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Sermon on John chapter 1
September 25, 2022
1 In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. 2 The same was in the beginning with God. 3 All things were made by him; and without him was not any thing made that was made. 4 In him was life; and the life was the light of men. 5 And the light shineth in darkness; and the darkness comprehended it not. 6 There was a man sent from God, whose name was John. 7 The same came for a witness, to bear witness of the Light, that all men through him might believe. 8 He was not that Light, but was sent to bear witness of that Light. 9 That was the true Light, which lighteth every man that cometh into the world. 10 He was in the world, and the world was made by him, and the world knew him not. 11 He came unto his own, and his own received him not. 12 But as many as received him, to them gave he power to become the sons of God, even to them that believe on his name: 13 which were born, not of blood, nor of the will of the flesh, nor of the will of man, but of God. 14 And the Word was made flesh, and dwelt among us, (and we beheld his glory, the glory as of the only begotten of the Father,) full of grace and truth. 15 John bare witness of him, and cried, saying, This was he of whom I spake, He that cometh after me is preferred before me: for he was before me. 16 And of his fulness have all we received, and grace for grace. 17 For the law was given by Moses, but grace and truth came by Jesus Christ. 18 No man hath seen God at any time; the only begotten Son, which is in the bosom of the Father, he hath declared him. John the Baptist declares his mission 19 And this is the record of John, when the Jews sent priests and Levites from Jerusalem to ask him, Who art thou? 20 And he confessed, and denied not; but confessed, I am not the Christ. 21 And they asked him, What then? Art thou Elias? And he saith, I am not. Art thou that prophet? And he answered, No. 22 Then said they unto him, Who art thou? that we may give an answer to them that sent us. What sayest thou of thyself? 23 He said, I am the voice of one crying in the wilderness, Make straight the way of the Lord, as said the prophet Esaias. 24 And they which were sent were of the Pharisees. 25 And they asked him, and said unto him, Why baptizest thou then, if thou be not that Christ, nor Elias, neither that prophet? 26 John answered them, saying, I baptize with water: but there standeth one among you, whom ye know not; 27 he it is, who coming after me is preferred before me, whose shoe's latchet I am not worthy to unloose. 28 These things were done in Bethabara beyond Jordan, where John was baptizing. John the Baptist proclaims Jesus as the Messiah 29 The next day John seeth Jesus coming unto him, and saith, Behold the Lamb of God, which taketh away the sin of the world. 30 This is he of whom I said, After me cometh a man which is preferred before me: for he was before me. 31 And I knew him not: but that he should be made manifest to Israel, therefore am I come baptizing with water. 32 And John bare record, saying, I saw the Spirit descending from heaven like a dove, and it abode upon him. 33 And I knew him not: but he that sent me to baptize with water, the same said unto me, Upon whom thou shalt see the Spirit descending, and remaining on him, the same is he which baptizeth with the Holy Ghost. 34 And I saw, and bare record that this is the Son of God. The first disciples follow Jesus 35 Again the next day after John stood, and two of his disciples; 36 and looking upon Jesus as he walked, he saith, Behold the Lamb of God! 37 And the two disciples heard him speak, and they followed Jesus. 38 Then Jesus turned, and saw them following, and saith unto them, What seek ye? They said unto him, Rabbi, (which is to say, being interpreted, Master,) where dwellest thou? 39 He saith unto them, Come and see. They came and saw where he dwelt, and abode with him that day: for it was about the tenth hour. 40 One of the two which heard John speak, and followed him, was Andrew, Simon Peter's brother. 41 He first findeth his own brother Simon, and saith unto him, We have found the Messias, which is, being interpreted, the Christ. 42 And he brought him to Jesus. And when Jesus beheld him, he said, Thou art Simon the son of Jona: thou shalt be called Cephas, which is by interpretation, A stone. 43 The day following Jesus would go forth into Galilee, and findeth Philip, and saith unto him, Follow me. 44 Now Philip was of Bethsaida, the city of Andrew and Peter. 45 Philip findeth Nathanael, and saith unto him, We have found him, of whom Moses in the law, and the prophets, did write, Jesus of Nazareth, the son of Joseph. 46 And Nathanael said unto him, Can there any good thing come out of Nazareth? Philip saith unto him, Come and see. 47 Jesus saw Nathanael coming to him, and saith of him, Behold an Israelite indeed, in whom is no guile! 48 Nathanael saith unto him, Whence knowest thou me? Jesus answered and said unto him, Before that Philip called thee, when thou wast under the fig tree, I saw thee. 49 Nathanael answered and saith unto him, Rabbi, thou art the Son of God; thou art the King of Israel. 50 Jesus answered and said unto him, Because I said unto thee, I saw thee under the fig tree, believest thou? thou shalt see greater things than these. 51 And he saith unto him, Verily, verily, I say unto you, Hereafter ye shall see heaven open, and the angels of God ascending and descending upon the Son of man.
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subset: commoncrawl


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I am done with my challenge, it ended on Saturday. I had a glorious lunch to go to on Sunday so I ended it one day early, no harm done.
It was really good this time and I did not crave or miss anything at all. The meals were simple and yet we ate a lot of veggies and also heart-healthy fish. I stuck to eating no grains, no processed food, no sugar and almost no meat. I did bend the rules and ate out on two nights. One day it was salad, the other day a chicken vindaloo which we ordered home. I think bending the rules a bit and also a simpler meal plan helped to do the whole thing without any stress and accept it as a life style instead of one week fling.
If you ask me about weights, honestly I did not weigh in, neither before nor after. The weighing machine at home has given up after umpteen weighing of suitcases whenever the parents are here and gets totally messed up if humans are aboard. The gym whose weighing scales I trust was not visited.
I know I am nowhere near the target weight which the BMI calculators predict for me, man I would rather grow vertically than reach that pathetic low weight. But I do feel lighter and better, I think a week of restricted good eating does that to you anyway. The best thing is I have lost in inches, I can feel it , really.
Ok and the real proof of the pudding is in I could gracefully fit into the saree-blouse my Ma got stitched for me and sent over last week. This is no mean feat if you know my Mom and my blouse fitting saga.
My Mom is a health freak and is either exercising or eating small portions of healthily cooked food. She wasn't always like this but her arthritic knee has made her very watchful of her and consequently my weight. She gets my blouses stitched by the tailor whose template is from my wedding days. So most of the time I am huffing and puffing to get into those wry pieces of fabric which think I am Malaika where in real life I maybe Mayawati.
Now I am not sure if the tailor lost his original template but this time his creation was a much easier fit. A reward worthy of the challenge.
Before I go into the recipe I would like to make it clear that the no-grain diet is not necessary the best thing to and will depend on the individual's health and such factors. As some of the readers have asked, whole grains are definitely good for you in small portions.
Basically the No-Grain Diet is based on the idea that meals high in grains, sweets, and starches promote elevated insulin levels, causing you to become hungry soon after you have just eaten. This is referred to as a "grain addiction" - when the cravings trigger you to eat more of the "wrong foods" and a harmful cycle ensues. So getting rid of the grains reduces your carb cravings.
Back now to two more recipes which are much welcome in our home on no grain days are a Grilled Portabella Caps and a Salsa Soup. I have no pics for the Salsa Soup but trust me, it is a wonderfully tasty soup.
Read more...
Remove stems and wipe portabella caps clean with a damp paper towel. Combine Olive oil, Lime juice, Sambal Olek or Hot Chili Garlic sauce, little Honey, Garlic salt and Red Chili Powder.Brush the dressing on the outer side of the mushroom. Place mushrooms on their backs, with dark "gill" side up on the grill. Brush dressing over gills. Grill, gill sides up. serve whole or sliced.
The Salsa Soup is a quick recipe from here. Check the original link for measurements. I made a total vegetarian version with little changes and no Tortilla Chips but papad
Heat Olive Oil in a deep, heavy pan. Add a pinch of red pepper and about 1/2 tsp of cumin seeds to the oil and stir briefly.Test
When the cumin sizzles, add chopped onion and fry till soft.
Now add your salsa. Note: Either home made salsa or the jar will work. If you like it hot add chili powder or use a HOT salsa.
Cook the salsa and oil together for couple of minutes, stirring constantly so that it does not burn or stick.
Add the black beans, and the corn. I used a can of black beans.
Next, add the organic low sodium vegetable stock and stir all to blend well. If you don't have stock use plain water, add salt to taste.
Bring this mixture to a full boil and reduce heat to medium low.
Add Lime juice.
Simmer the salsa soup until the corn/bean is completely cooked .
Turn off heat under the cooking vessel and stir in a bunch of chopped cilantro.
Ladle your finished salsa soup into individual soup bowls
Stir in avocado chunks on top . Toss a bit of cheese on top of that.
Top with a few tortilla chips or papad.
Edited on 01/18/2011: Today I made this soup with a speedy homemade salsa. In a blender add
1 firm good quality tomato roughly chopped,
1-2 clove of garlic,
2 hot green chili pepper
a little cumin powder
Process till chunky to get your own salsa. Add some minced coriander to the prepared salsa.It was delicioso.Use this for the soup.
I will be on a break until next week. I haven't been able to visit blogs as much as I would have liked to the last week and the trend will continue for the next week or two. I am sorry but I will be back.
Trivia: Aztec lords started to make a mixture of tomatoes with chili peppers and ground squash seeds as early as 1521. They used it as a condiment, to be eaten alongside turkey, venison, lobster, and fish. It was Alonso de Molina who first gave the name 'salsa' to the mixture, in 1571.


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Every year, at least two million pets are stolen from their families. Sometimes, the thieves keep these animals for themselves, but most often, they "flip" them. These stolen dogs end up for sale online, in newspapers or are sold through less savory channels. Often, they'll be advertised as a dog that needs to be rehomed for a fee due to the "owner" experiencing a change in circumstances.
The purpose of dog flipping is to make a quick buck without any regard for the welfare of the pup. Often, caring humans participate in dog flipping by purchasing a dog from a flipper, believing them to be the pup's real owner. Tragically, many flipped dogs end up in dog fighting rings. If the pups are purebred, they can end up in a puppy mill.
While pet theft is illegal, there are very few laws that address stealing a pet with the intent of selling it for profit. New Jersey Senator Nick Scutari plans on changing that.
He said:
"We started to do a little digging on it and we see where people are stealing animals and then selling them, especially more expensive ones, but sometimes it's an average family pet or a rescue dog. If somebody were to steal my dog I would be devastated."
Senator Scutari proposed legislation that would make dog flipping a third degree crime in New Jersey. It would be punishable by an up to $15,000 fine and/or three to five years in prison.
Scutari says that while this bill will make it easier to punish criminals, the driving force behind the legislation is to keep families together.
"When a pet is stolen people are devastated. Families are essentially broken apart and broken up. These animals are a part of their family."
High paws Senator Scutari! We hope the law passes and that other states follow your lead!
h/t NJ1015.


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There is an interesting technical pattern on the EUR/JPY currency pair. At the moment, the quotes are consolidating after significant growth since the beginning of this week. The key range is 132.950-133.250. In the trading instrument, a classical figure of technical analysis Triangle (H1 timeframe) has been formed. We recommend you to pay attention to this situation.
If the price fixes above the mark of 133.250, you need to look for entry points to the market to open long positions. The movement is tending to 133.450-134.000. When tracking the position, we recommend using a trailing stop.
Alternative option. The figure of the triangle quite often acts as a reversal formation. If the price fixes below the level of 132.950, the correction of the EUR/JPY currency pair is expected. The target movement level is 132.650-132.500.
by 2018.04.26
,This article reflects a personal opinion and should not be interpreted as an investment advice, and/or offer, and/or a persistent request for carrying out financial transactions, and/or a guarantee, and/or a forecast of future events.
Buka Akaun


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ISSA Teams Will Start Swinging in April at N. Charleston and AugustaMANASSAS, VIRGINIA USA - The 2011 Season for senior softball will mark the initiation of the International Senior Softball Association's expansion of their tournament program. After years of requests from host cities, local organizers, players, etc. to bring an ISSA event to their area, the staff at ISSA has followed through to locate several new and exciting tournaments for the senior teams that participate in their organization. First on the schedule for 2011 will be warm weather tournaments in April at N. Charleston, SC and Augusta, GA. The ISSA has assumed tournament management responsibilities for both of the long-standing senior tournaments which will provide the teams that register with ISSA an outstanding opportunity to participate in a quality event, get an early start on the 2011 season and enjoy the excellent venue ameneties and attractions.
The April 15-17 tournament in North Charleston, SC has been organized by the City under the direction of Cindy Dambaugh and the Recreation Department staff for many years. This year the ISSA staff was asked to partner with the City to create the highest standard senior event for the players. The event is known as April's Finest Senior Classic and the ISSA looks forward to working with the City to create the finest possible tournament for the teams.
Two weeks later at Augusta, GA the ISSA will be working with Lida Gregg and the Augusta Recreation Department to host the Master's Senior Tournament. This year will mark the 17th event for the senior teams at this City famous for the Masters Golf Tournament. Augusta has one of the outstanding softball complexes in the United States at the Diamond Lakes Park. This charming southern City awaits the influx of senior players and other guests to this renewed softball tournament.
Also new to the ISSA program for 2011 will be the Mountaineer Classic at Morgantown, WV in July. The ISSA is excited to be working with the City of Morgantown to bring to the State of West Virginia this new senior softball event, the first of its kind for the State. Morgantown which is the home of West Virginia University is conveniently located to draw teams from Ohio, Pennsylvania, Maryland and Virginia and is destined to become a favorite tournament site for many teams.
Participants in the new ISSA events will be afforded the opportunity to advance to play in the ISF Senior World Cup at Salem, VA and the ISSA World Championships at Manassas, VA. The ISSA will also be holding the ISSA Winter Nationals again in October at Virginia Beach. Several other exciting tournaments are in the planning stages and will be announced soon. Individuals interested in senior softball events and opportunities should subscribe to the ISSA mailing list to receive e-newsletters. The revised ISSA Website at www.seniorsoftball.org includes the tournament information and entry forms for teams planning on playing ISSA in 2011. |


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The Bureau of Land Management (BLM) announces that the Wild Horse and Burro Advisory Board will conduct a meeting on matters pertaining to management and protection of wild, free-roaming horses and burros on the Nation's public lands.
The Advisory Board will meet on Wednesday April 22, 2015, from 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. Eastern Time and Thursday April 23, 2015, from 8:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. Eastern Time. This will be a two day meeting. Public comment is on the 22nd at 3 p.m. and written public comments may be submitted also for the Advisory Board. See detailed information below.
This Advisory Board meeting will take place in Columbus, Ohio at the Hyatt Regency Columbus, 350 North High Street, Columbus, OH 43215, telephone 614-463-1234.
Written comments pertaining to the April 22-23, 2015, Advisory Board meeting can be mailed to National Wild Horse and Burro Program,WO-260, Attention: Ramona DeLorme, 1340 Financial Boulevard, Reno, NV 89502-7147, or sent electronically to firstname.lastname@example.com. Please include "Advisory Board Comment" in the subject line of the email.
Ramona DeLorme, Wild Horse and Burro Administrative Assistant, at 775-861-6583. Persons who use a telecommunications device for the deaf (TDD) may call the Federal Information Relay Service (FIRS) at 1-800-877-8339 to contact the above individual during normal business hours. The FIRS is available 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, to leave a message or question with the above individual. You will receive a reply during normal business hours.
The Wild Horse and Burro Advisory Board advises the Secretary of the Interior, the BLM Director, the Secretary of Agriculture, and the Chief of the Forest Service on matters pertaining to the management and protection of wild, free-roaming horses and burros on the Nation's public lands. The Wild Horse and Burro Advisory Board operates under the authority of 43 CFR 1784. The tentative agenda for the meeting is:
I. Advisory Board Public Meeting
Wednesday, April 22, 2015 (8:00 a.m.-5:00 p.m.)
8:00 a.m.Welcome, Introductions, and Agenda Review
8:50 a.m.Approval of August 2014 Minutes
9:10 a.m.BLM Response to Advisory Board Recommendations
9:30 a.m.Wild Horse and Burro Program Update
12:00 p.m.Lunch
1:15 p.m.Program Update continued
3:00 p.m.Public Comment Period Begins
4:30 p.m.Public Comment Period Ends
5:00 p.m.Adjourn
Thursday, April 23, 2015 (8:00 a.m.-5:00 p.m.)
8:00 a.m.Program Update continued
12:00 p.m.Lunch
1:15 p.m.Working Group Reports
2:45 p.m.Advisory Board Discussion and Recommendations to the BLM
5:00 p.m.Adjourn
The meeting site is accessible to individuals with disabilities. An individual with a disability needing an auxiliary aid or service to participate in the meeting, such as an interpreting service, assistive listening device, or materials in an alternate format, must notify Ms. DeLorme two weeks before the scheduled meeting date. Although the BLM will attempt to meet a request received after that date, the requested auxiliary aid or service may not be available because of insufficient time to arrange for it.
The Federal Advisory Committee Management Regulations at 41 CFR 101-6.1015(b), requires BLM to publish in the Federal Register notice of a public meeting 15 days prior to the meeting date.
II. Public Comment Procedures
On Wednesday, April 22, 2015 at 3:00 p.m. members of the public will have the opportunity to make comments to the Advisory Board on the Wild Horse and Burro Program. Persons wishing to make comments during the meeting should register in person with the BLM by 2:00 p.m. on April 22, 2015, at the meeting location. Depending on the number of commenters, the Advisory Board may limit the length of comments. At previous meetings, comments have been limited to three minutes in length; however, this time may vary. Commenters should address the specific wild horse and burro-related topics listed on the agenda. Speakers are requested to submit a written copy of their statement to the address listed in the ADDRESSES section above or bring a written copy to the meeting. There may be a Webcam present during the entire meeting and individual comments may be recorded.
Participation in the Advisory Board meeting is not a prerequisite for submission of written comments. The BLM invites written comments from all interested parties. Your written comments should be specific and explain the reason for any recommendation. The BLM appreciates any and all comments. The BLM considers comments that are either supported by quantitative information or studies or those that include citations to and analysis of applicable laws and regulations to be the most useful and likely to influence BLM's decisions on the management and protection of wild horses and burros.
Before including your address, phone number, email address, or other personal identifying information in your comment, you should be aware that your entire comment—including your personal identifying information—may be made publicly available at any time. While you can ask us in your comment to withhold your personal identifying information from public review, we cannot guarantee that we will be able to do so.


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Limited Edition of 10.
"Be like water making its way through cracks. Do not be assertive, but adjust to the object, and you shall find a way around or through it. If nothing within you stays rigid, outward things will disclose themselves.
Empty your mind, be formless. Shapeless, like water. If you put water into a cup, it becomes the cup. You put water into a bottle and it becomes the bottle. You put it in a teapot, it becomes the teapot. Now, water can flow or it can crash. Be water, my friend."
Bruce Lee (left)
Muhammad Ali (right).


text: In this section of how All American Clothing Co. began, I will share with you what owner Lawson Nickol did about the situation from Part 1 that he found himself in.In the last section, Lawson Nickol found himself in a predicament. After finding out the 'USA Made' company he worked for began to outsource, Lawson faced a tough decision between retirement and setting things right. Lawson took some time to weigh his options. Being 50 years old, even with retirement around the corner Lawson wanted to do the right thing. The thought of sending jobs outside our borders didn't sit well with Lawson. He was certain it would not be acceptable to the USA labor market where he had sold for years. His passion and reputation was built by offering quality USA Made jeans. With the devastating discovery, Lawson turned in his resignation within days.After turning in his resignation Lawson decided he could not let his employer ruin his reputation or let greed crush his passion for supporting American workers and his family. He decided he must continue to support USA made and the loyal clients that still want to buy USA made clothing, even if he had to make the jeans himself--which was the beginning of All American Clothing Co. The first several years were tough as the company survived on family savings, financial risks, and working long hours. Yet, each year the company continued to grow. Today, All American Clothing Co. continues to grow, producing thousands of jeans a year and continues to provide many Americans with jobs!LoganAll American Clothing Co.


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Place to share photos and news of Bilnetts German Shepherds


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Thomas Aquinas
Saint Thomas Aquinas (1225 – March 7, 1274) was an Italian Catholic philosopher and theologian in the scholastic tradition. He gave birth to the Thomistic school of philosophy, which was long the primary philosophical approach of the Roman Catholic Church. He is considered by the Catholic church to be its greatest theologian and one of the thirty-three Doctors of the Church. St. Thomas University in Fredericton, New Brunswick, the University of Saint Thomas and Thomas Aquinas College in Santa Paula, California, and St. Thomas University in Saint Paul, Minnesota, are named for him, as is Aquinas College in Grand Rapids, Michigan.
Contents |
Early years
The life of Thomas Aquinas offers many interesting insights into the world of the High Middle Ages. He was born into a family of the south Italian nobility and was through his mother Countess Theadora of Theate related to the Hohenstaufen dynasty of Holy Roman emperors. He was probably born early in 1225 at his father Count Landulf's castle of Roccasecca in the kingdom of Naples. Landulf's brother, Sinibald, was abbot of the original Benedictine monastery at Monte Cassino, and the family intended Thomas to follow his uncle into that position; this would have been a normal career-path for a younger son of the nobility.
In his fifth year he was sent for his early education to the monastery. However, after studying at the University of Naples, Thomas joined the Dominican order, which along with the Franciscan order represented a revolutionary challenge to the well-established clerical systems of early medieval Europe. This change of heart did not please the family; on the way to Rome, Thomas was seized by his brothers and brought back to his parents at the castle of San Giovanni, where he was held a captive for a year or two to make him relinquish his purpose. According to his earliest biographers, the family even brought a prostitute to tempt him, but he drove her away.
Finally the family yielded and the Dominicans sent Thomas to Cologne to study under Albertus Magnus; he arrived probably in late 1244. He accompanied Albertus to the University of Paris in 1245, remained there with his teacher for three years, and followed Albertus back to Cologne in 1248. For several years longer he remained with the famous philosopher of scholasticism, presumably teaching. This long association of Thomas with the great philosopher theologian was the most important influence in his development; it made him a comprehensive scholar and won him permanently for the Aristotelian method.
In 1252 Aquinas went to Paris for the master's degree, but met with some difficulty owing to attacks on the mendicant orders by the professoriate of the University. Ultimately, however, he received the degree and entered upon his office of teaching in 1257; he taught in Paris for several years and there wrote some of his works and began others. In 1259 he was present at an important chapter of his order at Valenciennes. At the solicitation of Pope Urban IV (therefore not before the latter part of 1261), he took up his residence in Rome. In 1269-71 he was again active in Paris. In 1272 the provincial chapter at Florence empowered him to found a new studium generale at such place as he should choose, and he selected Naples.
Aquinas had a mystical experience while celebrating Mass on December 6, 1273, after which he stopped writing, leaving his great work, the Summa Theologica, unfinished. When asked why he had stopped writing, Aquinas replied, "I cannot go on...All that I have written seems to me like so much straw compared to what I have seen and what has been revealed to me." He died on March 7, 1274.
Contemporaries described Thomas as a big man, corpulent and dark-complexioned, with a large head and receding hairline. His manners showed his breeding; he is described as refined, affable, and lovable. In argument he maintained self-control and won over opponents by his personality and great learning. His tastes were simple. His associates were specially impressed by his power of memory. When absorbed in thought, he often forgot his surroundings. The ideas he developed by such strenuous absorption he was able to express for others systematically, clearly and simply. Because of the keen grasp he had of his materials, in his writings Thomas does not, like Duns Scotus, make the reader his associate in the search for truth, but teaches it authoritatively. On the other hand, the consciousness of the insufficiency of his works in view of the revelation which he believed he had received was a cause of dissatisfaction for him.
Death and canonization
Early in 1274 the Pope directed him to attend the Second Council of Lyons and, though far from well, he undertook the journey. On the way he stopped at the castle of a niece and there became seriously ill. He wished to end his days in a monastery and not being able to reach a house of the Dominicans he was taken to the Cistercians. He died at the monastery of Fossanova, one mile from Sonnino, on March 7, 1274.
Aquinas had made a remarkable impression on all who knew him. He was placed on a level with the saints Paul and Augustine, receiving the title doctor angelicus (Angelic Doctor). In the Divine Comedy Dante sees the glorified spirit of Aquinas in the Heaven of the Sun, with the other great exemplars of religious wisdom.
In 1319, the Roman Catholic Church began investigations preliminary to Aquinas's canonization; on July 18, 1323, he was pronounced a saint by Pope John XXII at Avignon. At the Council of Trent only two books were placed on the Altar, the Bible and St. Thomas Aquinas's Summa Theologica.
The writings of Thomas may be classified as:
- (1) exegetical, homiletical, and liturgical;
- (2) dogmatic, apologetic, and ethical; and
- (3) philosophical.
Category (1) includes:
- Commentaries on Job (1261-65), Psalms i - li, and Isaiah
- Catena aurea (http://www.ccel.org/a/aquinas/catena/) (1475)- a running commentary on the four Gospels, constructed on numerous citations from the Church Fathers
- Commentaries on Canticles and Jeremiah
- reportata, on John, on Matthew, and on the epistles of Paul, including, according to one authority, Hebrews i.-x.
- Officium de corpora Christi (1264).
Numerous other works have been attributed to him.
Category (2):
- In quatuor sententiarum libros
- Quaestiones disputatae
- Quaestiones quodlibetales duodecim; Summa catholicae fidei contra gentiles (1261-64);
- Summa theologiae - his magnum opus.
Also: Expositio in librum beati Dionysii de divinis nominibus; Expositiones primoe et secundoe decretalis; In Boethii libros de hebdomadibus Proeclaroe quoestiones super librum Boethii de trinitate
Category (3): Thirteen commentaries on Aristotle, and numerous philosophical opuscula of which fourteen are classed as genuine.
Some major works
- De Fallaciis, 1244
- De Propositionibus Modalibus, 1244-1245
- On Being and Essence (De Ente et Essentia), 1254-1256
- The Principles of Nature, 1255
- Disputed Questions, 1256-1272
- On Truth (De Veritate), 1256-1259
- Concerning the Teacher
- On the Power of God, 1265-1267
- On Truth (De Veritate), 1256-1259
- Contra Impugnantes Dei Cultum et Religionem, 1257
- On the Trinity of Boethius, 1257-1258
- Super Boethium de Hebdomadibus, 1258
- Summa contra Gentiles, 1258-1264
- On Kingship: To the King of Cyprus, 1265-1266
- Summa Theologica, 1265-1272
- On Spiritual Creatures, 1266-1269
- De Perfectione Vitae Spiritualis, 1269
- Contra Pestiferam Doctrinam Retrahentium Homines a Religionis Ingressu, 1270
- De Aeternitate Mundi Contra Murmurantes, 1270
- The Unicity of the Intellect, 1270
- De Substantiis Separatis, 1272-1273
- Compendium of Theology, 1273
- De Mixtione Elementorum ad Magistrum Philippe, 1273
- Two Precepts of Charity, 1273
- De Natura Materiae et Dimensionibus Interminalis
- De Natura Verbi Intellectus
- Catena aurea
- First Treatise on Univerals
- Commentary on the Logic of Aristotle
("Bibliography", 1990)
Modern criticism
Some of Thomas's ethical conclusions are at odds with the majority view in the contemporary West. An example of a clash between modern mores and the moral philosophy of St. Thomas is that over masturbation, today widely regarded as a foible, or even as a means of health, yet which St. Thomas determined, in Summa Theologica II-II 153 (http://newadvent.org/summa/315300.htm), to be a venial sin. Still, the Catholic Church maintains this position in its Catechism (http://www.kofc.org/publications/cis/catechism/getsection.cfm?partnum=3&SecNum=2&ChapNum=2&articlenum=6&ParSecNum=0&subSecNum=2&headernum=4&ParNum=2352&ParType=a).
Conflict between Aquinas's view and the majority contemporary ethical view make Aquinas's position philosophically questionable if and only if the contemporary ethical view can be philosophically shown to be the correct one.
On the other hand, many modern ethicists, both within and outside of the Catholic Church, have recently become very excited about Aquinas's virtue ethics, notably Philippa Foot and Alasdair MacIntyre, as a way of avoiding utilitarianism or Kantian deontology. Through the work of 20th century philosophers such as Elizabeth Anscombe (especially in her book Intention), Aquinas's Principle of double effect specifically and his theory of intentional activity generally have been influential.
Modern readers might also find the method frequently used to reconcile Christian and Aristotelian doctrine rather strenuous. In some cases, the conflict is resolved by showing that a certain term actually has two meanings, the Christian doctrine referring to one meaning, the Aristotelian to the second. Thus, both doctrines can be said to be true. Indeed, noting distinctions is a necessary part of true philosophical inquiry. In most cases, Aquinas finds a reading of the Aristotelian text which might not always satisfy modern scholars of Aristotle but which is a plausible rendering of the Philosopher's meaning and thoroughly Christian.
- "Bibliography of Additional Readings" (1990). In Mortimer J. Adler (Ed.), Great Books of the Western World, 2nd ed., v. 2, pp. 987-988. Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica.
- "Thomas Aquinas" (1908). In Samuel Macauley Jackson (Ed.), The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge, v. 11, pp. 422-427. New York: Funk and Wagnalls.
- Toy, Crawford Howell and Broyd鬠Isaac (1906), "Aquinas, Thomas". In The Jewish Encyclopedia, v. 2, pp. 38-40. New York: Funk and Wagnalls.
External links
- Summa contra Gentiles (http://www.nd.edu/Departments/Maritain/etext/gc.htm)
- Summa Theologica (http://www.newadvent.org/summa)
- The Principles of Nature (http://www4.desales.edu/~philtheo/aquinas/Nature.html)
- On Being and Essence (http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/aquinas-esse.html) (De Ente et Essentia)
- Catena Aurea (http://www.ccel.org/a/aquinas/catena/home.htm) (partial)
- Corpus Thomisticum (http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/) - the works of St. Thomas Aquinas (Latin)
about Aquinas:
- Catholic Encyclopedia article (http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14663b.htm)
- Biography of Aquinas by G. K. Chesterton (http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks01/0100331.txt) (Warning: protected by copyright outside of Australia)
- On the legend of St. Albert's automaton (http://www.nd.edu/Departments/Maritain/etext/staamp3.htm)
- Aquinas on Intelligent Extra-Terrestrial Life (http://www.unav.es/cryf/extraterrestriallife.html)
- St Thomas of Aquinas (http://www.poetseers.org/spiritual_and_devotional_poets/christian/st_thomas/) Selected Prayers and poems
- Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry (http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aquinas/)
This article includes content derived from the public domain Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge, 1914.


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Today, William Shatner, the actor who played the legendary Captain James Tiberius Kirk in Star Trek: The Original Series and seven Star Trek motion pictures, turned 86 years old.
The Montreal-born actor started his career as a Shakespearean stage performer in Stratford, Canada and on Broadway in New York City in the early 1950's. Though his first appearance in cinema was that of a minor role in the 1951 Canadian film The Butler's Night Off, Shatner's prominence in film did not arrive until his second debut in 1958 as Alexey Karamazov in The Brothers Karamazov, a film adaptation of one of Fyodor Dostoyevsky's literary works. During that time, he played a major role as Jim Whitely in The Glass Eye, an episode form the third season of the television series Alfred Hitchcock Presents. In 1959, William Shatner performed on stage in Broadway once again as Lomax in The World of Suzie Wong; his outstanding performance was received very well by critics, which earned him greater repute in the theatrical and film community. In fact, his initial stardom was a precursor to greater achievements in film and television for the next several years before he took on more exploratory, original roles: where no man has gone before.
His more prominent contributions on-screen during the early 1960's, though not highly recognized by today's standards, included an episode of The Twilight Zone titled "Nightmare at 20,000 Feet", in which Shatner played a paranoid airline passenger who is seemingly the only person aboard aware of a gremlin sabotaging the propeller engines on the wing of the plane (and yes, this WAS the original screenplay that was remade in the fourth segment of the 1983 film Twilight Zone: The Movie, starring 3rd Rock from the Sun's John Lithgow sitting in Shatner's seat on the plane (and quite possibly terrified by the same gremlin). In 1964, Shatner guest-starred in The Man from U.N.C.L.E, in which he played as Michael Donfield, an ex-businessman employed by the main character, Napoleon Solo, to expose a plot that would bring the United States and the Soviet Union on the brink of war. In the episode, Solo and Donfield discover co-conspirators Madame Kurasov and her assistant, Vladeck. Interestingly, Vladeck was played by Leonard Nimoy, who would later fill the shoes of Spock from the classic Star Trek: The Original Series. Though these two actors played the roles of enemies in a single episode, fate would unite them in the roles of close friends for an entire series, both on- and off-screen.
In 1966, William Shatner was cast as Captain James T. Kirk in Star Trek's second pilot, "Where No Man Has Gone Before," a role in a series that lasted until its abrupt cancellation in 1969. His exceptional performance impacted science fiction for years to come. Despite the low financial status of the show's budget and its poor reception of the audience at the time, Shatner's portrayal of Kirk set the standard for many leadership roles in films and shows, from Battlestar Galactica to Star Wars.
By 1979, Gene Roddenberry and Paramount Pictures resurrected Star Trek and brought Shatner and his old crew back to work in another round of space-faring adventures; this time, William Shatner would not star in a TV series, but in a full-fledged film saga, beginning with Star Trek: The Motion Picture and ending with the sad, though heroic death of James T. Kirk in Star Trek: Generations.
After his film career as Captain Kirk ended (though his acting career was no where near finished), William Shatner refused to let the spirit of Kirk end at just one movie. He continued the Kirk legacy in a series of Star Trek novels wherein Captain Kirk was resurrected to continue his adventures to explore and save the galaxy once again, this time in the 24th century. He also authored the science fiction series TekWar, which was adapted into a video game, a made-for-TV movie, and a comic book series.
Shatner is as busy as ever. In 2016, he released his latest book Leonard: My Fifty-Year Friendship with a Remarkable Man, appeared at multiple conventions and even threw out the first pitch at Fenway Park's Star Trek Night, prior to the Boston Red Sox game.
He is scheduled to appear at multiple conventions throughout 2017, including Creation Entertainment's Official Star Trek Convention in Las Vegas (August 2-6).
William Shatner, writer, actor, stage performer, and science fiction enthusiast, is a man of many talents. His popularity as the legendary Captain Kirk earned him a reputation that not only lasted for half a century, but will endure for centuries to come. Look anywhere, Star Trek or not, one can still see the mark of Captain Kirk in everything, from television series and movies to music and art. Today, we shall celebrate Mr. Shatner's turning of age as well as the great fortunes he has laid out for us.
Captain, today we at TrekNews.net wish you a very happy and healthy 86th birthday.
You can follow William Shatner on Twitter at @WilliamShatner.
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Word Round Tray - Snacks - by Jamida
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(Dakar) - Nigeria's vice president should order an immediate criminal investigation into credible reports of a massacre of at least 150 Muslim residents of a town in central Nigeria, Human Rights Watch said today.
The killings, allegedly by groups of men armed with knives, machetes, and guns, were in the town of Kuru Karama, 30 kilometers south of the city of Jos in Plateau State in central Nigeria.
"Something extremely serious has happened in the town," said Corinne Dufka, senior West Africa researcher at Human Rights Watch. "The authorities need to act now both to bring those behind these heinous crimes to justice and to protect both the survivors and those at risk of renewed violence."
Witnesses interviewed by Human Rights Watch said that groups of armed men attacked the largely Muslim population of Kuru Karama around 10 a.m. on January 19, 2010. After surrounding the town, they hunted down and attacked Muslim residents, some of whom had sought refuge in homes and a local mosque, killing many as they tried to flee and burning many others alive. The witnesses said they believed members of the armed groups to be Christians.
Community leaders from Jos and journalists who visited the town under military escort later in the week told Human Rights Watch that they saw bodies, including several charred corpses of young children and babies, strewn around town, including dozens stuffed down wells or in sewage pits. According to a Muslim official who visited the town to arrange for burial of the bodies, 121 have been recovered so far, including the bodies of 22 young children. The official told Human Rights Watch that corpses are still lodged in 16 wells. Journalists and community leaders who visited the town said that nearly all of the homes and the three main mosques were burned and destroyed.
One of the town's Muslim imams wounded in the attack told Human Rights Watch that a Christian pastor tried to stop the attack but was beaten by the armed mob. There are conflicting reports of the police response. One witness reported that at least one police officer participated in the attack, while another said the police abandoned their post shortly before the violence began. Witnesses said the killings took place throughout the day, without police intervention to stop the violence, despite repeated calls to the police.
The Plateau State police commissioner, Greg Anyating, told Human Rights Watch that the reported death tolls in Plateau State were false, and the police would issue "correct figures" on the number of dead in a few days, following an inquiry.
In a televised address to the nation on January 21, Vice President Goodluck Jonathan, the acting president, pledged that the perpetrators of the violence in Plateau State and their sponsors would not evade justice. "The federal government is determined to secure convictions of the perpetrators of this crime, no matter how highly placed," he said.
"Vice President Jonathan's statement that the perpetrators will be prosecuted is a start," Dufka said. "But now he needs to make sure the police conduct an immediate and impartial investigation."
Nigeria is deeply divided along ethnic and religious lines. More than 13,500 people have died in religious or ethnic clashes since the end of military rule in 1999. In Plateau State, an unprecedented outbreak of violence in Jos claimed as many as 1,000 lives in September 2001; more than 700 people died in May 2004 in inter-communal clashes in the town of Yelwa in the southern part of the state; and at least 700 people were killed in the violence in Jos on November 28 and 29, 2008. Human Rights Watch documented 133 cases of unlawful killings by members of the security forces in responding to the 2008 violence.
The latest outbreak started in Jos on January 17 and quickly spread to neighboring communities, including Kuru Karama. There are conflicting reports of what triggered the Jos violence. Civil society leaders reported that it began with an argument over the rebuilding of a Muslim home destroyed in the November 2008 violence in a predominately Christian neighborhood. Police Commissioner Greg Anyating said the trigger was an attack by Muslim youth on Christian worshippers in the Nassarawa Gwom district of Jos, which Muslim leaders deny. There are also several credible reports that the military and police used excessive force against both Christians and Muslims in responding to the violence.
Muslim leaders in Plateau State reported today that at least 364 Muslims have been killed in Jos and surrounding communities, including 187 of the dead that have been taken to the Jos central mosque for burial. A Christian leader told Human Rights Watch today that the Christian Association of Nigeria is still compiling figures on the number of Christians killed.
In December 2008, President Umaru Yar'Adua set up a panel to investigate the 2008 Jos violence, but the panel only began hearings in December 2009. The Plateau State governor, Jonah Jang, also formed a commission of inquiry, which held hearings but did not investigate alleged abuses by security forces. The commission's report, submitted to the state governor in October 2009, has not been made public.
Human Rights Watch said the government should also take concrete steps to end the discriminatory policies that treat certain groups as second-class citizens and lie at the root of much of the inter-communal violence in Nigeria. Government policies that discriminate against "non-indigenes" - people who cannot trace their ancestry to those said to be the original inhabitants of an area - underlie many of these conflicts. Non-indigenes are openly denied the right to compete for government jobs and academic scholarships. In Jos and in Kuru Karama, members of the largely Muslim Hausa ethnic group are classified as non-indigenes though many have lived there for several generations.
Human Rights Watch also called on the federal government to pass legislation prohibiting government discrimination against non-indigenes in all matters that are not purely cultural or related to traditional leadership institutions.
Selected Witness Accounts
A 32-year-old resident of Kuru Karama, described to Human Rights Watch what happened:
"Kuru is an old mining town. There are over 3,000 people who live in the community. When we heard that there was crisis in Jos [on Sunday], we went to the [local] Berom chief on Sunday and Monday, he said we should go back home, and go in peace. We went home and relaxed. On Tuesday [January 19] we sat down in the police station and [all] agreed that nothing would happen in the community. The three Muslim leaders were there; the three pastors were there; the chiefs of the Berom and Hausa were there. We then went home. After 15-20 minutes we saw people dropping [entering the town] from the mountains. They were Berom - the tribe of the governor. They were armed with cutlasses, guns, sticks, and bags of stones. It was not the Christians from our community but those from outside who came. Before they reached the area, we called the pastors who said it was none of their business.
I saw one policeman kill more than three people. This is not what I heard from people; I saw it with my own eyes. We were running away, and we met the policeman. He shot a small boy who fell on the ground, and we hid. We had only stones in our hands. He also killed a woman with a baby.
The children were running helter-skelter. The men were trying to protect the women. People who ran to the bush were killed. Some were burned in the mosque, and some went to the houses and were burned. We think 250-300 have been killed, including babies and children. My brother lost four of his children. I personally saw more than 20-30 bodies of children. Some were sliced into two from the head downward; others were burned; others were amputated. I saw a mother lying down and the baby lying next to her.
I am married with two children and one wife. I was waiting for her [my wife], I could not see her. I left Kuru after 12 midnight [early Wednesday morning]. I ran to neighboring villages. The next evening I saw her. She was wounded badly. The 11-month-old girl, they [the mobs] used an axe and cut her. They are both at the hospital.
I came back on Wednesday evening escorted by the military. I saw dead bodies everywhere. The corpses were there, but now you can just see the blood on the ground. None of the houses are standing. All the mosques were liquidated."
A community leader who was in Kuru Karama the day of the massacre described to Human Rights Watch what he saw:
"Around 10 a.m. we started seeing people coming around and surrounding us. They said they will take our land, saying we are the non-indigenes. They started throwing stones, shooting bows and arrows, shooting guns; we tried to defend ourselves, but we had nothing.
After they started beating us and we ran back to the village, we started to gather our wives and children and put them in the central mosque because anyone who knows religion knows the mosque and church are safe places. We left a few people in the mosque and then went back to defend ourselves, but we couldn't make it because we didn't have anything to protect ourselves with, and we couldn't run because they had surrounded us. So we had to just try to defend ourselves before they killed us. So along the way they were killing us. They were shooting us, hitting us with knives, burning us. They followed us; we went to another place, and they killed us. We were going round, and round, and round.
I saw what happened in the central mosque. They pursued us. They burned the mosque. They killed people in our presence. They burned the mosque with the women and children in it. There were over 100 bodies in the mosque - women and children. We couldn't run away. All of us were wounded. They burned the whole village. There are 200-500 Muslim houses and they burned them all. The central mosque is a big mosque and was destroyed. They have killed almost 500 people. Some people ran to the bush and were killed. The dead bodies are in the wells, some in the soakaways. The fighting went on from 10 a.m. until 10 p.m. They [the mobs] ran away and left at night.
I have three wives and four children. I saw the dead body of one wife; they had burned half of her. The remaining wives and my four children, I have not seen them. There are those who are burned to ashes, and you don't know who is who."


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The successful nationwide organizing and subsequent protests in Egypt to oust the 30-year regime of President Hosni Mubarak have in part been facilitated by Facebook. But as media and technology commentators and human rights activists alike are noting, using Facebook for activism is fraught with risks.
Facebook's insistence that its users use their 'real identity' when signing up – and deleting accounts and groups that do no comply – makes it difficult for human rights activists needing to work anonymously or pseudonymously. And it makes it easier for governments to track not only individuals but also their networks.
The risks that affect activists using Facebook have their counterparts in video too. At the same time as the use of video has become more widespread in human rights work, the risks associated with shooting and circulating video, whether by professional human rights advocates or citizen activists, have become equally apparent.
Some of the most notable and publicized examples include the Saffron Revolution in Burma, when intelligence agents scrutinized citizen-shot photographs and video footage to identify demonstrators and bystanders. During the post-election protests in Iran, the government crowd-sourced identification of protesters via facial pictures grabbed from YouTube. And then there is Asmaa Mahfouz's recent experience in Egypt. Asmaa, whose video blog (below) was one of the alleged catalysts of the January 25th protests, received threats from pro-Mubarak supporters.
With human rights documentation and organizing increasingly taking place via video, and video becoming the primary communication mode online, how are people enabled to make purposeful choices about when they speak out and what degree of anonymity they hold onto for themselves? At WITNESS, we've been thinking this in terms of facilitating choices about 'visual privacy' and 'visual anonymity'. And what role, if any, should service providers like Facebook and YouTube play in enabling their spaces for those engaged in human rights work, particularly with video?
In this post, I highlight some new dilemmas of privacy and anonymity related to the increasing ubiquity of human rights video. These themes have emerged during the course of research for a report for our Cameras Everywhere initiative, which we'll publish next month. The report, drafted with Sameer Padania, formerly of WITNESS, is based on interviews with leading experts in human rights, technology, media and policy-making.
But given the debate that's happening now about the relationship between the major technology platforms and human rights, we've decided to share with you today some relevant parts of the report. We'll share thoughts today on issues related to anonymity, privacy and freedom of expression and provide some initial recommendations, drafted with Sameer (and which you'll find at the end of this post), as a contribution to the discussion.
Freedom of Expression, Privacy and Anonymity: Grounding in Human Rights Principles
Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers. – Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), Article 19
No one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy, family, home or correspondence. – UDHR, Article 12
Anonymity is very much a part of the right to free speech. International human rights law addresses the right to free expression and exchange of information, as well as freedom of association in Article 19 of the UDHR (see above), and also in Article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), which adds that restrictions on this right "shall only be such as provided by law and are necessary: (a) For respect of the rights or reputations of others; (b) For the protection of national security or of public order (ordre public), or public health and morals." Further international declarations on the rights of human rights defenders also emphasize the capacity to disseminate and receive information on human rights topics.
Complementary to rights of freedom of expression is the right to freedom from arbitrary and unlawful interference with one's privacy and correspondence, recognized both in Article 12 of the UDHR and in Article 17 of the ICCPR. The right to privacy is usually understood to include both the individual's right to a zone of autonomy within a "private sphere" such as the home, as well as in respect to personal choices within the public sphere. Much discussion around online Internet privacy focuses on the security of personal data and personal identity.
Critical to an active right to both free expression and to privacy is the right to communicate anonymously. Of course, this is not an absolute right – after all, anonymity can also be used, for example to cover criminal activity. However the active presence of options to have anonymity and no a priori restrictions on anonymity enables freedom of expression and supports the right to privacy.
The Right to Communicate Anonymously: Moving from Data to Video
Most contemporary discussions around anonymous communication on the Internet focus on the data protection side. They focus on options for encryption or for using proxy server and circumvention approaches like Tor to conceal both the person communicating and the data being transmitted. These conversations are often exemplified in the handover of user information to repressive governments (for example, Yahoo in China providing the details of journalist Shi Tao) or to governments' tracking and accessing users' personal data and communications. Additionally, there is also a tendency to assert that privacy is a thing of the past online and that societal trends and social norms are moving away from assumptions of privacy and anonymity (see for example, contentious public statements made by Mark Zuckerberg, CEO of Facebook).
But in the case of video (or photos), a largely unaddressed question arises. What about the rights to anonymity and privacy for those people who appear, intentionally or not, in visual recordings originating in sites of individual or mass human rights violations?
Consider the persecution later faced by bystanders and people who stepped in to film or assist Neda Agha-Soltan as she lay dying during the election protests in Iran in 2009. People in video can be identified by old-fashioned investigative techniques, by crowd-sourcing (as with the Iran example noted above and shown below) or by face detection/recognition software. The latter is now even built into consumer products like the Facebook Photos, thus exposing activists using Facebook to a layer of risk largely beyond their control.
Here the current methods of protecting privacy are largely inadequate. The IP address from which you send a video is concealed (for example using Tor), yet the person in the video is quickly identifiable with facial recognition software. Often the metadata of location and creator is embedded in the image. And there are no ready options either in the capture of footage or the upload options to video sharing and social media platforms to better anonymize or conceal the identity of those who speak out, or those who are accidentally caught in 'incriminating' circumstances. There are few options to preserve what WITNESS has been thinking of as 'visual privacy' and better bound the choices we make about protecting our personal visual identity or holding onto 'visual anonymity'.
Visual anonymity or visual privacy may sound like a contradictions in terms, but people often wish to speak out and to 'be seen' while at the same time concealing their face and identifying surroundings. Conversely, people caught in the background of a video may be unaware they are even being filmed in that moment and have no option to protect themselves. This is particularly true outside of mass protest settings where the wave of group solidarity may overwhelm any sense of personal privacy. But imagine you are someone speaking out from a far more marginalized position, for example, a gay person in Uganda, or a rural activist in Mexico. As video increasingly displaces text as the primary mode of online communication, the need for options for visual anonymity will only become more important.
Any steps to protect human rights activists, as well as victims and survivors of human rights violations must initially be grounded in the knowledge and agency of individuals themselves. Whether filming or being filmed, people themselves can take proactive steps at the moment of filming or before they upload in order to protect themselves. WITNESS has blogged extensively about this in the past in this post from our blog series with YouTube, and provides a series of tips in our training materials (PDF). We are also developing a mobile phone application that enables better anonymization of on-the-fly of visual images. However, I'd like to focus the rest of this post on the role that online and mobile service providers can play in terms of supporting new forms of anonymity.
Online Service Providers and Mobile Networks Set Many Parameters
Some of the dilemmas of 'real name' identity and 'visual anonymity' come together when we consider that so much of social justice advocacy in social media and online video spaces occurs in in spaces that are 'public spaces' only to the extent that their corporate owners permit it. As the internet researcher Ethan Zuckerman has put it:
Hosting your political movement on YouTube is a little like trying to hold a rally in a shopping mall. It looks like a public space, but it's not – it's a private space, and your use of it is governed by an agreement that works harder to protect YouTube's fiscal viability than to protect your rights of free speech.
Online service providers like Facebook and YouTube are private spaces that must largely prioritize as friction-free a user interface as possible. This approach may be at odds with important considerations with human rights content, such as issues of anonymity, consent, and contextualization (other potential concerns are summarized in this post from the Transmission network). In general, the human rights user has been de-prioritized as a consumer and user-category (and indeed it is a minor one in terms of relative quantity) in relation to other user-scenarios in these mass-public platforms – if it is acknowledged as a user-scenario at all.
Yet any progress in addressing human rights questions must also be informed at least by dialogue with the technology providers of services, hardware and software; online and in the mobile arena, both from within the closed, proprietary sector and the world of open video.
These online and mobile service providers dominate too much of the space and – as we see from Egypt – are used for upload and sharing by too many of the grassroots activists and citizen documentors creating human rights video to be ignored as key actors. These providers have the ability to further support in this respect or at least not actively hinder, and they can't simply be ignored in favor of using niche or specialized spaces that seem more immediately aligned either ideologically, practically or in terms of their non-corporate ownership or content focus with traditional human rights advocacy – but that have correspondingly small, niche communities.
Next month we'll publish our summary of recommended policy and practical steps that creators, human rights advocates, technologists (online and mobile, software and apps-developers, service-providers and hardware-makers), funders and policy-makers can take to mitigate risks in the use of technology (and particularly visual technologies) in human rights work, and how the overall environment for this work can be strengthened.
In the meantime, here's a preview of the recommendations for online and mobile service providers. We'll expand on them further next month in the report.
Recommendations for Online and Mobile Service Providers
There are three sets of changes – to policies, to functionality and to editorial content – that technology companies enabling the creation or sharing of video could make right away, and that would have a significant normative ripple effect. Online and mobile service providers should, in the first instance:
1. Change key usage and content policies (including those covering apps) to include specific reference to human rights:
- Create a "human rights" content category, and build a specific content review workflow (including an assessment of informed consent where appropriate) to deal with content tagged and flagged as such. This workflow should also look at account deactivation requests related to human rights content, or to anonymous or pseudonymous usage of sites and platforms.
- Conduct a human rights impact assessment of existing site policies, including mobile products, in consultation with relevant stakeholders, and make public some or all of the findings, along with recommendations for modifications.
- Participate in wider initiatives to develop, share and refine ethical codes or codes of conduct for online, mobile and ubiquitous video. These guidelines should specifically address human rights edge-cases, but will likely be applicable to much broader general user use-cases.
2. Develop or incorporate tools and technologies into core functionality that enable both human rights activists and general users to exercise greater control over visual privacy:
- Build "visual privacy" checks (including masking geolocational and EXIF data) as well as standard privacy checks into product design, development and marketing workflows, drawing on risk scenarios outlined through human rights impact assessments.
- Follow the principle of "privacy by design", or for products already in circulation, "privacy by default".
- Build tools enabling users to selectively blur faces, voices, specific words and to use other relevant anonymization/privacy protection techniques directly at the point of upload (for platforms or social networks) or acquisition (for hardware or mobile apps)
- Build human rights-relevant nudges (e.g. related to addition of context, protection of identity, consent) into the user flow for any content categorized as "human rights" or tagged with human rights-related tags.
- Provide links at appropriate points in the mobile and online user flow to downloadable, mobile-ready video guides supporting users to deal better with (informed) consent, protecting safety and security of those filmed and those filming, and vicarious trauma for those filming, and those watching. Promote these guides where appropriate.
3. Create officially-supported spaces in relevant products and in mobile and online settings, for curation and discussion of online content from a human rights perspective, to strengthen user and broader public understanding of human rights in the digital era
- Curate human rights-related video content selected by appropriately qualified, trained or experienced staff.
- Discuss transparently key cases relating to inappropriate content or account take-down requests in human rights situations, from government requests, and other related and emerging scenarios.
- Announce and highlight changes to site, mobile or product policies that specifically address human rights and privacy vulnerabilities or concerns raised in human rights impact assessments or through other means.
- Discuss editorial decisions that illuminate human rights content guidelines (described under #1).
We look forward to your feedback on our in-depth data and recommendations in early March.
Thanks to Sameer Padania for his additional editorial and substantive input on drafting this blog, and to Matisse Bustos Hawkes for her editing.


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The specific features of spina bifida vary, but generally the small bones (vertebrae) that make up the spine are not fully formed and may have gaps between them. In severe cases, one or more vertebrae may be missing, exposing the spinal cord. The nerve damage means that the nerves controlling bladder and bowel function are affected.
Ranging from most severe to less severe, the most common types of spina bifida are:
Myelomeningocele is where paralysis of the legs is likely and where bladder and/or bowel dysfunction is likely in 80% of cases. It occurs when the damaged spinal cord and nerves protrude through the opening in the spine, along with meninges (membranes that envelop the central nervous system) and cerebrospinal fluid.
Meningocele is when the meninges stick out through the opening in the spine in a sac that is also filled with cerebrospinal fluid. In general, meningocele is associated with a lesser degree of disability than myelomeningocele, but bladder and bowel problems are possible.
Spina bifida occulta is fairly common; one in 10 people may have it. Most people will not have any symptoms of disease. However, in about one in 1000 cases, the spinal cord might be trapped between the bones of the spine in the affected region. Some effects may be seen in childhood, such as bladder and bowel problems, or leg pain.
The number of children born with spina bifida is declining due to a combination of more women taking folic acid supplements before and after conception and screening programs to identify the condition early in pregnancy.
Learn more about spina bifida and bladder problems and how to take care of your bladder.
Learn more about spina bifida and bowel problems and how to take care of your bowel.
Most children with spina bifida will experience bladder dysfunction known as neurogenic bladder, which means they have a decreased ability to control their bladder. A neurogenic bladder can lead to either spastic bladder and or flaccid bladder, which is why spina bifida children need a good bladder management programme.
The most common type of bladder dysfunction in spina bifida is flaccid bladder. This is when the bladder overstretches allowing extremely large amounts of urine to be stored before being expelled. The bladder can stretch to hold as much as 2000 ml of urine, which can lead to leakage. Very often when you have spina bifida, flaccid bladder usually occurs in combination with a sphincter muscle that does not open to the urethra.
This is when the bladder is very rigid, which means that it is unable to stretch and therefore cannot hold as much urine as normal. On top of this, the bladder may not empty completely, which increases the risk of a urinary tract infection, as the residual urine acts like a pool in which bacteria can grow.
Typical symptoms of spastic bladder are:
Learn more about spina bifida and how to take care of your bladder.
Most children with spina bifida cannot urinate naturally. Your child may not have any control over when he/she urinates and may not be able to completely empty his bladder. Incontinence also has social impacts on both the child and family.
For the child, incontinence can lead to social embarrassment and exclusion by peers e.g. they may miss out on sleepovers and school trips. They may not be able to wear 'trendy' clothes if they wear diapers, which is again restrictive and alienating. Distress and feelings of 'worthlessness' can be common in children and young people with incontinence. For the parents not only is careful planning of everyday activities important but they may also experience their own feelings of anxiety and embarrassment.
Urine is excess water and waste products from the body. Urine is produced in the kidneys (1) and then transported to the bladder (2). The urine leaves the bladder via the urethra (3).
If your child's bladder is not emptied regularly, it can cause infections. These start in the bladder but can move back to the kidneys and cause serious damage – and sadly sometimes even death. Even small amounts of urine left in the bladder can cause infections. As a rule, the bladder should be emptied at least 4-6 times a day.
Catheterisation is when you empty the bladder using a thin plastic tube called a catheter which is an easy and painless way to help your child urinate. The catheter is pushed gently into the urethra, where the urine comes out, to empty the bladder. This is done at least 4-6 times a day. Until your child is around 5 years old, you will need to help him empty his bladder. Although it may seem difficult at first, most people soon get used to it.
This FAQ is intended as a guide to commonly asked questions. Please always consult your healthcare professional regarding spinal cord injuries.
The bladder, which stores urine, is controlled by the nervous system. Because spina bifida causes nerve damage, bladder function may be affected. Some people find that they need to urinate more frequently or urgently, some experience urine leakage whereas others experience difficulty emptying the bladder.
If your child's bladder is not emptied regularly, it can cause infections. These start in the bladder but can move back to the kidneys and cause renal damage. Even small amounts of urine left in the bladder can cause infections. Alternatively, if your child cannot control the urge to urinate, he or she may leak involuntarily. Controlling your child's bladder problems will help them to stay healthy and grow with confidence. Talk to your healthcare professional about how to manage your child's bladder.
The catheter is a slim, flexible tube that is inserted into the bladder through the urethra to allow the urine to drain.
Clean intermittent catheterisation is an effective bladder management technique based on the regular and complete emptying of the bladder using a sterile catheter. It requires thoroughly washed hands and good personal hygiene. The clean technique should be used by the parent helping the child, the child them self or both in the home setting.If required, clean intermittent catheterisation is typically introduced immediately after birth to prevent kidney damage. Initially the parents will have to do the procedure but when capable, the child should take over the responsibility.
Catheters are available in different sizes and lengths including paediatric sizes, which are designed specifically for children.
Your doctor or nurse will start by making a bladder emptying schedule for your child. Bladder emptying is normally done 4-6 times each day. You do not need to empty your child's bladder at night if it is done just before bedtime.
No. Your child might feel some pressure when the catheter goes in. If your child is not comfortable or if it is difficult to slide in the catheter, take a short break. Encourage your child to relax by taking a deep breath or cough. Talk to your doctor or nurse if your child finds it painful.
No. You should follow the schedule your doctor has given you. As a rule, the bladder should be emptied at least 4-6 times a day. Can I give my child less to drink and empty his bladder less often? No. It is very important that your child drinks enough. This keeps the urinary system clean and healthy.
Your child may have an infection. Talk to your doctor or nurse.
It is normal to see small spots of blood on the catheter. If they are small and your child is not in pain, you should not worry. If there is bleeding or if your child finds it painful, talk to your doctor or nurse.
Bowel irrigation is where water is introduced into the bowel using a rectal catheter. The water stimulates the bowel and flushes out the stool, leaving the lower half of the bowel empty. Before starting bowel irrigation you should always consult a doctor or a nurse to get proper instructions in use.
Your child can start irrigating from the age of 3 years. Bowel irrigation is not recommended for children under 3 years of age.Read more about Coloplast's bowel irrigation system, Peristeen®.
In order for you child to start,, you need to get a prescription from your GP or nurse. You must also always consult an experienced specialist healthcare professional before starting up the irrigation procedure and you and your child must receive thorough instruction from a healthcare professional before using this product.
Yes, but you should remember to bring your irrigation kit and lots of disposable catheters. They may not sell them everywhere. If you are going to use the kit abroad, use bottled or cooled boiled water in places where the tap water is not safe to drink. Remember in different time zones your child's body may take a while to get used to a new routine. Different types of food can also affect the bowel.
If your child experiences bowel leakage between irrigations, it may be due to insufficient emptying of their bowel due to constipation or hard stool. Alternatively, they may be using too much water during irrigation. Contact your doctor or nurse to help you adapt to your bowel plan. A Peristeen® Anal Plug may help if the problem persists.
Many people with spina bifida will experience bowel dysfunction known as neurogenic bowel. The feeling of needing to empty the bowel and the movement of stools through the body are controlled by nerves in the spinal cord, which can often be damaged in spina bifida. It means that bowel leakage is experienced in almost 90% of spina bifida cases. A neurogenic bowel can also lead to constipation.
Spina bifida and symptoms of bowel leakage:
This results in continuous leakage from the rectum which may cause offensive odours, meaning that people with spina bifida can often experience skin problems and be reluctant to socialise with their peers.
Spina bifida and symptoms of constipation:
Typically to a number of unpleasant side effects like bloating, discomfort and severe stomach ache are closely related to constipation.
Products that can help to manage bowel problems include:
Read more about how to take care of your bowel.
Bowel irrigation is an effective way of emptying the bowel. If you do it regularly, it will make your child feel more comfortable and prevent problems such as bowel leakage and constipation.
Bowel irrigation is where water is pumped into the bowel using a bowel irrigation system. The water stimulates the bowel and washes out the stools. The irrigation process takes about 30-45 minutes. Once a routine is established, then after irrigation the bowel is clean and empty for at least one day.
Until your child learns how to do empty their own bowel, you need to make sure that the irrigation is done correctly and safely. Find a good, regular routine that works and encourage your child to take an interest. Your child will have to do it themselves when they are older. If irrigation is not done regularly your child may feel uncomfortable and can suffer from; constipation, infections and/or leakage:
The Coloplast Poo Game is available to help children learn about bowel irrigation. When you feel your child is ready you can use this game to teach about the irrigation system. Please ask your doctor or nurse for more information.
For answers to the most common questions about spina bifida and bladder and bowel issues read more in the FAQ.
Since using Peristeen®, Frederikke can concentrate on being a teenager and doing the things young people like to do.
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UI, UI_new, UI_new_method, UI_free, UI_add_input_string, UI_dup_input_string, UI_add_verify_string, UI_dup_verify_string, UI_add_input_boolean, UI_dup_input_boolean, UI_add_info_string, UI_dup_info_string, UI_add_error_string, UI_dup_error_string, UI_construct_prompt, UI_add_user_data, UI_dup_user_data, UI_get0_user_data, UI_get0_result, UI_get_result_length, UI_process, UI_ctrl, UI_set_default_method, UI_get_default_method, UI_get_method, UI_set_method, UI_OpenSSL, UI_null - user interface
#include <openssl/ui.h>
typedef struct ui_st UI;
UI *UI_new(void);
UI *UI_new_method(const UI_METHOD *method);
void UI_free(UI *ui);
int UI_add_input_string(UI *ui, const char *prompt, int flags,
char *result_buf, int minsize, int maxsize);
int UI_dup_input_string(UI *ui, const char *prompt, int flags,
char *result_buf, int minsize, int maxsize);
int UI_add_verify_string(UI *ui, const char *prompt, int flags,
char *result_buf, int minsize, int maxsize,
const char *test_buf);
int UI_dup_verify_string(UI *ui, const char *prompt, int flags,
char *result_buf, int minsize, int maxsize,
const char *test_buf);
int UI_add_input_boolean(UI *ui, const char *prompt, const char *action_desc,
const char *ok_chars, const char *cancel_chars,
int flags, char *result_buf);
int UI_dup_input_boolean(UI *ui, const char *prompt, const char *action_desc,
const char *ok_chars, const char *cancel_chars,
int flags, char *result_buf);
int UI_add_info_string(UI *ui, const char *text);
int UI_dup_info_string(UI *ui, const char *text);
int UI_add_error_string(UI *ui, const char *text);
int UI_dup_error_string(UI *ui, const char *text);
char *UI_construct_prompt(UI *ui_method,
const char *phrase_desc, const char *object_name);
void *UI_add_user_data(UI *ui, void *user_data);
int UI_dup_user_data(UI *ui, void *user_data);
void *UI_get0_user_data(UI *ui);
const char *UI_get0_result(UI *ui, int i);
int UI_get_result_length(UI *ui, int i);
int UI_process(UI *ui);
int UI_ctrl(UI *ui, int cmd, long i, void *p, void (*f)());
void UI_set_default_method(const UI_METHOD *meth);
const UI_METHOD *UI_get_default_method(void);
const UI_METHOD *UI_get_method(UI *ui);
const UI_METHOD *UI_set_method(UI *ui, const UI_METHOD *meth);
UI_METHOD *UI_OpenSSL(void);
const UI_METHOD *UI_null(void);
UI stands for User Interface, and is general purpose set of routines to prompt the user for text-based information. Through user-written methods (see UI_create_method(3)), prompting can be done in any way imaginable, be it plain text prompting, through dialog boxes or from a cell phone.
All the functions work through a context of the type UI. This context contains all the information needed to prompt correctly as well as a reference to a UI_METHOD, which is an ordered vector of functions that carry out the actual prompting.
The first thing to do is to create a UI with UI_new() or UI_new_method(), then add information to it with the UI_add or UI_dup functions. Also, user-defined random data can be passed down to the underlying method through calls to UI_add_user_data() or UI_dup_user_data(). The default UI method doesn't care about these data, but other methods might. Finally, use UI_process() to actually perform the prompting and UI_get0_result() and UI_get_result_length() to find the result to the prompt and its length.
A UI can contain more than one prompt, which are performed in the given sequence. Each prompt gets an index number which is returned by the UI_add and UI_dup functions, and has to be used to get the corresponding result with UI_get0_result() and UI_get_result_length().
UI_process() can be called more than once on the same UI, thereby allowing a UI to have a long lifetime, but can just as well have a short lifetime.
The functions are as follows:
UI_new() creates a new UI using the default UI method. When done with this UI, it should be freed using UI_free().
UI_new_method() creates a new UI using the given UI method. When done with this UI, it should be freed using UI_free().
UI_OpenSSL() returns the built-in UI method (note: not necessarily the default one, since the default can be changed. See further on). This method is the most machine/OS dependent part of OpenSSL and normally generates the most problems when porting.
UI_null() returns a UI method that does nothing. Its use is to avoid getting internal defaults for passed UI_METHOD pointers.
UI_free() removes a UI from memory, along with all other pieces of memory that's connected to it, like duplicated input strings, results and others. If ui is NULL nothing is done.
UI_add_input_string() and UI_add_verify_string() add a prompt to the UI, as well as flags and a result buffer and the desired minimum and maximum sizes of the result, not counting the final NUL character. The given information is used to prompt for information, for example a password, and to verify a password (i.e. having the user enter it twice and check that the same string was entered twice). UI_add_verify_string() takes and extra argument that should be a pointer to the result buffer of the input string that it's supposed to verify, or verification will fail.
UI_add_input_boolean() adds a prompt to the UI that's supposed to be answered in a boolean way, with a single character for yes and a different character for no. A set of characters that can be used to cancel the prompt is given as well. The prompt itself is divided in two, one part being the descriptive text (given through the prompt argument) and one describing the possible answers (given through the action_desc argument).
UI_add_info_string() and UI_add_error_string() add strings that are shown at the same time as the prompt for extra information or to show an error string. The difference between the two is only conceptual. With the built-in method, there's no technical difference between them. Other methods may make a difference between them, however.
The flags currently supported are UI_INPUT_FLAG_ECHO, which is relevant for UI_add_input_string() and will have the users response be echoed (when prompting for a password, this flag should obviously not be used, and UI_INPUT_FLAG_DEFAULT_PWD, which means that a default password of some sort will be used (completely depending on the application and the UI method).
UI_dup_input_string(), UI_dup_verify_string(), UI_dup_input_boolean(), UI_dup_info_string() and UI_dup_error_string() are basically the same as their UI_add counterparts, except that they make their own copies of all strings.
UI_construct_prompt() is a helper function that can be used to create a prompt from two pieces of information: a phrase description phrase_desc and an object name object_name, where the latter may be NULL. The default constructor (if there is none provided by the method used) creates a string "Enter phrase_desc for object_name:" where the " for object_name" part is left out if object_name is NULL. With the description "pass phrase" and the filename "foo.key", that becomes "Enter pass phrase for foo.key:". Other methods may create whatever string and may include encodings that will be processed by the other method functions.
UI_add_user_data() adds a user data pointer for the method to use at any time. The built-in UI method doesn't care about this info. Note that several calls to this function doesn't add data, it replaces the previous blob with the one given as argument.
UI_dup_user_data() duplicates the user data and works as an alternative to UI_add_user_data() when the user data needs to be preserved for a longer duration, perhaps even the lifetime of the application. The UI object takes ownership of this duplicate and will free it whenever it gets replaced or the UI is destroyed. UI_dup_user_data() returns 0 on success, or -1 on memory allocation failure or if the method doesn't have a duplicator function.
UI_get0_user_data() retrieves the data that has last been given to the UI with UI_add_user_data() or UI_dup_user_data.
UI_get0_result() returns a pointer to the result buffer associated with the information indexed by i.
UI_get_result_length() returns the length of the result buffer associated with the information indexed by i.
UI_process() goes through the information given so far, does all the printing and prompting and returns the final status, which is -2 on out-of-band events (Interrupt, Cancel, ...), -1 on error and 0 on success.
UI_ctrl() adds extra control for the application author. For now, it understands two commands: UI_CTRL_PRINT_ERRORS, which makes UI_process() print the OpenSSL error stack as part of processing the UI, and UI_CTRL_IS_REDOABLE, which returns a flag saying if the used UI can be used again or not.
UI_set_default_method() changes the default UI method to the one given. This function is not thread-safe and should not be called at the same time as other OpenSSL functions.
UI_get_default_method() returns a pointer to the current default UI method.
UI_get_method() returns the UI method associated with a given UI.
UI_set_method() changes the UI method associated with a given UI.
The resulting strings that the built in method UI_OpenSSL() generate are assumed to be encoded according to the current locale or (for Windows) code page. For applications having different demands, these strings need to be converted appropriately by the caller. For Windows, if the OPENSSL_WIN32_UTF8 environment variable is set, the built-in method UI_OpenSSL() will produce UTF-8 encoded strings instead.
UI_new() and UI_new_method() return a valid UI structure or NULL if an error occurred.
UI_add_input_string(), UI_dup_input_string(), UI_add_verify_string(), UI_dup_verify_string(), UI_add_input_boolean(), UI_dup_input_boolean(), UI_add_info_string(), UI_dup_info_string(), UI_add_error_string() and UI_dup_error_string() return a positive number on success or a value which is less than or equal to 0 otherwise.
UI_construct_prompt() returns a string or NULL if an error occurred.
UI_dup_user_data() returns 0 on success or -1 on error.
UI_get0_result() returns a string or NULL on error.
UI_get_result_length() returns a positive integer or 0 on success; otherwise it returns -1 on error.
UI_process() returns 0 on success or a negative value on error.
UI_ctrl() returns a mask on success or -1 on error.
UI_get_default_method(), UI_get_method(), UI_OpenSSL(), UI_null() and UI_set_method() return either a valid UI_METHOD structure or NULL respectively.
The UI_dup_user_data() function was added in OpenSSL 1.1.1.
Copyright 2001-2020 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
Licensed under the Apache License 2.0 (the "License"). You may not use this file except in compliance with the License. You can obtain a copy in the file LICENSE in the source distribution or at https://www.openssl.org/source/license.html.


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[...] "We started climbing one of the dunes, and as we proceeded the noise grew more intense and the wind stronger. When we reached the top, we could see the mountains standing out clearly to the south and the gigantic plain stretching out all around us." [...] (The Zahir - Paulo Coelho)
Dear Haijin, visitors and travelers,
It's with sadness and pain in my heart that I am writing the last episode of CDHK for November. 2015 Runs to an end and next month we will go on "the Narrow Road to the Deep North" following in the footsteps of Matsuo Basho. I am looking forward to that wonderful journey.
But first ... Tavn Bogd (or the Five Mountains or Five Saints) five snow-capped mountains who are sacred in the Altai .. vistas are gorgeous here and the snow-capped peaks are mirrored in the pools and lakes around them. Must be a real holy experience to sit there taking in the view and the power of the mountains. Listen to the wind over the steppes, listen to the sweet sound of the grasses waving, listen to the birds ... listen to the eagle, king of the skies, and Messenger of the gods.
Credits: Tavn Bogd (Five Mountains) |
The Tavn Bogd (lit. "five saints") is a mountain massif in Mongolia, on the border
with China and Russia. Its highest peak, the Khüiten Peak (formerly also known
as Nairmadal Peak) is the highest point of Mongolia at 4374 meters above sea
level. The Tavn Bogd massif is located mostly within the Bayan-Olgii Province
of Mongolia; its northern slopes are in Russia's Altai Republic, and western,
in China's Burqin County.
Besides the
Khüiten Peak, the Tavn Bogd massif includes four other peaks: Nairamdal,
Malchin, Bürged (eagle) and Olgii (motherland).
resonating drums
the five saints ... impressive beauty
spirit world opens
© Chèvrefeuille
Hm ... not a very strong one, but I like the feeling of it ... it's a (real) shaman haiku I think ...
PS. I have published our new prompt-list for December 2015
This episode (a little later than I had planned) is NOW OPEN for your submissions and will remain open until December 3rd at noon (CET). I will (try to) publish our new episode, our first of December, later on.


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text:
Expected Arrival: May 2022
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Pop! Animation: Bleach - Ichigo 1 Non-Chase + 1 Chase Bundle
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text:
General Mills says some Cheerios made without genetically modified ingredients will start appearing on shelves soon.
The Minneapolis-based company said Thursday that it has been manufacturing its original-flavor Cheerios without GMOs for the past several weeks in response to consumer demand. It did not specify exactly when those boxes would be on sale.
Original Cheerios will now be labeled as "Not Made With Genetically Modified Ingredients," although that it is not an official certification. The labels will also note that trace amounts of GMO ingredients could be present due to the manufacturing process, said Mike Siemienas, a company spokesman.
The change does not apply to any other Cheerios flavors, such as Apple Cinnamon Cheerios or Multi Grain Cheerios.
"We were able to do this with original Cheerios because the main ingredients are oats," said Siemienas, noting that there are no genetically modified oats. The company is primarily switching the cornstarch and sugar to make the original Cheerios free of GMOs, he said.
The change comes after the group Green America started a campaign called GMO Inside asking General Mills to make Cheerios GMO-free. The group noted in a statement that its campaign prompted fans to flood the Cheerios page on Facebook with comments on the topic.
Todd Larsen, Green America's corporate responsibility director, said in a statement that the move is "an important victory in getting GMOs out of our food supply and an important first step for General Mills."
As for other varieties of Cheerios, Siemienas said they are harder to make GMO-free because they are made with ingredients such as corn.
There has been little scientific evidence showing that foods grown from engineered ingredients are less safe than their conventional counterparts. But consumers have expressed concerns about the long-term impact they could have.