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Breath of the Earth: Cycling carbon through terrestrial ecosystems
Two recent international studies are poised to change the way scientists view the crucial relationship between Earth's climate and the carbon cycle. These reports explore the global photosynthesis and respiration rates -- the planet's deep "breaths" of carbon dioxide, in and out -- and researchers say that the new findings will be used to update and improve upon traditional models that couple together climate and carbon.
The two reports will be published online by the journal Science at the Science Express Web site today.
Christian Beer from the Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry in Jena, Germany, along with colleagues from 10 other countries around the world, first take a look at Earth's Gross Primary Production, or GPP, which represents the total amount of carbon dioxide that terrestrial plants breathe in through photosynthesis each year. With a novel combination of observations and modeling, they estimate the total amount of carbon dioxide that the world's plant life inhales annually to be 123 billion tons.
Then, Miguel Mahecha, also from the Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, and another international team of researchers settle a long-standing debate over the effects of short-term variations in air temperature on ecosystem respiration, or the Earth's exhalation of carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere. They show that the sensitivity of ecosystem respiration to short-term variations in temperature is similar around the world. The researchers also suggest that factors other than temperature, such as the slow, ongoing transformations of carbon in the soil and water availability, appear to play crucial roles in long-term ecosystem carbon balances.
Together, these findings shed more light on the global cycle of carbon into and out of the atmosphere and how those processes are coupled with Earth's ever-changing climate. The researchers analyzed vast amounts of climate and carbon data from around the world, and they say their results should help to improve the validity of predictive models and help resolve how climate change might affect the carbon cycle—and our world—in the future.
"An understanding of the factors that control the GPP of various terrestrial ecosystems is important because we humans make use of many ecosystem services, such as wood, fiber, and food," said Beer. "Additionally, such an understanding is important in the context of climate change as a consequence of carbon dioxide emissions from burning fossil fuels because vegetation greatly modulates the land-atmosphere exchanges of greenhouse gases, water, and carbon dioxide…"
In their report, Beer and his colleagues pooled large amounts of data from FLUXNET, an international initiative established more than 10 years ago to monitor exchanges of carbon dioxide between Earth's ecosystems and the atmosphere, with remote sensing and climate data from around the world to calculate the spatial distribution of mean annual GPP between 1998 and 2006.
The researchers highlight the fact that uptake of carbon dioxide is most pronounced in the planet's tropical forests, which are responsible for a full 34 percent of the inhalation of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Savannas then account for 26 percent of the global uptake, although the researchers note that savannas also occupy about twice as much surface area as tropical forests.
Precipitation also plays a significant role in determining the gross global carbon dioxide uptake, the researchers found. They suggest that rainfall has a significant influence on the amount of carbon that plants utilize for photosynthesis on more than 40 percent of vegetated lands, a discovery that stresses the importance of water availability for food security. According to the study, climate models often show great variation, and some of them overestimate the influence of rainfall on global carbon dioxide uptake.
"We reached a milestone with this paper by using plenty of data from FLUXNET in addition to remote sensing and climate reanalysis," Beer said. "With our estimation of global GPP, we can do two things—compare our results with [Earth system] process models and further analyze the correlation between GPP and climate."
In the second study, Mahecha and his team of researchers also relied on the global collaboration within the FLUXNET network during their investigation of ecosystems' sensitivity to air temperature. Compiling and analyzing data from 60 different FLUXNET sites, these researchers found that the respiratory sensitivity to temperature of the world's ecosystems, commonly referred to as Q10, is actually quite set in stone—and that the Q10 value is independent of the average local temperature and of the specific ecosystem conditions.
For years, experts have debated the effect that air temperature has on global respiration, or the collective metabolic processes of organisms that return carbon dioxide to the atmosphere from Earth's surface. Most empirical studies suggest that such ecosystem respiration around the world is highly sensitive to increasing temperatures, while the majority of predictive models suggest otherwise. Scientists say that global air temperatures may rise due to the presence of heat-trapping carbon dioxide from the burning of fossil fuels. But, this new result suggests that the temperature sensitivity of the natural exhalation of carbon dioxide from ecosystems has been overestimated and should be reevaluated.
This latest study, in settling the controversy, suggests that previous field studies failed to disentangle processes acting on different time-scales. Mahecha and his team considered the processes of the 60 different ecosystems on the exact same time-scale in order to nail the global mean Q10 down to a value of 1.4. Their new, standard value for various ecosystems' sensitivity to air temperature suggests a less pronounced short-term climate-carbon feedback compared to previous estimates.
"Our key finding is that the short-term temperature sensitivity of ecosystem respiration to air temperature is converging to a single, global value," Mahecha said. "Contrary to previous studies, we show that the sensitivity of ecosystem respiration to temperature variations seems to be independent from external factors and constant across ecosystems. In other words, we found a general relationship between variation in temperature and ecosystem respiration… Our findings reconcile the apparent contradictions of modeling and field studies."
In the future, these two separate studies should allow for more precise predictions of how Earth's warming climate will affect the exchange of carbon between our ecosystems and the atmosphere—and vice versa. They provide scientists with important tools for better understanding the world's ecosystems and how the human race continues to influence and alter them.
More information: Forthcoming Science papers: "Terrestrial Gross Carbon Dioxide Uptake: Global Distribution and Co-variation with Climate," by Beer et al. and "Global Convergence in the Temperature Sensitivity of Respiration at Ecosystem Level," by Mahecha et al.
Provided by AAAS


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The investigators looked at various self-reported dietary items, including cherries and other unrelated foods. They found that the intake of cherries before an attack of gout reduced the likelihood of experiencing an acute attack of gout by one thirdcompared with the intake of unrelated foods.
Possible explanations:
Cherry extract blocks the tubular reabsorption of urate and increases urate excretion in the urine. Cherry juice may also block xanthine oxidase and reduce the production of uric acid.
Cherry extract has a synergistic effect with allopurinol. Moreover, cherries contain anthocyanins, which are somewhat anti-inflammatory.
(source: Medscape News, Jonathan Kay MD)

subset: commoncrawl


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Revisiting the U.S. Department of Energy Play-by-Play Forecasts through 2040 from Annual Energy Outlook 2016
In this new update to Drilling Deeper and 2015 Tight Oil Reality Check, David Hughes applies the same scrutiny he has in his past groundbreaking reports to the U.S. Department of Energy's Energy Information Administration (EIA) newly released Annual Energy Outlook 2016 (AEO2016). He explores how the EIA's projections and assumptions regarding tight oil have changed over the last two years, as well as assesses the AEO2016 against both Drilling Deeper and up-to-date production data from key tight oil plays.
About the Author
J. David Hughes is an earth scientist who has studied the energy resources of Canada for nearly four decades, including 32 years with the Geological Survey of Canada as a scientist and research manager. He developed the National Coal Inventory to determine the availability and environmental constraints associated with Canada's coal resources.
As Team Leader for Unconventional Gas on the Canadian Gas Potential Committee, he coordinated the recent publication of a comprehensive assessment of Canada's unconventional natural gas potential. Over the past decade, he has researched, published and lectured widely on global energy and sustainability issues in North America and internationally.
He is a board member of the Association for the Study of Peak Oil and Gas – Canada and is a Fellow of the Post Carbon Institute. He recently contributed to Carbon Shift, an anthology edited by Thomas Homer-Dixon on the twin issues of peak energy and climate change, and his work has been featured in Nature, Canadian Business, and other journals, as well as through the popular press, radio, television and the internet. He is currently president of a consultancy dedicated to research on energy and sustainability issues.


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The biggest change is that the video page is now centered. YouTube's pages used to be centered, but they're now aligned to the left, ever since YouTube redesigned the pages and added the sidebar guide. There are many extensions and scripts that center the pages.
The new sidebar has a lot in common with the Google+ sidebar. There are some differences: you need to click the menu icon to display/hide the sidebar and the sidebar continues to be displayed when you click one of its options.
Since the sidebar is hidden by default, there's more room for your favorite videos:
This drop-down menu is placed next to the upload button in the regular interface:
Here's a video:
Here's how you can enable the experimental feature. If you use Chrome, Firefox, Opera, Safari or Internet Explorer 8+:
1. open youtube.com in a new tab
2. load your browser's developer console:
* Chrome/Opera 15 - press Ctrl+Shift+J for Windows/Linux/ChromeOS or Command-Option-J for Mac
* Firefox - press Ctrl+Shift+K for Windows/Linux or Command-Option-K for Mac
* Opera 12 - press Ctrl+Shift+I for Windows/Linux or Command-Option-I for Mac, then click "Console"
* Safari - check this article
* Internet Explorer - press F12 and select the "Console" tab.
3. paste the following code which changes a YouTube cookie:
document.cookie="VISITOR_INFO1_LIVE=ULHzU8CeVLo; path=/; domain=.youtube.com";window.location.reload();
4. press Enter and close the console.
To go back to the regular interface, use the same instructions, but replace the code from step 3 with this one:
document.cookie="VISITOR_INFO1_LIVE=; path=/; domain=.youtube.com";window.location.reload();
{ Thanks, Nedas. }


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RP-TNC Plug to N Female Bulkhead 2-25 feet 195-Series Jumper
$17.47 – $33.41
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Weight | 0.25 lbs |
Dimensions | 4 × 4 × 3 in |
Cable Lenght | 2ft $17.47, 4ft $18.36, 5ft $19.25, 10ft $21.12, 15ft $25.58, 20ft $29.71, 25ft $33.41 |
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created 2006 · complexity basic · author Peter Hodge · version 6.0
If you love regular expressions, you probably like to use them everywhere. Unfortunately it gets very confusing when you use Vim's regular expressions, Perl and POSIX compliant varieties in PHP, and then command-line grep as well, because they all seem to have different rules as to which characters have special meaning on their own and which do not. Quite often I need several attempts to write a search pattern because I can't remember which characters need to be preceded by a backslash.
Thankfully, any Vim search pattern can include the special sequence \v
(very magic), and this will make every following character except a-zA-Z0-9 and '_' have special meaning. Using \V
has the opposite effect: all characters have their literal meaning and must be preceded by \
to activate their special meaning. So if you have forgotten which characters have special meaning in Vim, start the pattern with \v
or \V
to switch them all on or off.
Vim's default 'magic' setting makes characters have the same meaning as in grep, and \v
(very magic) makes them the same as the extended regular expressions used by egrep.
Regular expressions in scripts should always specify one of \v
, \m
, or \V
, to make them immune to the user's 'magic'
The :substitute
command has the :smagic
and :snomagic
alternate forms (the same as \m
and \M
), so you can search and replace with %sno/regex/new_text/g
. Alternatively, you might find it helpful to refine your regular expression by searching with /\v
first, then you can insert your regular expression by typing:
Permanent "very magic" mode[]
Vim does not have an option to use "very magic" by default (whereas :set ignorecase
will always ignore case unless \C
is used). The following mappings, however, effectively achieve the same purpose (from stackoverflow):
nnoremap / /\v vnoremap / /\v cnoremap %s/ %smagic/ cnoremap \>s/ \>smagic/ nnoremap :g/ :g/\v nnoremap :g// :g//
This does not work with `:g` and interferes somewhat with Vim's search-history behavior (see the StackOverflow link). An alternative solution is to use this plugin: http://www.vim.org/scripts/script.php?script_id=4849