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Have you ever wondered how a commercial photo shoot is done? Well, wonder no more. Today, photographer Zhang Jingna will walk us through the entire process, from request to postproduction. Here is how it works, in Jingna's own words:
One of the most frequently asked questions I receive is how a commercial photo shoot is done. In this post I'll be doing a little walkthrough of the steps involved in one of my typical productions, from pre-shoot to final product. Whether you're an upcoming photographer or just a hobbyist, I hope it sheds some light on the behind-the-scenes and you will find it an interesting read.
Before I start, I should also mention that typically for major clients, there is usually a large team of people working on a campaign. In those instances an executive producer will handle everything related to preparing the shoot, and thus often, all that's needed of the photographer is to prepare his treatment (more on that in a bit), show up, and shoot.
However, for many other jobs, it's becoming increasingly popular these days for the photographer to quote and execute the full-scale production of the photoshoot themselves. This post will cover a project's process on this scale.
1. How It Begins – Quotation Request
It begins with a quotation request from the client or advertising agency, for the sake of consistency I'm going to use the agency as contact point in this post. The typical email will include details such as the following:
- Date of shoot
- Date of ad launch/deadline
- Number of images
- Usage terms (For how long, which medias.)
- Visual reference/layout for how the ad will look like.
- What they'd like you to include for quotation. (Is it just photography and usage? Or also studio, stylist, hair, makeup, models?)
From here, I'll use the above as reference to create a checklist after confirming my availability. It's important that I can commit to the days I'll estimate to need for production, as well as to be completely available on the date of shoot itself.
Following that, it's time to request for rates from my team and vendors, the usual costs may include:
- Studio/equipment/catering
- Retouching
- Stylist
- Wardrobe (The stylist will usually give you an estimate.)
- Hair stylist
- Makeup artist
- Model
There may be other things as well of course, depending on the scale and complexity of a shoot. Sometimes you may need a location scout, casting director, or a producer who will assist you in finding the props, things, and people you need, but other times you can probably accomplish those on your own. So while at this, remember to charge a production fee for the days you're spending on production as well (if you can). After these costs have been added up with your photography rates, you wait to hear back from the agency.
2. The Next Step – Photographer's Treatment
This happens two ways, sometimes it's requested during the job bid, sometimes it's part of pre-production after you've been confirmed. (I highly recommend billing 50% upon confirmation.)
For those unfamiliar, the photographer's treatment it's a presentation of your mood boards detailing all the photographic aspects of the shoot, such as:
- Lighting and mood
- Color treatment
- Makeup and hair styles
- Model's poses/expressions
- Camera angles/framing
These will end up being a part of the pre-production deck for client during pre-production meetings, which will also include photos of models, wardrobe, location, call sheet, layouts, etc.
It may sound a little weird to those who've never done it before, that the photographer would have to go into detail with the shots in this manner. Hasn't the client already agreed to what's in the visual reference anyway? Well sometimes it feels like it has been, but sometimes the agency/client just need to make sure you get it too. And sometimes, because we're good at our jobs, we know exactly what and how that drawing or composite photo mashup will look in our end product (and it's not exactly like the drawing or photo mashup), so this is to help us express what we'll be doing before we can provide the finished work for the ad.
The treatment will help avoid misunderstandings and mismatched expectations (I'll always mention the things I'll try to achieve, but also highlight the word 'try' for more challenging elements. You can't control 100% of outcome all the time. So do expectation management now.)
3. Casting
When the model agencies send you quotations for the job, they would often have attached packages of their available models already. From there you can shortlist the faces you like and arrange for a casting, don't be afraid to request for more options if you don't see anyone that fits the look and feel you're going for.
I want to emphasize here that casting is an extremely important part of production. In finding the perfect model and face (and attitude!), your job will be a lot easier on set and you'll achieve great pictures with so much more efficiency. It also ensures you that you're up to date on exactly how the model looks like and no surprises will happen (imagine if they can't fit into the clothes)!
4. Your Team
This one is relatively straightforward. You should already have a few regulars you love working with, whether from doing editorials or test shoots. Unless the client requests specific names for the job, there is no reason to try getting someone 'bigger' or 'better — your team has stuck with you for editorials and test shoots, you have a good rapport and know exactly how each other work, you want to thank them for their time and ensure you have a supporting team behind yourself. Hire them.
5. Risks and Backups
Almost every shoot will have a small chance of something going wrong, be it camera failure, last minute cancellations, models falling sick, or the studio becoming unavailable. Always make sure you have a backup, a second and third option on hand for someone you can call.
As the productions get larger, there will be more and more external factors to consider. Understand that certain things are simply out of your control, such as weather challenges, location limitations, travel difficulties, etc. Evaluate the risks, discuss your concerns with the ad agency and formulate plans for what to do case things don't go as planned.
Whatever happens, stay calm and work it out in an orderly fashion. In the absolute, absolute worst case scenario, it will be a lesson learnt so you can prepare and handle it better should a similar situation arise in the future. We all start somewhere and will have to make some mistakes, so long as you learn something from it, it's not the end. Stay positive!
6. Pre-production Meetings (PPM)
You have finished your treatment presentation, casted and shortlisted the models, confirmed your call time, studio, hair and makeup team, and your stylist has prepared a list of options for wardrobe. You sit down at the meeting with the creative team and client to go over details for your ideas and shooting schedules. These meetings will make sure that everyone is on the same page, so if you have any questions and concerns, address them!
7. Equipment Rentals & Final Checks
When everything has been confirmed, I usually have three checklists I check off from:
- The crew: pretty much everyone that receives the call sheet, to confirm they know their call times and the shooting schedule (and that the date hasn't been changed.)
- The vendors: deliveries, locations, etc. Whether it's catering, additional equipment/props, or locations we're renting by the hour, confirm all the bookings.
- Equipment: a pack list of my own things to bring, as well the rental list for equipment I'll be using.
Double and triple check you've got everything!
8. Pre-light
Once all that's s set, the last thing is light test. You may not need to do one if the visuals for lighting and mood are something you do on a regular basis, as you'll already know all the nuances to those setups quite well. Personally, I like to play around with lighting for both editorials and personal work, so when I know there's something very specific that I have to get exactly right for for a campaign, I always spend a couple hours at the studio testing the setup. It's best to be completely prepared for the shoot, you'll feel better too.
What equipment I use will depend heavily on the approved visuals. There's a lot that can be done with the same gear just by varying up the set up, ratio, distance, and processing. For me, the quality of light itself depends on just a few quintessential lightshapers I always like to use:
- Profoto Softbox RFi 5′ Octa for a large, beautiful and even light.
- Profoto Softlight Reflector White (The "Beauty Dish") – the definitive item for a beautiful, sharp and strong image.
- Profoto Softbox RFi 1×4′ for fill or edge light that don't spill too much.
At this point, you're probably thinking that this list is so because this is a Profoto blog post, which hey, it is. But truth is I've been renting Profotos since I started shooting 8 years ago, and after trying a number of different brands, I realized I love the product design and durability of Profotos the best. They are intuitive and easy to set up, and just feel (and are) so much more sturdy and rugged for taking a little abuse on busy sets. The most important factor though, is probably its consistency and reliability. You have no idea how frustrating it is shooting with strobes that skip on flashes during movement shots. It's bad to happen on an editorial shoot, but devastating on a commercial set, I like keep to quality here at all costs.
And so, usually from the above list, I'll pick out my key light, find a suitable backdrop, and set up the light test. After some tweaking, changing of backdrops, and sometimes adding and removing lights, I'll arrive at what is the perfect combination for what I need. I then mark down the positions of light, model, backdrop, and write down my settings. After that, I do a colour processing test on the spot and save the settings to my shooting computer.
It sounds like a lot to do, but my motto is to over-prepare than under. This gives me more confidence and a peace of mind for the actual shoot, and I'll save time in setting up as well.
9. Shoot Day
It's your big day! Arrive early, have some coffee, buy some donuts and bites for everyone, we all love some yummy food to start the day.
This is where you just do your thing — be confident, you're thoroughly prepared and ready.
Hang around to check on hair and makeup every now and then just to make sure it's exactly what you and the client want. Don't be afraid to pull the model away for light tests. Foundation and products will affect the model's skin and hair colour and textures in pictures, allowing yourself moments for these tweaks will ensure that there'd be minimal downtime when the model's fully prepped and ready to shoot.
That aside, just remember that your art and creative directors and stylist are your best friends on set. You'll have each other's backs should there be any hiccups or problems, stay calm and polite. If you really get upset about something, talk to people privately, sort it out. Tension and bad atmosphere is contagious just as a happy mood is, you don't want everyone uncomfortable and unable to do their job. Also don't forget to have assistants time-check to stay on schedule.
At the end of the day (or as you shoot), the art director may have already picked out a selection of shortlisted images. Go over the pictures with them and vote your favourites too, it's a team project, but it's your work after all.
10. Post Production
Naturally, how much work there is to be done here depends on the complexity of the visual. Just let your retoucher do their thing (or your thing, if you're retouching it!), make sure markups and notes for retouching are detailed and clear, and any hours and rounds of revisions that exceed your original quote are billed for. From there on after the final image delivery, the rest is up to the ad agency. (Bill for remaining 50% here.)
11. The Final Things
One last checklist:
- Get high resolution artwork from ad agency
- Send files to your team
- Request for invoices from your team and vendors for those you haven't paid, pay them
When the campaign is launched, remember to get the high resolution artwork from the ad agency. You may not be a big fan of the ad, it wasn't shot in your style and you won't include it in your portfolio, so why bother? Well, you never know when you'll need something for a pitch or presentation one day. It's also just good habit to keep an archive of all your work and to stay organized. When I was applying for my O-1 visa two years ago, my commercial portfolio was one of the most important things in the application.
And since we're on the topic of organization, file all the documents from the shoot as well! I like to keep all the casting details, lighting setups, crew and vendor information saved and organized. Once again, you never know when you'll need a contact or reference back to an old project one day.
Last but not least, don't forget to have your team invoice you so you can pay them! Freelancers can get lazy about paperworks, if you let it lapse, it's only going to become a bigger pain later on. Do it right now!
And that's it! I hope this was helpful and offers some insights to what goes on behind the scenes from my end. Leave a comment below if you guys have any more questions!
Zhang Jingna
Jingna will soon be back with more tips and tricks for the curious up-and-coming photographer.
Meanwhile, you can see more of her work at her website, on Facebook and follow her on Instagram.


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Sweat doesn't smell. It's a clear, odourless liquid mostly made up of water, salt, proteins and oils. The smell that we call 'body odour' is actually caused by bacteria.
Our body is home to millions of harmless bacteria that help the skin's natural defense. They survive and grow in moist, humid and nutrient-rich environments – just like our armpit areas. Bacteria feed on our sweat and metabolise it, producing byproducts that have a very distinctive smell – like vinegar, cheese or onion.
What causes body odour – or BO – are the excretions from the bacteria that feed on your sweat. This is a totally natural process that starts during puberty.
Smelly armpits and bad body odour aren't harmful to your health, but we all know they can sometimes cause embarrassment. Making a few changes to your daily routine can improve your body odour.
Make sure to shower at least once a day, and use an antiperspirant deodorant like Rexon to stay dry and fresh. Wear clean, fully dry clothes and change them regularly to stop the build-up of dry sweat or sweat patches.


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Sips for a Healthy Spring
Spring is right around the corner and you're probably more than ready to get out of the house and enjoy some fresh air. The upcoming season may have you thinking about making some healthy changes to your diet or activity level, or maybe you're remembering a New Year's resolution that may have fallen off your radar – whatever your reasoning, now is the perfect time to make a heathy change to your routine.
Over winter, temptations are everywhere and they can be hard to pass up. With so many seasonal sweets and desserts, it's easy to fall into a pattern of overeating and indulgence. For people wanting to manage blood sugar spikes, Glucerna® shakes are a great and tasty way to replace a dessert or snack during the day. With flavors like Rich Chocolate, Homemade Vanilla, Creamy Strawberry, Classic Butter Pecan and Chocolate Caramel, Glucerna® can help satisfy cravings and manage blood sugar.*
Another way to improve your overall health this spring is to increase your activity level and ensure you're getting enough protein. Ensure® nutrition shakes provide up to 30 grams of protein, promoting strength and energy**. Delectable flavors like Milk Chocolate, Vanilla, Banana Nut, Strawberry, Coffee Latte, Dark Chocolate and Café Mocha make it easy to get the protein your body needs.
Making nutritious choices can still be delicious with Glucerna® and Ensure®.
*Designed to help minimize blood sugar spikes in people with diabetes compared to high-glycemic carbohydrates.
**Ensure® Max Protein has 30 grams of protein.


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Borderlands 2 - Game of the Year Edition
Buy Borderlands 2 GOTY now!
You will get the Key for the game via eMail immediately within a few minutes.Download the game FULL speed for free via the Steam network.Steam can be found here.
Product description
Contents of the Borderlands 2 GOTY Edition
Borderlands 2 is a hybrid First-Person Shooter, RPG game focused on over-the-top co-op play, and set in the open-world game environment of the planet Pandora. The second game in the game series, Borderlands 2 raises the 'loot and shoot' action of the original game with an even larger and more detailed world to explore, an updated gun system, a new cast of characters and character classes, and integration of storyline with action.
Borderlands 2, sequel to the critically acclaimed and best selling role-playing-shooter hybrid, once again delivers its unique flavor, characters and addictive nonstop collaborative loot-shoot gameplay. As in the original game, Borderlands 2 features an openworld game environment, but this time around the world players experience is larger and packed with more depth at all levels. The game features an all-new cast of characters, skills, environments, enemies, weapons, and equipment that come together in a carefully crafted and connected story. Make new friends, arm them to the teeth and fight alongside them on a relentless quest for revenge and redemption through the undiscovered and unpredictable living world of Pandora.
System requirements
OS: Windows XP SP3
Processor: 2.4 GHz Dual Core Processor
Memory: 2 GB(XP)/ 2 GB(Vista)
Hard Disk Space: 20 GB free
Video Memory: 256 MB
Video Card: NVIDIA GeForce 8500 /ATI Radeon HD 2600
Sound: DirectX 9.0c Compatible
OS: Windows XP SP3/Vista/Win 7
Processor: 2.3 GHz Quad Core processor
Memory: 2 GB
Hard Disk Space: 20 GB free
Video Memory: 512MB
Video Card: NVIDIA GeForce GTX 560 / ATI Radeon HD 5850
Sound: DirectX 9.0c Compatible
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Entries with no category
Hello Xsyon Citizens! This coming Saturday we will be running our first exclusive PvP event this year: Capture the Flag Fortress. The event will commence at 11:00 AM PST, Saturday April 23 on the War Server. Please arrive early if you wish to participate in the battles. As with my last update I don't have much new to report. I'm continuing to work parallel on various major improvements. - Creature and combat revisions. I've been testing performance ...
Hello Xsyon Citizens! The servers have been updated with a minor optimization patch during maintenance. Note: Maintenance will possibly take 2-3 hours tonight due to data being set up for upcoming changes. Full details and a more extensive update will be posted during the day!
Updated 02-26-2016 at 02:20 AM by XsyonMaster


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Welcome Crochet-Alongers!
Today marks the first week of our Fuzzy Panda Amigurumi adventure together. I'm Tamie Snow of Roxycraft.com and I'll be your guide for the next month while we learn some fun new techniques for your amigurumi.
So if you haven't signed up yet, it's never too late. Just comment and introduce yourself and you're in! We'd also love it if you would join the Flickr group so you can share pictures of your finished projects with us and other CALers!
This week we're going to start with the basics. I have some fun video tutorials on youtube that should help you get started. Read on for today's lesson!
Amigurumi Video Lessons
These videos should get you started if you are new to making Amigurumi.
- The Chain Two Technique(my preference)
- The Magic Ring (from planet june-not a video)
- The Proper Stitch Tension for Amigurumi
- Which is the Right Side?
Tips and Tricks for the Fuzzy Panda
- To ensure the best results in your finished dolls, stick to the same brands of yarns and hook sizes they were designed for.
- Even the slightest change in the weight of the yarn can yield widely different results. You can pick whatever colors you like, but stick with the same brand.
- If you are more experienced yarn-aholic, find other yarns with similar weight and be ready to change hook sizes if you have gaps between stitches.
- When in doubt, go down a hook size.
- For the head and body of this doll, get a roving style wool yarn like Lion Brand Alpine Wool. It works the best and is widely available. I cannot guarantee the brushed technique will work on any other kind of yarn.
- Use as tight a tension as you are comfortable with. Loose stitches=lumpy shapeless dolls.
Brushed Amigurumi
Here is a fun video to introduce you to the Brushed Amigurumi Technique:
Homework for Next Week
Finish crocheting all the pieces of the head and be ready to assemble it.
Those of you who want to skip ahead and finish your doll to completion are welcome to do so…as long as you promise to share the pics in the Flickr group!
Join Make: Community Today


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If you have decided that a cat is a right pet for you, then you may think that the decision-making process is complete, but in fact, you are still at the very beginning. Cats, like humans, are all very different and selecting one to suit your needs and lifestyle is vitally important as it will require the commitment of your love, care, and attention for upwards of 10 years. Here is our guide to helping you pick your perfect cat.
Kitten or adult cat?
Many people instinctively choose kittens over adult cats, and this is largely due to their childlike cuteness, curiosity, and playful behavior. However, they may not realize that they need a great deal of supervision, patience, attention, and training. Leave unsupervised kittens in your sitting room for any period of time and you could be faced with a surprising level of destruction! It is also difficult to know exactly what personality they may develop once they outgrow their kitten traits. She may become a docile companion, or she may continue to be a mischievous and energetic ball of fur.
It is also important to remember that if you are bringing a kitten into a home with very young children, you will need to provide an added amount of supervision. This is because your child may be exhibiting the same curiosity and mischievous behavior as your kittens and will be unlikely to give them the gentle touch that they require.
By comparison, older cats may have outgrown some of that initial cuteness, but the typical behaviors that they exhibit after around the age of one will be a reliable indicator of their regular temperament.
Short vs long hair
Responsible pet owners always make sure that their pets are well-groomed, and in the case of longer hair animals, this can prove to be a considerable commitment. Long fur will need to be brushed at least once per day to prevent matting and so if you opt for a long-haired, cat then you will need to ensure that you have sufficient time to dedicate to daily grooming.
Not all cats like bring groomed and if your cat doesn't then you may have to enlist the services of a professional groomer. However, if your cat is one that loves to be pampered then she will come running as soon as she sees her brush!
Personality and pure breed vs mixed breed
While pure breed cats tend to conform to what is known as a 'breed standard,' meaning that you can predict their expected physical and behavioral characteristics based on breed type, each animal is still unique. Many people believe that purchasing a pure breed will not only guarantee its temperament, but will also ensure it has good health, but sadly this is not the case. Many pure breed animals suffer from genetic health problems due to inter-breeding.
It is also possible to estimate the physical and behavioral traits of mixed breed cats based on the combination of breeds used to create it. For example, combining two short-haired, highly active breeds will be extremely likely to produce another short-haired highly active cat.
As we have said, whether pure or mixed breed, each cat is unique and will require handling to suit their personality. Some are sedentary, some are active, some love to be stroked and handled, and others will only come to you for petting when it suits them. If you are looking for a companion cat, then you would ideally be looking for a sedentary and tactile cat, whereas if you are looking for a cat to play with children, then you should aim for an active breed.
We hope that you have found this article helpful and wish you every success in
picking your perfect cat.


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The Hosa Little Bro Sub Snake is a compact, pro-quality snake. Perfect for the stage or studio, this snake provides 6 XLR channels and two balanced TRS sends, which can be used as returns as well. Use one or two sends as your monitor return(s) and you have everything taken care of in one simple connection.
Hosa Little Bro Audio Snake Features


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After my post yesterday, Dave asked me what I thought about the ending of the movie. He was a bit vague with the wording of the question, possibly to keep from spoiling people reading the conversation on G+, but as I've read his thoughts on the subject, I had a pretty good idea what he was specifically referring to, and (huge surprise) I had some thoughts about it.
So, far more than yesterday, this post will contain spoilers. You've been cautioned.
Now then.
Disclaimer: I love Dwarves
This will come as a surprise to precisely no one, nor will the fact that it all started with The Hobbit. Character-building moments in the story are few and far between for anyone who doesn't have furry feet, but there are a few; many involving Balin, who remains my favorite among the company as they are portrayed in the book. (I really like the movie version of Bofur.)
I think my preference for Balin grew out of the fact that he seemed the closest with Bilbo – he did things the other dwarves didn't, and they were kind things. He was first dwarf to actually reenter the Mountain after 170 years. And he could speak to birds, which is pretty cool.
Balin put dwarves on my horizon. I kept my eyes out for them when I got to the Lord of the Rings, and I was rewarded with Gimli's bluff and bluster and hidden heart of gold. He felt young to me – full of surety and ignorance, but not so calcified in his ways that he couldn't change. He learned to see the wonder in things he once feared. Loved something he knew he could never have. Pledged himself to goals he believed utterly lost.
And he taught an elf something about beauty, which is a hell of a thing.
After four or five trips through The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings, I picked up The Silmarillion. References to dwarves in this decidedly elf-heavy book are pretty thin on the ground, but the parts where they are mentioned, I remembered.
"Since they were to come in the days of the power of Melkor, Aulë made the dwarves strong to endure. Therefor they are stone-hard, stubborn, fast in friendship and in enmity, and they suffer toil and hunger and hurt of body more hardily than all other speaking peoples; and they live long, far beyond the span of Men, yet not forever."
So, in Tolkien's creation, Dwarves aren't like elves or men; they weren't originally part of "the Plan." They weren't created so much as crafted by the smith of the gods. They're the adopted children, the outsiders, the ones made according to a different set of rules; created to be strong and resistant to the evils in the world (one reason the Seven Rings didn't bring any dwarves into Sauron's service). They're secretive, proud, tougher than any other people, and equally unable to forget a wrong or debt. They long for beautiful things, but at the same time don't seem to know what to do with them once they have them, and this absolutely extends to matters of affection and love.
They're noble and doomed, even more so than elves, at least in part because dwarves are far more visibly flawed. They never seem to get anything just exactly right; even when they get what they want, they push for more and ruin what they have. They do the wrong things for the right reasons, or the right things for the wrong reasons, and not only pay the price, but inflict that price on those they love and hold dear.
They're pretty much the easiest thing in the world for a boy in his teens to identify with.
So let's talk about Thorin's company and The Hobbit.
An Unexpected Pity Party
From the very beginning of the book, we get the story of Thorin, his family, and everything the dwarves lost when the dragon came to Erebor. Did they make a place for themselves in the Blue Mountain and Ered Luin? Yes, yes, but that doesn't matter, because there's this Lonely Mountain, see, and the dragon took that from us, and we want it back.
Thorin &co. go on like this for the next 250 pages or so. Especially Thorin. I think it's fair to say that the idea of some kind of showdown between these wronged dwarves and Smaug the Tremendous is pretty clearly telegraphed.
And then Tolkien lets us down.
The problem is, Tolkien functioned both as storyteller and historian for this amazing world he created. That's fine, most of the time, but every so often he'd mess things up whilst sitting down at his desk and pull on one hat when he really should have been wearing the other.
In this case, Smaug hit the pages and Tolkien found himself in historian mode, instead of storyteller.
See, a storyteller knows that if you set up the Dragon and What The Dragon Did To Us for a couple hundred pages, you owe it both to those characters and the reader to give those dwarves some closure. A showdown. Something.
You know what happens between the dwarves and Smaug?
Nothing. Absolutely nothing. Not one word is exchanged. No barbs are traded. No blows given or received.
Bilbo bandies words and steals a cup. The dragon flies around a bit and smites the mountainside, then heads off to Laketown for a some desultory wrack and ruin.
Bard kills him.
The dwarves cower in a dark tunnel for two days, send Bilbo down to see what's going on, then spend the next week or so dumpster diving in Smaug's horde.
And why did it shake out this way? Because Historian Tolkien knows who Bard is, who he's descended from, and the fact that because of all that, he has some of the same claim to vengeance as Thorin.
Tolkien knows that. The reader doesn't really know any of it, but Historian Tolkien has assumed direct control of this section of the book, closure be damned, and he's going to tie a bow (see what I did there?) on the virtually unknown epic cycle of the Men of Dale. So there.
Jackson Gives Us (Action-Packed!) Closure
Now, please don't get me wrong: I agree that the last action scene in The Desolation of Smaug owes a bit more to the Temple of Doom than Tolkien. It's a little over the top. Yes. Conceded.
Just for fun, let's ignore the crazy bits and look at what actually happens, because I believe Jackson managed to hide some really amazing story chocolate in the action peanut butter.
Thorin Needs Your Help
That's what Jackson's thinking as he squares off with this section of the story. The whole thing where Thorin never ever actually sees the dragon, or confronts him, or anything? That has got. to. go. That's shit. Acknowledged.
But now you have a problem, and it's the same problem Storyteller Tolkien had when he was writing it (which may be why he let the historian take the lead).
Thorin has no play to make.
He's got no army and, let's be serious: he needs one. Smaug is force of nature – an armored, hurricane-spawning volcano. What can Thorin possibly do?
He can use the mountain.
Yes, Smaug is the Chiefest and Greatest Calamity of the Age, but in this place – within Erebor – he is first and foremost a usurper. He might have slept on a golden bed in the bowels of the mountain for the last 150 years, but it is not his home. He doesn't – can't – know it the way he would if it were.
But Thorin does.
("Home" is a big theme, have you noticed? There and Back Again, for both the dwarves and the hobbit.)
Over a hundred years of wandering. Losses suffered. Grandfather dead. Father mad and then dead. But still Thorin knows these halls, these stones, as if he never left. You can hear – feel – the love of the place in his voice when he steps inside the Door.
And he's not alone. All the dwarves with Thorin (the ones old enough to have been here in the first place, I'll note) remember it all, as if they had just shut the lights off and stepped out yesterday.
But so what?
It doesn't matter how well you know the nooks and crannies – you still can't fight Smaug. Dwarves are great fighters, but they are outmatched and utterly under-equipped – it's impossible to fight.
But… here's the thing.
Dwarves can fight, but that's not who and what they are. Not really.
What they are is tough. Secretive. Cunning craftsman who never forget a wrong.
The first thing they do when they realize they need to face Smaug? They light the forges.
Dwarves make things – amazing, horrible, wonderful, terrible things.
So let's just skip past all the action stuff. That's movies – that's just what you need to do at the end of a fantasy action movie. Deal with it. What's happening throughout all that, hidden from us a bit, because they're secretive, these dwarves, is that they're making something.
Let's get to that Grand Hall.
The forges have fired. The gold is flowing, molten and deadly and handled by the dwarves with such a native aplomb that you'd think they were carrying a glass of water to a sleepy toddler.
It's all poured into this great mold, atop which stands Thorin, and here comes Smaug.
This is a moment. This is important. Thorin is back in his home, and it is his home, over which he has immediately and completely asserted his will and mastery. All the elements therein, that he knows so well, come together to allow him to face Smaug face to face; not just face to face but at eye level. To call him out and then, because this is Thorin and he still mourns his dead King, pull the cord and confront the dragon with Thrór – the true king under the mountain and, at that moment, the one thing within Erebor as mighty and majestic as Smaug himself, standing for all the dwarves who lost their home.
And then the thing comes apart and douses the Dragon in molten gold, because it's dwarves who have done this, and a Dragon they are punishing, using their forges to drown him in the greed (theirs and his) that first brought him to to the mountain.
They are dwarves. They set out to do a thing, and they did it.
But, they are dwarves, which means they achieve exactly what they wanted – Smaug driven from their home – at terrible cost. An awakened scourge, set upon the land. A victory, bought with unavoidable tragedy.
They cheer, and Bilbo (who is not a dwarf and never will be) looks on in horror.
Is it an upbeat ending? No. There's a victory there, though, and great and amazing symbol-heavy closure for Thorin, from my point of view. It's so dwarvish my beard grew three inches just watching it.
It's terrible, what's about to happen, and an unexpected place to end, but for the story it was set to tell, it was (by my lights) exactly right.
"What have we done?" whispers Bilbo, and we have a year to think on all the answers to that question.


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by Lee Friedlander, center verso in graphite: L[F?]; center verso stamped in black ink: PHOTOGRAPH BY E.J. BELLOCQ / New Orleans Circa 1911-13 / COLLECTION LEE FRIEDLANDER / This print was made on Printing Out Paper / and toned in gold chloride toning bath. / (A process popular in the early 1900's) / This photograph is not released for publica- / tion or for commercial use of any kind. For / permission communicate with Lee Friedlander, / 44 S. Mountain Road, New City, N.Y. 10956
David and Mary Robinson, Sausalito, CA; NGA purchase, 1995.
- 1970
- E. J. Bellocq: Storyville Portraits: Photographs from the New Orleans Red-Light District, Circa 1912. New York: Museum of Modern Art, 1970, pl.1.
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What are the symptoms?
The symptoms of GI bleeding depend on the acuteness and on the source of the blood loss.
Mild, chronic GI blood loss may not show any active bleeding, but can still result in an iron deficiency anemia. Many of these patients never notice any blood loss, but it occurs in small amounts with the bowel movement, so that it is not noticeable. Blood in the stool often can be detected by hemoccult testing (testing for blood in your stool) during a routine office examination.
In more severe cases of chronic or acute bleeding, symptoms may include signs of anemia, such as weakness, pallor, dizziness, shortness of breath or angina. More obvious bleeding may present with hematemesis (bloody vomit), which may either be red or dark and coffee-like in appearance.
Blood in the stool could either be bright red, burgundy and clotted, or black and tarry in appearance, depending on the location of the bleeding source. A black, tarry stool (melena) often indicates an upper GI source of bleeding although it could originate from the small intestine or right colon. Other causes of a black stool might include iron or ingestion of bismuth (Pepto-Bismol). Hematochezia, or bright red blood can be mixed in with the stool or after the bowel movement and usually signifies a bleeding source close to the rectal opening. This is frequently due to hemorrhoids; however, you should never assume rectal bleeding is due to hemorrhoids. Conditions like rectal cancer, polyps, ulcerations, proctitis or infections can also cause this type of bright red blood.
How is it diagnosed?
If it is suspected that the bleeding is in the upper gastrointestinal tract, then an upper GI endoscopy is usually the first step. This is a flexible video endoscope that is passed through the mouth and into the stomach while the patient is sedated. It allows the doctor to examine the esophagus, stomach and duodenum for any potential bleeding sites. If a site is detected, therapeutic measures can be used to control the bleeding. For example, a bleeding ulcer may be controlled with use of cautery, laser photo therapy, injection therapy or tamponade.
If the bleeding is suspected to be in the lower GI tract or colon, then a colonoscopy is usually performed. In a colonoscopy, a video colonoscope is passed through the rectum and across the entire colon, while the patient is sedated.
Other diagnostic methods for detecting a bleeding source might include a nuclear bleeding scan, angiography, or barium GI studies.
In the case of chronic low-grade or occult bleeding which may result in anemia, the work-up to discover the source of the bleeding is usually done on an outpatient basis. Generally this consists of a colonoscopy and/or upper endoscopy to look for any potential sources of chronic blood loss.
Once the cause for the blood loss is determined, appropriate treatment and management recommendations can be made.
How is GI bleeding treated?
If GI bleeding is very active or severe in nature, it may require hospitalization. Shock can occur when blood loss approaches approximately 40 percent of blood volume. If there is evidence of hypotension (low blood pressure) or a fast heart rate, dizziness, or light-headedness, then treatment would include IV fluids and monitoring of the blood count, with blood transfusions given, if necessary.
While in the hospital, the patient will continue to be monitored closely and certain medications will be employed in an attempt to stop the bleeding. In addition, diagnostic tests are performed.
In some cases, GI bleeding will stop spontaneously.
If the bleeding persists, despite all of the above-mentioned therapeutic techniques, then surgery might be required as a last resort.
What causes GI bleeding?
The most common cause of an upper GI bleed is an ulceration, either in the duodenum (just beyond the stomach), in the stomach lining itself, or in the esophagus. Esophageal varices, or varicose veins, are usually the result of underlying chronic liver disease like cirrhosis and these can often bleed very briskly. A tear at the junction of the esophagus and stomach sometimes also occurs as a result of repeated vomiting or retching. In addition, tumors or cancers of the esophagus or stomach can also cause bleeding.
Factors that may aggravate upper GI bleeding include the use of anti-inflammatory medications (in particular aspirin or other arthritis drugs), underlying chronic liver disease, thinning of the blood from certain medications like Coumadin, or underlying medical problems like chronic renal disease, cardiac or pulmonary diseases.
The most common cause of bleeding from the lower GI tract or colon is diverticulosis. This accounts for over 40 percent of these cases. If diverticular disease is not found, then a patient could have an angiodysplasia which is a tiny blood vessel lining the colon that sometimes can bleed briskly or ooze chronically. Colon cancers or colon polyps might also produce lower GI bleeding, as well as different causes for colitis. Colitis is an inflammation or ulceration of the lining of the colon that could be due to ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, radiation therapy, or poor circulation to the colon itself.
Gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding is a common clinical problem frequently requiring hospitalization. It can vary in degrees, from massive life threatening hemorrhage to a slow, insidious chronic blood loss. The overall mortality for severe GI bleeding is approximately 8 percent, but this number is diminishing with the arrival of superior diagnostic techniques and newer medical treatments. Many bleeding episodes resolve on their own, but it is still imperative that the bleeding site be determined.
An exact diagnosis may prevent a recurrence of bleeding and may help us treat future episodes more effectively. Also, making an accurate diagnosis can allow a patient to be treated appropriately for the underlying condition that caused the bleeding in the first place.


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Soft and Garden hand tied bouquet $150
Natural and beautiful.
This is a hand tied bouquet of cut seasonal flowers - perfect for anyone with lots of vases at home! Using a soft pretty colour palette and lush greenery our designers will create something truly beautiful for you.
At Fleurish we will only use the best in season blooms available for your arrangement, so the arrangement that you receive may not have the exact flowers pictured here. By selecting this specific style and colour palette, our designers are able to use their discretion and only pick flowers that are going to be the most beautiful in your bouquet.


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[Answer ID: 14954]
How to: Create a separate wired LAN and WLAN network with Internet connection (professional F/W DD-WRT ).
Goal :
Build a separate wired LAN network with access to Internet but detached from your secured (other) wired and wireless network. Create VLAN detached Networks (Separate Networks With Internet).
For example if you plan to add a new office division with network access to internet but separated from your existing office network.
WZR-HP-G450H by default assigns VLAN1 to the wired network and VLAN3 to the WAN (internet) port. Wireless interface (ath0) is bridged (on br0) to VLAN1.
To see actual setup login through telnet and issue ifconfig .
To see what port is assigned to what VLAN issue : swconfig dev eth0 show :
Global attributes: enable_vlan: 1 Port 0: pvid: 0 link: port:0 link:up speed:1000baseT full-duplex txflow rxflow Port 1: pvid: 2 link: port:1 link:down Port 2: pvid: 1 link: port:2 link:down Port 3: pvid: 1 link: port:3 link:down Port 4: pvid: 1 link: port:4 link:up speed:100baseT full-duplex auto Port 5: pvid: 1 link: port:5 link:down VLAN 1: vid: 1 ports: 0t 2 3 4 5 VLAN 2: vid: 2 ports: 0t 1 |
To determine what port number is assigned to what physical port, move your Ethernet connection to another LAN port and re issue swconfig dev eth0 show. Look for "link:up" status on the port with connection.
The CPU port is internal port (in this case port 0) and it is up all time. In this example WZR-HP-G450H ver 20025 is shown with factory default settings:
Wired LAN ports: 0t 2 3 4 5 are assigned to VLAN1 and WAN port 1 is assigned to VLAN 2: ports: 0t 1 .
To accomplish our goal, we will have to create a new VLAN and set a port exclusively to the new created VLAN.
In this example we will re-assign the 4th physical LAN port (logical PORT 5) to VLAN3 see bellow diagram (in red).
The following is the procedure:
1- Reset the unit to factory settings.
2-Connect PC to any of the first 3 ports on LAN. login to WEB UI and tab to Administration -> Commands
3-Copy the following commands (colored text) and paste to command box . Next, click
save startup button :
swconfig dev eth0 vlan 1 set ports "0t 2 3 4"
swconfig dev eth0 set enable_vlan 3
swconfig dev eth0 vlan 3 set ports "0t 5"
swconfig dev eth0 set apply
vconfig add eth0 3
ifconfig vlan3 192.168.12.1 netmask 255.255.255.0
ifconfig vlan3 up
notice you can started with
swconfig dev eth0 set reset 1
and next define the network from scratch
swconfig dev eth0 set enable_vlan 1
swconfig dev eth0 vlan 1 set ports "0t 2 3 4" ....
instead , we will simply redefine VLAN1 and create the new VLAN3.
Also notice the VLAN 3 network address in this example is 192.168.12.1 . You will have to refer to this when you define DHCP.
4-Copy the following commands and paste to command box . Next, click
save firewall :
iptables -I INPUT -i vlan3 -j ACCEPT
iptables -I FORWARD -i vlan3 -o vlan1 -m state --state NEW -j ACCEPT
iptables -I FORWARD -i vlan3 -o ppp0 -m state --state NEW -j ACCEPT
iptables -I FORWARD -i br0 -o vlan3 -j DROP
5- Reboot the unit by physically disconnecting power .
6- Next, re-login and tab to Setup -> Networking and under Port Setup:
Select Vlan3 and click "unbridged" option for Network Configuration vlan3 .
Enter IP address and subnet same as step3.
Click Save Settings Button.
6- to set DHCP , click add and select Vlan3 set leasetime and Click Apply setting.
7- Wait a minute and re-cycle power to the unit.


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Haney portrait of Woods: A player never satisfied
Tiger Woods' fascination with the Navy SEALs and how he might have incurred his leg injuries are sure to generate plenty of buzz when Hank Haney's book goes on sale next week.
- Associated Press
- Updated: March 20, 2012 02:35 PM IST
Tiger Woods' fascination with the Navy SEALs and how he might have incurred his leg injuries are sure to generate plenty of buzz when Hank Haney's book goes on sale next week.
There also is plenty of gossip involving other players, such as the time Ian Poulter invited himself to ride home on Woods' plane after a practice round at Oakmont.
But there is a bigger picture in "The Big Miss," which chronicles the six years Haney spent as his swing coach.
He shows Woods to be a complicated person who sought change to keep stimulated, who was rarely satisfied, self-centered in his pursuit of greatness and whose work ethic in the gym was geared toward being accepted as an athlete.
"In Tiger's mind, satisfaction is the enemy of success," Haney writes.
The book goes on sale in the United States on March 27, one week before the Masters, and it already has been getting plenty of attention because of a few sections that raise questions about how Woods injured his leg.
Haney cites Corey Carroll, one of Woods' closest friends at Isleworth, as saying that Woods injured his right Achilles tendon doing Olympic-style weightlifting as he returned from reconstructive knee surgery in December 2008.
Haney also tells of a woman who approached him during an outing in Minnesota last year. Her husband was a Navy SEAL in California and told her Woods came in for training in 2007 at a Kill House, an urban-warfare simulator, and "got kicked pretty hard in the leg, and I think he hurt his knee pretty bad."
Haney said that matched a story from Carroll, who said Woods revealed to him that the complete tear of his left knee ligaments really happened in a Kill House when he had lost his balance and been kicked in the knee.
"My immediate thought upon hearing Corey's account, which so closely paralleled that of the woman in Minneapolis, was that it was true," Haney writes. "And if so, it meant that if Tiger never catches Jack Nicklaus, it will very likely have as much to do with the time and physical capacity he lost as a result of his bizarre Navy SEALs adventure as anything else."
The injuries are relevant because Woods has had four surgeries on his left knee, and he withdrew from his last tournament two weeks ago at Doral with tightness in his left Achilles tendon. That's the same one that caused him to miss two majors last year.
Woods said it was only a mild strain, and he is scheduled to play seven straight days this week, including at Bay Hill.
While the injuries are timely, the rest of the book is sure to satisfy the curiosity of golf fans, particularly those who have watched him win at a record rate - to whom Woods has revealed so little over the years.
Haney became increasingly concerned when Woods began workouts designed to build muscle. It reached a point when Haney and former trainer Keith Kleven tried to persuade Woods that he was getting more muscular in the upper body than was helpful for golf.
Woods so badly wanted to be considered a real athlete that he saw injuries as a badge of honor. Haney said Woods tried to empathize with Derek Jeter and Shaquille O'Neal when talking about injuries.
Haney does not consider the book a "tell-all," and much of it reveals Woods' pursuit of his place in history. He also delves into the relationship Woods had with his ex-wife, and how guarded they were in public.
That runs against his comments in January that the book would be about golf, though Haney felt it was relevant.
"I think when you're such a complex person, an absolute superstar, you can't ignore everything that happens off the golf course," Haney said in an interview. "The performance, the dedication, the ability to compete with a clear mind. To me, it said something about Tiger overall as a person. Clearly, there's a lot of things I left out of the book that didn't have to do with golf."
He said Woods ignored phone calls when they started working together, but later began returning text messages. Haney said he was not aware of Woods' extramarital affairs, except for Woods making the occasional comment about a woman he saw in the gallery. He also wrote that Woods told him his ex-wife wanted him to take two years away from golf after his serial adultery was exposed.
"One of my goals in the book was to paint a picture and let people decide what they want to glean from it," he said.
Haney said he felt as though he had won the lottery when Woods called him in 2004 and asked him to be his swing coach. He was paid $50,000 a year, plus a $25,000 bonus for Woods winning a major.
He said they had to confront three issues in revamping the swing - protecting the left knee (Woods told him his anterior cruciate ligament was only 20 percent intact after surgery in 2002), the movement of his head and learning to hit the driver.
"Simply put, Tiger played the driver with a lot of fear," Haney wrote.
He said their second lesson was his first test as a coach. Woods had finished 10 shots behind at Bay Hill, and Haney met him on the range at Isleworth. He said Woods ignored him.
"The message Tiger wanted to send was clear: "When I play bad, when I don't win, it's your fault." He was reminding me that his expectations were going to be incredibly high ..." Haney wrote.
".... I also realized that I was never going to be able to relax with Tiger Woods," he wrote. "He was going to be complicated, and he was going to surprise me with his moods."
Haney expects to be criticized for trying to make money off his six years coaching Woods, especially with the book going on sale a week before the Masters. He has said on Twitter in recent months that the memories do not solely belong to Woods.
"I wanted to write the book about my observations of greatness, an athlete superior to his competition," Haney said. "Obviously, people will have their thoughts. But when people read the book in its entirety ... if Tiger read the book, in his heart, he'd have to say it's an accurate portrayal, and it's honest."
Perhaps a more accurate assessment is something Haney wrote late in the 247-page book.
"My guess is that the publication of this book won't bring us closer."


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Staff Research Papers
- The Executive Briefings on Trade (EBOTs) are focused 2-page papers that keep the Commission and the public current on domestic and global activities that affect U.S. trade, investment, and competitiveness.
- The Journal of International Commerce and Economics (JICE) is a peer-reviewed journal (ISSN 2152-6877) published on a periodic basis by the U.S. International Trade Commission (USITC). JICE articles contribute to the field of applied international trade by providing in-depth, policy-relevant, and accessible analysis of contemporary economic, industry competitiveness, and investment issues.
- Staff Research / Working Papers represent preliminary, technical trade research conducted by staff in the offices of Economics and Industries. Their aim is to make valuable contributions to the literature on applied topics in international trade.
PLEASE NOTE: The publications and research papers reflect the opinions and research of individual authors and are not the views of the U.S. International Trade Commission or any of its individual Commissioners.
View All Staff Publications and Research Papers
Staff Research Portals
- The Gravity Portal provides data and computer code related to gravity modeling of international trade. This data and code are designed to work together as the Gravity Modeling Environment (GME).
- The Partial Equilibrium (PE) Modeling Portal provides industry-specific, PE modeling tools that can be used to simulate the economic impact of changes in trade policies. The models are based on economic theory and can be applied to specific industry data and policy scenarios.
- The Trade in Value Added (TiVA) Portal serves as a platform for hosting research databases, tools, and output related to global value chains (GVCs) produced by the Commission staff and/or in collaboration with external researchers and organizations.


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Who this course is for:
- The certified diver looking for more information regarding the use of underwater photography for scuba diving, and wanting bring back many memories of their underwater adventures to share with family and friends
Course prerequisites:
- SDI Open Water Scuba Diver, SDI Junior Open Water Diver, or equivalent
- Minimum age 18, 10 with parental consent
What you can expect to learn:
The SDI Underwater Photo Diver Course takes an in-depth look at all of the following and more:
- Underwater light
- Variation of light under water
- Time for best available light photography
- Color correction filtering for depth
- Strobes vs. video light
- Selective color absorption of light
- Available light and strobe considerations
- Possible backscatter issues
- Film considerations
- Color balance
- Grain
- Resolving power
- Latitude
- Contrast
- Color reversal
- Digital
- Capture media
- Memory technology
- Printing
- Post dive review ability SDI Instructor Manual
- TV vs. computer vs. camera
- Camera use in association with scuba
- Types of cameras
- Handling of equipment
- Camera settings
- Photographic subjects
- Composition of scene
- Use of light enhancement
- Subject ease
- Use of models
- Marine Conservation awareness
- Care of equipment
- Salt water care
- Fresh water care
- Care of the flooded-housed camera
- Use of color positive films
- Ease of development (E—6 processing)
- Mounting
- Digital software
- Downloading images
- Photo storage
- Photo manipulation
- Printing & mounting
Some of the required skills you will have to demonstrate include:
- Familiarize with the equipment and proper handling of equipment
- Composition to be considered at a beginning point of view
- Plan Dive
- Suitable Entry (care to be taken with camera & additional equipment; these may be passed to diver once in the water in conditions & environment allows it)
- Situational awareness (depth, time, air consumption and buddy awareness)
- Photography of subjects as planned
- Conservational awareness
- Conduct safe ascent and safety stops
- Exit
- Dive a different site to experience different
- Marine subjects
- Additional light considerations
- Wide coloring
- Maintain safety while within the water environment and attaining good quality subjects
- Both photograph both still and moving life subjects if possible
- Discuss with instructor helpful hints on how to improve photos
What's in it for you?
Upon successful completion of this course, graduates may engage in diving activities without direct supervision of the SDI Instructor* so long as the following limits are adhered to:
- The diving activities approximate those of training
- The areas of activities approximate those of training
- Environmental conditions approximate those of training
*Note: Junior divers (ages 10-14) must participate in Underwater Photo diving activities with a parent, guardian, or dive professional.
Also, the SDI Underwater Photo Diver certification counts towards a single specialty rating to achieve the SDI Advanced Diver Development Program.
SDI Underwater Photo Diver minimum requirements:
- Complete all open water requirements efficiently
- Demonstrate mature and sound judgment concerning dive planning and execution
How to take this course!
- Find your local SDI Dive Center: here


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This double-walled tumbler offers all the benefits of stainless steel and can be enjoyed with legendary and beloved exclusive Tervis designs.
- Up to 24 hours cold and 8 hours hot
- Double-wall vacuum insulation and copper lined 18/8 stainless steel with leak resistant & easy-close lid
- Do not put tumbler in dishwasher, freezer or microwave
- Hand wash with soap (no bleach or chlorine) & water using a scratch-free sponge
- Tumbler designed & decorated in Venice, FL. Made in China. Limited 5-year guarantee
- Lid is dishwasher safe (top rack only)
Payment & Security
Your payment information is processed securely. We do not store credit card details nor have access to your credit card information.


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These are instructions for the older version of the Universalis app, which was superseded in early February 2014. The new instructions are here. If you are still using iOS 5 or earlier, you will be using the older version of the app.
Note: not all these settings are visible in the Catholic Calendar application if you haven't bought any months for it or used the "Try before you buy" feature.
The settings are reached by tapping the cogwheel symbol at the top of the text screen.
Here is a list of the settings and what they mean.
Four different psalms may be used as the Invitatory Psalm, although Psalm 94 (95) is the traditional one. Universalis lets you choose whether to rotate between the permitted options ("Different each day") or stick to Psalm 94 (95) permanently ("Same every day").
The Grail translation is the one used in most English versions of the Liturgy of the Hours worldwide. For copyright reasons we have to use a version of our own in our web pages, so we offer it here as an alternative in case you have got used to it.
Jerusalem Bible with Grail psalms: this is the most usual translation in the English-speaking world, though others are permitted.
New American Bible: this is the translation used in the USA.
We apologize to Canada and South Africa: we are still trying to negotiate with the owners of the NRSV, which you are using at Mass.
Include prayers: If you are using Universalis as a private spiritual resource, the Mass readings of the day are probably all that you want. If you are taking it to Mass with you, you may want the Entrance Antiphon and the other prayers and antiphons from the printed missals. This option lets you choose.
Priest's private prayers: You can choose whether to include in the Order of Mass (and in Mass Today) the prayers that are said silently or quietly by the priest.
Gospel at Mass: You can choose whether to view the original Greek text of the Gospel alongside the English.
Order of Mass: You can view Latin or one of a number of other European languages in parallel with the English text of the Order of Mass. This is intended to help you follow Mass when you are abroad. The Mass Today page will also show you the parallel texts, but it will display the daily content (prayers, psalms and readings) in English only.
Liturgy of the Hours: You can choose whether to view the Latin text of the Hours alongside the English.
Scroll vertically: the Hour will be long and scrollable, like a Web page.
Divide into pages: the Hour will be divided into pages, and you can turn from one page to the next.
If you turn this option on, Universalis will create an events calendar called "Universalis Automatic" so that you can see the saint of each day as an event in the calendar on your device. For more information, see Universalis Automatic calendar.
This button is at the very bottom of the screen.
If you like, our web site can send you daily emails with all the Hours or just a selection of them. Press this button to set it up.This web site © Copyright 1996-2015 Universalis Publishing Ltd (contact us) |


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Buy Malabar Mushrooms Online
Malabar Mushrooms aka Malabar Coast Mushrooms (Psilocybe Cubensis Malabar) originates from the Indian coast of Malabar. These shrooms are known to be prolific fruiters and able to grow in warmer climates. In the wild, these magic mushrooms were found growing in elephant dung. Our version is grown in organic grains.
Expect Malabar Coast Mushroom to have an above-average potency. The history of magic mushrooms in Indian culture can be traced back to 1500 BC. In Rigveda, one of four sacred texts is part of Hindu and Zoroastrian traditions; a reference to a substance called Soma. In one reference it states: "We have drunk Soma and become immortal; we have attained the light, the Gods discovered." The exact strain and reference of the Soma have been lost over millennia since its use but it hasn't stopped many modern-day scholars from coming up with theories to explain its ancient past.
After 10-40 minutes of consuming Malabar magic mushrooms, you will feel your mood enhanced with euphoria and excitement. Depending on the dosage you will experience mild to intense visual enhancements. Things may seem like they are breathing, the nature around you will feel more alive and you will find yourself in introspective thought. Music and art will look and feel different and you will have a higher appreciation and you may relate the music or art to yourself on a more personal level. The most common museum dose (0.5-1.5g) and moderate dose (2-3.5g) should provide you with a 3-6 hour trip. Please read our FAQ section for more details.


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This Is the Fastest and Easiest Way to Master the Basics of Oil Painting and Start Creating Your Own Stunning Compositions Right Now …
Even If You've Never Held a Paintbrush in Your Life!
We hear it a lot…
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Just like cooking: Someone teaches you the simple processes... Then you practice a lot till you get better and better at it.
Is talent required?
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We know learning to paint can be intimidating. We also know the materials seem confusing. But in this video we explain it all, and it's easy to understand and follow.
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If you've felt like that before, you're not alone. Learning to paint can seem intimidating, and it's easy to get overwhelmed when you start talking about the ins and outs of oil painting.
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Oil Painting for Beginners with Laurel Daniel is laser-focused on giving you ONLY the information you can use — the precise steps you need to develop your skillsquickly — with absolutely zero fluff or filler.
Here's the truth:
When it comes to getting a solid foundation in oil painting, the teacher you choose to learn from is absolutely critical. That's one reason we chose Laurel Daniel to guide you.
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…AND she has the very rare ability to teach these special techniques in a way that's easy to understand.
Here are some of the secrets you'll discover inside the Oil Painting for Beginners video training collection:
…and far more than we can possibly include!


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Pope Benedict's resignation will set in motion period of transition
By Catholic News Service
VATICAN CITY (CNS) -- While the surprise resignation of Pope Benedict XVI is a first for the church in centuries, it also leads to a complicated period of transition that ends in the election of a new pope.
Regulated by ancient traditions and recent rules, the period between popes -- known by the Latin term "interregnum" -- will begin exactly at 8 p.m. Rome time Feb. 28, a date and time Pope Benedict stipulated in a declaration he made Feb. 11 for when the See of Rome and the See of St. Peter will be vacant.
Normally the interregnum begins with a pope's death and is followed by a period of mourning.
This time the pope will resign from his ministry and spend a short period of prayer and reflection at the papal summer villa in Castel Gandolfo, south of Rome, before moving to a monastery at the Vatican.
The rules governing the interregnum are matters of church law, not dogma.
The apostolic constitution "Universi Dominici Gregis" confirms that as long as the Holy See is vacant, the universal church is governed by the College of Cardinals, which cannot, however, make decisions normally reserved to the pope. Such matters must be postponed until the new pope is elected.
Until there is a pope, the Roman Curia -- the Vatican's network of administrative offices -- loses most of its cardinal supervisors and cannot handle any new business.
The College of Cardinals is to deal solely with "ordinary business and matters which cannot be postponed." At present, there are 209 cardinals, and all of them are asked to meet in Rome to help administer the transition period.
The College of Cardinals does this through two structures: a general congregation, in which all the cardinals are to meet daily; and a particular four-member congregation, consisting of the chamberlain of the Holy Roman Church, Cardinal Tarcisio Bertone, and a rotating team of three cardinal assistants.
Only those cardinals under age 80 will be eligible to vote in the coming conclave. Cardinals who are age 80 or over by the time the conclave starts are excluded from the closed-door proceedings. There will be 117 cardinal-electors when the "sede vacante" begins Feb. 28; by March 5, that number will be 116.
As chamberlain, Cardinal Bertone is to administer the goods and temporal rights of the Holy See until the election of a new pope.
Meanwhile, the dean of the College of Cardinals, Cardinal Angelo Sodano, is charged with making preparations for a conclave to elect a new pope, and the cardinals must set the time for the conclave to start.
The word conclave comes from Latin, meaning literally "with key," and reflects the previous tradition of locking the cardinals in an area where they would spend day and night until the new pope's election.
On the day set for entry into the conclave, the cardinal-electors assemble in St. Peter's Basilica to attend morning Mass. In the afternoon, they walk in procession to the Sistine Chapel, located just to the north of St. Peter's.
The voting may begin that afternoon with one ballot; on following days, normally two ballots are held in the morning and two in the afternoon.
A pope is elected when he obtains a two-thirds majority, reflecting a change Pope Benedict established in 2007 that effectively undid a more flexible procedure introduced by Blessed John Paul.
According to the new rule, the two-thirds-majority rule cannot be set aside even when cardinal-electors are at an impasse.
If the cardinals are deadlocked after 13 days, the cardinals pause for a day of prayer, reflection and dialogue, then move to runoff ballots between the two leading candidates. A papal election will continue to require a majority of two-thirds of the voting cardinals.
All voting is secret, in writing, on paper ballots, which are deposited in a receptacle by each elector, then counted. Ballots are taken to any cardinals residing at the Domus Sanctae Marthae but who are too sick to come to the Sistine Chapel.
After each morning and afternoon round of voting, the ballots are burned.
By tradition but not by rule, they are burned with special chemicals to produce the black smoke signifying an inconclusive vote, or white smoke if a new pope was elected. Due to confusion in the past as people in St. Peter's Square tried to determine what color smoke was coming out of the Sistine Chapel smokestack, the basilica's bell is also rung to confirm a successful election.
Once a new pope has been elected, he is asked if he accepts the office -- he is encouraged but not bound to do so by the current rules -- and is asked to choose a name.
Traditionally, the senior member of the cardinal deacons -- currently Cardinal Jean-Louis Tauran, 69 -- announces the successful election results from the central balcony of St. Peter's Basilica. After the new pope has donned papal robes, he proceeds to the balcony, where he greets the public and offers his first blessing.
At a time designated by the pope, usually a few days later, he officially opens his ministry with an investiture Mass at St. Peter's. The new pope is no longer crowned with a papal tiara, but receives a pallium, or stole, in recognition of his authority.
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Contributing to this story were Carol Glatz and John Thavis in Rome.


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Magazine Rack C2 – Slotted 1000mm (W). Save 50%
Where required purchase price includes clear supporting acrylic tubes, top hats and mushrooms
If fitting for the first time support brackets are required
For fixing to metal uprights please order Adjustable Metal Hanging Bars (Code: MHB1000) Please order 1x adjustable metal hanging bar per complete tier.
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