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May 07, 2001
Using four NASA space observatories, astronomers have shown that a flaring black hole source has an accretion disk that stops much farther out than some theories predict. This provides a better understanding of how energy is released when matter spirals into a black hole.
On April 18, 2000, the Hubble Space Telescope and the Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer observed ultraviolet radiation from the object known as XTE J1118+480, a black hole roughly seven times the mass of the Sun, locked in a close binary orbit with a Sun-like star. Simultaneously, the Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer observed high-energy X-rays from matter plunging toward the black hole, while the Chandra X-ray Observatory focused on the critical energy band between the ultraviolet and high-energy X-rays, providing the link that tied all the data together.
"By combining the observations of XTE J1118+480 at many different wavelengths, we have found the first clear evidence that the accretion disk can stop farther out," said Jeffrey McClintock of the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics who led the Chandra observations. "The Chandra data indicate that this accretion disk gets no closer to the event horizon than about 600 miles, a far cry from the 25 miles that some had expected." Scientists theorize that the accretion disk is truncated there because the material erupts into a hot bubble of gas before taking its final plunge into the black hole.
Matter stripped from a companion star by a black hole can form a flat, pancake-like structure, called an "accretion disk." As material spirals toward the inner edge of the accretion disk, it is heated by the immense gravity of the black hole, which causes it to radiate in X-rays. By examining the X-rays, researchers can gauge how far inward the accretion disk extends.
Most astronomers agree that when material is transferred onto the black hole at a high rate, then the accretion disk will reach to within about 25 miles of the event horizon -- the surface of "no return" for matter or light falling into a black hole. However, scientists disagree on how close the accretion disk comes when the rate of transfer is much less.
"The breakthrough came when Chandra did not detect the X-ray signature one would expect if the accretion disk came as near as 25 miles," said Ann Esin, a Caltech theoretical astrophysicist who led a group that explored the implications of the observations. "This presents a fundamental problem for models in which the disk extends close to the event horizon."
In March 2000, XTE J1118+480 experienced a sudden eruption in X-rays that led to the discovery of the object by RXTE. The X-ray source was in a direction where absorption by gas and dust was minimal, allowing ultraviolet and low-energy X-rays to be observed. In the following month, an international team organized observations of XTE J1118+480 in other wavelengths.
Chandra observed XTE J1118+480 for 27,000 seconds with its Low-Energy Transmission Grating (LETG) and the Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer (ACIS). The research team for this investigation also included scientists from both the United States (CfA, MIT, University of Notre Dame, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center) and the United Kingdom (The Open University, University of Southampton, Mullard Radio Astronomy Observatory).
The LETG was built by the SRON and the Max Planck Institute, and the ACIS instrument by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass., and Penn State University, University Park. NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, AL, manages the Chandra program. TRW, Inc., Redondo Beach, Calif., is the prime contractor for the spacecraft. The Smithsonian's Chandra X-ray Center controls science and flight operations from Cambridge, Mass.
Images associated with this release are available on the World Wide Web at:
Steve Roy
Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL
Phone: 256-544-6535
Megan Watzke
Chandra X-ray Observatory Center, CfA, Cambridge, MA
Phone: 617-496-7998


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When a blocked drain is more complex than typical problems such as drains clogged with a build up of scale or fat, a cctv drain survey will help analyse and plan a solution. Our Edgware drain surveys will often find problems such as a collapsed drain or a wedged solid object.
With the exact position of the drainage problem our qualified and professional drain cleaners can solve the issue with little disturbance to your domestic or commercial property.
Grease Traps
Commonly used in restaurants, take-aways and large-scale businesses, this prevents a large percentage of grease, oil, lard and other fats from progressing from the sink(s) to the main drain by means of separation.
The grease will sink to the bottom of the trap, where it settles into a layer. The mostly-clear wastewater left over is then allowed to flow to the drain normally. This drainage system needs to be emptied periodically, with the collected grease either recycled, or disposed of.
These types of systems were created to virtually eliminate the problem of fats and suchlike building up over time, and clogging up the main drain system.

subset: commoncrawl


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Tuesday, October 18, 2011
21 comments:
- downshift said...
Like you, I have recently been living off of soup! There is a sausage, lentil & kale version (http://www.marthastewart.com/341748/sausage-lentil-and-kale-soup) that I love because it is so rustic & textured. One of my creamy (and spicy!) favorites is here:
Incidentally, your last post has me pining for the West -- I grew up in Wyoming and enjoyed those fabulous falls for 20 years. Aspen trees with leaves like shimmering golden coins... *sigh* ; ) - October 18, 2011 at 6:28 AM
- Tara : Damon : Ellis : Hudson said...
I love soup so much too! I can't wait to use all your fall recipes! My favorite soup to make is The Lady's (Paula Deen) Chicken Noodle Soup... Oh, that soup, I could eat for a week straight. Pioneer Woman's Creamy Tomato Soup is a close second...
- October 18, 2011 at 6:54 AM
- Kaitlyn Luce said...
Last night we had vegetable beef soup. yummmmm.
- October 18, 2011 at 6:55 AM
- Hannah Nicole said...
Oh my goodness. That looks so good I can almost smell it. One of our favorite soups is homemade chicken noodle. My mom makes the noodles, makes the broth -- everything. It's especially good with veggies from the garden. Yum yum yum.
- October 18, 2011 at 7:37 AM
- Unknown said...
i guess its okay that summer is over with because we have soup, hot chocolate, and Christmas decorations to look forward to right?? Well sheena my favorite soup to currently make is a potato spinach creamy soup. i don't have a recipe since i just throw everything in the pot, that's the definition of soup right? so here are some of the ingredients i can remember off the top of my head!
potatos, celery, carrots, chicken breast diced, spinach, shallots, garlic, chicken stock, cream, s&p, handful of herbs of your choice and whatever else you want to throw in the pot! - October 18, 2011 at 7:48 AM
- Unknown said...
butternut squash soup is my favourite! thank you so much for this recipe. yum yum yum.
www.ithinkijustbloggedmyself.co.uk - October 18, 2011 at 8:11 AM
- Brett Elizabeth said...
I just made this roasted potato leek soup (http://kokocooks.blogspot.com/2011/03/roasted-potato-leek-soup.html.) Deee-lish!
- October 18, 2011 at 10:05 AM
- Brittany said...
well if it has BACON, i mean...
- October 18, 2011 at 11:48 AM
- Meg said...
mmm black bean soup. yum.
Ina garten's roasted tomato basil soup (add a red pepepr and 1/2 and 1/2) HEAVEN in a bowl. Really. I am ceratin they eat this in heaven. every day. - October 18, 2011 at 12:50 PM
Beautiful soup. Winter squash/sweet potato soups are some of my favorites.
And I agree....fall = soup! - October 18, 2011 at 1:32 PM
Beautiful soup and fabulous photos. I have just posted a Thai Pumpkin Soup :http://peasepudding.wordpress.com/2011/08/24/thai-spiced-pumpkin-soup-a-new-gadget/
- October 18, 2011 at 3:10 PM
- Unknown said...
That soup looks wonderful!
I made a delicious turkey meatball soup the other day that was so fresh-tasting and hearty, all in one bowl!
Here's the link! :-)
http://www.bionicbriana.com/2011/10/just-few-more-hours.html - October 18, 2011 at 3:31 PM
- carlotta cisternas said...
this looks absolutely delicious. butternut squash in soup is my favorite on these cold fall evenings. and as for my favorite soup...I love potato soup. we eat it with sour cream, bacon bits, and cheese on top and it's wonderful.
- October 18, 2011 at 3:58 PM
- Ang said...
when i was in school, my mom used to make me roasted red pepper + bean soup - roast peppers with some olive oil and s+p, then puree with whatever beans you like (my fav = black beans, but she's made it with kidney beans, cannellini beans, black eyed peas, chickpeas, pinto beans...you get the picture!)
really easy and SO yummy - plus it freezes really well {double bonus!} - October 18, 2011 at 4:08 PM
- gfs said...
yummo - I love simple soups and the addition of apples!
- October 19, 2011 at 4:01 AM
- Rachel said...
that sounds delicious! and roasting all the veggies takes the work out of standing over a pot and sauteeing everything! I love it :) Now I know what to do with my sweet potatoes.
- October 19, 2011 at 8:49 AM
- Claire said...
Um YES! I don't always like pureed soup, but when I saw the bacon and gorgonzola on top at the end, I was sold. Can't wait to try this!
Confession: I've been making my way through the soups YOU make, so I don't have any links to share :) - October 19, 2011 at 2:31 PM
creamy roasted garlic and artichoke soup is my favorite! broil or bake, add your favorite seasonings, a little heavy cream and veggie stock. yum yum yummmm
- October 20, 2011 at 8:43 PM
- Kimmie said...
Sheena I love your recipes, love that you are a mom after my own heart that doesn't want things to go to waste, that wants to feed her family healthy and nourishing meals.
You truly inspire all of us and what a JOY it is to visit your blog every week.
We are very much a SOUP loving family! Soup is definitely a "Comfort food" at our home. Here is a link to all of my soup recipes: http://pinkcookieswithsprinkles.blogspot.com/search/label/soups
I'm not sure if any of them will interest you, but hopefully something will be of worth to you there. I think you will really enjoy my post on "Grateful for Whatchagot Soup". - October 21, 2011 at 2:31 PM
- Mary said...
I am also a soupaholic. I love your idea about a breakfast soup and I will let you know if I come up with anything. Such a great challenge. Maybe something that starts with corn and sausage? Topper of maple syrup and walnuts? I will get on it, for certain.
Thank you for the butternut/sweet potato recipe. Sounds wonderful. - September 5, 2013 at 4:38 PM
- ARMAN MALIK said...
Very cool and quite beautiful looks awesome!
- March 26, 2019 at 4:02 AM


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Manoj Nelliyattu Shyamalan
Manoj Nelliyattu Shyamalan (born 6 August 1970), known professionally as M. Night Shyamalan, is an Indian-born American film director, screenwriter, and producer known for making movies with contemporary supernatural plots that climax with a twist ending. He is also known for filming his movies (and staging his plots) in and around Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, where he was raised. Shyamalan released his first film, Praying with Anger, in 1992 while he was a New York University student. His second movie, the major feature film Wide Awake, made in 1995 but not released until three years later, did not succeed financially. Shyamalan gained international recognition when he wrote and directed 1999's The Sixth Sense, which was a commercial success and nominated for six Academy Awards, including: Best Picture, Best Director and Best Original Screenplay. He followed The Sixth Sense by writing and directing Unbreakable, released in 2000, which received positive reviews. His 2002 film Signs, where he also played Ray Reddy, gained both critical and financial success. His next movie The Village (2004) received mixed reviews from the critics, but turned out to be a financial success. His later fantasy film Lady in the Water (2006) performed worse critically and financially. The film The Happening (2008) was a financial success but also received negative reviews. The Last Airbender (2010) received extremely negative reviews in the United States and won 5 Razzie Awards, but has gone on to make nearly $320 million internationally at the box office. His latest film, Devil (2010), which he produced and wrote the story for, but did not direct, was not screened by critics before its release but eventually received mixed reviews. Devil was not a blockbuster hit but has become a commercial success relative to its low budget and was named as one of the top 5 horror films of 2010 by ShockTillYouDrop.com.


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This week brought fantastic news for victims of telephone fraud as regulator PhonepayPlus confronted huge offender RS Premium with a whopping great fine and a ban on operating premium rate numbers.
The scam, a relatively unoriginal 'call-us-back-and-we'll-keep-you-on-rather-pricy-hold' manoeuvre, targeted househunters and jobseekers – indeed, the vulnerability of the victims was part of the reason that PhonepayPlus came down so hard upon the perpetrators. Adverts and emails containing details of non-existent vacancies or properties lured eager and unsuspecting individuals into calling these 070 numbers back and waiting patiently on premium-rate hold whilst their phone bills rocketed into hyperspace.
It's hard to track down exactly which calls are part of a certain scam as so many different numbers are used by the 'artists' to carry out their schemes and help them blend into a haze of anonymity. However, there are plenty of you reporting remarkably similar-sounding scams on tellows, all with scores of 7 or above. Have a gander…
'Amy Pearce' has been tirelessly sending emails offering jobs at the fictitious 'SB Millers' and may ask you to call back on 07030808243. Hannahayleigh wasn't going to be caught out in a hurry:
Received a message saying I'd got through some kind of recruitment screening process and offering me a job. Deleted it straight away as I haven't been on the job market for several years! Googled the agency and surprise surprise, it seems to be a fake. These people are a waste of space.
User GiGi also had her wits about her when asked to call 07030808244 back:
I got an email from this person, recruiting me for her company. I called them against my better judgement and was kept waiting on the phone for at least 7 minutes. If nothing else, that's simply rude and I also realised that I had to pay for every minute…In the end they didn't have any jobs to offer. I examined the email more closely and discovered that it didn't look really professional, like with a signature and everything.
…and 'Scammer finder' simply cuts to the chase with some stern words of warning:
07030808245 and 07030808246 (are you spotting a trend here) are also used by the infamous 'Miss Pearce'.
Similar scams frequently pop up on tellows and seem to be an ongoing problem; see this example, 07053500874, reported by Jskr late in 2012:
Received email from Tony Render offering interview with the department manager, Edie Wilson and told to contact this number. Checked on line to find it is a cost scam resulting in large bills. Do not reply!
070 numbers have been in question for a long while, as their closeness in appearance to mobile numbers renders them prime fraud-fodder and they unfortunately seem to proliferate on Gumtree; see this warning about 07053528945 from user, er, 'Warning':
its a rent SCAM to get you to call premium numbers. you call a normal mobile no and he tells you to call his girlfriend, then says you got the number wrong, bla bla bla. SCAM
RS Premium were charged ₤120,000 for their misconduct and it seems that Ofcom may be reevaluating their decision re: 070 numbers.
Phone owners: 1, Scammers: 0. There is hope, boys and girls.
Unfortunately, the wonderfully useful website Gumtree does seem to attract the occasional scammer amongst the bona fide individuals and organisations that advertise there. Just keep your eyes open for 070 numbers and try not to give personal details away until you've established a reasonable level of trust. The website itself offers some solid advice about how to protect yourself against potential fraudsters.
Keep reporting any dodgy dealings on tellows and do your fellow users a favour!
Stay savvy,
Your tellows team


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Corrected: The original version of this story incorrectly identified Professor Ilya Somin of George Mason University as a conservative. He considers himself a libertarian.
Legal analysts say that part of the U.S. Supreme Court decision on the federal health-care law will encourage states to challenge education laws and other federal aid programs and legislation passed under Congress' spending power, a pivotal aspect of the historic ruling.
The justices ruled 5-4 to uphold a key provision of the Affordable Care Act—the requirement that individuals purchase a health-insurance policy with at least a minimum level of coverage—as a valid exercise under Congress' taxing power. But the court effectively ruled 7-2 that the states could not be threatened with the loss of their existing Medicaid funding if they refused to participate in the law's expansion of the federal health-care program for the poor.
That portion of the June 28 decision in National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius (Case No. 11-393) could open the door to lawsuits over the spending strings attached to federal programs—or even the conditions for securing federal waivers under the No Child Left Behind Act, some commentators say.
"I think it's a very big deal," said Samuel R. Bagenstos, a law professor at the University of Michigan, in Ann Arbor, who helped write a friend-of-the-court brief in support of President Barack Obama's administration and the Medicaid expansion. "The result of this decision will be that states will file a lot of challenges to the constitutionality of federal spending statutes and conditions. There will be a lot of litigation in the courts."
In fact, in debating the scope of congressional spending authority in this area, the justices on both sides of the divided Supreme Court illustrated their positions with references to federal education laws such as the Elementary and Secondary Education Act. The NCLB law is its latest iteration.
'Pressure' or 'Compulsion'?
In his main opinion in the health-care case, Chief Justice John G. Roberts Jr. said Congress had put "a gun to the head" of the states with the Affordable Care Act to force them to add a much larger pool of the poor to the Medicaid rolls. Medicaid funding accounts for more than 20 percent of the average state's total budget, with federal funds covering anywhere from 50 percent to 83 percent of those costs, the chief justice noted.
"Congress may use its spending power to create incentives for states to act in accordance with federal policies," the chief justice said. "But when pressure turns into compulsion, the legislation runs contrary to our system of federalism."
While just a single case during the U.S. Supreme Court's 2011-12 directly involved a school—in that instance, a private, religious school—some of the most high-profile cases of the year, including those involving the Affordable Care Act and Arizona's immigration statute, had implications for public education, as did cases dealing with public-employee unions, juvenile justice, immunity from lawsuits, and other topics.
Hosanna-Tabor Evangelical Lutheran Church and School v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (Case No. 10-553)
The court ruled unanimously that the U.S. Constitution's religion clauses bar lawsuits against churches by their ministers. The justices said a Lutheran school teacher could not sue her church employer over alleged disability discrimination because she was effectively a minister of the church. But the decision left uncertainty about whether all teachers in religious schools were no longer protected by civil rights laws.
Knox v. Service Employees International Union (No. 10-1121)
The justices ruled 7-2 that public-sector unions, including teachers' unions, must provide an accounting notice to nonmembers when they assess extra dues for special expenses such as a ballot battle. And on a 5-4 vote, the court went on to hold that unions must get the "opt-in" consent of nonmembers to be charged such special fees, rather than making the employee take affirmative steps to opt out.
Arizona v. United States (No. 11-182)
The court ruled 5-3 in striking down three challenged provisions of Arizona's immigration law, saying they were pre-empted by federal law. But the court, by an 8-0 vote, upheld a measure that requires the police to determine the immigration status of someone they stop if they have reasonable suspicion that person is in the United States illegally. The decision was watched closely for clues on how courts will rule on other states' tough immigration measures, such as an Alabama law requiring school officials to determine the citizenship status of new students.
National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius (No. 11-39)
In the term's biggest case, the court ruled 5-4 to uphold the central provisions of the Affordable Care Act, but ruled 7-2 that the health-care law's expansion of the Medicaid program violates the Constitution by threatening the states with the loss of their exisiting Medicaid funding if they opt out of the expansion. Legal observers see this part of the ruling as having implications for other statutes adopted under Congress' spending-clause authority, such as the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 and Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972.
Miller v. Alabama (No. 10-9646)
The justices ruled 5-4 that states may not mandate life-without-parole prison sentences for anyone convicted of a murder committed when the offender was younger than 18. The ruling continues a trend that includes recent decisions barring the death penalty for juveniles in any crime and life without parole for juveniles who commit offenses other than homicides. In the new decision, which involved two 14-year-olds convicted in separate murders, the court said trial judges must have the opportunity to take into account the hallmarks of youth, including "immaturity, impetuosity, and failure to appreciate risks and consequences."
Filarsky v. Delia (No. 10-1018)
The court ruled unanimously that individuals working temporarily for local governments, such as private lawyers conducting investigations, are entitled to seek the same immunity from lawsuits enjoyed by government officers. The case was watched closely by groups for school districts and other municipal governments that said they must rely on outside lawyers to handle sensitive and complex matters and that a lack of immunity defenses would make it harder to enlist such help.
Federal Communications Commission v. Fox Television Stations Inc. (No. 10-1293)
The justices did not reach the First Amendment issues in this long-running case over FCC penalties on broadcasters for airing "fleeting expletives" or brief nudity at a time when children are in the TV audience. Instead, the court ruled 8-0 that the commission's standards as applied to several specific broadcasts were vague and violated the due precess rights of the broadcasters.
Match-E-Be-Nash-She-Wish Band of Pottawatomi Indians v. Patchak (No. 11-246)
The federal government was not immune to a lawsuit brought by a Michigan man challenging the acquisition of land to be put in trust for an American Indian tribe, the court ruled 8-1. The tribe built a successful casino on the land, which has been contributing to the coffers of local school districts and other state and locals that took an interest in the fact that the now-revived suit could lead to the closure of the casino.
Salazar v. Ramah Navajo Chapter (No. 11-551)
The court ruled 5-4 that the federal government must pay certain support costs in full when it contracts with American Indian tribes to provide services such as education and law enforcement that would otherwise be provided by the Bureau of Indian Affairs. The court said it was up to Congress to deal with a lack of sufficient funds to cover all the contracting arrangements mandated by a federal law.
Astrue v. Capato (No. 11-159)
The court upheld a federal definition of "child" that means children born through in vitro fertilization after the death of a parent are not guaranteed to receive Social Security survivors' benefits. The justices ruled unanimously that the Social Security Administration was entitled to deference for its interpretation of the relevant statute on benefits for a "natural child," which also includes adoptees.
SOURCE: Education Week
Justices Stephen G. Breyer and Elena Kagan joined the chief justice's opinion on those points, while Justices Antonin Scalia, Anthony M. Kennedy, Clarence Thomas, and Samuel A. Alito Jr. wrote an opinion that said the Medicaid expansion—along with the rest of the health-care law—was unconstitutional. (Thus, they helped make up a majority holding on the state coercion issue.)
Chief Justice Roberts said, though, that the law's Medicaid expansion could be saved by barring the federal government from withholding existing Medicaid funds from any state that fails to comply with the expansion. The government may condition new Medicaid funding on acceptance of the expansion.
Justices Split
Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg, in an opinion joined by Justice Sonia Sotomayor, went along with this saving effort but would have allowed the federal government to withhold existing Medicaid funds.
Congress' power to attach conditions to federal grants is based on the spending clause in Article I of the Constitution, which allows Congress to "provide for … the general welfare of the United States." The court's precedents, though, have long recognized certain limits on the attachment of any conditions to federal aid, including that they must be unambiguous so that the states know what they are getting into when they accept federal funds. The conditions must also be related to federal interests, and Congress may not cross the "point at which pressure turns into compulsion," as a 1937 decision put it.
In a joint minority opinion, Justices Scalia, Kennedy, Thomas, and Alito cite a dissent by Justice Kennedy in a 1999 decision that set rules for school district liability for peer sexual harassment under Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972, which bars sex discrimination in federally funded education programs.
"The spending-clause power, if wielded without concern for the federal balance, has the potential to obliterate distinctions between national and local spheres of interest and power by permitting the federal government to set policy in the most sensitive areas of traditional state concern," Justice Kennedy had written in the dissent in Davis v. Monroe County Board of Education.
A Hypothetical
Often, the federalism concerns of the court's conservatives have emerged in the context of the federal role in education. The joint opinion of the four conservatives reflects a hypothetical question raised by Justice Alito at the March oral arguments in the health-care case. The hypothetical suggests a federal deal that bears some resemblance to the Obama administration's Race to the Top program, which provides competitive grants to states that embrace certain education redesign priorities.
Suppose, the conservatives said, Congress offered states a grant equal to the state's entire annual spending on K-12 education. But the funding came with conditions "governing such things as school curriculum, the hiring and tenure of teachers, the drawing of school districts, the length and hours of the school day, the school calendar, a dress code for students, and rules for student discipline," the opinion said. The state could turn down the grant, the conservatives suggest, but its residents would still have to pay the same amount in federal taxes and pay state taxes to fund education without the federal aid.
"If the state gave in to the federal law, the state and its subdivisions would surrender their traditional authority in the field of education," say the conservatives, who found that idea troubling. With "a federal program that offers large grants," they said, the "states may, as a practical matter, be unable to refuse to participate."
Chief Justice Roberts didn't engage with the four other conservatives on that point, but Justice Ginsburg did. She questioned the idea that when spending legislation is first passed, or when states first join a federal program, "Congress must provide clear notice of conditions it might later impose."
She noted that in a 1985 decision, Bennett v. Kentucky Department of Education, the Supreme Court upheld the U.S. secretary of education's efforts to recapture Title I funds after Kentucky in 1974 violated a spending condition that Congress added in 1970 to the Elementary and Secondary Education Act, which was first adopted in 1965.
"We held that the commonwealth suffered no surprise after accepting the federal funds," Justice Ginsburg said, and thus Kentucky was obliged to return the money.
Court precedents demand "that conditions on federal funds be unambiguously clear at the time a state receives and uses the money—not at the time, perhaps years earlier, when Congress passed the law establishing the program," she said.
Justice Ginsburg predicted that the Medicaid decision will bring a raft of new spending-clause challenges, and she wondered how "litigants and judges will assess whether a state has a legitimate choice whether to accept the federal conditions in exchange for federal funds."
Medicaid's Spending Footprint
Justices Scalia, Kennedy, Thomas, and Alito said there could be no doubt that the Medicaid expansion was coercive. Medicaid is by far the largest federal program of aid to the states (with the federal contribution covering nearly two-thirds of total Medicaid spending), they said, followed by federal aid for elementary and secondary education, which they said amounts to 12.8 percent of total federal outlays to the states.
"The offer that the [health-care law] makes to the states—go along with a dramatic expansion of Medicaid or potentially lose all federal Medicaid funding—is quite unlike anything that we have seen in a prior spending-power case," the four justices said.
Neal Katyal, a Washington lawyer who defended the health-care law in the lower courts as acting U.S. solicitor general until last year, said he agreed with Justice Ginsburg that challenges to other federal laws were likely.
"This opens up a whole new avenue of litigation that until now had just been a theoretical possibility," Mr. Katyal said.
Ilya Somin, an associate professor of law at George Mason University in Fairfax, Va., said it was significant that, "for the first time in 75 years, the court has struck down part of a statute based on the fact that it exceeds Congress' powers under the spending clause."
But the opinion leaves many questions, said Mr. Somin, a libertarian who filed a brief in opposition to the law. "How much money is necessary before it becomes coercive?" he said. "And how can we tell when a program is a new one? That is precisely what the opinion does not tell us. And Roberts says he is not drawing a bright line."
Issues Remain
Mr. Bagenstos of the University of Michigan noted that some federal education laws, such as the ESEA, have relatively frequent reauthorizations and revisions, leading to uncertainty about when conditions are first imposed. And other federal laws that come with conditions on the states, such as Title IX, are not grant programs per se but anti-discrimination statutes.
"The rules aren't tied to any particular funds" under such statutes, he said.
Mr. Bagenstos does not believe that the state challenges ultimately will be successful. But the Medicaid ruling could alter the dynamics of state-federal relations over such things as federal waivers for the No Child Left Behind Act, he said.
"A state could say, 'Look, if our waiver gets denied, we're going to court,' " Mr. Bagenstos said.
"Do I think these arguments are going to be successful in the courts? Ultimately, no," he added. "But these are arguments that are going to take a while to work their way through the courts."


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« History of Medicine | Medicine and Canon Law | Bartholomew Medina » |
Medicine and Canon Law
Medicine and Canon Law
In the early centuries the practice of medicine by clerics, whether secular or regular, was not treated with disapproval by the Church, nor was it at all uncommon for them to devote a considerable part of their time to the medical avocation. Abuses, however, arose, and in the twelfth century ecclesiastical canons were framed which became more and more adverse to clerics practising the art of medicine. The "Corpus Juris Canonici" contains a decree prohibiting secular clerics and regulars from attending public lectures at the universities in medicine and law (cap. Nam magnopere, 3, Ne clerici aut monachi). The reason adduced is, lest through such sciences, spiritual men be again plunged into world cares. They were not hereby forbidden to make private studies in medicine or to teach it publicly. The Council of Tours (1163), in issuing a similar prohibition, had especially in view monks who left their cloisters under pretext of attending university lectures, and in this were imitated by secular priests, who thus violated their obligations of residence. This law was extended by Honorius III to all clerics having ecclesiastical dignities. It is not binding, consequently, on the lower clergy, or on those clerics who pursue the sciences only as private studies. The penalty imposed for violation was excommunication ipso facto.
As to the practice of medicine by clerics, the Fourth Council of the Lateran (1215) forbade its employment when cutting or burning was involved. In the decree (c. Sententiam 9, Ne cler. vel mon.), it is said: "Let no subdeacon, deacon or priest exercise any art of medicine which involves cutting or burning". This was especially prohibited to regulars (cap. tua nos, 19, De Homicid.), and they are also forbidden to exercise the science of medicine in any form (c. Ad aures, 7, de aet. et qual.). This general prohibition is extended to all clerics, inasmuch as the art of medicine is of its nature secular and, moreover, involves the danger of incurring an irregularity (c. 9, X, V, 12). Canonists, however, generally hold that in case of necessity and where danger to life is not involved, clerics can practise medicine through pity and charity towards the poor, in default of ordinary practitioners. The Sacred Congregations have on several occasions granted permission to priests to make and distribute medical confections, and allowed priests who had formerly been physicians to practise the art, but with the clause "gratis and through love of God towards all and on account of the absence of other physicians". A clause is likewise sometimes added that they may accept recompense if spontaneously offered, but never from the poor. In cases where a cleric had formerly been a physician, he may not practise medicine except through necessity, without obtaining a papal indult, which is generally not granted except for an impelling cause (Bened. XIV, "De Syn. Dioec.", I. 13, c. 10). This has been frequently insisted on in decrees of the Sacred Congregation of the Council. The regulations of some dioceses (e.g. Brixen, 1857) explicitly mention that homoeopathy likewise falls under the prohibition of exercising the medical art. Priests are reminded that it is preferable to study theology and become expert physicians of souls rather than to cure bodies, which is a secular profession. The main reason why clerics should not practice medicine arises form the danger of incurring the irregularity which is caused by accidental homicide or mutilation. Even accidental homicide induces irregularity if the perpetrator be at fault. The decretals give certain rules to determine whether such action is culpable. Thus, if a person in the performance of a licit act does not employ proper diligence and as a consequence the death or mutilation of the patient ensues, he becomes irregular if he could have foreseen the gravity of his act and if his want of diligence was gravely culpable. Again, if a person performs an illicit act from which the death of another follows, he becomes irregular even though he employed all diligence in averting a fatal result, provided there was a natural connection between the illicit act and the danger of death, so that the act was both illicit and imputable. It is to be noted that, according to this first rule, all physicians and surgeons contact irregularity for possible future sacred orders if any of their patients die through want of proper diligence or of due study of the art of medicine on the part of the physician. Hence, Benedict XIV (De Syn. Dioec., I. 13, c. 10) declares that in general when physicians wish to enter the clerical state, a dispensation should be obtained ad cautelam, as they can never certainly know that they have always used all the means prescribed by medical science in behalf of those patients who died under their treatment. According to the second decretal rule, all are irregular who practise medicine or surgery rashly, through want of proper knowledge and experience, if they thus cause the death of another. Particularly as regards clerics, this irregularity is declared to be incurred by regulars who have received tonsure and by seculars in sacred orders who practise medicine in a forbidden manner, with burning and cutting, and thereby bring about a fatal result. Irregularity is also contracted by mutilation, which consists in the severing of any principal member of the body, that is, one having a distinct and peculiar function. Even those who mutilate themselves, even it if be done through indiscreet zeal, incur canonical irregularity. As regards physicians and surgeons who are not clerics, they incur no irregularity for counselling or performing mutilation, because the canonical "defect of mildness" (see IRREGULARITY) does not apply to them. Should they afterwards wish to receive sacred orders, they should be dispensed ad cautelam.
The ecclesiatical canons contain many and various prescriptions concerning lay physicians, which are enumerated at length by Ferraris (op. cit. infra). Thus physicians are warned that they must endeavour to persuade their patients to make sacramental confession of their sins (cap. Cum Infirmitas, 13, depoenit.). St. Pius V decreed that no physician should receive the doctorate unless he took oath not to visit a sick person longer than three days without calling a confessor, unless there was some reasonable excuse. If he violated this oath, he fell under excommunication. Canonist and moralists (among them St. Alphonsus Liguori), however, declare that this is not binding in places where it never became an established usage. They also teach that even where it had been received, it applied only to cases of mortal sickness, or where there was danger that it might become mortal and that it sufficed for the physician to give this warning by means of a third party. The canons also declare that when a physician is paid by the public community, he is bound to treat ecclesiastics gratis, though the bishop may allow them to make voluntary contributions. Likewise, the precept of charity binds medical practitioners to give their services to the poor free of charge. Physicians who prescribe remedies involving infractions of the Decalogue, are themselves guilty of grave sin. This is also the case if they experiment on a sick person with unknown medicines, unless all hope has been given up and there is at least a possibility of doing them good. Physicians are to be reminded that they have no dispensing power concerning the fast and abstinence prescribed by the Church. They may however give their prudent judgment as to whether a sick person, owing to grave danger or inconvenience to his health, is obliged by the ecclesiastical precept. They are warned that, if they declare unnecessarily that a person is not obliged to fast, they themselves commit grave sin. They also sin mortally if the attempt, without being forced bynecessity, to cure a serious illness, when they are aware that through their own culpable ignorance or inexperience, they may be the cause of grave harm to the patient. Physicians who are assigned to the care of convents of nuns should be not less than fifty years of age, and younger practitioners are not to be employed unless those of the prescribed age are not obtainable. When they have the ordinary care of nuns, they are to have general license to enter the cloister, even at night in cases of great urgency. They are not, however, to be alone with the patient. Physicians who are not ordinary require special faculties to enter the cloister.
Regulars living in missionary countries have the privilege, especially by the Bull of Clement XII, "Cum Sicut", of practising medicine. To make use of this privilege, however, they must be skilled in the art of medicine and prescribe their remedies gratuitously. They must also abstain from cutting and burning (citra sectionem et adustionem). It is required, however, that regular missionaries abstain from medical practice where there is a sufficient number of proper physicians. Regulars who according to their institute have care of hospitals may not exercise the art of medicine outside of their own institutions. Indults for clerics to engage in medical practice are not ordinarily conceded until the bishop's testimony concerning the medical skill of the applicant and the want of lay practitioners has been considered. The religious superior of the regular in question must also add his testimonial concerning the moral qualities of the candidate. An indult to practice surgery is much more difficult to obtain than one for practising medicine, and it is granted only when there is no other local surgeon.
AICHNER, Compendium Juris Ecclesiastici (Brixen, 1895); FERRARIS, Bibliothcca Canonica (Rome, 1889), s. v. Clericus and Medicus.
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Continental Congress, October 25, 1774
To the Kings Most Excellent Majesty. Most Gracious Sovereign,
We your majestys faithful subjects of the colonies of Newhampshire, Massachusetts-bay, Rhode-island and Providence Plantations, Connecticut, New-York, New-Jersey, Pennsylvania, the counties of New-Castle Kent and Sussex on Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, and South Carolina, in behalf of ourselves and the inhabitants of these colonies who have deputed us to represent them in General Congress, by this our humble petition, beg leave to lay our grievances before the throne.
A standing army has been kept in these colonies, ever since the conclusion of the late war, without the consent of our assemblies; and this army with a considerable naval armament has been employed to enforce the collection of taxes.
The Authority of the commander in chief, and, under him, of the brigadiers general has in time of peace, been rendered supreme in all the civil governments in America.
The commander in chief of all your majesty's forces in North-America has, in time of peace, been appointed governor of a colony.
The charges of usual offices have been greatly increased; and, new, expensive and oppressive offices have been multiplied.
The judges of admiralty and vice-admiralty courts are empowered to receive their salaries and fees from the effects condemned by themselves. The officers of the customs are empowered to break open and enter houses without the authority of any civil magistrate founded on legal information.
The judges of courts of common law have been made entirely dependent on one part of the legislature for their salaries, as well as for the duration of their commissions.
Councellors holding their commissions, during pleasure, exercise legislative authority.
Humble and reasonable petitions from the representatives of the people have been fruitless.
The agents of the people have been discountenanced and governors have been instructed to prevent the payment of their salaries.
Assemblies have been repeatedly and injuriously dissolved.
Commerce has been burthened with many useless and oppressive restrictions.
By several acts of parliament made in the fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth years of your majesty's reign, duties are imposed on us, for the purpose of raising a revenue, and the powers of admiralty and vice-admiralty courts are extended beyond their ancient limits, whereby our property is taken from us without our consent, the trial by jury in many civil cases is abolished, enormous forfeitures are incurred for slight offences, vexatious informers are exempted from paying damages, to which they are justly liable, and oppressive security is required from owners before they are allowed to defend their right.
Both houses of parliament have resolved that colonists may be tried in England, for offences alleged to have been committed in America, by virtue of a statute passed in the thirty fifth year of Henry the eighth; and in consequence thereof, attempts have been made to enforce that statute. A statute was passed in the twelfth year of your majesty's reign, directing, that persons charged with committing any offence therein described, in any place out of the realm, may be indicted and tried for the same, in any shire or county within the realm, whereby inhabitants of these colonies may, in sundry cases by that statute made capital, be deprived of a trial by their peers of the vicinage.
In the last sessions of the parliament, an act was passed for blocking up the harbour of Boston; another, empowering the governor of the Massachussets-bay to send persons indicted for murder in that province to another colony or even to Great Britain for trial whereby such offenders may escape legal punishment; a third, for altering the chartered constitution of government in that province; and a fourth for extending the limits of Quebec, abolishing the English and restoring the French laws, whereby great numbers of British freemen are subjected to the latter, and establishing an absolute government and the Roman Catholick religion throughout those vast regions, that border on the westerly and northerly boundaries of the free protestant English settlements; and a fifth for the better providing suitable quarters for officers and soldiers in his majesty's service in North-America.
To a sovereign, who "glories in the name of Briton" the bare recital of these acts must we presume, justify the loyal subjects, who fly to the foot of his throne and implore his clemency for protection against them.
From this destructive system of colony administration adopted since the conclusion of the last war, have flowed those distresses, dangers, fears and jealousies, that overwhelm your majesty's dutiful colonists with affliction; and we defy our most subtle and inveterate enemies, to trace the unhappy differences between Great-Britain and these colonies, from an earlier period or from other causes than we have assigned. Had they proceeded on our part from a restless levity of temper, unjust impulses of ambition, or artful suggestions of seditious persons, we should merit the opprobrious terms frequently bestowed upon us, by those we revere. But so far from promoting innovations, we have only opposed them; and can be charged with no offence, unless it be one, to receive injuries and be sensible of them.
Had our creator been pleased to give us existence in a land of slavery, the sense of our condition might have been mitigated by ignorance and habit. But thanks be to his adoreable goodness, we were born the heirs of freedom, and ever enjoyed our right under the auspices of your royal ancestors, whose family was seated on the British throne, to rescue and secure a pious and gallant nation from the popery and despotism of a superstitious and inexorable tyrant. Your majesty, we are confident, justly rejoices, that your title to the crown is thus founded on the title of your people to liberty; and therefore we doubt not, but your royal wisdom must approve the sensibility, that teaches your subjects anxiously to guard the blessings, they received from divine providence, and thereby to prove the performance of that compact, which elevated the illustrious house of Brunswick to the imperial dignity it now possesses.
The apprehension of being degraded into a state of servitude from the pre-eminent rank of English free-men, while our minds retain the strongest love of liberty, and clearly foresee the miseries preparing for us and our posterity, excites emotions in our breasts, which though we cannot describe, we should not wish to conceal. Feeling as men, and thinking as subjects, in the manner we do, silence would be disloyalty. By giving this faithful information, we do all in our power, to promote the great objects of your royal cares, the tranquility of your government, and the welfare of your people.
Duty to your majesty and regard for the preservation of ourselves and our posterity, the primary obligations of nature and society command us to entreat your royal attention; and as your majesty enjoys the signal distinction of reigning over freemen, we apprehend the language of freemen can not be displeasing. Your royal indignation, we hope, will rather fall on those designing and dangerous men, who daringly interposing themselves between your royal person and your faithful subjects, and for several years past incessantly employed to dissolve the bonds of society, by abusing your majesty's authority, misrepresenting your American subjects and prosecuting the most desperate and irritating projects of oppression, have at length compelled us, by the force of accumulated injuries too severe to be any longer tolerable, to disturb your majesty's repose by our complaints.
These sentiments are extorted from hearts, that much more willingly would bleed in your majesty's service. Yet so greatly have we been misrepresented, that a necessity has been alledged of taking our property from us without our consent "to defray the charge of the administration of justice, the support of civil government, and the defence protection and security of the colonies." But we beg leave to assure your majesty, that such provision has been and will be made for defraying the two first articles, as has been and shall be judged, by the legislatures of the several colonies, just and suitable to their respective circumstances: And for the defence protection and security of the colonies, their militias, if properly regulated, as they earnestly desire may immediately be done, would be fully sufficient, at least in times of peace; and in case of war, your faithful colonists will be ready and willing, as they ever have been when constitutionally required, to demonstrate their loyalty to your majesty, by exerting their most strenuous efforts in granting supplies and raising forces. Yielding to no British subjects, in affectionate attachment to your majesty's person, family and government, we too dearly prize the privilege of expressing that attachment by those proofs, that are honourable to the prince who receives them, and to the people who give them, ever to resign it to any body of men upon earth.
Had we been permitted to enjoy in quiet the inheritance left us by our forefathers, we should at this time have been peaceably, cheerfully and usefully employed in recommending ourselves by every testimony of devotion to your majesty, and of veneration to the state, from which we derive our origin. But though now exposed to unexpected and unnatural scenes of distress by a contention with that nation, in whose parental guidance on all important affairs we have hitherto with filial reverence constantly trusted, and therefore can derive no instruction in our present unhappy and perplexing circumstances from any former experience, yet we doubt not, the purity of our intention and the integrity of our conduct will justify us at the grand tribunal, before which all mankind must submit to judgment.
We ask but for peace, liberty, and safety. We wish not a diminution of the prerogative, nor do we solicit the grant of any new right in our favour. Your royal authority over us and our connexion with Great-Britain, we shall always carefully and zealously endeavor to support and maintain.
Filled with sentiments of duty to your majesty, and of affection to our parent state, deeply impressed by our education and strongly confirmed by our reason, and anxious to evince the sincerity of these dispositions, we present this petition only to obtain redress of grievances and relief from fears and jealousies occasioned by the system of statutes and regulations adopted since the close of the late war, for raising a revenue in America--extending the powers of courts of admiralty and vice-admiralty--trying persons in Great Britain for offences alledged to be committed in America--affecting the province of Massachusetts-bay, and altering the government and extending the limits of Quebec; by the abolition of which system, the harmony between Great-Britain and these colonies so necessary to the happiness of both and so ardently desired by the latter, and the usual intercourses will be immediately restored. In the magnanimity and justice of your majesty and parliament we confide, for a redress of our other grievances, trusting, that when the causes of our apprehensions are removed, our future conduct will prove us not unworthy of the regard, we have been accustomed, in our happier days, to enjoy. For appealing to that being who searches thoroughly the hearts of his creatures, we solemnly profess, that our councils have been influenced by no other motive, than a dread of impending destruction.
Permit us then, most gracious sovereign, in the name of all your faithful people in America, with the utmost humility to implore you, for the honour of Almighty God, whose pure religion our enemies are undermining; for your glory, which can be advanced only by rendering your subjects happy and keeping them united; for the interests of your family depending on an adherence to the principles that enthroned it; for the safety and welfare of your kingdoms and dominions threatened with almost unavoidable dangers and distresses; that your majesty, as the loving father of your whole people, connected by the same bands of law, loyalty, faith and blood, though dwelling in various countries, will not suffer the transcendant relation formed by these ties to be farther violated, in uncertain expectation of effects, that, if attained, never can compensate for the calamities, through which they must be gained.
We therefore most earnestly beseech your majesty, that your royal authority and interposition may be used for our relief; and that a gracious answer may be given to this petition.
That your majesty may enjoy every felicity through a long and glorious reign over loyal and happy subjects, and that your descendants may inherit your prosperity and dominions 'til time shall be no more, is and always will be our sincere and fervent prayer.


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- Dustin Braudway, Bluewater Surfaces, Wilmington, NC
- Buddy Ontra, Ontra Stone Concepts, Bridgeport, CT
- Tony Malisani, Malisani, Inc.,Great Falls, MT
- Jon Lancto, Surface Products, Cornelius, NC (moderator)
How do you schedule your installations?
Braudway: Our jobs usually get scheduled at the time it is templated. That's the first question that the client asks, "When will you be installing?"
Ontra: We have a white board hanging in our office, and it has all of our schedules. I try to adhere to it as closely as possible. We say a job is "typically" installed in two weeks or less, so we are covered when something gets pushed back.
People have been spoiled over the past few years. Since there is less workload, jobs are scheduled in less time.
Our priorities are: number one, safety; number two, accuracy; and number three, speed.
Malisani:We don't take any jobsite information until we have the material. From there, we say it is templating plus two weeks, and the customer pays extra if they want it earlier.
Lancto:We use Moraware for our scheduling. Our shop process is "synchronous flow," and we want to go from template to install in seven days. We plan our capacity so that we can achieve this. That's when the cash register rings, upon installation.
Also, our salespeople should not be ordering material. If they are ordering material, then they're not selling.
Malisani:On that note, it is important to remember that colors run in groups, so maybe you're not ordering two slabs, but an entire bundle.
How do you establish customer expectations?
Braudway:I recently did a large job in Caesarstone. The customer wasn't sure if she wanted marble or Caesarstone, but everything in her house was absolutely clean and perfect. After seeing that, I told her that Caesarstone was the material for her. Marble would patina, and it wouldn't be "perfect." I try to guide them to make the right choice.
Ontra: My customers look at me as the expert. I work with them on seam placement, and I explain the aesthetic and technical benefits of where they could go. Ultimately, I give them the information, and I let them decide.
Malisani:It is important that things are written down. We have literature that we give the customer at the point of sale. It is a sheet that states any issues that might come up. The more clear you are up front, the easier it is to deal with the customer.
You also need to get a feel for your customers. You need to know how they may react to certain things, so you can consider giving them options.
Ontra:Some customers will say, "What do you think?" This is ideal.
Lancto:We had a customer who picked what he thought was quartzite, but it actually was a marble. He said that he would want his money back if it etched, so we told him we would not cut the job, and he did an about face. You have to be brutally honest, even if it means walking away from a job.
Malisani: Sometimes the best job is the one you don't get.
You have to educate yourself as well. Three years ago, using marble in a kitchen wasn't a topic. Now you need to attend education sessions on it. There is a phrase, "Everyone is ignorant, except on different topics."
Braudway:We grew up in the business with marble and soapstone; it wasn't until the 1990s that granite came into the picture. There are plenty of resources out there for you to learn — the Marble Institute of America, the Stone Fabricators Alliance.
Malisani:Another point on customers, your installers are the last point of contact with the installer. They need to stick around after the install and answer questions, and they need to leave our contact information. You don't want them staying around all day, but there should be a checklist for them to go through.
Lancto: Another tool that we use is Slabsmith, where we take a photo of the slab, and it shows how the pieces will be laid out. People are willing to pay to not to be surprised once the installation is done.
What about dyed stone or resin-treated slabs? Are you seeing more of this?
Braudway:We are absolutely seeing more resin-treated slabs than 10 years ago.
Ontra:We are also seeing that, and it is something to learn from. When you are working with resined Crema Bordeaux, it can be a lot tougher to work with. You can't turn around and charge the customer more money, but you can remember it for the next time you're quoting that material.
What kind of instructions do you provide for your customers on how the jobsite needs to be prepared — removal of dishes and things like that?
Braudway:We absolutely require that. I expect the site to be prepared for installation. You don't want to be moving stuff around, and it is also a liability issue.
Ontra:I am not comfortable going through the cabinets of my customers. I let them know that the pots, pans, etc. need to be moved. We might move the microwave or other heavy items, but they need to move their own personal stuff.
I once did a job for my own orthopedic surgeon, and we removed the wine rack from the counter — breaking the wine glasses that he brought back from Austria in the process. We learn from our mistakes.
Malisani:If there are extra things to do at a site, then we charge the customer. Although if it is a safety issue, we might not charge. For example, if it just snowed, and they didn't have a chance to shovel, we would rather do that and clear the walkway at no charge, because there is a safety issue there.
Lancto: There are three opportunities to educate the customer on how the site needs to be prepared. One is your Web site. The second is when the templater comes to measure, and the third is in the contract documents. You need to include disclaimers or the jobsite requirements, potential damage during tear-out, etc.
Do you allow the homeowner to leave the premises during the installation?
Braudway:There's a trust issue there. If they're the type of customer that will leave you in their home alone, then they're probably not the type that would have some sort of issue. Lowe's might never allow that, though.
Ontra:It is subjective. We are a small company; people are familiar with me and with the installer. We are rarely left in the house alone during the installation or templating, but if we are left alone, there is a level of trust. One strict rule we have is, "No wandering around."
Malisani:That is the reality now. Most people cannot take the day off from work while their countertops are being installed. It is a sign of trust, and you need to have trained employees that can handle that.
Speaking of that, you need to set expectations for your employees as well. If they don't know your expectations, then you need to do some training or do some hiring. In general, I have found that employees want more money, so consequently, they need to do more.
Lancto:Another good idea might be to do background checks on your employees.
How do you protect the floors before countertop installation?
Ontra:We have 18-inch x 6-foot carpet runners with rubber bottoms. That way, the footing isn't compromised like it is with blankets that might move around.
Braudway: We make sure that we have pneumatic tires on all of our job carts.
Malisani: It's not just the hardwood floors that you have to worry about; it is ceramic tile as well. We find the best point of entrance, which is not necessarily the closest. That is something that the templater needs to do. We also distribute the weight with plywood when needed.
You need to be careful, but if a mistake is made, you also have to make it right.
Lancto: We had a job where we re-did the floors. All of our installation trucks have cardboard and runners, but the runner slid and scratched the newly installed hardwood floors. That's something you have to fix.
Are you sealing the countertops? How do you go about discussing sealing the countertops in the future?
Braudway:That's something we discuss at the point of sale. Not all stone needs to be sealed, and sometimes you have to "uneducate" the customer on what he learned from suppliers of alternative products.
For stone that needs to be sealed, we explain how simple it is. Basically, if you can spray a bottle of Windex®, then you can seal granite. It is more of a matter of knowing what needs to be sealed.
Ontra:Everyone has a different story about sealing, and it goes back to customer education. For us, everything is sealed in the shop on the benches, but we also do an application in the field so the customer sees it happening. I explained to them that some materials don't need it, but we do it anyway.
Malisani:We also seal everything. We do not seal on site because of exposure issues. We do provide our customers with a cleaning kit, and we sell sealer products after the sale.
Audience Member:We have a regular base of customers that pay us $250 once a year to come back and seal the counters that we installed.
Lancto:That is an excellent point. Sealing should be revenue generating. The sealers out there have come so far that if used correctly, you will never have a staining issue.
Are you installing countertops outdoors?
Braudway: There are a lot of materials that I would never use outside. I feel that outdoor applications need to be brushed stone or concrete.
Ontra:In the few outdoor kitchens that we have done, the failures are typically exotic materials. I know that the UV rays affect the resined materials. If someone asks about outdoor kitchens, we steer them to the classics and brushed materials. We like to keep it simple and earthy, with a salt-and-pepper pattern.
Malisani:We also do headstones, and that is basically the same color palette for outdoor kitchens, because they are proven for outside use.
Even some of the classic materials are resined, though, so we have a source that we know does not have resined slabs.
What adhesives are you using for different applications, like showers and outdoor work?
Ontra:In any wet application, we are using Portland cement. For the counters, we are using polyester or acrylic, but anything outdoors has a mortar mix.
Braudway: We are also using latex-modified mortars outdoors.
Malisani:If you are doing a slab shower, or any [vertical pieces] that are 2 x 2 feet or more, then they need to be mechanically anchored as per the MIA Dimensional Stone Manual.
The largest lawsuits you see are stairs and showers, so you must do your homework and make sure you are doing it right.
There are many sources for education. The MIA Countertop Installation Module provides guidelines for lippage and matching, and it sets a base level to work from.
Ontra: It is a great resource. That way, when a customer asks for a 16-inch overhang on an island with no corbels, you can show them that it isn't recommended. It is written down for them.
What about conflict resolution? How do you deal with unhappy customers?
Braudway:In general, I am passive. I look at the situation, and again, we try and educate the customer. But when you're dealing with that, you do your best to stay positive and focused.
Ontra:In eight years as an owner, I have refunded money only once. You want to correct the issue as opposed to giving money back. Sometimes taking $500 off is not the best thing to do, because your name is still on that job, and you might lose a referral. You need to correct the problem.
Malisani:We tend not to learn from our failures. You need to learn how and why mistakes happen.
Lancto: You need to quickly and creatively think of all options available to solve the problem. Don't get angry or emotional. You don't want to let it escalate to where people are going on to Angie's List and talking about you.
We track our call-backs, which are about 4%, and we know which trucks are having more issues than others.
Malisani:You also need to make sure that your trucks are equipped to deal with issues, and that they have color enhancers and supplies like that.


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- 160A Schneider Main Circuit Breaker
- Prime Power: 100kVA/ 80KW
- Voltage/ Ampere: 415V/ 139A
- 3 phase
- 50Hz/ 1500 RPM
- Dimensions: 290*115*168 cm
- Dry Weight: 1627kg
- Fuel Tank Capacity: 180L
- Fuel Consumption (at 100% load capacity): 22L/ hour
- Base fuel tank: 8 hours @100% load capacity
- Sockets: Not included, can be installed if required
Safety Features
- Oil Pressure Level
- Fuel Level
- Coolant Level
- Coolant Temperature Level
- Emergency Stop Switch
- Battery Isolator
- ATS (automatic transfer switch) receptacle
Optional Extras
- Automatic Transfer Switches- to be connected to the diesel generator and the switchboard which will allow for automatic switching from your mains power supply to your back up diesel generator supply when mains power fails.
- Service Kit- contains all parts needed for scheduled servicing. Please refer to our maintenance page for the maintenance schedule interval. Gogopower has service kit for 250 hours service or the whole package of 2000 hours service kit.
Be rest assured with Potise's Cummins Powered Diesel Generator during the warranty period. We offer Australia wide support on all our PowerLink diesel generators with service contractors nationwide.
- Prime application: 2000 hours or 12 months. Whichever comes first
- Standby application: 500 hours or 24 months. Whichever comes first.
We can ship direct to you Europe wide. Alternatively, it can be pick up from either our Leeds warehouse in Sherburn-in-Elmet, England.
Contact Us
It is the utmost importance to ensure you have selected the right diesel generator size for your requirement. If you have any questions or require any assistance, do contact us on 01977 681990 or email us at email@example.com
Package contain
- Generator
- Documentation, ie: certificate of authenticity, test report, operational manual and wiring diagram


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TGM G3 Full planetary gearbox set and WEG electric motor provide excellent results to the customer.
The equipment supplied by WEG, responsible for driving the 94" drying mill at Vale do Paraná sugar mill, a plant in the interior of São Paulo that belongs to the Pantaleon Group, reduced the final bagasse moisture from 54% to 47%, as well as obtaining important extraction gains. Already in the first year of operation, the plant's process and revenue results are notorious.
The planetary gearbox G3 Full TGM and the motor W60 line, 2500 HP, 4160 V, 8 poles supplied by WEG started to operate this harvest to activate the drying mill and allow it to work with greater efficiency, better humidity and extraction control, and even increased milling (diffuser). The experience of TGM, WEG Group company, as one of the largest manufacturers of sugar mill gearboxes in the world and the integration with WEG enabled one of the best drive configurations ever seen on the market.
The equipment technical specification favored important results in the plant operation, and its selection was made according to the strategy of reducing maintenance over time, better energy balance, increasing the plant overall efficiency and, obviously, better return on investment. In addition, the installation of a solution with high operational security made all the difference in the WEG equipment selection.
"The installation of the new system has considerably corrected the problems that we had with humidity control and exceeded 98% of extraction, in addition to provide a very stable and simple operation, resulting in an excellent reduction of maintenance in our unit, reducing the investment time", explained Vanderlei Florencio, industrial maintenance coordinator at the sugar mill where WEG equipment was installed.


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Bengaluru (Karnataka) [India], May 9: Jain (Deemed-to-be University) is the parent body for the School of Allied Healthcare and Sciences situated in Bangalore. They offer a number of top allied health science courses, including:
- Bachelor of Physiotherapy (BPT)
- Sc. Virology and Immunology
- Sc Cancer Biology
- Sc. Medical Imaging Technology
- Sc. Medical Lab Technology
- Sc. Anaesthesia and Operation Theatre Technology
- Sc Psychology
- Sc Cardiac Technology
- Sc Nuclear Medicine Technology
- Sc Food Nutrition and Dietetics
- Sc. Cancer Biology
- Sc Food Nutrition and Dietetics
- Sc. Clinical Psychology / Neuropsychology
- Master of Management Studies-Healthcare Management
- Sc. Medical Lab Technology
- Sc. Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Technologies
And many more..
Allied Health Sciences from Jain
SAHS is a branch of the Jain Group of Institutions which emphasises a productive culmination of theoretical knowledge as well as practical exposure. Their programmes include subject knowledge, research opportunities, and hands-on projects, along with several interesting electives to encourage the students in the learning process.
One of the top allied healthcare colleges in Bangalore, the School of Allied Health Sciences, provides the students with an environment to deep-dive in the healthcare industry. Jain (Deemed-to-be University), through SAHS, envisions imparting essential intellect and acquainting budding medical professionals to the ever-growing field of paramedical.
The programmes offered by the SAHS circle around uniqueness and precision. Their subject combinations best help the students specifically choose what they wish to study and then specialise in.
The students are mentored by experts while they explore their area of interest in the medical field while being trained for their future with much encouragement to continue research and development of the field.
Allied HealthCare Courses Offered
SAHS's top priority is to ensure that its students receive extraordinary opportunities to learn and practice. Therefore, it offers several varieties of programmes. Every curriculum is designed meticulously to suit the career paths each student dreams of.
For budding immunologists, they offer Bachelor's degree in Virology and Immunology course; for radiographers, there is Medical Imaging Technology; and for those who dream of managing the operations of the entire hospital, they offer Hospital Administration. To know all the intricacies of laboratory technology, students can select the BSc in Medical Lab Technology. Their BSc Anaesthesia and Operation Theatre Technology course trains the students to grow into successful anesthesiologists.
To enhance your skills, SAHS also offers Master's courses in Cancer Biology, Clinical Psychology, Neuropsychology, Healthcare Management, Medical Lab Technology, Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Technologies.
Several more Bachelor's programmes, along with a variety of specialisations, are suited to provide the necessary knowledge and skills for the profession chosen.
Placements at SAHS
With 20+ courses being offered to secure your future, Jain (Deemed-to-be University) offers excellent placement provisions. Aikya Fertility & Research Centre is one of the leading names in the industrial partners with Jain University; they give placement assistance. Students get placed in renowned and top hospitals in Bangalore, Karnataka. Clinics like Apollo, Aster, Oasis, Cloud Nine, Nova Fertility, Sparsh Hospital and many more. Timely workshops and training are provided to the students to ace their placements and get selected for healthcare institutions from all across the country.
About Jain (Deemed-to-be University)
Jain University is classified as one of the best universities in India, and they emphasise much-required skills like entrepreneurship, research, sports and primarily academics. With NAAC ranking them A++, they mould a student-centric curriculum. Their creative means and academic depth attract International Students to learn via the facilities provided by Jain.
As a leading college in Bangalore, Jain University engages its students intellectually along with practically, shaping them to succeed. Jain Group of Institutions strive to inspire innovative thinking and hands-on application of academics ranging from Sciences, Commerce to Humanities.
Reach out to their official website https://sahs.jainuniversity.ac.in for further details.
Contact: +91 9606978661
If you have any objection to this press release content, kindly contact pr.error.rectification[at]gmail.com to notify us. We will respond and rectify the situation in the next 24 hours.


text: Welcome students, teachers, and history buffs of all ages! Nebraska Studies puts the history of the state at your fingertips, from its very beginning to the 21st century. On this site you can meet the people and explore the events that have shaped this state, through archival photos, historic documents, personal letters, special video segments, informative maps, supplemental activities, pertinent lessons, and much more.


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G. K. Chesterton - PB 220 Pages
Edited and Published posthumously by Frank Sheed
In 1933 Hitler came into power. In 1936, G. K. Chesterton died. In between, Chesterton kept his eyes steadily on the Nazi movement, seeing and foreseeing everything—even to the agreement of Germany and Russia to divide Poland.
Week after week he came back to one aspect or another of the danger: Prussianism as a spirit poisoning Germany, Hitlerism as Prussianism, the special peril (unique in human history) that lies in racism, the Jewish roots of Hitlerism, the vital function of Poland, and the elements among ourselves that made for the increase of Hitler's power—especially the pacifism that made war inevitable. It is not too much to say that this inevitablility of war was the dominating theme of the last years of Chesterton's life. Certainly it was never far from his pen.
A great mass of his writing on the subject has here been sifted and arranged; and though the author had been dead for four years (now seventy-eight years) when this work was published, the book constitutes a most moving statement of what the war (WWII) is (and was) about. It is scarcely too much to say that he took it for granted as a simple fact of future history. That is to say he saw it not as possible, nor as probable, but as a thing already on the way and humanly speaking certain to arrive. He saw how it would arrive—Germany would attack Poland; he saw closer still, that Germany would do so in agreement with Russia.
Now when a man is as right as that in his forecasts, there is some reason to think he may be right in his premises. The importance of the premises and conclusions presented in this compilation of Chesterton's thought has not diminished in the seventy years since the war he foresaw. History teaches us many lessons. Let those who are able to read this book, do so, and thereby gather some wisdom against the coming storms of the 21st century.


text: Use of the Hawaiian LanguageThe ancient Hawaiians were great natural historians and stewards of their marine resources. Accordingly, many of the names, descriptions and terms used in Hawai'i are based on the Hawaiian language. This site endeavors to be accurate in its use of the Hawaiian language. Therefore, a short explanation of the Hawaiian language is in order to clarify spelling, grammar and pronunciation of Hawaiian words. This primer was prepared by Joylynn Oliveira a former Marine Science student at the University of Hawai'i at Hilo. Also see: Using sound on this website Ka Pďäpä Hawaii (The Hawaiian Alphabet) There are thirteen alphabets in the Hawaiian language. They are: A, E, I, O, U, H, K, L, M, N, P, W, Ka pďäpä Hawaii is not pronounced the same way as the English alphabet. Every letter has only one sound. For example, the letter a in the Hawaiian language has the sound as the letter a in the word "was". The following is the way Hawaiian letters should be pronounced. Ä (was), Ë (bet), Ď (me), Ö (go), Ü (moon), Hë (help), Kë (ketchup), Lä (locker), Mü (moo), Nü (new), Pď (people), Wë (vet), okina The okina or glottal stop is only found between two vowels. A break in speech is created between the sounds of the two vowels. The pronunciation of the okina is similar to saying "oh-oh". The okina is written as a backwards apostrophe. *Try saying the following words: The kahakö or macron is not found in ka pďäpä but is often used in the Hawaiian language. The kahakö is always found above a vowel. It stresses or elongates a vowel sound from one beat to two beats. The kahakö is written as a line above a vowel. *Try saying the following words: See Kualono -- website of the Hawaiian Language, for more information and Hawaiian fonts. |


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Our new classic B9 bracelet from Liquid Metal Collection is made of the finest 100% stainless steel and rose titanium finish. It is unlike any of our previous materials. The new Liquid Metal is stronger, lighter, more durable, and in terms of its strength and hypoallergenic qualities, it is superior to most precious metals. This is a brand-new breed of our famous ball chain mesh designs.
We are honored to present them to you.
• Smooth black SG jewelry box with an inner velvet lining.
• Authentic snap closure with SG logo.
• Available sizes: length 7 ½" x 1 1/8″ width, length 7″ x 1 1/8″ width, length 8″ x 1 1/8″ width. (Please refer to the size chart)
• Three sizes available.


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Cenex® fuels have been proven to go the extra mile in test after test… in tractor after tractor… and in truck after truck. Cenex® Ruby Fieldmaster® premium diesel fuel and Cenex Roadmaster XL® premium highway diesel fuel and, for example, provide a unique balance of seven additives — including an advanced injection stabilizer essential for preventing internal diesel injector deposits — to provide more power, better fuel economy and reduced maintenance costs compared with conventional diesel fuel.
Farmers using Cenex Ruby Fieldmaster have the option of enrolling their equipment in agriculture's best warranty. Ask us about the Cenex® Total Protection Plan® warranty, which covers new equipment for up to 10 years or 10,000 hours (up to 8 years or 8,000 hours on used equipment), with no deductible.
We're happy to assist you with bulk fuel delivery, fuel planning and tools for addressing uncertainty in fuel prices/markets.


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upon millions of custom screen printed t-shirts are made each year, but few suppliers
are devoted to them as much as we are.
You can choose from an outstanding selection of shirts when you make personalized
t-shirts and tank tops at
Shop4teams. Dedicated to bringing you
quality, Shop4teams helps you bring out your creativity and innovation. For more
than 30 years, we have aspired for a higher level of excellence, and we are
confident you will get just that that every time you slip on your new custom screen-printed
team t-shirt.
Shop4teams is your #1 source for short or long sleeve tees, tank tops, raglans,
or ringers. Each one is designed for
long wear and easy care. Our shirts feature the ultimate in personalized
comfort. Get moving in tees with roomy
fits or athletic cuts, and take advantage of moisture control materials. We
give you an incredible array of colors, sizes and styles. We have the latest shirts for maximum
mobility, and our sleeveless tees keep you cooler. Create personalized tanks
and tees for work and play.
can also pair your personalized youth t-shirts with custom shorts or pants. Make your own original
shirts to support your school, team, organization, event, or business. Or simply create a shirt that's just for your
club! Add your name, a team name, logo
and number to your team t-shirt. With endless design possibilities, you'll want
to make a shirt for all of your activities. Our t-shirt selection includes
amazing performance fabrics and ultra soft cottons. We work closely with you to make sure the
custom screenprinted t-shirts you receive are exactly the custom t-shirts you
envisioned. From every fine line in the lettering and logo to the type of
shirt, Shop4teams aims for pure perfection in every custom t-shirt we produce. We wouldn't have it any other way. At Shop4teams, we bring our A-game!


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100+ Pretty Tiny Tattoo Design For Woman
Small tattoo designs are great for a first tattoo if you are thinking of getting inked. Tattoos looks beautiful on any body part but it depends on what kind of tattoo designs it is and what meaning do they convey. Some tattoo spots seem to be best for small, simple inks: wrists, ribs, ankles, and, of course the back of neck.
There are kinds of small tattoo designs suits like simple quote tattoos, flower tattoos, Celtic designs, bird tattoos, music symbol tattoos, etc. Most of the girls always prefer to have cute and small tattoo designs. To give you some inspiration we have picked some small and simple tattoo ideas for you. You can check below tattoos designs to choose your favorite one.
Here is a collection of 100 Amazingly Tiny And Cute Tattoos Every Women Would Want. You're never too old for a little ink.


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The detailed guides to get the checkout process in {{config path="web/unsecure/base_url"}}
Add products to shopping cart
Customers visit store's home page to select the favourite items. Complete the required information of each product as the quality of product and then let add it to shopping cart for the checkout process.
In the shopping cart, it is flexible to edit or update other items.
Perform checkout process
Pass 6 steps to finish the Magento checkout process, now our we combine all steps into one, called One Step Checkout or One Page Checkout, see the following process:
Fill billing address
Customers as guests need to enter their billing address manually, differing from registered audiences, the billing information is auto-updated by their accounts.
Fill shipping address
Guests will enter the shipping address manually while signed-up customers use the address is updated in the address book from their personal account.
Choose shipping method
Enable the customers to select the relevant shipping method from a list of the given methods by store owner.
Choose payment method
There are payment methods applied for the customer's payment and then let choose one of which are offered. Depending on what the chosen method is in order to complete other requests of this transaction by the customers.
Review order
Within the checkout process, the customers will track their purchase and total paid for that in order to review section which is auto-updated instantly.
Place order
Before placing the order, Terms and Conditions might be read or not depending on admin's configuration.
Receive confirmation
After the order is placed, the success page appears while the customers will receive a confirmation email with details of their orders. Especially with the registered customers, the direct link to order information is already included.
Thanks for reading this guide.
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Lego 31026 Bike Shop & Café (CL001)
- Regular price
- Sale price
- Regular price
Free worldwide shipping
Secure payments
7 Days Free Return
Open a world of adventures with this exciting 3-in-1 Bike Shop & Café. Serve delicious muffins and espresso coffee to your customers at the cozy café. Then visit the neighboring bike shop, buy the cool red bike that's for sale, mount it on your car rack and head for the hills! Fold out the Bike Shop & Café for your very own main street, where you can add your own LEGO® creations! What kind of shop will you build next? You can also rebuild the set to create an auto repair shop or a flower shop. Includes 3 minifigures: 2 men and a woman.
- Includes 3 minifigures: 2 men and a woman
- Features 2 separate buildings: a bicycle shop and a café
- Bicycle shop features a loading ramp, removable red bicycle, tools, and first-floor apartment with kitchen area including a sink and stove, bed and access to a rooftop area with barbeque
- Café features outdoor seating, a bank ATM, money bill, cash register, 2 muffins, espresso machine with cups, cozy indoor seating area with curtains, stairs to first-floor apartment with chest of drawers, lamp and chair, and access to a rooftop area with a vegetable garden
- Also includes a car and buildable bird
- Take the cool red bike for a spin!
- Spend your day at the cozy café
- Load up the car and go for a drive
- Enjoy a relaxing rooftop barbeque
- 3-in-1 model: rebuilds into an auto repair shop or a flower shop
- Bike Shop & Café measures over 7" (19cm) high, 2" (6cm) deep and 17" (44cm) wide
- Auto repair shop measures over 5" (15cm) high, 2" (6cm) deep and 9" (25cm) wide
- Flower shop measures over 5" (15cm) high, 2" (6cm) deep and 9" (25cm) wide


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JA2011 - Battery Chargers
The focus of the activity part of Joint Actions 2011 was to detect if dangerous products are present on the European market and, if yes, to remove them, to develop best practices and to exchange experience by carrying out market surveillance on such products.
The following 8 Member States are participating in the Battery Chargers Activity: Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Malta, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Slovenia and Sweden. Luxembourg participated out of the financial scheme.
The participants sampled and sent for testing power supply units, battery chargers and USB chargers. The purpose of the testing was to identify dangerous non-compliances so that a market surveillance authority can decide whether a specific product presents such a risk for consumers that action should be taken against it.
The standards applied for the tests are: EN 60950-1:2006; EN 60335-2-29:2004; EN 60065: 2002; EN 61558-2-7: 2007; EN 61558-2-16: 2009 including the relevant amendments. The tests focused on the requirements that are most important for the safety:
- Electrical insulation
- Clearances, creepage distances and solid insulation
- Reliability of connections for live conductors to PCB
- Mechanical strength
- Resistance to fire
- Touch current and protective conductor current
- Electric strength
To name some of the main risks that may be expected from battery chargers: electric shock due to insufficient insulation or creepage or clearance distances; dimensional non compliances (e.g. insufficient thickness of sleeves on pins); mechanical resistance; lack of or insufficient instructions for use; instructions for use not in the local language.
The activity has also developed a checklist, an Atlas on battery chargers and instructions for inspections.
Read the final report here.


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A beautiful wingback leather library armchair. Reeded legs with cross stretcher and flared heel leg. Fabulous leather upholstery with deep patina from years of use. Exceptional example. The perfect fireside/reading chair.
Full height 110cm full width 80cm x 70cm depth Seat height 47cm x 56cm seat depth.
As a genuine antique/vintage item there is wear and use commensurate with age. Some wooden products may have signs of historic woodworm. As a precaution we apply a clear triple action woodworm treatment that also kills wet rot, dry rot and woodworm. Please look at all the images carefully and ask any questions pre purchase as we do not unfortunately offer refunds due to the size and shipping costs of our antiques/items. All our items are available on line at Search & Rescued and other online stores.