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Ross L. Kodner is a "recovering lawyer" and President of MicroLaw, Inc., a 17 year old national-focused legal technology consultancy based in Wisconsin. He is a founding member of the T3 Network of Legal Technology Consultants and has held many leadership positions in national, state and local bar associations. He is perhaps best known for his internationally acclaimed "Paper LESS Office™" concept. He is a prolific speaker and author on legal technology topics. Ross can be reached at www.microlaw.com and 414-476-8433.
There is no question today that case management systems can literally transform the most disorganized law practices into super-efficient legal services delivery engines. Firms that effectively implement case management software systems consistently report: (1) higher profitability due in part to a reduction of previously wasted non-billable time looking for case information, (2) increased client satisfaction with firm response time to case status-related inquiries, (3) reduced "aggravation factor" and related increase in perceived quality of law practice life. Firms that haven't so effectively deployed case management products loudly proclaim them as the bane of their existences, not to mention the culprit responsible for far less money in the firm's coffers. So what are the differences between these two widely varying experience sets? It's all in how you roll it out and integrate it into the firm's workflow. Let's explore the factors that contribute to successful case management rollouts in firms of all sizes.
I. Your Must Get Consensus and "Buy In" From the Participants
Before you ever begin the process of selecting case management software, you need to educate everyone in the firm about exactly what it is, what it
does, and how it will change the workflow and work practices.You must first answer the question: "What is a case manager?" That is perhaps the easiest issue to address since the answer is almost literally, "a piece of software that does everything." Case management programs are literally the "kitchen sinks" of the legal software world, tracking all sorts of law firm information including:
- Case information about each of your matters – everything from party contact info to counsel, to courts, experts and witnesses, to tracking fact patterns and issues and case strategies.
- Calendaring, docketing and tickler systems as well as to-do list managers
- Conflict of interest searches – light years ahead of the time-tested but terrifying method used by many firms where a lawyer sticks their head out of their office and shouts down the hall "Yoohoo! Has anyone ever heard of so and so?"
- Case notes, logged as you work your files – instead of endlessly proliferating sticky notes
- Emails and documents related to your cases – a centralizing source
for all work product coming into the firm or flowing out.
- Firm administrative information – as important as tracking client-related matters since every firm's single most important client is . . . itself!
- Custom information for document assembly – the vast array of information tracked and stored by a case manager can be extracted and "flowed into documents
- Portabilizing (a new word) case information – whether via laptop or Palm or Pocket PC, or between main office and branch office or a lawyer's
home computer, all the information stored and tracked by the case management system can be accessible to everyone in the firm, from anywhere at any time – fulfilling finally the core idea of the "virtual law practiceOnce the definitional question has been addressed, the next question to anticipate is "Why would our firm want a case manager?" The answer is found in the responses to the first question about what a case manager is and does. Who wouldn't want those kinds of capabilities in their practices? Who wouldn't want to cut their non-billable time wasted every day looking for case-related information or documents that can only otherwise be found in the inevitably misfiled paper file? Who wouldn't want to be able to answer client questions when they call instead of having to put them off and return their calls at a later time? Who wouldn't want to be able to rapidly generate more routinized documents like client correspondence, releases, motions, pleadings, and settlement agreements with better consistency and quality control than the typical "hunt for the "*" and replace it method"? Who wouldn't want to virtually eliminate the stressful situations where one of the lawyers turns the office upside down scrambling to find a paper file? So the "why" question tends to answer itself.
It is also advisable to anticipate and be prepared to address the inevitable question: "We have Outlook/GroupWise/Notes already – aren't those good enough case management programs?" That's like asking, "We have a 40 year old Radio Flyer wagon with three wheels and a broken handle? Can't we use that as our company car?" Seriously, it is as dramatic a comparison as that statement.As to what you give up by opting for a "generic" personal information management system like Microsoft Outlook (which given its propensity to be
the number one target for security exploitation and attention by criminals who write computers might be better titled, "Lookout") or Novell GroupWise, if you consider a modern case manager like Time Matters, CaseMaster or Amicus Attorney, for example, the functional chasm between the two classes
of software is vast:A key issue case calendaring v. people calendaring . Outlook and most PIMlike (Personal Information Manager) systems can easily only do the latter calendaring dates by individual people. They are simply not oriented to tracking multiple people who may be together working on a case and want to see a "case calendar" this can be an enormous issue that can waste huge amounts of people time in the office having to look at multiple calendars and jump back and forth. For example, let's say that on a major medical malpractice file your office is handling, you've got one partner in charge, an associate assigned to do what associates do best (everything your partners don't want to do :)), a paralegal and the firm's investigator/medical researcher. By associating these four people together in a scheduling group in a program like TimeMatters, Amicus Attorney or CaseMaster, you can then quickly get a case calendar view at any time and see what all four people are doing on the file. This may win an award for the Rhetorical Question of the Year but . . . isn't that MUCH easier than having to compare four separate calendars?
Case information tracking – Outlook doesn't track much legal case managers track enormous amounts of information. As previously indicated, this ranges the spectrum from :
- Related party contact information.
- Court/administrative body info.
- Opposing counsel info.
- Facts of the case.
- A chronology of case related events as well as the case "flow" once the suit is filed and the REAL fun begins.
- A case to do list with a system of sophisticated and impossible to ignore "alerts" (malpractice carriers LOVE this!)
- "Date chaining" capabilities that permits series of related events to be tied together and automatically counted and posted (i.e., using a Statute of Limitations date as a key date and automatically counting back and posting 1, 7, 30, 60, 90, 180, and 365 day ticklers, or alternatively, a trial date and counting back all the dates on a typical trial court scheduling order and three ticklers for each) these can save literally hours of posting time and reduce manual date miscounting errors, not to mention the ability to move the entire "chain" if a trial gets bumped.
- Conflicts related items for conflicts searching.
And all this information is very easily searchable, printable, Palmable, etc.
* Document management – while I tend to feel most firms are still better off with separate document management products (an entirely separate discussion let's keep on track here for a bit), there ARE some helpful capabilities for attaching documents to cases and being able to launch them while looking at … and thinking about … the case being worked on. Such capability doesn't exist with generic personal information managers.
* Conflicts checking – how many small firms have a system for checking for conflicts of interest when a new case is opened that is about as sophisticated as standing out in the hall and yelling "Anyone ever heard of ABC Corporation?" If there's no answer, the case is accepted because the conflicts check" is done. The problem of course is that is the day that the partner who just finished a suit against ABC Corp.'s holding company is out fly fishing sans pager and cell phone … thus … silence from the end of the hall. Malpractice carriers just HATE that method . . . they really, really do. In legal case managers, conflicts checking is actually an incredibly powerful text search system, scouring every scrap of case information in your system, down to the level of individual time slip entries! Generic personal information managers and conflicts searches? 'Fraid not.
* Integration with billing systems like TABS, PCLaw, Jr., Timeslips, QuickBooks Pro, etc. for passing client/matter information back and forth and also for passing time entries from the case manager to the billing system. Typically a couple of months of captured time that would otherwise fall between the cracks should pay for the ENTIRE case management implementation … easily in many cases. And this doesn't even begin to consider the efficiencies gained by the reduction of duplicative information entry. There is no such functionality with generic personal information managers.
* Easy integration of contact info with your word processor – With case managers, there is relatively easy integration of address/contact info into WordPerfect or Word documents as an example, my company has long used a set of WP macros we call the "MicroLaw Legal Macro Library for WordPerfect and Word" (www.microlaw.com/cle/wpindex.html). While customized for each firm, the essential core macros are the same the "Smart Correspondence" macro can pull addresses right from TimeMatters, for example, into Word as part of a process of inserting inside or cc/bcc addresses on correspondence we've not been able to accomplish that in any way approaching "simplicity" with the Outlook/WordPerfect combination although I suspect it MIGHT be possible with VBA programming (but of course, VBA opens my clients to a serious macro virus threat too …)
* Document assembly – building "smart documents" treating the mass of information stored and track by a legal case manager as the perfect repository for assembling routinized documents, you can integrate with Word or WordPerfect, with or without HotDocs for comprehensive document assembly. To NOT do this is utterly illogical for routine documents where little changes content wise other than the client names, counsel names, captions, etc.
* The Timeline/Chronology function – in TimeMatters, for example, this shows the progress of work on a case and lets you see a pattern or chain of case events – incredibly useful (although be sure to look at CaseSoft's new TimeMap tooit's seriously cool stuff specifically for this purpose … for that matter, firms should certainly look at CaseMap also as a more free-form approach to overall knowledge management, of which I believe case management is a subset I would refer the firm to an article I coauthored with Sheryn Bruehl on Knowledge Management in the February/March 2000 issue of "Law Office Computing" magazine (www.lawofficecomputing.com).
* Synchronizing with laptop/remote systems far more easily than Outlook is accessible … the ability in Time Matters and Amicus Attorney, for example, to send a remote update file to a branch office PC, a mobile lawyer's laptop or a partner's home PC system, via plain 'ole email is nothing short of ingenious.At this point, it should be very clear that generic personal information managers like Microsoft Outlook, Novell GroupWise and their genre are clearly not the functional equivalent, or even a suitable replacement for, legal case management systems.
The next step is get consensus on the "team reasons" for implementing the case management software. Smart firm Technology Committee heads and Managing Partners who might be the advocates of case management anticipate and answer the most important question for everyone in the firm: "What's in it for me"? You must be able to clearly demonstrate the personal benefits of case management software to every class of person in the firm. Failure to do so will mean that roadblocks will appear. Sometimes these roadblocks may be entirely insurmountable. At best, these obstacles can undermine the success of the project; at worst, they can derail the project and turn it into an expensive disaster for which someone will have to take the blame. Instead, focus on what makes different people tick and what are the right "buttons" to push to get the "buy-in" you seek. Examples include:
- Partners – bill more time during the same length workday and make more money.
- Managing Partners – making more money is always a good thing but staying out of trouble is equally important – case managers help lawyers avoid malpracticing by making it difficult to miss deadlines and make it easier to keep clients apprized of case statuses.
- Associates – respond to clients' and partners' requests faster which makes you look good.
- Paralegals – respond to clients' and partners' requests faster which makes you look good and also reduces stress.
- Firm Administrators – a Godsend for tracking otherwise disparate information such as equipment leases and depreciation schedules, tracking lawyer CLE attendance, logging staff vacation time and other human resource information, monitoring legal research subscriptions, tracking equipment maintenance.
All of these tie into primary concerns of each group of participants in the case management process. Case management satisfies very basic and very motivating needs for everyone in the firm. But the typical lawyer or legal assistant will not arrive at this conclusion on their own – they need to be educated and led to see these expected results. Once the revelations occur, you'll be hard-pressed to rein in the enthusiasm everyone will demonstrate.
II. Deciding on a Case Management System
For most law practices, it is neither economical or logical to try and decide on a case manager without outside assistance. Representing yourself "pro se" in making case management decisions would be like one of your clients deciding to handle a corporate merger on their own you just know that it's going to be a very expensive disaster!
There are many qualified case management experts and resources available to assist in this process. A collection of the continent's most capable legal technology consultants is found at LawCommerce's website. A group called T3: Top Tier Technologists is the first independent association of legal technology consultants. Membership is a restricted based on a selective and critical peer review process to determine qualifications. Many of the group's members have significant case management expertise. Information on the T3 Network can be seen at www.lawcommerce.com/t3.
If you are interested in a specific case manager, the major companies generally have a roster of qualified and in many cases, certified consultants who can assist with planning, customizing and deploying their software. See, for example, TimeMatters consultants info at www.timematters.com/sales/consult1.htm and Amicus Attorney consultants info at www.amicusattorney.com/partners/index.html. Note that these may not be independent advisors necessarily, but they will be able to assist with the specific program for which they are certified. If you seek independent guidance, be sure to specifically verify that qualification.Books and periodicals are great sources of information. One of the leading publications on the topic of legal case management is Andrew Adkins' recently published book entitled "Computerized Case Management Systems: Choosing and Implementing the Right Software for You" with info available at www.abanet.org/lpm/catalog/5110409.html. Law Office Computing magazine also features a major case management review article every year in their December/January issue (www.lawofficecomputing.com).
Attending legal technology CLE conferences that feature case management-focused education is another effective approach. National conferences include LegalTech (information at www.legaltech.com), ABA TECHSHOW (www.techshow.com), LegalWorks (www.glasserlegalworks.com) as well
as many state bar sponsored functions. Case management is a hot topic and it is likely you will find a multitude of available sessions.
Watch for case management-related articles online as well. Current examples include Oklahoma consultant Sheryl Cramer's article about "Shopping for a Case Management System" on LLRX.com (specifically at www.llrx.com/features/casemanagement.htm) and fellow Oklahoman, Jim Calloway's article that makes "The Case for Case Management Systems" in the online version of the Oklahoma Bar Journal at www.okbar.org/barjournal/featurestories/fs011202calloway.htm. Finally, my own materials about "Turning Chaos into Cases: Small Firm Case Management System"; CLE materials created for Minnesota CLE at www.microlaw.com/cle/casemanindex.html#cm1. All are great primers on the
process of reviewing different case managers and determining which makes sense for your specific practice mix.III. Building Your Planning Team: "Plan" is NOT a Four Letter Dirty Word!
Nothing is more important than planning. This "techno.truth" cannot be overstated when the subject is case management systems. Unlike many other
software applications you might deploy in your practice, with case managers, you can't just click "install" and expect instant productivity miracles.
The key to case management success is acknowledging that such a project is similar to managing a complex litigated case for one of your clients. Think of it as a multi-step process, spread over a period of time where the talents and efforts of a number of people in the practice will be coordinated. And all that coordinated effort is directed at winning the case for the client. But in this situation, the case is the "case management project" and the client you're going to win for is none other than . . . YOUR OWN FIRM!Start the process by build an implementation team your "Case Management SWAT Team." Pick a cross section of people from the firm so you have representation from a variety of perspectives. This means that there should be a partner (at least one in a smaller firm – in a larger firm there might be a partner from each practice department). There should be an associate or perhaps more than one in a larger firm. Associates see the process of case handling from a different viewpoint than partners and have much to offer in this process. Include your firm's administrator as well as the head of your technology committee (you do have a technology committee, don't you?). Include a paralegal and legal assistant from each practice group. And include your consultant who is helping guide you through the implementation process.
Your Case Management SWAT team should then develop an action plan, plotting out the timeline of the entire process. Your consultant, who may be the veteran of many case management implementations in many different kinds of practice has experiences that can and should be tapped at this stage. In a sense, it is the same as sitting down with a legal pad, or a "thought processor" such as CaseMap (www.casesoft.com) and outlining the skeletal structure of the process from beginning to end. Allow at LEAST 30 days to arrive at an action plan of how to best configure and rollout your new case
manager. Don't worry about filling in every minute detail in your action plan outline – much of what happens will be fleshed out along the way.Which leads us to . . .
IV. Training: Think Backwards for Success!
With most software in the average law practice, you install it and then learn it. A basic process most of us have been through more times than we care to remember – it feels like one of the core principles of using our technology systems. Not with case managers! With case management systems, the process is precisely backwards – 180 degrees opposite! You first need to learn the program, and THEN you can install it!
Your case management implementation team has to take time to learn the software in order to determine the best configuration approaches, develop a
comprehensive training plan that fits your firm, your schedule and your practice approach, and also to decide when to activate advanced capabilities like document assembly systems. This is impossible to plan and coordinate unless there is a fairly deep understanding of the software. Of course, getting to this level of comprehension without physically installing the software may be impractical or even impossible. Systems like TimeMatters and most other products can be installed in a "demo" or "tutorial" mode allowing the firm to work through the key functions of the program and its "flow" using canned demonstration data files.It can be very cost-effective to utilize your consultant in providing a detailed overview of the program and explaining the level of customizability that exists within each major area of the software. A morning of such review can help the Case Management SWAT team really supercharge its action plan creation process and better direct the ensuing discussions about the initial configuration and customization of the program to best fit the firm's practice approach and workflow patterns.
V. The Paper Process: Documenting Your Practice "Flow"
Before you even think of how to configure a new case manager, first document the "flow" of your practice. For most firms, this exercise in and of itself will have significant long-term value. In many cases, the procedures related to file management, case handling, case closing and archiving may have been the product of a long-deceased founding partner who learned his/her approach from their mentor who wrote a procedure sheet in 1947 – when mimeograph technology was all the rage.
Document your work flow by writing out checklists. These should document all your procedures from case intake and file opening to the file closing/archiving process. Step by step – everything you do, who does it and then let it sink in. Your SWAT team should read it and re-read it together. Use an LCD projector and flash it on your whiteboard in huge characters. Then tear it to pieces – critically look at every step and ask "why do we do that" and "can we remove that step." The goal is to SIMPLIFY the processes. Fewer steps equal fewer mistakes equals less people time to accomplish things equals lower cost of operation equals higher profits while also providing more timely and higher quality services to your clients. In other words, target your processes towards the pinnacle of all law practice goals: better, faster, cheaper . . . and with less stress and aggravation in the process.
Decide how you need to streamline your procedures on paper first, before you ever try and do it with your case management system. Once you've worked together to understand your procedures and have streamlined them and agreed on them, you're ready to translate these processes and work flow steps into automated form using your new case management software – which leads us to the next step . . .VI. Customize! Customize! Customize!
Case managers like TimeMatters, Amicus, ProLaw, CaseMaster and the raft of other products are "techno.chameleons;" programs that can adapt to any area of law practice and ultimately look as if they were custom-written to fit that particular area of practice. Using a case manager in its "plain vanilla" configuration is like trying to be happy with a new suit that is four sizes to big and a color you can't stand . . . it will feel lacking and a poor fit – and looking at it and wearing it every day will start to make you angrier and angrier.
The key is to become tailors – software tailors. One of the most impressive characteristic of mainstream case managers today is the extent to which they can be relatively easily customized: twisted, molded, and modified to fit your workflow and your practice needs – dictated by the areas of practice your firm focuses on. Customization can include adding to or modify common screens for tracking matter information, contact/address information, date entry screens, how conflict of interest information related to adverse parties is tracked. Case managers generally permit you to build powerful automated date "chain templates" and "assembleable" documents by area of practice. All of these areas need attention as part of the preparation process.
Can customization be done after the fact, months later after the firm has been using the software? Certainly. But more successful implementations consider as many of these issues as they can predict and anticipate in advance so that the new software fits like a glove the first time its lawyers and staff "slip it on." This leaves a positive impression on the entire firm and encourages use and even creates a sense of excitement and anticipation about the learning process. This is far preferable to the alternative – grumbling people who question the selection of the software and whether it will ever save more time than it takes to learn it and use it.
VII. Summary: Tips for Case Management Rollout Success
PLAN! PLAN! PLAN! PLAN! PLAN! Capitalize it! Write in 12 foot tall blinking neon letters! Failure to adequately plan the entire process typically leads to one thing – a miserably failed project and someone who will be the scapegoat for a costly mistake. So don't make the mistake – PLAN AHEAD! Failing to plan is like failing to prepare for trial – walking in the day of trial without knowing the facts, without having any witnesses, with no questions to ask and never having met your client. A total disaster. No different a result should be expected if you slap a case manager on your system, unveil it to your staff the next morning and say "Voila! Our new case manager – now can someone calendar my dates and get my trial brief done in the next hour?"
GET HELP! Case managers, no matter which product is being considered, have nearly endless setup, configuration and usage options. How can you intelligently choose the best way to set these up by the "random" approach? You need to know the product or you need someone to guide you.
BUILD A TEAM! Involve both lawyers and staff in the planning and training process.
DON'T SKIMP! The cost of acquiring the software is the tip of the iceberg. Just as with the "Titanic", not knowing about the 7/8 of the iceberg that was invisible below the surface led to disaster, failing to understand that most of the cost and effort in the process takes place AFTER you've bought the software will lead to disaster – or at best, a completely mediocre implementation. Get the outside help you need – don't do case management pro se if you don't have the internal experience.
TEACH! TEACH! TEACH! TEACH! There are no magic bullets here you need to devote enough time to learn to use the product. Otherwise, you're wasting your money!
The bottom line is that case management software is the long-awaited "killer legal app." But it can only fulfill high expectations if you understand and follow the key steps for implementation success. Don't waste even one more day hemorrhaging otherwise billable time subsidizing your inefficient workflow processes! Take the case management path today – no time like the present!
©2002 Ross L. Kodner, Esq. All rights reserved


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Have you ever listened to that Tony Bennett song, "I Left My Heart in San Francisco"? Understandably, that quirky city, with personality to spare, has left an indelible impression on those who have ventured there. Like San Francisco, the densely populated and bustling city of Taipei, Taiwan has also captured a spot in my heart.
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subset: commoncrawl


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If a company makes a false claim in an advertisement, the government has the power to hold that company accountable and not allow consumers to be fleeced.
That's because the Federal Trade Commission regulates truth in advertising.
"When consumers see or hear an advertisement, whether it's on the Internet, radio or television, or anywhere else, federal law says that ad must be truthful, not misleading, and, when appropriate, backed by scientific evidence," the FTC boasts. "The FTC enforces these truth-in-advertising laws, and it applies the same standards no matter where an ad appears — in newspapers and magazines, online, in the mail, or on billboards or buses."
But that's not the case for what we hear on cable news or read on social media (or political ads for that matter). And that was put into stark relief last week when Fox News' Tucker Carlson tried to rewrite history on the Jan. 6, 2021 attack on the Capitol.
Rioters, inspired by former President Donald Trump's lies about the 2020 presidential election that he lost, stormed the Capitol in hopes of trying to stop the ceremonial certification of Joe Biden's win.
Since then, more than 1,000 people have been arrested and are facing charges. More than 500 have been convicted so far for their roles that day.
And yet, after House Speaker Kevin McCarthy gave over a virtual pallet of video footage from that day — as part of a deal he struck with members on the right flank of the party to get himself elected speaker — Carlson went on air showing benign images from that day.
"The crowd was enormous," Carlson said. "A small percentage of them were hooligans. They committed vandalism. You've seen their pictures again and again. But the overwhelming majority weren't. They were peaceful, they were orderly and meek. These were not insurrectionists. They were sightseers."
That's severely lacking context. Many people who participated were charged with everything from entering a restricted building or grounds and disorderly conduct to engaging in acts of physical violence, theft and assaulting or impeding law enforcement.
Five people died during or soon after the riot. It's estimated that more than $2.5 million worth of damage was done to the Capitol. And the FBI considers what happened that day an act of domestic terrorism.
Multiple Republican senators rebuked Carlson.
Sen. John Thune of South Dakota reaffirmed he considered what happened on Jan. 6 "an attack on the Capitol."
Sen. Kevin Cramer of North Dakota said, "To put it in the same category as a permitted peaceful protest is just a lie."
Sen. Thom Tillis of North Carolina was more blunt. "It's bulls***," he said.
Fox News did not respond to an email requesting comment.
So what can be done to police inaccurate reports on cable networks?
The answer is not much.
The Federal Communications Commission regulates the words that get said over the public's airwaves — and it prohibits "distortions" to be broadcast over them. According to the FCC:
The FCC prohibits broadcasting false information about a crime or a catastrophe if the broadcaster knows the information is false and will cause substantial 'public harm' if aired.
FCC rules specifically say that the "public harm must begin immediately, and cause direct and actual damage to property or to the health or safety of the general public, or diversion of law enforcement or other public health and safety authorities from their duties."
It adds:
The FCC is prohibited by law from engaging in censorship or infringing on First Amendment rights of the press. It is, however, illegal for broadcasters to intentionally distort the news, and the FCC may act on complaints if there is documented evidence of such behavior from persons with direct personal knowledge.
But cable is a different medium. The words and images that come via cable are not through public, broadcast airwaves, or what someone can get on a TV with an antenna.
The FCC's regulation only applies to licensed, local broadcast outlets that transmit through the airwaves. This is largely because of the way these regulations came to be. Because the first broadcast medium was radio and it was available to anyone at any time, public access signals are regulated.
"Unfortunately, the FCC does not have jurisdiction over cable networks," former FCC Chairman Tom Wheeler said. "In fact, it doesn't even have jurisdiction over networks like CBS and NBC who use the airwaves."
Put another way: The FCC regulates the local stations that carry your local news programs, which are affiliates of CBS, NBC, ABC and Fox. But there's essentially no regulation of what's said on cable networks like MSNBC, CNN or, you guessed it, Fox News.
Lawmakers struggle for an answer
The lack of any control over cable news, allowing episodes like what Carlson aired, is frustrating for many, including Democratic Sen. Ben Ray Luján of New Mexico. He chairs a key subcommittee with oversight over cable.
"There should be more tools out there to ensure that nonsense like this is not happening," Luján said. "And just as the affiliates on the broadcasting side have to get a license that would not allow this, why is it that folks on the other side within the same corporation are able to do it all while hurting the American people?"
Luján says he's exploring his options, including potentially holding hearings and seeing if there's more latitude that can be given to regulatory agencies.
But it's likely a stretch.
"The primary difficulty comes from our Constitution, specifically the First Amendment, which guarantees freedom of speech and press," said John Vile, a professor at Middle Tennessee State University, who co-edits the Encyclopedia of the First Amendment. "That has been interpreted particularly to mean that the government is not the arbiter of opinion. And any time the government has tried to arbitrate opinion, it ends up getting in trouble."
So if established regulatory structures can't do anything about cable, or opinions expressed on them, is there any way of holding it accountable?
"I think we're seeing in the Dominion [case] that there is recourse through the courts," Wheeler said. "But if your question is, is there recourse through government regulation? The answer is it's much more limited."
Wheeler is referring to a lawsuit from Dominion Voting Systems against Fox News. It revealed Fox News executives and hosts, including Carlson, knew what they were putting on the air were lies about the 2020 presidential election that they didn't believe.
But the Dominion case is a $1.6 billion defamation case. To win a lawsuit like that, a public person or company who feels they were harmed needs to show either knowledge of falsity or a "reckless disregard for truth," otherwise known as the "actual malice" standard.
It's an intentionally high bar that generally protects the ability to publish criticism — and the like — of public officials. (In some states, private citizens have a lower bar of needing to prove "simple negligence" to win compensatory damages.)
To bring a lawsuit in the first place, though, there needs to be a person or company that can show "standing," and that they were harmed in some way.
That makes it tougher to seek a remedy through the courts for something that's said on cable news that's a general lie or distortion.
The threat from social media and the Internet
When it comes to mis- and disinformation, though, the biggest perceived threat to truth has been from social media and the Internet. That's why Sens. Michael Bennet, D-Colo., and Peter Welch, D-Vt., have proposed a new federal watchdog, the Digital Platform Commission, to try and regulate truth online.
"I believe that we can't accept another 20 years in this country of digital platforms, transforming American life with absolutely no oversight or accountability to the American people," Bennet said, adding, "I'd like us to have an alternative to the social media algorithms that are making the angriest and most vitriolic content go viral, distorting our political conversation. I would say maybe even destroying our political conversation."
Conservatives have their own issues with social media platforms, believing they are unfairly targeted for their ideology. Trump was kicked off Twitter and Facebook after Jan. 6 for violating policies related to encouraging violence, and many conservatives, including many GOP members of Congress, have had their tweets flagged for spreading misinformation during the COVID-19 pandemic.
They see "free speech" as under attack.
"The Internet has democratized our political discourse," former FCC Chairman Ajit Pai argued in a 2017 speech. "It has invigorated political debate. And in my view, it can help sustain our shared cultural commitment to free expression."
Bennet says it's gone too far.
"I am a huge defender and believer in the First Amendment," he said. "I actually think that's one of the reasons why I care about this so much. You know, I think truth matters a lot. And on Jan. 6, I was imploring my colleagues on the floor to tell their political followers the truth. We now know that that truth was well known by my colleagues and by the so-called journalists at Fox News, who have withheld that truth from their own viewership for fear that they were going to lose that viewership."
The divide is clear, and there haven't been many Republicans to go along with the creation of a new regulatory agency for the digital age. There have been some bipartisan strides on regulating TikTok, for example, which both sides see as a data collection threat from China.
But without a bipartisan effort when it comes to information online, cable news and the Internet will remain a modern-day Wild West with no guard rails when it comes to truth and lies.
Copyright 2023 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.


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Potentially Deadly Christmas Tours of North Korea Now Booking!
Monday, September 30th, 2013Because sitting around with your loved ones is probably getting a little tiresome and routine year after year, you can now book yourself a Christmas tour to the first place that springs to mind when you think of the most wonderful season of all…
North Korea.
Here's the catch. It's a Christmas tour that could get you killed if you decide that everyone's favorite communist neighborhood needs a little old-time religion. If you're even suspected of being a part of any activity even remotely associated with religious activity? You could end up celebrating your last Christmas in a labor camp for about a decade…or worse. You really don't want worse, do you?
Here's the fun promotional letter from the company offering this jolly holiday:
From: Stuart Leighton
Date: Fri, Sep 27, 2013 at 1:07 AM
Subject: PRESS RELEASE: CHRISTMAS IN NORTH KOREA 26/09/2013, Beijing, China, Taedong Travel.
To: [removed]PRESS RELEASE: CHRISTMAS IN NORTH KOREA 26/09/2013, Beijing, China, Taedong Travel.
What is your most cherished Christmas memory? Novelty knitted jumpers, overcooked Brussels sprouts and family arguments? Time to try Christmas in North Korea!
2013 is the first year that tourists have been permitted to enter North Korea throughout winter – you can now join local North Koreans for a Christmas and New Year to remember! Will you be visited by Santa Claus, enjoy Ginseng flavoured Turkey or listen to familiar Christmas carols? Just how is the festive period celebrated in North Korea? No one knows – this is the first opportunity to spend the Christmas in North Korea, no tourist has ever been allowed in the country at this time before.
Those who visit will have the most unique Christmas of their lives, impossible to predict moments, such as building a snowman in Kim Il Sung square, could be just one of the many highlights of this truly one-of-a-kind trip!
After a great deal of effort Taedong Travel have finally secured permission to operate the first Christmas tour of North Korea, taking place from December 24th to Sunday December 29th, (5 days, 4 nights). Price starts at only 740 EUR, a small price to pay for the memories and bragging rights that a Christmas spent in North Korea will bring!
Taedong Travel is a specialist North Korea travel organiser founded by Stuart Leighton, a frequent visitor to the DPRK since 2008. Taedong Travel has published a full range of tours to North Korea in 2014 for the discerning budget traveller. In an increasingly open market Taedong Travel Company has carved a niche for itself as the go-to company for those looking for the maximum possible experience on the lowest budget.
For more information on the Christmas tour and application procedures: http://taedongtravel.com/tours/
And if you want to freak out a loved one or just make people scratch their heads, you can print out a copy of this promotional pamphlet and leave it lying around or putting it in a fancy envelope and surprising someone you love with it just to see the look on their face.
If you decide to go, we'd love a postcard…
You know….to remember you by.


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Management games and Strategy games are some categories of online entertainment. There are umpteen games online for your enjoyment. It is difficult to decide on one, due to the different selections available. To be a member of the these sites, you need to register with a username and password. In a Management game, namely Penguin Dinner, you are able to play as a Penguin waitress and can take orders of customers and serve them. You can play the role of an air traffic controller in another Management game namely Airport insanity 3. Day-by-day new online entertainment is released and game lovers are able to know more about them through the web.
Enjoy playing online, you will wish to pussy 888 continue playing. You need to play these games in your leisure time only. There are different types of online slot games in the world market today. Some of them are 3 reel slots, 5 reel slots, free casinos, etc. Online progressive slots of online slots guide are popular features of online casino game. 3 reel slots are the popular online slots machines of online slots guide. They are simple to play, as well as to obtain a piece of slots action and jackpot prizes. 5 reel slots of online slots guide have 5 reels, has more possibility of winning combinations.
There are free online games, as well as paid ones. You need to damage the base of your opponent in a Strategy game, namely Age of War 2. Other examples for Strategy games are Epic War 4, Age of War, and Warfare: 1944, etc. In each of the war games, you need to defeat the opponent. God save the King, Heaven or Hell, etc. are some examples. Hearts, Spades, Solitaire, Chess, etc. are some of the popular card and board games.


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HANDMADE BRACELET HEMATITE KNITTED 3 SILVER with Hematite 4mm, Silverplated Steel Wire and Silver 925 clasps and Chain
Hematite – Balance and strength
In the past, the warriors believed that if they had Hematite on them they would be invulnerable. It is a mineral that reduces stress in difficult circumstances.
Properties: It increases the courage and the desire for inner peace. It gives self-control and calmness, balance and concentration. It balances the Yin and Yang effects on body and space. Hematite strengthens the mind and stimulates memory. It helps us to implement our ideas and strengthens the heart. 1st Chakra: Grounding, balance, achieving goals and ideas.
See more Handmade Braceletes here
See more Handmade jewelry with Hematite here
See more handmade jewelry here
Advice of Use for the Handmade Jewelry by Crystal Pepper
We would like to give you small tips to keep your little "treasure" like new for a long time and to avoid the natural tendency of silver to turn grey and from any kind of damage of the crystals :
- We Keep our jewels in a casket or a case, leaving a small distance between them.
- We wear and take them out carefully, especially if they are handmade rings, bracelets or necklaces made of flexible woven silver.
- We remove jewelry when we do work with our hands.
- We remove jewelry when we wash our hands and we avoid general contact with water and sweat.
- We remove jewelry when we put our hand cream.
- We avoid contact of the jewelry with our perfumes, hairspray and all chemicals and detergents.
Crystal Pepper doesn't have any responsibility for any damage of the jewelry that can be caused for not using the above advice.
Payment and Shipping
Upon completion of your order you have 4 available payment methods for shipping in Greece and 3 for shipping in the rest of the World:
- Cash on delivery only for Greece
- By debit or credit cards of most of the banks
- With Direct Bank Transfer to our Account
- Through PayPal
All Shipping is free for orders with value 40€ or more regardless of size and Area Within Greece. The Shipping to Address that you will give us it takes by Courier for Greece about 1-3 Business Days depending on the area. For other countries we will send your order by the Greek Post Office Mail with standard international shipping to your address and the time of delivery depends of the destination country and it usually takes around a week to deliver. Please note that depending on your order and country, you may be liable to pay local taxes and duties on receipt of your order, for which Crystal Pepper cannot accept liability.


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Varicose Vein Treatment in Van Nuys, CA
Veins have in important function in your body: they carry blood throughout your system. When veins become contorted or stop carrying blood properly, this is the condition known as varicose veins. Varicose veins aren't just unsightly; they may cause pain and health complications as well.
To learn more about varicose vein treatment, call (424) 365-1800 or contact Dr. Jeremy Fischer online.
Symptoms of Varicose Veins
Varicose veins are notable for their thick, cord-like appearance. Because the blood in the veins has stopped or slowed flowing, they are often blue in color as well. This is due to the fact that blood has collected in the vein instead of flowing properly.
While many people have varicose veins that are asymptomatic, meaning they experience no symptoms other than an unsightly appearance, this is not always the case. For some, varicose veins can cause other problems.
Varicose vein symptoms include:
- Leg swelling
- Pain
- Irritation
- Itching
- Heaviness
- Aches
- Fatigue
Not everyone with a case of varicose veins will experience all of these symptoms. Some actions may cause symptoms to worsen, such as standing or sitting for a long period of time. Varicose veins can also lead to blood clotting, and the dangerous condition known as deep vein thrombosis .
Causes of Varicose Veins
There is no one cause of varicose veins. Instead, there may be a number of contributing reasons why varicose veins develop. Varicose vein causes can include:
- Genetic predisposition
- Obesity
- Pregnancy
- Age
Despite common misconceptions, varicose veins can occur in both women and men. Similarly, while many people associate varicose veins with the elderly, they can begin to appear as early as age 20.
It is possible to develop varicose veins as a result of pregnancy or weight gain, as these issues put extra strain on the veins. Varicose veins occur most frequently in the leg, but can also develop in the pelvic region.
Treatment of Varicose Veins
Whether for cosmetic reasons or health concerns, many people seek varicose vein treatment. There are numerous treatment options available for dealing with varicose veins. These methods vary in their effectiveness. Some methods are minor, while other options include surgery to remove the vein. Varicose vein treatments include:
- Sclerotherapy
- Laser varicose vein surgery
- Compression stockings
- Vein stripping
- Ambulatory phlebectomy
- Endoscopic vein surgery
Sometimes these methods may be combined with one another. Surgery is typically only used as a last resort, often the first recomondation is compression stockings.
Request More Information Today
Varicose veins pose a number of risks, from damaging self-confidence to causing pain. Thankfully, there are many varicose vein treatment options available. Request more information today: call (424) 365-1800 or contact Dr. Jeremy Fischer online.
Vitality Integrative Medicine
4849 Van Nuys BlvdSuite 104
Sherman Oaks, CA 91403
(424) 365-1800
8:00 am - 6:00 pm
8:00 am - 6:00 pm
8:00 am - 6:00 pm
8:00 am - 6:00 pm
8:00 am - 6:00 pm
8:00 am - 12:00 pm


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By soundslikeknock
Posted in Restaurants, Uncategorized | Tags : local cuisine, Peteroborough, vegetarian
When it comes to moving, I am the ultimate procrastinator. The job always seems so daunting and I am always in disbelief at just how much junk I can actually fit in one little bedroom. Not to mention I have the arm strength of a 6 month baby and am completely useless when it comes to heavy lifting. The only good thing about moving day was that I got to have another meal in Peterborough.
My wonderful parents met me at 8am to get the party started. By 2pm, we had barely made a dent in the packing so we decided we needed a food break. Both of my parents are vegetarian so we went to this cute little vegetarian shop in downtown Peterborough called The Planet Bakery.
Every time I visit this shop, I can't help but think of one of my best friends, Sam. The orange floors remind me of the bright orange walls in his old apartment and just everything from the minimalistic design, to the mismatched recycled chairs, to their openness and friendliness of the atmosphere just screams out Sam Robertson. I could easily see him working his chef magic here.
We were so hungry that we ate most of the food before I thought to take a photo to share with you guys. So the only thing I have pictured is their rosemary walnut burger. SOOO good! Moist and flavourful, it sits on a fresh Focaccia bun with basil mayo, melted cheddar, and a sweet and savoury cranberry-onion confit. YUM!
We also had their green apple & old cheddar sandwich, as well as their cranberry and brie sandwich. I personally preferred the crisp freshness of their green apple sandwich over the sweet tartness of the cranberry.
These flavourful dishes will make even the biggest meat lover opt for a vegetarian option every once in awhile.
The Planet Bakery
374 Water Street,
Peterborough, ON


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The world of theological education, like all education, is rapidly changing. While the Word of God is eternal and will never change, how we teach and where we teach is a delicate quadrangle of fidelity, quality, availability, and flexibility. To help maximize present expertise and to continue attracting people of excellence to become students, faculty, and staff, I am pleased to announce the following administrative changes that will go into effect July 1, 2014. I am making this announcement now because some of the ramifications of this change must begin in the coming weeks.
As we have evaluated the potential at our Washington D.C. campus (so called although it is actually located in Manassas VA), and our strategic relationship with McLean Bible Church, we believe our recruiting potential continues to be high. In order to capitalize on such opportunities I am happy to announce that Mr. Josh Bleeker and his wife Eva will be moving to Manassas VA where he will assume the role of Director of DTS-Washington D.C. Josh's unique knowledge of DTS will allow him to serve as a "Jack-of-all-trades" for us with emphasis on Admissions, Recruitment, Student Advising, and general DTS Representation. This will also include, as time permits, developing Alumni relationships and making long-term recommendations concerning DTS presence on the east coast. Josh's stability and leadership in Admissions has been invaluable during this unique season of change that has occurred in Christian Higher Education as mentioned above.
While Josh's absence could certainly leave a big hole in the Admissions department, I am delighted to inform you that Dr. Greg Hatteberg is being promoted to serve as Dean of Enrollment and Alumni Services. Greg's unique skills, and former leadership experiences at DTS, position him well to provide oversight and direction of several key departments including Admissions, Alumni & Placement, and the Registrar's Office. Greg will serve as the Acting Director of Admissions for the 2014-15 year while a longer-term director is secured. Greg will continue to have an active leadership role in the Alumni department as his new title implies. We believe this consistency–beginning-middle-end of the Admissions-Registrar-Alumni lifecycle–will provide healthy continuity for our students that will assist with retention and long-term connectivity to DTS.
Both of these men, and the departments they lead will directly report to Dr. Mark Yarbrough and all of us will work as a team to strengthen these areas for the sake of fulfilling the mission of the Seminary. Please join me in congratulating both Greg and Josh in their new appointments.
Mark L. Bailey


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By Anne Hazlett, Assistant to the Secretary for Rural Development, USDA
No one comes together during a crisis like the American farmer. From economic downturns to natural disasters, farmers and ranchers have faced them all and come out standing tall. We need that spirit of cooperation and perseverance now to face the deadly crisis of opioid misuse in rural America.
Thankfully, we have a great partner in National Farmers Union (NFU). For well over a century, NFU has advocated for the well-being and quality of life for farmers, ranchers and fishermen and the small towns they call home.
In recent years, prosperity in these treasured places has been deeply impacted by the darkness of addiction. Nearly 64,000 Americans died from a drug overdose in 2016, which is the most in history and more than the number of lives lost in a car accident or gun-related homicide. Many of these deaths stemmed from a misuse of opioids. This crisis has hit rural America especially hard, with nearly 74 percent of farmers impacted directly, according to a survey conducted by NFU and the American Farm Bureau Federation last fall.
My own roots in this issue stem back to 2015 when my home state of Indiana made national headlines after the small rural town of Austin experienced a significant disease outbreak stemming from drug use. Since that time, I have had the opportunity to learn more while working on Capitol Hill and serving in volunteer ministry in West Virginia. And, today, I am extraordinarily blessed with the opportunity to serve at the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) at a time when the need for leadership in rural America could not be greater.
Under the leadership of Secretary of Agriculture Sonny Perdue, our team is focused on increasing economic opportunity and improving the quality of life in rural America. We believe that the issue of addiction in rural communities is more than a health issue: this is a matter of rural prosperity. From Michigan to Montana, the opioid crisis is impacting worker productivity, increasing health care demands, and putting substantial stress on limited emergency response and law enforcement resources. This issue is also making economic development even more difficult for rural communities that are already operating on slim budgets and struggling to attract new business.
We need all hands on deck to confront and solve this problem. At USDA, we are focused on assisting rural leaders in building an effective local response through program investment, strategic partnerships, and best practices identification and implementation. As we move forward in this effort, I am most grateful for the leadership of NFU in stepping up to raise awareness about this important but difficult issue. From speaking at prominent agriculture events to their FarmTownstrong.org website, NFU and its members are helping impacted farm and ranch families and rural places find hope by breaking down shame and linking up with resources.
I had an opportunity to join President Johnson and Farm Bureau President Zippy Duvall in January for a panel discussion about the opioid epidemic at the annual Farm Bureau meeting in Nashville. Similarly, I am excited to be coming to Kansas City next month to join these two leaders once again for a panel at NFU's annual convention. These types of conversations not only help shine light on an otherwise dark issue, but they open up the doors of creativity as we begin to share practical ideas about how to build a strong response at that community level.
More than talk, I am looking forward to working with NFU and our other agriculture partners to stand tall together against opioid misuse in rural America. On the Farmtownstrong.org website, Farm Bureau and NFU include a bold declaration: "Farm towns will overcome this epidemic through strong farmer-to-farmer support and the resilience of our communities." We could not agree more with this sentiment and stand ready to be a partner with rural America in this fight.
Anne Hazlett serves as the Assistant to the Secretary for Rural Development at the United States Department of Agriculture. An Indiana native, she has a deep and lifelong passion for rural America, small towns and the people who call them home.
Like what you've read? Check us out on Facebook, and join the conversation on Twitter.


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President Barack Obama will announce on Thursday that a section of West Philadelphia will be selected as a "Promise Zone" as part of his effort to focus on income inequality in the lead-up to his State of the Union address.
Promise Zones are areas where the federal government provides tax incentives and grants to help communities tackle poverty. Obama first announced the initiative during last year's State of the Union speech.
The White House says Obama believes investing in and rebuilding economically challenged communities is crucial to helping children have a chance at success.
"Being selected as a Promise Zone is an important step in the transformation process for a neighborhood struggling with high poverty, high crime, high vacancy, low educational attainment and low employment rates," said Mayor Nutter. "Being a Promise Zone will enable the City to align existing resources and apply for new federal funding - building on efforts already at work - through a multi-faceted, focused approach. I want to thank President Obama and his Administration for this recognition and the opportunities it will provide."
Philadelphia's Promise Zone will be focused around the Mantua neighborhood of West Philadelphia, an Obama Administration official confirmed to NBC10. That area is north of Drexel University, bounded by the Schuylkill River to the east and the Philadelphia Zoo to the north.
The Promise Zone area covers 33,315 residents, has a poverty rate of 51 percent and the unemployment rate of 13.6 percent, officials said. Unemployment in the neighborhood is higher than the city average of 9.5 percent, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
"The Administration has created a wonderful opportunity for communities like Mantua to be revitalized, such as increasingly affordable housing and improving safety. Now with the Promise Zone designation, we will be able to bring more resources to our community to address a comprehensive range of issues," said Michael Thorpe, a community organizer and Chairman of the Board of Mt Vernon Manor.
Breaking news and the stories that matter to your neighborhood.
Several city offices including the Office of Community Empowerment and Opportunity, Philadelphia Police, School District of Philadelphia as well as Drexel University and other non-profits will help with the initiative, the administration said.
The Mayor's Office of Community Empowerment and Opportunity (CEO), the city's community action agency, will serve as the lead agency during the Promise Zone process.
"I am thrilled that the Promise Zone designation will provide federal agency support in helping us implement Shared Prosperity, our plan to fight poverty, and for this opportunity to assist residents of several West Philadelphia neighborhoods," said Eva Gladstein, Executive Director, CEO.
Philadelphia will be one of the first Promise Zone locations. Mr. Obama will also announce that San Antonio, Texas, Los Angeles, southeastern Kentucky and the Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma were selected. The administration received 31 applications in all for the first round of the program -- 19 from cities and 12 from rural areas.
On Thursday, President Obama will speak in detail on all five promise zones during a White House press conference. You can watch it live starting at 2 p.m. on NBC10.com.


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There are some who teach that God loves only His elect and hates the non-elect. Please comment.
The fact that some sinners are not elected to salvation is no proof that God's attitude toward them is utterly devoid of sincere love. We know from Scripture that God is compassionate, kind, generous, and good even to the most stubborn sinners. Who can deny that these mercies flow out of God's boundless love? Yet it is evident that they are showered even on unrepentant sinners.
I want to acknowledge, however, that explaining God's love toward the reprobate is not as simple as most modern evangelicals want to make it. Clearly there is a sense in which the psalmist's expression, "I hate the assembly of evildoers" (Ps. 26:5) is a reflection of the mind of God. "Do I not hate those who hate Thee, O Lord? And do I not loathe those who rise up against Thee? I hate them with the utmost hatred; they have become my enemies" (Ps. 139:21-22). Such hatred as the psalmist expressed is a virtue, and we have every reason to conclude that it is a hatred God Himself shares. After all, He did say, "I have hated Esau" (Mal. 1:3; Rom. 9:13). The context reveals God was speaking of a whole race of wicked people. So there is a true and real sense in which Scripture teaches that God hates the wicked.
So an important distinction must be made. God loves believers with a particular love. It is a family love, the ultimate love of an eternal Father for His children. It is the consummate love of a Bridegroom for His bride. It is an eternal love that guarantees their salvation from sin and its ghastly penalty. That special love is reserved for believers alone.
However, limiting this saving, everlasting love to His chosen ones does not render God's compassion, mercy, goodness, and love for the rest of mankind insincere or meaningless. When God invites sinners to repent and receive forgiveness (Isa. 1:18; Matt. 11:28-30), His pleading is from a sincere heart of genuine love. "'As I live!' declares the Lord God, 'I take no pleasure in the death of the wicked, but rather that the wicked turn from his way and live. Turn back, turn back from your evil ways! Why then will you die, O house of Israel?'" (Ezek. 33:11). Clearly God does love even those who spurn His tender mercy, but it is a different quality of love, and different in degree from His love for His own.
The following Question and Answer was taken from John MacArthur's book, The God Who Loves, pp. 14, 16. ©2001 by John MacArthur. All Rights Reserved.


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In close-up photography, one of your biggest goals is to draw attention to your subject–you want to make it really stand out.
One way to make your subject stand out is to make it the sharpest part of the image, since the viewer will usually look at the sharpest thing first.
But, how do you make your subject super sharp? Well, here are three simple ways:
1. Photograph your subject in front of a contrasting background
Things appear sharp when there's a strong contrast along their edges, so one way to get sharper close-ups is to photograph your subject in front of a background that contrasts with your subject. The background can either be a contrasting color or it could be much lighter or darker than your subject. The key is strong contrast.
For example, one of the reasons why the dragonfly is so sharp in the photo above is because the dragonfly is very bright while the background is much darker. This strong contrast helps make the dragonfly look sharper.
2. Use the sweet spot of your lens
Most lenses have a particular aperture that produces the sharpest images of the lens. Sometimes this difference in sharpness is pretty dramatic, so it's a good idea to be aware of the "sweet spot" of all your lenses. It's usually one or two stops down from wide open. So, a lens that has a widest aperture of f/4 is generally sharpest at f/8. This isn't always the case though, so it's best to test your lenses yourself to be sure.
If you use Canon, Nikon, or Sigma lenses, then you can experiment with a helpful tool at The Digital Picture to find the sharpest aperture of your lenses.
3. Position your camera so it's parallel to your subject
When you focus your lens on something, what you're really doing is focusing on a geometrical plane that's parallel to your camera's sensor. Everything that's on this plane will be in completely sharp focus, so it's important to position your camera so it's parallel to the most important plane of your subject.
For example, one of the reasons why the wildflower is so sharp in the photo above, is because I spent a lot of time carefully positioning my camera so it's sensor was parallel to the top of the flower. This helped keep all the flower's petals in sharp focus.
But, the sharpest photo isn't always the best photo
Sometimes it's tempting to concentrate entirely on getting a sharp photo, because all you have to do is follow some rules like the ones above. But, it's important to remember that composition still comes first. Sometimes you won't always be able to get the sharpest photo because doing so would compromise the vision you had for the image.
For example, sometimes if you position your camera so it's parallel to the most important plane of your subject, then you'll end up with a poor background.
So, these tips aren't meant to be followed all the time. They're just some things to consider when you're trying to get a sharper image.
About the Author: Steve Berardi is a nature photographer and software engineer. You can read more of his articles on nature photography at the PhotoNaturalist. Also, be sure to check out his eBook on Wildflower Photography.
Table of contents
Macro Photography


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Network Working Group T. Koren Request for Comments: 3544 Cisco Systems Obsoletes: 2509 S. Casner Category: Standards Track Packet Design C. Bormann Universitaet Bremen TZI July 2003 IP Header Compression over PPP Status of this Memo This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for improvements. Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state and status of this protocol. Distribution of this memo is unlimited. Copyright Notice Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2003). All Rights Reserved. Abstract This document describes an option for negotiating the use of header compression on IP datagrams transmitted over the Point-to-Point Protocol (RFC 1661). It defines extensions to the PPP Control Protocols for IPv4 and IPv6 (RFC 1332, RFC 2472). Header compression may be applied to IPv4 and IPv6 datagrams in combination with TCP, UDP and RTP transport protocols as specified in RFC 2507, RFC 2508 and RFC 3545. 1. Introduction The IP Header Compression (IPHC) defined in [RFC2507] may be used for compression of both IPv4 and IPv6 datagrams or packets encapsulated with multiple IP headers. IPHC is also capable of compressing both TCP and UDP transport protocol headers. The IP/UDP/RTP header compression defined in [RFC2508] and [RFC3545] fits within the framework defined by IPHC so that it may also be applied to both IPv4 and IPv6 packets. Koren, et al. Standards Track [Page 1]
RFC 3544 IP Header Compression over PPP July 2003 In order to establish compression of IP datagrams sent over a PPP link each end of the link must agree on a set of configuration parameters for the compression. The process of negotiating link parameters for network layer protocols is handled in PPP by a family of network control protocols (NCPs). Since there are separate NCPs for IPv4 and IPv6, this document defines configuration options to be used in both NCPs to negotiate parameters for the compression scheme. This document obsoletes RFC 2509, adding two new suboptions to the IP header compression configuration option. One suboption negotiates usage of Enhanced RTP-Compression (specified in [RFC3545]), and the other suboption negotiates header compression for only TCP or only non-TCP packets. IPHC relies on the link layer's ability to indicate the types of datagrams carried in the link layer frames. In this document nine new types for the PPP Data Link Layer Protocol Field are defined along with their meaning. In general, header compression schemes that use delta encoding of compressed packets require that the lower layer does not reorder packets between compressor and decompressor. IPHC uses delta encoding of compressed packets for TCP and RTP. The IPHC specification [RFC2507] includes methods that allow link layers that may reorder packets to be used with IPHC. Since PPP does not reorder packets these mechanisms are disabled by default. When using reordering mechanisms such as multiclass multilink PPP [RFC2686], care must be taken so that packets that share the same compression context are not reordered. 2. Configuration Option This document specifies a new compression protocol value for the IPCP IP-Compression-Protocol option as specified in [RFC1332]. The new value and the associated option format are described in section 2.1. The option format is structured to allow future extensions to the IPHC scheme. NOTE: The specification of link and network layer parameter negotiation for PPP [RFC1661], [RFC1331], [RFC1332] does not prohibit multiple instances of one configuration option but states that the specification of a configuration option must explicitly allow multiple instances. [RFC3241] updates RFC 1332 by explicitly allowing the sending of multiple instances of the IP- Compression-Protocol configuration option, each with a different value for IP-Compression-Protocol. Each type of compression protocol may independently establish its own parameters. Koren, et al. Standards Track [Page 2]
RFC 3544 IP Header Compression over PPP July 2003 NOTE: [RFC1332] is not explicit about whether the option negotiates the capabilities of the receiver or of the sender. In keeping with current practice, we assume that the option describes the capabilities of the decompressor (receiving side) of the peer that sends the Config-Req. 2.1. Configuration Option Format Both the network control protocol for IPv4, IPCP [RFC1332] and the IPv6 NCP, IPV6CP [RFC2472] may be used to negotiate IP Header Compression parameters for their respective protocols. The format of the configuration option is the same for both IPCP and IPV6CP. Description This NCP configuration option is used to negotiate parameters for IP Header Compression. Successful negotiation of parameters enables the use of Protocol Identifiers FULL_HEADER, COMPRESSED_TCP, COMPRESSED_TCP_NODELTA, COMPRESSED_NON_TCP and CONTEXT_STATE as specified in [RFC2507]. The option format is summarized below. The fields are transmitted from left to right. 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Type | Length | IP-Compression-Protocol | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | TCP_SPACE | NON_TCP_SPACE | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | F_MAX_PERIOD | F_MAX_TIME | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | MAX_HEADER | suboptions... +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Type 2 Length >= 14 The length may be increased if the presence of additional parameters is indicated by additional suboptions. IP-Compression-Protocol 0061 (hex) Koren, et al. Standards Track [Page 3]
RFC 3544 IP Header Compression over PPP July 2003 TCP_SPACE The TCP_SPACE field is two octets and indicates the maximum value of a context identifier in the space of context identifiers allocated for TCP. Suggested value: 15 TCP_SPACE must be at least 0 and at most 255 (the value 0 implies having one context). NON_TCP_SPACE The NON_TCP_SPACE field is two octets and indicates the maximum value of a context identifier in the space of context identifiers allocated for non-TCP. These context identifiers are carried in COMPRESSED_NON_TCP, COMPRESSED_UDP and COMPRESSED_RTP packet headers. Suggested value: 15 NON_TCP_SPACE must be at least 0 and at most 65535 (the value 0 implies having one context). F_MAX_PERIOD Maximum interval between full headers. No more than F_MAX_PERIOD COMPRESSED_NON_TCP headers may be sent between FULL_HEADER headers. Suggested value: 256 A value of zero implies infinity, i.e. there is no limit to the number of consecutive COMPRESSED_NON_TCP headers. F_MAX_TIME Maximum time interval between full headers. COMPRESSED_NON_TCP headers may not be sent more than F_MAX_TIME seconds after sending the last FULL_HEADER header. Suggested value: 5 seconds A value of zero implies infinity. MAX_HEADER The largest header size in octets that may be compressed. Suggested value: 168 octets Koren, et al. Standards Track [Page 4]
RFC 3544 IP Header Compression over PPP July 2003 The value of MAX_HEADER should be large enough so that at least the outer network layer header can be compressed. To increase compression efficiency MAX_HEADER should be set to a value large enough to cover common combinations of network and transport layer headers. suboptions The suboptions field consists of zero or more suboptions. Each suboption consists of a type field, a length field and zero or more parameter octets, as defined by the suboption type. The value of the length field indicates the length of the suboption in its entirety, including the lengths of the type and length fields. 0 1 2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Type | Length | Parameters... +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ 2.2. RTP-Compression Suboption The RTP-Compression suboption is included in the NCP IP-Compression- Protocol option for IPHC if IP/UDP/RTP compression is to be enabled. Inclusion of the RTP-Compression suboption enables use of additional Protocol Identifiers COMPRESSED_RTP and COMPRESSED_UDP along with additional forms of CONTEXT_STATE as specified in [RFC2508]. Description Enable use of Protocol Identifiers COMPRESSED_RTP, COMPRESSED_UDP and CONTEXT_STATE as specified in [RFC2508]. 0 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Type | Length | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Type 1 Length 2 Koren, et al. Standards Track [Page 5]
RFC 3544 IP Header Compression over PPP July 2003 2.3. Enhanced RTP-Compression Suboption To use the enhanced RTP header compression defined in [RFC3545], a new sub-option 2 is added. Sub-option 2 is negotiated instead of, not in addition to, sub-option 1. Description Enable use of Protocol Identifiers COMPRESSED_RTP and CONTEXT_STATE as specified in [RFC2508]. In addition, enable use of [RFC3545] compliant compression including the use of Protocol Identifier COMPRESSED_UDP with additional flags and use of the C flag with the FULL_HEADER Protocol Identifier to indicate use of HDRCKSUM with COMPRESSED_RTP and COMPRESSED_UDP packets. 0 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Type | Length | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Type 2 Length 2 2.4. Negotiating header compression for only TCP or only non-TCP packets In RFC 2509 it was not possible to negotiate only TCP header compression or only non-TCP header compression because a value of 0 in the TCP_SPACE or the NON_TCP_SPACE fields actually means that 1 context is negotiated. A new suboption 3 is added to allow specifying that the number of contexts for TCP_SPACE or NON_TCP_SPACE is zero, disabling use of the corresponding compression. Koren, et al. Standards Track [Page 6]
RFC 3544 IP Header Compression over PPP July 2003 Description Enable header compression for only TCP or only non-TCP packets. 0 1 2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Type | Length | Parameter | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Type 3 Length 3 Parameter The parameter is 1 byte with one of the following values: 1 = the number of contexts for TCP_SPACE is 0 2 = the number of contexts for NON_TCP_SPACE is 0 This suboption overrides the values that were previously assigned to TCP_SPACE and NON_TCP_SPACE in the IP Header Compression option. If suboption 3 is included multiple times with parameter 1 and 2, compression is disabled for all packets. 3. Multiple Network Control Protocols The IPHC protocol is able to compress both IPv6 and IPv4 datagrams. Both IPCP and IPV6CP are able to negotiate option parameter values for IPHC. These values apply to the compression of packets where the outer header is an IPv4 header and an IPv6 header, respectively. 3.1. Sharing Context Identifier Space For the compression and decompression of IPv4 and IPv6 datagram headers the context identifier space is shared. While the parameter values are independently negotiated, sharing the context identifier spaces becomes more complex when the parameter values differ. Since the compressed packets share context identifier space, the compression engine must allocate context identifiers out of a common pool; for compressed packets, the decompressor has to examine the context state to determine what parameters to use for decompression. Koren, et al. Standards Track [Page 7]
RFC 3544 IP Header Compression over PPP July 2003 Context identifier spaces are not shared between TCP and non- TCP/UDP/RTP. Doing so would require additional mechanisms to ensure that no error can occur when switching from using a context identifier for TCP to non-TCP. 4. Demultiplexing of Datagrams The IPHC specification [RFC2507] defines four header formats for different types of compressed headers. They are compressed TCP, compressed TCP with no delta encoding, compressed non-TCP with 8 bit CID and compressed non-TCP with 16 bit CID. The two non-TCP formats may be distinguished by their contents so both may use the same link-level identifier. A fifth header format, the full header is distinct from a regular header in that it carries additional information to establish shared context between the compressor and decompressor. The specification of IP/UDP/RTP Header Compression [RFC2508] defines four additional formats of compressed headers. They are for compressed UDP and compressed RTP (on top of UDP), both with either 8- or 16-bit CIDs. In addition, there is an explicit error message from the decompressor to the compressor. The link layer must be able to indicate these header formats with distinct values. Nine PPP Data Link Layer Protocol Field values are specified below. FULL_HEADER The frame contains a full header as specified in [RFC2508] Section 3.3.1. This is the same as the FULL_HEADER specified in [RFC2507] Section 5.3. Value: 0061 (hex) COMPRESSED_TCP The frame contains a datagram with a compressed header with the format as specified in [RFC2507] Section 6a. Value: 0063 (hex) COMPRESSED_TCP_NODELTA The frame contains a datagram with a compressed header with the format as specified in [RFC2507] Section 6b. Value: 2063 (hex) COMPRESSED_NON_TCP The frame contains a datagram with a compressed header with the format as specified in either Section 6c or Section 6d of [RFC2507]. Value: 0065 (hex) Koren, et al. Standards Track [Page 8]
RFC 3544 IP Header Compression over PPP July 2003 COMPRESSED_RTP_8 The frame contains a datagram with a compressed header with the format as specified in [RFC2508] Section 3.3.2, using 8-bit CIDs. Value: 0069 (hex) COMPRESSED_RTP_16 The frame contains a datagram with a compressed header with the format as specified in [RFC2508] Section 3.3.2, using 16-bit CIDs. Value: 2069 (hex) COMPRESSED_UDP_8 The frame contains a datagram with a compressed header with the format as specified in [RFC2508] Section 3.3.3 or as specified in [RFC3545] Section 2.1, using 8-bit CIDs. Value: 0067 (hex) COMPRESSED_UDP_16 The frame contains a datagram with a compressed header with the format as specified in [RFC2508] Section 3.3.3 or as specified in [RFC3545] Section 2.1, using 16-bit CIDs. Value: 2067 (hex) CONTEXT_STATE The frame is a link-level message sent from the decompressor to the compressor as specified in [RFC2508] Section 3.3.5. Value: 2065 (hex) 5. Changes from RFC 2509 Two new suboptions are specified. See Sections 2.3 and 2.4. 6. References 6.1. Normative References [RFC1144] Jacobson, V., "Compressing TCP/IP Headers for low-speed serial links", RFC 1144, February 1990. [RFC1332] McGregor, G., "The PPP Internet Protocol Control Protocol (IPCP)", RFC 1332, May 1992. [RFC2472] Haskin, D. and E. Allen, "IP Version 6 over PPP", RFC 2472, December 1998. [RFC2507] Degermark, M., Nordgren, B. and S. Pink, "Header Compression for IP", RFC 2507, February 1999. Koren, et al. Standards Track [Page 9]
RFC 3544 IP Header Compression over PPP July 2003 [RFC2508] Casner, S. and V. Jacobson, "Compressing IP/UDP/RTP Headers for Low-Speed Serial Links", RFC 2508, February 1999. [RFC3241] Bormann, C., "Robust Header Compression (ROHC) over PPP", RFC 3241, April 2002. [RFC3545] Koren, T., Casner, S., Geevarghese, J., Thompson, B. and P. Ruddy, "Enhanced Compressed RTP (CRTP) for Links with High Delay, Packet Loss and Reordering", RFC 3545, July 2003. 6.2. Informative References [RFC1661] Simpson, W., Ed., "The Point-To-Point Protocol (PPP)", STD 51, RFC 1661, July 1994. [RFC2434] Narten, T. and H. Alvestrand, "Guidelines for Writing an IANA Considerations Section in RFCs", BCP 26, RFC 2434, October 1998. [RFC2686] Bormann, C., "The Multi-Class Extension to Multi-Link PPP", RFC 2686, September 1999. [RFC3550] Schulzrinne, H., Casner, S., Frederick, R. and V. Jacobson, "RTP: A Transport Protocol for Real-Time Applications", RFC 3550, July 2003. 7. IANA Considerations This document does not require any additional allocations from existing namespaces in the IANA Point-to-Point Protocol Field Assignments registry. However, there are three namespaces that were defined by RFC 1332, RFC 2472, and RFC 2509 but not created in the registry. Those three namespaces, described below, have been added to the PPP registry. This document specifies two additional allocations in the third one. Section 3.2 of RFC 1332 specifies an IP-Compression-Protocol Configuration Option for the PPP IP Control Protocol and defines one value for the IP-Compression-Protocol type field in that option. An IANA registry has been created to allocate additional values for that type field. As stated in RFC 1332, the values for the IP- Compression-Protocol type field are always the same as the (primary) PPP DLL Protocol Number assigned to packets of the particular compression protocol. Assignment of additional IP-Compression- Protocol type values is through the IETF consensus procedure as specified in [RFC2434]. Koren, et al. Standards Track [Page 10]
RFC 3544 IP Header Compression over PPP July 2003 Section 4.2 of RFC 2472 specifies an IPv6-Compression-Protocol Configuration Option for the PPP IPv6 Control Protocol and defines one value for the IPv6-Compression-Protocol type field in that option. An IANA registry has been created to allocate additional values for that type field. The IPv6-Compression-Protocol Configuration Option has the same structure as the IP-Compression- Protocol Configuration Option defined in RFC 1332, but the set of values defined for the type field may be different. As stated in RFC 2472, the values for the IPv6-Compression-Protocol type field are always the same as the (primary) PPP DLL Protocol Number assigned to packets of the particular compression protocol. Assignment of additional IPv6-Compression-Protocol type values is through the IETF consensus procedure as specified in [RFC2434]. Section 2.1 of RFC 2509 specifies an additional type value to be registered for both the IP-Compression-Protocol Configuration Option and the IPv6-Compression-Protocol Configuration Option to indicate use of the "IP Header Compression" protocol. The specification of that type value is repeated in Section 2.1 of this document which obsoletes RFC 2509. In conjunction with the additional type value, the format for the variable-length option is specified. The format includes a suboption field that may contain one or more suboptions. Each suboption begins with a suboption type value. An IANA registry has been created for the suboption type values; and is titled, "IP Header Compression Configuration Option Suboption Types". Section 2.2 of RFC 2509 (and this document) defines one suboption type. Sections 2.3 and 2.4 of this document define two additional suboption types. It is expected that the number of additional suboptions that will need to be defined is small. Therefore, anyone wishing to define new suboptions is required to produce a revision of this document to be vetted through the normal Internet Standards process, as specified in [RFC2434]. RFC 2509 also defines nine PPP Data Link Layer Protocol Field values which are already listed in the IANA registry of Point-to-Point Protocol Field Assignments. Section 4 of this document repeats the specification of those values without change. 8. Security Considerations Negotiation of the option defined here imposes no additional security considerations beyond those that otherwise apply to PPP [RFC1661]. The use of header compression can, in rare cases, cause the misdelivery of packets. If necessary, confidentiality of packet contents should be assured by encryption. Koren, et al. Standards Track [Page 11]
RFC 3544 IP Header Compression over PPP July 2003 Encryption applied at the IP layer (e.g., using IPSEC mechanisms) precludes header compression of the encrypted headers, though compression of the outer IP header and authentication/security headers is still possible as described in [RFC2507]. For RTP packets, full header compression is possible if the RTP payload is encrypted by itself without encrypting the UDP or RTP headers, as described in [RFC3550]. This method is appropriate when the UDP and RTP header information need not be kept confidential. 9. Intellectual Property Rights Notice The IETF takes no position regarding the validity or scope of any intellectual property or other rights that might be claimed to pertain to the implementation or use of the technology described in this document or the extent to which any license under such rights might or might not be available; neither does it represent that it has made any effort to identify any such rights. Information on the IETF's procedures with respect to rights in standards-track and standards-related documentation can be found in BCP-11. Copies of claims of rights made available for publication and any assurances of licenses to be made available, or the result of an attempt made to obtain a general license or permission for the use of such proprietary rights by implementors or users of this specification can be obtained from the IETF Secretariat. The IETF invites any interested party to bring to its attention any copyrights, patents or patent applications, or other proprietary rights which may cover technology that may be required to practice this standard. Please address the information to the IETF Executive Director. Koren, et al. Standards Track [Page 12]
RFC 3544 IP Header Compression over PPP July 2003 10. Acknowledgements Mathias Engan was the primary author of RFC 2509, of which this document is a revision. 11. Authors' Addresses Tmima Koren Cisco Systems, Inc. 170 West Tasman Drive San Jose, CA 95134-1706 United States EMail: email@example.com Stephen L. Casner Packet Design 3400 Hillview Avenue, Building 3 Palo Alto, CA 94304 United States EMail: email@example.com Carsten Bormann Universitaet Bremen FB3 TZI Postfach 330440 D-28334 Bremen, GERMANY Phone: +49.421.218-7024 Fax: +49.421.218-7000 EMail: email@example.com Koren, et al. Standards Track [Page 13]
RFC 3544 IP Header Compression over PPP July 2003 12. Full Copyright Statement Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2003). All Rights Reserved. This document and translations of it may be copied and furnished to others, and derivative works that comment on or otherwise explain it or assist in its implementation may be prepared, copied, published and distributed, in whole or in part, without restriction of any kind, provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are included on all such copies and derivative works. However, this document itself may not be modified in any way, such as by removing the copyright notice or references to the Internet Society or other Internet organizations, except as needed for the purpose of developing Internet standards in which case the procedures for copyrights defined in the Internet Standards process must be followed, or as required to translate it into languages other than English. The limited permissions granted above are perpetual and will not be revoked by the Internet Society or its successors or assignees. This document and the information contained herein is provided on an "AS IS" basis and THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING TASK FORCE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. Acknowledgement Funding for the RFC Editor function is currently provided by the Internet Society. Koren, et al. Standards Track [Page 14]


text:
"How to Create a Five Year Plan" Printable Journal
"How to Create a Five Year Plan" Printable Journal
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text:
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