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The history of the Salvation Army began in 1865, when William Booth established an evangelical and philanthropic organisation to preach salvation from sins and propagate purity of life among the poor and destitute people of London's East End. William Booth and his wife Catherine Mumford Booth, who grew up in the most turbulent time of the Industrial Revolution, believed that evangelical work among the poor must be accompanied by well-organised social relief work.
Theological Roots
The Salvation Army, founded by William and Catherine Booth, aimed to continue the tradition of socially committed evangelicalism which dated back to John Wesley's Methodism and American revivalism propagated by James Caughey. Booths' dogma was John Wesley's Arminian theology of "free salvation for all men and full salvation from all sin." (Murdoch 2)
The Christian Mission (1865-1878)
In early 1865, William and Catherine Booth received invitations to preach in London. William began preaching outside the public house in Whitechapel Road called The Blind Beggar, trying to save the souls of people that were not particularly welcomed by the established churches. In late 1865, the Booths founded the Christian Revival Association, an independent religious association, which was soon renamed the East London Christian Mission. It was organised after the Wesleyan tradition. In 1867, the Christian Mission acquired the Eastern Star, a run-down beer shop, for 120 pounds, and turned it into its first headquarters known as the People's Mission Hall, which began to perform two functions: religious and social. It housed people for all-night prayer vigils, known as the Midnight Meeting movement, and also sold cheap food to the needy. (Rappaport 101-2)
Left: General William Booth. Right: Mrs. Catherine Booth both by George Edward Wade.
The East London Christian Mission, which operated as a charitable religious movement, was one of some 500 Christian missions established in the East London slum areas, but it soon began to distinguish itself by its unconventional social work, setting a number of mission stations across East London with the aim to spread the salvation message and to feed and shelter the destitute. In 1870, Catherine Booth started a social scheme called "Food for the Million" aimed at helping the poor and destitute. The Mission set up five outlets in East London, which were administered by Bramwell Booth and James Flawn. Hot soup was always available day and night and a modest dinner of three courses could be bought for sixpence, but due to insufficient funding this scheme had failed by 1874. (Inglis 197)
During its first years, the Christian Mission, restricted by a system of commissions and conferences, showed a slow progress in East London because it lacked funds, a firm doctrine, a stable organisational basis and devoted assistant evangelists, who could effectively address the unchurched working-class masses. When revivalist preaching produced a relatively little effect among the East End's, "heathens" as they were called by the Booths, a new strategy was devised. The Mission began to use new methods of approaching the attention of slum dwellers through militant language, uniforms, popular music, and a Victorian love of public spectacle.
Since theatres could not operate on Sundays, William Booth decided to hire one for the Mission's Sunday services. His first choice was the Oriental Theatre (Queen's Theatre) in Poplar, which offered music-hall entertainment and had a capacity of 800 people. Next Booth hired the Effingham Theatre, which was described as one of the "dingiest and gloomiest places of amusement in London," but it could accommodate 3000 people. Booth's Sunday services were announced by sensational advertisements like: "Change of performance, " or "Wanted 3000 men to fill the Effingham Theatre. The Rev. William Booth will preach in this theatre on Sunday next evening." (Bennett 22) Booth attracted an audience of 2000 which listened to his preaching with great interest. His strategy was to combine serious preaching with popular entertainment, like that in music-halls.
William Booth and his wife Catherine adhered to the idea of militant or aggressive Christianity, and they believed that autocratic leadership was more effective in spreading evangelisation to uneducated and unchurched working-class masses than traditional forms of pastoral care. In 1870, William Booth assumed the position General Superintendent of the Christian Mission and became "the undisputed leader of the organization." (Bennett 45) The popularity of the Christian Mission was growing steadily, particularly outside London, in spite of difficulties and opposition, and by 1878 it had 30 stations and 36 missioners in various locations across the United Kingdom. As Pamela J. Walker has written,
The Christian Mission was part of a broad evangelical missionary effort to reach the urban working class. Its theology drew on Methodism, American revivalism, and the holiness movement. William Booth's open air preaching was similar to the work that had been done by evangelicals for decades. The Mission, however, differed from other home missions. The authority it granted women, its emphasis on holiness theology and revivalist methods, its growing independence, and its strict hierarchical structure were all features that sharply distinguished it from its contemporaries. The Christian Mission was created in the midst of the working-class communities it aimed to transform. It fashioned an evangelical practice from the geography and culture of the working-class communities it strived to convert. [42]
The Birth of the Salvation Army
In 1878, when William Booth was dictating a letter to his secretary George Scott Railton, he used a phrase "The Christian Mission is a Volunteer Army." His teenage son Bramwell heard it and said: " Volunteer, I'm not a volunteer, I'm a regular or nothing!" (Gariepy 9) This prompted William Booth to substitute the word "Salvation Army" for the "Volunteer Army," which became the new name of the Christian Mission. The last of the Christian Mission conferences, held in August, 1878, adopted unanimously the new military programme of the Salvation Army.
Uniforms, Flags and Tambourines
The Salvation Army developed its new image by emulating the structure and conduct of a military organisation. In the Christian Mission the male evangelists wore modest frock coats, tall hats and black ties. Women evangelists wore plain dresses, jackets and plain Quaker-type bonnets which protected them from being hit by a disrespectful mob that not infrequently threw at them cow manure, bad eggs, or stones. Women also wore brooches with an S letter. After the Mission became the Salvation Army, a type of uniform, modelled on Victorian military garb, was adopted.
In the 1880s, the Salvation Army, which resembled a quasi-military organisation, began to establish its mission stations all over Britain and also overseas. These mission stations were called "corps." Their members wore distinctive quasi-military uniforms, had ranks ranging from " Cadet" (a candidate for ministry), through "Lieutenant" and "Captain" to the highest one " General" vested in William Booth. Rank-and-file members were called "soldiers" and new converts were "captives."
Salvationists used military vocabulary to describe their religious practices. For example, revival meetings were "sieges," places of worhip were "citadels" or "outposts," daily Bible readings were called "rations." Birth was referred to as the "arrival of reinforcements, " and death was "promotion to glory" (Taiz 20). These military metaphors seemed to be more appealing to the masses than traditional preaching.
The first flag of the Salvation Army, designed by Catherine Booth, was presented to Coventry Corps in 1878. Initially, it was crimson with a navy-blue border, which symbolised holiness, and a yellow sun in the middle, which was later replaced by a star, that signified the fiery baptism with the Holy Ghost. The motto written on the star, 'Blood and Fire', stands for the blood of Christ and the Fire of the Holy Ghost. According to a contemporary estimate, at the close of the year 1878 the Salvation Army had 81 corps and 127 officers, of whom 101 had been converted at its own meetings. (Briggs 700)
Thanks to these transformations the Salvation Army became stronger, better organised and more effective. The Army's unconventional evangelistic and social activity, which was manifested by lively processions with banners, cornets and tambourines, appealed to the working-classes more than traditional preaching.
The Salvation Army was a neighborhood religion. It invented a battle plan that was especially suited to urban working-class geography and cultural life. Religious words were sung to music-hall tunes; circus posters and theater announcements were copied so closely that observers often failed to distinguish them; preachers imitated the idiom of street vendors; and congregations were encouraged to shout out responses to the preacher, much as they might in the music halls. Salvationists culled techniques from contemporary advertising and revivalism. Their military language aptly expressed Salvationists' command to do battle with the enemy. The Army regarded pubs, music halls, sports, and betting as its principal rivals, yet its ability to use popular leisure activities as its inspiration was a major facet in its success. [Walker 2]
The Social Wing of the Salvation Army
According to Norman H. Murdoch, "by 1886 the Salvation Army's growth had come to a halt in England — much as the Christian Mission's growth had ceased in East London by 1874" (113) — mostly because William Booth primarily preached the need for salvation, i.e. redemption from sin and its effects, but overlooked social work among the poor and destitute.
In the mid 1880s, the Salvation Army developed new strategies which aimed to deal with the poverty and squalor of urban slums. Street preaching, home meetings, prayer groups and Bible study were supplemented by social action. Francis S. Smith, who was for some time a Salvation Army commissioner in the United States, and William Thomas Stead, one of the most distinguished Victorian journalists and a dedicated supporter of the Salvation Army (later a Titanic victim), contributed to the rise of the Social Wing of the Salvation Army. They argued convincingly that the Army should not concentrate on pure evangelism only, but must be involved more actively in social work in order to win converts from the lower classes. William Booth quickly understood these arguments and he endorsed the new strategy which was to involve the Salvation Army in Christian social reform.
Smith and Stead helped Booth to write In Darkest England and the Way Out (1890), an important manifesto, which proposed social and welfare schemes aimed to eradicate poverty, squalor and unemployment in congested urban areas through organised labour exchanges, food distribution networks, co-operative workshops and farms, and emigration of surplus labour to the British colonies.
The Salvation Army magazine, All the World from 1893, reported that in the period from November 1, 1892, to October 1st, 1893, the Social Wing of the Salvation Army provided 3,886,896 meals, 1,094,078 men were sheltered, 1,987 passed through Elevators (work establishments), 267 were provided with situation, 159 passed to Farm Colony and 180 men from Prison-Gate Home were sent to situations (477). Besides, the Salvation Army promoted job creation schemes by encouraging local authorities to employ unemployed people in roadwork and tree-planting on public roads.
In 1893, the Army also expressed 'great interest' in the formation of a Government Labour Department, which would gather statistics and information about vacant jobs. By 1900, the Salvation Army had opened its own labour exchange in London to help poor people find jobs. However, it was not until 1909 that Parliament passed a law which provided for the establishment of nationalised labour exchanges. The social ministry of the Salvation Army became one of its most valuable assets in the last decade of Victorian Britain.
In Darkest England
Booth's book, In Darkest England and the Way Out, made a shocking comparison between darkest Africa and contemporary England. The General pointed out that of the thirty-one million population of Great Britain, three million people lived in what he called "darkest England." Next he described his ideas how to apply the Christian faith to an industrialised society. The book became an instant bestseller "selling roughly 115,000 copies within the first few months after its publication " (Robert Haggard 73). Almost immediately Booth received sympathetic responses not only from common readers but also from wealthy individuals, who promised to make substantial donations.
The title of Booth's book alludes to Henry Morton Stanley's famous travel narrative, In Darkest Africa (1890). The general message of the book was that the subhumane living conditions in English urban slums were not different from those in Africa.
As there is a darkest Africa is there not also a darkest England? Civilization, which can breed its own barbarians, does it not also breed its own pygmies? May we not find a parallel at our own doors, and discover within a stone's throw of our cathedrals and palaces similar horrors to those which Stanley has found existing in the great Equatorial forest? [18]
Booth wanted the general public to fully realise that England was still a divided nation, and the divide between the rich and the poor threatened the spiritual and economic development of the nation.
The Equatorial Forest traversed by Stanley resembles that Darkest England of which I have to speak, alike in its vast extent – both stretch, in Stanley's phrase, "as far as from Plymouth to Peterhead;" its monotonous darkness, its malaria and its gloom, its dwarfish de-humanized inhabitants, the slavery to which they are subjected, their privations and their misery. That which sickens the stoutest heart, and causes many of our bravest and best to fold their hands in despair, is the apparent impossibility of doing more than merely to peck at the outside of the endless tangle of monotonous undergrowth; to let light into it, to make a road clear through it, that shall not be immediately choked up by the ooze of the morass and the luxuriant parasitical growth of the forest — who dare hope for that? At present, alas, it would seem as though no one dares even to hope! It is the great Slough of Despond of our time. [19 ]
The book provided shocking facts and statistics about England's poor, the majority of whom were homeless, jobless and starving. Booth estimated that one tenth of Britain's population, which he called the 'submerged tenth', lived in abject poverty and destitution. Shocked by the ugliness, misery and the grinding deprivation of slum dwellers, under the influence of his wife and collaborators William Booth devised a social relief programme to remedy the moral, spiritual and physical destitution of the poor. It was expressed succinctly by the slogan "soup, soap and salvation," which served as the ideological basis of the Salvation Army.
Booth's social engineering scheme had some affinity with that proposed earlier by Thomas Carlyle. Both of these Victorian sages were concerned with the moral and material conditions in England. Booth included extracts from Carlyle's Past and Present in Darkest England. In writing his book Booth also drew on the social ideas of Cobbett, Disraeli, Ruskin, Morris, among others. Booth's treatise was aimed at revealing the economic, social, and moral problems of poverty, squalor, homelessness and unemployment in England at the end of the Victorian era. He then presented a number of proposals for a great reconstruction of the nation by eliminating squalor, poverty, destitution and vice from congested slum districts.
His welfare scheme proposed the establishment of homes for orphaned children, rescue centres for women and girls who were affected by prostitution and sex trafficking, rehabilitation centres for alcoholics and ex-prisoners. Besides, he planned to organise a Poor Man's Banker Service, which would make small loans to labourers who wanted to buy tools or start a trade, and a Poor Man's Lawyer Service, as well as establishments for industrial labour of unemployed, co-operative farms, and oversea colonies for people who could not find steady employment in England. Booth's programme was founded on both evangelical philanthropy and imperial ideology. His intention was to revitalise England's redundant labour within Britain's imperial expansion.
Booth drew attention to the Salvation Army by advocating a rather simple proposal. If private donors agreed to contribute L100,000, he would establish a number of city workshops and farm colonies to elevate the moral and material condition of the London poor. Within the workshops and colonies, the poor would be required to submit to strict discipline and moral supervision. They were also expected to take their work seriously. Those who graduated from one of the city workshops would be transferred to a farm colony in England; later, after they had proven themselves as farm laborers, they would be allowed to migrate overseas, either to a Salvation Army farm colony in Canada or Australia or to a homestead of their own. Pursuant to these goals, the Salvation Army purchased a one-thousand-acre estate in Essex for mixed farming and brick manufacture in 1891. By 1893, the Salvation Army had organized five city colonies in London providing work for 2,700 people — a match factory, a creche-knitting factory, a book-binding factory, a laundry, and a text-making and needlework factory; the Salvation Army also sponsored eighteen labor bureaux and a registry office for unemployed domestic servants. Although seemingly quite expensive, many people believed that Booth's program would be cost effective over time, particularly in comparison with the Poor Law. [Haggard 72]
In Darkest England provoked a relatively positive response. "Few books upon their first appearance have received so much attention, " wrote an enthusiastic donor in the Contemporary Review, who himself gave 1,500 pounds for the Social Wing schemes (Inglis 204) After the publication of Booth's book the number of individual philanthropists, who aided the General with money and moral support, grew considerably. Many of Booth's ideas were implemented during his life, others were put into action in the 20th century when the state welfare system began to operate.
Rescue Shelters
The Salvation Army ran different types of shelters for men and women in London and other locations in Britain as well as overseas. The cheapest one was the penny sit-up shelter. Its inmates were allowed to sit on a bench in a heated spacious hall all night long. However, they could not lie down and sleep on the bench. If an inmate could spare another penny, he could get a rope put across the bench and was allowed to sleep hanging over the rope. The inmates were woken up abruptly early at daybreak because the rope was cut, and they had to leave the shelter which was then cleaned and ventilated. Another type of shelter, which cost four-penny, was called a 'coffin house' because homeless people could sleep in wooden boxes which looked like coffins. The package included hot breakfast in the morning. In some shelters soup and bread were also on offer.
In the 1890s the Salvation Army started again the soup for the poor scheme. In 1896, the Salvation Army distributed 3.2 million meals, provided lodgings for 1.3 million, and found employment for 12,000 men. By 1890, it had provided a substantial amount of charitable relief through its twelve food depots, sixteen night shelters, thirteen refuges for women, and numerous soup kitchens. The Salvation Army also held annual clothing and blanket drives, sold life insurance, and owned a savings bank during the 1880s. [Henry R. Haggard 72]
The first night shelter for men was opened in 1888 at 21 West India Dock Road in Limehouse. Next shelters were opened at 61A St John's Square, Clerkenwell; 272 Whitechapel Road, Whitechapel; and at 83 Horseferry Road, Westminster. Some of the shelter occupants could hope to get employment in factories, which Salvationists called, Elevators, because they were to elevate the moral character and the self-respect and capacity of the destitute people. They were trained in carpentering, brushmaking firewood, baskets, paper sorting, tinwork, shoemaking, matchmaking. Others could be sent to the large farm at Hadleigh, where they were trained in agricultural jobs. The farm at Hadleigh-on-Thames, which contained 1,500 acres, trained men in agriculture, joinery, and making of bricks and shoes. About 1,200 men served as colonists during a year. Of these more than 300 were discharged because they were unwilling to work or were irreformable drunkers. (Briggs 709) The Salvation Army also made efforts to secure occupation for them in the British Dominions.
Rehabilitation of Prostitutes
In 1881, a Whitechapel Salvationist Elizabeth Cottrill began to take to her home at 1 Christmas Street women who had fallen into prostitution, or who were homeless, destitute and vulnerable. Her house soon became overcrowded and another house was rented in nearby Hanbury Street for the fallen women. Each woman who entered the Hanbury Street Shelter had to put a penny through a little hatchway to receive in return a mugful of hot, strong, well-sweetened tea, with a slice of bread spread with dripping. Women ate and drank, sewed, knitted, talked, and waited for the evening service in the big hall. They could wash their dirty clothes in the wash-house. For threepence, they could get supper, bed and breakfast. At nine they had to go to bed. Their bedsteads were wooden boxes, placed close side by side. Bedding consisted of seaweed and a large leather sheet with a strap round the neck to prevent its slipping off. The rule of the Shelter was: bed at nine, rise at six, and all out by eight. Attached to the woman's Shelter was a place for mothers and their babies.
In the mid 1880s, Bramwell Booth and his wife Florence Soper Booth, joined Josephine Butler, a social reformer and feminist, and the journalist Thomas Stead in their campaign against the white slave trade. Bramwell Booth, together with W.T. Stead, exposed trafficking of young girls for prostitution. In July 1885, the Pall Mall Gazette published a series of articles, "The Maiden Tribute of Modern Babylon, " which described how its editor, W. T. Stead, arranged for the purchase of thirteen-year old Eliza Armstrong for five pounds from her alcoholic mother, with the mother's full consent that the girl would be put in a brothel. (Bartley 88) Although Stead's investigative journalism was controversial, the articles created a wide public outcry. Catherine and William Booth sent a petition to the House of Commons in support of the Criminal Law Amendment Act, which in the course of 17 days received 393,000 signatures. Ultimately, Parliament passed the Criminal Law Amendment Act in 1885, which raised the age of consent from 13 to 16. (Berwinkle 105)
In the same year, William Booth proposed in the Salvation Army weekly newspaper War Cry a "New National Scheme for the Deliverance of Unprotected Girls and the Rescue of the Fallen." " Bramwell and his wife established in London an office for women who were victims of sexual exploitation and formed volunteer Midnight Rescue Brigades to search for streetwalkers in "Cellar, Gutter, and Garret," offering them Army's homes of refuge.
William and Catherine Booth were committed to temperance throughout all their lives. They castigated excessive drinking and prostitution as the root of all evil. In 1853, Catherine Booth heard the American temperance crusader, John Bartolomew Gough (1818-1886) at Exeter Hall in London. She was inspired by his arguments and devised a temperance campaign of house-to-house visitation, which she later implemented within the framework of the Salvation Army's social rescue work. By the 1880s Catherine Booth made the Salvation Army "the world's largest abstinence society." (Mumford 30)
The Salvation Army ran several homes for "inebriates," this term referred to people addicted to alcohol, morphine and laudanum. Hillsborough House Inebriates' Home located on Rookwood Road, London, accommodated female patients, who were first admitted free of charge, but in the late 1890s they were expected to contribute 10s. per week towards the cost of their maintenance. Patients usually stayed in the Home for twelve months, or for a shorter period. When the cure was completed, they were returned to their husbands if they were married, and some unmarried patients were sent out to positions, such as servants or nurses, on condition that the authorities of the Home gave them a satisfactory opinion.
Match Girls Strike
Many workers (mostly women), who were employed in the matchmaking industry suffered from necrosis, or " phossy-jaw," which affected workers who dipped the sticks into the phosphorus paste. Young women, who were carrying boxes of poisonous matches on their heads, were bald by age 15. In 1891, the Booths started a campaign against Bryant and May's match factory in London. William Booth bought a derelict factory in Old Ford, London and fitted it with machinery and employed workers to manufacture safety matches. Booth's match boxes carried the inscription: "Lights in Darkest England. " Soon his competitors decided to produce safety matches, which did not cause necrosis.
Labour Emigration
In Darkest England William Booth conceived the idea of overseas colonies for English surplus labour. The earliest recorded emigration occurred as early as 1882, when the Salvation Army participated in recruitment of women emigrants for Australia. Then, in 1885, a regular series of notices appeared in the Army's magazines advertising emigration to Australia, South Africa, and Canada. The first emigration ship sailed with 1,000 people from Liverpool for Canada in 1905. By the summer of 1908, more than 36,000 migrants had travelled to the British Dominions under the auspices of the Army.
At the outset, the Booths established an independent Christian organisation with virtually no money and no property. In the mid 1860s they began their missionary work with financial help from nondenominational evangelical societies. (Murdoch 170) The Christian Mission received some funding from the Evangelization Society and a few dedicated private donors. In 1867, Booth set up a Council of ten prominent philanthropists to assist him in the work of the Mission and conceived a more effective fundrising plan. By the early autumn 1869, he had raised 1,300 pounds, with another 1,600 pounds promised, 2,900 pounds altogether. (Bennett 37) This money was spent on the purchase of the People's Market, which was converted to the People's Mission Hall in 1870.
In the same year Booth dissolved the Council and set up a Conference, which consisted of the Booths themselves and evangelists in charge of various Mission stations. The financial situation of Booth's organisation was still bad and debts were not cleared until 1872. In April 1870, The Christian Mission Magazine called for donations and voluntary offerings to keep the Mission going. The Soup Kitchens, run by the Mission between 1870 and 1874, which offered cheap meals to the poor, did not bring substantial revenue to cover the debts of the Mission.
In order to carry his social ministry William Booth was completely dependent on the funds donated by the general public and organisations. The first balance sheet of the Salvation Army for the year ended 30th September 1879 shows total receipts of 7,194 pounds, of which 4,723 pounds (59%) was received from "outside sources." (Irvine 14) During the next decade receipts of the Salvation Army exceeded 18,750,000 pounds. This was due, amongst others, to a more effective fundraising under the control of Bramwell Booth.
In September 1886, when the first "Self-Denying Week" was organised, the Salvation Army started a programme of a systematic small financial contributions as well as large donations, gifts and legacies. Additionally, William Booth decided that each corps must be responsible for raising their own funds. At the end of 1888, Booth requested the Home Secretary to provide funds for the Salvation Army in the annual amount of 15,000 pounds to improve the inhumane conditions of the " vast numbers of men and women" in East London slums. The request was rejected, but Booth managed to raise 102,559 pounds from individual philanthropists to start implementing this scheme. (Irvine 17) By the end of the Victorian era, the Salvation Army had been widely recognised as an important Christian social relief organisation and developed effective fundraising techniques which helped it extend its social work in Britain and overseas. All donations collected from individuals and the amount donated were publicised in the annual reports.
Overseas Activities
Confession of an Indian. [Click on image to enlarge it and to obtain more imformation.]
In 1880, the Salvation Army opened its missions in the United States, in the following year in Australia; in 1882 in Canada; in 1887 in Jamaica; in 1898 in Barbados; and in 1901 in Trinidad. By the end of the century, the Salvation Army established its posts in several European countries, India, South Africa, and South America. In the 1890s, the Salvation Army had some 45,00 officers in Britain and 10,000 worldwide.
Opposition and Recognition
The unconventional activity of the Salvation Army began to provoke opposition. Many denominations, including the om1.html Church, regarded William Booth's open-air evangelism with suspicion because it allowed women to preach. The politician Lord Shaftesbury condemned the activities of the Salvation Army and described William Booth as the "Antichrist. " (Gariepy 31) The magazine Punch called him "Field Marshal Von Booth. " (Benge 164) Apart from that, the Army "soldiers" were initially often persecuted by authorities and mobs.
From the outset the activity of the Salvation Army stirred controversy and resentment in some circles. Critics described Booth's social schemes as totally utopian and impractical. They also put into question the honesty of the General and his family and accused him of authoritarianism. Thomas Huxley, natural scientist and agnostic, wrote twelve letters to The Times in which he tried to discourage people from giving Booth money for his scheme. He described Booth's venture as "autocratic socialism masked by its theological exterior. " (7) Charles Bradlaugh, a political activist and atheist, is said to have died muttering: "General Booth's accounts, General Booth's accounts." (Inglis 208)
Many people did not like the Salvation Army parades with loud singing and shouting. Brewers feared that the temperance actions would diminish alcohol consumption. Owners of drink stores organised gangs of thugs, who called themselves the Skeleton Army to disrupt the activities of the Salvation Army. They followed Salvationists' processions carrying skull and crossbones banners and dirty dishcloths on broom handles. Their intention was to mock the practices of The Salvation Army. Meetings were also disrupted by loud jeering, stone and rat throwing. The most violent disturbances against the Salvation Army occurred in 1882, when 56 buildings were attacked and 669 Salvationists were brutally assaulted in provincial towns such as Honiton, Frome, Salisbury and Chester. (Swift 186, 193) However, in spite of violence and persecution, some 500,000 people were on and off under the ministry of the Salvation Army in Britain in the last quarter of the 19th century.
However, the Salvation Army began to gain powerful supporters too. Winston Churchill, who was then the Undersecretary of State, agreed with Booth's social ideas. Cardinal Manning, the Head of the Catholic Church in Britain, wrote a letter to General Booth sympathising with him in his efforts to ameliorate the condition of the London poor. (The Mercury, Nov. 7, 1890 ) Charles Spurgeon, a Particular Baptist preacher, known as the 'Prince of Preachers', also expressed his support for the General. He wrote: "Five thousand extra policemen could not fill [the Salvation Army's] place in the repression of crime and disorder. " (Benge 165)
Gradually, the Salvation Army began to earn respect from both the lower and upper strata of society. Although Queen Victoria never gave her official patronage to the activities of the Salvation Army, she sent Catherine Booth the following message in 1882: "Her Majesty learns with much satisfaction that you have, with other members of your Society, been successful in your efforts to win many thousands to the ways of temperance, virtue, and religion. " (Walsh 185) Towards the end of the Victorian era the Salvation Army became widely recognised as the champion of the poor and destitute.
By the end of the Victorian Era the social work of the Salvation Army had become officially recognised. In 1902, Booth was invited to attend the coronation of King Edward VII, and in 1907 he received an honorary doctorate from Oxford University. A number of religious leaders expressed support to the social work of the Salvation Army, and Robert William Dale, a Congregationalist church leader, said that "the Salvation Army was a new instrument for social and moral reform. " (Inglis 205)
The Salvation Army grew from an obscure Christian Mission, established in East London in 1865, into an effective international organisation with numerous and varied social programmes. By the end of the Victorian era it had become one of the most successful Christian social relief organisations which was not only engaged in street preaching but also in a variety of social services for the poor, destitute and homeless. Its programmes, such as rescue homes for sexually-abused women and rehabilitation centres for alcoholics, drug addicts, juvenile delinquents, and ex-prisoners, anticipated similar welfare programmes in the twentieth century. Although the Salvation Army generally revealed conservative attitudes towards a liberal society, and its members often lived in self-imposed cultural isolation, it nevertheless supported first-wave Christian feminism by allowing women to preach and carry out social work. The spiritual and social ministry of the Salvation Army stirred the social conscience of many Victorians and contributed significantly to a number of welfare reforms in Britain and elsewhere.
Related Material
- William Booth: Founder of the Salvation Army
- Catherine Mumford Booth: The "Mother" of the Salvation Army and an Early Christian Feminist
- William and Catherine Booth: A Chronology of Founders of the Salvation Army
- The Hallelujah Lasses
- Bibliography and Further Reading
- Opposition to the Salvation Army: Questions in Parliament about the Torquay Harbour and District Act, 1886
Last modified 11 April 2013


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New Music Video : Faded Chalk Lines
We are very proud to present Faded Chalk Lines our new music video directed by Brice Hincker. This time, it's a video with a scenario and some references you'll recognize. Send us your opinions and comments! We would like to thank all the actors (Myrtille, Dimitri, Alex, Alexia, Yoann, Micka, Marc (x2), Christian, Johanna, Louise, Céline, Thomas (x2), P-Y, Lucie, Martine & Mickaël), Les Saulnières, Superforma and all those who helped to make this project a reality.
This track is the second single from our new album #WontTheyFade? which will be released on November 23rd, 2018 (Klonosphere / Season of Mist). The single Faded Chalk Lines will be available on all streaming and download platforms from Wednesday 31st October 2018.
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Lyrics :
I can see but I can't hear a sound
These-red … drops falling on the ground,
Liquid red … as it hits the sand.
My nose-hurts 'n' there's blood on my hands.
Knees-Hit the dust now I'm alone in my pain
Banned from lands cause some of them complain.
Cause I'm different they don't understand
TV tells them what to fear sit on the witness stand.
I'm not afraid and I know
I'm hold back another blow
I'm not afraid and I know
I'll take down this puppet show
Security, security
More and more policeman for more and more humiliation
Not here to protect, but here to reject…
To be injured is neither a reason nor a justification…
You can't be the victim… you need a house of correction…
Alone in my cell, I count the days… on the wall.
Like a savage animal they say…I'm out of control
Lost without a sign…Lost without a sign…
I try to find the light… Find the Light..
I'm not afraid and I know
I'm hold back another blow
I'm not afraid and I know
Cause it's the same old show
I'm not afraid and I know
I know you must to regret
I'm not afraid and I know
That you'll finally respect
I'm not afraid and I know
Now you're the only suspect
I'm not afraid and I know
I'm not afraid anymore

subset: commoncrawl


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Just The Right Size
The Klondiker is 8′ x 8′ and has the capacity to hold up to 6 people allowing you to spend quality time with your family and a couple of guests. As one of our larger models, this tub has a water volume of 373 Gallons or 1412 Litres.
When it comes to comfort, our newly redesigned loungers will have you feeling like your floating in a silky warm oasis comparable to a tropical paradise! In addition, 3 individualized sculptured seats and multi-level armrests finish off this amazing model.
The Klondiker is part of our custom series, giving you the flexibility to customize your features. Choose from 5 different jet configurations to get the massage you've been dreaming about!
Energy efficiency is built into all of our models, including FreeHeat™ and High-Efficiency Aquaflow Pumps. The Klondier comes standard with the world's finest hot tub cover – MYLOVAC™. The Mylovac™ cover starts with foam twice as dense as the industry average. We also insert a metal "C" channel into the foam centers. This creates a cover capable of supporting thousands of pounds of weight. Never worry about snow loads or kid loads again.
The inserts are then wrapped in a metal/poly bag, vacuumed, and heat-sealed. This technology keeps moisture out, running costs down, and will save you thousands of dollars over the life of owning your spa.
Low Maintenance and Energy Efficient
It is crucial in 2023 to have a hot tub that is energy efficient and low maintenance!
Water consumption and maintenance will remain low with the addition of Spa Boy®, our automated salt water care system.
Through the process of electrolysis, the sodium chloride works to recycle itself, meaning you will not only introduce fewer chemicals into your tub but will not need to replace the salt. This system precisely controls the output of our integrated salt water system, keeping your sanitizer levels within the optimum range.
Traditional chemicals like chlorine or bromine will have you draining and refilling your spa three to four times a year. With Spa Boy® you will only need to drain your tub once a year!
Add no maintenance cabinets for a true "no maintenance" exterior for your Arctic Spa®. Solid top and bottom rails and vertical surfaces are all Highwood 100% composite material making these cabinets highly resistant to the ravages of sun and weather.
Lounge In Luxury!
Keeping work-life balance and spending quality time with family and friends is essential in today's hectic world. The Klondiker is the perfect size, is low maintenance, and has all the features you'll need to entertain your family and guests for years to come. With this addition to your backyard oasis, you can relax in luxury while floating in soft saltwater.


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These designs consist of two pieces, the outer and the inner barrel. Both parts are forged from the highest grade aluminum and custom machined to create each part. The two parts are hand assembled at our Los Angeles, California facility to ensure the highest quality.
Custom made and hand assembled in the USA.


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Pink and purple are not 4-year-old Gavyn Boscio's favorite colors. But cooking is, and he really, really wants an Easy-Bake Oven for Christmas.
Easy-Bake Ovens, however, come in nothing but pink and light purple, as his parents and his 13-year-old sister, McKenna Pope, found out when they went shopping for one last week near their home in Garfield, N.J. Not only did they not find any Easy-Bake Ovens in any primary colors, but the products were displayed in boxes with smiling girls on the packaging. No boys. Not even one.
McKenna, who is in eighth grade, was outraged. Her mother, Erica Boscio, recalls her saying the packaging of the mini-ovens was "detrimental to society."
"She really talks like that," says Boscio.
You might think that in the enlightened, gender-neutral era in which we live — where boys are encouraged to cry and girls hurtle into space — that boys would be included in advertising for a toy oven. Males, after all, still outnumber women as professional chefs in restaurant kitchens. "This perpetuates that whole situation where girls cook and boys don't," says McKenna, who thoroughly researched the oven's apparent antipathy to boys by watching every ad she could find online (all girls as far as she could tell) and perusing Hasbro's Easy-Bake FAQs, which describe the product as a "fashionable fun food brand that inspires tween girls to bake, share and show their creativity."
Tween girls? "That put her over the top," says Boscio. "She said, Mom, I have to do something about this. I'm going to film a video."
(MORE: Why Are Parents Less Likely to Take Little Girls Outside to Play?)
On Wednesday, she uploaded to YouTube the short clip featuring young Gavyn unfortunately buying into traditional gender stereotypes and slapped a petition on Change.org. She's not a newcomer to the site; earlier this year, McKenna got her introduction to how social-media can trigger change when she added her signature to a petition about Trayvon Martin. In her Easy-Bake statement, she provided evidence for her brother's zest for the culinary arts by describing a recent episode in which he'd heated up tortillas using the light bulb in his lamp."
Obviously, this is not a very safe way for him to be a chef, so when he asked Santa for his very own Easy-Bake Ultimate Oven, produced by the Hasbro company, for me to help him be the cook he's always wanted to be, my parents and I were immediately convinced it was the truly perfect present.
However, we soon found it quite appalling that boys are not featured in packaging or promotional materials for Easy Bake Ovens — this toy my brother's always dreamed about.
…I feel that this sends a clear message: women cook, men work.
…I want my brother to know that it's not "wrong" for him to want to be a chef, that it's okay to go against what society believes to be appropriate. There are, as a matter of fact, a multitude of very talented and successful male culinary geniuses, i.e. Emeril, Gordon Ramsay, etc. Unfortunately, Hasbro has made going against the societal norm that girls are the ones in the kitchen even more difficult.
McKenna wants Hasbro to include boys in its promotional materials and offer the Easy Bake in primary colors. Hasbro did not have an official reaction as of Sunday.
(MORE: Kids Who Don't Gender Conform Are at Higher Risk of Abuse)
It turns out that gender equality in toys is not such a radical idea. If she lived in Sweden, for example, she could consider it done. The country's Top-Toy Group, affiliated with Toys "R" Us, has turned a gender-blind eye toward the holiday season, publishing a toy catalog that shows girls with (toy) guns and boys blowdrying hair and cozying up with dolls. And last year in England, British toy store Hamley's discontinued its practice of grouping "girl" toys on pink floors and "boy" playthings on blue floors.
Sweden's gender-neutral approach comes after an advertising watchdog criticized Top-Toy for pigeonholing children, with its traditional ads that featured boys wielding guns and girls playing house. According to the Wall Street Journal:
The Swedish government has been on the front line of efforts to engineer equality between men and women, with generous paternity benefits and plans to spend the equivalent of some $340 million through 2014 on boosting gender equality in the workplace.
…State-funded child care structures put in place after World War II have enabled women to return to work after having children, and four different government entities are devoted to the issue.
The U.S. is a long way from devoting those kinds of resources to ensuring equity between the sexes. But if McKenna keeps pushing, she just might encourage a major American toy manufacturer to — as she says in her petition — "help the children of today become what they're destined to be tomorrow," hopefully paying no attention to outdated gender stereotypes.
(MORE: Boy or Girl? Why Dads Want Sons, but Moms Want Daughters)


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Happy 86th Birthday CLP 1938-2024!!
Welcome to the City of Crystal Lake Park, nestled between the communities of Frontenac, Town & Country and Des Peres, Missouri. A City that began as a resort area with summer homes has grown to some 220 homes and condos with approximately 500 residents living year-round. The City retains a unique, almost quaint quality, with its tall trees and diverse architecture. There is a real sense of community as neighbors greet each other and wave to passers-by. A diverse community, the City appeals to families with children because it is within the boundaries of the prestigious Ladue School District. It is 100% residential, but it is near two large grocery stores and two shopping malls. The City also boasts its own park and sponsors annual picnics, parades, and a spring beautification project by giving plants to willing gardeners.
In 2012, a survey rated Crystal Lake Park as the third best place to live in Missouri, behind Clayton and Brentwood. (A copy of an article about the survey is attached on the Crystal Lake Park Links page.)
CLP's new logo with the tree and bench was designed by graphic artist Georgia Schmidt and adopted in June 2010. It was trade-marked in July 2014 (Serial Number: 86000328). Prior to that, the logo was a golf ball.
History Notes
CLP is gathering information, photos, maps, remembrances, etc. for a history of our city. Coro Fellow Joseph Hassine interviewed residents and collected artifacts for the project during November and December 2014.
The Beginning: A 60 acre tract of land in St. Louis County was surveyed, subdivided, and registered as the subdivision of "Crystal Spring Lake Park" in December 1922. The original owners were John G. (1879 to 1942) and Jessie B. P. (1886 to 1967) Oehler (pronounced "Ayler"). Oehler Drive was the main street off Bopp Road until it was renamed Country Club Drive in the mid-1950s. A copy of the original Plat Map was included in the back of the 2013 CLP Directory. It is now linked on the Find Us / Maps page.
A classified ad was published in "Resorts" in the November 19, 1922 edition of the St. Louis Post-Dispatch: "CRYSTAL SPRINGS LAKE PARK--Restricted, club-site lots for sale: wooded grove, 15 acres lake, well stocked, good fishing and bathing; only 13 1/2 miles from city courthouse: 1/2 to 3/4 hour drive; good roads, no hills; come out today; lots 50 x 100 ft. $295 and up; $100 down, balance to suit; entrance on Clayton rd. and Bopp rd. between Geyer and Ballas rd. Follow signs along Clayton rd. FRED J. WESSEL, Agent, 4172 Delmar bd."
Crystal Lake Park's official geographical designation is: "The south sixty acres of the west 1/2 of the southwest 1/4 of Section 23 in Township 45 north, Range 5 east of the prime meridian.: The City's name comes from Crystal Spring Lake, a 16-acre artificial lake that was here from the 1920s until the late 1940s. It was south of Country Club Drive between Lakeview and Grandview Drives. There are differing theories about why it disappeared--natural (e.g., lightning striking the dam, beavers destroying it, the lake drying up) or man-made (someone blowing up the dam). Research on this continues. If you can contribute to solving this mystery, please contact the Communications Coordinator.
The Crystal Lake Country Club golf course was here from 1929 to 1979. It was designed by famous golf course designer William Diddel (1884 to 1985). The club house, swimming pool, and the 17th & 18th greens were on the east side of Bopp Road where The Willows condos and Hunter Park are today. The Pro Shop and rest of the course were on the west side of Bopp where the homes in Barrington Place are today. The home at 2331 Todforth Way was built on the site of the 14th & 15th tees.
The course was originally owned by the Oehlers. In 1932, they sold it to Clayton Publisher Fred Essen (1863 to 1946). His son, Victor H. Essen (1897 to 1981) managed it until it was sold to developers in 1978. Many local organizations such as the Engineers' Club of St. Louis and the Traffic Club held regular tournaments there and many schools held class parties and dances at the club house. From 1929 to 1931, events at Crystal Lake Country Club were described in the Whip & Spur magazine. The article from December 1929 was included in our June 2014 Newsletter which is posted in the Newsletters section.
In December, 1932, when the Oehlers were still managing the golf course, a fire destroyed the restaurant and locker room. It was reported on the front page of the St. Louis Post-Dispatch on December 9, 1932.
2018 marked the 80th anniversary of Crystal Lake Park.
CLP was incorporated as a Village on June 30, 1938 and as a Class 4 City on July 24, 1957. Vincil Francis Hunter, Sr. (1899 to 1994) was the first Mayor and served four terms from 1958 to 1966. Prior to 1958, the Village was governed by a Board of Trustees. His son, Vincil Francis Hunter, Jr. served on the Board of Alderpersons. Hunter Park located on the west side of Putter Lane is named in honor of and thanks for the contributions the Hunter families have made. In 2015, a new playground was installed through a grant from the St. Louis County Municipal Parks Commission. A second phase of improvements will be done in 2018 through a second grant.
Boland Bridge over Two-Mile Creek on Country Club Drive is named for Donald Boland (1918 to 2013), a long-time resident who served as Street Commissioner for many years and oversaw the replacement of the old wooden bridge. His wife, Betty, served as City Clerk. Mattox Court was named for Robert E. Mattox (1892 to 1969) who served as Mayor from 1966 to 1969. The area north of Country Club Drive is in the Fairway Manor Subdivision and the street names are golf terms: Putter, Cleek, and Divot. On the original plat map of 1922, they were to be extensions of Lakeview, Oak, and East Drives respectively. Beach Drive shown on the original plat map no longer exists. It ran east and west between Divot and Putter.
Because it wasn't incorporated until 1938, the 1940 Census is the first one that recorded CLP as a separate entity. In April, 1940, the Census recorded 34 households in CLP with a total population of 95. This information was recorded in Enumeration District 95-53. CLP resident Margaret A. Dwyer (1911 to 1990) was the census taker. (She lived at 11742 South Drive from ~1940 to 1974.) Her grandfather, Timothy T. Dwyer (1839 to 1914) founded Dwyer Station, MO at Clayton and Denny (now Lindbergh Blvd) Roads. Dwyer Station was a Post Office from 1896 to 1904. This area is now part of Ladue and the Ladue Schnucks is at that intersection.
The 1940 census can be searched through the National Archives. Free ancestry searches can be made on the Family Search web site https://familysearch.org/search In addition, the St. Louis County Library subscribes to the Ancestry dot com database which can be searched from computers in the library. The library also subscribes to other databases such as Fold 3 and Heritage Quest which can be searched from your home computer.
The population has grown quite a bit from the 95 in 1940. Subsequent U.S. Census counts: 1950=167; 1960=307; 1970=356; 1980=496; 1990=506; 2010=470; and 2020=465. The next Census will be done in 2030.
Today, there are 180 homes & 45 condos with a total population of ~500.
A few of the original cottages still exist, though some have been enlarged over the years. The oldest ones were built in the 1920s and 1930s.


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DALLAS, March 26 (UPI) -- Kyle Brodziak put Minnesota ahead with a third-period goal Monday and the surging Wild broke a long skid in Dallas with a 7-4 victory over the Stars.
Brodziak's tally 7 minutes into the final frame broke a 4-4 tie and came while Minnesota was killing off a 5-minute major spearing penalty to Mike Rupp.
Dany Heatley netted an insurance goal 6 minutes later and Pierre-Marc Bouchard added an empty-netter as Minnesota posted a regulation victory in Dallas for the first time since March 8, 2002.
Zach Parise scored twice and added an assist while Matt Cullen and Mikko Koivu as found the net as the Wild reeled off a sixth straight win overall.
Niklas Backstrom turned aside 22 shots in the victory.
The Stars, playing their first game without traded longtime captain Brenden Morrow, got a goal and an assist from Alex Goligoski.
Trevor Daley, Philip Larsen and Jaromir Jagr also scored, but Kari Lehtonen was torched for six goals on 41 shots in the loss.


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People across the UK may receive a 'emergency alert' today through their mobile phone as part of a government test.
Mobile phones may be sent a loud siren-like alert today as part of emergency testing.
The alerts will be tested on Android devices on Tuesday (22 June) afternoon, but recipients do not need to take any action.
When will the alerts be sent?
The emergency alerts will be sent to some Android devices on Tuesday 22 June between 1pm and 2pm.
The alert will say: "This is a mobile network operator test of the Emergency Alerts service. You do not need to take any action. To find out more, search for gov.uk/alerts".
Mobile phone users can opt out of alerts by selecting 'emergency alerts' in settings on their device, and turning off 'Severe alerts'. If this does not work, contact your device manufacturer.
It is possible to opt out of some emergency alerts, but not the most important ones. You cannot opt out by subject, only by how serious the emergency is.
If you opt out because you do not want flood warnings, for example, you risk missing alerts for fires and terrorism. As such, the government recommends keeping emergency alerts switched on for your safety.
What are the alerts for?
Emergency alerts are used as a vital tool to help people respond to emergencies or threats on a national or local level.
The system enables the government to more quickly and effectively send warnings to people across the country, allowing them to get to safety in the event of a threat.
The alerts that will be sent to some phone users on Tuesday are part of a test only and do not require any action to be taken.
Further testing to be carried out
Another emergency test will be sent by the UK government to residents in Reading, Berkshire, on Tuesday 29 June 2021.
The UK government will send a test alert to some mobile devices between 1pm and 2pm.
If you receive the alert, your phone or tablet may make a loud siren-like sound, but you do not need to take any action.
The alert will say: "The UK government is testing Emergency Alerts in Reading, Berkshire.
"Emergency alerts tell you what to do if there's a life-threatening event nearby.
"To find out more, call 0808 1697692 or search for gov.uk/alerts."
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Jesus Christ Will Reign Forever and Ever
Every Friday morning at Desiring God the staff gathers for an hour of devotion and prayer. This morning David Mathis led us in seeing how the Bible's God-centeredness relates to its Christ-exalting, gospel-centeredness. It was a good time of being together and hearing texts like Isaiah 48:9-11 and 2 Corinthians 4:4-6.
There we were, huddled together in the staff lounge, exulting in the crucified and risen Lord and dreaming of his name being proclaimed in all the nations. And then it occurred to me . . .
There are all kinds of meetings going on around the world. Governement leaders and rulers of nations meeting together, conspiring, grappling for strength and prominence. The kings of the earth assembling themselves in all their secrecy (but not leakproof). They want dominance, control, power.
And then there we were again, a handful of people conversing and praying in a little urban neighborhood, marveling at the mustard seed that will overcome the world.
We've read Revelation 5:9-14. We know how this thing is going to go and we are not trying to keep it a secret. In fact, just to be clear, Jesus Christ will reign forever. He will save and gather for himself a people. His enemies will be made his footstool. He will make all things new. And he will reign.
"To him who sits on the throne and to the Lamb be blessing and honor and glory and might forever and ever!"


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Fire Poi Double 25mm Black Oval 30cm Chain Leather
home > Fire Poi > Multi Tube Core - Small > Double Loop Handles > Black Chain
Fire Poi Double 25mm Black Oval 30cm Chain Leather
Fire Poi Double heads Tube Core 25mm Head Int Tube Core 25mm with Black Oval Link 30cm Chain with Black Double Leather Handle
These handles are designed for comfort, with 20mmx4mm leather strips, and are double stitched for strength (Breaking weight is approx 110kg). These handles have 2 loops, for your 2nd and 4th finger.
Length including attachments:38cm.
A fire poi head created by tightly wrapping kevlar around an aluminium tube. Plugged, and has kevlar accross the bottom.


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Taste of Tutoring: ALC Open House
- When:
- Location:
- Langsdale Library: Turner Learning Commons, third floor
- Room:
- 4th Floor
- Description:
Join the Achievement & Learning Center for our fall open house: Taste of Tutoring! Learn about our many services, like tutoring, coaching, writing consulting, and more, while enjoying some sweet treats!
Wednesday, Sept. 20
Langsdale Library--4th floor
12 - 2 pm and 4 - 6 pmHere are some of the foods you'll find at our event:
Wraps and Writing
Coaching and Cookies
Tostitos and Tutoring
and so much more!We hope to see you there!
- Contact Name:
- Achievement & Learning Center
- Contact Email:
- email@example.com
- Contact Phone:
- 410.837.5383
Appropriate accommodations for individuals with disabilities will be provided upon request 10 days prior to a campus event and 30 days prior to an event requiring travel.


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Internet user privacy and confidentiality are of extreme importance to Home Improvement World. Our reputation and integrity are directly related to the trust we have with our visitors. Below is a description of how Home Improvement World strives to protect the privacy of Internet users.
All users who simply visit the Home Improvement World website retain total personal anonymity. We do not acquire or collect any personal information about you when you visit. And we do not require you to give us personal information to browse our website. Your name, address, phone number, and email address all remain your private properties. Home Improvement World does, however, collect non-identifiable personal information which is specific to how you use our website.
Our servers record non-personally identifying details such as, but not limited to, the server you are logged onto, the geographic location of the ISP you use, the type of browser you use, your IP address, the date and time, the duration of your visit and the pages viewed. This information is obtained only for the purpose of determining the number of visits each of our pages receive, how much time our visitors spend viewing our articles, and home many pages each of our visitors view. This information is pooled for statistical purposes.
There are instances when a user may provide specific personal information when filling out a form on our site. This information is kept in absolute confidence and is not shared with any other organization.
Furthermore, we do not collect or sell the email addresses or demographic information of "casual visitors," which are people who visit pages on our website but do not fill out forms.
Home Improvement World uses cookies for collecting such general information as how many people visit our site, how long they stay, and how many pages they view. No personal information is obtained with cookies. Most web browsers automatically accept cookies, but you can usually change your browser to prevent that use if you desire.
However, if you block cookies from our website by changing the settings of your browser or by using an Internet security firewall program, you may not have access to portions of our content. These security programs can block important graphics and other content that are not harmful to you.
We are a legitimate informational website with no interest in misdirecting you, "hijacking" your web browser, or using the disreputable tactics that some other websites may employ.
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Though we try to maintain relationships with only the most reputable advertisers, we have no control over their policies or procedures and cannot accept responsibility for their actions. However, we welcome any questions and/or complaints regarding any ads posted on our website.
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This site contains links to other websites or references to offline information sources. Home Improvement World is not responsible for the privacy practices or the content of such web sites or sources.
Home Improvement World has security measures in place to protect the loss, misuse, and alteration of the information under our control. Email messages sent to us do not reside on a networked server and are inaccessible except for authorized persons in our employ.
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Home Improvement World has created this privacy statement in order to demonstrate our firm commitment to privacy. If you have any questions pertaining to this privacy policy and its contents, please contact us.
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We will not retroactively change our privacy policy for the purpose of intentionally releasing your personal information without your permission.


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Your Cart (0)
Thumbnail Filmstrip of Keen Women's Whisper Sandal 1022809 Images
Elastic cording gives this lightweight performance sandal a secure fit, easy to adjust in or out of the water. The washable upper makes cleaning easy, and the cushioned footbed provides comfort on the go
- Cleansport NXT� for natural odor control
- Multi directional lug pattern for increased traction
- Secure fit lace capture system
- TPU stability shank
- Women's specific fit
All KEEN water sandals are machine washable. Use a small amount of detergent, wash on gentle cycle and air dry
5/5 Stars out of 1 Reviews
Gwen | May 27th, 2020
I have a number of these sandals, but this was the perfect color I needed. So comfortable! I usually buy a half size larger than what I usually wear. Vermont Gear delivered them very promptly.
Write a New Review!


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.NET Identity and Principal Objects Part 3: Identity Flow and Impersonation Across Process and Machine Boundaries
The first and second articles in this series covered the basics of .NET identity based security and showed you how to implement custom authentication and authorization schemes. In this last installment, we examine the issues related to identity flow and identity impersonation across.NET-distributed multilayered applications.
Identity Flow
As explained in the first article of this series, the .NET Framework keeps identity- and role-related information in the running thread's CurrentPrincipal property. Once this property has been set, typically during the authentication phase, the .NET Framework propagates it along the thread's execution flow and uses it to perform access checks when required. However, a modern application often consists of different pieces of software distributed on more than one machine following the classic three-tiered distributed application pattern (Presentation tier, Business tier, Data tier).
In this situation, the logical thread of execution accomplishing a given application task may spawn across different processes and computer boundaries. Evidently, one needs mostly to have the caller identity flow across process and machine, so that a server executing some work on behalf of the client will do it under the caller identity.
Although this is possible in .NET, unfortunately the way you do it varies with the technology used for remote objects/services invocation: ASP.NET/Web Services, .NET Remoting, and DCOM.
Regarding identity flow, the WindowsIdentity object deserves special consideration. It can't be serialized because it points to Windows' private, process-specific data structures. As a consequence, you must obey Windows rules to transport a valid WindowsIdentity object from the client to the server (more on this later).
Once you manage to transfer the caller identity to the server, you have two options:
Simply attach the WindowsIdentity to the thread's CurrentPrincipal to execute only .NET-specific access checks. However, in this case, Windows will continue to use the server process identity when the resources that the OS is aware of are accessed.
Switch to the caller identity at the Windows level as well, so that even OS-protected resources will be access-checked using the client identity. This is called impersonation.
When you avoid impersonation, you basically state that the application will take care of access checks without delegating them to the OS or downstream services such as databases. In this case, you typically configure the server processes (application servers, Web servers) so they are granted the super set of permissions (OS, file ACL, database permissions) required by the application to execute the whole of its functionalities.


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Schaumburg Commercial Building Additions
Expand your current facilities, improve efficiency and productivity, and ultimately create a more effective workspace with commercial building additions by Direct Steel and Construction!
As commercial building contractors, we can expand your current facilities to better meet the needs of your growing Schaumburg business. Whether you are looking for building additions or expanded facilities and additional out buildings, we structure solutions that are ideal for your needs and business.
The latest advancements in manufacturing technology have greatly expanded the options available for steel buildings. You can now get any exterior finish, meaning that steel building additions can not only be cost-effective and highly-functional, they can also be completely cohesive with the exterior styling of your current facility.
Let our experts explain exactly what you can expect from a custom commercial building addition by Direct Steel and Construction!
Call Direct Steel and Construction at (815) 421-1334 for a Free Consultation!
Expanding Your Current Facilities
If you own your own building, however the current facilities are no longer meeting your needs, then building additions by Direct Steel and Construction may be the right choice for you.
We can completely customize your building addition, including adding warehousing space, manufacturing facilities, recreational areas, or even large-volume spaces including those with large height or floor space requirements.
Creating an addition for your current facilities can be much less expensive than completely fabricating an entirely new building, and we can create a cohesive interior and exterior so no one could ever tell it was an addition to the original structure. We can even assist with reconfiguring your floor plan to better flow with the addition, allowing your current space to more fluidly incorporate the additional space.
If you are considering expanding your facilities and would like to learn more about how our commercial building experts can save you time and money with durable, attractive metal buildings, reach out now for a free consultation.
Adding Complementary Facilities
Do you need additional buildings to support your Schaumburg, IL business? Whether you require additions to your current structure, are looking for complementary structures from warehouse space to additional offices, recreational facilities, or have other needs requiring restructuring your facilities, we can help.
Many businesses find that as their business grows and operations expand, they require additional buildings to help support their core processes. We can analyze your current space, discuss your needs, and help to conceptualize and deliver structures that are not only functional, but cohesive with the exisiting facilities within your complex. Metal buildings can be skinned with precast, siding, brick, block, or corrugated steel for a cohesive and professional look.
When your business requires more space than before, let our experts help you conceptualize new structures and additions that improve functionality and efficiency for all of your business operations. We can save you time and money while working within your project budget to deliver high-quality, effective structures.
Let's Talk Now- Free Consultation
As your building expansion construction company, we understand how important it is to create facilities that work for you. When your business grows beyond the means of your current space, that doesn't mean you need to purchase a completely new structure. We can discuss how your existing space can be modified with smart additions that can accommodate your Schaumburg business now and in the future.
From building additions to new facilities, our experts provide complete construction services and project management, assisting you from conceptualization to implementation and managing all the day-to-day operations of your project. For a construction project that is done right, on time, and within your budget, trust the experts at Direct Steel and Construction.
Call Direct Steel and Construction today at (815) 421-1334 for your Free Consultation!