method recognizes each system is an integrated whole even though composed of diverse, specialized structures and sub-functions. It further recognizes that any system has a number of objectives and that the balance between them may differ widely from system to system. The methods seek to optimize the overall system functions according to the weighted objectives and to achieve maximum compatibility of its parts.
- Harold Chestnut (1965) Systems Engineering Tools by Harold Chestnut. Wiley
- In a world in which training and functions of individuals and groups are growing more and more specialized the number of ways to accomplish any particular result increasing. Different design, different facilities, different equipment, different methods, and different organizational means are available to meet the needs of man. It is highly desirable that we have trained persons look at these varied possibilities to compare their effectiveness, and to point the way to sound engineering decisions. Systems Engineering Methods is directed towards the development of a broad systems engineering approach to help such people improve their decision-making capability. Although the emphasis is on engineering, the systems approach can also has validity for many other areas in which emphasis may be social, economic, or political.
- Harold Chestnut (1967) Systems Engineering Methods. p. vii
- Systems thinking plays a dominant role in a wide range of fields from industrial enterprise and armaments to esoteric topics of pure science. Innumerable publications, conferences, symposia and courses are devoted to it. Professions and jobs have appeared in recent years which, unknown a short while ago, go under names such as systems design, systems analysis, systems engineering and others.
- Ludwig von Bertalanffy (1968) General System Theory, p. 3
- Systems Engineering is the science of designing complex systems in their totality to ensure that the component sub-systems making up the system are designed, fitted together, checked and operated in the most efficient way.
- Gwilym Jenkins (1969) "The Systems Approach," in: J. Beishon and G. Peters (eds.) Systems Behaviour. p. 82.
- My analysis of living systems uses concepts of thermodynamics, information theory, cybernetics, and systems engineering, as well as the classical concepts appropriate to each level. The purpose is to produce a description of living structure and process in terms of input and output, flows through systems, steady states, and feedbacks, which will clarify and unify the facts of life.
- James Grier Miller (1969) "Living Systems: Basic Concepts" p. 126
edit- Chestnut (1965) devotes one page of the more than 600 pages in his book to man as an operator or an element of man-machine systems. Hall (1962) devotes about a page and a half to human factors applications. Machol (1965) has a brief chapter of limited content on human factors, in which man is considered only as an information processor. Shearer et al. (1967) mention a driver and a steersman in their introductory chapter; thereafter, there is no of man, his characteristics, or his behavior. Wilson (1965) allocates three pages to human factors. For every book on systems engineering containing a mention of the human operator, there is another in which the words human, man, human factors, and psychology do not appear.
- Kenyon B. De Greene, Earl A. Alluisi (1970) Systems psychology. p. 75
- The notion of "system" has gained central importance in contemporary science, society and life. In many fields of endeavor, the necessity of a "systems approach" or "systems thinking" is emphasized, new professions called "systems engineering," "systems analysis" and the like have come into being, and there can be little doubt that this this concept marks a genuine, necessary, and consequential development in science and world-view.
- Ervin László (1972) Introduction to Systems Philosophy: Toward a New Paradigm of Contemporary Thought p. xvii
edit- Management of an industrial company must be giving targets to the engineers constantly; that may be the most important job management has in dealing with its engineers.
- Akio Morita (1987). Made in Japan, p. 168
edit- Significant formal investigators of systems engineering have included Goode and Machol (1957), A.D. Hall (1962), Chestnut (1965, 1967), Sage (1977a,b), and Blanchard and Fabrycky (1981), whose descriptions span 24 years. Although each investigator has approached this subject with a slightly different orientation, all have dealt with defining the elements of systems engineering and various methods of approaching the implementation of these elements.
In addition, the US government, through its development and acquisition of large-scale systems over the years, has addressed all aspects of systems engineering. These have been documented in government- sponsored texts (e.g.. System Engineering Management Guide 1986) as well as numerous related standards, directives and handbooks, especially those printed by the US Department of Defense.- Andrew P. Sage (1990) Concise Encyclopedia of Information Processing in Systems & Organizations. p. 73
- A.D. Hall's (1962) classic account of the methodology was based on his experience with the Bell Telephone Laboratories. Hall sees systems as existing in hierarchies. In systems engineering, plans to achieve a general objective must similarly be arranged in a hierarchy, with the systems engineer ensuring the internal consistency and integration of the plans, The methodology itself ensures the optimization of the system of concern with respect to its objectives. This requires a number of steps, the most important being problem definition, choosing objectives, systems synthesis, systems analysis, systems selection, system development, and current engineering. With Hall, the system of concern is usually a physical entity.
- Michael C. Jackson (1992) Systems Methodology for the Management Sciences. p. 74; About A.D. Hall (1962)
- System engineering is the art and science of creating effective systems, using whole system, whole life principles.
- Derek Hitchins (1995) cited in: Herbert Negele (2000) Systems engineering--a key to competitive advantage for all industries. p,166
- System engineering is a robust approach to the design, creation, and operation of systems. In simple terms, the approach consists of identification and quantification of system goals, creation of alternative system design concepts, performance of design trades, selection and implementation of the best design, verification that the design is properly built and integrated, and post-implementation assessment of how well the system meets (or met) the goals.
- NASA (1995) NASA Systems Engineering Handbook
- Before the 1940s the terms "system" and "systems thinking" had been used by several scientists, but it was Bertalanffy's concepts of an open system and a general systems theory that established systems thinking as a major scientific movement... With the subsequent strong support from cybernetics, the concepts of systems thinking and systems theory became integral parts of the established scientific language, and led to numerous new methodologies and applications -- systems engineering, systems analysis, systems dynamics, and so on.
- Fritjof Capra (1996) The Web of Life p. 46
- Systems engineering is the key technology to manage this complexity
- Richard Stevens (1998) Systems Engineering: Coping With Complexity. p. 2
21th century
edit- Rocket engineering is not like ditch digging. With ditch digging you can get 100 people and dig a ditch, and you will dig it a hundred times as faster if you get 100 people versus one. With rockets, you have to solve the problem of a particular level of difficulty; one person who can solve the problem is worth an infinite number of people who can't.
- Elon Musk Interview With Elon Musk Tesla Motors (2000s)
- Among the first texts to use the term [Systems engineering] was Louis Ridenour's Radar System Engineering, published in 1947 as part of the Radiation Laboratory's series of textbooks. The title refers to the physiological sense of system, that is "how to engineer a radar system," – where an individual radar is a connected set of components like magnetrons, waveguides, power supplies, and display tubes. Title does not refer to the philosophical sense of system, as in "how to system engineer a radar," but such ideas are nascent in the book: it covers not only wave propagation and noise models, but also the appropriate design of displays and the dissemination of information through a radar organization. Ridenour's text includes no discussion of feedback or servomechanisms, or of the dynamic characteristics of radar systems. A McGraw Hill text, System Engineering [by Harry H. Goode, and Robert E. Machol, published ten years later, included probability, analog and digital computers for simulation, queuing theory, game theory, information theory, servomechanism theory, and sections on "human engineering," management, and economics.
- David A. Mindell (2002) "Bodies, Ideas, and Dynamics: Historical Perspectives on Systems Thinking in Engineering". ESD Symposium, May 2002
- Complex engineering projects should be managed as evolutionary processes that undergo continuous rapid improvement through iterative incremental changes performed in parallel and thus is linked to diverse small subsystems of various sizes and relationships. Constraints and dependencies increase complexity and should be imposed only when necessary. This context must establish necessary security for task performance and for the system that is performing the tasks. In the evolutionary context, people and technology are agents that are involved in design, implementation and function. Management's basic oversight (meta) tasks are to create a context and design the process of innovation, and to shorten the natural feedback loops through extended measures of performance.
- Yaneer Bar-Yam (2003) "When Systems Engineering Fails --- Toward Complex Systems Engineering"; As cited in: Joseph E. Kasser (2010) "Seven systems engineering myths and the corresponding realities"
- The motives for conceiving modern systems engineering are to be found, at least in part, in past disasters. Arthur D. Hall III [1989] cites: the chemical plant leakage in Bhopal (1986); the explosion of the NASA Challenger space shuttle (1986) and the Apollo fire (1967); the sinking of the Titanic (1912); the nuclear explosion in Chernobyl (1986) and the disaster at Three Mile Island power plant (1979). He cites, too, the capture of markets by Japan from the U.S., the decline in US productivity and the failure of the US secondary school system. He identifies the millions of people dying of starvation every year while other nations stockpile surplus food, medical disasters such as heart disease, while governments subsidize grains used to produce high cholesterol meat, milk and eggs; and many more. One implication is clear: systems engineering faces challenges well beyond the sphere of engineering.
- Derek Hitchins (2003) Advanced Systems Thinking, Engineering, and Management. p. 75-76
- [In the year 1957] I have just returned from an exciting meeting of the American Society for Engineering Education where I heard a paper on the new discipline of systems engineering. It is no longer sufficient for engineers merely to design boxes such as computers with the expectation that they would become components of larger, more complex systems. That is wasteful because frequently the box component is a bad fit in the system and has to be redesigned or worse, can lead to system failure. We must learn how to design large-scale, complex systems from the top down so that the specification for each component is derivable from the requirements for the overall system. We must also take a much larger view of systems. We must design the man-machine interfaces and even the system-society interfaces. Systems engineers must be trained for the design of large-scale, complex, man-machine-social systems
- A. Wayne Wymore (2004) in: "Systems Movement: Autobiographical Retrospectives". In: International Journal of General Systems, Vol. 33, No. 6, December 2004, pages 593-610.
- System engineering is the art and science of creating optimal solution systems to complex issues and problems.
edit- Systems engineering as an approach and methodology grew in response to the increase size and complexity of systems and projects... This engineering approach to the management of complexity by modularization was re-deployed in the software engineering discipline in the 1960s and 1970s with a proliferation of structured methodologies that enabled the the analysis, design and development of information systems by using techniques for modularized description, design and development of system components. Yourdon and DeMarco's Structured Analysis and Design, SSADM, James Martin's Information Engineering, and Jackson's Structured Design and Programming are examples from this era. They all exploited modularization to enable the parallel development of data, process, functionality and performance components of large software systems. The development of object orientation in the 1990s exploited modularization to develop reusable software. The idea was to develop modules that could be mixed and matched like Lego bricks to deliver to a variety of whole system specifications. The modularization and reusability principles have stood the test of time and are at the heart of modern software development.
- Peter Allen, Steve Maguire, Bill McKelvey (2011) The SAGE Handbook of Complexity and Management. p. 35
- Systems engineering should be, first and foremost, a state of mind and an attitude taken when dealing with complexity.
- Dominique Luzeaux, Jean-Ren? Ruault, Jean-Luc Wippler (2013) Complex Systems and Systems of Systems Engineering. p. 208
See also
editExternal links
edit- INCOSE homepage.
- Systems Engineering Fundamentals. Defense Acquisition University Press, 2001
- NASA Systems Engineering Handbook. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information, 2005.


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Proschwitz snatches replay for Hull
Nick Proschwitz spared Hull's blushes with a last-gasp equaliser to force an FA Cup third round replay in a 1-1 draw against Leyton Orient.
The #2.6million summer signing netted just his third goal of the campaign with only seconds left to cancel out David Mooney's second-half header.
An upset looked on the cards when Mooney nodded in his ninth of the season with 12 minutes to play and the Os were worthy of their lead.
But it was snatched away from them three minutes into stoppage time when German striker Proschwitz headed in Tom Cairney's cross.
The Os, who reached the last 16 of the competition two seasons ago, signalled their positive intent with an early Dean Cox effort from the edge of the box that flashed just wide.
Proschwitz was also off target from similar range at the other end after being played in by Paul McKenna.
The visitors went close after 16 minutes when Kevin Lisbie went past two defenders in the box before shooting wide.
And they were denied by Eldin Jakupovic's excellent save from Leon McSweeney's long-range drive soon after.
Hull were enjoying plenty of possession but could not unlock a stubborn Orient defence.
There were two further chances before the break for the Os, Lloyd James nodding Cox's left-wing corner wide and Lisbie firing over the bar from the edge of the box.
Hull boss Steve Bruce switched to a 4-4-2 formation in a bid to offer a more potent attacking threat in the second half.
It almost paid dividends within three minutes of the restart, but Alex Bruce failed to keep his header down after connecting well with Cairney's delivery.
But it was Orient who should have taken the lead with 54 minutes gone. Lee Cook raced through and had the goal at his mercy but could only shoot straight at Jakupovic.
They were almost made to pay two minutes later as Paul McShane rose highest to meet Cairney's corner but cleared the bar with his header.
Crosses from wide areas continued to be the hosts' most promising outlet, a fact underlined by Andy Dawson's 70th-minute delivery which McShane headed powerfully at goal to force a smart stop from Jamie Jones.
Young midfielder Dougie Wilson was handed a first Tigers appearances with 15 minutes remaining, but it quickly turned sour.
Cox delivered from the right for Mooney to head home from six yards out.
Lisbie headed wide in Orient's next attack and Proschwitz volleyed off target late on as it looked like City's final chance had gone.
But Cairney had one more pinpoint cross to deliver and Proschwitz was on hand to provide the decisive touch.
Source: PA
Source: PA

subset: commoncrawl


text:
In StockIn StockOut of stockLava is rock from the molten center of the earth, once spewed through fractures in the planetary crust or from a volcanic eruption. Once cooled, the resulting rock is dark gray to deep black in color and riddled with pits and holes where air was trapped in the stone. It is believed to hold earth and fire energies and to aid in remaining calm and grounded.
Stone Type: Lava
Treatment: Dyed
Approx. Beads Per Strand: 104
Approx. Hole Diameter: 0.8 - 1.1mm
Metaphysical Attributes: Balance, Grounding, Protection
Chakra: Root
Mohs Hardness: 3
Item Type: 16-Inch Strands


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The leaked draft opinion from the U.S. Supreme Court, first reported by Politico, in which a majority of justices voted to overturn the landmark Roe v. Wade decision legalizing abortion rights rocked Capitol Hill on Tuesday.
But as Democrats argued the news amounted to a reshaping of fundamental individual rights and reframed the midterm elections, Republicans largely focused on the fact the decision was leaked. Most GOP lawmakers sidestepped questions about the impact the possible ruling could have — both on women's health decisions and on the 2022 political environment.
GOP leaders press for probe on leak
Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnell, R-Ky., called for an investigation into the "shocking new breach." He said if a crime was committed, the Department of Justice "must pursue it completely." He maintained the leak was "almost certainly in an effort to stir up an inappropriate pressure campaign to sway an outcome."
The Justice Department declined to comment on the matter when asked by NPR on Tuesday.
Chief Justice John Roberts verified the authenticity of the draft opinion and said in a written statement that it was a "betrayal" and it did not represent the court's final position. He directed an investigationand said the work of the court would not be impacted.
When McConnell was pressed about the impact of the decision for women and for the midterms this fall, he dodged those questions, saying, "That's not the story for today."
McConnell pushed back at reporters seeking reaction about the fallout, saying, "You need — it seems to me, excuse the lecture — to concentrate on what the news is today — not a leaked draft, but the fact that the draft was leaked."
Missouri GOP Sen. Josh Hawley called on the Supreme Court to release the opinion now that the draft was made public. He echoed McConnell's argument that it was part of a "pressure campaign." He admitted he didn't have any evidence about who was responsible for the unauthorized disclosure, but Hawley, a former Supreme Court clerk, called the episode "an attack on the integrity and independence of the court."
Ohio Republican Sen. Rob Portman said he personally is anti-abortion rights so he was not discouraged about the possible direction of the eventual ruling, but he said, "The court has unfortunately now lost some respect" after the firestorm.
Senate Republicans caution decision not final
Sen. Rick Scott, R-Fla., who chairs the Senate Republicans' campaign arm, noted to reporters that he is "pro-life" but cautioned to wait to hear what "the real decision is" from the court.
Pressed on how the issue could impact the midterms, Scott appeared to downplay it, saying while it is an important issue to many people, "so is inflation, so is crime, so is the border."
Multiple GOP senators leaving the weekly Senate lunch said the discussion about the bombshell news that changed the debate on Capitol Hill centered on what many called an "unprecedented" breach of decorum.
Senate Republicans, one after another, emphasized that the decision isn't final yet.
When pressed about the prospects of additional restrictions that could come if the GOP regains the majority in one or both chambers of Congress, many refrained from going there.
"You're asking me to speculate and I'm not going to speculate on what might happen. I'm going to wait for the final decision of the court," Sen. Chuck Grassley, R-Iowa, told reporters.
South Dakota GOP Sen. Mike Rounds cautioned, "Let's allow the justices to finish their work."
Some did weigh in on what the decision could mean for the future debate on abortion in Congress.
Senate Majority Leader Chuck Schumer, D-N.Y., vowed the Senate would vote on a bill to codify the original Roe v. Wade decision. The House of Representatives approved a measure to do that recently, but senators from both parties acknowledged a GOP filibuster meant that an effort in the Senate would fail and largely be a messaging effort. Top Democrats said it was important to force all senators to go on the record on the issue.
Hawley noted that abortion is an issue that energizes his party and added that for GOP voters, "This is a big reason why they vote for Republican senators."
With the midterm elections roughly six months away, Democrats are highlighting that a GOP majority on Capitol Hill would likely press for new restrictions, including some who want a federal ban on abortions.
Rounds, who said he opposed abortion rights, said depending on what the high court decides there may not be a need for new restrictions. He also said he didn't expect that the Senate would act on a nationwide ban.
Hawley, for his part, said, "I think this is an issue for states and voters in the states in the first instance."
Schumer decried Republicans for "ducking" the substance of the high court's decision and spending so much time discussing the leak.
NPR's Kelsey Snell contributed to this report.
Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.


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Ask olpc a question/lang-bg
Оригинала, Ask_olpc_a_question, все още не е преведен. Ако желаете да започнете превода, копирайте текста от тук и го добавете към тази страница, като използвате страницата "редактиране" отгоре. Трябва също да промените "status=търси се" на "status=недовършен"
Междувременно можете да видите страницата преведена от Гугъл (ако оригинала не е на английски това няма да сработи).
Please copy/paste "{{Translationlist | xx | origlang=en | translated={{{translated}}}}}" (where xx is ISO 639 language code for your translation) to Ask olpc a question/lang-bg/translations | HowTo [ID# 180682] +/- |
Feel free to ask a question here about OLPC. However, before asking a question:
- Read the "Official OLPC FAQ";
- If you own an XO laptop, go through the official "getting started" guide.
- See our Frequently Asked Pages: the Official OLPC FAQ, our technical Support FAQ, and other Frequently Asked Questions such as OLPC myths and the old developers FAQ.
- Search the wiki for an answer (using the search fields in the left-hand sidebar).
- To get a laptop for development, see our Contributors program. For yourself or your child, see ebay.
- To submit ideas, see the OLPC Idea Pool.
- To answer a question, see Answering questions.
- To make general comments, see the main talk page or the "discussion" tab at the top of each page
Past archives: 2006 | 2007-2009
- 1 New questions
- 1.1 Question
- 1.2 Question
- 1.3 Question
- 1.4 Downloads
- 1.5 how do you start your downloads
- 1.6 your disk is full
- 1.7 How do I chat with other people in the world?
- 1.8 Downloads
- 1.9 Reset settings
- 1.10 Viruses
- 1.11 reset journal info
- 1.12 Two activities
- 1.13 How does the Log Viewer work?
- 1.14 how to repair olpc
- 1.15 Server Installation detail Guide
- 1.16 Skype microphone issue
- 1.17 Hola..
- 1.18 Problem updating from 656 and mouse freeze
- 1.19 Activities disappear
- 1.20 my xo1 olpc can not start up
- 1.21 Wi-Fi WAPs not visible in Neighborhood View
- 1.22 how to format my olcp XO 1
- 1.23 How to repair olcp
- 1.24 my olcp can not start up
- 1.25 Super trouble with OLPC
- 1.26 XO laptop
- 1.27 Erasing journal
- 1.28 activities wont work
- 1.29 music
- 1.30 regular downloads
- 1.31 installing firefox9.0.1
- 1.32 Mouse touchppad
- 1.33 ¿como descargo para ver videos Gratis?
- 1.34 una pequeña ayuda con una olpc
- 1.35 Skype Video Calls & Broadband
- 1.36 turn on
- 1.37 downloading stuff
- 1.38 Technological and estructural diagram of the OLPC project
- 1.39 Alvin, mesh
- 1.40 Who has heard this OLPC "nerdcore" rap song?
New questions
My OLPC stucked off after starting up and please also guide me that from where i can get new charger for my olpc?
We are planning to help OPLC but we need to check the Financial Statements of the organization. Does somebody know where can we get this information?
- From OLPC directly, or the government or other regulators. I don't think you should rely on what contributors to a community Wiki might tell you ... that's not a rigorous method. --Quozl 03:23, 13 February 2012 (UTC)
I turned on my OLPC but it didn't show anything.What do I do?
- Check out Keyboard freeze fix for os 650-656 it might be your problem. Hard to say, unless you can give some more information, like when you last used the XO, whether the power indicator turns on, whether the display backlight turns on. --Quozl 21:04, 30 August 2011 (UTC)
how do download windows xp on to my olpc xo and how do you access your downloads
- There is no way to get Windows XP for your individual OLPC. Microsoft does not make it available to individuals, and OLPC has nothing to do with that.
How to access your downloads?
- If you download things on the OLPC, they should show up in the Journal, which is one of the Activities that's always running. It looks like a little spiral notebook. You can also open the journal by pressing the "magnifying glass" icon in the upper-left hand part of the keyboard.
how do you start your downloads
I downloaded adobe flash player but i still can't watch my videos i know you go to journal and the file and click start but it doesn't work.
- See Adobe Flash for details. Mariano 06:44, 8 December 2009 (UTC)
your disk is full
What should i do if i go to my record activity and it says my disk is full?
- You should open your Journal and remove large files or activities. Mariano 06:44, 8 December 2009 (UTC)
== It seems that with the new built (8.2) in the XO the existing Scratch files are difficult to copy into a USB. I can't use the function "save as" or even copy them from the terminal. Any idea what to do? il me semble que mon "xo" est bloqué peut etre plein. que faire? Mamadou Niang email@example.com je souhaite dans le cadre d'une ONG dénommée Bokk Diang avoir des partenaires pouvant permettre "d'arroser" les Ecoles Sénégalaises. merci de l'aide que vous nous apporterez. Mamadou Niang 00221776467585 Sénégal
How do I chat with other people in the world?
My xo is hooked up to the internet but I still don't know how to chat with other people in the world could you tell me how please?
- First connect to a Jabber server or your local school network. Then you can see other people on your network and will be able to chat with them.
- You can also download XoIRC and chat with people using that activity. 02:34, 17 December 2009 (UTC)
How do I download music on my labtop?
- Click on a file to download. Then open it from your Journal. Alternately, install an activity like Jukebox.
How do I download Doom?
- The page about it is titled Doom. 02:34, 17 December 2009 (UTC)
Reset settings
I need to knnow how to reset the name on my xo laptop
- From the Sugar Control Panel, update your "About me" settings, and restart. 02:34, 17 December 2009 (UTC)
How Do I erase viruses from my xo
i buy new usb to rs232 moduleboard ft232rl.and i conect my computer with my desktop but htere is nothing happnaed can some one tell me y or i conect it with other laptop not with desktop.i have olpc
reset journal info
my question is how do u erase information on the journal
hey guys nice work ...well i am making a project on u guys can u help me with the list of countries whu r a part of ur process thanks gaurav Peace out
Two activities
hey i've got 2 questions 1. first of all why won't my eye chat open even if i have downloaded it 2. second how can i read e-books on my olpc oh and one more question: can i contact the child who got the other laptop after i had paid for mine? thanks
- Thanks for your questions. Sorry, I don't know what eye chat is. E-books in various formats can be read using the Read activity, and there are new E-book reader programs on http://activities.sugarlabs.org/ . No, you can't contact the child who got the other laptop. -- Quozl 22:46, 26 July 2010 (UTC)
How does the Log Viewer work?
Dear Sir/Madam,
As a part of an evaluation project we are trying to determine what activities are being used by the children, and for this reason we would like to know exactly how does the log viewer work. The journal presents the problem that activities may be erased by the children, therefore not providing a complete picture. So my questions are, what does the log viewer exactly show? Does it show all the activities used by the children? Does it only show errors in activities used by the children and if so what type of errors? Do you think the log-files can be used to determine what activities are the children using or the information won't be reliable towards that purpose?
Also, is it possible to recover erased activities from the journal?
Thank you for your help!
how to repair olpc
hi olpc i am call placide and my olpc can not switch on now but the screen can switch on but does not mark any thing so it looks like has virus or it has corrupted so i would like to know how can i repair it and what can use to repair it please i need help
- This can happen if you hold down the rotate button when you turn it on. Please try this: remove the battery, disconnect the cable, wait 10 seconds, put the battery back in, press the power button. The laptop should start. If it does not, then it may need repair. -- Quozl 04:14, 25 October 2010 (UTC)
Server Installation detail Guide
Hi, I am am a new learner in this OLPC deployment team. I have installed a OLPC XS and had a problem with the eth0. During boot process it come to a stage where it says that IP determing information on eth0 fails. I have follwed the proper steps to install the server however it still gives me the same problem. Can anyone out there assist me to get the eth0 working on my server. Dudley Daduwe
Skype microphone issue
I have been using Skype on my XO1 with ver. 656 without problems but after updating to ver. 802 and re-installing Skype using the directions given on http://wiki.laptop.org/go/Skype (Standard) the sound of the microphone is garbled, when placing a test call, even though it is clear when recording in terminal mode by using arecord and aplay. I have tried several settings in Alsamixer and Skype but without getting any change or improvement. Is there a patch or fix for this problem. Updating to ver. 852 did not work as Skype will not install on the 852 version on my XO1. Note: I re-installed 802 and Skype several times and in several different executions following posts under OLPC but always with the same result. Placing a test call in Skype gives a playback with garbled microphone sounds like two voices overlapping each other and then shorting out.
seria muy ueno si tendria para algunos alumnos mas avanzados la posibilidad de una de las nuevas plaquetas minis como para subir a 8 gb el disco solido , pero me parece que la memoria de 1 gb ya viene incorporada en el mother . y no tiene ningun slot
hoy dia los costos bajando y ojala en tiempos proximos alcancen un precio infimo como para poder incorporar mas almacenamiento.
What numerical and literacy applications exist to help Kids within the Kenyan context/curriculum? firstname.lastname@example.com
Problem updating from 656 and mouse freeze
Hello I am having trouble updating from the 656 system and now my mouse and keyboard has frozen. Can you please advise me. Thank you. -- heather
- Hello Heather. What have you upgraded to? Does the mouse and keyboard remain frozen if you remove the power adapter and battery and put them back in? Write to email@example.com (our OLPC technical staff) if you'd prefer e-mail. --Quozl 02:01, 3 January 2011 (UTC)
- Hello
- I tried using the email but only got a generic response. To answer your questions:
- - I was trying to upgrade to the 10.1.2. I tried with the USB method and got the grey grid with a message underneath, something about NAND and size.
- - I then tried to update in terminal using all the various wordings proposed. That did not work either. I left the machine for a day or so and when I turned it back on the mouse and keyboard were frozen. When it lit up with the clock, it would go to a black screen with some text at about a quarter of the way round and then, before I could read it, it would go back to loading. I tried turning the machine on holding the O key which made the black text screen disappear but did not fix the freeze. I tried removing all power. I tried turning the machine on holding the rotate button. Nothing has worked yet. I'm really excited that you are responding to me and look forward to finding a solution.
- Take care. -- heather
- Did the generic mail response give you a tracking number? If so, let me know what it was. That will help us mark it as being handled.
- The grey grid sounds good, the message does not. There may be a fault in the laptop, or a problem with the download or preparation of the USB drive.
- The grey grid occurs with an install of 10.1.2, so I'm presuming you are wanting to do an install, which wipes all data off the laptop. If so, please try again and this time check that you are following the install instructions below and tell me exactly what the message about the NAND says.
- Regarding the update in terminal, I don't think you should try that again, because having started the install the contents of the internal storage is undefined, and the results may be unpredictable. The mouse and keyboard freeze is common; it happens if the laptop runs out of memory. We didn't test update from 656 and it may not work.
- Feel free to send me an e-mail at email@example.com if you like. --Quozl 22:24, 4 January 2011 (UTC)
How to install signed build os852 of release 10.1.2 on XO-1.
The build is installed to the internal NAND flash device. You will need a USB drive of at least 1 GB capacity, but only for the duration of the installation.
- Prepare the USB drive:
- Download os852.img,
- Save the file to the top directory of the USB drive,
- Download os852.img.fs.zip,
- Save the file to the top directory of the same USB drive,
- Rename the file to fs.zip, (removing the os852.img part of the name),
- Check the USB drive contains at least the two files fs.zip and os852.img.
- Prepare the laptop:
- Make a copy of any data you wish to keep,
- Check the battery is inserted and locked,
- Check that the power cord is in place and the battery indicator is green,
- Turn off the laptop, unless it is already off,
- Insert the USB drive into any USB port on the laptop,
- Start installing:
- Hold down all four game keys (see this in pictures),
- Turn on the laptop,
- Wait for the message Release the game keys to continue,
- Release the game keys.
Installation progress will be displayed. Green colour will fill yellow blocks. It will take about five minutes. Once finished, the laptop will reboot automatically. Remove the USB drive during or after the reboot. The USB drive can be used on other laptops.
If you see a message Boot failed then either:
- the USB drive has not been properly prepared, or;
- the firmware is out of date and should be updated (see Firmware).
Activities disappear
What to do if all of my activities disappear? Please Help!!!
- Reinstall might be a last resort. Someone else asked this recently, and it turned out that changing the language to one that isn't supported may cause this. Change it back. --Quozl 23:38, 1 February 2011 (UTC)
my xo1 olpc can not start up
my xo1 olpc can not start up when i open it the screen to make withe color only but is because of virus nothing else so i would like to know how can i repair it or how can i format it but the problem is that i don't know how command or key for booting xo1 olpc and the name for xo1 olpc operating system so can you please help
Wi-Fi WAPs not visible in Neighborhood View
I installed the 10.1.3 version to my XO-1. Initially everything was fine including the WAP icons. Now I am only seeing the MESH target icons. I know the access points are working in several locations including m home one but still nothing but MESH is visible in the Neighbothood View. How can I fix this, short of trying a reinstall of 10.1.3?
- This will happen if automatic power management is enabled, which is the default, and the laptop is not kept awake for at least a minute. This is in the release notes. Try turning off automatic power management in the control panel. If that does not change things, please use Open Firmware to check the wireless card. Obtain the Ok prompt, and type scan-wifi then press return. This scans for wireless access points by turning on the radio receiver in the wireless card. Doing this test in Open Firmware is useful, because it excludes the 10.1.3 software entirely. If it doesn't show any access points, then there's no chance that 10.1.3 will. If it does show them, but 10.1.3 does not, then at least we know the problem is not hardware. Let us know how you go, because based on this test there are very different further tests to make. --Quozl 23:20, 4 May 2011 (UTC)
how to format my olcp XO 1
please please i can ask you how to format the olcp and how to remove the downloaded applicattion which can not be erased please if u know it tell me quickly or send it on my email : email@example.com
- One way to clear all changes would be to re-install or update to a current version. See Release_notes/11.3.0#XO-1 or Release_notes/11.3.1#XO-1 (almost released). --FGrose 17:27, 10 June 2012 (UTC)
How to repair olcp
Hi olcp i want to repair my olcp the problem is that when i charge my olcp the orange color which shows you that the power is going in but it shows like it is charged but it is activated the xo is loading when the circles are surrounded xo the laptop turns off so how can you help me to fix it.
my olcp can not start up
Hi my name is Robert my olcp doesn' t start up when i turn it on but it turns itself off plesase help me if possible.
Conecté un Mp4 a mi XO 1.5 ( Secundaria ) Y creo que me entró un virus, Entonces, No me deja ver el Escritorio. Me aparece en Blanco. :( me gustaría saber s puedo hacer algo para sacarlo! Me ayudan?
Super trouble with OLPC
hello friends! (first pardon me with the bad English...)
well, actually I'm repairing an XO-1 laptop OLPC, at the beginning it worked flawlessly, until i upgraded the bios firmware downloaded from: http://wiki.laptop.org/go/OLPC_Firmware_q2e45, after the process, it won't boot anymore. the trouble is i can't figure out how to make it boot... i installed this build: http://wiki.laptop.org/go/Release_notes/11.2.0 no luck... always end in the OK command prompt... same thing happened to every build version I've tried, downloaded and installed from here: http://wiki.laptop.org/go/Release_notes also, I've tried to re flash the bios and no luck, i use several ROM files, from the Q2E41(the original ROM bios that comes in my OLPC) to the last Q2E45, and still no luck... I've tried to install SO images with several SD cards with 1, 2, and 4 GB of storage capability, all of them formatted in several ways: FAT, exFAT, vFAT, FAT12, FAT16, and FAT32... and nope...the OLPC won't boot... then I've tried luck with 2 kingston USB memory sticks, one is a 1GB and the other is a 8GB storage capability, tried with FAT, exFAT, vFAT, FAT12, FAT16, and FAT32 formats, it install the OS image in the OLPC, but still the laptop won't boot... Tired of this, i get a developer key from here: http://wiki.laptop.org/go/Activation_and_developer_keys, and tried it without any luck at all...
NOTE # 1: the OLPC hardware test report that everything is good...
NOTE # 2: all builds and bios I've downloaded and used to restoring my OLPC were for the XO-1 laptop model.
NOTE # 3: all clean-install and bios writing processes ended correctly with no failures.
NOTE # 4: the battery is fully charged, and the AC adapter is in outstanding performance.
NOTE # 5: all the internal memory chips are in good shape, also I've made this process: http://wiki.laptop.org/go/XO_Flash_Bad_Blocks, and the flash nand only got around 15 bad blocks... then i made this process: http://wiki.laptop.org/go/Fix_Clock and nothing, the OLPC always ends in the OK prompt, and never run the installed OS image...
anyone can light any clues about what is wrong with this OLPC???
any responses here or in my e-mail firstname.lastname@example.com with help to solve this mystery, are welcome .
XO laptop
Can anyone buy an XO laptop?
Erasing journal
I have XO 1.5 and want to erase all data from the journal. I know that there is command (maybe not one) that is being typed in terminal for erasing all data from the journal. But cant remember that command. Can somebody help?
activities wont work
everything i click on wont load except; firefox, doom, scratch and produce puzzle E toys will load but, there will be an error message, and it will just be a blank page. How do i fix it?!!!
How do i download music and how do i get flash player Terminal doesn't work so it isnt an option
regular downloads
how do i use regular sites to download music?
installing firefox9.0.1
how do i install Firefox 9.0.1? I don't have terminal and i cant download it.
Mouse touchppad
the mouse pad on my OLPC laptop is not working,the whole thing is not working. i have tried restarting my laptop but the mouse pad is still not working, what can i do to fix this? thank you.
- this is a familiar problem, please read Keyboard_freeze_fix_for_os_650-656. --Quozl 23:11, 26 March 2012 (UTC)
¿como descargo para ver videos Gratis?
Si fueran tan amables me podrían responder como descargo icono para ver videos? Gracias
una pequeña ayuda con una olpc
hola como estan
mi nombre es kevin molinares, soy de colombia y tengo un problema con una olpc xo-1. Resulta que soy tecnico en reparacion de computadores, entonces me dieron una olpc xo-1 para formatear windows, porque el sistema que traia le cayo muchos virus y estava muy lento, entonces yo formatee la SD de 4GB que trae pero no he podido hacer la instalacion de windows he intentado copiar una instalacion limpia que hice desde una maquina virtual pero no sirve la unica forma que logre iniciar es con un hirent boot CD. ahora si la pregunta ...
como hago o si necesito un driver, o donde bajo el windows xp para esta olpc xo-1 .. ya venia con windows xp de fabrica es mas tiene la licencia de windows original pegada debajo de la bateria, que tengo que hacer ?. le agradezco su respuesta que tengan un buen dia
mi correo es email@example.com
Skype Video Calls & Broadband
I have 1.16 gb left of my broadband allowance this month. How long can I chat on skype using the video call facility?
turn on
my laptop turn on but then the screen stays black i have charged to full battery but it still does not do anything
downloading stuff
I want to download stuff on my XO laptop, but it keeps taking me to archive manager, which I don't like. I need instructions now!!!
- that is probably because you are downloading files that can only be opened by archive manager. exactly what files are you downloading? perhaps the files are not designed for your XO laptop. --Quozl 22:34, 11 October 2012 (UTC)
Technological and estructural diagram of the OLPC project
I am a volunteer at an organization that implements the OLPC project in Honduras. I am trying to help in different areas and one of them is to create documentation that will guide the end users of the program. This documentation is aided with descriptive images and one of them, which I need from you is the one that has the diagram of the structure of the OLPC project (technology oriented). I was looking at some links that show this diagram but I can not find it anymore. It has an oval of the acronym OLPC in the center and it branches out to the left with technology and to the right with outreach and education. It will be of great help if you can provide me with such an image.
Thank you,
Alfonso Calero (email@example.com)
Alvin, mesh
I have a couple of XO's with me. I would like to change the network protocols and analyze the results.
I would like to know where is the mesh protocol located on the XO? From where can I change the protocols?
Thanks in advance.
- Hello. The mesh protocol is only available on the XO-1 model. Confirm you have an OLPC XO-1 model first. The OLPC XO-1.5, XO-1.75 and XO-4 models do not have mesh. Next, the mesh is implemented inside the wireless module firmware, with some small functions in the Linux kernel. Because it is in the firmware, you cannot practically change the protocol. --Quozl 03:44, 8 April 2013 (UTC)
- Hello Again thanks for a quick response earlier. Yes I have XO-1. I have some more Questions. Is there any way I can change the protocols in XO-1. Will I be able to change the Network Protocol Parameters? If Yes than how? Thanks in advance.
- It depends on which protocol you wish to change. No, the mesh physical protocol cannot be changed. Yes, all the other network protocols above the physical layer can be changed, using Linux commands, Linux kernel run-time configuration parameters, and Linux kernel build-time configuration parameters. Which specific protocol and parameter do you wish to change, and why? --Quozl 01:00, 9 April 2013 (UTC)
- Thanks for the information earlier. My interest is in the routing. I am doing a research on the mesh protocols. Some more questions to answer please. (1) Is the routing (and the corresponding layer) is part of the firmware too? (2) Which application layer software (GUI..etc) do they include to enable students to create links and task on the mesh? Thanks in advance.
- It is of historic use, I guess. XO-1 mesh implementation was not continued beyond XO-1. Our XO-1.5, XO-1.75, and XO-4 models use ad-hoc rather than mesh. To answer your questions: (1) Routing on the mesh is entirely handled by the wireless module firmware. It is an implementation of IEEE 802.11s draft. It is incompatible with IEEE 802.11s final. (2) Sequence is: user selects Sugar network view, then clicks on a Mesh icon. Sugar sends mesh request command to Network Manager daemon. Network manager sends command to kernel. Kernel sends command to wireless module via USB. Reply cascades back up the stack, and the Mesh icon is changed to show it is selected. User starts a Sugar activity and enables sharing. Activity uses multicast UDP to advise activity is available for sharing. Other nodes on the mesh receive the UDP and update their network view. --Quozl 03:39, 9 April 2013 (UTC).
- Thanks for the information earlier. Will I be able to get a chance to edit wireless module firmware? thanks
- Chance: 0.1% Because it is in the firmware, you cannot practically change the mesh protocol. The firmware is the property of Marvell. The source code is not public. The firmware is in the file usb8388.bin which is stored on the laptop. The file is sent to the wireless module after power is turned on. There is no public documentation for the ARM and baseband processor on the module, and these chips are from a silicon design around 2005, and probably no longer available. The module is soldered to the main board. --Quozl 04:58, 9 April 2013 (UTC)
- Hello, I have some more questions. The network is usually organised in a few layers, traditionally in seven. The lowest layer is the physical layer. That is indeed firmware and cannot be edited. Above that we have the data link, network, and transport layer. Routing will happen in one of these layers, usually in the network, sometimes in the data link layer. Question is: where is the routing taking place for the OLPC XO-1 and the other versions of OLPC XO (like XO-1.5 ..etc). thanks.
- We use TCP/IP for networking on OLPC XO, and TCP/IP is not based on a seven layer model. Wikipedia has an article that describes OSI and TCP/IP layering differences. Routing happens in as many layers as are required by the definition of those layers, not only one. There are two layers that contain routing for XO-1, and one for XO-1.5, XO-1.75, and XO-4. The mesh on XO-1 automatically maintains a list of mesh nodes in the wireless module, considered to be physical routing. The other layer is TCP/IP routing, which is provided by Linux, and is not unique to OLPC XO, so it would be redundant to describe it here. Look for a text that describes TCP/IP. --Quozl 01:32, 10 April 2013 (UTC)
- Hello. I would like to know, is there anyway where the protocol parameters and be changed and analyzed? Thanks.
- Hello, sorry. I would like to know if mesh routing protocol parameters on OLPC laptops can be altered (modified/changed) and analyzed? thanks
- See Wireless_Driver_README, RELEASE_NOTES and Mesh_Forwarding_Table. Please also consider Mailing_lists ... the Devel mailing list is a more suitable place for this discussion, and you would find a larger audience. --Quozl 00:28, 11 April 2013 (UTC)
- Hello, sorry. I would like to know if mesh routing protocol parameters on OLPC laptops can be altered (modified/changed) and analyzed? thanks
Who has heard this OLPC "nerdcore" rap song?
The nerdcore rappers called "Dual Core" published a song about the OLPC on Jun 17, 2013. Find it on YouTube here. With only 3,930 views recorded as I write this on June 21, 2017, it would appear that a great many more people might want to give it a listen. Maybe you? - Docdtv 08:28, 21 June 2017 (UTC)
- Fascinating, thanks. Don't think anybody else apart from me is reading this Wiki though. If you'd like to get it out there, try other methods. --Quozl 11:01, 21 June 2017 (UTC)


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Hair Care & Styling Products as Mother's Day Gifts
You can express love to your mom every single day of the year, but Mother's Day will be the perfect occasion to do so. This year, you can ditch the regular cute Mother's Day cards and get your mom a gift that is functional. eBay has a range of hair care and styling products that make for great Mother's Day gifts. From hair regrowth treatments to hair colors, there are plenty of options for you to explore. If your mom has curly hair, giving her a curl balm will the best Mother's Day gift. You can choose a product depending on your mom's hair type. Take your pick from brands like Reemehi, Redken, Conair, Paul Mitchell, and more.
What Effects Does Heat Have on Hair?
Heat from blow dryers, curling irons,straighteners, and curlers can leave hair dry and dull. This is due to the temporary breakdown of hydrogen bonds present in each strand. When you repeat these actions on a daily basis, more permanent damage takes place. To limit the consequences, only apply heat to hair when absolutely necessary.
Is Hair Color Safe?
Coloring hair is not the best practice to encourage the growth of healthy hair, but it is not quite as damaging as bleaching or perming hair. When applying color, the dye needs ammonia and peroxide in order to work and take hold. Both of these chemicals cause damage to hair follicles and the chemical makeup of natural hair. While allergic reactions to the dye are rare, they do happen, so it is wise to test hair dye on a patch of skin prior to applying it all over the scalp area.
What Products Are Most Harmful for Hair?
Both styling and products can have negative effects on hair, which is a protein fiber much like wool. By using heated tools to style and applying harsh products, you can alter the natural composition of your hair and cause gradual damage over time. Some common beauty practices are worse than others, including bleaching, perms,coloring, and blow drying. Even shampooing with the wrong product can cause damage. Try to stay away from ammonium lauryl sulfate, sodium lauryl sulfate,sodium chloride, polyethelyne, parabens, and alcohol, which are potentially harmful ingredients present in some styling products.


text:
These comfy cushions / Pillows are handmade in the United Kingdom , this luxury velvet piped cushion has been design by Artist Christine Varley
Featuring a beautiful detailed illustration of a Airedale Dog from the original painting by the Artist, these cushions have been designed and manufactured in Derbyshire in the UK.
The cushion is filled with a quality standard size 18″ filler pad, measures 43cm by 43cm and finished off with piped edging.
The cushion is made with a mink coloured velvet feel soft backing.
100% polyester, Sponge clean only, 43cm x 43cm


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Note: Images are examples and may not reflect your specific make/model/year/edition.
Nissan Murano [2019 - 2024]
X-Edition™ All Season Mats
Fast Turnaround
On all orders
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On qualified orders
Made in America
Quality you can count on!
Exatmats X-Edition - The premium all-black all-weather floor, trunk, and cargo mats designed to protect & complement your Nissan Murano interior. Fits 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024 Nissan Murano Models.


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ASHRAE Webcast Registration Opens March 21
ATLANTA, March 21, 2016 – Registration for the 2016 ASHRAE Webcast, "Making Net Zero Net Positive: Solving the Efficiency & Cost Paradox," opens today, March 21, at www.ashrae.org/webcast. There is no fee for registration.
The webcast will broadcast live on April 21, 2016, from 1-4 p.m. EDT. This webcast is offered by ASHRAE's Chapter Technology Transfer Committee (CTTC).
"The presenters will discuss the primary technical and financial challenges in achieving net zero buildings," Nathan Hart, chair of the CTTC Webcast Ad Hoc Committee, said. "Viewers will learn the importance of, and why we should strive for, net zero in the built environment. The focus will be on realistic solutions and methods of energy conservation."
Webcast presenters are:
- 2015-16 ASHRAE President David Underwood, P.Eng., CPMP, Oakville, Ontario, Canada
- Marc Brune, P.E., senior associate and mechanical engineer, PAE, Portland, Ore.
- Philip Macey, AIA, national director of collaborative delivery, JE Dunn Construction, Denver, Colo.
- Paul Torcellini, Ph.D., P.E., principal engineer for commercial building research, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colo.
The Webcast has been approved for three HSW Learning Units (LU/HSW) by the American Institute of Architects (AIA) and three Continuing Education Hours (CEs) by GBCI. The state of New York also recognizes AIA course approval.
Visit www.ashrae.org/webcast for more information on the webcast and continuing education credits, as well as ASHRAE net zero resources.
Not able to view the live webcast? Register to take advantage of the free online on demand webcast, which allows viewers unlimited access to the webcast online until May 6, 2016. Registration is required to view the on demand webcast.
ASHRAE, founded in 1894, is a global society advancing human well-being through sustainable technology for the built environment. The Society and its more than 54,000 members worldwide focus on building systems, energy efficiency, indoor air quality, refrigeration and sustainability. Through research, standards writing, publishing, certification and continuing education, ASHRAE shapes tomorrow's built environment today.


text: We are proud to share our tradition of excellence in Catholic education. St. Joseph School develops the whole student – mind, body and spirit – and prepares children for personal growth and academic success. We hope you'll see how warm and welcoming our school community is – it's something we value and hope to pass on to all who visit with us.


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NSPW 2024 will be held on September 16-19, 2024 in Bedford, PA USA. Submissions are due April 12 April 28, 2024.
The New Security Paradigms Workshop (NSPW) is an annual, small invitation-only workshop for researchers in information security and related disciplines. NSPW's focus is on work that challenges the dominant approaches and perspectives in computer security. In the past, such challenges have taken the form of critiques of existing practice as well as novel, sometimes controversial, and often immature approaches to defending computer systems. By providing a forum for important security research that isn't suitable for mainstream security venues, NSPW aims to foster paradigm shifts in information security.
In order to preserve the small, focused nature of the workshop, participation is limited to authors of accepted papers and conference organizers. As a computer security venue, NSPW is unique in format and highly interactive in nature. Each paper is typically the focus of 45 to 60 minutes of presentation and discussion. Authors are encouraged to present ideas that might be considered risky in some other forum, and all participants are charged with providing feedback in a constructive manner. The resulting intensive brainstorming has proven to be an excellent medium for furthering the development of these ideas. The final proceedings are published after the workshop, giving authors an opportunity to incorporate feedback from the workshop.
NSPW is an ACSA conference. The proceedings of NSPW are published by the ACM. Full proceedings are available.


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clutch no. 549w
The inspiration behind our first product line, the clutch is the perfect carryall to keep all of your day-to-night essentials in one place and organized. It's versatile to be used as a clutch or to organize for your lifestyle needs.
- clutch
- tote bag organizer
- travel pouch
- makeup carrier
- jewelry organizer
- electronic reader case
Size: 12" x 7.25"
All bags are hand cut and sewn allowing for slight variations in dimensions.
15% of this purchase is donated to support childhood literacy.


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Active Military Families Get in Free
June 4, 2022 @ 8:00 am - 7:00 pm
In appreciation for your service, Fontenelle Forest is offering all active military and up to five family members receive FREE daily admission to Fontenelle Forest from May 21 to Sept. 5, in partnership with the 2022 Blue Star Museum Program.
The program is available for those currently serving in the United States Military—Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine Corps, Coast Guard as well as members of the Reserves, National Guard, U.S. Public Health Commissioned Corps, NOAA Commissioned Corps, and up to five family members.
Just check-in at our Visitor Services desk with your active military ID!
DATE: May 21 – September 5
To receive free daily admission to Fontenelle Forest through the Blue Star Museums program:
Active military members must check in at Visitor Services with a valid active military ID during normal business hours (see hours at FontenelleForest.org/Visit). Qualified members must show a Geneva Convention common access card (CAC), DD Form 1173 ID card (dependent ID), or a DD Form 1173-1 ID card for entrance into a participating Blue Star Museum.


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Bark Painting Box, internal dimensions 1480X1480mm
Product Category: Bark Painting BoxesA versatile range of bark painting boxes also suitable for other objects and artworks. Made of NAA approved archival corrugated board, the boxes all have a height of 75mm and exceptionally strong base with all four walls having double thickness (four side rollover). Lid has 50mm depth. Other sizes available on request. Measurements are inside dimensions.


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When Star-FM launched on June 25, 2012, it was the first time in 30 years that Zimbabweans, who have known no other radio besides the state-controlled Radio Zimbabwe, had the chance to call in to a radio station to express their views.
"For the first time in my life I've heard statements on radio attacking President Mugabe. I've never heard that before," media consultant Rashweat Mukundu said of the station.
On July 31, Zimbabweans will go to the polls in a "vastly improved" media environment compared to previous years, Mukundu says. "Journalists are free to travel to any part of Zimbabwe to cover a story and no one is in police custody," he told me on the phone from Harare.
Still, the majority of Zimbabweans lack access to plural, independent sources of news, and legal and physical threats to journalists impede their ability to report freely. Independent and international media have questioned the country's readiness to hold an organized election, but the majority of citizens are dependent on strictly controlled state media to provide information.
The licensing of talk radio Star-FM suggests only a cautious and carefully controlled liberalization of the airwaves. Star-FM is owned by the Zimbabwe Newspapers Group (Zimpapers), a government company, and at present can be heard only in Zimbabwe's two major cities, Harare and Bulawayo. While it hosts hotly contested debates between the country's two major political parties–Robert Mugabe's ZANU-PF and the Movement for Democratic Change (MDC) led by Morgan Tsvanigrai –it reaches a minority of English-speaking, urban dwellers. The state-run Radio Zimbabwe broadcasts nationwide in both English and vernacular and is the primary source of news for the vast majority of citizens. A box on the front page of the Zimbabwe Broadcasting Corporation website features "President R.G. Mugabe quotes."
By far the most critical voices are stations located beyond Zimbabwe's borders. SW Radio Africa bills itself as the "independent voice of Zimbabwe," but is located in the United Kingdom, while Studio 7 is a division of the Voice of America. Both stations broadcast on short wave and depend on listeners having access to short-wave receivers, which are expensive and not easily available. Efforts to distribute free solar-powered short-wave radios were crushed by Zimbabwean authorities earlier this year.
In the print arena, independent titles such as Newsday, the Financial Gazette and the Zimbabwe Independent provide more even-handed coverage of the news, but they are written in English, sold mostly in urban areas, and at a cover price of US$2 are too expensive for most citizens. The government mouthpiece The Herald is available countrywide for $1.
Mukundu says political parties still have low tolerance for journalists, as evidenced by the language party leaders use when referring to the media. "They're not used to being under scrutiny," Mukundu said of political candidates. "If state media attend an [opposition] MDC rally and if independent journalists attend a ZANU-PF rally–the hooligans from either side will chase them away."
Assaults on journalists are still common: CPJ documented four cases in June in which reporters were attacked apparently in connection with their coverage of the country's two major political parties.
In response to threats against journalists, the Zimbabwean Union of Journalists' secretary-general, Forster Dongozi, said this year that the union would approach political parties to demand an end to the intimidation of journalists by "media terrorists" who create a "climate of fear" in which the media must operate.
Andy Moyse, project coordinator at the independent Media Monitoring Project Zimbabwe (MMPZ), agrees that there is "significant freedom" among some of the private media, but he told CPJ that a lack of reform means that journalists are still subject to laws that threaten them with jail for undermining state security or the military or insulting the president. "So if you report on corruption, you could be deemed to be undermining the authority of the state," Moyse said. "There is self-censorship–people don't investigate or comment as they should."
Critical for a credible election in Zimbabwe is the registration of voters and the creation of an accurate voters' roll–a process that has been dogged with problems. According to media reports, some two million Zimbabweans under the age of 30 are unregistered. The Research and Advocacy Unit, an independent non-government organization, found that the voters' roll included a million people who are either dead or have left the country, and in 78 constituencies out of 210 there were more registered voters than adult residents.
The inability of the Zimbabwe Electoral Commission (ZEC) to deliver ballot papers and voting equipment in time to allow special voting for police and other eligible officials on July 14 and 15 led the independent, nonprofit Election Resource Centre to call for the elections to be delayed to allow for adequate logistical preparation. According to a South African Press Association and Associated Press report, the current levels of disorganization make it impossible for the country's voters to cast their ballots at 9,600 polling stations on election day. In the words of an editorial in the independent South African Mail & Guardian newspaper: "Given that the Zimbabwe Electoral Commission was unable to organize a smooth vote for just 80,000 over two days, how can it be expected to handle six million voters in one day come July 31?"
Analysis of preparations for the election has not found its way into Zimbabwe's dominant, state-controlled media. On June 28, the MMPZ criticized the "sunshine journalism" of the state-controlled media for its "superficial and uninformative coverage" of mobile voter registration efforts. And according to its recent Election Watch report, the government-aligned media ignores many of the human rights violations reported by private news outlets. But there is no mechanism to compel powerful media institutions like the Zimbabwe Broadcasting Corporation to give better coverage or equal coverage to all parties, Mukundu says.
"Media is important for this process," he says. "They have a role in providing technical information that you need to hear from government and the Electoral Commission — information about polling stations for example. You can't get this from your friends. It's a challenge for citizens to get information about the elections."
[Reporting from Cape Town]
UPDATE: The designation of Rashweat Mukundu in the second paragraph has been modified.


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Moonlit Raven Tote Bag
Moonlit Raven Tote Bag
My high quality crafted Tote Bags are both fabulous and functional! Great for the grocery store, jaunts to the beach, book club, workouts or school. These awesome tote bags are hand sewn and custom printed in the USA from a lightweight, cotton/poly poplin fabric with double stitched seams for added durability. This fashionable tote bag features my original artwork on both sides using dye sublimation to ensure the longest color life of your new artwork and has a sturdy 1" wide cotton strap for comfort. All seams and stress points are double stitched for durability.
SIZE: 13x13 16x16 or 18x18
MATERIAL - Cotton/Poly Poplin
CARE - Machine wash in cold water on gentle cycle or by hand. Do not use bleach. Hang to dry and iron on reverse.
Copyright Brazen Design Studio
All Rights Reserved.
Free Shipping is available worldwide with the exception of large artwork.
For questions regarding shipping fine art to your location, please contact me, I'm happy to help
Buyers are responsible for any customs and import taxes that may apply. -
All artwork can be returned within 14 days of receipt if it is not to your liking. Safe packaging and return postage are the responsibility of the buyer.
Please be advised that each computer monitor is different and colours may vary. A photo can never do a piece of artwork justice, but I try my best to have it represented online as accurately as possible.
Brazen Edwards
Brazen Edwards is a Canadian artist and designer based out of Vancouver. Primarily working with watercolours and fluid acrylics she tries to enhance the world around her by capturing a colourful portrayal of the vibrant landscapes we inhabit. To create a playful atmosphere where the viewer is left connected with the intricacies of nature is the foundation of her artwork.
Curate Your Collection
Simply mix and match to create your own unique gallery wall.


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Performance Monitoring uses traces to collect data about monitored processes in your app. A trace is a report that contains data captured between two points in time in your app.
For Apple and Android apps, Performance Monitoring automatically measures the rendering performance of different screens in your application. Performance Monitoring creates a screen rendering trace for every screen in your application. These traces collect and measure the following metrics:
Slow rendering frames — Measures the percentage of screen instances that take longer than 16ms to render.
Frozen frames — Measures the percentage of screen instances that take longer than 700ms to render.
Slow or frozen frames in your application might result in poor device performance, also known as jank or lag. Capturing frozen and slow rendering frame metrics can help you identify underperforming screens, giving you the ability to improve the rendering performance of your application.
You can view data for screen rendering traces in the Screen rendering tab of the traces table. The traces table is located at the bottom of the Performance page of the Firebase console. For more information, see Track, view, and filter performance data.
Metrics collected by screen rendering traces
These traces are out-of-the-box traces, so you cannot add custom metrics or custom attributes to them.
Slow rendering frames and frozen frames are calculated with an assumed device refresh rate of 60Hz. If a device refresh rate is lower than 60Hz, each frame will have a slower rendering time because fewer frames are rendered per second. Slower rendering times can cause more slow or frozen frames to be reported because more frames will be rendered slower or will freeze. However, if a device refresh rate is higher than 60Hz, each frame will have a faster rendering time. This can cause fewer slow or frozen frames to be reported. This is a current limitation in the Performance Monitoring SDK.
Slow rendering frames
This metric is the percentage of user sessions that experienced a noticeable amount of slow rendering for a specific screen. Specifically, this metric is the percentage of screen instances during which more than 50% of frames took longer than 16 ms to render.
Frozen frames
This metric is the percentage of user sessions that experienced a noticeable amount of frozen frames for a specific screen. Specifically, this metric is the percentage of screen instances during which more than 0.1% of frames took longer than 700 ms to render.
How are screen rendering traces generated?
Starts for every UIViewController in the keyWindow when the app calls
.Stops when the app calls
Note that screen rendering traces don't capture canonical container view controllers.
Track, view, and filter performance data
To view real-time performance data, make sure that your app uses a Performance Monitoring SDK version that's compatible with real-time data processing. Learn more about real-time performance data.
Track key metrics in your dashboard
To learn how your key metrics are trending, add them to your metrics board at the top of the Performance dashboard. You can quickly identify regressions by seeing week-over-week changes or verify that recent changes in your code are improving performance.
To add a metric to your metrics board, follow these steps:
- Go to the Performance dashboardin the Firebase console.
- Click an empty metric card, then select an existing metric to add to your board.
- Click on a populated metric card for more options, for example to replace or remove a metric.
The metrics board shows collected metric data over time, both in graphical form and as a numerical percentage change.
Learn more about using the dashboard.
View screen performance on console
To view your traces, go to the Performance dashboard in the Firebase console, scroll down to the traces table, then click the appropriate subtab. The table displays some top metrics for each trace, and you can even sort the list by the percentage change for a specific metric.
Performance Monitoring provides a troubleshooting page in the Firebase console that highlights metric changes, making it easy to quickly address and minimize the impact of performance issues on your apps and users. You can use the troubleshooting page when you learn about potential performance issues, for example, in the following scenarios:
- You select relevant metrics on the dashboard and you notice a big delta.
- In the traces table you sort to display the largest deltas at the top, and you see a significant percentage change.
- You receive an email alert notifying you of a performance issue.
You can access the troubleshooting page in the following ways:
- On the metric dashboard, click the View metric details button.
- On any metric card, select
. The troubleshooting page displays information about the metric you selected. => View details - In the traces table, click a trace name or any metric value in the row associated with that trace.
- In an email alert, click Investigate now.
When you click a trace name in the traces table, you can then drill down into metrics of
interest. Click the
- Filter by App version to view data about a past release or your latest release
- Filter by Device to learn how older devices handle your app
- Filter by Country to make sure your database location isn't affecting a specific region
Learn more about viewing data for your traces.
Next Steps
Learn more about using attributes to examine performance data.
Learn more about how to track performance issues in the Firebase console.


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What are my chances of getting pregnant in any given month?
For a healthy, fertile couple where both partners are under the age of 35, the chance of getting pregnant straight away is actually pretty low – it's estimated at around 25 percent per month, if you have regular unprotected sex around the time of ovulation.
If you're not actively trying to conceive and not planning intercourse to occur around the time of conception, but you are having regular unprotected sex, your chances of getting pregnant drop to just 11 percent per month.
That's why doctors have traditionally suggested waiting until you have been trying for a baby for a year before starting fertility investigations, although many couples choose to start preliminary investigations after six months, particularly if they are over thirty.
How do the chances of getting pregnant change as I get older?
On average, a woman with no fertility issues will fall pregnant after four months of trying to get pregnant – but from around the age of 21, fertility slowly declines with age until around 35, then declines faster until the age of 40, after which fertility decline is very rapid.
There is much debate between scientists about the odds of conception.
Here is one of the most commonly cited estimates on the percentage chance of conception after one year of trying:
- Age 20: 90% probability
- Age 30: 70% probability
- Age 35: 55% probability
- Age 40: 45% probability
- Age 45: 6% probability
A 2002 study by Dunson et al studied 782 healthy couples in Italy and the USA and found that there was great variability in the chances of getting pregnant on the peak day of conception (two days before ovulation). They estimated that, for a couple who were the same age, the odds of falling pregnant in any one menstrual cycle when having sex on the peak day for conception were:
- Aged 19 to 26: 50% chance in any one menstrual cycle
- Aged 27 to 34: 40% chance in any one menstrual cycle
- Aged 35 to 39: less than 30% chance in any one menstrual cycle, but with a male partner five years older, the chance falls to less than 20% chance in any one menstrual cycle
This research suggested that smoking, sexually transmitted disease history and occupational exposures contributed to lower fertility rates.
Can IVF improve fertility rates for older women?
Increased use of assisted conception treatments by older couples has helped promote the idea that fertility treatments like IVF can postpone the natural decline of fertility.
However, success rates for IVF still mirror those of natural fertility, with reports issued by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) show that the rate of live births from IVF and similar treatments using the mother's eggs decreases with age.
The latest figures show that for women under 35, the percentage of live births after one cycle of assisted reproductive treatments (including IVF) was about 45%.
Success rates declined after this age group. For those between ages 35-37 it was about 37%, dropping steadily to just 6.6% for those aged over 42.
But older women can dramatically raise their IVF success rates by using an egg donor; the CDC report states that the chance of a fertilised egg implanting depends on the age of the woman who produced the egg.
Success rates for women, even in their mid-forties, who use a donor egg from a woman in her 20s or early 30s remains above 40%.
Many women have no trouble falling pregnant over 35 or even over forty; but if you're over 35 and haven't fallen pregnant after six months, it's worth talking to your doctor and starting fertility investigations.
What can be done to improve my odds?
Plenty of products, consultants and websites promise to improve your chances of getting pregnant – for a price. But many are rip-offs with no scientific evidence, which prey on the vulnerability of people keen to have a baby.
Here's some tips on improving your chances of getting pregnant, without paying a fortune:
Reduce your stress levels
There's a strong correlation between stress levels and fertility. If the main reason you're stressed is that you want to have a baby, then this is hollow-sounding advice indeed.But there are often ways you can change other stresses in your life; take a holiday; re-think your job or other commitments that might shift down your priority list.
Aim for a healthy weight
Research shows that there is a strong connection between obesity in women and lower fertility. Being significantly underweight for long periods of time can also negatively impact your fertility. Try for a healthy balance!
Improve your diet
While research evidence is inconclusive, some fertility experts swear by a diet of organic foods. It's your choice whether to go all-out or just keep an eye on your food choices (eating at home and avoiding takeaway is a good start!)
Quit smoking and cut back on the booze
There's a strong link between smoking and reduced fertility in both men and women; this might be enough of an incentive to help you kick the habit.
Regular exercise
You don't have to become a gym junkie – in fact, it's better if you're not – but some regular exercise each day can't hurt; and if a nice long walk reduces your stress levels and improves your cardio status, it might well help your chances of getting pregnant.
By Fran Molloy, journalist and mum of four
Last Published* December, 2022
*Please note that the published date may not be the same as the date that the content was created and that information above may have changed since.