text:
ADO .NET Using C# Training in Bowling Green
Enroll in or hire us to teach our ADO .NET Using C# class in Bowling Green, Kentucky by calling us @303.377.6176. Like all HSG
classes, ADO .NET Using C# may be offered either onsite or via instructor led virtual training. Consider looking at our public training schedule to see if it
is scheduled: Public Training Classes
Provided there are enough attendees, ADO .NET Using C# may be taught at one of our local training facilities.
We offer private customized training for groups of 3 or more attendees.
Course Description |
This three-day intensive course teaches the essential elements of
ADO.NET such that at the end of the course the programmer is able to
utilize its tremendous database manipulation powers to build effective
database applications. The course includes a major case study
demonstrating the use of ADO.NET in a realistic setting. It is current
to .NET 4.6, Visual Studio 2017 and SQL Server 2016.
Course Length: 3 Days
Course Tuition: $1190 (US) |
Prerequisites |
A basic knowledge of SQL and of programming the .NET Framework using C#. The student should also understand the fundamentals of XML. To get full benefit from the examples in the course the student should be able to write simple Windows Forms applications. A working knowledge of SQL Server is also desirable. |
Course Outline |
Introduction to ADO.NET
Microsoft Data Access Technologies
From ADO to ADO.NET
ADO.NET Architecture
Namespaces and Classes
DataSets and Disconnected Access
First ADO.NET Programs
Acme Computer Case Study
ADO.NET Connections
.NET Data Providers
Connection Classes
Connection Strings
Connection Pooling
Connection Events
Error Handling
ADO.NET Commands
Command Objects
Creating Commands
Executing Commands
Parameterized Queries
Command Types
Using Stored Procedures
Batch Queries
DataReaders and Connected Access
Type-Safe Accessors
Null Columns
ExecuteReader Options
Multiple Result Sets
Obtaining Schema Information
Data Sets and Disconnected Access
Command Objects
Row States and Versions
Accept or Reject Changes
DataTable Events
Updating a Database from a DataSet
Command Builders
More About DataSets
Filtering DataTables
Multiple Table DataSets
Navigating a DataSet
Creating a DataSet Programmatically
XML and ADO.NET
Strong Coupling Between ADO.NET and XML
Rendering XML from a DataSet
Controlling XML Output
Reading XML into a DataSet
XML Schema and DataSets
Typed DataSets
Table Adapters
Synchronizing DataSets and XML
XML Serialization
Concurrency and Transactions
DataSets and Concurrency
Optimistic Concurrency
Pessimistic Concurrency
Handling Concurrency Violations
ADO.NET Transactions
Database Transactions
Additional Features
Asynchronous Database Operations
Multiple Active Result Sets
Bulk Copy
LINQ and Entity Framework
Language Integrated Query (LINQ)
Bridging Objects and Data
Using Object Relational Designer
Filtering, Ordering and Aggregation
Inserts, Deletes and Updates
LINQ to SQL
LINQ to DataSet
ADO.NET Entity Framework
LINQ to Entities
Appendix A. Acme Computer Case Study
Appendix B. ADO.NET Web Programming
Appendix C. Learning Resources
Course Directory [training on all levels]
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Software engineer/architect, System Admin ... Welcome!
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Business Training Courses
Project Managers, Business Analysts, Paralegals ... Welcome!
Upcoming Classes
Gain insight and ideas from students with different perspectives and experiences.
- Introduction to Python 3.x
16 September, 2024 - 19 September, 2024 - RED HAT SATELLITE V6 (FOREMAN/KATELLO) ADMINISTRATION
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subset: commoncrawl


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National Basketball Association
The National Basketball Association (NBA) is a professional basketball league in North America. The league is composed of 30 teams (29 in the United States and 1 in Canada) and is one of the major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada. It is the premier men's professional basketball league in the world.[3]
Current season, competition or edition: 2022–23 NBA season | |
Sport | Basketball |
Founded | June 6, 1946 (as BAA), New York City, New York, U.S.[1] |
Inaugural season | 1946–47 |
Commissioner | Adam Silver |
No. of teams | 30 |
Countries | United States (29 teams) Canada (1 team) |
Headquarters | 645 Fifth Avenue New York, NY, 10022 U.S.[2] |
Most recent champion(s) | Golden State Warriors (7th title) |
Most titles | Boston Celtics Los Angeles Lakers (17 each) |
TV partner(s) |
Official website | NBA.com |
The league was founded in New York City on June 6, 1946, as the Basketball Association of America (BAA).[1] It changed its name to the National Basketball Association on August 3, 1949, after merging with the competing National Basketball League (NBL).[4] In 1976, the NBA and the American Basketball Association (ABA) merged, adding four franchises to the NBA. The NBA's regular season runs from October to April, with each team playing 82 games. The league's playoff tournament extends into June. As of 2020, NBA players are the world's best paid athletes by average annual salary per player.[5][6][7]
The NBA is an active member of USA Basketball (USAB),[8] which is recognized by the FIBA (International Basketball Federation) as the national governing body for basketball in the United States. The league's several international as well as individual team offices are directed out of its head offices in Midtown Manhattan, while its NBA Entertainment and NBA TV studios are directed out of offices located in Secaucus, New Jersey. In North America, the NBA is the third wealthiest professional sport league after the National Football League (NFL) and Major League Baseball (MLB) by revenue, and among the top four in the world.[9]
The Boston Celtics and the Los Angeles Lakers are tied with the most NBA championships at 17 each. The Golden State Warriors are the defending league champions, as they defeated the Boston Celtics 4–2 in the 2022 NBA Finals, to mark the end of the 2021–22 season.
Creation and BAA–NBL merger (1946–1956)
The Basketball Association of America was founded in 1946 by owners of the major ice hockey arenas in the Northeastern and Midwestern United States and Canada. On November 1, 1946, in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, the Toronto Huskies hosted the New York Knickerbockers at Maple Leaf Gardens, in a game the NBA now refers to as the first game played in NBA history.[10] The first basket was made by Ossie Schectman of the Knickerbockers. Although there had been earlier attempts at professional basketball leagues, including the American Basketball League and the NBL, the BAA was the first league to attempt to play primarily in large arenas in major cities. During its early years, the quality of play in the BAA was not significantly better than in competing leagues or among leading independent clubs such as the Harlem Globetrotters. For instance, the 1948 ABL finalist Baltimore Bullets moved to the BAA and won that league's 1948 title, and the 1948 NBL champion Minneapolis Lakers won the 1949 BAA title. Prior to the 1948–49 season, however, NBL teams from Fort Wayne, Indianapolis, Minneapolis, and Rochester jumped to the BAA, which established the BAA as the league of choice for collegians looking to turn professional.[11]
On August 3, 1949, the remaining NBL teams–Syracuse, Anderson, Tri-Cities, Sheboygan, Denver, and Waterloo–merged into the BAA. In deference to the merger and to avoid possible legal complications, the league name was changed to the present National Basketball Association, even though the merged league retained the BAA's governing body, including Maurice Podoloff as president.[11] To this day, the NBA claims the BAA's history as its own. It now reckons the arrival of the NBL teams as an expansion, not a merger, and does not recognize NBL records and statistics.[12]
The new league had seventeen franchises located in a mix of large and small cities,[13] as well as large arenas and smaller gymnasiums and armories. In 1950, the NBA consolidated to eleven franchises, a process that continued until 1954–55, when the league reached its smallest size of eight franchises: the New York Knicks, Boston Celtics, Philadelphia Warriors, Minneapolis Lakers, Rochester Royals, Fort Wayne Pistons, Milwaukee Hawks, and Syracuse Nationals, all of which remain in the league today, although the latter six all did eventually relocate. The process of contraction saw the league's smaller-city franchises move to larger cities. The Hawks had shifted from the Tri-Cities to Milwaukee in 1951, and later shifted to St. Louis in 1955. The Rochester Royals moved from Rochester, New York, to Cincinnati in 1957 and the Pistons moved from Fort Wayne, Indiana, to Detroit in 1957.
Japanese-American Wataru Misaka broke the NBA color barrier in the 1947–48 season when he played for the New York Knicks. He remained the only non-white player in league history prior to the first African-American, Harold Hunter, signing with the Washington Capitols in 1950.[14][15] Hunter was cut from the team during training camp,[14][16] but several African-American players did play in the league later that year, including Chuck Cooper with the Celtics, Nathaniel "Sweetwater" Clifton with the Knicks, and Earl Lloyd with the Washington Capitols. During this period, the Minneapolis Lakers, led by center George Mikan, won five NBA Championships and established themselves as the league's first dynasty.[17] To encourage shooting and discourage stalling, the league introduced the 24-second shot clock in 1954.[18] If a team does not attempt to score a field goal (or the ball fails to make contact with the rim) within 24 seconds of obtaining the ball, play is stopped and the ball given to its opponent.
Celtics' dominance, league expansion and competition (1956–1979)
In 1957, rookie center Bill Russell joined the Boston Celtics, which already featured guard Bob Cousy and coach Red Auerbach, and went on to lead the franchise to eleven NBA titles in thirteen seasons. Center Wilt Chamberlain entered the league with the Warriors in 1959 and became a dominant individual star of the 1960s, setting new single-game records in scoring (100) and rebounding (55). Russell's rivalry with Chamberlain became one of the greatest rivalries in the history of American team sports.
The 1960s were dominated by the Celtics. Led by Russell, Cousy, and Auerbach, Boston won eight straight championships in the NBA from 1959 to 1966. This championship streak is the longest in NBA history. They did not win the title in 1966–67, but regained it in the 1967–68 season and repeated in 1969. The domination totaled nine of the ten championship banners of the 1960s.[19]
Through this period, the NBA continued to evolve with the shift of the Minneapolis Lakers to Los Angeles, the Philadelphia Warriors to San Francisco, the Syracuse Nationals to Philadelphia to become the Philadelphia 76ers, and the St. Louis Hawks moving to Atlanta, as well as the addition of its first expansion franchises. The Chicago Packers (now Washington Wizards) became the ninth NBA team in 1961. From 1966 to 1968, the league expanded from 9 to 14 teams, introducing the Chicago Bulls, Seattle SuperSonics (now Oklahoma City Thunder), San Diego Rockets (who moved to Houston four years later), Milwaukee Bucks, and Phoenix Suns.
In 1967, the league faced a new external threat with the formation of the American Basketball Association (ABA). The leagues engaged in a bidding war. The NBA landed the most important college star of the era, Kareem Abdul-Jabbar (then known as Lew Alcindor). However, the NBA's leading scorer, Rick Barry, jumped to the ABA, as did four veteran referees—Norm Drucker, Earl Strom, John Vanak, and Joe Gushue.[20]
In 1969, Alan Siegel, who oversaw the design of Jerry Dior's Major League Baseball logo a year prior, created the modern NBA logo inspired by the MLB's. It incorporates the silhouette of Jerry West, based on a photo by Wen Roberts. The NBA would not confirm that a particular player was used because, according to Siegel, "They want to institutionalize it rather than individualize it. It's become such a ubiquitous, classic symbol and focal point of their identity and their licensing program that they don't necessarily want to identify it with one player." The iconic logo debuted in 1971 (with a small change to the typeface on the NBA wordmark in 2017) and would remain a fixture of the NBA brand.[21]
The ABA succeeded in signing a number of major stars in the 1970s, including Julius Erving of the Virginia Squires, in part because it allowed teams to sign college undergraduates. The NBA expanded rapidly during this period. From 1966 to 1974, the NBA grew from nine franchises to 18. In 1970, the Portland Trail Blazers, Cleveland Cavaliers, and Buffalo Braves (now the Los Angeles Clippers) all made their debuts expanding the league to 17.[22] The New Orleans Jazz (now in Utah) came aboard in 1974 bringing the total to 18. Following the 1976 season, the leagues reached a settlement that provided for the addition of four ABA franchises to the NBA, raising the number of franchises in the league at that time to 22. The franchises added were the San Antonio Spurs, Denver Nuggets, Indiana Pacers, and New York Nets (now the Brooklyn Nets). Some of the biggest stars of this era were Abdul-Jabbar, Barry, Dave Cowens, Erving, Elvin Hayes, Walt Frazier, Moses Malone, Artis Gilmore, George Gervin, Dan Issel, and Pete Maravich. The end of the decade, however, saw declining TV ratings, low attendance and drug-related player issues – both perceived and real – that threatened to derail the league.
Surging popularity (1979–1998)
The league added the ABA's three-point field goal beginning in 1979.[23] That same year, rookies Larry Bird and Magic Johnson joined the Boston Celtics and Los Angeles Lakers respectively, initiating a period of significant growth of fan interest in the NBA.[24] The two had faced each other in the 1979 NCAA Division I Basketball Championship Game, and they later played against each other in three NBA Finals (1984, 1985, and 1987).[24] In the 10 seasons of the 1980s, Johnson led the Lakers to five titles[25] while Bird led the Celtics to three titles.[26] Also in the early 1980s, the NBA added one more expansion franchise, the Dallas Mavericks,[27] bringing the total to 23 teams. Later on, Larry Bird won the first three three-point shooting contests.[28] On February 1, 1984 David Stern became commissioner of the NBA.[29] Stern has been recognized as playing a major role in the growth of the league during his career.[30][31]
Michael Jordan entered the league in 1984 with the Chicago Bulls, spurring more interest in the league.[32] In 1988 and 1989, four cities got their wishes as the Charlotte Hornets, Miami Heat, Orlando Magic, and Minnesota Timberwolves made their NBA debuts, bringing the total to 27 teams.[33] The Detroit Pistons won the back-to-back NBA Championships in 1989 and 1990, led by coach Chuck Daly and guard Isiah Thomas.[34] Jordan and Scottie Pippen led the Bulls to two three-peats in eight years during the 1991–1998 seasons.[35][36] Hakeem Olajuwon won back-to-back titles with the Houston Rockets in 1994 and 1995.[37]
The 1992 Olympic basketball Dream Team, the first to use current NBA stars, featured Michael Jordan as the anchor, along with Bird, Johnson, David Robinson, Patrick Ewing, Scottie Pippen, Clyde Drexler, Karl Malone, John Stockton, Chris Mullin, Charles Barkley, and star NCAA amateur Christian Laettner.[38] The team was elected to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame, while 11 of the 12 players (along with three out of four coaches) have been inducted as individuals in their own right.[39] In 1995, the NBA expanded to Canada with the addition of the Vancouver Grizzlies and the Toronto Raptors.[40][41] In 1996, the NBA created a women's league, the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA).[42]
Lakers' and Spurs' dynasties (1998–2014)
In 1998, the NBA owners began a lockout that suspended all league business until a new labor agreement could be reached, which led to the season being shortened in half.[43][44] The San Antonio Spurs won the championship at the end of the 1998–99 season, becoming the first former ABA team to win the NBA championship.[45]
After the breakup of the Chicago Bulls championship roster in the summer of 1998, the Western Conference has dominated. The Los Angeles Lakers of coach Phil Jackson and the San Antonio Spurs of Gregg Popovich combined to make 13 Finals in 16 seasons, with 10 titles. Tim Duncan and David Robinson won the 1999 championship with the Spurs, and Shaquille O'Neal and Kobe Bryant started the 2000s with three consecutive championships for the Lakers. The Spurs reclaimed the title in 2003 against the Nets. In 2004, the Lakers returned to the Finals, only to lose in five games to the Detroit Pistons.
The league's image was marred by a violent incident between players and fans in a November 2004 game between the Indiana Pacers and Detroit Pistons. In response, players were suspended for a total of 146 games with $11 million total lost in salary, and the league tightened security and limited the sale of alcohol.
On May 19, 2005, Commissioner Stern testified before the U.S. House of Representatives' Committee on Government Reform about the NBA's actions to combat the use of steroids and other performance-enhancing drugs. The NBA started its drug-testing program in 1983 and substantially improved it in 1999. In the 1999–2000 season, all players were randomly tested during training camp, and all rookies were additionally tested three more times during the regular season. Of the nearly 4,200 tests for steroids and performance-enhancing drugs conducted over six seasons, only three players were confirmed positive for NBA's drug program, all were immediately suspended, and as of the time of the testimony, none were playing with the NBA.[46]
After the Spurs won the championship again in 2005, the 2006 Finals featured two franchises making their inaugural Finals appearances. The Miami Heat, led by their star shooting guard, Dwyane Wade, and Shaquille O'Neal, who had been traded from the Lakers during summer 2004, won the series over the Dallas Mavericks. The Lakers/Spurs dominance continued in 2007 with a four-game sweep by the Spurs over the LeBron James-led Cleveland Cavaliers. The 2008 Finals saw a rematch of the league's highest profile rivalry, the Boston Celtics and Los Angeles Lakers, with the Celtics winning, for their 17th championship. The Lakers won back-to-back championships in 2009 and 2010, against the Orlando Magic and the Celtics.[47][48] The 2010 NBA All-Star Game was held at Cowboys Stadium in front of the largest crowd ever, 108,713.[49]
A referee lockout began on September 1, 2009, when the contract between the NBA and its referees expired. The first preseason games were played on October 1, 2009, and replacement referees from the WNBA and NBA Development League were used, the first time replacement referees had been used since the beginning of the 1995–96 season. The NBA and the regular referees reached a deal on October 23, 2009.[50][51]
At the start of the 2010–11 season, free agents LeBron James and Chris Bosh signed with the Miami Heat, joining Dwyane Wade to form the "Big Three". The Heat dominated the league, reaching the Finals for four straight years. In 2011, they faced a re-match with the Dallas Mavericks but lost to the Dirk Nowitzki-led team. They won back-to-back titles in 2012 and 2013 against the Oklahoma City Thunder and the Spurs, and lost a re-match to the Spurs in the 2014 Finals.
The 2011–12 season began with another lockout, the league's fourth.[52] After the first few weeks of the season were canceled, the players and owners ratified a new collective bargaining agreement on December 8, 2011, setting up a shortened 66-game season.[53] On February 1, 2014, commissioner David Stern retired after 30 years in the position, and was succeeded by his deputy, Adam Silver.
Recent years (2014–present)
After four seasons with the Miami Heat, LeBron James returned to the Cleveland Cavaliers for the 2014–15 season. He led the team to their second Finals appearance with the help of Kyrie Irving and Kevin Love. The Golden State Warriors defeated the Cavaliers in six games, led by the "Splash Brothers" Stephen Curry and Klay Thompson. The Cavaliers and the Warriors faced each other in the Finals a record four consecutive times. In the 2015–16 season, the Warriors finished the season 73–9, the best season record in NBA history.[54] However, the Cavaliers overcame a 3–1 deficit in the Finals to win their first championship that season.[55] In the 2016–17 season, the Warriors benefited from the recruitment of free agent Kevin Durant. The Warriors won the 2017 and 2018 Finals against the Cavaliers.
After the departure of James in free agency in 2018, the Cavaliers' streak of playoff and Finals appearances ended. The Warriors returned for a fifth consecutive Finals appearance in 2019 but lost to the Toronto Raptors, who won their first championship after acquiring Kawhi Leonard in a trade.[56]
The 2019–20 season was suspended indefinitely on March 11, 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, after Utah Jazz center Rudy Gobert tested positive for the coronavirus.[57][58] On June 4, 2020, the NBA Board of Governors voted to resume the season in a 22-team format with 8 seeding games per team and a regular playoffs format, with all games played in a "bubble" in Walt Disney World without any fans present.[59][60][61]
This era also saw the continuous near year-over-year decline in NBA viewership. Between 2012 and 2019, the league lost 40 to 45 percent of its viewership. While some of it can be attributed to "cable-cutting", other professional leagues, like the NFL and MLB have retained stable viewership demographics. The opening game of the 2020 Finals between the Los Angeles Lakers and Miami Heat brought in only 7.41 million viewers to ABC, according to The Hollywood Reporter. That is reportedly the lowest viewership seen for the Finals since at least 1994, when total viewers began to be regularly recorded and is a 45 percent decline from game one between the Golden State Warriors and Toronto Raptors, which had 13.51 million viewers a year earlier. Some attribute this decline to the political stances the league and its players are taking, while others consider load management, the uneven talent distribution between the conferences and the cord-cutting of younger viewers as the main reason for the decline.[62][63][64][65][66]
International influence
Following pioneers like Vlade Divac (Serbia) and Dražen Petrović (Croatia) who joined the NBA in the late 1980s, an increasing number of international players have moved directly from playing elsewhere in the world to starring in the NBA. Since 2006, the NBA has faced EuroLeague teams in exhibition matches in the NBA Europe Live Tour, and since 2009, in the EuroLeague American Tour. The 2013–14 season opened with a record 92 international players on the opening night rosters, representing 39 countries and comprising over 20% of the league.[67] The beginning of the 2017–18 season saw a record 108 international players representing 42 countries marking 4 consecutive years of at least 100 international players and each team having at least one international player.[68] In 2018, the Phoenix Suns hired Serbian coach Igor Kokoškov as their new head coach, replacing Canadian interim coach Jay Triano, making Kokoškov the first European coach to become a head coach for a team in the NBA.
Other developments
In 2001, an affiliated minor league, the National Basketball Development League, now called the NBA G League, was created.[69]
Two years after the Hornets' move to New Orleans, the NBA returned to North Carolina, as the Charlotte Bobcats were formed as an expansion team in 2004.
The Hornets temporarily moved to Oklahoma City in 2005 for two seasons because of damage caused by Hurricane Katrina. The team returned to New Orleans in 2007.
A new official game ball was introduced on June 28, 2006, for the 2006–07 season, marking the first change to the ball in over 35 years and only the second ball in 60 seasons.[70] Manufactured by Spalding, the new ball featured a new design and new synthetic material that Spalding claimed offered a better grip, feel, and consistency than the original ball. However, many players were vocal in their disdain for the new ball, saying that it was too sticky when dry, and too slippery when wet.
Commissioner Stern announced on December 11, 2006, that beginning January 1, 2007, the NBA would return to the traditional leather basketball in use prior to the 2006–07 season. The change was influenced by frequent player complaints and confirmed hand injuries (cuts) caused by the microfiber ball.[71] The Players' Association had filed a suit on behalf of the players against the NBA over the new ball.[72] As of the 2017–18 season, the NBA team jerseys are manufactured by Nike, replacing the previous supplier, Adidas. All teams will wear jerseys with the Nike logo except the Charlotte Hornets, whose jerseys will instead have the Jumpman logo associated with longtime Nike endorser Michael Jordan, who owns the Hornets.[73]
The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) began an investigation on July 19, 2007, over allegations that veteran NBA referee Tim Donaghy bet on basketball games he officiated over the past two seasons and that he made calls affecting the point spread in those games.[74] On August 15, 2007, Donaghy pleaded guilty to two federal charges related to the investigation. Donaghy claimed in 2008 that certain referees were friendly with players and "company men" for the NBA, and he alleged that referees influenced the outcome of certain playoff and finals games in 2002 and 2005. NBA commissioner David Stern denied the allegations and said Donaghy was a convicted felon and a "singing, cooperating witness".[75] Donaghy served 15 months in prison and was released in November 2009.[76] According to an independent study by Ronald Beech of Game 6 of the 2002 Western Conference Finals between the Los Angeles Lakers and Sacramento Kings, although the refs increased the Lakers' chances of winning through foul calls during the game, there was no collusion to fix the game. On alleged "star treatment" during Game 6 by the referees toward certain players, Beech claimed, "there does seem to be issues with different standards and allowances for different players."[77]
The NBA Board of Governors approved the request of the Seattle SuperSonics to move to Oklahoma City on April 18, 2008.[78] The team, however, could not move until it had settled a lawsuit filed by the city of Seattle, which was intended to keep the SuperSonics in Seattle for the remaining two seasons of the team's lease at KeyArena. Following a court case, the city of Seattle settled with the ownership group of the SuperSonics on July 2, 2008, allowing the team to move to Oklahoma City immediately in exchange for terminating the final two seasons of the team's lease at KeyArena.[79] The Oklahoma City Thunder began playing in the 2008–09 season.
The first outdoor game in the modern era of the league was played at the Indian Wells Tennis Garden on October 11, 2008, between the Phoenix Suns and the Denver Nuggets.[80]
The first official NBA league games on European ground took place in 2011. In two matchups, the New Jersey Nets faced the Toronto Raptors at the O2 Arena in London in front of over 20,000 fans.
After the 2012–13 season, the New Orleans Hornets were renamed the Pelicans.[81] During the 2013–14 season, Stern retired as commissioner after 30 years, and deputy commissioner Adam Silver ascended to the position of commissioner. During that season's playoffs, the Bobcats officially reclaimed the Hornets name, and by agreement with the league and the Pelicans, also received sole ownership of all history, records, and statistics from the Pelicans' time in Charlotte. As a result, the Hornets are now officially considered to have been founded in 1988, suspended operations in 2002, and resumed in 2004 as the Bobcats, while the Pelicans are officially treated as a 2002 expansion team.[82] (This is somewhat similar to the relationship between the Cleveland Browns and Baltimore Ravens in the NFL.)
Donald Sterling, who was then-owner of the Los Angeles Clippers, received a lifetime ban from the NBA on April 29, 2014, after racist remarks he made became public. Sterling was also fined US$2.5 million, the maximum allowed under the NBA Constitution.[83]
Becky Hammon was hired by the San Antonio Spurs on August 5, 2014, as an assistant coach, becoming the second female coach in NBA history but the first full-time coach.[84][85] This also makes her the first full-time female coach in any of the four major professional sports in North America.[85]
The NBA announced on April 15, 2016, that it would allow all 30 of its teams to sell corporate sponsor advertisement patches on official game uniforms, beginning with the 2017–18 season. The sponsorship advertisement patches would appear on the left front of jerseys, opposite Nike's logo, marking the first time a manufacturer's logo would appear on NBA jerseys, and would measure approximately 2.5 by 2.5 inches. The NBA would become the first major North American professional sports league to allow corporate sponsorship logos on official team uniforms, and the last to have a uniform manufacturer logo appear on its team uniforms.[86] The first team to announce a jersey sponsorship was the Philadelphia 76ers, who agreed to a deal with StubHub.[87]
On July 6, 2017, the NBA unveiled an updated rendition of its logo; it was largely identical to the previous design, except with revised typography and a "richer" color scheme. The league began to phase in the updated logo across its properties during the 2017 NBA Summer League.[88]
The NBA also officially released new Nike uniforms for all 30 teams beginning with the 2017–18 season. The league eliminated "home" and "away" uniform designations. Instead, each team would have four or six uniforms: the "Association" edition, which is the team's white uniform, the "Icon" edition, which is the team's color uniform, and the "Statement" and "City" uniforms, which most teams use as an alternate uniform.[89] In 2018, the NBA also released the "Earned" uniform.[90]
The NBA originated in 1946 with 11 teams, and through a sequence of team expansions, reductions and relocations currently consists of 30 teams. The United States is home to 29 teams; another is in Canada.
The current league organization divides 30 teams into two conferences of three divisions with five teams each. The current divisional alignment was introduced in the 2004–05 season. Reflecting the population distribution of the United States and Canada as a whole, most teams are in the eastern half of the country: 13 teams are in the Eastern Time Zone, nine in the Central, three in the Mountain, and five in the Pacific.
- Notes
- An asterisk (*) denotes a franchise move. See the respective team articles for more information.
- The Fort Wayne Pistons, Minneapolis Lakers and Rochester Royals all joined the NBA (BAA) in 1948 from the NBL.
- The Syracuse Nationals and Tri-Cities Blackhawks joined the NBA in 1949 as part of the BAA-NBL absorption.
- The Indiana Pacers, New York Nets, San Antonio Spurs, and Denver Nuggets all joined the NBA in 1976 as part of the ABA–NBA merger.
- The Charlotte Hornets are regarded as a continuation of the original Charlotte franchise, which suspended operations in 2002 and rejoined the league in 2004. They were known as the Bobcats from 2004 to 2014. The New Orleans Pelicans are regarded as being established as an expansion team in 2002, originally known as the New Orleans Hornets until 2013.
Regular season
Following the summer break, teams begin training camps in late September. Training camps allow the coaching staff to evaluate players (especially rookies), scout the team's strengths and weaknesses, prepare the players for the rigorous regular season and determine the 12-man active roster (and a 3-man inactive list) with which they will begin the regular season. Teams have the ability to assign players with less than two years of experience to the NBA G League. After training camp, a series of preseason exhibition games are held. Preseason matches are sometimes held in non-NBA cities, both in the United States and overseas. The NBA regular season begins in the last week of October.
During the regular season, each team plays 82 games, 41 each home and away. A team faces opponents in its own division four times a year (16 games). Each team plays six of the teams from the other two divisions in its conference four times (24 games), and the remaining four teams three times (12 games). Finally, each team plays all the teams in the other conference twice apiece (30 games). This asymmetrical structure means the strength of schedule will vary between teams (but not as significantly as the NFL or MLB). Over five seasons, each team will have played 80 games against their division (20 games against each opponent, 10 at home, 10 on the road), 180 games against the rest of their conference (18 games against each opponent, 9 at home, 9 on the road), and 150 games against the other conference (10 games against each team, 5 at home, 5 on the road).
The NBA is also the only league that regularly schedules games on Christmas Day.[91] The league has been playing games regularly on the holiday since 1947,[92] though the first Christmas Day games were not televised until 1983–84.[93] Games played on this day have featured some of the best teams and players.[91][92][93] Christmas is also notable for NBA on television, as the holiday is when the first NBA games air on network television each season.[92][93] Games played on this day have been some of the highest-rated games during a particular season.
In February, the regular season pauses to celebrate the annual NBA All-Star Game. Fans vote throughout the United States, Canada, and on the Internet, and the top vote-getters in each conference are named captains. Fan votes determine the rest of the allstar starters. Coaches vote to choose the remaining 14 All-Stars. Then, the top vote-getters in each conference draft their own team from a player pool of allstars. The top vote-getter in the league earns first pick and so forth. The player with the best performance during the game is rewarded with a Game MVP award. Other attractions of the All-Star break include the Rising Stars Challenge (originally Rookie Challenge), where the top rookies and second-year players in the NBA play in a 5-on-5 basketball game, with the current format pitting U.S. players against those from the rest of the world; the Skills Challenge, where players compete to finish an obstacle course consisting of shooting, passing, and dribbling in the fastest time; the Three Point Contest, where players compete to score the highest number of three-point field goals in a given time; and the NBA Slam Dunk Contest, where players compete to dunk the ball in the most entertaining way according to the judges. These other attractions have varying names which include the names of the various sponsors who have paid for naming rights.
Shortly after the All-Star break is the trade deadline, which is set to fall on the 16th Thursday of the season (usually in February) at 3 pm Eastern Time.[94] After this date, teams are not allowed to exchange players with each other for the remainder of the season, although they may still sign and release players. Major trades are often completed right before the trading deadline, making that day a hectic time for general managers.
Around the middle of April, the regular season ends. It is during this time that voting begins for individual awards, as well as the selection of the honorary, league-wide, postseason teams. The Sixth Man of the Year Award is given to the best player coming off the bench (must have more games coming off the bench than actual games started). The Rookie of the Year Award is awarded to the most outstanding first-year player. The Most Improved Player Award is awarded to the player who is deemed to have shown the most improvement from the previous season. The Defensive Player of the Year Award is awarded to the league's best defender. The Coach of the Year Award is awarded to the coach that has made the most positive difference to a team. The Most Valuable Player Award is given to the player deemed the most valuable for (his team) that season. Additionally, Sporting News awards an unofficial (but widely recognized) Executive of the Year Award to the general manager who is adjudged to have performed the best job for the benefit of his franchise.
The postseason teams are the All-NBA Team, the All-Defensive Team, and the All-Rookie Team; each consists of five players. There are three All-NBA teams, consisting of the top players at each position, with first-team status being the most desirable. There are two All-Defensive teams, consisting of the top defenders at each position. There are also two All-Rookie teams, consisting of the top first-year players regardless of position.[95][96]
The NBA playoffs begin in April after the conclusion of the regular season with the top eight teams in each conference, regardless of divisional alignment, competing for the league's championship title, the Larry O'Brien Championship Trophy. Seeds are awarded in strict order of regular season record (with a tiebreaker system used as needed).
Having a higher seed offers several advantages. Since the first seed begins the playoffs playing against the eighth seed, the second seed plays the seventh seed, the third seed plays the sixth seed, and the fourth seed plays the fifth seed, having a higher seed means a team faces a weaker team in the first round. The team in each series with the better record has home-court advantage, including the First Round. Before the league changed its playoff determination format for the 2006–07 season, this meant that, for example, if the team that received the sixth seed had a better record than the team with the third seed (by virtue of a divisional championship), the sixth seed would have home-court advantage, even though the other team had a higher seed. Therefore, the team with the best regular season record in the league is guaranteed home-court advantage in every series it plays. For example, in 2006, the Denver Nuggets won 44 games and captured the Northwest Division and the third seed. Their opponent was the sixth-seeded Los Angeles Clippers, who won 47 games and finished second in the Pacific Division. Although Denver won its much weaker division, the Clippers had a home-court advantage and won the series in 5.
The playoffs follow a tournament format. Each team plays an opponent in a best-of-seven series, with the first team to win four games advancing into the next round, while the other team is eliminated from the playoffs. In the next round, the successful team plays against another advancing team of the same conference. All but one team in each conference are eliminated from the playoffs. Since the NBA does not re-seed teams, the playoff bracket in each conference uses a traditional design, with the winner of the series matching the first- and eighth-seeded teams playing the winner of the series matching the fourth- and fifth-seeded teams, and the winner of the series matching the second- and seventh-seeded teams playing the winner of the series matching the third- and sixth-seeded teams. In every round, the best-of-7 series follows a 2–2–1–1–1 home-court pattern, meaning that one team will have home court in games 1, 2, 5, and 7, while the other plays at home in games 3, 4, and 6. From 1985 to 2013, the NBA Finals followed a 2–3–2 pattern, meaning that one team had home court in games 1, 2, 6, and 7, while the other played at home in games 3, 4, and 5.[97]
The final playoff round, a best-of-seven series between the victors of both conferences, is known as the NBA Finals and is held annually in June. The winner of the NBA Finals receives the Larry O'Brien Championship Trophy. Each player and major contributor—including coaches and the general manager—on the winning team receive a championship ring. In addition, the league awards the Bill Russell NBA Finals Most Valuable Player Award to the best performing player of the series.
The league began using its current format, with the top eight teams in each conference advancing regardless of divisional alignment, in the 2015–16 season. Previously, the top three seeds went to the division winners.[98]
The Los Angeles Lakers and the Boston Celtics have won the most championships with each having 17 NBA Finals wins. Followed by Golden State Warriors and Chicago Bulls with seven and six titles
Current teams that have no NBA Finals appearances:
- Charlotte Hornets (formerly Charlotte Bobcats)
- Denver Nuggets
- Los Angeles Clippers (formerly Buffalo Braves, San Diego Clippers)
- Memphis Grizzlies (formerly Vancouver Grizzlies)
- Minnesota Timberwolves
- New Orleans Pelicans (formerly New Orleans Hornets, New Orleans/Oklahoma City Hornets)
Media coverage
As one of the major sports leagues in North America, the NBA has a long history of partnerships with television networks in the United States. The NBA signed a contract with DuMont Television Network in its eighth season, the 1953–54 season, marking the first year the NBA had a national television broadcaster. Similar to the National Football League, the lack of television stations led to NBC taking over the rights from the 1954–55 season until April 7, 1962–NBC's first tenure with the NBA. Currently in the U.S., the NBA has a contract with ESPN (and ABC) and TNT through the 2024–25 season. Games that are not broadcast nationally are usually aired over regional sports networks specific to the area where the teams are located.
International competitions
The National Basketball Association has sporadically participated in international club competitions. From 1987 to 1999 an NBA team played against championship club teams from Asia, Europe and South America in the McDonald's Championship. This tournament was won by the NBA invitee every year it was held.[99]
Ticket prices and viewership demographics
In 2022, an average ticket cost $77.75.[100] Depending on the market and stage of the season—preseason, regular season, postseason—a ticket can range from $10 to $70,000.[lower-alpha 1][101]
In 2020, ticket prices for the NBA All Star Game became more expensive than ever before, averaging around $2,600, and even more on the secondary market.[102]
Viewership demographics
According to Nielsen's survey, in 2013 the NBA had the youngest audience, with 45 percent of its viewers under 35, but the least likely, along with Major League Baseball, to be watched by women, who make up only 30% of the viewership. As of 2014, 45 percent of its viewers were black, while 40 percent of viewers were white, making it the only top North American sport that does not have a white majority audience.[103]
As of 2017, the NBA's popularity further declined among White Americans, who during the 2016–17 season, made up only 34% of the viewership. At the same time, the black viewership increased to 47 percent, while Hispanic (of any race) stood at 11% and Asian viewership stood at 8%. According to the same poll, the NBA was favored more strongly by Democrats than Republicans.[104]
Outside the U.S., the NBA's biggest international market is in China,[105][106] where an estimated 800 million viewers watched the 2017–18 season.[107] NBA China is worth approximately $4 billion.[105][106]
Controversies and criticism
The NBA has been involved in a number of controversies over the years and has received a significant amount of criticism.[108][109][110]
Notable people
Presidents and commissioners
- Maurice Podoloff, President from 1946 to 1963
- Walter Kennedy, President from 1963 to 1967 and Commissioner from 1967 to 1975
- Larry O'Brien, Commissioner from 1975 to 1984
- David Stern, Commissioner from 1984 to 2014
- Adam Silver, Commissioner from 2014 to present
- NBA 75th Anniversary Team
- Lists of National Basketball Association players
- List of foreign NBA players, a list that is exclusively for players who are not from the United States
International influence
Following pioneers like Vlade Divac (Serbia) and Dražen Petrović (Croatia) who joined the NBA in the late 1980s, an increasing number of international players have moved directly from playing elsewhere in the world to starring in the NBA. Below is a short list of foreign players who have won NBA awards or have been otherwise recognized for their contributions to basketball, either currently or formerly active in the league:
- Dražen Petrović, Croatia – 2002 inductee into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame, four-time Euroscar winner, two-time Mr. Europa winner, MVP of the 1986 FIBA World Championship and EuroBasket 1989, two-time Olympic silver medalist, World champion, European champion, 50 Greatest EuroLeague Contributors.
- Vlade Divac, Serbia – 2019 inductee into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame, two-time Olympic silver medalist, 2001 NBA All-Star, two-time World champion, three-time European champion, 1989 Mr. Europa winner, 50 Greatest EuroLeague Contributors.
- Šarūnas Marčiulionis, Lithuania – 2014 inductee into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame. First player from the Soviet Union and one of the first Europeans to sign a contract with an NBA club and to play solidly in the league, helping to lead the way for the internationalization of the league in the late 1990s.
- Toni Kukoč, Croatia – 2021 inductee into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame, three-time NBA champion with Chicago Bulls (1996, 1997, 1998), 1996 Sixth Man Award winner, named in 2008 as one of the 50 Greatest EuroLeague Contributors.
- Arvydas Sabonis, Lithuania – 2011 inductee into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame, five-time Euroscar winner, two-time Mr. Europa winner, Olympic gold medalist in 1988 with the Soviet Union and bronze medalist in 1992 and 1996 with Lithuania, 1996 NBA All-Rookie First Team, 50 Greatest EuroLeague Contributors.
- Peja Stojaković, Serbia – NBA champion with Dallas Mavericks (2011), MVP of the EuroBasket 2001, member of the all-tournament team in the 2002 FIBA World Championship, 2001 Euroscar winner, two-time Mr. Europa winner, two-time NBA Three-Point Shootout champion, three-time NBA All-Star.
- Dirk Nowitzki, Germany – NBA champion with Dallas Mavericks (2011), MVP of the 2002 FIBA World Championship and EuroBasket 2005, member of the all-tournament team in the 2002 FIBA World Championship, six-time Euroscar winner, 2005 Mr. Europa, two-time FIBA Europe Player of the Year, 2007 NBA MVP, 2011 Bill Russell NBA Finals Most Valuable Player Award, 2006 NBA Three-Point Shootout champion and 14-time NBA All-Star.
- Hedo Türkoğlu, Turkey – 2008 Most Improved Player Award winner, member of the all-tournament team in the 2010 FIBA World Championship.
- Pau Gasol, Spain – two-time NBA champion with Los Angeles Lakers (2009 and 2010), six-time NBA All-Star, 2002 NBA Rookie of the Year, two-time Mr. Europa, 2006 FIBA World Championship MVP, four-time Euroscar, two-time FIBA Europe Player of the Year, MVP of the EuroBasket 2009 and EuroBasket 2015, winner of the NBA Citizenship Award in 2012.
- Andrei Kirilenko, Russia – 2004 NBA All-Star, MVP of the EuroBasket 2007, 2007 FIBA Europe Player of the Year.
- Tony Parker, France – four-time NBA champion with the San Antonio Spurs, 2007 NBA Finals MVP, six-time NBA All-Star and 2007 Euroscar winner.
- Manu Ginóbili, Argentina – four-time NBA champion with San Antonio Spurs, 2008 Sixth Man Award winner, two-time NBA All-Star, 50 Greatest EuroLeague Contributors, Olympic gold medalist in 2004 with Argentina.
- Yao Ming, China – 2016 inductee into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame, first overall pick in the 2002 NBA draft and eight-time NBA All-Star.
- Leandro Barbosa, Brazil – NBA champion with Golden State Warriors (2015),[111] 2007 Sixth Man Award winner.
- Andrea Bargnani, Italy – first overall pick in the 2006 NBA draft by the Toronto Raptors.
- Giannis Antetokounmpo, Greece – NBA champion with the Milwaukee Bucks (2021), 2021 NBA Finals MVP, two-time NBA MVP, 2017 Most Improved Player, five-time NBA All-Star.
- Nikola Jokić, Serbia – 2021 and 2022 NBA MVP, three-time NBA All-Star, 2016 NBA All-Rookie First Team, Olympic silver medalist.
- Luka Dončić, Slovenia – 2019 NBA Rookie of the Year, three-time NBA All-Star, European champion
On some occasions, young players, most but not all from the English-speaking world, have attended U.S. colleges before playing in the NBA. Notable examples are:
- Nigerian Hakeem Olajuwon – first overall pick in the 1984 NBA draft, two-time champion, 12-time NBA All-Star, 1994 NBA MVP, two-time NBA Finals MVP, two-time NBA Defensive Player of the Year (only player to receive the MVP Award, Defensive Player of the Year Award, and Finals MVP award in the same season,) and Hall of Famer.
- Congolese Dikembe Mutombo – fourth overall pick in the 1991 NBA draft, four-time NBA Defensive Player of the Year, eight-time NBA All-Star and Hall of Famer.
- Dutchman Rik Smits – second overall pick in the 1988 NBA draft, 1998 NBA All-Star, played 12 years for the Indiana Pacers.
- German Detlef Schrempf – two-time NBA Sixth Man Award winner, three-time NBA All-Star.
- Canadians Steve Nash (two-time NBA MVP, eight-time NBA All-Star, Hall of Famer) and Andrew Wiggins (first overall pick in the 2014 NBA draft, 2015 NBA Rookie of the Year)
- Australians Luc Longley (three-time champion with the Chicago Bulls), Andrew Bogut (first overall pick in the 2005 NBA draft, 2015 NBA champion with Golden State Warriors) and Ben Simmons (first overall pick in the 2016 NBA draft, 2018 NBA Rookie of the Year, three-time NBA All-Star).
- Sudanese-born Englishman Luol Deng – 2007 NBA Sportsmanship Award winner, two-time NBA All-Star.
- Cameroonians Joel Embiid (four-time NBA All-Star, 2017 NBA All-Rookie First Team) and Pascal Siakam (2019 NBA champion with Toronto Raptors, 2019 Most Improved Player, 2020 NBA All-Star)
Since 2006, the NBA has faced EuroLeague teams in exhibition matches in the NBA Europe Live Tour, and since 2009 in the EuroLeague American Tour.
The 2013–14 season opened with a record 92 international players on the opening night rosters, representing 39 countries and comprising over 20 percent of the league.[67] The NBA defines "international" players as those born outside the 50 United States and Washington, D.C. This means that:
- Players born in U.S. possessions such as Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands, most notably USVI native Tim Duncan, are counted as "international" even though they are U.S. citizens by birth, and may even have represented the U.S. in international competition (like Duncan).
- U.S.-born players are not counted as "international" even if they were born with citizenship in another country and represent that country internationally, such as Joakim Noah, and Kosta Koufos.
- List of current National Basketball Association head coaches
- List of National Basketball Association head coaches
- List of National Basketball Association player-coaches
- List of NBA championship head coaches
- List of foreign NBA coaches
- Top 10 Coaches in NBA History
- List of female NBA coaches
NBA Cares
The league has a global social responsibility program, NBA Cares, that is responsible for the league's stated mission of addressing important social issues worldwide.[112]
See also
- List of NBA champions
- List of National Basketball Association awards
- List of National Basketball Association seasons
- National Basketball Association Cheerleading
- National Basketball Association rivalries
- NBA Salary Cap
- List of NBA Playoffs Series
- NBA Summer League
- Criticisms and controversies
- Music
- Nielsen ratings
- List of NBA franchise post-season droughts
- List of NBA franchise post-season streaks
- NBA Store
- During the 2019 NBA Finals between the Toronto Raptors and Golden State Warriors, two courtside tickets were sold for $69,287.21 each at Oracle Arena.
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- "Philadelphia 76ers And StubHub Announce First Jersey Sponsorship in Major American Professional Sports". Sixers.com (Press release). NBA Media Ventures, LLC. May 15, 2016. Retrieved January 31, 2017.
- "A first look at the NBA's refreshed logo". National Basketball Association. July 6, 2017. Retrieved December 18, 2017.
- Whitaker, Lang (July 18, 2017). "NBA, Nike unveil new uniforms for 2017–18 season". National Basketball Association. Retrieved December 18, 2017.
- "Teams unveil Earned Edition uniforms for 2018–19 season" (Press release). National Basketball Association. December 12, 2018. Retrieved April 25, 2021.
- Schuhmann, John (December 17, 2009). "Knicks, Kobe and more part of Christmas Day lore". National Basketball Association. Archived from the original on December 2, 2010. Retrieved December 27, 2010.
- Eisenberg, Jeff (December 24, 2009). "Christmas Tradition". The Riverside (Ca.) Press-Enterprise. p. B1.
- Garcia, Art (December 13, 2009). "Christmas Day clashes bring back fond memories". National Basketball Association. Retrieved December 27, 2010.
- "NBA Trading Deadline Trades Since 1987". National Basketball Association. Archived from the original on November 9, 2009. Retrieved January 5, 2012.
- "Year-by-year NBA All-Rookie Teams". NBA.com. Retrieved December 27, 2022.
- "Year-by-year NBA All-Defensive Teams". NBA.com. Retrieved December 27, 2022.
- "NBA owners change Finals format to 2–2–1–1–1". National Basketball Association. Associated Press. October 23, 2013. Archived from the original on May 15, 2014. Retrieved April 19, 2015.
- "NBA to seed playoff teams in each conference by record". National Basketball Association. Associated Press. September 8, 2015. Retrieved July 16, 2017.
- "New club basketball championship to debut in 2010". ESPN. December 9, 2008. Retrieved June 13, 2011.
- "Team Market Report Publishes NBA Fan Cost Index; Slight Increase Reported". Sports Law Expert. May 8, 2022. Retrieved October 1, 2022.
- May, Jeffrey (November 24, 2021). "How much are NBA tickets? What's the average price?". Diario AS. Retrieved October 1, 2022.
- "2020 NBA All-Star Game Tickets Are Most Expensive in Last 10 Years 🎟". SLAM. February 13, 2020. Retrieved February 19, 2020.
- Thompson, Derek (February 10, 2014). "Which Sports Have the Whitest/Richest/Oldest Fans?". The Atlantic. Retrieved December 8, 2016.
- Piacenza, Joanna (January 25, 2018). "The NFL Isn't the Only Divisive Sport in America". Morning Consult.
- "Silver hopes for 'mutual respect' between NBA and China amid questions". South China Morning Post. July 1, 2020. Retrieved December 2, 2020.
- "How the NBA's rift with China laid bare the cost of free speech". The Guardian. October 12, 2019. Retrieved December 2, 2020.
- "The NBA Is Seeking Its First Head of Government in China". Bloomberg.com. March 20, 2019. Retrieved December 2, 2020.
- Spring, Jay (September 10, 2017). "Every NBA Team's Biggest Conspiracy Or Controversy". thesportster.com. The Sportster. Retrieved October 13, 2019.
- Simpson, Jake (November 30, 2012). "The NBA Spurs Controversy Is a Controversy Over the Purpose of Sports". The Atlantic. Retrieved October 13, 2019.
- Havervold, Kale. "The Darkest Moments in the History of the NBA". sportsbreak.com. Sports Break. Retrieved October 13, 2019.
- Salvadore, Damon (June 17, 2015). "Leandro Barbosa Makes NBA History as Golden State Warriors Defeat Cleveland Cavaliers in Finals". Latin Post. Retrieved January 20, 2016.
- "NBA Cares, coaches clinic to take place ahead of weekend matches". Free Press Journal. October 2, 2019. Retrieved October 9, 2019.
Further reading
- Rosen, Charley (2009). The First Tip-Off: The Incredible Story of the Birth of the NBA. McGraw-Hill Professional. ISBN 978-0-07-148785-6.
- Editors of Sports Illustrated (2007). Sports Illustrated: The Basketball Book. Sports Illustrated. ISBN 978-1-933821-19-1.
- Havlicek, John (2003). NBA's Greatest 1st edition. DK. ISBN 0-7894-9977-0.
- Peterson, Robert W. (2002). Cages to Jump Shots: Pro Basketball's Early Years. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-8772-0.


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If you only need to charge your vehicle less than 3 times a month or simply want to use emotì occasionally, sign up for the free pay-as-you-go option and start charging your vehicle immediately using our mobile app.
If you charge your car regularly, become a member and enjoy access to the charging network at preferential rates. In addition to access via the app, you will also receive your smotion access card free of charge.
Thanks to the roaming, you have also access to thousands of charging stations abroad.


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Spencer David Kobren is the Founder and President of the American Hair Loss Association, the nation's foremost, privately held, consumer organization dedicated to educating the public, healthcare professionals, and the mainstream media about the emotionally devastating, and life altering disease of hair loss.
Mr. Kobren is considered the country's most prominent and effective consumer/patient advocate. He's the author of the ground breaking International Best Seller, The Bald Truth; The First Complete Guide to Preventing and Treating Hair Loss (Pocket Books/Simon & Schuster), which has become the most widely read consumer hair loss guide of all time. Published in five languages and sold in every English speaking country in the world, The Bald Truth has touched the lives of countless hair loss sufferers in search of real hope. His second book The Truth About Women's Hair Loss; What Really Works for Treating and Preventing Thinning Hair (Contemporary Books/McGraw-Hill) has forever changed the way medicine and society looks at this neglected epidemic.
Referred to as the "Father" of consumer hair loss education, Mr. Kobren is a contributing editor for Consumer's Digest Magazine and WebMD and is the Founder and Director of Consumer/Patient affairs of The International Alliance of Hair Restoration Surgeons. Mr. Kobren also holds a position on the scientific advisory board of biotech startup HairDx, providers of the first genetic test to determine the likelihood of developing male or female pattern hair loss.
Kobren's uniquely powerful approach to the promotion of smart consumerism and patient education has earned him critical acclaim from media outlets around the globe and was a focus of the Discovery Channel documentary, "The Bald Truth".
Kobren and his work have been featured in articles in many publications, including GQ, The Wall Street Journal, The Washington Post Magazine, Men's Health, Men's Journal, Newsday, The New York Times, The Los Angeles Times, The Atlanta Journal-Constitution, The Pittsburgh Tribune-Review and The Washington Post. Kobren has been interviewed by local and national affiliates of ABC News, NBC News, The Fox News Organization, CBS News and the CBC. He has also been interviewed for ABC News "20/20" and "Good Morning America." Mr. Kobren has had a chapter dedicated to his work in New York Post columnist Gersh Kuntzman's Book, Hair! Mankind's Historic Quest to End Baldness.
" Until the day comes when we can retire alopecia, due to the success of modern genetic medicine, Spencer David Kobren is our voice of truth in the madness of hair loss and the hair loss industry."
-Angela M. Christiano, Ph.D. Associate Professor of Dermatology and Genetics
and Development, Columbia University


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Please note: when changing country, you will lose the content of your cart. Prices, currency and shipping costs may vary.
If you can't find the country you live in from the lists, it means that we do not deliver to where you live right now.
Width 10.5 inches
Height 7.4 inches
Depth 6.6 inches


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Blue Funkier Monkey Toddler Backpack by Four Peas
Does your child exude style? Are you looking for a quality backpack with attitude? Your search will end with a piece from the Toddler Backpack collection from Four Peas. Each bold kids backpack features a 1" wide adjustable shoulder strap, carry handle on the top, a zipper 3/4 around the bag and a pocket on the front with its own zipper and is made with 600 denier plus nylon and are 11.25" tall x 10" across and 4" wide at the bottom. This Blue Funkier Monkey Toddler Backpack by Four Peas is the perfect size for boys and girls ages two and older, but remember these backpacks are toddler size and are not intended for school books. Makes a great overnight bag for going to Grandma's or to load up their favorite toys for a trip.


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Limestone is a sedimentary rock formed from calcareous
remains of plants and animals or precipitated from solution. Often contains remains and fossils of sea creatures. Limestone Floor Cleaning is necessary if it is natural Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) and will yield lime when heated. Does not show much gaining or crystalline structure. It has a smooth granular surface unlike some of the man-made tile floors. Varies in hardness. Some dense limestone can be polished – will never be as shiny as marble or granite! Color tones are typically neutral.
Limestone Floor Cleaning is in needed in many older buildings have durable limestone flooring. This is the chalky porous type typical of most French and Spanish limestone. Etched by acids, including soft drinks. Absorbs oils and other liquids and is more easily stained than marble. Composed of Calcite and some Magnesium. Color tones are typically neutral. Limestone is becoming more popular than marble and is usually honed (not shiny). Has a smooth granular surface. Varies in hardness.
Limestone and marble are very reactive to acid solutions, making acid rain a significant problem. Many limestone statues and building surfaces have suffered severe damage due to acid rain. Acid-based cleaning chemicals can also etch limestone, which should only be cleaned with a neutral or mild alkaline-based cleaner.
Limestone is more porous, softer, and chemically sensitive than marble or granite. Etched by acids, including soft drinks and juice. Absorbs oils and other liquids and is easily stained. So putting limestone in a kitchen or heavily used bathroom is not a good idea.
Should be sealed with a penetrating sealer to prevent staining and reduce soiling. Should only be cleaned with neutral pH detergents. Because it is soft, it should never be cleaned at pressures above 800 PSI and then only if the grout is in good condition.
Limestone is a sedimentary rock and is most commonly used for flooring, wall tiles, counters, shower surfaces and outdoor paving. Whatever their purpose in your home the maintenance and cleaning of your limestone tiles will determine how well they'll serve you. Typically, limestone is very durable and can last a long time (take a look at the Great Pyramid of Giza), but, as it is a fairly soft stone, it can scratch, be damaged by heat and etched by acidic substances. Below is a simple guide to cleaning your tiles and keeping them in tip-top condition.


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You wish to study in a Bachelor programme at the University of Lausanne
Select the entry corresponding to your situation. Don't forget to respect the deadlines.
You have obtained or will obtain one of the following Swiss diplomas
maturité cantonale, certificat de maturité de la Commission suisse de maturité, passerelle Dubs, Bachelor from a Haute Ecole spécialisée (HES) or from a Haute Ecole pédagogique (HEP)
You have obtained or will obtain a foreign secondary school diploma
Unless otherwise specified, only diplomas of secondary education representing a broad curriculum are recognised (essentially of the literature or science type), subject to certain requirements in relation to average mark and additional entrance exams
UNIL sans matu? Admission to a Bachelor without a recognised secondary school leaving diploma
You wish to take a preliminary entrance exam (Examen Préalable) or apply for an admission based on curriculum (Admission sur Dossier)
You wish to enrol as an auditor
Information about the inscription


text: An Old Woman having lost the use of her eyes, called in a Physician to heal them, and made this bargain with him in the presence of witnesses: that if he should cure her blindness, he should receive from her a sum of money; but if her infirmity remained, she should give him nothing. This agreement being made, the Physician, time after time, applied his salve to her eyes, and on every visit took something away, stealing all her property little by little. And when he had got all she had, he healed her and demanded the promised payment. The Old Woman, when she recovered her sight and saw none of her goods in her house, would give him nothing. The Physician insisted on his claim, and, as she still refused, summoned her before the Judge. The Old Woman, standing up in the Court, argued: "This man here speaks the truth in what he says; for I did promise to give him a sum of money if I should recover my sight: but if I continued blind, I was to give him nothing. Now he declares that I am healed. I on the contrary affirm that I am still blind; for when I lost the use of my eyes, I saw in my house various chattels and valuable goods: but now, though he swears I am cured of my blindness, I am not able to see a single thing in it."


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How do I reset Canvas Veracross grade integration data for a course as an admin?
As an admin, you can reset gradebook integration data for courses in your account in SIS Integration Utilities.
When a Canvas assignment syncs to your institution's SIS gradebook, it is assigned a number that passes from Canvas to your SIS. When the assignment is created in the SIS, it receives the same number. This means that subsequent grade syncs can include student grade updates without requiring the assignment to be re-created as a new assignment in the SIS. When you reset the grade integration data, this assigned number is removed from the gradebook integration data that is passed from Canvas to the SIS. Without the assigned number, the Canvas data is interpreted as a new assignment, which triggers the creation of a new assignment in the SIS gradebook.
Unlike a typical SIS grade sync, when you reset grade integration data, you cannot select or deselect assignments to include.
Note: To reset integration data for a course, you must know the course ID. To find a course ID, you can open a course and view the URL. The course ID is the set of numbers after https://...courses/. Alternatively, you can view the course URL by hovering your cursor over the course name link in the Courses page.
Open Account
In Global Navigation, click the Admin link [1], then click the name of the account [2].
Open SIS Integration
In the Account Navigation menu, click the SIS Integration link.
Open Utilities
In the SIS Integration page, click the Utilities tab.
View Reset Integration Data Notification
View the Reset Integration Data tool warning notification [1].
Resetting integration data cannot be undone and resets the posting status of all assignments in the specified course. A data reset may also lead to duplicate assignments in the SIS gradebook.
Enter Course IDs
Enter the course ID in the Course IDs field [1]. You can enter multiple course IDs separated by a comma to reset data for multiple courses at one time.
Then click the I understand the consequence of this action checkbox [2].
Reset Course Integration Data
Click the Reset button.


text: We live in a globalised world of continuous change. Your ability to successfully manage change will allow you to have a positive impact on your work and your life. Via structured learning activities (video lectures, quizzes, discussion prompts and written assessment) this course will teach you how to effectively influence change by developing a 'change mindset', creating a productive change cycle, and leading yourself and others on the change journey. You will learn how to re-imagine change by redefining the change problem and developing a balanced and reflective change mindset. Change is inevitable but you can influence how it affects your organisation.


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Cost: Free!
Age: Adults and children ages 12 and up, accompanied by an adult.
Weather policy: Date and time subject to change dependent on weather. Please check your email for updates on the morning of the event.
COVID-19 Information: This program will be entirely outdoors (an outside porta potty will be available). Please do not attend if you are experiencing or have experienced in the last two weeks any symptoms associated with COVID-19 (fever, cough, shortness of breath, etc.).
Registration is REQUIRED.
Cancellation policy: If you register and can no longer attend this event, please let us know as soon as possible so that we can open your spot to someone else.
By registering for this event, you are affirming that you have read and agree to our liability release policy.
We look forward to seeing you at the Clifton Institute!


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Jet 894050 ETM-949EVS, Elite 9x49 Electronic Variable Speed Mill 230V, 3Ph
Elite offers World Class Mills fully loaded with features. When working on the design of the mills we focused our efforts on the most accurate spindle assembly to meet strict tolerance requirements. To improve the reliability and durability we went back and did things the old fashioned way, we hand scraped the ways to a minimum of 16-point per inch. For operator safety all Elite Mills are CSA / CUS Certified and all come with a spindle safety guard.
- Spindle utilizes class 7210 (P4, ABEC-7) precision angular bearings for the industry leading spindle taper runout of 0.00012"
- Chromium Molybdenum spindle is fully hardened through a carbonizing treatment and is precisely ground to maintain strict tolerances
- Seamless, one-piece, steel quill is induction hardened and chromed for increased strength and precision ground for greater accuracy
- The Y and Z-Axis ways are hand scraped to a minimum of 16 points per square inch for greater oil retention and smooth movements
- Heat treated and polished lead screws are supported by thrust bearings ensuring smooth, incremental movements of the table under load
- The table and saddle backlash is controlled by an advanced double nut design that eliminates end-play for precisely controlled lateral movements
- A patented vari-disc key provides upto ten times the wear resistance than aluminum or brass keys
- Variable speed pulleys are ground and multiplane dynamically balanced, reducing vibration and ensuring smooth speed transitions
- Ball bearing support of the motor shaft ensures proper loading, support and alignment for quiet, accurate operation at any speed
- Hardened and ground table provides a stable and accurate platform for milling a diverse variety of materials
- Every thirty minutes, with a flow of 3 to 6 cc/cy your Elite mill is automatically lubricated
- Stainless steel Y-Axis way cover provides extra years of protection over the standard sheet metal cover
- Certified Meehanite® castings retain their tolerances and remain rigid through many years of machining
- The electronic spindle brake, when activated, interrupts power to the spindle to prevent acidental start ups
- The mounted control box houses major mill functions as well as an emergency stop button
- For added safety, the ETM-949EVS Mill follows strict guidelines and electrical requirements to be certified by CSA Group
- Standard Equipment
- Spindle Safety Guard
- Halogen Machine Lamp
- Dual Locks On All Surfaces
- Table Size (L x W) (In.): 9 x 49
- Spindle Taper (In. x TPI): R-8
- Quill Diameter (In.): 3-3/8
- Number of Spindle Speeds: Electronic Variable
- Range of Spindle Speeds (RPM): 60 - 5,000
- Quill Down Feed Rates (IPR): 0.0015 - 0.003 - 0.006
- Spindle Travel (In.): 5
- Head Movement (Deg.): 90° R & L 45° F & B
- Max Distance Spindle to Table (In.): 18-3/4
- Distance Spindle to Column (Max.) (In.): 21-2/5
- Distance Spindle to Column (Min.) (In.): 6-1/2
- Collet Capacity: 1/8 - 7/8
- Table Longitudinal Travel (In.): 36
- Table Cross Travel (In.): 12
- T-Slots Number and Size (In.): 3 and 5/8
- T-Slot Centers (In.): 2-1/2
- Work Table Weight Capacity (Lbs.): 550
- Travel of Knee (In.): 16
- Travel of Ram (In.): 14
- Motor (HP): 3 HP, 230V, 3 Ph
- Ampearge Draw @ 230V 3Ph: 18
- Prewired (V.): 230
- Overall Dimensions (L x W x H) (In.): 68 x 63 x 84
- Weight (Lbs.): 2,300
- Style (Type): Variable Speed
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Warning: Cancer and Reproductive Harm - www.P65Warnings.ca.gov
JB Tools Customer Satisfaction Guarantee: Although JB tools is often not an "authorized" re-seller of all the products it sells and is often not affiliated with the manufacturers or brands of the products it sells, JB Tools stands behind all of the products it sells, because the products JB Tools sells are genuine and authentic. Because JB Tools only sells genuine and authentic products, JB Tools offers its customers a 100% satisfaction guarantee. To ensure 100% customer satisfaction, JB Tools is committed to and strictly complies with its return policy, which offers replacement products to its customers (subject to product availability), or a full refund (less return shipping costs), at the customer's option, and which you can access by clicking here.
Because JB Tools is an independent re-seller, JB Tools is able to offer the products it sells at the most competitive prices, resulting in substantial cost-savings passed directly to JB Tools' customers. JB Tools prides itself in being a trusted, internet-based retailer that its customers can rely on for quality products at reasonable prices. JB Tools' commitment to 100% customer satisfaction is unparalleled, which is why JB Tools offers its customers a best-in-class Warranty Program to all of its customers on all products sold by JB Tools. In the event a JB Tools customer believes that a product purchased from JB Tools has a defective condition and/or malfunctioning issue, JB Tools' customers can rest assured JB Tools will work with its customers to ensure issues are resolved in accordance with JB Tools' Warranty Program, which you can access by clicking here.
JB Tools Non-Affiliation Notice and Disclaimer: JB Tools holds itself out as neither the manufacturer, an affiliate of the manufacturer, or an "authorized" distributor of this product. By purchasing this product from JB Tools, purchasers may not be guaranteed any manufacturer-provided services offered by the manufacturer of this product (including any training or technical support that may otherwise be available). By purchasing this product from JB Tools, the manufacturers' warranty, if any, potentially associated with the product may not be honored by the manufacturer. JB Tools provides this disclaimer to ensure there is no likelihood of confusion unduly influencing your decision to purchase this product, or any other, product from JB Tools, and to ensure there is no confusion as to the existence of any affiliation between JB Tools and the manufacturer of this product. However, JB Tools' customers can rest assured that JB Tools stands behind its Warranty Program and its Manufacturer Matching Policy,100% of the time. Furthermore, in connection with JB Tools' satisfaction guarantee, JB Tools matches the price and/or any promotion associated with its products.


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Instantly reach the people in your life—for free. Messenger is just like texting, but you don't have to pay for every message (it works with your data plan).
Not just for Facebook friends: Message people in your phone book and just enter a phone number to add a new contact.
Group chats: Create groups for the people you message most. Name them, set group photos and keep them all in one place.
Photos and videos: Shoot videos and snap selfies or other photos right from the app and send them with one tap.
Chat heads: Keep the conversation going while you use other apps.
Free calls: Talk as long as you want, even with people in other countries. (Calls are free over Wi-Fi. Otherwise, standard data charges apply.)
Even more ways to message:
Bring your conversations to life with stickers.
Preview your gallery photos and videos without leaving the conversation--then choose the perfect ones to send.
Record voice messages when you have more to say.
Extra features:
Know when people have seen your messages.
Forward messages or photos to people who weren't in the conversation.
Search for people and groups to quickly get back to them.
Turn on location to let people know when you're nearby.
See who's available on Messenger and who's active on Facebook.
Create shortcuts to get to any conversation right from your home screen.
Turn off notifications when you're working, sleeping or just need a break.
Stay logged in so you never miss a message.


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- This event has passed.
Breast Cancer Group, Stage 0-2
Monday, June 22, 2020 at 6:00 pm - 8:00 pm
For women and men with stage zero to two Breast Cancer, this group offers an opportunity to network with others, discuss treatment options, and gain strength through interacting with those sharing a similar diagnosis. Our Drop-In groups can provide support from others, assist you in taking positive steps in making treatment decisions, and help you discover ways to function more effectively.


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Jaw Harp Instrument
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Cambodian bamboo jaw's harp, made in Vietnam.
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We are presenting a collection of vietnamese musical instruments. They are hand made by the Vietnamese famous instrument maker: Master Phan Chi Tinh. He is now teaching his son, Phan Chi Hong, to continue this traditional trade. Master Tinh is one of few famous musical instrument makers still living in Hanoi. These instruments are made out of bamboo, wood, or buffalo's' skin. They have beautiful sounds and interesting designs. These instruments are used in Vietnamese traditional music which play an important roles in theaters and in other traditional festivals.
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Use this calculator to estimate your monthly mortgage payment. Simply enter the loan amount, length of your mortgage and annual interest rate to calculate your payment.
Disclaimer: Monthly payments shown are principal and interest only and do not include private mortgage insurance (PMI), taxes, insurance or other escrows. Actual payment amount may be greater.


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Spurgeon Morning and Evening April 30 AM
April 30
Numbers 14:2
And all the children of Israel murmured.
There are murmurers amongst Christians now, as there were in the camp of Israel of old. There are those who, when the rod falls, cry out against the afflictive dispensation. They ask, "Why am I thus afflicted? What have I done to be chastened in this manner?" A word with thee, O murmurer! Why shouldst thou murmur against the dispensations of thy heavenly Father? Can He treat thee more hardly than thou deservest?
Consider what a rebel thou wast once, but He has pardoned thee! Surely, if He in His wisdom sees fit now to chasten thee, thou shouldst not complain. After all, art thou smitten as hardly as thy sins deserve? Consider the corruption which is in thy breast, and then wilt thou wonder that there needs so much of the rod to fetch it out?
Weigh thyself, and discern how much dross is mingled with thy gold; and dost thou think the fire too hot to purge away so much dross as thou hast? Does not that proud rebellious spirit of thine prove that thy heart is not thoroughly sanctified? Are not those murmuring words contrary to the holy submissive nature of God's children? Is not the correction needed? But if thou wilt murmur against the chastening, take heed, for it will go hard with murmurers. God always chastises His children twice, if they do not bear the first stroke patiently.
But know one thing-"He doth not afflict willingly, nor grieve the children of men." All His corrections are sent in love, to purify thee, and to draw thee nearer to Himself. Surely it must help thee to bear the chastening with resignation if thou art able to recognize thy Father's hand. For "whom the Lord loveth He chasteneth, and scourgeth every son whom He receiveth.
If ye endure chastening, God dealeth with you as with sons." "Murmur not as some of them also murmured and were destroyed of the destroyer."
Purchase your own copy of Spurgeon's classic Morning and Evening devotional.
Or, catch up on Morning and Evening in our Archives.


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(408) 549-8555
We repair ALL major appliances such as refrigerators, washers, dryers, dishwashers, range ovens, cooktops and HVAC brands, makes and models in Rancho Santa Fe. We carry a complete line of tools and equipment to fix any malfunctioning appliance and replace a defective part. Our staff follows very strict sanitation protocols and wears a mask and practices social distancing when entering a customer's home. Don't hesitate to schedule an appointment with one of our professional technicians right now! If you didn't find your appliance brand, feel free to call us at (619) 655-3355, e-mail us, or leave a message request.


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Make a tax-deductible donation to Wilkinson Center!
By Credit or Debit Card
Please complete the form below to make your gift online or call (972) 284-0302
By Stock or Asset Transfer
Please call (972) 284-0304 for details
By Check
Please make payable to Wilkinson Center and mail to:
Wilkinson Center, 8344 E. RL Thornton Freeway, Suite 235, Dallas, TX 75228
Donor Privacy Statement
Wilkinson Center maintains the highest level of privacy concerning our donors' contact and fund information. All contact information is used for internal purposes only and never published. Note that contact information is required by the IRS in relation to contributions but is not for public inspection. Wilkinson Center does not sell, trade, or share its donor list with any organization.
Other Ways to Give
- Ask your company to match your gift
- Recycle your phone, PDA or IPod through www.recyclingforcharities.com
- Use www.goodsearch.com to search the web
- Use www.giveline.com when you shop
- Link your Tom Thumb or Kroger Reward Card to the Wilkinson Center
- Run a marathon and raise money for the Wilkinson Center with All Tri
- Amazon Smile Program smile.amazon.com – Choose us as your charity
For additional information, please contact Cathy McNally at 972-284-0302 or email cathy_mcnally@wilkinsoncenter.


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SAP Exact Exam C_C4H630_34 Dumps Questions With Exact Answers
Exam Number/Code: C_C4H630_34
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