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Курс "OD20332 Advanced Solutions of Microsoft SharePoint Server 2013"Код: OD20332
Производится набор группы
This course examines how to plan, configure, and manage a Microsoft SharePoint Server 2013 environment. Special areas of focus include implementing high availability, disaster recovery, service application architecture, Business Connectivity Services, social computing features, productivity and collaboration platforms and features, business intelligence solutions, enterprise content management, web content management infrastructure, solutions, and apps. The course also examines how to optimize the Search experience, how to develop and implement a governance plan. and how to perform an upgrade or migration to SharePoint Server 2013.
The course track is targeted at experienced IT Professionals interested in learning how to install, configure, deploy and manage SharePoint Server 2013 installations in either the data center or cloud. In addition, Business Application Administrators (BAAs) who are engaged in the administering line-of-business (LOB) projects in conjunction with internal business customers would benefit from understanding of managing SharePoint Server 2013. Предварительный уровень подготовки:
Изучив данный курс, Вы сможете:
Программа курсаModule 1. Understanding the SharePoint Server 2013 Architecture This module introduces the architectural features that underpin Microsoft SharePoint Server 2013, both for on-premises and online deployments. This includes an examination of the features that are new in this version, as well as those that have been removed. This module reviews the basic structural elements of a farm deployment, and the different deployment options that are available in SharePoint 2013.
Module 2. Designing Business Continuity Management Strategies This module examines high availability and disaster recovery in SharePoint 2013. When designing high availability and disaster recovery strategies for a SharePoint farm, it is important to understand the different approaches required by each logical tier in the farm. High availability for the database tier requires understanding of how SQL Server provides high availability and the associated requirements. High availability for the application tier can be straightforward for some service applications, while other applications, such as Search, require additional planning and configuration for high availability. The web front end tier will also require additional planning and configuration for high availability, and architects should consider the new SharePoint 2013 request management feature. SharePoint farm disaster recovery has always required considerable planning and understanding of the necessary components and backup tools available. In this regard SharePoint 2013 is no different, and farm administrators should create a disaster recovery plan that states how content and configurations are backed up, how data can be restored, and what backup schedules are required.
Module 3. Planning and Implementing a Service Application Architecture Service applications were introduced in SharePoint 2010, replacing the Shared Service Provider architecture of Microsoft Office SharePoint Server 2007. Service applications provide a flexible design for delivering services, such as managed metadata or PerformancePoint, to users who need them. There are several deployment topologies available to you when you plan your service application implementation. These range from a simple, single-farm, single-instance service application model to more complex, cross-farm, multiple-instance designs. What remains most important is that you create a design that matches the needs of your organization's users in terms of performance, functionality, and security. This module reviews the service application architecture, how to map business requirements to design, and the options for enterprise scale, federated service application architectures.
Module 4. Configuring and Managing Business Connectivity Services Most organizations store information in a variety of disparate systems. In many cases, these organizations want to be able to view and interact with information from these disparate systems from a single interface. This reduces the need for information workers to constantly switch between systems and creates opportunities for power users or analysts to aggregate data from multiple sources. In SharePoint 2013, Business Connectivity Services (BCS) is a collection of technologies that enable you to query, view, and interact with data from external systems. In this module, you will learn how to plan and configure various components of BCS.
Module 5. Connecting People Talking about connecting people in Microsoft SharePoint Server 2013 really means talking about taking people out of their isolated workspaces and giving them the ability and tools to collaborate with other people in the organization such as their work colleagues, peers, and executives. It is about finding people with expertise, and identifying shared interests and about creating networks of people that share common goals.
In this module, you will learn about the concepts and ways of connecting people in SharePoint 2013. You will examine user profiles and user profile synchronization, social interaction features and capabilities, and communities and community sites in SharePoint 2013.
Module 6. Enabling Productivity and Collaboration This module examines how SharePoint 2013 extends the ability of users to work collaboratively and increase productivity through seamless integration with external software platforms, additional SharePoint collaboration features, and the provision of flexible tools, with which users can develop their own solutions to business problems.
Module 7. Planning and Configuring Business intelligence Business Intelligence (BI) continues to be an important area for large enterprise organizations. The key to successful BI is the ability to integrate the components that deliver the right information, to the right people, at the right time. Microsoft SharePoint Server 2013 Enterprise Edition provides a range of integrated solutions that enable both users and administrators across an organization to develop BI solutions to fit their business requirements. These BI tools extend beyond SharePoint to provide consistent information management from personal data analysis environments, which use Microsoft Excel, through to departmental or organizational data repositories, which use SQL Server Reporting Services (SSRS) and SQL Server Analysis Services (SSAS). In this module you will see how SharePoint 2013 can deliver BI solutions for your business.
Module 8. Planning and Configuring Enterprise Search
The Search service remains a cornerstone of the SharePoint platform's success. In Microsoft SharePoint Server 2013 there have been major changes to the components that make up the service, to increase performance and configurability. In this module, you will examine the configuration options in SharePoint Search that enable you to provide greater search result effectiveness by fine-tuning the service in various ways. The introduction of new functionality, such as result types and the increased move towards search-driven navigation mean that the role of the Search administrator has become even more important for business success. Search now enables you to delegate more of this management to site collection administrator and site owner levels, improving Search flexibility without increasing the administrative burden on a few Search service application administrators. This module also examines Search analytics and reporting. To help you in your management of a Search environment, SharePoint 2013 now incorporates Search analytics and reporting into the Search service, rather than in a separate service application, as was the case in SharePoint Server 2010. The reports available will help you to monitor the service and optimize its configuration.
Module 9. Planning and Configuring Enterprise Content Management
This module examines Enterprise Content Management (ECM), which is a set of technologies and features that administrators use to provide some control over sites and content. This could include control over how information is stored, how long information is kept, how information is visible to users while in use, and how information growth is kept under control. Planning support for your ECM requirements requires a clear understanding of content requirements and how that content supports the organization. This means that, as a best practice, many different organizational roles should have input into the ECM strategy and supporting features.
Module 10. Planning and Configuring Web Content Management
The web content management capabilities in Microsoft SharePoint Server 2013 can help an organization to communicate and integrate more effectively with employees, partners, and customers. SharePoint Server 2013 provides easy-to-use functionality to create, approve, and publish web content. This enables you to get information out quickly to intranet, extranet, and Internet sites and give your content a consistent look and feel. You can use these web content management capabilities to create, publish, manage, and control a large and dynamic collection of content. As part of Enterprise Content Management (ECM) in SharePoint Server 2013, web content management can help to streamline your process for creating and publishing web sites.
Module 11. Managing Solutions in SharePoint Server 2013
As a SharePoint administrator, it is important to understand the features that are available in Microsoft SharePoint Server 2013. However, there are often specific functional requirements that may be part of SharePoint's feature set but are not included in certain site templates. There may also be sites that require repeatable customization of lists or libraries, or custom code deployments that are necessary to add capabilities that are not available out-of-the-box. Developers use features and solutions to add and control these functionality requirements. Administrators, on the other hand, must understand how features and solutions are deployed and managed in order to meet user needs in a SharePoint farm.
Module 12. Managing Apps for SharePoint Server 2013 SharePoint apps are new to Microsoft SharePoint Server 2013 and provide an additional capability to provide application functionality within the context of SharePoint. SharePoint apps supplement the capabilities of farm solutions and sandbox solutions, while providing a user experience that offers a measure of self-service customization capabilities without putting the stability or security of the farm at risk.
Module 13. Developing a Governance Plan Governance as it relates to SharePoint can be described as a way of controlling a SharePoint environment through the application of people, policies, and processes. Governance is necessary for all IT systems as a whole, and in particular for SharePoint deployments, which often introduce significant change in business processes, available functionality, and day-to-day working practices. It is important to understand that governance must reflect the needs of the organization and how it should best use SharePoint. Therefore, the IT department cannot be the only body governing SharePoint; input must come from corporate sponsorship across the organization. The IT department must still act as the technical authority for SharePoint; however, this is just a single part of how SharePoint governance must be brought together from different parts of the organization.
Module 14. Upgrading and Migrating to SharePoint Server 2013 Upgrading your Microsoft SharePoint Server 2010 farm(s) to SharePoint 2013 is a major undertaking, so it is important that you carefully plan the upgrade activities. You need to ensure that your upgrade path—moving from version to version—is supported, that you have reviewed the business impact of your upgrade, and that you test your upgrade strategy to ensure business continuity. As with all such activities, preparation is crucial. In contrast with earlier version of SharePoint, SharePoint 2013 supports only database-attach upgrades for content, but it now supports upgrades for some of the databases associated with service applications. You need to plan for these and ensure that you are prepared for any troubleshooting that may be required. Another change in SharePoint 2013 is the approach to upgrading site collections. These are upgraded separately from the data and service applications. You can also delegate the upgrade tasks to site collection administrators. Preparing the Upgrade or Migration Environment
Также Вы можете прослушать курс 20332 Планирование, развертывание и конфигурирование расширенных возможностей Microsoft SharePoint Server 2013 на русском языке, который проводится Сертифицированными тренерами Microsoft в современно оборудованных классах нашего Центра Официальные курсы Microsoft On-Demand (MOC On-Demand) включают в себя видео, текстовые материалы, практические задания и тесты для проверки знаний, позволяющие получить навыки работы с технологиями Microsoft. Каждый участник может выбрать свой график занятий и темп изучения материала, а также учиться, не выходя из дома. Вам не придется тратить время и деньги на дорогу до учебного центра и подстраивать свой график под расписание занятий. Официальные курсы Microsoft On-Demand можно пройти в любое время и в удобном для вас месте: для этого потребуется только компьютер с доступом в Интернет. Курсы MOC On-Demand включают в себя тщательно подобранные профессиональные учебные материалы, разработанные специалистами Microsoft. После успешного прохождения курсов вы получаете официальные документы, подтверждающие вашу квалификацию и способствующие продвижению вашей карьеры в сфере ИТ. Курсы MOC On-Demand в настоящее время доступны только на английском языке.


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.. doet mee aan de franse versie van "Holland's Got Talent".
Warp drives, bekend uit Star Trek, maar dan in het echt: Een 'motor' waarmee de tijd-ruimte kan worden omgebogen (vandaar 'warp'), zodat je je letterlijk
A few months ago, physicist Harold White stunned the aeronautics world when he announced that he and his team at NASA had begun work on the development of a faster-than-light warp drive. His proposed design, an ingenious re-imagining of an Alcubierre Drive, may eventually result in an engine that can transport a spacecraft to the nearest star in a matter of weeks
Lori Nix thinks she may be "a little obsessed" with the apocalypse. It began as a child, when she would watch with awe as blockbuster disaster flicks "magnified" the natural disasters and dangers she saw around her growing up in the Midwest. In her latest series, "The City," the photojournalist turned fine-art photographer imagines a human-less world where Mother Nature has reclaimed our cities;

subset: commoncrawl


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Virginia Tech College of Engineering researchers are working on a multi-university, nationwide project for the U.S. Navy that one day will put life-like autonomous robot jellyfish in waters around the world. The main focus of the program is to understand the fundamentals of propulsion mechanisms used by nature, says Shashank Priya, associate professor of mechanical engineering and materials science and engineering at Virginia Tech and lead researcher on the project. Future uses of the robot jellyfish could include conducting military surveillance, cleaning oil spills, and monitoring the environment.
This isn't science fiction. It's happening now in a lab inside Virginia Tech's Durham Hall, where a 600-gallon tank is regularly filled with water as small robotic jellyfish are tested for movement and energy self-creation and usage. A synthetic rubbery skin, squishy in one's hand, mimics the sleek jellyfish skin and is placed over a bowl-shaped device covered in electronics. When moving, they look weirdly alive. The robotic creatures called RoboJelly are being designed to operate on their own energy versus, say, sea crabs, or mollusks.
"Jellyfish are attractive candidates to mimic because of their ability to consume little energy owing to a lower metabolic rate than other marine species, survivability in varying water conditions, and possession of adequate shape for carrying a payload," Priya says. "They inhabit every major oceanic area of the world and are capable of withstanding a wide range of temperatures in fresh and salt waters. Most species are found in shallow coastal waters, but some have been found in depths 7,000 meters below sea level."
Several sizes of the RoboJelly are under various phases of development, some the size of a man's hand, while another is more than five-foot wide. The latter robotic creature is too large for the lab tank and is tested in a swimming pool and is not yet ready for wide public debut, says Priya, director of the Center for Energy Harvesting Materials and Systems.
Priya adds that in addition to a range of sizes, jellyfish display a wide variety of shapes and colors and can move on their own vertically but depend upon ocean currents for horizontal movement. With no central nervous system, jellyfish instead use a diffused nerve net to control movement and can complete complex functions. "So far, our focus has been using the experimental models to understand the fundamental principles of nature," Priya says of the jellyfish.
The idea for a robotic jellyfish did not originate at Virginia Tech but, rather, at the U.S. Naval Undersea Warfare Center and the Office of Naval Research. Virginia Tech is teaming with four U.S. universities on the multi-year, $5 million project: The University of Texas at Dallas is handling nanotechnology-based actuators and sensors; Providence College in Rhode Island is handling biological studies, the University of California, Los Angeles, is handling electrostatic and optical sensing/controls, and Stanford University is overseeing chemical and pressure sensing. Virginia Tech is building the jellyfish body models, integrating fluid mechanics, and developing control systems. Several other major U.S. universities and industries also are on the project as well as collaborators and advisory board members.
The project has been in the works for nearly four years and has garnered attention from media outlets from The Los Angeles Times to Popular Science to New Scientist and several marine-related trade publications. Several more years of work remain on the project before any models are released for military reconnaissance or object-tracking operations, be it with cameras, sensors, or other devices.
Other entrepreneurial uses abound for the RoboJelly. "The robots could be used to study aquatic life, map ocean floors, monitor ocean currents, monitor water quality, or monitor sharks," says Alex Villanueva of St-Jacques, New-Brunswick, Canada, a doctoral student in mechanical engineering working under Priya. Other ideas: Detecting ocean pollutants and being used as clean-up filters during oil spills similar to the Deepwater Horizon melee during the summer of 2010 in the Gulf of Mexico. "The interesting part of the jellyfish research is that it is so open. No one had done research on a jellyfish vehicle to the extent we have. This allows for a lot of freedom and creativity in our design as opposed to optimization type of work which can be very boring."
The smaller models are being developed to be powered by hydrogen, naturally abundant in water, which is a huge step in autonomous craft. The larger models may be operated by electric batteries built into the robotic creature. In both cases, the jellyfish must be able to operate on their own for months or longer at a time as engineers likely won't be able to capture and repair the robots or replace power sources, Priya says. "Our biologists have studied tens of different species of jellyfish with variety of form factors grouped as 'prolate' or 'oblate' found all around the world. Most of these species adopt either rowing or jetting form of propulsion. We are investigating both of these propulsion mechanisms."
Building the robotic jellyfish is a true example of interdisciplinary research, says Priya, listing materials scientists, mechanical engineers, biologists, chemists, physicists, electrical engineers, and ocean engineers as being involved in the ongoing project. "It's very exciting when everything comes together and we can create experimental models that can surpass millions of years of evolution. Nature has done a great job designing propulsion systems, but it is a slow and tedious process. On the other hand, current technology allows us to create high-performance systems in a matter of a few months."


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Son of Afrobeat legend Femi Kuti, releases a "hopeful, horn-fueled song" – Ryan Reed (Rolling Stone, USA) "Na Their Way Be That," from his forth coming 10th LP, One People One World.
Femi explains the single as "an easy explanation as to why some people act in a negative way … It's just their nature, and it explains why they should be ignored."
This is the singer's second single from One People One World LP, out February 23rd.
The whole project comes from a depth that Femi believes should inspire the younger generation in areas that will instigate social change positively.
"I'm a father and I love my kids, so I want to give the younger generation a message of hope," he said. "Despite all our problems, we can create greatness in our lives."- Femi Kuti, Rolling Stone, (USA).
Take a Listen Below!


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Vice President
First Lady
Mrs. Cheney
News & Policies
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Your Government
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For Immediate Release
Office of the Press Secretary
January 22, 2002
President's Remarks During Tour of Facility
Remarks by the President in Tour of Walker Machinery Company
Powertrain and Engine Rebuild Facility
Belle, West Virginia
Q Mr. President, do you think the Enron investigation will become a distraction for Congress and, by extension, your goals?
THE PRESIDENT: No.
Q Is the attack in Calcutta an attack on America? Was the attack in Calcutta an attack on our country?
THE PRESIDENT: Well, we're gathering more information about it, to find out exactly what the facts are. Terror is terror, however -- it doesn't matter whether it's an attack on us or an attack on other people. You've got to work together to fight off terrorists.
For your question, I believe Congress knows what it needs to do. It needs to fund the war; it needs to fund homeland security; it needs to work on ways to create jobs. And I'm confident that all the facts will come out on Enron. And I'm also confident that if Congress has the right attitude, we can get a lot done. We need an energy policy, a trade policy. So I'm going to keep talking about it until we get it done.
Q Do you worry that Enron creates a negative perception about you or your policies?
THE PRESIDENT: Our administration has done the exact right thing. There has been a couple of contacts with people in my Cabinet. And my Cabinet officers said, no help here. And we're starting an investigation before anybody started paying attention to Enron. Last December, Elaine Chao started an investigation of pensions. And I'm absolutely confident the American people know that my administration has acted the right way.
What I'm outraged about is that shareholders and employees didn't know all the facts about Enron. My own mother-in-law bought stock last summer, and it's not worth anything now. If she had known all the facts, I don't know what her decision would have been made, but she didn't know all the facts. And a lot of shareholders didn't know all the facts. And that's wrong.
And so our government must do something about it; must make sure that the accounting practices that have been going on for quite a while are addressed; make sure there's full disclosure and the corporate government's issues are wide open for everybody to understand.
If Congress is going to do its business, and should -- the Congress also needs to stay focused on the American people. We're running a war. We've got to make sure our homeland is secure. And we've got to make sure people can find work. And we'll take care of our business.
Q -- call the information about meetings between the Vice President and Enron and energy policy, just to get it out --
THE PRESIDENT: If somebody has got an accusation about some wrongdoing, just let me know. It's like when I talked with Don Evans and O'Neill, they told me they had spoke to Enron. I said, tell the people what you did. And if there's any accusations, if you've got anything on your mind -- the energy report should speak for itself. We laid out the energy report, it's fully disclosed. People now know that we need an energy plan based upon conservation and increasing supplies and better transmission of energy. And there's no better place to talk about energy than right here in West Virginia, which is an energy dependent state.
Q The West Virginia coal miners, sir, what do you say to --
THE PRESIDENT: My answer is that with a comprehensive energy plan, they're going to be able to find work. And we need an energy plan. And there are ways to have coal exploration and coal development with a sensitivity toward our environment.
Q What about the West Virginian who's not into coal, the other part of the state that needs help so badly?
THE PRESIDENT: Well, education is going to be the first step, people getting a good education are going to be able to find good work. And West Virginia has got an interesting, burgeoning tourist industry; they've got a good natural gas industry; and they've got a lot going for them. But a lot of it is going to be the ability to educate the people so they can find work. And that's why this education bill is a good piece of legislation.
Thank you, all, pleasure.
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Inhabitants in 1991: 1.977
The municipal territory of San Casciano dei Bagni extends for 91,86 square kilometres on the southern spur of Monte Cetona. Feudal centre, it became Seat of Community in 1777 with the inclusion of Celle and Fighine.
In the X and XI centuries San Casciano was a Court with a parish church (la durtis de Bagno) Lordly possession of the Abbey of San Salvatore al Monte Amiata, to whom it was donated by Marquis Ugo di Toscana and confirmed by the Monarchs Ottone III and Enrico II. The name of San Casciano is met for the first time in 1081. From the middle of the XII century the castle passed under the Lordship of the Visconti di Camopiglia d'Orcia family, but soon the possession of the territory began to clash with the interests of Siena and Orvieto, until after a first period of Orvieto supremacy, at the end of the 1300s San Casciano was given in partnership to the Siena republic renewing the loyalty pacts during the XV century. Put under conflict by Vitellozzo Vitelli in 1495, in 1559 it became definitive part of the Mediceo State.
San Casciano Bagni is the southernmost comune in the Val di Chiana, on the border with Lazio and Umbria. Its most distinctive feature is its thermal springs (the third-largest capacity in Europe), and the town was established in order to exploit the waters, known in the Roman period as the "Bagni chiusini". When the town was consecrated in the name of San Cassiano, they became known as the "Terme Cassianesi". The old town is still well-preserved, because the modern part has been built further south, on the road towards the thermal baths. The tourist potential of this extremely attractive town is currently being developed with the construction of a new thermal complex and the opening of a charming hotel in the ancient town centre.
Historical info reproduced upon authorization of Regione Toscana - Dipartimento della Presidenza E Affari Legislativi e Giuridici Translated by Ann Mountford Picture by Gianfranco Bracci


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- From: Paul Nelson (ATC) <email@example.com>
- Date: Wed, 2 May 2007 22:54:25 -0700
- To: David Hyatt <email@example.com>, Lee Roberts <firstname.lastname@example.com>
- CC: <firstname.lastname@example.com>, <email@example.com>
Or, some bright person/people come up with a tool that reads the badly form content and converts it into a well formed site with the click of a button. The tool could show the person where the potential fixes are and the author could simply accept the suggestions, or go through each one at a time. Okay, so sites are huge and complex. Crawling through a site and fixing one file at a time should not be a problem as we have crawlers that do that. Or, some enterprising consultants that have such a tool could sell their services to do this for others. Hmmm. Y2K employed a lot of people. Why not have a deadline of that magnitude to push people to fix their content and make the web a place where we are ready to move forward? Paul -----Original Message----- From: firstname.lastname@example.com [mailto:email@example.com] On Behalf Of David Hyatt Sent: Thursday, May 03, 2007 12:56 PM To: Lee Roberts Cc: email@example.com; firstname.lastname@example.com Subject: Re: Cleaning House Ok, let's say we do this. Now an author decides it's time to upgrade their site to HTML5. They begin (naturally) by adding the doctype to the top of their HTML file. The entire site turns into a complete disaster area because half of the tags they used have been eliminated and the browser is being draconian about ignoring those tags. Author rolls eyes, yanks the doctype, and forgets about HTML5. dave (firstname.lastname@example.com) On May 2, 2007, at 9:48 PM, Lee Roberts wrote: > > The specification _does not_ need to continue to use deprecated tags. > Standards change and old standards are grandfathered, but new > standards > update and replace older standards. HTML5 is a new standard; it > should not > be a rehash of the same stuff that's been a thorn in our sides > since the > beginning. > > HTML4 is a poorly written standard, but was a best attempt. I've > taught > standards-based Web design at a local technical college. I've > faced more > questions than I care to admit from many confused students. Many > of the > questions posed dealt with deprecated elements and heading tags. > Heading > tags lead many novice developers to think that they can have as > high as h12 > on a page. The semantics of heading tags are confusing to the > novice. Even > _accessibility experts_ have made the error. > > I've worked with fire safety, building, electrical, plumbing, and > asset/property protection codes. Each time a new set of standards > come out, > they are based upon new technologies and discovered needs. Existing > buildings are never required to comply with the new standard until new > construction or remodeling is performed. Depending upon how much > of the > building is remodeled determines if the entire building is required to > comply with the new standard or just the newly remodeled section. > > What I get out of all the chatter about deprecated tags being > supported > FOREVER is somewhere along the line of people don't know how to make > standards. This is evident in HTML4.x and XHTML1.x with deprecated > tags. > If we're smart and we will set up a DOCTYPE HTML5 which people can > use, then > Browser Vendors can easily support the author's desired standard > set. If > the author fails to use DOCTYPE HTML5 then Browser Vendors can take > the > assumption that they need to fall back to previous standard support > mode. > > This falls in line with IEEE and other standards bodies. Backward > compatibility still exists, but we are no longer required to deal with > deprecated codes. Eventually, instead of NEVER, we will have a > standard > that works. > > Browser Vendors would need to build support for the new standard on > top of > their support for older standards. Yet, this does not mean we need to > continue support for deprecated tags or tags we NOW realize we > don't need. > I foresee HTML6 getting rid of some of the new stuff being > submitted for > consideration in the HTML5 standard. > > <b> and <i> were replaced by <strong> and <em> for their semantic > values > versus the presentational values of <b> and <i>. <u> was > deprecated or > shall we say replaced by CSS text-decoration. <font> tag certainly > has no > use because CSS replaced that tag. > > As I stated previously, we need only one standard. Previous HTML > standard > sets had multiple standards. For example, HTML4 Strict, HTML4 > Loose, and so > forth. There's no need for this mishmash. Doing this again simply > means > the editors must create multiple sets of standards documents. This > then > causes problems for authors and Browser Vendors alike; they're > required to > determine what was really meant. > > One standard with a firm, easy to understand, and yes "for dummies" > instruction set will make it easy for the new designer as well as > for the > old designer. We need to remember that we're developing the > standard as a > guide for the new designer as much as for the old designer. When > we realize > this, I'm sure we can come to standard that is easy for everyone to > understand. > > I don't know who WHATWG is. As far as I know it is a group of > people who > didn't like W3's processes. As far as I understand, the people of > this > group decided to go about their own path and create a new > standard. This > only causes more problems because Browser Vendors, Editor Vendors, > and Web > designers can now follow two camps. The first camp follows the > WHATWG. The > second camp follows W3. Seems like a lot of confusion to me. > > Regards, > Lee Roberts > > >
Received on Thursday, 3 May 2007 05:53:39 UTC


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This is a sewing pattern for a Girls Apron Dress which is emailed to you and not the finished product. These lovely pictures were taken by Olive Coleman Photography.
This adorable dress makes the perfect addition to your girl's wardrobe this summer. The apron in the front adds that extra element
of style. Very quick to make with the full front and back bodice template. Try them in different color combinations to add variety.
*The pattern contains detailed step by step instructions for ages ranging from 12 months to 10 years and can be used many times as your child grows.
* It is complete with a pictorial representation of the whole sewing process and is suitable for any beginner.
* This pattern includes printable pattern pieces for the front and back bodice. All you will have to do is print and cut them out.
* The dress has no zipper or buttons.
Payment can be made securely through PayPal. Once the payment is made, the pattern will be emailed to you in 24 hours. If you have any questions or fail to receive the patterns please use the 'Contact Me' form in my blog. Please do not resell the pattern itself or pass it onto others. You are free to sell the finished items made from my patterns.
All my patterns are protected by copyright.
All my patterns are protected by copyright.


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EVERY DAY SHOE & Prayer Mat BAG
One issue that is often overlooked by those new to Hajj or Umrah is the sheer number of shoes left at the entrances of mosques during salat time. An excellent solution to this problem is the Hajj Safe Every Day Shoe & Prayer Mat Bag. You can simply pop your shoes inside and keep them with you as you perform salat. There is also room for a prayer mat, which is very handy while travelling, as well as space for a water bottle, and a zipper pocket on the inside of the bag keeps things neatly separated and hygienic. The bag is good quality and made from strong nylon in a drawstring style, measuring a convenient 35cm wide by 40 cm high.


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James L.O.Tedder Solomon Islands Photographs
- AU PMB Photo 66
- Collection
- 1952-1974
PMBPhoto66 is a collection of 1558 black and white photographs of uneven quality of British Solomon Islands Protectorate (BSIP) subjects over the 22 years from 1952 to 1974. Much of pre-Independent Solomon Islands is shown in the photos, each of the four administrative districts of the time (Central, Malaita, Eastern and Western) being represented.
The collection is ordered more or less by island name and dated by year. The dating is not always chronological and there are 80 undated images. Roughly speaking there are 388 images of the 1950s, 353 of the 1960s and 739 of the period 1970 to 1974. The majority of the 1950s images are from Malaita, Makira including Ugi, and islands of the "Far East" including Anuta, Vanikoro, the Duff Islands, the Reefs, Santa Cruz, Nukupu, Pileni, Lomlom, Fenualoa, Nibanga Temoa and Tikopia. The images from the 1960s include some of Santa Ysabel, Rennell and Russell Island, Choiseul, Gizo, Ontong Java and Savo. The majority in the 1970s are images of Guadalcanal but also include images from Choiseul, Kolombangara, New Georgia, Nggela/Gela and Tulagi.
Subjects include geographic features such as islands and atolls, volcanoes, coastlines, bays and landing beaches, plains, mountains and mountain ranges, rivers and lagoons and vegetations - for example, Lambi Bay on Guadalcanal's weather coast, Graciosa Bay in Santa Cruz and Mt Alasa'a in Malaita. In the west Kolombangara Island, in the east Mt Tinakula, Savo Island in Central, and Mounts Tatuve, Gallego, and Popomanesiu on Guadalcanal, are all types of volcano, and each a subject in this collection. Mt Popomanesiu is of special environmental and/or conservation interest for its tropical rainforest vegetation.
Images of aspects of traditional Islander economic activity include gardening particularly of yams; fishing and fishing equipment; the construction of various types of canoe and paddles; and the making of utensils such as mortars and pestles for pounding, and containers; building houses and using leaves to weave walls, roofs, mats, and baskets; carvings; and caring for specific trees like the betel nut palm, for use on ceremonial occasions for example, and the impacts of storms and floods. Images show people at work (for example James No'oli using a backstrap loom, men making yam gardens, and women preparing cassava and making string).
Islander participation in economic and social development, including schools and training centres, is shown in many images: working for Christian missions (mainly Catholic and Anglican) and the government in a variety of roles including as headmen, administrators, police, carriers, guides, captains and crews of boats and ships, nurses, teachers, personal servants and staff in the houses of expatriates, and labourers (women and men) in forestry and logging, coconut plantations and the production of copra, building infrastructure including roads and bridges, and geological/mineral exploration for example on San Jorge for nickel mining and on Gold Ridge and in the Betilonga Basin on Guadalcanal. Images of early airstrips and the transport of goods by carrying on foot, on canoes, boats, and ships are shown, as are cruise ships, a part of the development of the tourist industry. Images of individuals include Silas Sitai as a young administrative assistant with Inspector Dick Richardson and Senior Clerk Walter Togonu; Headman Lumani of Paripao, Headman Chamatete and his wife Betizel as guides, and businessman Samuel Saki and his family. Pelise Moro, the leader of a movement on the weather (south) coast of Guadalcanal to return to customary ways of living, is also a subject and shown in regalia.
Art and cultural heritage subjects include petroglyphs on Guadalcanal, old terraces built to irrigate taro on New Georgia; old slit gongs used in ceremony in memory of Frederick Melford Campbell on Makira; sacred stones on Guadalcanal; graves on Choiseul; and the re-enactment on Santa Ysabel of the killing of Anglican Bishop Patteson at Nukapu in 1871. Images of men, women and children dancing; music including singing, panpipes and bands; jewellery including kap kaps, necklaces, earrings; woven headdresses and skirts; carved masks for ceremonies and welcomes for visitors. Images show Petero Cheni illustrating string figures and Moses and his wife making panpipes and baskets.
Special occasions are often the subject of images and include visits to Moro's village on the weather coast of Guadalcanal in 1965 and 1969; a welcome to Ontong Java in 1960 at the start of which visitors walked on the hands held at waist height by women who were covered in coconut oil mixed with turmeric; police parades for the Queen's Birthday on Makira in 1957; and welcomes to visiting High Commissioners to villages and schools. Father Adrian Smith and Bishop Stuyvenburg are shown at the opening of the new Roman Catholic Church at Makina.
Villages, government stations and Honiara are also subjects. Many villages are named and images show residents, including Gilbertese people and squatters, women working, houses and sometimes their contents, water supplies, social gatherings, flood damage, and meetings with government officials.
Throughout the collection there are glimpses of expatriates at work within the British colonial administration as High commissioners, District Officers and District Commissioners, including James Tedder, and Forestry Officers. There are also glimpses of James Tedder's family, his wife Margaret and children, and some of their friends. Also as part of the collection are images of the houses they lived in and the recreational activities they enjoyed, such as bush walking to interesting sites, plant collecting and swimming. James Tedder and members of his family described/captioned the majority of the images.
The collection is complemented by a number of publications. As a guide to these images, James Tedder's book A District Administrator in the Islands 1952-1974 Solomon Island Years is useful, although it does not have an index. There are also other Tedder collections in the Pacific Manuscripts Bureau catalogue and the Pacific Research Library, also at ANU.
Tedder, James L.O.


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A New York Times Summer Reads Selection | A People Best Book of the Summer | A Library Reads Pick | A Book Riot Addictive New Thriller to Add to Your TBR Pile | A Book of the Month Selection | A Publishers Weekly Summer Reads Pick | A Bookish Most-Anticipated Novel | A Good Morning America ""Binge This!"" Pick
Big Little Lies meets Presumed Innocent in this "irresistible domestic drama" (Washington Post) from the New York Times bestselling author of Reconstructing Amelia, in which a woman's brutal murder reveals the perilous compromises some couples make—and the secrets they keep—in order to stay together.
Lizzie Kitsakis is working late when she gets the call. Grueling hours are standard at elite law firms like Young & Crane, but they'd be easier to swallow if Lizzie was there voluntarily. Until recently, she'd been a happily underpaid federal prosecutor. That job and her brilliant, devoted husband Sam—she had everything she'd ever wanted. And then, suddenly, it all fell apart.
No. That's a lie. It wasn't sudden, was it? Long ago the cracks in Lizzie's marriage had started to show. She was just good at averting her eyes.
The last thing Lizzie needs right now is a call from an inmate at Rikers asking for help—even if Zach Grayson is an old friend. But Zach is desperate: his wife, Amanda, has been found dead at the bottom of the stairs in their Brooklyn brownstone. And Zach's the primary suspect.
As Lizzie is drawn into the dark heart of idyllic Park Slope, she learns that Zach and Amanda weren't what they seemed—and that their friends, a close-knit group of fellow parents at the exclusive Brooklyn Country Day school, might be protecting troubling secrets of their own. In the end, she's left wondering not only whether her own marriage can be saved, but what it means to have a good marriage in the first place.


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Coming to terms with your sexuality or gender identity can be a tough time for anyone, especially when you're balancing that stress with other things like school, work, and...everything else. No matter what kind of help you need, there are so many incredible organisations out there that provide support and safe spaces for lesbian, gay, bi, trans and queer + people.
We've highlighted some organisations below. It's in no way an exhaustive list, but you can head over to Stonewall's directory to find LGBTQ+ support in your area.
Illustrations by Anshika Khullar @aorists
Gendered Intelligence
This organisation aims to increase the quality of trans people's life experiences, especially those of young trans people. They do this by delivering creative workshops for trans people across the UK and also help engage communities in understanding more about the diversity and complexity of gender.
LGBT Foundation
The LGBT Foundation, largely rooted in Greater Manchester, provide a wide range of resources to support the LGBT community. Their services range from a helpline, support groups, and even a befriending service, to ensure LGBT people do not feel ostracised.
Switchboard LGBT+ Helpline
This helpline promises to be 'a place for calm words when you need them most'. You can either call the helpline, use the online chat service, or send an email to seek help with whatever you need to talk about. This confidential service is run by self-identifying LGBT+ volunteers and everything you discuss is completely confidential.
AZ Hub
As a response to the lack of alcohol-free, day-time space for queer, transgender and intersex people of colour, the AZ Hub was formed in London. The space is used for workshops, screenings, art display, discussion, performance, information sharing and general chilling!
Families and Friends of Lesbians and Gays (FFLAG)
This charity is dedicated to supporting parents and their LGBTQ+ children. They aim to support families by helping them understand the issues, as well as helping them cope with homophobia and transphobia in our society.
KENRIC Lesbian Social Group
KENRIC is the UK's longest-surviving lesbian organisation. They know that 'coming out' and finding like-minded friends can be difficult, so they offer events which help people connect with others.
Pace Yourself LGBT
With a lot of online forums it can be easy to find misinformation on LGBT+ topics, so this space is designed to eliminate that, especially for young people. This website contains lots of info on subjects like coming out, being bisexual, bullying, and mental health.
Broken Rainbow
This is an LGBTQ+ domestic violence helpline that provides confidential support. Through phone, chat or email you can discuss safety plans, explore housing options and find out about other LGBTQ+ services in your area.
Coming Out UK
This organisation not only exists to support and offer advice to the LGBTQ+ community, but they also have established a production team who work together to create informative, educational and entertaining content for all. Their new series 'Coming Out' will be released soon!
London Gaymers
London Gaymers is a social group to help LGBTQ+ gamers in London to find and make new friends in a safe and welcoming environment. They have regular meetups every month, online tournaments and have an active Discord server where you'll find other "gaymers" to play with.
Don't forget if you want more info on organisations in your area you can use Stonewall's directory to find out more info!
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The Minister of Information and Culture, Alhaji Lai Mohammed, has blamed the incessant clashes between farmers and herdsmen on environmental, rather than ethnic or religious issues, while assuring of the Federal Government's commitment to finding a lasting solution to the clashes.
The Minister, who stated this at a mini town hall meeting which he organized for the staff of the Nigerian Embassy in Berlin, Germany, and a cross-section of Nigerians residing in the European country on Friday, noted that contrary to the narrative being pushed in certain quarters that gives ethnic and religious coloration to the clashes, they were caused by purely environmental issues.
Alhaji Mohammed said whereas Nigeria's population in 1963 was about 48 million, it is now about 180 million, with the country's land mass remaining the same, meaning there are more people per square kilometer and raising the chances of clashes over dwindling resources.
He also said that Lake Chad that used to provide water and other resources to more than 30 million people in four countries, including Nigeria, in the early 1960s has shrunk by about 90%, from 25,000 square kilometres to 2,500 square kilometres, thus forcing those affected to move south in search of resources.
"These and other reasons, like desertification, have altered the resource landscape, heightened competition for dwindling resources and raised the possibility of clashes between farmers and herders," the Minister said, noting that the establishment of ranches is one sure way of reducing such clashes.
He, however, said that in resolving the crisis, both the farmers and the herders must be willing to shift slightly from their positions which are grounded in their way of life over centuries.
Alhaji Mohammed, who is in Berlin to attend a meeting of African Tourism Ministers on the sidelines of the International Travel Trade Fair in the German capital, said contrary to the fake news being peddled in the Social Media by naysayers, President Muhammadu Buhari is putting Nigeria back on its feet.
"The naysayers have taken to the Social Media to distort the situation in Nigeria. They are spending huge amounts of money to spread fake news about Nigeria, hoping it will override the string of achievements by the Administration. That is why Nigerians at home and abroad must ensure they have access to authentic information. One way is to download the FGNiAPP on their hand-held devices. It is free!
"The economy is on a steady growth, as attested to be the latest report from the National Bureau of Statistics: The economy attracted $12.2 billion in foreign investments in 2017, up from $5.38 billion in 2016. That represents 138% increase; The economy further consolidated its recovery from recession with GDP growing by 1.92% in Q4 2017, compared to 1.40% in Q3 2017 and a contraction of -1.73% in Q4 2016; This means the economy ended 2017 with a growth of 0.82% compared to a contraction of -1.58% in 2016.
"GDP Growth in Q4 2017 was driven by growth in crop production, crude production and natural gas, metal ores, construction, transportation and storage, trade, electricity and gas production, indicating that the Administration's diversification effort is working," he said.
For his part, Nigeria's Ambassador to Germany, Alhaji Yusuf Maitama Tuggar, commended the patriotism and dedication of the Nigerians in Diaspora, especially those in Germany.
"There is a burgeoning Nigerian community (in Germany) committed to the prosperity of Nigeria. They are well in tune with the policies of (the Nigerian) government and they are accomplished men and women and worthy ambassadors," he said.
In their comments, some leaders of the Nigerian diaspora commended the government for the progress being made in lifting up the country and stressed the need to step up efforts to ensure the security of life and property in order to attract more foreign investors to the country.


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Accounting is one of the options available to students pursuing the Bachelor of Science in Business Administration. The Winthrop Accounting program flourishes in a small class environment where professors are dedicated to classroom excellence in guiding students through the program to provide a foundation for careers in accounting. The undergraduate degree is the first phase of an integrated program leading to an MBA with an accounting emphasis for those students who desire to pursue an MBA and become a Certified Public Accountant. The undergraduate Accounting option also prepares students for many entry-level positions in the accounting area while the graduate program complies with South Carolina's 150-semester-hour requirement to sit for the CPA exam. Following completion of general education requirements, students take a challenging curriculum of core business courses, finishing with in-depth classes such as intermediate accounting, individual and corporate tax, auditing, and accounting information systems.
There are many reasons to study accounting, and many more to do it at Winthrop.
Here, you'll develop a strong background in business and get hands-on experience in modern accounting strategies and best practices. The program integrates strong accounting courses with opportunities for real world experience providing a solid business framework.
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My first day out in this new year and it was a dull and overcast day with enough precipitation to only dirty your car. I was going to start at Pivot Fields to see if the Dotterel was still present, but access was not allowed today, so it was off to Jahra Pools.
Unfortunately a lone shooter had gained access to the reserve and spooked all the birds when he tried to shoot at some Flamingoes. I alerted the guards who soon chased him off - but it is sad that a shooter will disregard the fact that this is a reserve where birds are supposed to be protected. Here the Greater Flamingos taking flight with the adult sporting a broken leg, not sure if this was caused by the shooter.
Greater Flamingo (Phoenicopterus roseus) |
I did find a Greater Spotted Eagle away from where the shooter was with a full crop. Judging by the feathers around it's feet, it was an avain breakfast.
Greater Spotted Eagle (Aquila clanga) |
Chiffchaff's were abundant in the reedbeds, although light was poor, I caught this one trying to snap a passing gnat and a few others gleening in amongst the reeds
Common Chiffchaff (Phylloscopus collybita) |
After the shooter was chased off, the Tufted Duck that has been around for a week or so, made an appearance from where it was hiding.
Tufted Duck (Aythya fuligula) |
Coot numbers have really increased with the stable water conditions
Eurasian Coot (Fulica atra) |
From here I drove along the coast from Jahra East where I was really surprised to see Macqueens Bustard - I guess this is the first bit of land they find, if they have migrated across the Gulf
Macqueen's Bustard (Chlamydotis macqueenie) |
I finally got to SAANR, where some light rain started to fall so not too much was seen other than a foraging Greater Hoopoe Lark
Greater Hoopoe Lark (Alaemon alaudipes) |
Three species of Wheatear, with Isabelline being the most common
Isabelline Wheatear (Oenanthe isabellina) |
A Barn Swallow together with a Common House Martin at Tuhla was checked carefully to make sure it was not Asian House Martin at this time of year - it wasnt, as it had pale not dark underwing coverts!
Common House Martin (Delichon urbicum) |
On the way to the gate, a Mauryian Grey Shrike posed obligingly for a photograph, this one taken as a RAW image (my new years resolution is to try and get to grips with RAW)
Mauryan Grey Shrike (Lanius lahotra) |
The last stop on the way home was Sulaibikhat Bay where I found a huge flock of Greater Flamingos (no Lesser lurking amongst them) as well as a big flock of Mallards
Mallard (Anas platyrhnchos) |
Common Shelduck
Common Shelduck (Tadoma tadoma) |
and on the shores Terek Sandpiper
Terek Sandpiper (Xenus cinereus) |
Common Greenshank
Common Greenshank (Tringa nebularia) |
and large numbers of Common Black-headed Gulls all still in winter plumage
Common Black-headed Gull (Chroicocephalus ridibundus) |
and a few Heuglins Gulls
Heuglins Gull (Lanius f/h heuglini) |
and fewer Gull-billed Terns (this one and the next hand-held with the 600mm)
Gull-billed Tern (Gelochelidon nilotica) |
There was another Tern that I managed to get one image, which I suspect may be Common
Possible Common Tern? |
Not too bad a morning overall, despite gloomy conditions, with 42 species recorded


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(Latin contractus; Old French contract; Modern French contrat; Italian contratto).
The canonical and moralist doctrine on this subject is a development of that contained in the Roman civil law. In Roman law a mere agreement between two parties to give, do, or refrain from doing something was a nude pact (pactum nudum) which gave rise to no civil obligation, and no action lay to enforce it. It needed to be clothed in some investitive fact which the law recognized in order to give rise to a civil obligation which should be enforced at law. Not that the nude pact was considered to be destitute of all binding force; it gave rise to a natural obligation, and it might afford ground for a legal exception. A man of honour would keep his engagements even if he knew that the law could not be invoked to compel him to do so. Moral theology, being the science of Christian conduct, could not be satisfied with the mere legal view of the effect of an agreement. If the agreement had all other requisites for a valid contract, moral theology must necessarily consider it to be binding, even though it was a nude pact and could not be enforced in the courts of law. Canon law made this moral attitude its own. In the Decretals of Gregory IX it is expressly laid down that pacts, however nude, must be kept, and that a strenuous endeavour must be made to put in execution what one has promised. It thus came to pass that nude pacts could be enforced in the Christian courts, and the Church's legislation served eventually to break down the rigid formalism of Roman law, and to prepare the way for the more equitable law of contract which all Christian nations now possess.
In the canonical and moral doctrine there is hardly room for the distinction between a nude pact, or mere agreement, and a contract. The Roman jurist's definition of the former is frequently used by canonists to define contract. They say that a contract is the consent of two or more persons to the same proposal; or, bringing out a little more definitely the effect and object of a contract, they define it to be an agreement by which two or more persons mutually bind themselves to give, do, or abstain from something. From the moralist's point of view, then, every agreement seriously entered into by those who are capable of contracting with reference to some lawful object is a contract, whether such agreement can be enforced in the civil courts or not. The intention of the parties is looked at, and if they seriously intended to bind themselves, there is a contractual relation between them. This doctrine, however, gives rise to a question of some importance. The Church fully admits and defends the right of the State to make laws for the temporal well-being of its citizens. All States require certain formalities for the validity of certain actions. Last wills and testaments are a familiar example, and although they are not strictly contracts, yet the principle is the same and they will serve for an example of what is meant. A deed, the only formal contract of English law, is another example. A will destitute of the requisite formalities is null and void at law; but what is the effect of such a voiding law in the forum of conscience? This question has been much debated among moralists. Some have maintained that such a law is binding in the internal as well as in the external forum, so that a formal contract, destitute of the formalities required by law, is null and void in conscience as it is in law. Others adopted the contrary opinion, and held that the want of formality only affected the external forum of civil law, and left intact the natural obligation arising from a contract. The common opinion takes a middle course. It holds that the want of formality, though it makes the contract void in the eyes of the law, renders it only voidable in the forum of conscience; so that, until one of the parties moves to set the contract aside, it remains valid, and anyone deriving benefit under it may enjoy his benefit in peace. If, however, the party interested moves to set it aside, and does so effectively by having recourse to the court of law if necessary, both must then abide by the law which makes the contract void and of no effect.
There are four essential elements in a contract:
The contract is formed by the mutual consent of the parties, which must be real, not feigned, and manifested so that each may know that the other party consents. There is no difficulty about the outward manifestation of consent when the parties enter into the contract in each other's presence. But when the parties are not present to each other, and the contract is made by letter or telegraph, it sometimes becomes a question of importance as to when and how the contract is effected. Is the contract entered into when the offeree signifies his consent by posting a letter of acceptance to the offeror, or is the knowledge of his acceptance required to complete the contract? All that is required by the nature of a contract is that there should be mutually manifested agreement of the two wills. There will be such agreement when one of the parties makes an offer to the other, and this one manifests his acceptance of the offer by posting a letter or by sending a telegram. There is then consent of two wills to the proposal, and so there is a contract. Mutual consent to the same proposal may be hindered by a mistake of one of the parties. Such mistakes are not infrequently caused by the fraud or misrepresentation of the other party. If the mistake is substantial, so that at least one of the parties thinks that the subject-matter of the contract is quite other than it really is, there will be no true consent, and no contract. Similarly, if there be a mistake about the nature of the contract proposed (as, if one party intends to sell while the other only means to borrow) there is no agreement of wills. Mistake about the mere quality of the subject-matter of the contract is accidental, not substantial, and in spite of it there may be substantial agreement between the parties. If, however, such a mistake has been caused by the fraud or misrepresentation of the other party to the contract, and the party deceived would not otherwise have entered into it, it is only fair that the deceived party should be able to protect himself from injury by retiring from the agreement. Contracts, then, entered into because of accidental mistake which was induced by the fraud or misrepresentation of the other party, will be rescindable at the option of the party deceived.
The consent of the parties must be deliberate and free, for a perfect and grave obligation cannot arise from consent which is not deliberate or free. Hence we must see what the influence of fear is upon the validity of a contract. If the fear goes to the length of depriving one of the parties of the use of reason, he cannot, while in that state, give a valid consent, and the contract will be null and void. Fear, however, does not ordinarily produce such extreme effects; it leaves a man with the natural use of his reason and capable of consenting or withholding his consent. Even grave fear, then, does not of itself invalidate a contract, but if it is unjustly caused by the other party to the contract with a view to forcing him who is under its influence to consent, the injured party may withdraw from the contract. Some contracts, such as marriage, thus entered into under the influence of grave fear unjustly caused by the other party to the contract with the intention of compelling consent, are made invalid by canon law. Some authorities even hold that all such contracts are invalid by natural law, but the opinion is at most only probable. A person must have the use of reason in order to give valid consent to a contract, and his contractual capacity must not have been taken away by law. Those who have not yet attained the use of reason, imbeciles, and those who are perfectly drunk so that they do not know what they are doing, are incapable of contracting by the law of nature. Minors are to a certain extent restricted in their contractual capacity by English and American law. Practically, their contracts are voidable except those for necessaries. Married women were formerly incapable of entering into a valid contract, but in England since 1882 their disability has been removed, and in most of the States of the Union the same doctrine begins to prevail. Religious persons are to a greater or less extent, according as they are under solemn or simple vows, incapable of entering into a binding contract. Corporations and companies are limited in their contractual capacity by their nature or by the articles of association.
The subject-matter of a contract must be definite and certain, it must be possible, and it must be honest. A contract cannot be a bond of iniquity, and so an agreement to commit sin is null and void. Some theologians maintain that when, in execution of a contract, a sinful action has been performed, a right is acquired to receive the price agreed upon. The opinion seems at any rate probable. If the contract is not sinful in itself, but voided by positive law, it will be valid until it is set aside by the party interested, as was said above concerning informal contracts. When persons enter into a contract, each party promises to give, do, or forbear something in favour of the other. The benefit which thus immediately arises from the contract, and which is the cause of it, is called the consideration in English law. It is a necessary element in a contract, and if it is wanting the contract is null on account of the failure of a necessary condition in the agreement. The courts of civil law will not enforce a simple contract unless there be a valuable consideration in it; mere motives of affection or moral duty will not suffice. This rule, however, only affects legal obligations; it has nothing to do with obligations in conscience. A valid contract imposes on the contracting parties an obligation of justice to act conscientiously according to the terms of the agreement. They will be bound to perform not only what they expressly agreed to do, but whatever the law, or custom, or usage prescribes in the circumstances. The obligation arising from a contract will cease when the contract has been executed, when a new one has been substituted for the old one by the free consent of the parties, when the parties mutually and freely withdraw from the contract. When one of the parties fails in what he promised, the other will, as a rule, be free. A contract may be concluded not absolutely but conditionally on the happening of some uncertain and future event. In this case the conditional contract imposes on the parties the obligation of waiting for the event, and in case it happens the contract becomes binding on them without renewal of consent. On the other hand, a contract is sometimes entered into and begins to bind at once; but the parties agree that it shall cease to bind on the happening of a certain event. This is called a condition subsequent, while the former is a condition precedent.
In civil law, a contract is defined as the union of several persons in a coincident expression of will by which their legal relations are determined. This "co-incident expression" consists of an agreement and promise enforceable in law, and "on the face of the matter capable of having legal effects", "an act in the law" "whereby two or more persons capable of contracting", "of doing acts in the law", "declare their consent as to any act or thing to be done or forborne by some or one of those persons for the use of the others or other of them" (Pollock, "Principles of Contract", 3rd Amer. ed., New York, 1906, 58, 1, 2, 3), the intention implied by the consent being that from the agreement and promise shall arise "duties and rights which can be dealt with by a court of justice" (ibid.). Thus, while every contract is an agreement, not every agreement is a contract. A mutual consent of two persons to walk out together, or to dine together, would be an agreement, and yet not what in jurisprudence is known as a contract. For such consent contemplates the producing of no legal right, or of any duty which is a legal obligation. Subject only to these or similar explanations may be properly adopted the time-honoured definition of contract as understood in English law, a definition commended by Chancellor Kent ("Commentaries on American Law", II, 449, note b) for its "neatness and precision", namely, "an agreement of two or more persons upon sufficient consideration to do or not to do a particular thing".
The Roman civil law defined contracts as real (re), verbal (verbis), literal (litteris), or consensual (consensu). A real contract was one, such as loan or pledge, which was not perfected until something had passed from one of the parties to the other. A verbal contract (verborum obligatio), or stipulation, was perfected by a spoken formula. This formula consisted of a question by one of the parties and an exactly corresponding answer by the other. Thus: Quinque aureos mihi dare spondes? Spondeo, or Promittis? Promitto, i.e. "Do you agree (or promise) to give me five pieces of gold?" "I agree," or "I promise." The similarity may be noted of this to the modern form for administering an affidavit or for taking the acknowledgment of a written legal instrument. A literal contract was perfected by a written acknowledgment of debt and was used chiefly in the instance of a loan of money. Consensual contracts were those of which sale would be an example, which might be perfected by consent, and to which no particular form was essential. In the English law the principal division of contracts is into those by writing under seal (called specialties), and those known as simple contracts; and there are also "contracts by matter of record", such as a recognizance or judgment by confession, contracts in court, which need no further description. Simple contracts include all contracts written, but not under seal or of record, and all verbal contracts.
A person may contract in person or by an agent. "The tendency of modern times", remarks Holland (op. cit., 118), "is towards the fullest recognition of the principles proclaimed in the canon law, potest quis per alium quod potest facere per se ipsum, qui facit per alium est perinde ac si faciat per se ipsum," i.e. one may do through another whatever one is free to do by himself, or an act done through another is equivalent to an act done by oneself.
According to Roman law, such a contract as that of sale required a justa causa, namely, a good legal reason. According to English law, simple contracts require a valuable consideration, in like manner as by Roman law there was needed a justa causa. By that law, informal contracts which had no justa causa were ineffectual (Poste, op. cit., 334). Stipulations irregular in form were termed nuda pacta, i.e. mere agreements, to which the ancient law attached no obligation. The Roman jurisprudence let some engagements rest on the mere integrity of the parties who contracted them, thinking it more conducive to the cultivation of virtue to leave some things to the good faith and probity of mankind than to subject everything to the compulsory authority of the law.
As the civil-law jurist admitted the moral obligation of good faith and probity, so an eminent English judge concedes that "by the law of nature" every man ought to fulfil his engagements. But it is equally true", he continues, "that the law of this country supplies no means nor affords any remedy to compel the performance of any agreement made without sufficient consideration." "Such agreement", he adds, "is nudum pactum ex quo non oritur actio", a mere agreement giving rise to no action at law, the learned judge conceding that this understanding of the maxim may (as it certainly does) differ from its sense in the Roman law. A moral consideration has been said to be "nothing in law." The moral obligation of a contract is of "an imperfect kind", to quote an eminent American jurist, "addressed to the conscience of the parties under the solemn admonitions of accountability to the Supreme Being" (Story, "Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States", 5th ed., Boston, 1891, Section 1380), but not to an earthly court of justice. With these doctrines of the Roman and of the English law we may compare the Scottish law, according to which no consideration is essential to a legal obligation, "an obligation undertaken deliberately though gratuitously being binding". "This", adds Mackenzie (op. cit., 233) "is in conformity with the canon law by which every paction produceth action et omne verbum de ore fideli cadit in debitum", i.e. every word of a faithful man is equivalent to a debt.
In the Roman law, fulfilment of the legal solemnities of the verbal contract was deemed to indicate such an intention of contracting a valid and effectual obligation, as to dispense with proof of any justa causa. In the English law it is not any verbal formality, but the solemnity of writing and sealing which dispenses with proof of that valuable consideration in modern English law analogous to the old Roman justa causa, and, as a general proposition, essential to the validity of simple contracts, although in the exceptional instance of negotiable paper always presumed, and in favour of certain holders conclusively. This consideration is described generally as the matter accepted or agreed upon as the equivalent for which the promise is made. And one promise would be a legal consideration for another. But the English law infers what a man chooses to bargain for to be of some value to him, and therefore does not allow the adequacy of the consideration to be inquired into. The consideration must, however, "be of some value in contemplation of law". A promise, for instance, to abstain from doing what the promisor has no right to do, is a promise of no value, and therefore no consideration for a contract. No obligation can by English law result from an agreement "immoral in a legal sense". By this is meant not only that it is morally wrong, but that according to the common understanding of reasonable men it would be a scandal for a court of justice to treat it as lawful or indifferent, though it may not come within any positive prohibition or penalty. The civil-law authority, Pothier, instances a promise by an officer to pay a soldier for fighting "a soldier of another regiment". If the officer pay, he has no legal claim for recovery of this consideration given and received for a wrongful act, and, on the other hand, the soldier, if he fight before receiving the agreed consideration, acquires no legal claim for it against the officer (Pothier, op. cit., 23). No one is under a legal duty to fulfil a promise to do an act opposed to the policy of the law. But there are not wanting instances of contracts opposed to the policy of the law which yet conflict with no moral law.
A contract induced by what in law is deemed to be fraud may be rescinded at the election of the party defrauded. But "general fraudulent conduct", or "general dishonesty of purpose", or mere "intention and design to deceive" is not sufficient unless these evil acts and qualities have been connected with a particular transaction, were the ground on which it took place, and gave rise to the contract. In the instance of a sale, the seller was, by the Roman civil law, held to an implied warranty that the thing sold was "free from such defects as made it unfit for the use for which it was intended" (Mackenzie, op. cit., 236). By the English law there is, if the thing be sold for a fair price and be at the time of sale in the possession of the seller, an implied warranty of title, but of quality there is no implied warranty, except as to food sold for domestic use. "The writers of the moral law," observes Chancellor Kent, "hold it to be the duty of the seller to disclose the defects which are within his knowledge. But the common law is not quite so strict. If the defects in the article sold be open equally to the observation of both parties, the law does not require the vendor to aid and assist the observation of the vendee" (Kent, op. cit., II, 484).
Respecting what may be termed generally "motives and inducements" (ibid., 487) of a contract, the same authority cites Pothier as in accord with the doctrine of English law, "that though misrepresentation or fraud will invalidate the contract of sale, the mere concealment of material knowledge which the one party has touching the thing sold and which the other does not possess, may affect the conscience, but will not destroy the contract, for that would unduly restrict the freedom of commerce; and parties must at their own risk inform themselves of the commodities they deal in" (op. cit., 491). In a note, Cicero is referred to as favouring the view that conscience forbids the concealment, the commentator adding, "It is a little singular, however, that some of the best ethical writers, under the Christian Dispensation should complain of the moral lessons of Cicero, as being too austere in their texture, and too sublime in speculation for actual use" (ibid., note d). As fraud, so coercion, termed in English law duress, or the threat of it, constitutes a valid defense to fulfilment of a contract.
A certain French ordonnance of 1667 has been thought to have, perhaps, suggested the English statute of 1689, which recites its purpose to be "prevention of many fraudulent practices which are commonly endeavoured to be upheld by perjury and subornation of perjury". Accordingly, the statute requires that certain contracts be in writing, and those for sales of "goods, wares or merchandise of over ten pounds price" in writing, or that there be a part-delivery or part-payment. This enactment, known as the Statute of Frauds, has, with numerous variations, been embodied in statutes in the United States (except in Louisiana), carrying, to quote from the American commentator, "its influence through the whole body of our civil jurisprudence" (Kent, op. cit., 494, note a).
By the early Roman law many contracts were enforceable by legal action after any lapse of time however long. But, to quote the Institutes, "Sacrae constitutiones....actionibus certos fines dederunt" (the imperial constitutions assigned fixed limits to actions), so that, after certain prescribed periods, no legal remedy would be provided to enforce the obligation of contracts ("The Institutes of Justinian", Bk. IV, tit. xii; Bk. II, tit. vi). Such positive restrictions on the legal remedy are in English law contained in enactments known as Statutes of Limitation (Blackstone, op. cit., Bk. III, 307). One ancient English statute fixed for limitation of certain actions the time of the coming of King John from Ireland, another statute the coronation of Henry III (Blackstone, op. cit., Bk. III, 188). But modern statutes, as well in England as throughout the United States, limit the remedy to certain periods from the time of entering into contracts, adopting the manner of the Roman constitutions. The legal maxim Leges vigilantibus non dormientibus subveniunt (the laws aid the vigilant, not the careless) is applicable to private suitors (Blackstone, op. cit.). But nullum tempos occurrit regi (no time runs against the king), and therefore, unless specially mentioned, the government is not included within the restrictions of a statute of limitations. According to ancient English legal conceptions these statutes ought not to bind the king, for the reason that he "is always busied for the public good, and therefore has not leisure to assert his right within the times limited to subjects" (ibid., Bk. I, 247).
To secure inviolability of contracts, the Constitution of the United States (Art. 1, Sect. 10) provides that no State shall pass a "law impairing the obligation of contracts". By obligation is meant that legal obligation which exists "wherever the municipal law recognizes an absolute duty to perform a contract". And the word contract being used in this clause of the Constitution without qualification, the protection of the Constitution is not confined to executory contracts, but embraces also executed contracts, such as a grant which, because it amounts to an extinguishment of the right of the party, implies a contract not to reassert the right. And the Constitution also protects even state charters granted to private persons for private purposes, whether these be literary, charitable, religious, or commercial. (See also DONATION.)
APA citation. (1908). Contract. In The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04332a.htm
MLA citation. "Contract." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 4. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1908. <http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04332a.htm>.
Transcription. This article was transcribed for New Advent by Rick McCarty.
Ecclesiastical approbation. Nihil Obstat. Remy Lafort, Censor. Imprimatur. +John M. Farley, Archbishop of New York.
Contact information. The editor of New Advent is Kevin Knight. My email address is webmaster at newadvent.org. Regrettably, I can't reply to every letter, but I greatly appreciate your feedback — especially notifications about typographical errors and inappropriate ads.


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Research Highlights
Chemical evidence of inter-hemispheric air mass intrusion into the Northern Hemisphere mid-latitudes." Scientific Reports 8, no. 1 (2018): 4669.
"Global emissions of perfluorocyclobutane (PFC-318, c-C4F8) resulting from the use of hydrochlorofluorocarbon-22 (HCFC-22) feedstock to produce polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and related fluorochemicals." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 22, no. 5 (2022): 3371-3378.
"Growing Atmospheric Emissions of Sulfuryl Fluoride." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 126, no. 9 (2021): e2020JD034327.
"Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)." In Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2018. Geneva, Switzerland: Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project — Report No. 58, World Meteorological Organization, 2018.
"The increasing atmospheric burden of the greenhouse gas sulfur hexafluoride (SF6)." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 20, no. 12 (2020): 7271-7290.
"Perfluorocyclobutane (PFC-318, c-C4F8) in the global atmosphere." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 19, no. 15 (2019): 10335-10359.
"A renewed rise in global HCFC-141b emissions between 2017–2021." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 22, no. 14 (2022): 9601-9616.
"Top-down and bottom-up estimates of anthropogenic methyl bromide emissions from eastern China." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 22, no. 8 (2022): 5157-5173.


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41. The types of Balance Sheet accounts includes the following except
a) Asset
b) Equity
c) Liability
d) Cost of Sales
Answer: d) Cost of Sales
A typical Chart of accounts is made of two major types of accounts, namely the balance sheet accounts and profit and loss accounts. For the balance sheet accounts, three types of accounts are available. They are Asset, Liability and Capital and Reserve, otherwise called equity. Cost of sales is a typical Profit and Loss accounts and not a balance sheet account.when a balance sheet report is processed, the asset account is displayed on the active side while the liability and equity accounts are displayed on passive side.
42. Where in SAP Business One is the system and local currencies configured.
a) Administration > System Initialization > Company Details
b) Administration > System Initialization > General Setting
c) Administration > setup > Financials > Currencies
d) Financials > Chart of Accounts
Answer: a) Administration > System Initialization > Company Details
SAP Business One allows you to manage your accounts using system currency, local currency and multi-currency. These definition can be made under Administration > System Initialization > Company Details, choose Basic Initialization. The system and the Local currency can be the same or different, however, the reporting currency is the system currency. This definition is not made under Administration > System Initialization > General Settings. All currencies used in a company are defined under Administration > Setup > Financials > Currencies. The chart of accounts is accessed under Financials > Chart of Accounts. The chart of accounts is an index of all general ledger accounts; hence, system and local currencies are not defined there.
43. Is it possible to have a negative balance in a credit field?
a) True
b) False
Answer: a) True
It is possible to display credit balances in negative. This is setup under Administration >System Initialization >Company Details >Basic Initialization tab. By default, the debit balances are displayed with a negative sign. The system displays a credit balance with a negative sign because the credit balance depicts liabilities in an asset account. This setting is sensitive because it impacts on Opening balances for G/L account and business partners. Furthermore, the settings cannot be changed after transactions have been posted.
44. When you activate purchase account posting system, the G/L account determination contains additional accounts namely:
a) Purchase Account
b) PA receipt account
c) PA return account
d) PA offset account
Answer: A, C & D
Three accounts are added to the G/L account determination when purchase account posting system is activated in the system. They are Purchase account; PA return account and PA offset account.
Purchase Account: This is recorded in the journal entry along with the same amount that is recorded for the stock account when an A/P invoice or a goods receipt PO is created.
PA return account: This is recorded in the journal entry along with the same amount that is recorded for the stock account, when a goods return or an A/P credit memo is created.
PA offset account: This account is used to offset the purchase or purchase-return account, thus maintaining journal entries created by balanced purchasing documents
Purchase accounting posting system is activated under Administration > System Initialization > Company Details. Then select the Use Purchase Accounts Posting System indicator in the Basic Initializations tab
45. What are the two possible payment means in a payment wizard run?
a) Cash
b) Checks
c) Bank Transfer
d) Credit Card
Answer: B & C
The payment wizard automatically creates payment documents based on open invoices (payables and receivables) in the system. The payment wizard run supports two types of payment means namely Checks and Bank Transfer
46. Can a down payment request be changed?
a) True
b) False
Answer: a) True
A down payment request is like a draft posting that shows that a payment is expected from a customer. A down payment request can be changed as long as its status is open. The down payment closes the down payment request.
47. You are implementing SAP Business One for a client, what is the minimum number of databases that should be created during the project implementation phase.
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4
Answer: c) 3
At least, three databases should be created during the implementation of SAP Business One. They are Demo, Production and Test databases.
48. What are the two types of SDK in SAP Business One?
a) Implementation
b) Development
c) Configuration
d) Testing
Answer: A & B
SDK is an acronym for software development kit. It is a tool used to further enhance the generic SAP Business One system. SDK is provided in two versions in SAP Business One. They are Implementation SDK and Development SDK. The former is used to add individual client requirement like form redesigning which does not necessarily require coding while the latter is used to develop add-ons to interface with SAP Business One.
49. Company XYZ uses continuous stock system, what are the costing methods that XYZ can use to manage its stocks.
a) FIFO
b) LIFO
c) Moving Average
d) Standard Price
Answer: A, C & D
Three valuation methods are available in SAP Business One. They are FIFO, Moving Average and Standard Price. These options are only available if stocks are continuously managed in the system. The system calculates the moving average price by dividing the total value of the stock through the amount in stock. In FIFO, the system stores every goods receipt in a separate layer. When goods issue is posted, the system uses the price of the item from the oldest layer, from the second layer and in that order. For standard price, a static price is specified.
50. Where do you set up G/L account determination in SAP Business One?
a) Administration > Setup > Inventory > Define warehouses
b) Administration > System Initialization > Company Details
c) Administration > Setup > Inventory > Define Item group and choose the Accounting Tab
d) Administration > Setup > Financials > G/L Account Determination
Answer: A, C & D
G/L Account determination can be setup under A, C, D above. It is not set up in Company Details (B). Essentially, G/L Account determination can be set up at the item level, warehouse level and item group level.
SAP Business One Certification Question Part 4
Sample questions for Business One certification
The history of SAP Business One


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Food Pyramid Recommendations in Zephyrhills, FL
There are many tools available to help you make wise food choices. Starting in 1992, United States health officials introduced the Food Pyramid, a visual eating guide divided into six food group sections. Larger sections along the bottom featured foods you should eat the most of, with higher fat or less healthy foods took their place at the very top of the pyramid.
In 2005, the original pyramid design was given a facelift and its name was changed to MyPyramid. The pyramid's goal is to show healthy foods and how much of them you should eat each day. In 2011, the pyramid was changed to MyPlate, which provides more individualized recommendations.
Food Pyramid Recommendations
Grains are bread, cereal, crackers, rice or pasta. The recommended serving is at least 3 ounces of whole grains every day. Food pyramid recommends that 50% of these grains (1/12 ounces) come from whole grains—or grains that haven't been processed too much. If you aren't sure if your favorite breads or cereals are whole grain, check the ingredient list. One of the first ingredients should say "whole grain".
What does a serving of grain look like? 1 ounce = 1 slice of bread or 1 cup of breakfast cereal or ½ cup of rice or pasta.
Try to eat a variety of vegetables and choose different colors if you can. Dark green vegetables (like spinach) or orange ones (like carrots or peppers) have more vitamins than some others. Adults should try to eat 2 ½ cups of vegetables every day.
What does a serving of vegetables look like? 1 cup of raw or cooked vegetables or vegetable juice or 2 cups of leafy greens (like spinach).
Try to eat a variety of fruits and colors, but stay away from fruit juices because they don't contain the same nutrients (like fiber) and they usually have more sugar and calories than the fruit itself. Adults should try to eat 2 cups of fruit every day.
What does a serving of fruit look like? 1 cup of fresh fruit or 100% fruit juice (only small amounts of juice, and no juice "cocktail") or ½ cup of dried fruit.
Dairy (milk, yogurt and cheese)
Dairy products contain calcium and other vitamins important for bone and body health. Try to eat low fat cheese and yogurt and drink 1% or skim milk. Experts say you should have three cups of dairy products every day and children between the ages of 2 and 8 should have two cups.
What does a serving of dairy look like? Any combination of milk or yogurt. An ounce of cheese is about the size of two game dice. Meats (fish, chicken, beef, pork, etc.) If you eat meat, there's not a recommendation on how many servings you should have in a day. Instead, remember to keep them as low-fat as possible and bake, broil or grill whenever you can. Fish is a great low-fat choice. If you don't eat animal products, you can still get plenty of protein from other sources including nuts, seeds, some beans, and tofu. If you have questions, make sure to ask your doctor or a dietician for help.
What does a serving of meats size look like? Fish should be about 8 ounces (almost the size of a checkbook) and meat should be no larger than a deck of playing cards.
Fats and Oils
Most of the fat you take in should come from healthy sources like fish and nuts. Try to avoid using butter or margarine and choose plant based fats whenever you can. Solid fats (like butter, lard or margarine) are said to contribute to heart disease.
What does a serving of fat look like? That depends on what kind of fat it is. Health experts say that no more than 20-35% of your daily calories should come from fat. That means an average adult on a 2,000 calorie diet should have about 400 calories per day from fat and those numbers can add up fast, so check food labels.
You can use the information provided in the food pyramid to help you plan healthy meals. The Food Pyramid is an important tool in any weight loss and healthy eating plan.
Contact us to learn how to make healthy food choices today: call (813) 536-3212 or contact Erin Bolton online.
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