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Project:Packet Radio
Several of us on the Amateur Radio IRC channel expressed an interest in setting up and managing a packet network for London and a BBS on that network.
Getting involved
- Talk to: Marrold (2E0SIP), MatStace (2E0TPS), Paul (M0OKE), Rawles (2E0RLZ), Samuelkf (M0SKF). Or people from further afield: Baldrick, WSPR.
- We chat a lot on #lhs-radio on Freenode.
- Previous meetings: 2018-03-18T18:30 at Penderel's Oak; 2018-04-24T19:00; 2018-06-19T19:00 and 2018-07-24T19:00 at Greenwich Observatory.
Back in the 80s and 90s, packet radio linked amateur radio stations together. In fact, it goes back even further than this — the use of TCP/IP on amateur radio preceded the appearance of the public Internet. Anyway, whereas at the time most people were getting their data using modems and telephone lines, radio amateurs were experimenting with terminal node controllers (TNCs) and radio waves.
The TNC takes a chunk of data, splits it into packets, and sends it over VHF/UHF, and a TNC on the other end decodes, error-corrects and delivers it. TNCs are also digipeaters, repeating traffic for a further-flung station. An adaptation of the AX.25 protocol is used to handle many TNCs using one frequency. The result is an error-corrected, transparent and automatic network. Such networks are still in use; APRS, a protocol to share tactical information and short messages, is built on top of packet.
Some TNCs had a feature whereby you could leave messages for their owners. Bulletin board software began to develop partly out of this, allowing one-to-one message exchange and posting on forums, real-time chat, distributing news and data, and whatever the operators of the BBS want to offer. The scene may be quieter, but it isn't dead. Ten or so packet BBSs still exist in the UK.
We might be able to reach quite a lot of people from a central London location. However, we'd need somewhere with decent coverage and we'd also need a full license to run an unattended node. Furthermore, to repeat or rebroadcast other peoples' messages we'd need a Notice of Variation for each node that is on and unattended.
Getting started
Get a TNC and connect it to your computer and radio.
You may already have a TNC in your radio. APRS-equipped radios like the Kenwood TM-D710, TH-D74A, TH-D72A, TH-D7A and even earlier models have internal KISS TNCs. If you have a Kenwood TM-D710GE or similar, you may be interested in Simon's notebook of how to get connected to packet with it.
The AX.25 support in the Linux kernel via
then enables you to connect to other packet nodes,
use BBSs and so on. The PicoAPRS, a 50g
dedicated APRS transceiver, also has a KISS TNC mode.
You can also use your sound card as the modem part of the packet radio TNC,
with your computer doing all the processing in the CPU. For this you need the
A more plug-and-play way to get going is to borrow a TNC from the TNC pool.
You can then hook it up to your computer and radio
and run a terminal emulator like
to send
commands to the TNC.
Connect to GB7CIP
While its likely that there are packet users around repeating packets,
GB7CIP is a well-connected packet radio node
listening in Caterham, Surrey. Several of us have been connecting to it over
RF and its BBS and generally learning stuff.
You can also join in by connecting over IP, that is, if you have a UK
amateur radio licence. You need to telnet gb7cip.theskywaves.net 6300
access the BBS. You can register from there. There was a BBS in Amersham, GB7IPF,
but that's now IP-only.
Ideas for other next steps
- There's a VHF Tait 8110 in the shack that would make a nice Packet / APRS radio
- Meeting in the hackspace, we can work out what we all know and what we need to know, look that stuff up and generally educate each other in the ways of packet. We could even start to follow the Zork instructions.
- Find ways of encouraging other radio amateurs to connect to packet. When we have a space again, we could get people to bring in their VHF/UHF radios and lend out TNCs where needed.
- Look into getting a small block of addresses on network 44 for our network, ideally under the club call. We need to understand the network layout for this.
- Trying to get packet working over HF.
- Testing out potential links between our home stations.
The project update bulletins for the London Hackspace packet radio network are sent out on the first of every month to inform the packet radio community of our progress. The bulletin is sent to HACKRS@GBR, meaning it is propagated to the other British packet bulletin board systems and will be seen by users logging onto GB7### AX.25 BBSs.
The latest is September 2018, but you can also read the bulletins from April 2018, May 2018, June 2018, July 2018 and August 2018.
- BBS lists here and here.
- The Skywaves, including some stuff on AMPRnet.
- Baldrick introduced us to TARPN, a project to encourage builders to build the largest amateur radio packet network that they can. The TARPN is based on G8BPQ nodes running on a Raspberry Pi computer with outboard TNCs or TNC emulators.
- G1NNA's stuff and G8BPQ's stuff.
- The list of UK AX25/packet repeaters, which includes APRS digipeaters, and the details of the ETCC PACKET/AX25 Manager.
- A great article on Setting Your TNC's Audio Drive Level.
- Frequency Deviation Measurement with an RTL-SDR Dongle, Dr. Carol F. Milazzo KP4MD. Achieves the same as above, but with more modern techniques and cheaper equipment. Again, this article (and accompanying video) will teach you a bit about FM in the process.
- Intro to Packet Radio in the modern age with Direwolf, Technologically Induced Coma
- Direwolf Software TNC - MicroHAMS 2018. Great talk from the author of Direwolf, John Langner WB2OSZ. Covers some TNC/packet history and explains why doing it in software can be advantageous.


text: Warranty for Your Cabinets Limited Five Year Warranty (Residential Purchaser) MasterBrand Cabinets, LLC ("We" or "Us") extends the following limited Five Year warranty ("Limited Warranty") on Cabinets and Lifetime Limited Warranty on Drawer Guides and Hinges to the first Residential Purchaser ("You" or "Your") of a cabinet or vanity manufactured by Us (each, a "Product"). This Limited Warranty is only applicable to Products sold to the first Residential Purchaser and used in the applications described below within the United States and Canada. Except as allowed below or by applicable law, You may not assign or transfer this Limited Warranty. WHO IS A RESIDENTIAL PURCHASER? Under this Limited Warranty, a "Residential Purchaser" means any of the following: a person who purchases and installs the Product in a dwelling that is owned and used by that person as a primary or secondary home; any person or business such as a builder, contractor or developer that purchases and installs the Product in a newly constructed or remodeled dwelling that will be used by the initial owner/purchaser of that dwelling as a primary or secondary home. In such situation, this Limited Warranty may be assigned to the initial owner/purchaser who uses the dwelling as a primary or secondary home. a consumer subject to the Quebec Consumer Protection Act. Under this Limited Warranty, a primary or secondary home does not include rental property. This Limited Warranty does not apply to landlords, leasing companies or other commercial purchasers. (See Commercial Warranty) WHAT DOES THIS LIMITED WARRANTY COVER? Subject to the exclusions and limitations set forth in this Limited Warranty, We warrant to You that each Product will be free from defects in material and workmanship, under normal use and maintenance, for the applicable warranty period stated below. This warranty gives You specific legal rights, and You may have other rights which vary from State to State or Province to Province. WHAT IS THE WARRANTY PERIOD APPLICABLE TO RESIDENTIAL PURCHASERS? The warranty period for Your Product (excluding certain components discussed in the following paragraph) begins on the date the Product was purchased, whether purchased by You or by a third party on Your behalf. Your warranty is only valid if you use the dwelling as your primary or secondary home and does not extend to future owners if the property is sold. Notwithstanding the preceding paragraph, the warranty periods applicable to the following Product components that were not originally manufactured by Us are as follows: Vent Hoods, Blowers, and components: 1 year from the date of original purchase Lighting, Electronic, and Powered components: 2 years from the date of original purchase. Decorative Hardware: 5 years from the date of original purchase. DISCLAIMER OF OTHER WARRANTIES: IF YOU ARE A CONSUMER SUBJECT TO THE QUEBEC CONSUMER PROTECTION ACT, THE EXCLUSION OF WARRANTIES CONTAINED IN THE IMMEDIATELY FOLLOWING PARAGRAPH DO NOT LIMIT YOUR RIGHTS AND REMEDIES UNDER SUCH ACT, INCLUDING THE RIGHT TO MAKE A CLAIM UNDER ANY OF THE STATUTORY WARRANTIES PROVIDED UNDER SECTIONS 34 TO 54 OF SUCH ACT. CERTAIN OTHER STATES OR PROVINCES DO NOT ALLOW LIMITATIONS ON HOW LONG AN IMPLIED WARRANTY LASTS, SO THE BELOW LIMITATION MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU. THIS LIMITED WARRANTY IS OUR SOLE AND EXCLUSIVE WARRANTY WITH RESPECT TO THE PRODUCTS. ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES ARE STRICTLY LIMITED TO THE DURATION OF THE LIMITED WARRANTY APPLICABLE TO THE PRODUCT AS STATED ABOVE, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO, ANY WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR OF FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. WHAT THIS LIMITED WARRANTY DOES NOT COVER: The Limited Warranty does not apply to any Product: installed or used outdoors; used for purposes for which it is not designed or intended by Us; which has been subjected to misuse, vandalism, abuse, negligence, accident, or unauthorized modifications; which has been improperly stored (if the Product must be stored, it should be covered and stored in a humidity and temperature controlled environment, away from direct sunlight); which has been improperly installed, cleaned, or maintained (for more information regarding the proper use and care of the Product, please consult the applicable Use and Care Instructions that accompanied the Product or that can be found at www.masterbrandcabinets.com/care-and-cleaning which has been subjected to improper temperature, moisture and/or humidity extremes (temperature outside the range of 50-85°F (10-29°C) and humidity outside the range of 30-55% are considered extreme); damaged by fire, flood, acts of God, or other external causes beyond our control; varying in color and characteristics due to age, sunlight, smoke, or other environmental conditions; exhibiting any effects on the color and/or integrity of the finish or appearance due to the use of abrasive cleaners, cleaners that contain chlorine, acidic cleaners, scuffing sponges or steel wool; and/or exhibiting normal wear and tear. In addition, natural woods may vary in color and characteristics and exhibit subtle changes as they age. For example, painted doors, drawer fronts, and face frames may eventually have visible cracking around the joint area, and cabinet colors may darken or lighten over time. These variations are considered to be the nature of the material in relation to their environmental exposure and are not covered under this Limited Warranty. SOLE AND EXCLUSIVE REMEDY: In the event of a defect in the workmanship or materials of a Product or Product component occurring during the warranty period described above, We will, at our option, repair or replace any defective Product or Product component; provided, if it is not commercially feasible to repair or replace a defective Product or Product component, We may refund the original price paid by You for the defective Product or Product component, or provide a credit towards a similar type of product sold by Us. The foregoing are Your sole and exclusive remedies for any Product defect or non-conformity. By way of example but not limitation, the following costs and expenses are not covered by this Limited Warranty: (1) labor costs for the original installation, removal, or reinstallation of the Product, or defective part thereof; (2) labor costs or material charges for the removal, reinstallation, repainting, refinishing or replacement of any other items or building materials which must be removed, replaced, reinstalled, or refinished in order to repair or replace the defective Product or component. For example, costs associated with the following will not be reimbursed: counters, sinks, tiles, flooring, accessories, appliances or plumbing fixtures. When a claim for warpage, joint separation or wood growth is submitted, We may, at our option and after inspection, defer action for up to 12 months to allow the Product to acclimate to the installed environment. Further, We reserve the right to modify or alter any Product design, specifications or materials without obligation to make similar changes to Products previously manufactured or sold by Us. The repair or replacement remedies offered by Us under this Limited Warranty are contingent on the current Product offerings of styles and construction options within our Product line at the time a warranty claim is made by You. If a valid warranty claim is filed for an obsolete Product, We reserve the right, at our sole option, to honor its repair or replacement obligations under this Limited Warranty by either: (1) replacing the affected Product or component with a new Product or component of the same or approximate style or color from our current Product line or offerings; or (2) replacing the affected Product or component to achieve a uniform appearance with a similar or comparable product style or approximate color of the originally purchased style. If a Product or components are replaced or repaired, We cannot guarantee an exact match with the finish or appearance of other products or fixtures installed at Your dwelling. This is due to changes that may occur during the Products' natural aging process, affecting its color and/or grain. LIMITATION OF LIABILITY: If You are a consumer subject to the Quebec Consumer Protection Act, the limitations of liability contained in the immediately following paragraph do not release Us from the consequences of our own actions or the actions of our representatives. Certain other States and Provinces do not allow the exclusion or limitation of incidental or consequential damages, so the below limitation or exclusion may not apply to You. The remedies described above are Your sole and exclusive remedies and our entire liability for any breach of this Limited Warranty. Our total liability shall under no circumstances exceed the actual amount paid by You for the defective product. Further, We shall not under any circumstances be liable for any consequential, indirect, incidental, special or punitive damages or losses (including lost profits), even if this Limited Warranty is deemed to have failed of its essential purpose. HOW DO YOU OBTAIN WARRANTY SERVICE? This Limited Warranty can also be found online at www.aristokraft.com/warranty [or/and] in the documentation that accompanied Your Product. To obtain more information regarding the Product or to make a claim under this Limited Warranty, contact one of our authorized dealers or distributors, who will arrange for inspection of the Product. A dated sales receipt as proof of purchase is required to obtain benefits from this Limited Warranty. If you have difficulty obtaining assistance, please write to: MasterBrand Cabinets, LLC Attn: Consumer Affairs One MasterBrand Cabinet Drive P.O. Box 420 Jasper, IN 47547-0420 Warranty Timeline Cabinetry purchased from April 30, 2019 - Current: Five Year Limited Warranty, As Stated Above Cabinetry purchased from May 1, 2018 – April 29, 2019: Five Year Limited Warranty Cabinetry purchased from January 1, 1998 - April 30, 2018: Five Year Limited Warranty Cabinetry purchased from October 1993 - December 1998: One Year Limited Warranty

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Night Duty Allowance without any ceiling as per 7th CPC – BPMS
Payment of Night Duty Allowance on actual pay, without any ceiling and should be correlated with the pay of 7th CPC.
REF: BPMS/MOD/07thCPC/DAC/247(8/3/M)
Dated: 29.06.2017
The Dy Secretary (CP),
Govt of India, Min of Defence,
Sena Bhawan, DHQ PO,
New Delhi 110011
Subject: Payment of Night Duty Allowance on actual pay, without any ceiling and should be correlated with the pay of 7th CPC.
Reference: This federation's letter of even No. Dated 06.01.2017
Respected Sir,
With due regards, your attention is invited to the Anomalies Committee meeting held on 26.12.2016 under the Chairmanship of AS(J) Shri J Rama Krishna Rao wherein we have reflected our concern that the Night Duty Allowance was being paid on the notional basic pay of 4th CPC. Later, based on the Hon'ble Supreme Court judgment NDA is revised in 6th CPC pay scale and extended to all including non-petitioners w.e.f. 01.04.2007. Subsequently, PC of Fys imposed ceiling limit to the employees of Ordnance Factories that Rs.12380/-. OFB has referred the matter to MoD to remove the ceiling but this is not yet settled.
Therefore, you are requested to take necessary action so that the payment of Night Duty Allowance in defence establishments on the revised pay of 07th CPC may be granted without any ceiling.
Thanking you.
Sincerely yours
Secretary/BPMS &
Member, JCM-II Level Council (MOD)
Source: BPMS


text:
Indexed Universal Life Insurance: Help Meet Your Goals
Whether you're planning for retirement, college, or a rainy day, it's important to focus on the journey – not just the destination. To successfully plan for these milestones, it's vital to figure out which tactics to use to reach your goal faster, safer or more effectively.
One of the tactics many consider is life insurance because it helps ensure that your goals can be reached even in the event of an untimely death. But, there is a specific type of policy that may help you in multiple areas of your financial plan.
Indexed universal life insurance provides life insurance coverage and builds cash value* that you can use while you're still living. So, whether you're creating a college fund or looking to diversify your retirement portfolio, indexed universal life could be considered as a key part of your plan.
What is Indexed Universal Life Insurance?
Indexed universal life insurance is a type of life insurance that can accumulate cash value* based on market performance. The cash value* can grow based on a market performance index, usually a broad index such as the S&P 500 or the Dow Jones Industrial Average.
That cash value* in your policy can usually be accessed tax-free** through a loan or by withdrawing it from your policy. This money can then be used as you see fit: to help supplement your retirement, to pay for your child's education, or even for that unexpected mechanic bill when your brakes went out.
Outside of the potential cash value* accumulation, these policies offer excellent benefits on the life insurance side as well. Many indexed universal life policies can include the ability to adjust your premium payments as you see fit. Obviously, you'll have to pay for the value of your policy – as great as it would be to get all the life insurance you need for one dollar per month, it just doesn't work that way. You can also make changes to your death benefit throughout the life of your policy, allowing you to customize the policy as your life insurance needs change.
Whether your goals are supplementing your retirement, diversifying your financial portfolio, or you simply like the idea of a life insurance product that can provide you living benefits, determine if a Universal Life Insurance policy is an option for you.
*The amount that may be available through loans or withdrawals, as defined in the contract.
** For federal income tax purposes, tax-free income assumes (1) withdrawals do not exceed tax basis (generally, premiums paid less prior withdrawals); and (2) the policy does not become a modified endowment contract. See IRC §72, 7702(f)(7)(B), 7702A. Mutual of Omaha does not provide tax or legal advice; therefore, it is important to coordinate with your tax or legal advisor regarding your specific situation. Any policy withdrawals, loans and loan interest will reduce policy values and may reduce benefits.
All guarantees subject to the financial strengths and claims paying ability of the issuing insurance company.
The S&P 500 Index is a product of S&P Dow Jones Indices LLC ("SPDJI"), and has been licensed for use by United of Omaha Life Insurance Company (United of Omaha). S&P® and S&P 500® are registered trademarks of Standard & Poor's Financial Services LLC ("S&P"); Dow Jones® is a registered trademark of Dow Jones Trademark Holdings LLC ("Dow Jones"); and these trademarks have been licensed for use by SPDJI and sublicensed for certain purposes by United of Omaha. United of Omaha's Income AdvantageSM and Life Protection Advantagesm are not sponsored, endorsed, sold or promoted by SPDJI, Dow Jones, S&P, their respective affiliates, and none of such parties make any representation regarding the advisability of investing in such product(s) nor do they have any liability for any errors, omissions, or interruptions of the S&P 500 Index.
Item #352069


text:
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text:
Businesses all over depend on Big Wolf Signs for total advertising solutions. We use state-of-the-art, computer-aided sign making systems and techniques to create high-impact, cost effective signs that produce results that our clients can get excited about.
The best part is that we do it all for you. Many of our clients just give us the text they want and at times even just the concept they are trying to convey and we do the entire thing from concept to completion, and all they do is pick up the final product and walk away with extra time to focus on their business and its demands.
We are business people with a business mind ready to help you make wise business decisions and we are compiling the experiences of thousands of business before you and the solutions we developed for them to meet your needs. We get very excited to not only just be a part of your project, but to see your reaction when you realize you have chosen the best of the best to help your business grow.


text:
Sweet Seniors Guest House is a senior living community in East Millinocket ME that offers Assisted Living.
An assisted living community allows seniors to live as independently as possible while having personal care and health services as the resident's care needs increase. Assisted living communities provide assistance for residents that need help with a few of the Activities of Daily Living (ADLs). These can include dressing, bathing and feeding. Assisted living communities also typically provide meals three times a day and have nurses on staff or on call 24 hours a day.


text:
Car care is definitely a win-win situation. Besides helping the environment, a properly maintained and operated vehicle will run more efficiently, will be safer, and will last longer-up to 50% longer, according to a survey of ASE-certified Master Auto Technicians. The following tips should put you on the road to environmentally conscious car care.
Keep your engine tuned. A misfiring spark plug can reduce fuel efficiency as much as 30%. Follow the service schedules listed in your owner's manual. Replace filters and fluids as recommended.
Check your tires for proper inflation. Under-inflation wastes fuel – your engine has to work harder to push the vehicle. Wheels that are out-of-line (as evidenced by uneven tread wear or vehicle pulling) make the engine work harder, too. Properly maintained tires will last longer, meaning fewer scrap tires have to be disposed.
Keep your air conditioner in top condition and have it serviced only by a technician certified competent to handle/recycle refrigerants. Air conditioners contain CFCs — gases that have been implicated in the depletion of the ozone layer. According to the Environmental Protection Agency, almost one third of the CFCs released into the atmosphere come from mobile air conditioners; some simply leaks out, but the majority escapes during service and repair — so it's important to choose a qualified technician.
Do-it-yourselfers: dispose of used motor oil, anti-freeze/coolant, tires, and old batteries properly. Many repair facilities accept these items. Or call your local municipal or county government for recycling sites. Never dump used oil or anti-freeze on the ground or in open streams.
Observe speed limits. Mileage decreases sharply above 55 mph.
Drive gently. Avoid sudden accelerations and jerky stop-and-go's. Use cruise-control on open highways to keep your speed as steady as possible.
Avoid excessive idling. Shut off the engine while waiting for friends and family. Today's vehicles are designed to "warm up" fast, so forget about those five-minute warm ups on cold winter mornings.
Remove excess items from the vehicle. Less weight means better mileage. Store luggage/ cargo in the trunk rather than on the roof to reduce air drag.
Plan trips. Consolidate your daily errands to eliminate unnecessary driving. Try to travel when traffic is light to avoid stop-and-go conditions. Join a car pool.
Remember, how your car runs, how you drive it, and how its fluids, old parts, and tires are disposed of all have serious consequences on the environment.


text:
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About the artist
Gekko Ogata was born in Edo on September 5th, 1859. He originally went by Masanosuke Nagami. His father was a prosperous member of the community but went bankrupt when Gekko was seventeen. With no formal training in art, Gekko commenced his artistic pursuits as an illustrator for newspapers and books. He soon broadened his interest to painting, lacquer and pottery. As he gained popularity as a print artist, he began using the name Gekko in 1884. It is said that he took the name from the famous artist Korin Ogata at the request of Korin's family. Gekko Ogata was well respected and recognized during his lifetime. A member of Meiji Fine Art Society, he assisted in founding the Japan Youth Painting Association alongside Kakuzo Okakura in 1891. He received a gold medal at the 1904 St. Louis World Fair for selections from the fine art print series One Hundred Views of Mt. Fuji. Gekko Ogata perfected his Japanese woodblock print style over the span of his career, merging ukiyo-e printing, nihonga (Japanese-style painting), Shijo-style painting and Chinese painting. His rich artistic background and unique approach to printmaking impart his works with an appearance more akin to a painting than a traditional print. Other artist names used by Gekko include Kagyosai, Meikyosai, Nen'yu, and Rosai.


text:
Machynlleth in mid-Wales is quite a small town, not often featured in the national news. But yesterday morning as I finished my breakfast the television presenters on the BBC1 Breakfast show handed over to their correspondent in what they called məˈkʌnlɪθ. The correspondent in question, one Rhun ap Iorwerth, duly told us about the missing five-year-old in the town (at the time of writing she's still not been found), the town which he, clearly being a speaker of Welsh, pronounced maˈχənɬɛθ.
Note the unreduced vowels in the first and last syllables and the schwa in the middle, stressed, syllable. In Welsh, in this respect strikingly unlike the Germanic languages, ə is often stressed, but is restricted to non-final syllables (clitics such as the definite article y(r) count as non-final).
In passing, I might comment that I have never previously come across the forename Rhun (riːn, or north Welsh r̥ɨːn). I see from Wikipedia that it was the name of a sixth-century king of Gwynedd.
I was in my mid-forties when I sat my Welsh A-levels after studying in evening classes. I remember that in the English to Welsh translation paper the passage set began "The sign on the station platform read 'Machynlleth'". I dutifully recast my Welsh version so that Machynlleth was the first word of the sentence rather than the last, as is required by Welsh syntax.
There was recently a brief discussion on the web (I've forgotten just where) on the subject of digraphs. As Wikipedia explains,
In some language orthographies, like that of Croatian (lj, nj, dž), traditional Spanish (ch, ll, rr) or Czech (ch), digraphs are considered individual letters, meaning that they have their own place in the alphabet, in the standard orthography, and cannot be separated into their constituent graphemes; e.g. when sorting, abbreviating or hyphenating. In others, like English, this is not the case.
Someone pointed out, correctly, that in Welsh CH, LL, NG, and RH are treated as digraphs [= as single letters]. I pointed out that in the case of NG this can lead to problems. NG is treated as a digraph [ = a single letter] for collation, and ordered between G and H, if pronounced [ŋ], but not if pronounced [ŋɡ], in which case it is treated as N plus G. So angau (death, [ˈaŋaɨ]) comes before ail (second); but dangos (show, [ˈdaŋɡos]) comes after damwain (accident).


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IRIN humanitarian news and analysis is a service of the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs.
The World Economic Forum has released its eighth annual Global Risks Report, which lists top global threats identified by a survey of over 1,000 experts. As in last year's report, 2013's risks were topped by economic and financial concerns, particularly the risk of major systemic economic failure.
So far, so predictable. But high in the rankings of nail-biting concerns were also risks related to climate change, both rising greenhouse gas emissions and the failure of governments and businesses to mitigate or adapt to these changes.
At the report's launch, John Drzik, the CEO of the risk and insurance services group Oliver Wyman, said, "We see two big risks coming together, one is an environmental storm and the other is an economic storm, and we see them on a collision course."
He pointed out that governments like the US have been acting as insurers of last resort, bearing an increasing burden of providing relief in the aftermath of natural disasters.
[quote quote="We see two big risks coming together, one is an environmental storm and the other is an economic storm, and we see them on a collision course." author="John Drzik, CEO of risk management consultancy Oliver Wyman" type="text" ]
"It's creating rising expectations in the public for government to step in and provide relief after disasters," he said, "but this is where it hits the economic storm because the government now has less ability to respond."
Drzik told IRIN that this applies not just to domestic relief operations but also to international emergency aid. "It adds to the risk for developing countries that the capacity to support disaster relief to developing countries for catastrophes they face is weakened now… because of the fiscal position of advanced countries."
The survey sample is a particular one, comprised of members of the "World Economic Forum's communities", including senior figures in government, business, international organizations and academia.
This year, respondents came from more than 100 countries, but were heavily skewed towards Europe and North America. More than 40 percent of respondents came from a business background, and less than 30 percent were women. Still, respondents included prominent global figures whose responsibilities give them an acute awareness of future risks.
Tom Mitchell, who works on climate change and risk and resilience issues at the Overseas Development Institute (ODI) in London, is doubtful about how useful the Forum's surveys are to development practitioners, but he likes the report's emphasis on the linkages between risks.
"One of the important things they are saying is that risks are highly interconnected. That's a really important point to think about," he told IRIN. "The impact, for instance, of droughts or floods on food-producing areas — that has a strong feed-through to supermarket prices and to what Africans pay for food. And that, in turn, is linked to the use of land for biofuels and, through that, to a high oil price. The catalytic nature of risk and how one feeds through one into the other comes out very strongly."
[quote quote="Agriculture is starting to struggle with climate variability, especially rainfall variability, and we need to get policy makers, agriculturalists and extension workers thinking about the effects." author="Dom Hunt, Concern Worldwide" type="text" ]
Dom Hunt, disaster risk reduction adviser at Concern Worldwide, says parts of the study may be useful to humanitarian workers. "You need to cherry-pick the bits which are important to you. Cyber risks are not a big deal for the people we work with, who are the extreme poor," he told IRIN. "But agriculture is starting to struggle with climate variability, especially rainfall variability, and we need to get policy makers, agriculturalists and extension workers thinking about the effects," he continued.
"Asian countries are leading the world in thinking about risk, because their economies are growing very fast, and they have reached a stage of development where the risk of GDP being lost is very high, but the safeguards which we see elsewhere are not yet in place."
"Disaster risk and global risk trends are not just humanitarian issues. The underlying causes of crises and humanitarian disasters are a development issue, and we believe these should be addressed using development funding. Reports like these are another arrow in our quiver."
This year's report also looks at some less commonly discussed risks.
For example, it highlights "digital wildfires" — the risk of rumours or other damaging information, true or not, spreading uncontrollably on the internet. The report cites as an example an anti-Islamic video made in the US that sparked riots across the Middle East in which dozens of people died.
It also spotlights increasing antibiotic resistance and the dearth of efforts to develop new antibiotics to replace those that have become ineffective. The report attributes the latter to a market failure; drug companies have little incentive to create drugs that will be taken infrequently, in short courses, and to which diseases may quickly grow resistant. Instead, companies are heavily incentivized to develop drugs for chronic conditions, which are taken over long periods and are unlikely to lose their effectiveness.
But the Forum does not offer solutions. Rather, it presents these issues as talking points, both for its annual meeting in Davos at the end of January and for wider debate.
Alan Johnson, who works on infections and antimicrobial resistance at UK's Health Protection Agency, suggests a market solution to promote the development of new drugs. "People are talking about how antibiotics are undervalued, and maybe that value needs to be appreciated," he told IRIN.
"We may have to accept that these are necessary drugs, and they will have to be more expensive to make it worthwhile for the companies to invest. But we need a dialogue with the pharmaceutical companies, and international cooperation, with governments having a joint approach for a new pricing structure. Individual countries working on their own are a non-starter."
Though these risks are global, they are typically handled at a national level. The World Economic Forum says it works with governments to develop mechanisms for managing risk, and its report offers a table ranking states by their perceived risk management effectiveness, with Singapore at the top of the list and Venezuela at the bottom.
[quote quote="The Forum says it works with governments to develop mechanisms for managing risk, and its report ranks states by their perceived risk management effectiveness." type="text" ]
ODI's Mitchell said, "Risks are quite context-specific, which makes it difficult to think about a global register of risk. Some risks are not applicable for some countries and communities, especially if they are not linked into global financial flows. Every country can compile its own risk register and act accordingly."
Unfortunately, not many developing countries are doing so, he says. "And those which do tend to base their notion of risk on what has happened in the past rather than using models to look at what might happen in [the] future.
"But it is improving, especially where countries are concerned about the future of their megacities. Asian countries are leading the world in thinking about risk, because their economies are growing very fast, and they have reached a stage of development where the risk of GDP being lost is very high, but the safeguards which we see elsewhere are not yet in place."
Copyright IRIN. All rights reserved.


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Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) D. Wing Request for Comments: 6555 A. Yourtchenko Category: Standards Track Cisco ISSN: 2070-1721 April 2012 Happy Eyeballs: Success with Dual-Stack Hosts Abstract When a server's IPv4 path and protocol are working, but the server's IPv6 path and protocol are not working, a dual-stack client application experiences significant connection delay compared to an IPv4-only client. This is undesirable because it causes the dual- stack client to have a worse user experience. This document specifies requirements for algorithms that reduce this user-visible delay and provides an algorithm. Status of This Memo This is an Internet Standards Track document. This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has received public review and has been approved for publication by the Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Further information on Internet Standards is available in Section 2 of RFC 5741. Information about the current status of this document, any errata, and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6555. Copyright Notice Copyright (c) 2012 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved. This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License. Table of Contents 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.1. Additional Network and Host Traffic . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2. Notational Conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 3. Problem Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3.1. Hostnames . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3.2. Delay When IPv6 Is Not Accessible . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 4. Algorithm Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 4.1. Delay IPv4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 4.2. Stateful Behavior When IPv6 Fails . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 4.3. Reset on Network (Re-)Initialization . . . . . . . . . . . 9 4.4. Abandon Non-Winning Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 5. Additional Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 5.1. Determining Address Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 5.2. Debugging and Troubleshooting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 5.3. Three or More Interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 5.4. A and AAAA Resource Records . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 5.5. Connection Timeout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 5.6. Interaction with Same-Origin Policy . . . . . . . . . . . 11 5.7. Implementation Strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 6. Example Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 7. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 8. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 9. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 9.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 9.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 1. Introduction In order to use applications over IPv6, it is necessary that users enjoy nearly identical performance as compared to IPv4. A combination of today's applications, IPv6 tunneling, IPv6 service providers, and some of today's content providers all cause the user experience to suffer (Section 3). For IPv6, a content provider may ensure a positive user experience by using a DNS white list of IPv6 service providers who peer directly with them (e.g., [WHITELIST]). However, this does not scale well (to the number of DNS servers worldwide or the number of content providers worldwide) and does not react to intermittent network path outages.Instead, applications reduce connection setup delays themselves, by more aggressively making connections on IPv6 and IPv4. There are a variety of algorithms that can be envisioned. This document specifies requirements for any such algorithm, with the goals that the network and servers not be inordinately harmed with a simple doubling of traffic on IPv6 and IPv4 and the host's address preference be honored (e.g., [RFC3484]). 1.1. Additional Network and Host Traffic Additional network traffic and additional server load is created due to the recommendations in this document, especially when connections to the preferred address family (usually IPv6) are not completing quickly. The procedures described in this document retain a quality user experience while transitioning from IPv4-only to dual stack, while still giving IPv6 a slight preference over IPv4 (in order to remove load from IPv4 networks and, most importantly, to reduce the load on IPv4 network address translators). The user experience is improved to the slight detriment of the network, DNS server, and server that are serving the user. 2. Notational Conventions The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119]. 3. Problem Statement The basis of the IPv6/IPv4 selection problem was first described in 1994 in [RFC1671]: The dual-stack code may get two addresses back from DNS; which does it use? During the many years of transition the Internet will contain black holes. For example, somewhere on the way from IPng host A to IPng host B there will sometimes (unpredictably) be IPv4-only routers which discard IPng packets. Also, the state of the DNS does not necessarily correspond to reality. A host for which DNS claims to know an IPng address may in fact not be running IPng at a particular moment; thus an IPng packet to that host will be discarded on delivery. Knowing that a host has both IPv4 and IPng addresses gives no information about black holes. A solution to this must be proposed and it must not depend on manually maintained information. (If this is not solved, the dual-stack approach is no better than the packet translation approach.) As discussed in more detail in Section 3.1, it is important that the same hostname be used for IPv4 and IPv6. As discussed in more detail in Section 3.2, IPv6 connectivity is broken to specific prefixes or specific hosts or is slower than native IPv4 connectivity. The mechanism described in this document is directly applicable to connection-oriented transports (e.g., TCP, SCTP), which is the scope of this document. For connectionless transport protocols (e.g., UDP), a similar mechanism can be used if the application has request/ response semantics (e.g., as done by Interactive Connectivity Establishment (ICE) to select a working IPv6 or IPv4 media path [RFC6157]). 3.1. Hostnames Hostnames are often used between users to exchange pointers to content -- such as on social networks, email, instant messaging, or other systems. Using separate namespaces (e.g., "ipv6.example.com"), which are only accessible with certain client technology (e.g., an IPv6 client) and dependencies (e.g., a working IPv6 path), causes namespace fragmentation and reduces the ability for users to share hostnames. It also complicates printed material that includes the hostname. The algorithm described in this document allows production hostnames to avoid these problematic references to IPv4 or IPv6. 3.2. Delay When IPv6 Is Not Accessible When IPv6 connectivity is impaired, today's IPv6-capable applications (e.g., web browsers, email clients, instant messaging clients) incur many seconds of delay before falling back to IPv4. This delays overall application operation, including harming the user's experience with IPv6, which will slow the acceptance of IPv6, because IPv6 is frequently disabled in its entirety on the end systems to improve the user experience. Reasons for such failure include no connection to the IPv6 Internet, broken 6to4 or Teredo tunnels, and broken IPv6 peering. The following diagram shows this behavior. The algorithm described in this document allows clients to connect to servers without significant delay, even if a path or the server is slow or down. DNS Server Client Server | | | 1. |<--www.example.com A?-----| | 2. |<--www.example.com AAAA?--| | 3. |---192.0.2.1------------->| | 4. |---2001:db8::1----------->| | 5. | | | 6. | |==TCP SYN, IPv6===>X | 7. | |==TCP SYN, IPv6===>X | 8. | |==TCP SYN, IPv6===>X | 9. | | | 10. | |--TCP SYN, IPv4------->| 11. | |<-TCP SYN+ACK, IPv4----| 12. | |--TCP ACK, IPv4------->| Figure 1: Existing Behavior Message Flow The client obtains the IPv4 and IPv6 records for the server (1-4). The client attempts to connect using IPv6 to the server, but the IPv6 path is broken (6-8), which consumes several seconds of time. Eventually, the client attempts to connect using IPv4 (10), which succeeds. Delays experienced by users of various browser and operating system combinations have been studied [Experiences]. 4. Algorithm Requirements A "Happy Eyeballs" algorithm has two primary goals: 1. Provides fast connection for users, by quickly attempting to connect using IPv6 and (if that connection attempt is not quickly successful) to connect using IPv4. 2. Avoids thrashing the network, by not (always) making simultaneous connection attempts on both IPv6 and IPv4. The basic idea is depicted in the following diagram: DNS Server Client Server | | | 1. |<--www.example.com A?-----| | 2. |<--www.example.com AAAA?--| | 3. |---192.0.2.1------------->| | 4. |---2001:db8::1----------->| | 5. | | | 6. | |==TCP SYN, IPv6===>X | 7. | |--TCP SYN, IPv4------->| 8. | |<-TCP SYN+ACK, IPv4----| 9. | |--TCP ACK, IPv4------->| 10. | |==TCP SYN, IPv6===>X | Figure 2: Happy Eyeballs Flow 1, IPv6 Broken In the diagram above, the client sends two TCP SYNs at the same time over IPv6 (6) and IPv4 (7). In the diagram, the IPv6 path is broken but has little impact to the user because there is no long delay before using IPv4. The IPv6 path is retried until the application gives up (10). After performing the above procedure, the client learns whether connections to the host's IPv6 or IPv4 address were successful. The client MUST cache information regarding the outcome of each connection attempt, and it uses that information to avoid thrashing the network with subsequent attempts. In the example above, the cache indicates that the IPv6 connection attempt failed, and therefore the system will prefer IPv4 instead. Cache entries should be flushed when their age exceeds a system-defined maximum on the order of 10 minutes. DNS Server Client Server | | | 1. |<--www.example.com A?-----| | 2. |<--www.example.com AAAA?--| | 3. |---192.0.2.1------------->| | 4. |---2001:db8::1----------->| | 5. | | | 6. | |==TCP SYN, IPv6=======>| 7. | |--TCP SYN, IPv4------->| 8. | |<=TCP SYN+ACK, IPv6====| 9. | |<-TCP SYN+ACK, IPv4----| 10. | |==TCP ACK, IPv6=======>| 11. | |--TCP ACK, IPv4------->| 12. | |--TCP RST, IPv4------->| Figure 3: Happy Eyeballs Flow 2, IPv6 Working The diagram above shows a case where both IPv6 and IPv4 are working, and IPv4 is abandoned (12). Any Happy Eyeballs algorithm will persist in products for as long as the client host is dual-stacked, which will persist as long as there are IPv4-only servers on the Internet -- the so-called "long tail". Over time, as most content is available via IPv6, the amount of IPv4 traffic will decrease. This means that the IPv4 infrastructure will, over time, be sized to accommodate that decreased (and decreasing) amount of traffic. It is critical that a Happy Eyeballs algorithm not cause a surge of unnecessary traffic on that IPv4 infrastructure. To meet that goal, compliant Happy Eyeballs algorithms must adhere to the requirements in this section. 4.1. Delay IPv4 The transition to IPv6 is likely to produce a mix of different hosts within a subnetwork -- hosts that are IPv4-only, hosts that are IPv6- only (e.g., sensors), and dual-stack hosts. This mix of hosts will exist both within an administrative domain (a single home, enterprise, hotel, or coffee shop) and between administrative domains. For example, a single home might have an IPv4-only television in one room and a dual-stack television in another room. As another example, another subscriber might have hosts that are all capable of dual-stack operation. Due to IPv4 exhaustion, it is likely that a subscriber's hosts (both IPv4-only hosts and dual-stack hosts) will be sharing an IPv4 address with other subscribers. The dual-stack hosts have an advantage: they can utilize IPv6 or IPv4, which means they can utilize the technique described in this document. The IPv4-only hosts have a disadvantage: they can only utilize IPv4. If all hosts (dual-stack and IPv4-only) are using IPv4, there is additional contention for the shared IPv4 address. The IPv4-only hosts cannot avoid that contention (as they can only use IPv4), while the dual-stack hosts can avoid it by using IPv6. As dual-stack hosts proliferate and content becomes available over IPv6, there will be proportionally less IPv4 traffic. This is true especially for dual-stack hosts that do not implement Happy Eyeballs, because those dual-stack hosts have a very strong preference to use IPv6 (with timeouts in the tens of seconds before they will attempt to use IPv4). When deploying IPv6, both content providers and Internet Service Providers (who supply mechanisms for IPv4 address sharing such as Carrier-Grade NAT (CGN)) will want to reduce their investment in IPv4 equipment -- load-balancers, peering links, and address sharing devices. If a Happy Eyeballs implementation treats IPv6 and IPv4 equally by connecting to whichever address family is fastest, it will contribute to load on IPv4. This load impacts IPv4-only devices (by increasing contention of IPv4 address sharing and increasing load on IPv4 load-balancers). Because of this, ISPs and content providers will find it impossible to reduce their investment in IPv4 equipment. This means that costs to migrate to IPv6 are increased because the investment in IPv4 cannot be reduced. Furthermore, using only a metric that measures the connection speed ignores the benefits that IPv6 brings when compared with IPv4 address sharing, such as improved geo-location [RFC6269] and the lack of fate-sharing due to traversing a large translator. Thus, to avoid harming IPv4-only hosts, implementations MUST prefer the first IP address family returned by the host's address preference policy, unless implementing a stateful algorithm described in Section 4.2. This usually means giving preference to IPv6 over IPv4, although that preference can be overridden by user configuration or by network configuration [ADDR-SELECT]. If the host's policy is unknown or not attainable, implementations MUST prefer IPv6 over IPv4. 4.2. Stateful Behavior When IPv6 Fails Some Happy Eyeballs algorithms are stateful -- that is, the algorithm will remember that IPv6 always fails, or that IPv6 to certain prefixes always fails, and so on. This section describes such algorithms. Stateless algorithms, which do not remember the success/ failure of previous connections, are not discussed in this section. After making a connection attempt on the preferred address family (e.g., IPv6) and failing to establish a connection within a certain time period (see Section 5.5), a Happy Eyeballs implementation will decide to initiate a second connection attempt using the same address family or the other address family. Such an implementation MAY make subsequent connection attempts (to the same host or to other hosts) on the successful address family (e.g., IPv4). So long as new connections are being attempted by the host, such an implementation MUST occasionally make connection attempts using the host's preferred address family, as it may have become functional again, and it SHOULD do so every 10 minutes. The 10-minute delay before retrying a failed address family avoids the simple doubling of connection attempts on both IPv6 and IPv4. Implementation note: this can be achieved by flushing Happy Eyeballs state every 10 minutes, which does not significantly harm the application's subsequent connection setup time. If connections using the preferred address family are again successful, the preferred address family SHOULD be used for subsequent connections. Because this implementation is stateful, it MAY track connection success (or failure) based on IPv6 or IPv4 prefix (e.g., connections to the same prefix assigned to the interface are successful whereas connections to other prefixes are failing). 4.3. Reset on Network (Re-)Initialization Because every network has different characteristics (e.g., working or broken IPv6 or IPv4 connectivity), a Happy Eyeballs algorithm SHOULD re-initialize when the interface is connected to a new network. Interfaces can determine network (re-)initialization by a variety of mechanisms (e.g., Detecting Network Attachment in IPv4 (DNAv4) [RFC4436], DNAv6 [RFC6059]). If the client application is a web browser, see also Section 5.6. 4.4. Abandon Non-Winning Connections It is RECOMMENDED that the non-winning connections be abandoned, even though they could -- in some cases -- be put to reasonable use. Justification: This reduces the load on the server (file descriptors, TCP control blocks) and stateful middleboxes (NAT and firewalls). Also, if the abandoned connection is IPv4, this reduces IPv4 address sharing contention. HTTP: The design of some sites can break because of HTTP cookies that incorporate the client's IP address and require all connections be from the same IP address. If some connections from the same client are arriving from different IP addresses (or worse, different IP address families), such applications will break. Additionally, for HTTP, using the non-winning connection can interfere with the browser's same-origin policy (see Section 5.6). 5. Additional Considerations This section discusses considerations related to Happy Eyeballs. 5.1. Determining Address Type For some transitional technologies such as a dual-stack host, it is easy for the application to recognize the native IPv6 address (learned via a AAAA query) and the native IPv4 address (learned via an A query). While IPv6/IPv4 translation makes that difficult, IPv6/ IPv4 translators do not need to be deployed on networks with dual- stack clients because dual-stack clients can use their native IP address family. 5.2. Debugging and Troubleshooting This mechanism is aimed at ensuring a reliable user experience regardless of connectivity problems affecting any single transport. However, this naturally means that applications employing these techniques are by default less useful for diagnosing issues with a particular address family. To assist in that regard, the implementations MAY also provide a mechanism to disable their Happy Eyeballs behavior via a user setting, and to provide data useful for debugging (e.g., a log or way to review current preferences). 5.3. Three or More Interfaces A dual-stack host normally has two logical interfaces: an IPv6 interface and an IPv4 interface. However, a dual-stack host might have more than two logical interfaces because of a VPN (where a third interface is the tunnel address, often assigned by the remote corporate network), because of multiple physical interfaces such as wired and wireless Ethernet, because the host belongs to multiple VLANs, or other reasons. The interaction of Happy Eyeballs with more than two logical interfaces is for further study. 5.4. A and AAAA Resource Records It is possible that a DNS query for an A or AAAA resource record will return more than one A or AAAA address. When this occurs, it is RECOMMENDED that a Happy Eyeballs implementation order the responses following the host's address preference policy and then try the first address. If that fails after a certain time (see Section 5.5), the next address SHOULD be the IPv4 address. If that fails to connect after a certain time (see Section 5.5), a Happy Eyeballs implementation SHOULD try the other addresses returned; the order of these connection attempts is not important. On the Internet today, servers commonly have multiple A records to provide load-balancing across their servers. This same technique would be useful for AAAA records, as well. However, if multiple AAAA records are returned to a client that is not using Happy Eyeballs and that has broken IPv6 connectivity, it will further increase the delay to fall back to IPv4. Thus, web site operators with native IPv6 connectivity SHOULD NOT offer multiple AAAA records. If Happy Eyeballs is widely deployed in the future, this recommendation might be revisited. 5.5. Connection Timeout The primary purpose of Happy Eyeballs is to reduce the wait time for a dual-stack connection to complete, especially when the IPv6 path is broken and IPv6 is preferred. Aggressive timeouts (on the order of tens of milliseconds) achieve this goal, but at the cost of network traffic. This network traffic may be billable on certain networks, will create state on some middleboxes (e.g., firewalls, intrusion detection systems, NATs), and will consume ports if IPv4 addresses are shared. For these reasons, it is RECOMMENDED that connection attempts be paced to give connections a chance to complete. It is RECOMMENDED that connection attempts be paced 150-250 ms apart to balance human factors against network load. Stateful algorithms are expected to be more aggressive (that is, make connection attempts closer together), as stateful algorithms maintain an estimate of the expected connection completion time. 5.6. Interaction with Same-Origin Policy Web browsers implement a same-origin policy [RFC6454] that causes subsequent connections to the same hostname to go to the same IPv4 (or IPv6) address as the previous successful connection. This is done to prevent certain types of attacks. The same-origin policy harms user-visible responsiveness if a new connection fails (e.g., due to a transient event such as router failure or load-balancer failure). While it is tempting to use Happy Eyeballs to maintain responsiveness, web browsers MUST NOT change their same-origin policy because of Happy Eyeballs, as that would create an additional security exposure. 5.7. Implementation Strategies The simplest venue for the implementation of Happy Eyeballs is within the application itself. The algorithm specified in this document is relatively simple to implement and would require no specific support from the operating system beyond the commonly available APIs that provide transport service. It could also be added to applications by way of a specific Happy Eyeballs API, replacing or augmenting the transport service APIs. To improve the IPv6 connectivity experience for legacy applications (e.g., applications that simply rely on the operating system's address preference order), operating systems may consider more sophisticated approaches. These can include changing default address selection sorting [RFC3484] based on configuration received from the network, or observing connection failures to IPv6 and IPV4 destinations. 6. Example Algorithm What follows is the algorithm implemented in Google Chrome and Mozilla Firefox. 1. Call getaddrinfo(), which returns a list of IP addresses sorted by the host's address preference policy.EID 4728 (Verified) is as follows: Section: 1 Original Text: However, this does not scale well (to the number of DNS servers worldwide or the number of content providers worldwide) and does react to intermittent network path outages. Corrected Text: However, this does not scale well (to the number of DNS servers worldwide or the number of content providers worldwide) and does not react to intermittent network path outages.Notes:
The introduction makes a case against a whitelist of DNS servers because it does not scale well and is not flexible.
DNS server whitelists indeed to not react to intermittent network outages, so the only logical sentence to form is to state that they do not.
The "not" has been omitted, reversing the logical meaning of the sentence.2. Initiate a connection attempt with the first address in that list (e.g., IPv6). 3. If that connection does not complete within a short period of time (Firefox and Chrome use 300 ms), initiate a connection attempt with the first address belonging to the other address family (e.g., IPv4). 4. The first connection that is established is used. The other connection is discarded. If an algorithm were to cache connection success/failure, the caching would occur after step 4 determined which connection was successful. Other example algorithms include [Perreault] and [Andrews]. 7. Security Considerations See Sections 4.4 and 5.6. 8. Acknowledgements The mechanism described in this paper was inspired by Stuart Cheshire's discussion at the IAB Plenary at IETF 72, the author's understanding of Safari's operation with SRV records, ICE [RFC5245], the current IPv4/IPv6 behavior of SMTP mail transfer agents, and the implementation of Happy Eyeballs in Google Chrome and Mozilla Firefox. Thanks to Fred Baker, Jeff Kinzli, Christian Kuhtz, and Iljitsch van Beijnum for fostering the creation of this document. Thanks to Scott Brim, Rick Jones, Stig Venaas, Erik Kline, Bjoern Zeeb, Matt Miller, Dave Thaler, Dmitry Anipko, Brian Carpenter, and David Crocker for their feedback. Thanks to Javier Ubillos, Simon Perreault, and Mark Andrews for the active feedback and the experimental work on the independent practical implementations that they created. Also the authors would like to thank the following individuals who participated in various email discussions on this topic: Mohacsi Janos, Pekka Savola, Ted Lemon, Carlos Martinez-Cagnazzo, Simon Perreault, Jack Bates, Jeroen Massar, Fred Baker, Javier Ubillos, Teemu Savolainen, Scott Brim, Erik Kline, Cameron Byrne, Daniel Roesen, Guillaume Leclanche, Mark Smith, Gert Doering, Martin Millnert, Tim Durack, and Matthew Palmer. 9. References 9.1. Normative References [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997. [RFC3484] Draves, R., "Default Address Selection for Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6)", RFC 3484, February 2003. 9.2. Informative References [ADDR-SELECT] Matsumoto, A., Fujisaki, T., Kato, J., and T. Chown, "Distributing Address Selection Policy using DHCPv6", Work in Progress, February 2012. [Andrews] Andrews, M., "How to connect to a multi-homed server over TCP", January 2011, <http://www.isc.org/community/ blog/201101/how-to-connect-to-a-multi-homed-server- over-tcp>. [Experiences] Savolainen, T., Miettinen, N., Veikkolainen, S., Chown, T., and J. Morse, "Experiences of host behavior in broken IPv6 networks", March 2011, <http://www.ietf.org/proceedings/80/slides/ v6ops-12.pdf>. [Perreault] Perreault, S., "Happy Eyeballs in Erlang", February 2011, <http://www.viagenie.ca/news/ index.html#happy_eyeballs_erlang>. [RFC1671] Carpenter, B., "IPng White Paper on Transition and Other Considerations", RFC 1671, August 1994. [RFC4436] Aboba, B., Carlson, J., and S. Cheshire, "Detecting Network Attachment in IPv4 (DNAv4)", RFC 4436, March 2006. [RFC5245] Rosenberg, J., "Interactive Connectivity Establishment (ICE): A Protocol for Network Address Translator (NAT) Traversal for Offer/Answer Protocols", RFC 5245, April 2010. [RFC6059] Krishnan, S. and G. Daley, "Simple Procedures for Detecting Network Attachment in IPv6", RFC 6059, November 2010. [RFC6157] Camarillo, G., El Malki, K., and V. Gurbani, "IPv6 Transition in the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)", RFC 6157, April 2011. [RFC6269] Ford, M., Boucadair, M., Durand, A., Levis, P., and P. Roberts, "Issues with IP Address Sharing", RFC 6269, June 2011. [RFC6454] Barth, A., "The Web Origin Concept", RFC 6454, December 2011. [WHITELIST] Google, "Google over IPv6", <http://www.google.com/intl/en/ipv6>. Authors' Addresses Dan Wing Cisco Systems, Inc. 170 West Tasman Drive San Jose, CA 95134 USA EMail: firstname.lastname@example.com Andrew Yourtchenko Cisco Systems, Inc. De Kleetlaan, 7 Diegem B-1831 Belgium EMail: email@example.com 3502 (Verified) is as follows: Section: 6 Original Text: 1. Call getaddinfo(), which returns a list of IP addresses sorted by the host's address preference policy. Corrected Text: 1. Call getaddrinfo(), which returns a list of IP addresses sorted by the host's address preference policy.Notes:
The r appears to be missing from the getaddrinfo() call. This may vary by language but C, POSIX and Perl seem to expect the r. I would think this is a trivial change, and would fall into the category of "Hold for Document Update".


text:
Premium Fabric Popup 2.5' Display
Product Questions
Premium Fabric Pop Up Displays are a higher quality version of the popular Hopup displays. They have a similar anodized aluminum tube construction of the scissor truss pop up frame with better quality in the details. The velcro webbing, locking arms and leveling feet are designed with convenience and reliability in mind. The Premium Fabric Popup holds a seamless stretch fabric graphic that attaches to the frame with velcro, and even folds up with the graphic still attached to make set up extremely quick and easy. When the display is expanded, the graphic is pulled tight, smoothing out any wrinkles, which is where tension fabric displays get their name. Graphics are available that just cover the face of the frame, or in sizes that wrap around the sides of the frames to form end caps. When graphics with end caps are used, the end cap portion is detached from the frame before folding it up, and reattached during setup, but the main body of the graphic can stay attach as it is with a graphic that just covers the face of the display.
Pop up displays are made from collapsable scissor truss frames that "pop up" into a their full size when expanded and provide the structure to attach the graphics. This style of trade show display is very popular for large displays and back walls and also makes for great step and repeat banners.
Since the graphics attach to the frame with velcro, they are easy to remove, and because they are printed using a dye sublimation process, they can even be machine washed, if necessary. This helps to keep the display looking good over time. The Premium Fabric Popup can be ordered with a graphic covering just the face, or the full display with end caps. Includes zippered carry bag.
The Premium Fabric Popup 2.5' has a front graphic area of 30.75" x 88.75".
Looking for a higher-end model?
The Embrace displays are a higher end tension fabric display that have an similar scissor truss frame, but have channel bars that attach to hold silicone edge graphics (SEG). This style of display offers a better looking graphic than a fabric popup because there is no visible stitching so the finished product is smooth and free of any wrinkles or rippling that velcro can cause.
Looking for a less expensive model?
This is our least expensive tension fabric display.
Recommended Accessories
A hard shipping case is a good idea when traveling with the display. The Square Molded Shipping Case is the recommended model, and it can be found in the Related Products tab.
Additional Information
Is a Featured Product | Yes |
Price | $355.00 |
Free Ground Shipping | No |
Specs & Templates
Premium Fabric 2.5' Popup Display Specifications
- Graphic size of front face, straight frame: 30.75" x 88.75"
- Graphic size with end caps, straight frame: 60" x 88.75"
- Overall display height: 88.75"
- Footprint, straight frame: 31" x 13"
- Shipping size: 36" x 12" x 7"
- Shipping weight: 15 lbs
- Display warranty: Lifetime
Graphic templates are available in pdf format. Click their icons to download them.
Graphic Templates
These templates provide a framework for designing your graphics and show the live area as well as any required bleed


text:
The Sun San® Sea Wee is a mini version of the Sun-San® Surfer and is made only in the smallest baby sizes. We've added flex over the toe making this little sandal a perfect starter pair for your tiny adventurer. The entire Sun-San® range comes on a lightweight, cushioned urethane sole. Rust-proof brass buckles and scuff-resistant, water friendly genuine leather make them ideal for in-and-out of water wear. The Sea Wee is one of our best-selling baby sandals. Both boys and girls can wear these with anything and look great.
- Made for versatile in-and-out of water wear
- Hand-Crafted
- Durable and high-quality materials make these sandals last a long time
- Scuff-resistant, water friendly genuine leather upper and lining allows feet to breathe
- Comfortable and secure – adjustable width and ankle straps
- Clean up very easily
- Rust-proof brass buckles
- Lightweight, cushioned urethane sole


text:
"Surely Allah is not ashamed to set forth any parable – (that of) a gnat or any thing above that … " [Al-Qur'an 2:26]
As people are invited to contemplate on their own creation, the Qur'an frequently calls people to investigate the nature and to see the signs of Allah therein. Since the whole universe, with all its living and non-living elements, consists of the signs revealing that they have been 'created'. And they exist just in order to demonstrate the power, knowledge and art of their 'Creator'. And mankind is responsible to know these signs and appreciate the Creator of all, Allah. All living things possess these signs, yet there are some specifically mentioned animals in the Qur'an. Mosquito is one of these. This is referred to in the Qur'an in the below verse:
"Surely Allah is not ashamed to set forth any parable– (that of) a gnat or any thing above that; then as for those who believe, they know that it is the truth from their Lord, and as for those who disbelieve, they say: What is it that Allah means by this parable:
"He causes many to err by it and many He leads aright by it! but He does not cause to err by it (any) except the transgressors,"[Al-Qur'an 2:26]
When considering the life of the mosquito, we can say that it has a very extraordinary adventure. What is generally known about mosquitoes is that they absorb and feed on blood. Yet, this is not completely true. Because not all the mosquitoes, but only the female ones absorb blood. And their need for blood is not related to feeding at all. Actually, both male and female mosquitoes feed on nectar of flowers. The only reason that females, unlike males, do absorb blood is for their eggs which need to mature with the proteins contained in the blood. In other words, female mosquito absorbs blood just to ensure the survival of the new generation.
The point to be stressed here is that the verse of the Qur'an points out only the 'female' mosquito. As previously mentioned, it is only the female mosquito which has the superior capabilities that will be detailed here. So, it is surely quite expressive that female mosquitoes are particularly emphasized in the Qur'an. Besides, it is a remarkable fact to point out that at the time of the revelation of the Qur'an, this knowledge was completely unknown to mankind.
The development process and its phases, is one of the most amazing aspects of the mosquito. This animal converts from a larva into a mosquito after passing through completely different phases. Let us see this adventurous story of the mosquito briefly.
The mosquito eggs which are fed with blood are laid on damp leaves or dried ponds for maturation by the female mosquito, during summer or fall. But prior to this, the mother initially examines the ground thoroughly by using a receptor placed under her abdomen, functioning as a humidity and temperature sensor. She aims at finding a convenient place for her eggs. When the most suitable area is found, she starts to lay her eggs. These eggs, which have a length of less than 1 mm, are arranged in a line either in groups or one by one.
Some species lay their eggs joined to each other forming a raft, some of which may contain up to 300 eggs.
The carefully placed white eggs soon start to change their colour. This takes only about a few hours after they are laid down, and they become completely black in colour. With this change, they attain an excellent protection against birds and insects. Their dark colour can not be recognized by these organisms.
It takes a winter for the incubation period to complete. Since eggs are created with such a structure to resist a long and cold winter, they survive until spring when their incubation period ends. When the incubation period is complete, the larvae start getting out of their eggs, all about the same time. The first egg is immediately followed by the others. As soon as they get out of the eggs, they start to swim in water. Now, the underwater days start for the mosquitoes.
The continuously fed larvae grow with great speed. Soon the skin covering their body gets too small to let them grow any further. This is the time for their first skin change. The hard and brittle skin gets easily broken. Until this developmental cycle is completed as a whole, the mosquito larvae will change its skin two more times.
Since the life of the mosquito initializes in water, the system designed for feeding of the larvae is rather impressive. The larvae empowers whirlpools in the water with its feathered prolongations located at the two sides of its mouth, which lead bacteria and other micro-organisms for feeding. And a solution also exists for its respiration: each larva has an innate diving equipment. They breathe via respiratory tubes at their back while standing upside down in water. This system may be resembled to "snorkels" used by the divers.
During the employment of this method, the larva secrete a sticky secretion from their body in order to prevent water from leaking inside, through the respiratory openings. Shortly, the animal lives with the help of the combined harmony of all these delicate balances.
If it did not have a respiratory tube, it would not survive; if it did not have a sticky secretion, its respiratory tube would be choked.
As the time goes by, most of the larvae change their skin once more. The last skin change is rather different from the others. With this last change, larvae pass onto the final phase of their maturation, the "pupa phase", and they are ready to become a real mosquito at the end. So, the time has come for the mature pupa to get out of the sheath covering its body.
However, the creature that gets out of the sheath is so different from the earlier phases, thatit seems unbelievable for them to be just two developmental phases of the same being. And this metamorphoses is too complicated and delicate to be designed by the larva itself, nor by its mother, or any other thing. During this last transition period, there is a threat for the creature, since the respiratory openings above the water may get closed with the leaking of water inside. This will naturallymean that the pupa will be out of breath, and die. But from then on, respiration will not be done via these holes. There emerge two new air tubes on the head of the pupa. Therefore, before the pupa gets ready for the last skin change, firstly these two tubes rise on the water. This will be its new method for respiration. During the three or four days of the pupa phase, there will be no nutrition for the coming mosquito.
Now, the mosquito within the pupa cocoon is mature enough and ready to fly with all itsorgans and organelles like antennas, trunks, feet, chest, wings, abdomen and large eyes covering most part of its head. Then, the pupa cocoon is torn at the top. This stage where a complete mosquito will emerge is the most dangerous stage of all. The greatest risk is water leakage into cocoon. However, the torn top is covered with a sticky liquid preventing the head from contacting water. The mosquito must get out of water without having any direct contact with water, so only its feet touch the water surface. This instant is extremely important; even a light wind may cause its death. Finally, the mosquito leaves for its first flight after a rest of about half an hour.
It should be noted once again: The animal has got out of water without even touching the water… At this point, the question that should come to mind is, how the first mosquito has attained such an 'ability'? Might be that a larva has decided to transform into a mosquito after changing skin three times? Absolutely, these are impossible. This tiny animal which Allah gives as an example, has specifically been created as it is. This leads the Muslims to ponder on the creation of Allah and think that Allah has not created all these for nothing, they fear Allah and act totally to comply with His Will.
"Men who celebrate the praises of Allah, standing, sitting, and lying down on their sides, and contemplate the (wonders of) creation in the heavens and the earth, (With the thought):
"Our Lord! not for naught Hast Thou created (all) this! Glory to Thee! Give us salvation from the penalty of the Fire." Sunnahonline.com


text:
So yesterday I told you about the website Envvied.com. I am giving it a try again today. Some of the feedback that I got yesterday was:
- This is something you guys would enjoy using
- Being able to shop from local retailers/boutiques would be a big bonus
- Mobile friendly is important
- You want the items available to shop to be a closer match
Keep the feedback coming. You can email me at email@example.com, on the Facebook page or send DJ himself an email at firstname.lastname@example.com.
Nathan Lynch | Fremont


text: Gold of the Aztecs Gold of the Aztec starting hints -------------------------------- Screen 1: --------- Press enter to release yourself from your parachute and walk to the right. Screen 2: --------- Avoid the flying squirrels and the natives that shoot arrows at you. With the trainer, just walk to the right. Screen 3: --------- Either shoot at the colored snake, or walk right when the colored snake goes up into the tree. Screen 4: --------- Shoot at the skeleton guard's head until his skull is knocked off. Cross the bridge and when you are just touching the end of the screen, somersaut forward. Screen 5: --------- Failing to somersault will cause you to touch the bridge by collapsing it and you'll fall to your death. If you somersaulted, you should be on the other side. Walk past the flying vulture. Screen 6: --------- Walk past those natives. You'll also see the closed entrance to the cave but it won't open yet. Screen 7: --------- You'll now see a monkey throwing skulls at you. Walk them it and the natives. Screen 8: --------- Go past the man being cooked. Screen 9: --------- Go near the stone object with the lever in it's mouth. A chained panther will attack you. Shoot it and pull the lever. Then walk to the right a few paces and pick up the gold coins. You should have 11% of the game completed. Now go back to the stone cave door. It should be open. Screen 10: ---------- (In cave entrance) Go down the ladder and jump across the gap to the next ladder. (Don't worry the fire and bats will not hurt you. Screen 11: ---------- When you reach the bottom of the ladder, go right and hop down to the lower ledge. Do this fairly quickly because you are standing on a trap door. Once on the lower ledge, face left and hop down to the lower left of the screen. You should be in a stone room. Screen 12: ---------- (stone room) Don't bother fiddling around in this room because it's a trap. But if you want to see yourself drown, just walk to the altar. Screen 13: ---------- When walking right from the stone room, hop across the gap and grab the vertical rope (2nd from the left) and go down. Screen 14: ---------- You'll eventually see a horizontal rope. Grab that or go right. Align yourself with the skeleton that's also hanging on the horizontal rope and drop down. Screen 15: ---------- You'll see a key on the other side of the wooden bridge. The bridge is booby-trapped so walk close enough to it until the bridge support begins to sway. Go left and let the bridge fall. Next, go down the ladder to the lower ledge. Hop across the gap and get the key by jumping up. The key will fall and then you can pick it up. Head back down the ladder. Screen 16: ---------- Go right and go down the vertical rope. You you have the limited invulnerability toggle on, just go down the rope even if it's too short. Screen 17: ---------- Grab on to the horizontal rope and go right. Screen 18: ---------- Drop down, go right and pick up the gold ball. Jump up to grab on to the next horizontal rope and go right. Screen 19: ---------- Now here's where I get stuck. I can't grab on to the leftmost rope without falling off the ledge. If someone knows how, tell me because there are more ropes later.


text:
As a point of clarification, when I said that the "Achilles' heel" of faith-based morality is the exclusion of faith-based testimony in a court of law, a member of the studio audience responded:
I always thought the Achilles' heel of faith-based morality was that it was based on something non-existent.
I want to distinguish, in these posts, between a fault and a vulnerability. Achilles had many faults. That the coating of invulnerability that protected him did not cover the back of his foot was not one of them. The Achilles' Heel represented the spot at which Achilles was vulnerable to attack.
In these posts, I am not seeking to demonstrate where faith-based morality is mistaken. I have done a fair amount of that in previous posts. I want to show where it is vulnerable – where and how a person can effectively press this argument that faith is not a good enough when it comes to defending policies that cause harm to others.
That is done by demonstrating the role of faith-based testimony in criminal court – against allowing prosecutors to call witnesses who declare that, as a matter of faith without evidence, they believe that the accused is guilty and the jury should deliver such a verdict.
In the discussions that have followed these postings, an anonymous member of the studio audience posted a link to a site that contained four different community brochures opposing homosexual marriage – a Jewish, a Protestant (called "Christian" at the site in question), a Catholic, and a Secular tract.
The point that I am arguing for is to argue that the first three are inadmissible.
Imagine a prosecutor, attempting to gain a conviction of the accused, calling four witnesses to the stand. The first witness is Jewish, who claims that as a matter of unsupported faith he believes the accused to be guilty. The second is Protestant. And the third is Catholic.
Furthermore, imagine a court system where this testimony is meant to persuade those members of the jury who subscribe to that religion. That is to say, when the Prosecutor calls the Protestant witness, swears him in, and has the witness declare, "I believe with a certainty that can only come from God and that needs no evidence that the accused is guilty," this is meant to actually persuade the six members of the jury who are Protestant. That is why the prosecutor put that witness on the stand – to persuade the Protestant jurors to vote that the accused is guilty.
Similarly, not only does the Prosecutor next summon a Catholic to the stand to declare, "I declare as a matter of unreasoned faith that the accused is guilty," the Catholic members are supposed to accept that as proof of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt – proof strong enough to vote for conviction. And the Jewish jurist is expected to vote for conviction on the testimony of the Jewish witness who says, "I believe as a matter of ungrounded faith that the accused is guilty."
Furthermore, these witnesses are being called in a social context where it is considered insulting for the defense attorney to question these three witnesses on a matter of faith. The instant the defense attorney stands to challenge the groundless faith-based testimony of the witness he is called bigoted, intolerant, and militant.
Apparently, justice does not allow the best defense of those who would be harmed. Instead, it requires the unquestioned acceptance of those who insist on doing the harm, as long as the advocates of harm claim that the harm they do is based on evidence-free, faith-based beliefs.
The only arguments that are relevant – and that should be considered – in justifying a policy that deprives others of life, health, and liberty are the secular arguments.
Even here, it is not sufficient that secular arguments exist. It is not even sufficient that there are people who believe those secular arguments. Secular objects must meet more rigid standards than this to count as evidence. These standards are what make secular evidence the only evidence fit to be presented in a court of law.
Furthermore, there is no piece of secular evidence that the prosecutor can provide that the defense attorney is not at liberty to challenge. There is no legitimate claim that the defense attorney must bite her tongue and accept evidence without question on the grounds that the witness would be insulted by the implication his claims are mistaken. The instant that the witness presents secular evidence, the defense attorney is free to challenge that evidence.
The very idea that an individual may be justly harmed by reasons that others offer only on the basis of evidence-free faith, and that the advocate of harm can claim an immunity from criticism on the grounds that criticizing their faith is insulting is, itself, a paradigm of injustice.


text:
Hello Sisterhood
Crafters! Vickie Y here with "It's All
Black & White" Challenge!
I LOVE the look of
using only black & white to create cards and/or crafty projects. So, our challenge to you is "It's All Black
& White!"
Can't wait to see
what you create using only black & white.
Here is what the
Sisters created to get you inspired:
Thank you to the Sisters for sharing your
beautiful and fun black & white creations!
For more detail on any of these great
projects, be sure to click on each Sister's name to go to their blog
Now it's your turn to create a card/project
using the black & white theme!
Deadline to Enter:
You have until Sunday, June 11, 2017
Winner will be announced Tuesday, June 13, 2017
For your convenience, here's a quick review of our Rules:
- No backlinking ... only new creations.
- Three (3) entry limit.
- You can share with as many other challenges as you'd like.
- Must follow the challenge theme to qualify for the prize (when one is available).
- Direct link to your challenge entry ... not your entire blog.
- Link back to our challenge in your blog post.
- We would really appreciate it if you would turn OFF the word verification.


text:
I originally had the impression, when I started playing with digital art, that brushes were a cheap alternative to creating images completely on your own creativity and skill. However, liberal use of brushes can be beautiful or disastrous (if you don't have an eye for their application) and they can be a source of inspiration when you're not quite sure what you want to achieve.
Inspired by LaurenMarie from Creative Curio's discovery of Photoshop (PS) brushes, I've decided to share the brushes that I have installed. They're GIMP brushes, but many of them have Photoshop counterparts. All of these were found on deviantArt.
I made the following images using some of these brushes:
Abstract in Silver
Dreaming into Space
Lights and flares
A beautiful set of flare and glowing spray type brushes. Originally available for PS.
Strings of stars and swirling light. Very pretty! Also for PS.
Inner Universe
Elegant reaching tendrils and feather-like smudges. Originally made for PS.
They remind me of playing with sparklers in the dark and making patterns in the air. Originally for PS.
Licks of fire and light. Also for PS.
Come with a bunch of clouds in different shapes and sizes. Very nice!
I was making a silhouette scene and contemplating doing the grass… Thank goodness for these brushes!
Essentially stars – some of them I almost never use and some I use all the time. 😛
Vector Foliage – Plants
I only just installed these, but they look cute and they're decently sized. Also come for PS.
Curlies, Flourishes and Splashes
Some of the first curvy, loopy flourishes that I used.
Leafy Glade
Very cute, curly leaves. Available for PS if you follow the links from the deviantArt page.
Swirlys II
I highly recommend these for corners and such, very nice.
Gorgeous water splashing and pouring brushes. Were originally for PS, not sure where they are now though.
I have two sets of splatter brushes, one of which I used in Inkscape with a bitmap trace to create scalable vectors, which worked really well. The ones I have installed seem to be by people that I can't find, but they look similar to some by agent-provocateur and Sparkling Tea. The latter are available for PS.
Tech and Vector
Vector Set 1
For when you can't be bothered to draw your own circles and arrows. 😉 Also for PS.
What can I say? Pretty cool! Original PS brushes.
Such a random concept now that I think about it, but I like 'em!
Filmstrip Grunge
For when you're feeling a bit dirtier…
These are like the filmstrip ones, but they're more like photograph negatives, rather than a movie reel. There were some PS one, but I can't find them.
I don't think I've used these that much, but they look like they could be good sometime – they passed the culling! Sadly, another dead photoshop link for this one too. 🙁
Tech Pack 5
Spiffy set of fine lines, dots, arrows and numbers. I can't see this exact set for PS, but there's several similar ones here.
Tech Pack 6
Similar to the previous one, but even better! I really like the little squares and circles, they're like geometric bubles – too cute! Available as Tech brushes 03 for PS.
Pixelart Crop Circles
I haven't used them much yet, but they're way too cute to delete!


text:
a local and regional favorite for over 95 years. Stop in and see why all our meats, and especially our
kielbasa, are as popular today as they were almost a century ago. Enjoy our prompt, friendly
service and
high standards. Unlike grocery stores, we're state and federally inspected, and most
of the meats you'll find
on today's
supermarket shelves wouldn't cut it in ours. Want something
better for your family?
Make Hapanowicz a regular stop on your weekly grocery run.
Thanks for stopping by!