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HealthDay Reporter
FRIDAY, Aug. 5, 2022 (HealthDay News) – Social isolation and loneliness put people at a 30% higher risk of heart attack, stroke or death from either, a new scientific statement from the American Heart Association (AHA) warns.
The statement also highlights the lack of data on interventions that could improve heart health in isolated or lonely people. It was published Aug. 4 in the Journal of the American Heart Association .
"Over four decades of research has clearly demonstrated that social isolation and loneliness are both associated with adverse health outcomes," said Dr. Crystal Wiley Cené, who headed the team that wrote the statement. "Given the prevalence of social disconnectedness across the U.S., the public health impact is quite significant."
Nearly a quarter of U.S. adults aged 65 and older are socially isolated, and as many as 47% may be lonely, according to AHA. The risk rises with age due to such factors as retirement and widowhood.
But a Harvard University survey suggests the loneliest generation is Gen Z — 18- to 22-year-olds — which also may be the most isolated. A possible reason: They spend more time on social media and less time engaging in meaningful in-person activities.
And the pandemic appears to have made matters worse among younger and older adults, as well as women and the poor.
"Although social isolation and feeling lonely are related, they are not the same thing," said Cene, chief administrator for health equity, diversity and inclusion at the University of California San Diego Health. "Individuals can lead a relatively isolated life and not feel lonely, and conversely, people with many social contacts may still experience loneliness."
Social isolation is having infrequent in-person contact with people for social relationships, such as family, friends, or members of the same community or religious group. Loneliness is when you feel like you are alone or have less connection with others than you desire.
To investigate the relationship between social isolation and heart, blood vessel and brain health, the writing group reviewed research on social isolation published through July 2021. The review found:
- Social isolation and loneliness are frequent but under-appreciated factors that affect the heart, blood vessels and brain.
- Lack of social connections is associated with a higher risk of premature death from any cause, particularly in men.
- Folks who were less socially connected were more likely to exhibit physical symptoms of chronic stress. Isolation and loneliness are linked to increased inflammation.
- When evaluating risk factors for social isolation, it is important to remember that depression may cause isolation, and isolation may make depression more likely.
- Social isolation in childhood is linked to increased heart health risk factors, including obesity, high blood pressure and elevated blood sugar levels.
- Transportation, housing, family discontent, the pandemic and natural disasters are a few social and environmental factors that have affect social interactions.
"There is strong evidence linking social isolation and loneliness with increased risk of worse heart and brain health in general; however, the data on the association with certain outcomes, such as heart failure, dementia and cognitive impairment is sparse," Cené said.
The strongest evidence points to a connection between social isolation, loneliness, and death from heart disease and stroke, with a 32% higher risk of stroke and death from stroke and a 29% higher heart attack risk.
"Social isolation and loneliness are also associated with worse prognosis in individuals who already have coronary heart disease or stroke," Cené said.
Along with behaviors that have a detrimental effect on heart and brain health, isolation and loneliness are linked to lower levels of self-reported physical activity and a lower intake of fruits and vegetables. Additionally, numerous large studies have found significant links between loneliness and a higher likelihood of smoking.
"There is an urgent need to develop, implement and evaluate programs and strategies to reduce the negative effects of social isolation and loneliness on cardiovascular and brain health, particularly for at-risk populations," Cené said in an AHA news release.
She said clinicians should ask patients about their social activity and whether they are satisfied with their level of interaction with friends and family.
"They should then be prepared to refer people who are socially isolated or lonely — especially those with a history of heart disease or stroke — to community resources to help them connect with others," she added.
The authors said more research is required to understand how isolation affects heart and brain health in children and young adults; people from under-represented racial and ethnic groups; LGBTQ people; people with physical or hearing disabilities; those in rural areas; and people with limited resources.
The statement noted that studies in senior citizens have found that interventions addressing negative thoughts and low self-worth, as well as fitness programs and recreational activities at senior centers, have shown promise in reducing isolation and loneliness.
"It is unclear whether actually being isolated [social isolation] or feeling isolated [loneliness] matters most for cardiovascular and brain health because only a few studies have examined both in the same sample," Cené said, adding that more research is needed.
More information
The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has more about the health risks of loneliness.
SOURCE: American Heart Association, news release, Aug. 3, 2022


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The Russia imbroglio has brought Washington, D.C., to a crossroads that could have historic implications for President Trump and the nation.
Justice Department special counsel Robert Mueller wants to interview Trump about what he knows and why he acted in the way he has. The president and his attorneys have all but ruled that out. The president denies any wrongdoing.
Which side will blink?
If Trump and the White House stick by their decision not to give Mueller an interview, the special counsel has a choice of his own: Will he accept the arguments made by Trump's attorneys that he already knows everything Trump could tell him and stand down?
Or would Mueller choose a path seldom traveled and issue a subpoena to try to compel Trump to sit for an interview?
Here's what you need to know about how we got here — and what may come next.
Trump has made a key admission
The president's attorneys now acknowledge — despite earlier denials by the White House — that he dictated a statement to The New York Times about the June 2016 meeting at Trump Tower at which his top campaign deputies hosted a delegation dispatched by the Russian government. (Read more about that meeting here.)
The meeting followed an offer of help to Donald Trump Jr. from the Russian government via a series of intermediaries. When the Times was on the verge of reporting on the meeting, Trump Jr. initially said — in the statement written by Trump senior — that the meeting was mostly about "adoptions."
Later, Trump Jr. released the emails in which the session had been organized. Last month, it became clear that the Russians used the meeting to give the Trump aides a political opposition research tip, although not one, according to the accounts of the participants, the Russians had initially promised about Hillary Clinton.
Why does this matter?
For two reasons: First, Trump's direct involvement is important if Mueller is building a case that the president has been engaged in a pattern of deception or other behavior that amounts to obstruction of justice. Prosecutors might group this together with other examples since Inauguration Day.
And second, it raises questions about how closely Trump has been involved all along with the contacts between people in his campaign and Russian operatives. Trump has said he wasn't aware that Russia was attacking the presidential election in 2016 or that his aides were interacting with Russians at that time. Trump himself has been described as not a target of the FBI's investigation.
But the Senate Judiciary Committee revealed last month that, as Trump Jr. was arranging the meeting at which he hosted his Russian guests, he made two phone calls to a blocked number. Trump Jr. told senators he didn't remember with whom he spoke. Trump senior is known to have used a blocked number.
If Mueller's investigators established that Trump Jr. did, in fact, phone his father, that could suggest that Trump senior knew at the time of the meeting at least that it was taking place. That raises questions about how much else Trump knew about the overtures the Russian government had been making to his campaign since spring 2016.
If Trump did know about what was happening — even if neither he nor his aides actually conspired with the ongoing Russian active measures — that might have given him an incentive to frustrate efforts by FBI investigators to find out about what his campaign aides had done or what he knew.
Mueller's investigators want to ask about all this.
Trump's lawyers are fighting an interview
They've been resisting confidentially and they've also been litigating their case in the press.
Trump's legal team argues not only that Trump did not break the law that prohibits obstructing justice, but that, in short, he cannot commit that crime: His actions as president all have been within the authority afforded him by the Constitution, the lawyers say.
If he asked then-FBI Director James Comey to lay off the case of former national security adviser Michael Flynn, that was within Trump's power, they argue, because he can end any investigation for any reason. And the Constitution also gives Trump the privilege to fire Comey or nearly anyone else under him in the executive branch, the president's legal team says, for any reason.
And Trump not only couldn't have obstructed justice, according to this line of argument, the president argued on Monday that even if he had broken any law, he has the power to pardon himself. Trump, in claiming that privilege, stopped short of saying he might use it, and his attorney, Rudy Giuliani, said separately that the president recognized that pardoning himself might bring on a severe political backlash.
All the same, the manifold claims about executive power appear to add up to a message to the special counsel: Trump has not and cannot do anything wrong in this context and even if he had, he has the authority to make all this go away.
So what comes next?
Option 1: Mueller waves off
The special counsel's office simply could drop its request for an interview with Trump. Mueller then could do whatever other work he believes he has set out for him.
No one knows whether Mueller intends to file charges against other people in the Russia case — for example, to indict the Russian cyber-operatives who stole emails from the Democratic National Committee and other political targets in 2016 and then arranged for them to be released to embarrass their targets.
Mueller also must compile a written report about the Russian attack on the 2016 election and the subsequent events. The governing regulations oblige Mueller to submit his report to Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein, who appointed him, but Rosenstein has no obligation of his own to give the report to Congress or make it public. (The regulations do, however, appear to require Rosenstein to notify the chairmen and ranking members of both the House and Senate Judiciary Committees when the special counsel's investigation is concluded.)
If, however, the investigation results in a book-length "Mueller Report," as there have been major reports by past congressional committees or special prosecutors, it could eventually find its way into the light of day.
At very least, Mueller finally might tell the full story of the Russian attack on the 2016 presidential election, about which many questions remain. If Mueller has found no wrongdoing by the president, he also could clear Trump and the nation could move on.
Or if Mueller discovers wrongdoing, he could put the onus for action on Congress or voters: it would be up to the democratic process to deal with Trump if Mueller argued the president had transgressed somehow. The Justice Department might also signal whether it planned to file charges against Trump once he no longer was president — either because he had been removed by Congress, voters or his term limit — given the orthodox view within DOJ that it cannot indict a sitting president.
Option 2: Mueller plays hardball
If the president won't agree to an interview that Mueller felt would address his questions, Mueller's office could obtain a subpoena from a grand jury. That would seek to compel Trump to sit for the interview, but no one knows what might happen next.
In the case of President Bill Clinton, the White House responded to a subpoena by negotiating an interview in the White House with independent counsel Ken Starr. Clinton agreed to appear before the grand jury via closed-circuit TV, rather than having to physically go to a federal courthouse. Starr withdrew the subpoena.
So although presidents have done interviews with high-level investigators in the past, the legal assertions that Trump's lawyers have made about his powers and privileges have never actually been tested in a court battle in modern times.
Could Trump invoke his Fifth Amendment right not to give evidence that might incriminate him?
Of course. But there are political implications — in past, Trump has criticized taking the Fifth as a de facto admission of guilt.
Could Trump try to fight a subpoena?
Yes. If Trump's attorneys were determined to fight, they could ask a federal judge to throw out the subpoena. They could make arguments like the ones they reportedly made in their letter to Mueller's office: that, first, the Constitution confers on the president unique powers and responsibilities that protect him from a subpoena and, second, that the special counsel's office has already received all the information it would get from Trump in other ways.
That puts the ball in Mueller's court. Giuliani said on Sunday that although the door isn't completely closed to an interview, he and Trump are strongly leaning against one — as has been the case for weeks. No matter what happens, no meeting between Trump and Mueller's team would take place until after Trump's planned summit in Singapore on June 12, Giuliani said.
How long might a legal battle take?
There's no telling — even if the Supreme Court agreed to hear arguments about the matter on an expedited basis given the importance of the case.
The high court would stand at a crossroads of its own: If it recognized Trump's assertion that the president can reject a subpoena, it would be a historic vindication and add yet more power to an office that has been gaining in its reach since President Franklin Roosevelt.
If the Supreme Court ordered Trump to appear before a grand jury — either in person or in a Clinton-like arrangement via video — that would be a historic move all on its own.
That could take months or years, but the relevant decisions by Trump, his lawyers, Mueller and his office could take place within the next few weeks.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Brewster Ghiselin, copper etchings, Department of Art, English Etching, Optima, Printmaking Department, Rives BFK, Russell T. Gordon, Salt Lake City, stone lithograph, University of Utah, zinc etchings
"Out of heaven the stars we were reading a little as they tarried
into exile."
— Brewster Ghiselin, from "Light"
Images and Impressions
Salt Lake City: Printmaking Department, University of Utah, 1969
Project conception by Professor Russell T. Gordon, Department of Art. Work by students of the Printmaking Department consisting of sixteen prints (fifteen zinc and copper etchings and one stone lithograph). Type is Optima. Papers are Rives BFK and English Etching. Edition of twenty-five copies, signed by the poets and the artists.


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The Midnight Sun at Fish Camp
Visiting LaVonne's Fish Camp is a real Alaskan adventure! We're a unique culture camp deep in Inupiat Eskimo country operated by Arctic Circle Educational Adventures (ACEA). It's located five miles south of Kotzebue, Alaska and about 30 miles north of the Arctic Circle in Northwest Region of Alaska.
LaVonne's Fish Camp is a small, intimate, modest fish camp with a million-dollar view. Traditional subsistence salmon drying racks share the beach with a "smoker," fish processing sheds, crew quarters, and a salmon net. Immediately in front is a continuous gravel beach that runs around the entire Baldwin Peninsula and the shallow Chukchi Sea. The sea runs 162 unobstructed miles to Eastern Siberia. Behind the camp is a 250-foot clay bluff, a slim ribbon that connects the beach and the open tundra that seems to go forever with a 360-degree view.
There are no neighbors nearby, though local folks stop often for coffee and to chat on their way to hunt, fish, pick berries and "greens." Others come to help prepare fish for subsistence use. Twenty-four hours of daylight allow ample time for visiting with local people, hiking on the tundra, birding and beachcombing.


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Templeton Reid
In Georgia, Templeton's Reid's private mint operated for just a short time. Coinage occurred during part of July, all of August and September, and part of October, 1830. Dexter C. Seymour, who studied the series intensively (and wrote The 1830 Coinage of Templeton Reid, published by the American Numismatic Society, 1977 (from which certain of the following information is derived), estimated that only 1,600 coins were produced totally, including approximately 1,000 quarter eagles, 300 half eagles, and 250 eagles.
However, on January 13, 1831 the National Gazette of Philadelphia noted that Templeton Reid had produced more than $200,000 in gold. This would translate to many tens of thousands of coins. However, in the absence of surviving specimens to support this figure, the estimate provided by Dexter C. Seymour seemed to more likely to be correct.
As there was no collector interest in the pieces at the time, and as such coins had little status outside of the area in which they were issued, most were subsequently melted. Only a few specimens exist today, mostly of the quarter eagle denomination. The half eagles and eagles, examples of which are offered in the following pages, are extreme rarities.
"Gold in Them Thar Hills"
Gold was discovered in Georgia during the 1820's. by the end of the decade news had spread, and many fortune seekers had arrived in the district. Templeton Reid, a resident of Milledgeville, then the state capital of Georgia, sought to fill a commercial need by converting gold dust, then traded by weight in the area, into coins. Reid's experience in the field of mechanical activities was extensive and included making complete cotton gins, repairing clocks and watches, and manufacturing rifles. To such an artisan, making coins presented no difficulty.
On July 24, 1830, an article appeared in the Southern Recorder which told of Reid's new coinage enterprise:
We have examined, during the past week, with great pleasure, an apparatus constructed by our very ingenious fellow citizen, Mr. Temple Reid, for the purpose of putting gold into a shape more convenient than that in which it is originally found. He makes with great facility and great neatness, pieces worth ten, five and tow and a half dollars. No ally is mixed with it, and it is so stamped that it cannot be easily imitated. He sets out soon for the mines, and intends putting his apparatus into operation, as soon as he reaches them.
About $1,500 worth of Georgia Gold has been stamped by our ingenious townsman, Mr. Templeton Reid, with handsome dies, showing the actual value of each piece of metal, in parcels of $2.50, $5, and $10. The pieces of ten dollars have on one side this inscription: GEORGIA GOLD, 1830, and on the other, TEN DOLLARS, TEMPLETON REID, ASSAYER. The die of the five dollar is not inferior in execution to the stamp on the coins issued from the national Mint. Mr. Reid informs us that the gold dust stamped by him will be taken at the Mint and at most of the banks for the value it purports on its face to bear. This will give a pretty general currency, and make it answer the purposed of money. Mr. R. intends making an establishment in the gold region for the purpose of assaying and marking the gold as it may be found, which will be a great convenience and saving to the miners, who have heretofore been obliged to part with the precious metal in its crude state at a loss from five to fifteen per cent. Reid's seven percent profit seems reasonable.
A short time thereafter, Templeton Reid moved his facilities to Gainesville, Georgia, which was closer to the center of actual mining activity (about 10 miles). Coins were produced and put into circulation. Unfortunately, one found its way to an unhappy citizen who mounted a personal campaigning d's venture. Styling himself anonymously as "No Assayer," he wrote a letter to the Georgia Courier, which was published on August 16, 1830:
>Mr. Editor: Although no assayer, I have taken the trouble of having a piece of Mr. Templeton Reid's coining, purporting to be worth $10 assayed at the mint. It was found to be but 22.5 carats fine; consequently worth a trifle more than Georgia Gold dust. The actual value is $9.38c, giving Mr. Reid a profit of about 7 percent. The value of Mr. Reid's coin may be estimated as follows:$10 pieces $9.38; $5 pieces $4.69; $2.50 pieces $2 and 34 cents.
No Assayer
It is believed that Reid produced his coins from native metal without alloying it to a standard fineness. Although the pieces were worth less than the face value indicated upon them, it is not known whether Reid was seeking an unusually high profit from this coinage or whether it was simply an honest oversight. It is to be remembered that in the 1830 era emphasis was on the full intrinsic value of coins. Any gold (or silver) coin issued by the United State Mint, by a private source, or by any other entity was apt to be viewed with suspicion if it did not contain full weight and value. Today, 1984, the situation is vastly different, and all currency has a fictitious value; the intrinsic value concept is simply something one reads about in history books.
While today one would question the fact that a $10 gold piece might have contained metal to the value of only $9.38, in 1830 it was a serious situation. Templeton Reid prepared a rebuttal which appeared in the Georgia journal of September 11, 1830:
Messrs. Editors:
I have just seen an article in the Courier of the 16th inst. which I wish you to re-publish, with my remarks on the same. It is over the signature of No Assayer.No Assayer beings by acknowledging he is no assayer, which was unnecessary; for I expect everybody knows that , even before his expose on the subject of my coin. But if he had ended by saying he was no calculator, nor knew anything about the standard worth of gold by the carat, he would deserve some credit for his candor. He says he "has taken the trouble to have a piece of my coin, purporting to be worth $10, assayed at the Mint. It was found to be but 22.5 carats fine." Now reckon again ---the $10 piece I have estimated at 96 cents per dwt---he at 22.5 carate fine---value $9.38---"a trifle--- consequently worth a trifle more than Georgia gold dust." And another strange calculation, "$9.38 cents, giving him a profit of about 7 per cent" when it is well known that the buyers have to give from 87.5(the lowest) to 90 cents per dwt at the mines, which is more than 22 carat gold is worth at the Mint. And the gold dust taken collectively from the mines, with the ordinary cleaning, will lose from 3 to 6 per cent in fluxing. Where, then is the "7 pe cent profit." No buyer can average on month's business, for the gold fluxed, to cost him as low as the worth of 22.5 carats fine a the Mint. I do not know how much "trifle more than Georgia gold dust" is, and it might save some of the heavy buyers, perhaps some in Augusta, to know, if it is not too late, how much they may lose on their gold in fluxing. For according to No Assayer's weighty statement, they must be engaged in a bad speculation, unless they get premium for the sand, etc.
But as the currency and demand for my coin, and its credit in some of the banks, seem to warrant the course, I shall continue to stamp and issue the Georgia gold and pieces of $10, $5, and $2.50.
The Milledgeville, Augusta, Macon, Columbus, and Athens papers, will please publish the above, and forward their accounts to me, if it convenient to do so. TR
Gold in its native state is always alloyed with other metals, including silver and tin. Apparently, Templeton Reid believed his gold to be nearly pure, which was not the case. In order to determine the precise composition of native gold, sophisticated assay apparatus is needed. Such facilities were not available to Templeton Reid. Reid's case was pursued in the Georgia Courier, which reported on September 16, 1830:
We are informed that about $230,000 of Georgia gold has been received this city during the last nine months.
NO ASSAYER's reply to Mr. TEMPLETON REID is received, and will appear on Monday. Report says, Mr. TEMPLETON REID, wise reply to No Assayer we published today, is coining and stamping, in his mint in Gainesville, not less than $700 of Georgia Gold per day. Allowing No Assayer's calculation of his profits to be correct at 7 per cent, he is making about $15,000 per annum. This is better business than gold digging.
On September 20, 1830, "No Assayer" attacked Templeton Reid's calculation from several different angles. He again repeated that at the Mint the value of Reid's $10 gold pieces were found to be worth but $9.38. further, he stated that Reid was issuing coins contrary to the Constitution of the United States.
"No Assayer" went on to say:
If he has the right, every individual has the same prerogative. That being the case, does not the evil at once bear upon an honest community? I see no good to result from such a profession as "assayer of Georgia gold" but much injury.
He continued in the article to excoriate Reid for wanting the community to understand that:
The Mint of the United States, managed by men of strictest integrity, and chosen for their knowledge in the science of mineralogy, and bound by the oaths and bond for their faithful discharge of the duties connected with the department of government, is beyond a doubt wrong …
Fancying himself as a public defender, "No Assayer" went on to inform readers that Templeton Reid "cared not for the constitution of the United States or the value of gold at the proper place of coining, the Mint." He further asserted that Templeton Reid's claim that banks would take his coins was false. concluding, "I shall take them at their proper value, $9.38, and no more, although they may have $10 marked upon them in bold figure. So much for the "Georgia Assayer" and his mint."
The activities of "No Assayer" effectively ended Templeton Reid's epheral coinage. Reid's outspoken critic was not challenged by the press, which simply printed his letters to the editor as submitted. Considering the expenses involved, it is doubtful Reid indeed made a profit anything like seven percent. And even if he did, the figure would not necessarily have been excessive, for the alternative for a miner to shop unrefined gold to the distant Philadelphia Mint, paying express and insurance charges of five percent in each direction and waiting over a month for return, would probably have been more costly.
Following the ephemeral coinage, Reid's activities turned back to his earlier interest, including the manufacture of cotton gins and firearms. His death come in August 1851, after which an obituary in the Columbus times noted in part:
Mr. Reid was in many respects an extraordinary man. His genius as a mechanic was of the first order. His skill was equal to his inventive powers. He was a capital artificer in wood and in the metals. His business was that of a gin maker, and his machines have long engaged a high celebrity. His industry was as untiring as his genius was fine. yet, like so many bright spirits who have gone before him, he failed to accumulate much of this world's goods. Mr. Reid has left behind him many friends, who valued his excellent and kindly qualities of hear, and we'll remember him as one of those good but eccentric men, who was his own worst enemy.


text:
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text:
The mission of the Government Linked Data (GLD) Working Group is to provide standards and other information which help governments around the world publish their data as effective and usable Linked Data using Semantic Web technologies. The group, a part of the eGovernment Activity and closely connected with the Semantic Web Activity, will collect and make available information about government Linked Data activities around the world. It will use that information and the experience of its participants to develop W3C Recommendations for Best Practices and for RDF Vocabularies necessary for publication of government data in RDF, as Linked Data. Concurrently with this Working Group, W3C has chartered the eGovernment Interest Group for broad community discussion of government use of the Web
Start Date | June 2011 |
End date | 31 May 2013 |
Confidentiality | Proceedings are public |
Chairs | George Thomas, US HHS Bernadette Hyland |
Staff Contact | Sandro Hawke (0.3 FTE) |
Usual Meeting Schedule | Teleconferences: Weekly, plus optional task forces
Face-to-face: 2-4 per year, possibly multisite with video |
This group will develop standards-track documents and maintain a community website in order to help governments at all levels (from small towns to nations) share their data as high quality ("five-star") linked data. This group is exclusively focused on data publication using Semantic Web standards, deployed on the Web following linked data principles, as introduced by Tim Berners-Lee in 2006, in Linked Data.
Several possible standards which might be of use to governments deploying linked data are out of scope for this group, such as those listed below. Discussion of these technologies is welcome in the parallel eGov Interest Group or Semantic Web Interest Group. Those groups can form task forces to investigate and incubate work in areas such as these for possible standardization in future Working Groups.
While the group is prohibited from developing or standardizing solutions outside of its scope, it may, in its materials, mention and explain them as possible solutions, as long as it does not mandate them.
Consulting is also out of scope of the group: while the group will contain experts and will be talking to people who might want to make use of that expertise to solve specific problems, the group will not provide consulting or any kind of customized solutions; instead, it will seek to provide the assistance through publication of materials which directly and indirectly support the people trying to solve the problems. If individuals in the group provide consulting, they must make clear they are not representing or acting on behalf of the group in doing so.
Note on "optional" items: where items are described as "optional", they are to be considered a lower priority and produced only if the chairs decide addressing them does not significantly endanger the schedule. Typically, the production of optional elements is done in a loosely-coupled task force, with the output later incorporated by the Working Group if ready in time.
In all of its work, the group will design for personal privacy and information security, documenting considerations and the possible impact of its work.
The Working Group will construct and maintain an online directory of the government linked data community, containing the following items:
Optionally, other items deemed relevant and appropriate by the group may be included.
All items are to be listed and described from a neutral point of view, without the group performing any evaluation or expressing any judgments. If any material in the directory is contested, the group may decide to cite and quote third-party refutations.
The group is only charged with building and maintaining the directory until the end of its charter. Optionally, the group will construct the directory to be largely self-sustaining and arrange for its control to be transferred to some responsible party, either inside or outside of W3C.
Optionally, the directory may serve as a demonstration (or "dogfood") project, but the group is strongly advised to focus on content, not mechanism, using something like wiki pages, unless a better system is available.
Because of the brand association between this directory and W3C, W3C management reserves the right to final say in any disputes concerning the directory, even if hosting and day-to-day maintenance are provided by a third party.
The group will produce one or more Recommendations which address the following issues:
Procurement. Specific products and services involved in governments publishing linked data will be defined, suitable for use during government procurement. Just as the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines allow governments to easily specify what they mean when they contract for an accessible Website, these definitions will simplify contracting for data sites and applications.
Vocabulary Selection. The group will provide advice on how governments should select RDF vocabulary terms (URIs), including advice as to when they should mint their own. This advice will take into account issues of stability, security, and long-term maintenance commitment, as well as other factors that may arise during the group's work.
URI Construction. The group will specify how to create good URIs for use in government linked data. Inputs include Cool URIs for the Semantic Web, Designing URI Sets for the UK Public Sector (PDF), and Creating URIs (data.gov.uk). Guidance will be produced not only for minting URIs for governmental entities, such as schools or agencies, but also for vocabularies, concepts, and datasets.
Versioning. The group will specify how to publish data which has multiple versions, including variations such as:
Stability. The group will specify how to publish data so that others can rely on it being available in perpetuity, persistently archived if necessary.
Legacy Data. The group will produce specific advice concerning how to expose legacy data, data which is being maintained in pre-existing (non-linked-data) systems.
Cookbook. The group will produce a collection of advice on smaller, more specific issues, where known solutions exist to problems collected for the Community Directory. This document is to be published as a Working Group Note, or website, rather than a Recommendation. It may, instead, become part of the Community Directory site.
The group will develop one or more W3C Recommendations to guide governments publishing data in which RDF vocabulary terms to use in information about certain common concept areas. The publishing granularity, in terms of which topics are covered in which documents, is left to the group to decide.
The group will have to determine whether it is better to reuse existing widely-deployed terms such as foaf:name and dc:temporal, in their existing name space, or mint new URIs in a w3.org name space. Even if the group decides to mint new URIs, it should link them to equivalent concepts (using, for example, owl:equivalentProperty links) unless there are strong reasons not to.
The decisions behind these deliverables will be closely related to the Best Practice advice on Vocabulary Selection (above), although the factors affecting W3C URIs are somewhat different from those affecting government URIs.
The group will gather and publish use cases and requirements for vocabularies to cover each of the following areas, and it will produce W3C Recommendation(s) defining the meaning and usage of each element in these vocabularies, where they are not already defined in suitable open standards. The group will also produce documentation, examples, and, optionally, test cases and OWL ontologies for these vocabularies.
Metadata, suitable for provenance (in coordination the Provenance Interchange Working Group), data catalogs (see the dcat data catalog vocabulary and the Comprehensive Knowledge Archive Network CKAN, and VoiD), data quality, timeliness of data, status, refresh rate, etc. The Library Linked Data Incubator Group reports offer some use cases and possible technical inputs.
One challenge in metadata is granularity, as some attributes apply to vast ongoing collections of data, while others apply to particular triples, and most apply to some intermediate size dataset or graph.
Statistical "Cube" Data. The group will produce a vocabulary, compatible with SDMX, for expressing some kinds of statistical data. This need not be as expressive as all of SDMX, but may provide a subset as in the RDF Data Cube vocabulary. It may also include ways to annotate data to indicate its assumptions and comparability.
People, such as elements of FOAF or vCard in RDF. This is an area for particular attention to privacy considerations.
Organizational Structures. Such as the Epimorphics the organization ontology (see also its requirements document).
optional: Geography, Spatial Information, such as latitude and longitude. Inputs include W3C Geospatial Ontologies Incubator Report the European INSPIRE Directive, and vocabulary elements of GeoSPARQL. (See liaisons.)
The group will document significant changes from this initial schedule on its home page. | ||||||
Websites | Initial "Beta" Release | Stable Operation | Transition to Post-WG Operation | |||
Community Directory | Sep 2011 | Dec 2011 | Jan 2013 | |||
"Cookbook" Advice Site | Dec 2011 | Mar 2012 | Jan 2013 | |||
Specifications | FPWD | LC | CR | PR | Rec | |
Best Practices for Publishing Government Linked Data | Dec 2011 | Oct 2012 | Dec 2012 | Mar 2013 | Apr 2013 | |
Recommended Vocabularies for Government Linked Data | Dec 2011 | Oct 2012 | Dec 2012 | Mar 2013 | Apr 2013 |
Furthermore, Government Linked Data Working Group expects to follow these W3C Recommendations:
In general, people participate in this group as representatives of W3C member organizations. At least one representative from each participating organization is expected to devote significant time to this effort (about one day per week, or more, depending on duties), to accept and complete appropriate action items on a timely basis, and to travel to face-to-face meetings, as scheduled by the chairs, 2-4 times per year.
On a case-by-case basis, using the invited expert process, people may be allowed to participate as individuals, not representing an organization.
To be successful, the Working Group is expected to have between ten and thirty active participants for its duration.
Participants are reminded of the Good Standing requirements of the W3C Process.
This group primarily conducts its work on the mailing list email@example.com (public archives). The mailing list firstname.lastname@example.com (W3C member-access-only archives) may be used for administrative purposes, such as travel planning.
Information about the group (deliverables, participants, face-to-face meetings, teleconferences, etc.) will be available from the group's home page.
The group's first face-to-face meeting is scheduled for 29-30 June 2011, in the Washington, D.C., area (details).
As explained in the Process Document (section 3.3), this group will seek to make decisions when there is consensus. When the Chair puts a question and observes dissent, after due consideration of different opinions, the Chair should record a decision (possibly after a formal vote) and any objections, and move on.
This Working Group operates under the W3C Patent Policy (5 February 2004 Version). To promote the widest adoption of Web standards, W3C seeks to issue Recommendations that can be implemented, according to this policy, on a Royalty-Free basis.
For more information about disclosure obligations for this group, please see the W3C Patent Policy Implementation.
This charter for the Government Linked Data Working Group has been created according to section 6.2 of the Process Document. In the event of a conflict between this document or the provisions of any charter and the W3C Process, the W3C Process shall take precedence.
Copyright© 2011 W3C ® (MIT , ERCIM , Keio), All Rights Reserved.
Date: 2011-11-14 16:35:49 $


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Palestinian Traditional Elegance Quran Cover with Tajweed Mus-haf
This beautiful Quran cover is machine stitched with traditional Palestinian patterns and colors. The padded cardboard cover slides over the hardback cover of your Mushaf. A long ribbon that you can tie holds it shut when not in use.
A truly beautiful way to protect and personalize your Mus-haf.
Overall Size: Medium (8.5 x 6 x 1.5")
Mus-haf (in Arabic with Tajweed rules) is included with the cover


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Silver T-bar espadrille wedge sandals
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Wedge sandals Filipa are crafted from silver braided raffia and grey suede, and have a buckled-fastening ankle strap. The platform front makes the wedge heel feel more stable and comfortable. This metallic style is suitable for day and night, and can also become a bold bridal design.
- Wedge measures 12,5 cm approx.
- Platform measures 3,5 cm approx.
- Silver raffia. Grey suede.
- Buckle-fastening ankle strap.
- Open round shape toe.
- Lined in smooth leather.
- Leather comfort insole.
- PL rubber sole.
- Made in Spain
- Reference: AF611 trenza rafia silver.