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The story of the Connecticut State Grange is really the story of two State Granges.
The First Connecticut State Grange
The first 20 Granges included: Stafford No. 1, Windsor No. 2, Lanesville (New Milford) No. 3, Hawleyville (Newtown) No. 4, Granby No. 5, Danbury No. 6, Roxbury No. 7, Sherman (New Milford) No. 8, Hartland No. 9, West Suffield No. 10, Washington No. 11, E. Granby No. 12, Tunxis (Bloomfield) No. 13, Bloomfield No. 14, Redding No. 15, Colebrook No. 16, Kent No. 17, Simsbury No. 18, Housatonic No. 19 and Hope (Torrington) No. 20.
Records of the first State Grange are incomplete but it is known that four or five meetings were held, including both special and regular meetings.
Lida Ives' book "The Grange in Connecticut" states the following reasons for the demise of the first state Grange, "Misunderstanding and poorly defined rules and regulations led to disputes between sections of the State; improper instruction and understanding of the ritual; lack of proper coordination in having a defined buying and selling agreement between merchants and others; low dues and little money in the Treasury were factors that all contributed to the final failure of this group to operate as a State Grange."
Due to these conditions, Grange after Grange dropped from the State Grange's rolls until only two remained. Hope No. 20 of Torrington and Tunxis No. 13 of Bloomfield.
Some minor disagreement still exists between the two Granges today regarding which Grange is truly the oldest. Hope Grange continued to meet during the time between the first and second State Granges and paid their dues either directly to the National Grange or through the Massachusetts State Grange, as directed.
Tunxis, however, has the oldest Charter, never giving it up even during a four year time period when Tunxis did not meet. Regardless, these two Granges became the important nucleus of the new State Grange.
Center inset: Harvy Godard, First Master of the First Connecticut State Grange; Clockwise from top left: Sherman Kimberly, Second and last Master of the First State Grange and First Master of the Second State Grange; J.H. Hale, Second State Master; Dr. G.A. Bowen, Third State Master; S.O. Bowen, Fourth State Master.
The Second Connecticut State Grange
The second attempt at organizing a State Grange in Connecticut met with much more success when representatives from 16 Subordinate Granges met in convention at the Academy Building in South Glastonbury, CT on June 24, 1885. Several Granges organized during the first State Grange were still represented along with many new Granges. They included: Granby, Tunxis, and Hope of the first State Grange along with Lebanon, Advance, Cheshire, Berlin, Union, Glastonbury, Suffield, South Windsor, Meriden, Wapping, Manchester, North Cornwall and Wallingford.
New members joining the State Grange during 1885 and 1886 received what is known today as the Fifth Degree or Pomona (County) Grange degree. Then in 1887, the Connecticut State Grange conferred the first Degree of Flora (Sixth Degree) upon candidates in December of that year.
Highlights of the Second State Grange
The Patrons Group
Affordable insurance has always been an important element of Grange programs throughout the nation, even in the earliest years of the Order. Connecticut was no exception. Delegates to the 1885 session authorized the State Grange Executive Committee to "investigate the subject of Grange Fire Insurance and report at the Annual Meeting." Then at the December 1886 Session the following report was made by the Good of the Order Committee, "We would recommend the incorporation of a Patrons Mutual Fire and Life Insurance Company."
The resolution was adopted and the insurance company was organized on April 6, 1887 at the United States Hotel in Hartford, under the name "Patrons' Mutual Fire Insurance Company of Connecticut." This company remains in existence today under the name "The Patrons Group." Its headquarters are still located in Glastonbury, CT but the company's reach extends well beyond the state's borders into many northeastern/New England states. The Connecticut State Grange no longer manages the company but both organizations still maintain close ties.
First Grange Hall Dedicated
Lebanon Grange No. 21 holds the honor of having dedicated the first hall in Connecticut built specifically for the purpose of housing a Grange chapter.
In August of 1884, Lebanon Grange authorized the construction of a hall and store for the cost of $1,725.00. The hall was finally ready for dedication on November 12, 1885.
Storrs Agricultural School/University of Connecticut (UConn)
Long before the University of Connecticut became a national powerhouse in Men's and Women's Basketball, its predecessor, the Storrs Agricultural School struggled to establish itself as an institution of higher learning in Connecticut.
The school came into being as a "Land Grant Colleg" in 1881, just four years before the second Connecticut State Grange was organized. It's prominence in agricultural education in Connecticut wasn't established without struggle.
On July 2, 1862, the United States Congress established "An act donating public lands to the several States and Territories which may provide colleges for the benefit of agriculture and the mechanic arts." Along with this act, $7,500 was ordered paid by the Connecticut General Assembly to the president and and fellows of Yale College which operated the college's Sheffield Scientific School.
From 1863 through 1886 (24 years) only seven (7) students received agricultural degrees from Yale. These seven degrees cost $25,700 each, an astounding figure even in the 19th century! The Latin and higher mathematics requirements of the program are attributed to the reason why more students did not apply for the Yale/Sheffield agricultural program. Mrs. Ives history of this period reads, "I think that we would all agree that the Connecticut State Grange had a real cause for the agitation they stirred up over this situation. After a long and somewhat bitter fight, you who have followed this history know it was successfully wrested from New Haven and placed through the proper channels of Legislature in the Storrs Agricultural School, but not before injunctions were made and funds held up."
Testimony to the State Grange's importance in developing the University of Connecticut was given by UConn President Dr. Albert N. Jorgensen (a Grange member) at the 1950 session of the Connecticut State Grange:
"I have come to the conclusion that about which I feel quite strongly and that is the State of Connecticut and the people of Connecticut owe this organization a debt of gratitude that I think will extend for many, many generations. The debt of gratitude stems from positions taken on the number of big questions of considerable import - several in the field of education. At least four contributions will go down in history. (1) Originally, the Land Grant Institution in this State was a private institution. Through the Grange's initiative by legislation this Land Grant Institution is now a public institution - what is now known as the University of Connecticut. (2) In 1922 there was an attempt to liquidate the Land Grant institution. The State Grange stepped in and saved the day. (3) In 1937, through reorganization of government, an attempt was made to remove independence from the Land Grange College and remove the institution's Board of Trustees and place the institution under some other agency. The State Grange and Farm Bureau kept that from taking place. (4) Much more recently there was an attempt to take away from the University its independence and to take away the institution's Board of Trustees again. The State Grange and Farm Bureau teamed up and made their positions known in no uncertain terms. I myself am personally indebted to the State Grange Legislative Committee which, under the very able leadership of A. Ward Spaulding, left no doubt about the position the Grange was taking on this question."
From the beginning, Connecticut's members recognized the need for a quality educational system in the state. A resolution from the 1885 session reads "Whereas, The Storrs' Agricultural School, having successfully passed the experimental period of four years, Resolved, that the Order of Patrons of Husbandry, realizing the importance of education for the farm, commend this institution as worthy of our patronage and protection."
Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station
In 1886, the U.S. Congress appropriated $15,000 annually to each state for the establishment and maintenance of Agricultural Experiment Stations. The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station was established in 1887 as the nation's first station and remains today as America's oldest. One of the Station's most important contributions to agriculture was the development of hybrid corn, which revolutionized the farming of corn throughout the country.
Many attempts have been made over the years by the State of Connecticut to reduce or eliminate funding to the Station but the Connecticut State Grange has been there each time to help lead the charge in opposition.
National Grange Sessions in Connecticut
The Connecticut State Grange has had the honor of hosting the National Grange Convention on four separate occasions.
The first session in Connecticut (all held in Hartford) was in November of 1907. A class of 2,490 candidates received the Seventh (National) Degree at that session.
Connecticut hosted the 68th Annual Session in November of 1934. Crowds at this session literally stopped traffic in downtown Hartford, especially on the day of the Seventh Degree at Bushnell Memorial Hall across from the State Capitol. Nearly 13,000 Patrons received the Degree of Ceres that day! The third visit of the National Grange was in November of 1972 at the Hartford Hilton Hotel which overlooked scenic Bushnell Park and the State Capitol building.
Connecticut hosted the 2008 National Grange Session as part of the Northeast Region of States, with it's home base the Crowne Plaza Hotel in Cromwell. The 7th Degree was again held at the historic Bushnell Memorial Hall in Hartford.
For photos and memories from all the National Sessions held in Connecticut, please visit the Connecticut State Grange Virtual Scrapbook.
(Top) "ON THEIR WAY TO BUSHNELL MEMORIAL HALL to receive the Seventh Degree after registering at the State Capitol, Saturday morning, Nov. 17."
(Bottom) "A VIEW OF THE THRONGS waiting in front of Bushnell Memorial for the 11 o'clock class of the Seventh Degree, given Friday, November 16."
Photo Credits: Hartford Courant, December 2, 1934.
People's State Forest
In 1930, the State Grange became aware of the Connecticut Forestry Departmen's efforts to develop"The People's Forest" in Barkhamsted. The park was being developed through the funding of individuals and associations, with more land available.
The delegates to the 45th annual session of that year authorized the purchased of a plot of land in the park to be known as "The Grange Plot." The donation was made and the "The Grange Plot" at People's State Forest came into being. People's State Forest was the site of the State Grange's observance of the U.S. bicentennial in 1976, which was attended by then National Master John Scott.
"Get Connecticut Out of the Mud"
"In the spring of 1930 when the sun was high and the mud deep, many a Connecticut rural road was impossible to negotiate either by motor or horse drawn vehicle. The man in town could not drive into the rural areas to conduct his business nor could the farmer or rural dweller likewise reach the towns and cities for days sometimes, having to await the action of the elements, either to freeze the mud or dry it up. In either case the result was ruts, holes, and turn outs which were troublesome and costly to meet. It was on one of these days, which was an annual occurance, early in 1930, that I stepped to the phone to ask the then first selectman why he had not fulfilled his promise to me that the worst mud holes on my own road would be filled to make the road at least passable. The reception that I received from the man on the other end of the phone was anything but cordial. He hung up on me three times, the last time his parting words were unprintable. I learned later that he and another official of the town had been out with a horse drawn vehicle inspecting roads and had been stuck for more than two hours. He had just returned when I made my call. You can see now why I can't say what he said before he slammed up the receiver." - State Master Louis G. Tolles
"In the spring of 1930 when the sun was high and the mud deep, many a Connecticut rural road was impossible to negotiate either by motor or horse drawn vehicle. The man in town could not drive into the rural areas to conduct his business nor could the farmer or rural dweller likewise reach the towns and cities for days sometimes, having to await the action of the elements, either to freeze the mud or dry it up. In either case the result was ruts, holes, and turn outs which were troublesome and costly to meet.
It was on one of these days, which was an annual occurance, early in 1930, that I stepped to the phone to ask the then first selectman why he had not fulfilled his promise to me that the worst mud holes on my own road would be filled to make the road at least passable.
The reception that I received from the man on the other end of the phone was anything but cordial. He hung up on me three times, the last time his parting words were unprintable.
I learned later that he and another official of the town had been out with a horse drawn vehicle inspecting roads and had been stuck for more than two hours. He had just returned when I made my call. You can see now why I can't say what he said before he slammed up the receiver."
- State Master Louis G. Tolles
Shortly after this experience, Brother Tolles sent letters to Pomona and Subordinate Masters throughout the state requesting a meeting in the Hall of the House of Representatives in Hartford to address this issue. Unfortunately, the State Master didn't have the blessing of the State Executive Committee, "because I kicked this thing off all by myself without conferring with my Executive Committee, when we did meet their faces were long enough to eat oats out of a churn. However, when they saw the popularity of it all, they being good sports, I guess forgave me and pitched in and helped through to the end like good soldiers. By this time, the newspapers had begun to spread the news of our doings, some favorable and some rather dubious, and others just hostile."
Following the meeting at the Capitol, the Connecticut Rural Roads Improvement Association Incorporated was formed with State Master Tolles as its president. As a result, the State Legislature passed the "Town Aid Bill" allocating $3,000,000 to be allotted from the Highway Fund for division equally among the 169 Connecticut towns for improvement of roads. The allottment was increased over the years following the initial act of the Legislature, with the fund being distributed to towns based on need rather than in 169 equal portions.
The "Little Stone House" dedicated in 1937, located on Northeagleville Road, across from Swan Lake. (Photo by Peter Morenus)
A Tribute to Agriculture
In 1934, Brother Albert Marsh, of Burritt Grange in New Britain went before the State Executive Committee to present his idea for a tribute to agriculture.
For its construction, he volunteered his own collection of stones from each of the 169 towns in Connecticut and the, then, 48 states in the Union.
The idea was greeted with enthusiasm and the completed memorial was dedicated at the May 16, 1937 Grange Sunday held on the campus of the State College (now the University of Connecticut campus) in Storrs and attended by National Master Louis J. Taber and Dr. A. N. Jorgensen, President of the College.
New England Grange Building
For many years after its inception, Grange leaders in New England hoped to have a centrally located Grange building in the region for use as a meeting place for members and for New England Grange activities.
National High Priest of Demeter Charles Gardner shared this desire and spear-headed the drive to construct the New England Grange Building on the grounds of the Eastern States Exposition.
The New England Grange Building
The building is located along the Avenue of the States in the heart of the Exposition grounds (often referred to today as the "Big E") located in West Springfield, Massachusetts. The Avenue of the States features replicas of current or colonial era Statehouses from each of the six New England states. The Grange is the only organization featured on the avenue this way.
Lida Ives' history describes the building: "It is truly a Grange Hall, with a spacious basement where meals would be served in any real Grange Hall, but is here used for Grange Exhibits during the Exposition. On the Ground Floor, one enters a spacious auditorium which is reported to seat about 400, with the usual stage. A beautiful fireplace graces one side of this room which is more often used as a living (reception) room for the building. The Second Floor is encircled on three sides by a balcony, two sides of which are lined with the individual New England State Rooms. The Connecticut Room is located to the left as you mount the easy stairs leading to this balcony. It is a beautiful room, panelled with natural woods and octagon in shape. On the floor rests a green rug with the typical sheaf of wheat upon it. Natural Maple Windsor chairs, settee and two small tables comprise the furniture in it. Two spacious cupboards or full length closets fill in two of the corners, while another holds a door which opens out upon the balcony over the front entrance."
The Connecticut State Grange continues to contribute to the maintenance of this building each year along with the other five New England states with each state's portion being determined by membership in each state. Connecticut's members faithfully volunteer time each September to ensure that visitors to the Fair will find Connecticut Grange members ready to greet them in the Connecticut Room. The Building was dedicated on September 21, 1938. This day will live in infamy as the day the "Great Hurricane of 1938" ravaged New England and the east coast. The storm struck the Eastern States Exposition grounds shortly after the dedication was completed and the Patrons in attendance had gone home to wait out the storm. Amazingly the new Grange Hall withstood the storm suffering little damage while the storm managed to level the rest of the Fairgrounds... a great testimony to the craftsmanship and fortitude of the organization!
Grange Hall
As a testament to the Connecticut State Grange's contributions to the University of Connecticut, a hall was dedicated on the campus. It is appropriately named "Grange Hall." There was a mounting housing shortage on the Storrs campus in 1940 that was causing a great deal of concern to President Jorgensen. Earlier that year, the State Grange had established a scholarship at UConn which drew donations from each of the Pomona and Subordinate Granges in the state. During a coversation with State Master Sherman Ives, President Jorgensen asked how many members there were in Connecticut. He was told that there were 20,000. He then proposed the idea of each Grange member in the state donating $1 each with the college matching the 20,000 one dollar donations for the construction of a residence hall on campus to be called "Grange Hall."
Connecticut Granger
During 1943, the support for the war effort was varied and substantial. The greatest achievement during this time was the raising of $487,000 worth of War Bonds during the Third War Loan Drive. In recognition of this achievement, the War Department named one of its flying fortresses, "Connecticut Granger."
Above is a photo of the "Connecticut Granger" Flying Fortress named for members of the Connecticut State Grange for their efforts in selling war bonds during World War II in 1943. The photo appeared on the cover of the first issue of the Connecticut Granger newspaper in 1959.
Today's Connecticut State Grange
Camp Berger
One of the first of its kind in the nation, Camp Maud Isbell Berger was established by the Connecticut State Grange in 1956 as a summer camp for Connecticut's large Junior Grange membership.
Over the years the doors have been opened to all children ages 7-14. Located on scenic Park Pond in Winchester Center, CT, Camp Berger offers an exceptional camping experience at prices that make it one of the best summer camping values in the state.
For more information about Camp Berger, please visit their website at: www.campberger.org
Above is a photo of the crowd at the Dedication Ceremony of Camp Berger, 1956.
Connecticut Agricultural Fair
In 1967, the Connecticut State Grange established its own statewide fair on the Durham Fairgrounds in Durham, CT. The event had been held every year since it's inception, growing in size and popularity with each edition, culminating with its 39th year.
The Connecticut Agricultural Fair in recent years was held on the fairgrounds in Goshen, Connecticut and was made possible entirely by the never-ending support of over 300 volunteers and every Grange in the state. Agriculture took center stage with some of the state's finest agricultural exhibits and contests along with plenty of national and local entertainment along with fine food and much more to round out the Fair's offerings. The fair was always held on the last full weekend of July.
Sadly, the Board of Directors voted in the fall of 2006 to disband the Fair permanently, effective November 1, 2006, and just one year shy of its 40th Anniversary. For photos and memories from Connecticut Agricultural Fair, please visit the Connecticut State Grange Virtual Scrapbook.
Inside the Dairy Barn at the Connecticut Agricultural Fair.
State of Connecticut Department of Agriculture
State budget cuts have been an annual tradition in Connecticut. Among the many targets has been the state Department of Agriculture. One attempt in the 1990's was thwarted by the State Grange and other organizations by an aggressive letter writing campaign and lobbying program by the State Grange Legislative Committee.
Severe budget shortfalls in 2003 caused the department to be put on the block yet again. Plans currently call for this department to be combined with the State's Department of Consumer Protection. The Connecticut State Grange is working to preserve the department but realizes that it may not be possible in the end. In that event, the Grange is also working to ensure that the new combined department would still provide the services and support once provided by a fully-funded, stand alone Department of Agriculture.
Connecticut Farmland Trust / Working Lands Alliance
Connecticut has lost over 21% of its farmland since 1984 at a rate of nearly 9,000 acres per year. This alarming trend resulted in the establishment of the Working Lands Alliance and its non-profit organization, the Connecticut Farmland Trust. As a member of these organizations, the Connecticut State Grange is working to help raise funds for the CFT to fulfill its mission to purchase development rights to farmland across the state, preserving the beauty of Connecticut's open spaces for generations to come.
Community Service
The greatest misconception about today's Grange is that it's for farmers. While agriculture is still at the heart of the organization, it's not a "bunch of farmers" anymore. Today's Grange works to improve conditions for rural and urban Americans. The centerpiece of Grange activity today is community service. In Connecticut, each Grange determines what is needed in their individual communities and try to fill the void. The projects are many and vaired. They include: the Candy Cane Express holiday train ride for children with cancer, purchasing dictionaries for school children, preserving a Post Office and its zip code for a small community, collecting food for shelters, distributing bike helmets to children across the state, creating Memory Books and collecting needed items for the State Grange's Foster Children's project, purchasing defibrillators for local police/fire departments, and so much more!
The Connecticut State Grange Legislative Committee is extremely active and very well-known in the halls of the State Capitol in Hartford. Delegates from each Grange meet in session each October to deliberate over resolutions which become part of the State Grange Legislative Policy which the Director and his committee promote to legislators at each session of the General Assembly, often testifying with Grange positions on the issues in hand.
In Conclusion
This brief history of the Grange in Connecticut only touches upon a few of the many great accomplishments of this organization. The Grange is constantly evolving and making new contributions to the State of Connecticut and America through the efforts of its members. The greatest achievements in the history of this State Grange very well may be the achievements yet to come!


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subset: commoncrawl


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1856 - 1931
Tom Roberts, painter and photographer, was born on 8 March 1856 at Dorchester, Dorset, England. He arrived in Geelong on 22 June 1869 and settled in Collingwood. In his early years Roberts was encouraged to paint plein-air by Louis Buvelot and his interest in plein-air painting was further stimulated by a study tour of Europe between 1881 and 1885. In 1889, he exhibited 62 works in the 9 x 5 Impression Exhibition.
In 1896 Roberts married and in 1903 the couple travelled to London. They returned in 1923 and settled at 'Talisman', their small cottage on half an acre, in Kallista.
Tom Roberts, who was known as 'Bulldog' to his friends due to his tenacious personality.
He died at 'Talisman' on 14 September 1931, and his ashes are buried in the Illawarra churchyard, near Longford, Tasmania.
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This is a big recall—over 110 varieties of food from AquaMax, LabDiet, & Mazurie. Boo! Many of the varieties included won't affect you, unless you literally have a zoo. But, buried in there are foods for fish, birds, guinea pigs, mice, reptiles, etc. I don't want to list just the foods I think might affect you, in case there is one for exotic pets that I'm not as familiar with. So take a good look at the list!
The recall is due to elevated vitamin D levels which can harm or even kill animals and fish if fed for extended periods. Signs your pet has been effected are lack of interest in eating, weight loss and joint stiffness.
Please note this food was widely distributed.
- U.S. nationwide
- Bahamas
- Cambodia
- Canada
- Cayman Islands
- Chile
- China
- Curaçao
- Guam
- Japan
- Mexico
- Puerto Rico
- Singapore
- South Korea
- Taiwan
- United Kingdom


text: An unusual combination of a strong color change, good cutting, and superior clarity. Alexandrite is rarely this nice and both the daylight blue-green and the incandescent red purple colors are very attractive. The saturation of the daylight blue-green exceeds the top GIA color grade for alexandrite and the stones from this deposit may very well end up resetting GIA's color standard for alexandrite.


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About Us
Our mission is to share and grow
the world's knowledge.
Discy mission is to share and grow the world's knowledge. A vast amount of the knowledge that would be valuable to many people is currently only available to a few — either locked in people's heads, or only accessible to select groups. We want to connect the people who have knowledge to the people who need it, to bring together people with different perspectives so they can understand each other better, and to empower everyone to share their knowledge for the benefit of the rest of the world.
The potential of this is huge. If we can execute on our mission, we're going to make a big impact on the world. We just need to get a smart group of people together that can get us there.
Why Choosing Discy
Our Values
1. Maximize long-term value
We are building a product that we hope lasts forever. We want to be a strong and independent engine, this long term focus guides all of the decisions we make.
2. Continuously learn and adapt
We value experimentation, metrics-driven decisions, and speed of iteration. We push to production with every commit so we launch as soon as work is done and learn as quickly as possible.
3. Execute
We value people who have great ideas but who also can quickly drive them all the way to bring their ideas into life.
4. Be direct and respectful
We expect and welcome constant feedback. We trust each other to be open and straightforward, so if you have anything in mind don't hesitate to call us.


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Five hundred posts, 508 days of blogging.
Okay, some days (eight, so far), I get lazy and don't write anything. I hope I can be forgiven.
I want to thank all of you for visiting me. There are more of you than I thought there would be. My posts are long, and take some commitment in terms of time and effort to read. The spelling and editing errors do not help. I can't help it. I am a chronic rewriter and 'editing' always turns into a complete rewrite of a post from top to bottom, introducing as many new mistakes as I correct.
Anyway, I am seriously flattered at those who find this place worthy of your time and attention.
Now that I have done all of this writing, I am thinking of taking some of my favorite posts, and those that readers tell me they like best, and putting them together into a book.
This will not be a book on moral theory. I have already put a set of essays explaining the theory that sits as the foundation of this blog into a book, "A Better Place: Selected Essays in Desire Utilitarianism"
Of course, my habit of chronic rewriting will compel me to rewrite those posts into a form that will be more appropriate in a book format - giving them context and, of course, getting somebody to edit them.
Of the things that I have written, I have my own favorites. However, I invite you to tell me which of these you think I should not include, and which of those I have not included that I should include.
My Favorite
My personal favorite posting talked about my dad. Atheists in Foxholes
The Story Posts
Another group of personal favorites are my story posts. Every once in a while, I think of getting my mind into a different way of thinking and making this more of a standard way of expressing my ideas. But, they're actually very hard to write.
Though these following two stories do not appear as blog entries, I still like them.
Dialogue: Conversation at the Gate
Of course, anybody who is so interested can read a much longer story post - my online philosophical/fantasy novel, The Cult of Justice and Will
The Popular Posts
It is inevitable that some posts will be more popular than others. Here are the ten posts that still collect the greatest number of readers even though they have sunk into the dark depths of the archives.
Dennis Miller, Global Warming, and Epistemic Negligence
The Standard Topics
I have, of course, taken the opportunity of this blog to write some essays on issues of long-term importance (though some of these, I hope, will become as uncontroversial as the issue of slavery - once heavily debated - has become today)
Abortion (and Infanticide): Part I
Abortion (and Infanticide): Part II
Abortion: Parental Consent and Parental Notification
Capital Punishment: The Cost of Celebrating Killing
Animal Rights: The Predator Problem
Law and Morality
In the 500 days that I have been writing we have seen an absolutely shocking degradation in this country's concern for liberty and individual rights.
Gerrymandering (aka Partisan Apartheid)
Money and Values
I also hold that there is a strong relationship between economics and morality. Not only are there right and wrong ways of making money, but economic institutions themselves may be either moral or immoral.
The Tragedy of the Global Climate Commons
Energy Prices and the Folly of Price Controls
Survival vs. Property Part Deux
The Future
Finally, I have an overall concern with leaving the world better than it would have been if I had not existed. This requires looking ahead to the future and at the those institutions that show the greater ability to improve the quality of life. We live in a universe that is indifferent to our survival - as a species, and as individuals. So, our survival depends on our ability to understand the world – the real world, not the world of fantasy and superstition – so that we can anticipate the ways in which that universe might destroy us and protect ourselves from it.
This first one is personal: The Atheist Materialist Scientist
Fact-Based vs. Fiction-Based Policies
A National Day (or More) of Science
Religion, Science, and Bigotry
I cannot see myself giving this up. My reason for living has been to leave the world better than it would have otherwise been, and this has been the best method I have found for fulfilling that desire. I am considering some changes in focus, but the project remains the same.
I'll be here again tomorrow. I would be pleased if you would join me.
Alonzo Fyfe


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Q: Other restaurants seem to be moving away from 99-cent-and-under value menus. So what is the right discounting strategy?
A: True, McDonald's has replaced its Value Menu with the Dollar Menu & More, and Wendy's 99 Cent Menu has been reconceived as the Right Price Right Size menu. But that doesn't mean the category has forsaken discounts as its primary traffic-driving tactic.
Taco Bell introduced a $1 Cravings menu in many markets. Subway was offering $2 subs for its "Customer Appreciation Month" last December. And my email inbox and Sunday papers remain filled with coupons from fast-food chains.
In fact, I came across an article that started out with the declaration, "Faced with a crowded market and flat sales, the fast-food industry is locked in a price war that few in the burger business want to acknowledge." Given how well this seemed to describe the current state of fast food, I was surprised to find it was a piece written back in 1989. It seems we find ourselves today in a situation uncannily similar to those value menu heydays. As Yogi Berra said, "It's like déjà vu all over again."
If we want to avoid setting ourselves up for prolonged margin problems again, we need to rethink discounting. We need to unplug from our preoccupation with customers who want deals and look with a more sober eye at the role of discounts in purchasing decisions. A low price may attract attention, but it dilutes the perception of quality and value. Did anyone who saw J. C. Penney's offer of $1.97 jeans last Christmas think those items would be made of quality materials and fashionable designs? In fast food, we've brought the judgment on ourselves by spotlighting our lowest-priced products as the "value menu." We've equated value with low prices when we should be shaping customers' understanding of our complete value proposition.
On the flip side, higher prices may actually be more appealing. According to the market research firm Ipsos, nearly half of all Americans are willing to switch to a higher-priced brand if they perceive it to be of better quality. Higher prices convey higher quality and better value and lead people to esteem the brand. Think about how most people buy wine. After narrowing down their choices to the type of wine they want, they usually rely on price to help them select a bottle since they have little else to help ascertain the quality. Price serves as a cue in fast food as well, suggesting a product's quality is either cheap or premium.
We've trained customers to buy only on discount. Discounting is an addictive downward spiral. The more we do it, the more people react to it, want it, and expect it. Given its constant sale ads, would you ever buy anything full-price at Jos. A. Bank? Or at Bed Bath & Beyond, whose 20 percent coupons can be found everywhere? In the same way, many restaurants have made it tough to implement full-price pricing strategies by consistently relying on price to introduce new products and drive traffic.
Trying to compete in the discount game is also rarely a winning proposition, particularly if you're a smaller player trying to beat bigger competitors. The biggest players enjoy significant economies of scale, and it's unrealistic to think they can be out-volumed. Even among similar competitors, an overreliance on deals always spurs a race to the bottom—a race that no brand wins.
So what's the solution? Here are some ways to take a new approach to discounting.
Identify other strategies to boost perceived value. Better in-restaurant atmosphere, branded ingredients, and a well-designed visual identity are a few ways to convey a more premium positioning. Customization, mobile payment options, and faster service may also speak to some customers' value sensibilities more strongly than a low price.
Conceive more creative promotions. Speaking about the need to think outside the price box, Bonnie Riggs of The NPD Group explained last year that, "considering current consumer sentiment and their continuing frugality, the deals that have historically appealed to restaurant customers need to be re-engineered and the next generation of deals introduced." Instead of looking to discounts first, start with other incentives and benefits. Retailers often use exclusive access to products, non-cash rewards, and gifts with purchase to drive traffic. Perhaps we should borrow a page from their playbook.
Consider how you could charge more, not less. Given that higher prices can actually have a positive effect, you might want to consider a thoughtful price hike, or a new product introduction with a premium price. Think about what would you charge and why. Even if you decide not to go this route, the exercise of exploring these new possibilities might unleash creative ideas for improving your value perception and differentiating your offering.
Use discounting selectively and infrequently. Price remains a powerful element of the fast-food value equation, and discounting is not inherently a bad strategy. It's our frequent and widespread use of discount prices that has become problematic. You can increase the attention-getting power and appeal of the discounts you do offer by making them the exception rather than the norm.
Resisting the urge to compete on price is a difficult path, but it's often the road not taken that leads to greater gains.


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As a number of companies reevaluate their relationship with the state of Georgia following a new voting law was enacted last week, President Joe Biden offered lukewarm backing for companies considering leaving the state.
Speaking on the same day MLB announced that Colorado will host the 2021 All-Star Game after the league pulled the game from Georgia, Biden said, "It is reassuring to see that for-profit operations and businesses are speaking up about how these new Jim Crow laws are just antithetical to who we are. There is another side to it too. The other side of it too is when they move out of Georgia, the people who need the help the most, the people making hourly wages, sometimes get hurt the worst."
"The best way to deal with this is for Georgia and other states to smarten up, stop it," Biden added.
Biden narrowly won the state in 2020, which has traditionally been a GOP stronghold. Biden relied heavily on mail-in ballots en route to victory in Georgia.
While a previous version of the bill in Georgia would have prohibited no-excuse mail-in voting for most voters in Georgia, the new law will limit access to ballot drop boxes to eight hours per day. The law also reduces the number of days voters can apply for mail-in ballots.
The law will require voters to submit identification, which voting-rights advocates say disproportionately disenfranchises Black voters. Proponents of the legislation say this provision is necessary to ensure a secure election.
In recent days, a number of large Georgia-based corporations, namely Delta and Coca-Cola, have spoken out against the law. The leaders of both companies issued statements decrying the bill, but neither CEO would go so far as to say whether operations in Georgia would be scaled back.
Georgia Gov. Brian Kemp, who signed the bill into law, blasted MLB, Delta and Coca-Cola for their statements.
"Major League Baseball, Coca-Cola and Delta may be scared of Stacey Abrams, Joe Biden and the left, but I am not," he said.


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The most surprising thing about the racism directed at Obi-Wan Kenobi star Moses Ingram is the fact that some people are still surprised by it.
This is Moses Ingram on IG, speaking about the racism she has endured since becoming #Reva in the new @Disney Series @obiwankenobi. Because white folks have no problem accepting Wookies & beings with 3 eyes, but they draw the line at people of color.
— April (@ReignOfApril) May 31, 2022
After all, other actors of color who have joined the Star Wars universe in recent years have complained about racist attacks from fans online, including John Boyega and Kelly Marie Tran.
So it wasn't exactly shocking to this non-white Star Wars fan when Ingram – whose turn as villainous Inquisitor Reva Sevander lights up the series – shared messages she received on social media from trolls using insults and the n-word to denigrate one of the most powerful Black women to join the franchise.
Here's what is surprising to me: that the media companies behind the Star Wars juggernaut — Lucasfilm and its owner, Disney – haven't done more to proactively support non-white actors and push back against the racism they regularly face when taking prominent roles in the franchise.
Why did Ingram have to reveal deeply hurtful and traumatizing messages to get this conversation out in the open? She has said that the studio warned her privatelyracist fans would come after her when the TV series debuted – why didn't they take action beforehand to denounce what they knew would likely come?
Let's see prominent executives talk about the racism among fans before actors of color have to go public with their trauma. Let's see an advertising campaign directed specifically at calling out racists and uplifting non-white performers. How about social media events with fans aimed at celebrating franchise diversity before a new TV show or film even debuts?
It is well past time for the companies which make billions from these media properties to take action before the racists do.
Diversity in the franchise brings new challenges
Producers are filling Star Wars movies with non-white stars, moving away from the franchise's white-centered narratives in a way which makes the new stories more appealing to young audiences raised in a more multicultural society. Upcoming series Andor, Ahsoka and Lando have been announced, starring non-white actors Diego Luna, Rosario Dawson and Donald Glover.
But that diversity, welcome as it is, also turns these actors of color into targets for a disaffected portion of the fanbase who seem personally threatened by the changes. These performers already face tremendous pressure to maintain the quality of a legendary franchise; now, the public can see the extra burden they face in the form of online harassment and insults.
I'm sad that this always has to be done when a new woman of color joins the @StarWars Universe.
— yvette nicole brown (@YNB) May 31, 2022
Why are they always met with hate? I know why. The question was rhetorical. #MosesIngram is an amazingly talented & kind QUEEN!
Those who hate, hate for one reason: She SHINES. https://t.co/cdRWaZxB0S
This is also a unique crystallization of a debate we have been having in the public space over many different issues. Does amping up the racial and ethnic diversity of a storied franchise improve its storytelling or needlessly hobble it?
In other words, is diversity an institution's strength or a weakness?
To be honest, this is a question I thought was answered long ago. Especially after one look at Chadwick Boseman in Black Panther, Zendaya and Jacob Batalon in Marvel's recent Spider-Man movies, Pedro Pascal in The Mandalorian and Dawson's amazing performances bringing to life the character of former Jedi Padawan Ahsoka Tano. These gifted performers have enriched the movie and TV franchises where they have appeared, thrilling us fans.
But they shouldn't have to face abuse from an online mob alone to do it.
An issue that reaches back to the beginning
In a way, these problems trace back to the beginnings of the franchise. As I noted in my review of Obi-Wan Kenobi, Star Wars creator George Lucas has acknowledged that the Japanese film The Hidden Fortress inspired aspects of his films. The style of the Jedi Knights' clothing, their fighting style and mysticism all seem lifted from that ethos — an unfortunate example of Hollywood's tendency to appropriate Asian culture without featuring Asian actors or characters.
Because of this, and because the original films had so little space for characters of color, it has been tough for some racist fans of the franchise to see a version of Star Wars that is more inclusive without feeling it is somehow compromised. On one level, it is bizarre to think that people could object to Black, Latinx or Asian actors in a story set in a faraway galaxy including non-human characters that resemble outsize dogs and goldfish.
But quality science fiction stories are always about us humans in the time they were written, regardless of when or where they are set. So it makes sense that our current debates about tribalism, multiculturalism and equality would pop up here, too.
(Look up the definition of Group Threat Theory to see an academic explanation for how a group in the majority reacts when a smaller minority gets more power.)
I'm glad Ingram revealed this publicly. As a Black man who writes often about race and media, I've been on the receiving end of a lot of racist vitriol online myself, and it is seriously traumatizing to experience – let alone talk about openly. Still, detailing these messages are the only way to show the extent of the problem, and marshal support from non-racist fans, the studio, the press and fellow actors.
I'm also glad Disney and Lucasfilm are committed to the kind of casting choices which may anger some fans, but ultimately prove that science fiction and fantasy stories are places where anyone can be a hero. Young children of color today who imagine themselves as the good guys in a Star Wars story while at play, don't have to also imagine that they are white — like fans from my generation mostly had to do.
It is time now to protect that progress by protecting the actors of color who make it possible. Lucasfilm and Disney must find ways to help move this conversation along — in public — so that racist fans feel less welcome to express their noxious views and actors of color don't have to feel like targets.
These actors shouldn't have to shoulder the extra burden of figuring out how to handle the racism unloaded on them by dozens of nameless fans. But to make that happen, the companies which employ them need to get visibly and substantially involved in working to drown out toxic voices attacking the franchise's future.
Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.


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"President Bush asked Congress Thursday to renew portions of a landmark voting rights act as he signed a measure championed by Rep. Jesse Jackson Jr. (D-Ill.) to erect a statue of civil rights icon Rosa Parks in the Capitol. Jackson and his namesake father have been campaigning for months to extend and strengthen key provisions of the 1965 Voting Rights Act due to expire in 2007." Rosa Parks statue to stand in Capitol (December 2, 2005 By Lynn Sweet Chicago Sun-Times
Here we go again.
The voting rights of American citizens are being trampled. But you can be sure that the next version of the hallowed Voting Rights Act will only address pseudo-problems.
It wasn't always this way. As Thomas Sowell has pointed out, the 1965 Voting Rights Act was the most successful of the famous civil rights enactments of the 1960s. It dealt with a genuine issue—the systematic finagling by the ruling Democratic Party in Southern states to keep most black citizens from voting—and solved it almost immediately.
As soon as blacks had the vote, they were well equipped to protect that right. The number of black voters and officeholders shot upwards. White Southern politicians, such as George Wallace, responded to the now-level electoral playing field by dropping anti-black demagoguery.
The calm, prosperous modern South soon emerged, with the black minority dominating the Democratic Party and most of the white majority moving into its natural home in the Republican Party. Under this fair system, conservatives do well in the South.
Today, when you hear about blacks having problems at the election booth, as many did in trying to cast valid ballots in the 2000 Presidential election in Florida, they are almost always self-inflicted.
The 2000 Presidential election in Florida has become encrusted in myths ("Blacks were disenfranchised!") because what really happened stems directly from the media's Great Unmentionable: the white-black IQ gap.
In Florida, more Gore supporters showed up to vote than Bush supporters. But as so often happens, the Democrats botched up their ballots, rendering them invalid, at a higher rate than the Republicans. Most unmentionably, Gore's biggest problem was that blacks, who voted for him by at least a 10-1 margins, were much more likely to make a hash of their ballots than were whites, who tended to support Bush.
La Griffe du Lion's analysis is conclusive, but this New York Times article at least hints at the truth:
Democrats Rue Ballot Foul-Up In A 2nd County
"JACKSONVILLE, Fla., Nov. 16 [2000] — … But the results of Duval County's vote left Democrats here shaking their heads. More than 26,000 ballots were invalidated, the vast majority because they contained votes for more than one presidential candidate. Nearly 9,000 of the votes were thrown out in the predominantly African-American communities around Jacksonville, where Mr. Gore scored 10-to-1 ratios of victory, according to an analysis of the vote by the New York Times…
"Local election officials attributed the outcome to a ballot that had the name of presidential candidates on two pages, which they said many voters found confusing. Many voters, they said, voted once on each page. The election officials said they would not use such a ballot in the future.
"Rodney G. Gregory, a lawyer for the Democrats in Duval County, said the party shared the blame for the confusion. Mr. Gregory said Democratic Party workers instructed voters, many persuaded to go to the polls for the first time, to cast ballots in every race and 'be sure to punch a hole on every page.'
"'The get-out-the vote folks messed it up,' Mr. Gregory said ruefully.
If Mr. Gregory's assessment is correct, and thousands of Gore supporters were inadvertently misled into invalidating their ballots, this county alone would have been enough to give Mr. Gore the electoral votes of Florida, and thus the White House.
Yet the Voting Rights Law still assumes that Southern whites are guilty unless proven innocent. Suzanne Gamboa of the Washington Post reported in a December 3 2005 story about the current brouhaha over the Republican redistricting of Texas that:
"The House Democratic leader wants an independent inquiry into the Justice Department's decision to approve a Texas redistricting plan that staff lawyers concluded diluted minority voting rights… Because of historic discrimination against minority voters, Texas is required under provisions of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 to get Justice Department approval for any voting changes to ensure they don't undercut minority voting."
My emphasis! That "discrimination" is "historic" all right—1965 was 40 years ago! [Vdare.com note: Abigail Thernstrom and Edward Blum argue that Texas never needed the VRA, anyway. In 1937 one-sixth of the registered voters in Dallas were African-American.]
You'll notice that the law doesn't require fairness to all races, just to nonwhites. Over time, the inevitable net effect of that bias will be to push voting systems in the direction of unfairly favoring nonwhites.
Imagine trying to drive your car down the highway with your steering wheel rigged so you can't nudge it to the right but can nudge it to the left. Eventually, you'll end up in the ditch on the left.
Yet the GOP has been a big supporter of recent Voting Rights Acts. They favor drawing district lines that favor the election of minorities.
Why? Because concentrating anti-Republican minorities into a few "majority-minority" House and legislative districts in each state also helps create a lot of safe Republican districts (for now).
The downside: minority politicians get radicalized. This has ominous consequence for the long-term cohesiveness of America.
Due to this gerrymandering to create black districts, a large fraction of black politicians now run in black-majority districts. They learn to harvest votes by pandering only to black resentments of whites. This is terrible preparation for later running for statewide office, where they have to avoid frightening whites to win.
Which accounts for their miserable statewide performances. Although 39 of the 435 members of the House of Representatives are black, of the 150 U.S. Senators and state governors, only one is black (the café-au-lait Barack Obama, whose mother is white, late father, who abandoned the family when he was two, Kenyan, and whose upbringing was more Indonesian than African-American.)
Less widely-noted: this system funnels ambitious Hispanics into the Democratic Party. Nationwide, 92 percent of all Latino elected officials who ran under a partisan label are Democrats, in large part because Hispanics are clumped together in "majority-minority" districts. For example, in California, Hispanics hold 29 of the 120 seats in the two houses of the legislature, and 27 of the 29 are Democrats.
What America needs instead of a same-old-same-old Voting Rights Act that ignores non-minority rights is comprehensive reform to ensure the rights of all citizens.
The worst electoral problem:
With the computer technology available today, state legislators are able to gerrymander districts boundaries to protect incumbents, both themselves and House members, in ways beyond the fondest dreams of old time political bosses. For example, due to gerrymandering, no incumbent legislator in California lost in 2004—even the ones targeted by Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger, then at the peak of his popularity.
"Democracy is supposed to be about people choosing their representatives, not representatives choosing their people," comments gerrymandering critic Daniel D. Polsby, associate dean of the George Mason University law school. (He explains how to replace gerrymandering with an equable system based on geographically-compact districts here.)
In the past, with districts less scientifically drawn, representatives felt the need to be on the right side of public opinion. Today, however, most incumbents assured of endless re-elections—unless the public's passions are extremely stirred up.
So our representatives have become cowardly and don't want to take a stand on controversial issues. That's a major reason why Congress hasn't carried out its Constitutional duty to declare war since the 1940s—the kind of crucial vote, incumbents worry, for which the electorate might hold them responsible. It's safer from a career standpoint to simply delegate decisions about war or peace to the President.
Today, the vast majority of House races are effectively decided when district boundaries are redrawn following each decennial Census. Only the small fraction of the electorate's votes that are in swing districts can really make a difference in House elections.
Another problem:
In most states, House and legislative districts are drawn up to equalize not the number of citizens eligible to vote, but the number of residents—including both illegal and legal aliens, and their children.
This gives Hispanic Democrats a huge advantage. Their ethnic group is heavily immigrant, and ineligible to vote. But their presence in Hispanic-dominated areas translates into safe seats.
That's why Democrat Latinos make up 23 percent of the entire California legislature even though Democratic-voting Hispanics only made up about 12 percent of the California electorate in 2004.
For example, in the 2002 midterm election in Southern California's beachfront Congressional District 46 (17 percent Hispanic), 173,000 voters participated in the election of immigration-restrictionist Republican Representative Dana Rohrabacher. Next door in gritty Orange County's gritty District 47 (65 percent Hispanic), prominent Democratic fundraiser Loretta Sanchez triumphed despite just 68,000 votes being cast.
Overall, the eight California congressional elections won by Latinos averaged only 80,000 ballots split among all the hopefuls. In the other 45 races, a mean of 143,000 voters went to the polls.
This meant that the average voter in a district that elected a Latino had a 78 percent greater say in choosing a House member than voters in the rest of the state.
That's not fair.
Rotten boroughs aren't Constitutional, according to the highest court to consider the issue. In the majority opinion of the 1998 7th Circuit federal case Barnett vs. City of Chicago, famed Judge Richard J. Posner ruled:
"We think that citizen voting-age population is the basis for determining equality of voting power that best comports with the policy of the (Voting Rights) statute. ... The dignity and very concept of citizenship are diluted if non-citizens are allowed to vote either directly or by the conferral of additional voting power on citizens believed to have a community of interest with the non-citizens."
It's time for a Voting Right Act that guarantees the equal treatment of all American citizens—and doesn't just benefit minorities and incumbents of all parties.
[Steve Sailer [email him] is founder of the Human Biodiversity Institute and movie critic for The American Conservative. His website www.iSteve.blogspot.com features his daily blog.]


text: What's a 16 year old boy doing playing music and table tennis with adult psychiatric patients — on a school day? It's kind of a funny story… "It's Kind of a Funny Story," adapted from Ned Vizzini's 2006 novel of the same name, is the new comedy–drama from acclaimed writer/directors Ryan Fleck & Anna Boden. It's @5:00 AM on a Sunday in Brooklyn. Craig Gilner (played by Keir Gilchrist of "United States of Tara") is bicycling up to the entrance of a mental health clinic; this bright 16–year–old is stressed out from the demands of being a teenager. Before his parents (Lauren Graham [of "Parenthood"] and Jim Gaffigan [of "Away We Go"]) and younger sister are even awake, Craig checks himself into Argenon Hospital and is admitted by a psychiatrist. But the youth ward is temporarily closed — so he finds himself stuck in the adult ward. One of the patients, Bobby (Zach Galifianakis of "The Hangover"), soon becomes both Craig's mentor and protege. Craig is also quickly drawn to another 16–year–old displaced to the adult ward, the sensitive Noelle (Emma Roberts of the upcoming "Scream 4′), who just might make him forget his longtime unrequited crush Nia (Zoe Kravitz of the upcoming "Mad Max"). With a minimum five days' stay imposed on him by the adult ward's staff psychiatrist Dr. Eden Minerva (Academy Award nominee Viola Davis), Craig is sustained by friendships on both the inside and the outside as he learns more about life, love, and the pressures of growing up.


text:
Hello, I've been trying to carry out the fairly simple task of formatting a text file and am stuck on a number of points, I have spent quite some time trawling Google, and ended up with more questions than I had in the first place as a result.
Specifically I want to capitalise any lowercase characters in the file. I figure the following steps are needed:
1. User passes in a command with the file name as the argument.
2. Read file into buffer.
3. Convert file to all uppercase using "toupper".
4. Overwrite the contents of the file with the contents of the buffer.
Having got some working code for opening a file, reading it into a buffer and then writing it out on the screen, that I understand *most* of (I certainly won't pretend to understand exactly what every line is doing), I have been trying to alter that.
Firstly I'll show my current code (please don't look if you're of a weak disposition, it may give you quite a fright):
Code:#include <unistd.h> #include <sys/file.h> #include <string.h> const int BUFSIZE=4096; //Set buffer size void fail( char file[] ); void copy( char file[] ); int main( int argc, char *argv[], char *env[] ) { for ( int i=1; i<argc; i++ ) // for each file passed as { // an argument write the copy( argv[i] ); // contents to the screen } // (or some other operation) } void copy( char file[] ) { int fd = open( file, O_RDONLY, 0 ); // Open the file if ( fd >= 0 ) // If the file descriptor has some // info in it then do the following { bool eof = false; // Have we reached the end of the file char buf[BUFSIZE]; // Buffer1 to put file contents in char bufx[BUFSIZE]; // Buffer2 to put altered contents in while ( !eof ) // While we are not at the end of the file { int bytes = read( fd, buf, BUFSIZE ); // bytes = the whole contents of the file, I think? if ( bytes > 0 ) // Is there anything in the file? //c = toupper( c ); // Misplaced "toupper" write( 1, buf, bytes ); // write the contents of "buf", which is "bytes" long //write( 1, bufx, bytes ); else eof = true; // Nothing left to write in the file so change eof flag } close( fd ); // Close the file (referred to by it's file descriptor } else { fail( file ); } } void fail( char file[] ) // Display info about why it didnt work { write( 2, "cat: ", 5 ); write( 2, file, strlen( file ) ); write( 2, " no such file or directory\n", 27 ); }
I think I need to use a loop just before the write method with lseek to move through the file one character at a time, applying "toupper" as I go, then writing the result to a second buffer, then when that loop is done for the whole file and the second buffer contains the altered file I write the contents of the buffer to the file, making sure I overwrite rather than append. However I'm sure this shouldnt need a second buffer, and does "write" work properly for this? I guess I'll list my questions in a nice neat orderly fashion for anyone kind enough to either answer them or point me in the direction of answers:
1. Am I going about this the right way? Is there an easier and quicker way?
2. I read up on pwrite, and initially I thought I would need to use it to write to the file, then I read something else that changed my mind, does write work ok, or is it just for displaying information to the screen (I am confused by the documentation)
3. Do I need to include cctype.h or ctype.h to use toupper? I've found examples and what not which show the use of both of them and again I'm confused...
4. Should I be thinking about strings at all? Or stick with chars?
Any help would be much appreciated
Thank you
I accidently posted this in the C++ forums when it should really have been posted here. Below is the first reply I got and my response:
(I will request the thread in the C++ forums is deleted)I forgot to mention that I want to use unix functions (note to self.. they are not methods...) doh :P It can be written in either C or C++, but as you say, seeing as how the chunk of code I got ahold of and tried to put to use was written in C rather than C++, it would indeed make sense to write it in C :S. Thank you for pointing out my mistake with the header.
I guess I will repost this query in the C forum and put a link to the new thread in this post (I will shortly edit it). My apologies for posting in the wrong place.
Thank you for your time


text:
This website is dedicated to the past History of Deptford. If you have any stranger than fiction stories about Deptford I would welcome your input. This may include stories of the people, the places still here or long gone, the characters, the war years, ghost stories and haunted places, ancient buildings and bygone memories, long forgotten. You can contact me with your stories at email@example.com
Post a Comment


text: Your search to find available apartments in LaGrange, ME has led you to the right place. Just by clicking on a few buttons you will have a list of our current availabilities at your fingertips. View our photo gallery and catch a glimpse of LaGrange living at its finest. For more information, please call 800-338-8538.


text:
Prowax 750
ExxonMobil specialties , Syria
Product Description
Prowax 750 is a mid-to-high range melting point product in the Prowax line of petroleum slack and scale waxes. It is a translucent crystalline material in the solid state and an amber-to-brown, clear liquid when molten. It is derived from petroleum via a carefully controlled refining process. Prowax 750 is comprised of a mixture of straight chain normal paraffin and branched, iso-paraffin hydrocarbons.
ExxonMobil waxes are produced and controlled according to the ExxonMobil Product Quality Management System, EN ISO 9000 or equivalent standard.
Prowax 750 can be used in the following applications subject to applicable laws and regulations in each jurisdiction*:
- Wax emulsions
- Wax isomerisation feedstock
- Wax blends
* User must check compliance with applicable regulations
Properties and Specifications
Property | Standard Method(a) | Min | Max |
Congealing Point, °C (°F) | ASTM D 938 | 58.0(136.4) | 68.0(154.4) |
Oil Content, wt % | ASTM D 3235 | 35.0 | |
Kinematic Viscosity @ 100°C, mm²/s (cSt) | ASTM D 445 | 7.0 | 9.0 |
Flash Point COC, °C (°F) | ASTM D 92 | 220(428) |
(a) In lieu of standard test method, alternate test methods may be used for the certification of a product property.
Note 1: Products are certified on release to meet the values specified. Actual values may deviate within the established reproducibility of the test method specified.
Note 2: For purpose of determining conformance with specification, observed or calculated values shall be rounded off to the nearest unit in the last significant digit used in expressing the limiting value in accordance to the ASTM E 29 method
Health and safety
Health and Safety recommendations for this product can be found on the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) @ http://www.msds.exxonmobil.com/psims/psims.aspx
All trademarks used herein are trademarks or registered trademarks of Exxon Mobil Corporation or one of its subsidiaries unless indicated otherwise.


text:
Wait, Are Ariana Grande, Miley Cyrus and Lana Del Rey Seriously Collaborating Together?
Today (June 26) may be Ariana Grande's birthday, but it's fans who are receiving a gift. The pop star, along with Miley Cyrus and Lana Del Rey, each teased that they would be collaborating together on a song for Elizabeth Banks' upcoming reboot of Charlie's Angels.
The singers all posted a teaser snippet on Instagram that shows the famous Angels logo flash on the screen while an instrumental track plays in the background. Though it's unclear if the music is from the trio's contribution to the soundtrack, one thing is certain: We'll be getting the first Charlie's Angels trailer tomorrow (June 27).
"trailer tomorrow" Grande captioned the clip, adding an angel emoji.
"WE ARE COMING!" Cyrus wrote, tagging Grande, Dey Rey, and the movie's official Instagram account.
"Trailer tomorrow!" Del Rey exclaimed in her post, also tagging the film and her fellow contributors.
Check out all three Instagram posts below.
The upcoming reboot will star Kristen Stewart, Naomi Scott and Ella Balinska as the Angels. Banks, who is directing the movie, will also be featured as one of many Bosleys (a departure from the film's former iterations). Charlie's Angels is slated to hit theaters on November 15.


text:
Search within Results
Long Infant Dress
Long cotton infant dress, white in color. Round lace collar and yoke, long sleeves, two button closure at back neckline. Rows of pintuck at the lower hem. Circa 1910-1939.
Petit-point Handbag
Petit-point handbag with floral motif needlepoint, front and back. Square frame, brass trim, and jewel accents. Metal chain to carry on wrist, mirror and pockets inside bag. Circa 1880-1939.
Hand-Knit Ribbon Dress
One-piece, short sleeve dress, knitted by hand using ribbon, taupe in color with floral pattern on bodice. Hook and eye closure, elastic waist, flare skirt, and knitted belt. 'Blum's - Vogue , Chicago' on label, 1930-1939.
Green Wool Cloche Hat
Wool cloche hat, dusty pale turquoise in color, featuring three knotted strips of wool on rear of band. Label reads 'Importer Irving, Detroit'. Circa 1910-19369.
Women's Peach Knee Length Slip
Women's knee length bias cut slip, peach in color. Features spaghetti straps, bias cut, V-neck in front and back, darts on bust, small amount of eyelet embroidery on bodice. Circa 1930-1939.
Women's wine, navy blue, and white herringbone check suit from the late 1930s or early 1940s
Woman's wine, navy blue, and white herringbone check suit. The straight skirt has a side ziper closing with a 5" split on the opposite side. It has an faced waist with a facing of wine crepe. The long sleeved jacket has a long-fitted line with shoulders that are heavily padded, and a concealed hook and twist closing in front. The collarless neckline is trimmed with two rows of self-bias strips which extend to the front armholes. The edges of the sleeves have the same bias insets. The jack…
Crepe-backed satin cocktail dress from the late 1930s to mid 1940s
Woman's crepe-backed satin, below knee-length cocktail dress in olive green with loops of pink. A small sequin centers each of the loops. The bodice has short sleeves, a high round neck with a slight turn-over at the throat, and a slit down the center front that is fastened with a hook and loop. The back is draped, and has a cut out from the nape to shoulder blades. The natural waist has a waistband, and the skirt and bodice are gathered so as to appear to tie in the center front. The skirt…
Muted turquoise crepe evening gown from the late 1930s or early 1940s
Woman's muted turquoise crepe evening gown having a straight undecorated skirt, fitted, dropped waist. The dress has a round, jewel neckline, cap sleeves (shoulder pads have been removed), and a bodice decorated with 1 1/2" x 3/4" beaded ovals in shades of pink, black, silver, and gold. Three lines of pink and silver beads edge the neck and sleeves. Side zipper. 6 1/2" wide gathered panel in back, starting from a 2 1/4" wide strip of machine shirring at the waist seam, suggests a bustle. La…


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Sloping Roof – Width: 3030mm, Depth: 1080mm
Wall Height Front: 1830mm, Back: 1770mm
Area: 3.27m2
Door Opening: 750mm
Garden Master GM3011 Garden Shed
From: $789.00
From: $789.00
Sloping Roof – Width: 3030mm, Depth: 1080mm
Wall Height Front: 1830mm, Back: 1770mm
Area: 3.27m2
Door Opening: 750mm
Concrete Floor Bolt Down Package Flat or Recessed Floor Bolt Package - for securing garden sheds to a concrete floor pad.
Door Customisation – Choose single or double doors & where the door is placed on your shed, anywhere, on any wall.
Extra Doors - add extra doors to your shed for easier access, double doors, multiple single doors, it's up to you.
Sliding Door Customisation – Upgrade or add sliding doors to your shed. Sliding doors are great if you're restricted by space or have limited access.
Comes with a vertical pad bolt locking system in the top corner.
Locking T Door Handle Easy extra security. Can be keyed to match.
Double pad-bolt Added security. Secure your valuables from thieves with an extra pad-bolt, on the door.
Louvre Windows for ventilation and light (note, glass is included)
Increased Wall Height Add up to 300mm in increments of 50mm ton your overall shed height. Useful if you are tall, or for longer objects. (The cost is 5% of the base shed price per additional 50mm of extra height).
Skylight roof panel in your shed natural light when working in your shed.
Bruns Tool Grip Designed to be screwed or riveted to the wall of your shed (or other storage area) and comes with six grippers. You can add more grips or hooks to the rail.
Shed shelving brackets Hang up to 3 shelves, 300mm deep. These hang from the wall to allow maximum use of shed floor space. (brackets only, shelves separate).
■ Assembly prices assume a prepared, clear & level site with enough clearance around the shed (500mm).
■ Any site preparation required will be charged on an hourly rate.
■ Prices quoted include GST and are subject to change without notice.
■ Our assembly work is guaranteed.
■ Prices are based on assembly taking place within a metropolitan area mileage charges may apply for assembly outside of metropolitan areas..
Our experienced assemblers are all trained to a high standard in a range of garden sheds, timber sheds & carport installations.
Shipping options & delivery times.
■ Pick your garden shed up from Gubba in Albany, Auckland. We will let you know when your shed has arrived and is ready to be picked up.
■ Pick your Galvo or Garden Master Shed up from your local PBT depot. PBT will let you know when your shed has arrived.
■ Delivered to your door by PBT, track and trace service.
■ Have our assemblers deliver and then assemble
*Please allow approximately up to 12 days for the shed to be manufactured and a few more days for delivery.
Dimensions | 3030 × 1080 cm |
depth | |
materials |


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Watch Doobie Brothers and Peter Frampton Cover Eric Clapton
The Doobie Brothers and Peter Frampton have teamed up for a socially distant cover of Eric Clapton's "Let It Rain." According to Doobies singer and guitarist Tom Johnston, the collaboration came about organically.
"A couple of months ago, Peter and I were going over various tunes after deciding to do a song or video together," Johnston explained to Rolling Stone. "I tossed out 'Let It Rain' by Eric Clapton and he loved the idea. He's a phenomenal guitarist and a fan of Clapton's, as am I, so it seemed a great idea to take to the rest of the guys."
From there, each musician recorded his respective part remotely; the track came together once all of the pieces were assembled. The result is a rendition that's true to Clapton's 1970 original, while also adding deeper instrumental composition, including some inspired guitar riffs by Frampton and Johnston.
You can watch the song's music video - recorded remotely in similar fashion to the track itself - below.
"It was so much fun playing with my friends the Doobie Brothers, even virtually," Frampton said of the experience. "I look forward to a time when we can, hopefully, play together in person."
Both artists have remained active in 2020, even as the COVID-19 pandemic has hindered the music industry. After postponing their 2020 tour - which would have seen the group reunite with singer Michael McDonald - the Doobie Brothers have delivered several at-home performances this year, including teaming with Dave Mason, Sammy Hagar, Mick Fleetwood and McDonald to cover Traffic's "Feelin' Alright."
Meanwhile, Frampton has released his highly anticipated memoir, Do You Feel Like I Do?, chronicling his long career, while also detailing his battles with substance abuse and the health issues that forced him to retire from touring.


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Life of Pi: Ang Lee films the unfilmable; poetic idealism triumphs
Ang Lee's "Life of Pi" is a miraculous achievement of storytelling and a landmark of visual mastery. Inspired by a worldwide best-seller that many readers must have assumed was unfilmable, it is a triumph over its difficulties. It is also a moving spiritual achievement, a movie whose title could have been shortened to "Life."
The story involves the 227 days that its teenage hero spends drifting across the Pacific in a lifeboat with a Bengal tiger. They find themselves in the same boat after an amusing and colorful prologue, which in itself could have been enlarged into an exciting family film. Then it expands into a parable of survival, acceptance and adaptation. I imagine even Yann Martel, the novel's French-Canadian author, must have been delighted to see how the usual kind of Hollywood manhandling has been sidestepped by Lee's poetic idealism.
The story begins in a small family zoo in Pondicherry, India, where the boy christened Piscine is raised. Piscine translates from French to English as "swimming pool," but in an India where many more speak English than French, his playmates of course nickname him "Pee." Determined to put at end to this, he adopts the name "Pi," demonstrating an uncanny ability to write down that mathematical constant that begins with 3.14 and never ends. If Pi is a limitless number, that is the perfect name for a boy who seems to accept no limitations. (FULL REVIEW)


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The Bobcats finish a grueling week 1-2, the back end of a West Coast road swing that saw the team:
- Get hammered by the Clippers at the Forum, 85-112.
- Get ABSOLUTELY hammered by the sweet shooting Trailblazers in Portland, 104-134.
- Regroup a little in Sacramento to sweep the season series against an all-time "bad energy" Kings squad, 113-103.
Hanging In There
Charlotte finally returns home Tuesday night after a tough 1-4 road trip. They stand at 15-20, good for 7th in the Eastern Conference and will, with any luck, get starting SF Michael Kidd-Gilchrist back mid-month. That's great news because over the next eleven games, the Bobcats will play eight dates against mid to low level Eastern Conference opponents. By the end of the month, we should all have a much better understanding of just how good this Charlotte team is and where they'll ultimately finish in the pack.
Range Shooting Woes
Wanna know what happens when you combine an elite three point shooting offense and a porous three point defense? Go back and watch Charlotte at Portland for the answer. The Blazers went 21-33 from downtown in that game, with their starters going an amazing 13-16. By comparison, the Bobcats hit 22 three pointers in their last three games combined, taking (a respectable) 52 attempts to do so. Teams have been trouncing the Cats from long range all season and what happened at the Rose Garden Thursday night was the nadir.
A mediocre Bobcat three point defense has gone terrible since losing perimeter defenders MKG and Jeff Taylor to injury and Charlotte doesn't have anywhere near enough shooting of its own to counteract. The Western Conference is a dangerous valley filled with long distance snipers and returning East with a healthy MKG will help but in the long run, Charlotte must reverse the three ball deficit to get to the next level.
Al Jefferson = David Lee?
In a somewhat controversial move, Western Conference coaches voted David Lee as the upstart Warriors' lone All-Star selection at last year's break. Lee was having a career year, sure, but anyone paying attention could tell you that Steph Curry was the engine that made that team go. Unfortunately, with last year's Western Conference PG position stacked with talent, Curry would have to wait.
A similar situation may present itself this year in the East as Jefferson and Kemba Walker co-lead the upstart Cats. As long as Charlotte stays around .500 and in the Playoff race by the end of the month, the chances for one of those two to get in are very good. Kemba is unquestionably the team's leader, its heart and soul, but a crowded East PG situation hurts his chances. Kyrie Irving leads the fan vote and will get the start. John Wall is a near lock and with Al Horford out (more on that later), Jeff Teague's status as leader of the third seed Hawks will be tough to pass up. Kyle Lowry is arguably out-Kemba-ing Kemba with his recent explosion north of the border and don't forget rookie Michael Carter Williams' Magic Johnson impersonation in Philly.
Does Kemba deserve an All-Star spot? Absolutely – he and Big Al are the only consistently above average players on the Cats roster – but the coaches may find it easier to give the third PG slot to a Raptor (Lowry) and award Jefferson the Bobcats' spot. Horford and Brook Lopez are out with extended injuries. Roy Hibbert, Chris Bosh and Andre Drummond are the only other legit big men having good years. If the Cats can stay decent, Big Al's first All-Star selection is as good as guaranteed.


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Microorganisms are very tiny one-celled organisms, viruses, fungi, and bacteria, and are found everywhere in the world. They are found in all living things, plants and animal. There are more microorganisms on and inside your body than there are cells that make up your entire body. Microorganisms can live in the air, on land, and in fresh or salt water environments. Some of them, pathogens, can be harmful and causes diseases, but there are some microorganisms that are needed for living things to survive.
All of the living things, plant and animal, in earth's environmental communities of forests, deserts, tundra, water, air, and all of the rest depend on the cryptobiotic crust or microbiotic layer in the soil. This is the layer of soil that most microbes live in. These microbe communities are made up of fungi, cyanobacteria and lichens. They look like a grayish cover on the ground when they are first forming, but do form in clumps of lichen that look like little hills after about 50 years of growth.
Microorganisms also are responsible for building fertile soil for plants to grow in. Microbes stick to the roots of plants and decompose dead organic matter into food for the plant to absorb. The plants that live and grow because of the microorganisms that live on them make a home for other animals to live in. Some microorganisms make people, animals, and plants sick, but others make people well and kill the bacteria on plants that make them sick. Drug companies that make medicines use hundreds of different microorganisms to make medicines that will help cure diseases. Human waste products are broken down into safer particles by some microorganism. Scientists are always looking for new ways to use microbes.


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Ghost of Ronnie James Dio Spotted at Last in Line Concert?
Concert-goers who hit up Last in Line's first concert on Saturday, Aug. 3 at Slidebar in Fullerton, Calif. got quite a show, even if they didn't know it at the time. According to allegations made by Last in Line's vocalist Andrew Freeman's brother Raymond Freeman Jr., a very special guest joined the band that night.
Freeman Jr. believes that an apparition of the late Ronnie James Dio made an appearance on stage during the show. He posted about the experience on his Facebook page, explaining, "The moment Ronnie Dio came through this past weekend… Watch the video (seen above)... Right when Vinny [Appice] goes too long on the snare fill... Look at my brother's face... That's Dio... channeling through my bro who I have now tagged Di'omen... Weird sh-- like this runs in my fam. Call me crazy."
Blabbermouth also caught up with Freeman Jr. to get his personal account. "I just came across it while looking at photos from the last gig," he explained. "Call me crazy, but it somewhat appears to be Ronnie James Dio just above Vivian Campbell. Just weird... Ghost??? Weird lighting??? Not sure, but it's there and pretty creepy."
So why would Ronnie James Dio choose a Last in Line show to make his ghostly appearance? Well, Last in Line features ex-Dio guitarist Vivian Campbell in addition to founding and past Dio members Vinny Appice, Jimmy Bain and Claude Schnell. To date, no one in the band has commented on the alleged apparition.
Freeman also posted the photo below on his Facebook page, you be the judge!
Photos of Alleged Ronnie James Dio Apparition:


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Aspley Dentists 07 3257 1577 |
Cosmetic DentistryThe most important decision you have to make is choosing the right Cosmetic Dentist. Why choose an LVI trained cosmetic dentist? Here in Australia it is very important to be aware that Cosmetic Dentistry is not a specialty. Any dentist can call themselves a Cosmetic Dentist, even when they haven't had specific training in cosmetic dentistry. Every Cosmetic Dentist on this web site IS an expert in Cosmetic Dentistry. All have completed advanced training at the Las Vegas Institute for Advanced Dental Studies, a world renowned post graduate school for advanced dental education based in the United States. These LVI cosmetic dentists are among the best, most experienced dentists found anywhere in the world. From over 10,000 dentists throughout Australia and New Zealand - there are fewer than 150 LVI trained dentists. Cosmetic Dentistry is all about making people look and feel good about themselves and improving their self confidence. Teeth that are discolored, worn, crooked, chipped, spaced, overlapped or old dentistry that is obviously not "real", can all add up to create a smile that just doesn't reflect the way the person feels on the inside. With today's technology, materials and a highly trained teams of dentists and ceramists we are able to provide you with a beautiful natural smile which will probably be beyond your wildest expectations. When selecting a cosmetic dentist ask about his/ her credentials. Most have web sites these days where you can find out where and when they graduated, how many additional courses or training they have undertaken since their graduation. A good cosmetic dentist should be proud to show off their work and be willing to show a photo album of "before and after" pictures of actual patients smiles that they have completed. Are the smile pictures hanging on the surgery walls pictures of happy patients or paid for generic photos? To find out more information and locate the closest LVI cosmetic dentist to your location, go to the home page and enter your postcode or suburb in the search box above the map. |


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High quality glass bead.
11/0 cerise lined champagne seed bead.
Current manufacture from Japan.
Uniformly sized, great for peyote stitch and loom work.
40 or 500 grams per package.
40 grams is approximately 4,000 beads. 12 beads per inch.
One Kilo is approximately 110,000 beads.
If ordering half kilo, please allow 7 to 10 days for shipping.
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