text:
To tax (from Latin taxare: to assess or appraise) is an imposition of a compulsory financial charge or levy upon an individual or legal entity by a state or the functional equivalent of a state in order to support that state.
[edit]A to C
[edit]- Welfare should be built of more taxpayers. Not by higher taxes.
- Anders Borg, Swedish Minister of Finance (2010), said in a speech during the election.
(In Swedish: "Välfärden skall byggas av fler skattebetalare. Inte av högre skatter.")
- Anders Borg, Swedish Minister of Finance (2010), said in a speech during the election.
- To please universally was the object of his life; but to tax and to please, no more than to love and to be wise, is not given to men.
- Edmund Burke, speech on American taxation, House of Commons (April 19, 1774); The Writings and Speeches of Edmund Burke, ed. Paul Langford, vol. 2, p. 454 (1981).
- We contend that for a nation to try to tax itself into prosperity is like a man standing in a bucket and trying to lift himself up by the handle.
- Winston Churchill, "Why I am a Free Trader," Chapter I in T.W. Stead's journal Coming Men on Coming Questions (April 13, 1905), bottom p. 9.
- The art of taxation consists in so plucking the goose as to obtain the largest amount of feathers with the least amount of hissing.
- Jean-Baptiste Colbert, minister of finance to France's 17th-century "Sun King", Louis XIV
- And I'm the one who will not raise taxes. My opponent now says he'll raise them as a last resort, or a third resort. But when a politician talks like that, you know that's one resort he'll be checking into. My opponent, my opponent won't rule out raising taxes. But I will. And the Congress will push me to raise taxes and I'll say no. And they'll push, and I'll say no, and they'll push again, and I'll say, to them, Read my lips: No new taxes!
- George Bush, Acceptance speech, New York Times (August 19, 1988).
- Governments create nothing and have nothing to give but what they have first taken away — you may put money in the pockets of one set of Englishmen, but it will be money taken from the pockets of another set of Englishmen, and the greater part will be spilled on the way. Every vote given for Protection is a vote to give Governments the right of robbing Peter to pay Paul and charging the public a handsome commission on the job.
- Winston Churchill, "Why I am a Free Trader," Chapter I in T.W. Stead's journal Coming Men on Coming Questions (April 13, 1905), bottom p. 9.
- It has been said, "What does it mean—it is taxpayers' money." It is money taken from the pockets of the people of the country; it is taken from the necessities and comforts of the working classes. Agriculture, steel, iron, shipbuilding, are all suffering too, and in some cases and in many parts, the conditions both of hours and labour are worse in those industries than they are in the coal industry, or parts of it. How can you justify the whole country being forced to pay this particular levy almost indefinitely, when there is no prospect of any solution?
- Winston Churchill, On the General Strike (May 3, 1926)
- Note, besides, that it is no more immoral to directly rob citizens than to slip indirect taxes into the price of goods that they cannot do without.
- Albert Camus, Caligula, act 1, sc. 8, Pléiade (1962).
- World War II was . . . responsible for considerable changes in the U.S. federal income tax. Not only were rates increased, but the base was extended to cover most of the working population. Even as late as 1939, only 6 percent of U.S. citizens had to file an income tax return; by 1945 this had increased to over 70 percent . . . By 1945 the major features of the current federal tax system were in place.
- Susan B. Hansen, The Politics of Taxation: Revenue Without Representation, New York: NY, Praeger (1983) p. 86.
- There is one difference between a tax collector and a taxidermist — the taxidermist leaves the hide.
- Mortimer Caplin, American bureaucrat, Director of the IRS. Time magazine, (Feb. 1, 1963)
- The Inland Revenue is not slow, and quite rightly, to take every advantage which is open to it under the Taxing Statutes for the purposes of depleting the taxpayer's pocket. And the taxpayer is in like manner entitled to be astute to prevent, so far as he honestly can, the depletion of his means by the Inland Revenue.
- James Avon Clyde, Lord Clyde (1863-1944), Ayrshire Pullman Motor Services and Ritchie v. Inland Revenue (1929) 14 Tax Case 754.
- So in a lot of other developed countries, you essentially get a tax return that's already been filled out by the tax agency, and you sort of just look it over and click submit. One of the reasons that doesn't happen here is the influence and lobbying of the for-profit tax prep industries. And there's been really decades of lobbying by that industry to ensure that the IRS doesn't take a sort of more robust role in helping people file their taxes.
- ProPublica reporter Justin Elliott has been reporting on free filing for nine years How you can file your taxes online for free (March 19, 2022)
E to H
[edit]- If you tax too high, the revenue will yield nothing.
- Ralph Waldo Emerson, "Compensation," Essays, First Series (1841, repr. 1847).
- In-tax-i-ca-tion [in-tak-si-KEY-shuh n] (noun) – The short-term euphoria associated with a tax refund that fades when you realize you are getting your own money back, interest-free, over a year later.
- Jamie Golombek, Managing Director, Tax and Estate Planning, CIBC Private Wealth, according to Intaxication: Why getting a tax refund may be a sign of poor financial planning (March 2022)
- When a government taxes you, it takes something you own without your consent. That's exactly what a thief does. The main difference is that the thief is breaking the law, whereas the government is (usually) taking your money legally.
- David R. Henderson, The Joy of Freedom: An Economist's Odyssey, Financial Times/Prentice Hall (2002) p. 217.
- Of all debts men are least willing to pay the taxes. What a satire is this on government! Everywhere they think they get their money's worth, except for these.
- Ralph Waldo Emerson, "Politics," Essays: Second Series, in The Complete Writings of Ralph Waldo Emerson, vol. 1, p. 302 (1929).
- I'm tired of being told that I have to pay more taxes to "keep people in their homes." Sure, if they lost their jobs or got sick, I'm willing to help. But if they bought McMansions at three times the price of our paid-off, $250,000 condo, on one-third of my salary, then let the leftwing Congresscritters who passed Fannie and Freddie and the Community Reinvestment Act that created the bubble help them—with their own money.
- Robert A. Hall, I'm Tired (February 19, 2009)
- The thugs and bullies of the Internal Revenue Service, as properly befits their disposition, consider the tax rebels, the tax resister, the worst of all criminals . . . The marauders of the Internal Revenue Service, with strict quotas for how much they have to squeeze from taxpayers, descend on ordinary working people like locusts and plague them even unto death."
- Karl Hess Dear America, William Morrow (1975) p. 6
- I don't like the income tax. Every time we talk about these taxes we get around to the idea of 'from each according to his capacity and to each according to his needs'. That's socialism. It's written into the Communist Manifesto. Maybe we ought to see that every person who gets a tax return receives a copy of the Communist Manifesto with it so he can see what's happening to him.
- T. Coleman Andrews, Commissioner of Internal Revenue, U.S. News & World Report (May 25, 1956)
- Mr. Gladstone, then Chancellor of the Exchequer, had interrupted him in a description of his work on electricity to put the impatient inquiry: 'But, after all, what use is it?' Like a flash of lightning came the response: 'Why, sir, there is every probability that you will soon be able to tax it!'
- Michael Faraday, in James Kendall, Michael Faraday, Man of Simplicity, Introduction (1955), p. 14.
- Our new Constitution is now established, and has an appearance that promises permanency; but in this world nothing can be said to be certain, except death and taxes.
- Benjamin Franklin, Letter to M. Leroy (Nov. 13, 1789). Complete Works, vol. 10, ed. John Bigelow (1887-1888).
- The more the people are discontented with the oppression of taxes; the greater need the prince has of money to distribute among his partisans and pay the troops that are to suppress all resistance, and enable him to plunder at pleasure. There is scarce a king in a hundred who would not, if he could, follow the example of Pharaoh, get first all the peoples money, then all their lands, and then make them and their children servants for ever. . .
- Benjamin Franklin, Speech to the Constitutional Convention, (June 2, 1787).
- The American colonies, all know, were greatly opposed to taxation without representation. They were also, a less celebrated quality, equally opposed to taxation with representation.
- John Kenneth Galbraith, The Age of Uncertainty, Chapter 6, p. 180.
- Taxes — money that is taken by that big thief called the government.
- Uchiyama Gudō, Anarchist Communist Revolution: In Commemoration of Imprisonment (1908), translated by Fabio Rambelli in Zen Anarchism: The Egalitarian Dharma of Uchiyama Gudō. Institute of Buddhist Studies. 2013. ISBN 978-1886439511.
I to N
[edit]- Taxes were part of the decurions' mandate, and often they collected them, but originally taxpayers perceived them as their representatives, as American scholar Benjamin W. Wells noted in the 1920s. If they collected more taxes than expected, they redistributed the surplus among the taxpayers, something which should remain to this day a principle of [taxational] justice but one that not all countries practice.
- Massimo Introvigne, "The Decurions, Parliamentarianism, and Tai Ji Men", Bitter Winter (2023)
- Curator's Note: In the civil administration of the ancient Roman Empire, a decurion was a member of a local assembly, the local version of the Senate that was in charge of administering a city or a colony and its finances.
- Tax offices internationally try to expand the taxation of religious properties by using a variety of arguments. Most of them are not persuasive and raise serious problems of discrimination of minorities and violations of freedom of religion or belief.
- Massimo Introvigne, "Canada's Shin Mei: No Tax Exemption for Shinto Place of Worship", Bitter Winter (February 13, 2024)
- If the state would be allowed to tax religious and spiritual organizations, it would have the power to control them by modulating taxes. As the U.S. Supreme Court stated in the 1819 decision "McCulloch v. Maryland," "the power to tax involves the power to destroy." American legal scholar Ken Jacobsen has discussed the implications of this principle for the Tai Ji Men case. Religious liberty thus requires that religions be tax-exempt, and the exemption in fact preserves the principle of separation rather than denying it.
- Massimo Introvigne, "Why Spiritual Organizations Should Be Tax-Exempt—Including Tai Ji Men", Bitter Winter (May 2024)
- No country ever takes notice of the revenue laws of another.
- Lord Mansfield, Hohnan v. Johnson (1775), 1 Cowp. 343.
- Also: "* One nation does not take notice of the revenue laws of another". Lord Mansfield, Planche and another v. Fletcher (1779), 1 Doug. 253. See also per Abbott, C.J., James v. Catherwood (1823), 3 D. & R. 191; per Rolfe, B., Bristow v. Sequeville (1850), 5 Ex. 279.
- Taxes are the existence of the state expressed in economic terms. Civil servants and priests, soldiers and ballet-dancers, schoolmasters and police constables, Greek museums and Gothic steeples, civil list and services list—the common seed within which all these fabulous beings slumber in embryo is taxation.
- Karl Marx, Moralizing Criticism and Critical Morality (1847).
- Death and taxes and childbirth! There's never any convenient time for any of them!
- Margaret Mitchell, Scarlett O'Hara, in Gone With the Wind, vol. 2, pt. 4, ch. 38 (1936).
- Indoors or out, no one relaxes
In March, that month of wind and taxes,
The wind will presently disappear,
The taxes last us all the year.- Ogden Nash, "Thar She Blows," Versus (1949).
- I am not paying taxes because the overwhelming percentage of the budget goes for war purposes. I do not wish to participate in any phase of the collection of such taxes. I do not even want to act as if I think that anyone, including the government, has a right to punish me for an act which I consider honorable.
- Juanita Morrow Nelson A Matter of Freedom (1988)
O to S
[edit]- The power to tax is not the power to destroy while this Court sits.
- Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., dissenting, Panhandle Oil Company v. Mississippi ex rel. Knox, Attorney General, 277 U.S. 223 (1928).
- We don't have a trillion-dollar debt because we haven't taxed enough; we have a trillion-dollar debt because we spend too much.
- Ronald Reagan, Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents, 1982
- Members of the privileged groups inside Africa always defend themselves by saying that they pay the taxes which keep the government going. At face value this statement sounds reasonable, but on close examination it is really the most absurd argument and shows total ignorance of how the economy functions. Taxes do not produce national wealth and development. Wealth has to be produced out of nature—from tilling the land or mining metals or felling trees or turning raw materials into finished products for human consumption. These things are done by the vast majority of the population who are peasants and workers. There would be no incomes to tax if the laboring population did not work. The incomes given to civil servants, professionals, merchants, come from the store of wealth produced by the community.
- Walter Rodney, How Europe Underdeveloped Africa. East African Publishers. 1972. p. 19. ISBN 978-9966-25-113-8.
- One of the main purposes of the colonial taxation system was to provide requisite funds for administering the colony as a field of exploitation. European colonizers insured that Africans paid for the upkeep of the governors and police who oppressed them and served as watchdogs for private capitalists. Indeed, taxes and customs duties were levied in the nineteenth century with the aim of allowing the colonial powers to recover the costs of the armed forces which they dispatched to conquer Africa. In effect, therefore, the colonial governments never put a penny into the colonies. All expenses were met by exploiting the labor and natural resources of the continent; and for all practical purposes the expense of maintaining the colonial government machinery was a form of alienation of the products of African labor.
- Walter Rodney, How Europe Underdeveloped Africa. East African Publishers. 1972. pp. 164-165. ISBN 978-9966-25-113-8.
- A country's wealth comes not from taxes but from production.
- Walter Rodney, How Europe Underdeveloped Africa. East African Publishers. 1972. p. 241. ISBN 978-9966-25-113-8.
- Printing money is merely taxation in another form. Rather than robbing citizens of their money, government robs their money of its purchasing power.
- Peter Schiff, "Peering into the Abyss"[1], 29 March 2009.
- Taxes are the chief business of a conqueror of the world.
- George Bernard Shaw, Caesar, in Caesar and Cleopatra, act 2 (1901).
- A government which robs Peter to pay Paul can always depend on the support of Paul.
- George Bernard Shaw, Everybody's Political What's What? (1944), chapter 30, p. 256.
- If ... the tax scheme allows enormous intergenerational wealth transfers within families, some families will maintain considerable socioeconomic advantages over others, which allows them to provide better educations and better environments (both residential and familial) for their children, and their children's children. ... Even in a constitutional democracy in which each citizen has a publicly recognized claim to all the basic political and civil liberties, these socioeconomic inequalities would create an informal social hierarchy by birth: some would be born into great wealth and other social and political advantages while others would be born into poverty and its associated disadvantages. ... If, because a social scheme had the characteristics described above, the life prospects of some children were vastly inferior to those of others, it would be reasonable to regard these disadvantaged children as members of the lowest stratum in a descent-based social hierarchy. When such a hierarchy is, and has long been, marked by racial distinctions, equal citizenship, in any meaningful sense, does not obtain. In a society with an established democratic tradition, such a quasi-feudal order does not warrant the allegiance of its most disadvantaged members, especially when these persons are racially stigmatized. Indeed, the existence of such an order creates the suspicion that, despite the society's ostensible commitment to equal civil rights, white supremacy has simply taken a new form.
- Tommie Shelby, "Justice, Deviance, and the Dark Ghetto," Philosophy & Public Affairs, vol. 35, no. 2 (2007), pp. 126–160
- Men who prefer any load of infamy, however great, to any pressure of taxation, however light.
- Sydney Smith, On American Debts.
It is true that the theory of our Constitution is, that all taxes are paid voluntarily; that our government is a mutual insurance company, voluntarily entered into by the people with each other; that each man makes a free and purely voluntary contract with all others who are parties to the Constitution, to pay so much money for so much protection, the same as he does with any other insurance company; and that he is just as free not to be protected, and not to pay any tax, as he is to pay a tax, and be protected.
But this theory of our government is wholly different from the practical fact. The fact is that the government, like a highwayman, says to a man: Your money, or your life. And many, if not most, taxes are paid under the compulsion of that threat.
The government does not, indeed, waylay a man in a lonely place, spring upon him from the road side, and, holding a pistol to his head, proceed to rifle his pockets. But the robbery is none the less a robbery on that account; and it is far more dastardly and shameful.
The highwayman takes solely upon himself the responsibility, danger, and crime of his own act. He does not pretend that he has any rightful claim to your money, or that he intends to use it for your own benefit. He does not pretend to be anything but a robber. He has not acquired impudence enough to profess to be merely a "protector," and that he takes men's money against their will, merely to enable him to "protect" those infatuated travellers, who feel perfectly able to protect themselves, or do not appreciate his peculiar system of protection. He is too sensible a man to make such professions as these. Furthermore, having taken your money, he leaves you, as you wish him to do. He does not persist in following you on the road, against your will; assuming to be your rightful "sovereign," on account of the "protection" he affords you. He does not keep "protecting" you, by commanding you to bow down and serve him; by requiring you to do this, and forbidding you to do that; by robbing you of more money as often as he finds it for his interest or pleasure to do so; and by branding you as a rebel, a traitor, and an enemy to your country, and shooting you down without mercy, if you dispute his authority, or resist his demands. He is too much of a gentleman to be guilty of such impostures, and insults, and villainies as these. In short, he does not, in addition to robbing you, attempt to make you either his dupe or his slave.
The proceedings of those robbers and murderers, who call themselves "the government," are directly the opposite of these of the single highwayman.
In the first place, they do not, like him, make themselves individually known; or, consequently, take upon themselves personally the responsibility of their acts. On the contrary, they secretly (by secret ballot) designate some one of their number to commit the robbery in their behalf, while they keep themselves practically concealed.
- Lysander Spooner, No Treason (1867–1870), No. VI: The Constitution of No Authority (1870), pp. 12–13
- The law before us, my lords, seems to be the effect of that practice of which it is intended likewise to be the cause, and to be dictated by the liquor of which it so effectually promotes the use; for surely it never before was conceived by any man entrusted with the administration of public affairs, to raise taxes by the destruction of the people.
- Philip Dormer Stanhope, from a speech in the House of Lords (Feb. 22, 1743), on the Gin Licensing Act, recorded in The Parliamentary History of England to the Year 1803, vol. XII.
T to Z
[edit]- Countries, therefore, when lawmaking falls exclusively to the lot of the poor cannot hope for much economy in public expenditure; expenses will always be considerable, either because taxes cannot touch those who vote for them or because they are assessed in a way to prevent that.
- Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, vol. 1, pt. 2, ch. 5 (1840).
- In other words, a democratic government is the only one in which those who vote for a tax can escape the obligation to pay it.
- Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, vol. 1, pt. 2, ch. 5 (1840).
- I hope they don't raise your taxes, but if they do, I told you so.
- Donald Trump in Trump departs Washington a pariah as his era in power end January 20, 2021
- There should be left only so much to the Hindus that neither, on the one hand, they should become arrogant on account of their wealth, nor, on the other, desert their lands in despair.
- Ordinance by Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq, quoted in Lal, K. S. (1992). The legacy of Muslim rule in India. New Delhi: Aditya Prakashan. Chapter 7
- What is the difference between a taxidermist & a tax-collector? The taxidermist only takes your skin.
- Mark Twain, Mark Twain's Notebook, editor, Albert Bigelow Paine, (1st ed.) New York: NY, Harper & Brothers, 1935, p. 379
- Theft consists of taking a man's property against his will, regardless of the beneficiary. If the individual has an inalienable right to his own life, liberty and property, then morally his life and property are his to do with as he pleases.
- David K. Walter, as quoted in Facets of Liberty: A Libertarian Primer, edited L.K. Samuels, Freeland Press (2009), from chapter 9, "Taxation is Theft", p. 92.
- An unlimited power to tax involves, necessarily, a power to destroy.
- Daniel Webster, McCulloch v. Maryland 17 U.S. 327 (1819). Usually reported as "The power to tax is the power to destroy". Webster, in arguing the case, said: "An unlimited power to tax involves, necessarily, a power to destroy", 17 U.S. 327 (1819). Chief Justice John Marshall reflected this in his decision, saying: "That the power of taxing it [the bank] by the States may be exercised so as to destroy it, is too obvious to be denied" (p. 427), and "That the power to tax involves the power to destroy … [is] not to be denied" (p. 431).
- Please understand my position. It is, and has always been, the policy of this House to operate on a cash basis; I'm sure you understand why—taxes, a necessary evil, but perhaps more evil than necessary.
- Ysabeau S. Wilce, The Lineaments of Gratified Desire (2006), reprinted in Rich Horton (ed.) Fantasy: The Best of the Year 2007, p. 179
Respectfully Quoted: A Dictionary of Quotations (1989)
[edit]- In the usual progress of things, the necessities of a nation in every stage of its existence will be found at least equal to its resources.
- Alexander Hamilton, The Federalist, ed. Benjamin F. Wright, no. 30, p. 234 (1961).
- Every good citizen … should be willing to devote a brief time during some one day in the year, when necessary, to the making up of a listing of his income for taxes … to contribute to his Government, not the scriptural tithe, but a small percentage of his net profits.
- Cordell Hull, remarks in the House, April 26, 1913, Congressional Record, vol. 50, p. 505.
- If the Government cannot reduce the "terrific" tax burden on the country, I will predict that you will have a depression that will curl your hair, because we are just taking too much money out of this economy that we need to make the jobs that you have to have as time goes on.
- George M. Humphrey, secretary of the treasury, at a news conference on January 15, 1957, as reported by The New York Times, January 17, 1957, p. 20. On January 16, President Eisenhower sent to Congress a record peacetime budget of $71.8 billion.
[edit]- The art of taxation consists in so plucking the goose as to obtain the largest possible amount of feathers with the smallest possible amount of hissing.
- Variously attributed to Jean Baptiste Colbert, minister of finance to Louis XIV of France; and Cardinal Mazarin, under whom Colbert served. Reported in Burton Stevenson, ed., The Home Book of Quotations (1967), 10th ed., p. 2300f, no. 5.
- We shall tax and tax, and spend and spend, and elect and elect.
- Attributed to Harry L. Hopkins, administrator of the Works Progress Administration. Although Frank R. Kent mentioned the subject of "spending, taxes, and election" in reference to Hopkins in his column, "The Great Game of Politics" (Baltimore, Maryland, Sun, September 25, 1938, p. 1, 16) he first attributed "we are going to spend and spend and spend, and tax and tax and tax, and elect and elect and elect" to Hopkins in the Sun (October 14, 1938), p. 15. Joseph Alsop and Robert Kintner in their column, "The Capital Parade" (Washington, D.C., Evening Star, November 9, 1938, p. A–11), elaborated Hopkins's "probably apocryphal" words to: "Now, get this through your head. We're going to spend and spend and spend, and tax and tax and tax, and re-elect and re-elect and re-elect, until you're dead or forgotten." Arthur Krock, in his column, "In the Nation" (The New York Times, November 10, 1938, p. 26), reported the wording as "we will spend and spend, and tax and tax, and elect and elect". He repeated this wording in The New York Times (November 13, 1938), sec. 4, p. E–3. A letter by Hopkins denying this attributed quotation and a response by Krock were published in The New York Times, November 24, 1938, p. 26. Over the years the quotation attributed to Hopkins has evolved into the wording above.


text:
A 6-year-old UK girl's handwritten response to a classmate who called her brother "weird" has gone viral, helping to raise awareness about autism.
Lex Camilleri's mother, Sophie, said her daughter came home "very upset" after a classmate told her, "Your brother is weird." Lex had tried to explain to the boy that her brother has autism, but he didn't know what that was, Camilleri wrote.
When Lex got home, she decided to do something about the way she was feeling — she wrote down her thoughts so she could bring up disability awareness at the next school council meeting, according to her mom.
Lex wrote:
"My brother has autism and is not weird. I would like it if we could learn about all disabilities in schools so that everybody understands that some people are different. I would like it if we could learn about all disabilities in school so that everybody understands that some people are different, but we should all be treated the same."
Camilleri took a photo of the letter and posted it on Facebook, where it has been shared more than 29,000 times. The National Autistic Society shared it as well, thanking Lex and her mother.
The post inspired thousands of positive comments.
One person wrote, "I also have autism and this melts my caramel heart. this sister is so cool. I really hate when people talk about if its an sickness or mental disability. Its just something the makes you you. I am happy how my life goes and where it is today"
Another left this comment about the 6-year-old's call for awareness, "Lexi, I would like to say you're are on your way to being a hero, but I would be wrong…You already are a hero!"

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Columbus is set to host a technology conference that for the first time will bring together five nationally recognized technology institutions that play a major role in the development and distribution of information technology to the education and research communities nationwide.
The conference is a national event that draws participants from across the country in order to identify and discuss the challenges of and solutions to problems associated with networking technology and content delivery. It takes place April 14-16 at the OSU Fawcett Center in Columbus.
The conference, "Meaningful Performance - End to End" is hosted jointly by ITEC-Ohio (Internet2 Technology Evaluation Center of Ohio), ADEC (American Distance Education Consortium), Internet2, Ohio State University, and OSC Networking. Internet2 develops advanced applications and other networking technologies for higher education, research and business.
ITEC-Ohio, an Internet2 initiative operated by OSC Networking, tests and evaluates new applications and protocols, while fixing technical problems associated with applications and network infrastructure. ADEC is a provider of distance education programs, and is holding its annual All-ADEC meeting in conjunction with this event. Ohio State, with it's tens of thousands of faculty, staff and students, is an end user. And OSC Networking, the Internet Service Provider for Ohio's higher education and research community, is a distributor. OSC Networking is a division of the Ohio Supercomputer Center, a technology initiative of the Ohio Board of Regents.
People are doing more with the Internet than ever before, and as a result they are pushing it to its technical and physical limits. With virtually every teacher, student and researcher in the country using the Internet, technical innovation has not kept pace with user demand. Until recently the Internet was used mostly for email and surfing the world wide web. Nowadays, people are using the Internet for connecting supercomputers to their desktops, for Internet videoconferencing, transferring massive data files for computational chemistry, neurology and astrophysics, accessing distributed servers, telemedicine, bio-informatics, remote robotic surgery, and much more.
ITEC-Ohio Director Pankaj Shah said that although researchers and network engineers are working hard to accomplish meaningful performance from one end of the network to another across the country, end users are mostly unaware of the technological intricacies involved to solve such problems.
"Guaranteed end-to-end performance is a myth on today's Internet, even though end users expect high quality performance. This conference will focus on bringing all the elements, such as faculty, students, administrators, researchers, network engineers and software developers, together to discuss their problems, solutions and perspectives," Shah said.
ADEC is a national consortium of 60 state and land grant institutions providing economic and distance education programs and services via Internet satellite links. ADEC's Advanced Internet Satellite Extension Project (AISEP) is developing and deploying advanced Internet services and technologies over a satellite infrastructure in order to enhance research, instruction and learning at a diverse set of institutions across the country including tribal colleges, historically black colleges, and Hispanic serving institutions, most of which are geographically remote and far removed from terrestrial Internet connectivity.
"Now in these difficult times, it is critically important that the best thinking in education and Internet technology be integrated to meaningfully serve learners and serious Internet users. ADEC is proud to be working closely with ITEC-Ohio, OSC Networking, Ohio State and Internet2 to create a real future for programs and products that will improve people's lives," said ADEC President Janet Poley.
Internet2 is a collaborative national project that coordinates the talents and resources of almost 200 universities across the country and around the world, in partnership with government agencies and industry leaders, to develop the next generation of advanced Internet applications.
Cheryl Munn-Fremon, Director of the End-to-End Performance Initiative at Internet2, said the joint conference was planned because rarely do the end users have contact with the developers and network engineers. Bringing them together in this forum is intended to foster a better understanding on both ends of the developer-distributor-user continuum.
"Internet2 looks forward to joining with its partners in Ohio in the Windows on the Future conference. End-to-End performance challenges must be surmounted if we are to experience the full promise of advanced networking in our teaching, learning and research activities," Munn-Femon said.
Many conference sessions will be streamed live from the Fawcett Center, and are free of charge to the public. Go to www.itecohio.org for access to streaming, and for additional information about the conference and hosts agencies.
-Written by Dan Downing, OSC Networking Communications Manager


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This essay started out as a love letter to fashion, within the context of the joys to be had in buying a dress amidst pandemic. Folded into this were contemplations on dressing up – for the opera, and otherwise; there were (are) quotes from Susan Sontag, Oscar Wilde, and Marlene Dietrich. I still intend to publish this essay in some form or another in future (hopefully sooner than later), but for now, it feels smarter, especially in light of the restart of live cultural events as autumn draws near, to explore my original idea, one I was encouraged to pursue by a longtime editor friend. It's been in my mind to write this for a while, and the combination of seeing a production of Puccini's Manon Lescaut recently, a closet full of pinned items, an overstuffed drawer of underthings I've come to despise, all seemed like cosmic signs urging me on.
Following my second jab in August I had an exchange with this individual which touched on issues of body image, fashion, fit, popular perceptions, and the longtime, frequently tortuous relationship I have with my body, and more specifically, my breasts. This time last year I arranged an appointment with a doctor to see about a reduction, a procedure I had long pondered. To relieve the near-constant shoulder and neck pain; to have the stacks of ribs, distorted by years of intense weight, corrected; to have things finally, at long last… fit… it seems, even now, like a distant and incredible dream. To have a breast reduction would (could) mean I might at last look like the actually-size-2 woman I am, that I might actually for the first time in my life, be in proper proportion without the aid of acres of close-fitting fabrics. I wouldn't have to worry about stares, smirks, or judgement; I could wear what I like – a low-cut gown at the opera; a fitted turtleneck in the classroom; my strapless sundress in the supermarket. Ultimately I decided against the operation – for now. The thought of removing chunks of my own flesh, of living with permanent scarring on a part of my body to which I have an already-troubled relationship, of navigating postoperative pain, of courting judgement (and possibly real horror) from would-be lovers at the sight of my scarred body… such concerns created a mountain of anxiety I am not, even now, able to scale. So I contend with thick straps, well-padded cups, tight, strong bands; a good bra really is a piece of marvelous engineering, and a well-fitting one is something I will pay (have paid) good money for. Finding one that fits off the rack is (like any item of clothing) a rarity; I have a litany of bras sitting in a drawer, all of them impaled with pins in a desperate attempt to fit a much-shrunken frame (I have lost a significant amount of weight over the past eight months or so). It's good enough for now, but oh, for the freedom of awakening without pain, of moving around without aches, of fitting things perfectly, of never having another button pull or another visible strap or of having to buy things two sizes too large. Oh, to never have to feel I am inviting lecherous stares, acrid judgment, social ostracizing, or risking professional advancement, credibility, acceptance, approval.
It's an odd thing, to write a piece which might come off as a complaint, when one admittedly receives attention, and more specifically certain types of attention, over the very thing (things) one purports to dislike. I do get a jolt of joy from the reactions I elicit through my highly-curated posts; it bolsters the shaky confidence of an isolated woman whilst reassuring some form of public worth, however superficial. That satisfaction is finite (perhaps intentionally so), as I wonder why in hell I can't seem to get over 100 likes on anything, all the while knowing the reason: algorithms don't favour aging female bodies, or faces, unless scantily-clad and heavily-filtered – since wrinkles, cellulite, stretch marks (more precisely, real, lived experience) are unwanted within fantasy landscape celebrated and promoted throughout much social media, Instagram in particular. A thusly-filtered photo of me in a bikini, bum expectantly up, breasts prominently displayed, head orgasmically thrown back, ultra-posed, ultra-horny, ultra-algorithm-pleasing, would unquestionably hit that magical 100 (200? 400? 700?)-likes mark. Indeed, such measurement (of worth / goodness / hotness / popularity / desirability, and much else, maybe) is an unfortunate tool in the freelance world, one worth knowing how to wield, if requiring very careful handling. Post the wrong (so-called) things, and one is ignored, along with one's work and oeuvre; post the right (so-called) things, and one's work is read (my own analytics bear this out) but one courts judgement in the process, along with distinct and narrow forms of categorization. One risks judgment and labels as well: dumb, shallow, vain, needy, an attention-whore, wannabe, poser, super-bitch. Bimbo. Dilettante. Sycophant.
All of these labels (and worse) run through my head whenever I post anything imagistic; I often wish there was a "reduce giant boobs" filter that might lessen such anxieties, but then I wonder if it's really me who has the problem(s). My mother certainly didn't think so. Years ago she and I attended the opening night of an opera season; it turned out to be her final one. A night of dressing up was a blessed bit of relief between chemotherapy sessions and hospital runs, and she looked so pleased and proud as watched me descend the stairs of our house wearing a black, strapless Yves Saint Laurent vintage piece (found in a consignment shop for a song), a dress that fit perfectly. I knew there would be hate-filled stares entering the members' lounge – those always greeted me, they were predictable, if very wearing; I was good at pretending such nastiness didn't bother me; I still am. "I love how you scoop your hair up and put your shoulders back and stick your bust out and don't care what anyone thinks," she said later that night. I didn't have to look at the faces in the lounge to actually feel their all-too-clear judgments; I threw my head back indeed, jutted chin out, batted eyelashes, gave a tremendous smile. It's a skill I have come to perfect. To quote Marquise de Merteuil (from Christopher Hampton's Dangerous Liaisons; play 1985, film 1988), "I learned how to look cheerful while under the table I stuck a fork onto the back of my hand." Add to that making a tremendous middle finger.
There exists in my closet a lovely line of beautiful gowns, one a sumptuous, sweeping, super-low-backed, very fitted number, ordered in a fit of restlessness amidst the worst of the pandemic last year. I slipped it on at New Year's in an attempt to summon some needed optimism. "If I ever have the nerve to wear this publicly," I thought, "at least I'll know what's required." (Two rolls of tape, carefully applied, and even more carefully removed; I will use more if and when that time ever comes.) But dare I court the inevitable judgment if I wear it? Dare I risk dumping whatever little professional credibility I might have (and have fought for), all for the sake of my innate love of fashion, and an even more innate need to feel the joy of wearing something that actually fits, and amidst (sigh, post) pandemic times, when dressing up is a pleasure that has been so long denied? I think, to a certain extent, many women, especially us large-breasted ones, are raised to ignore, to carry on, to try to keep head held high (when our necks and shoulders aren't screaming in agony), and to fight against the high tides of judgement while riding the big, bouncy waves of attention. The digital era has brought a keen awareness of the pressures of playing to desire, of its inherently performative nature, of the idea of "sexy" being somehow divorced from presence (in the symbolic sense), of the lines between fantasy and reality blurring, of the perceived "power" in playing to a male-gaze-y algorithm that dictates what is seen, when, how, by whom. Susan Sontag wrote, in a 1999 essay "A photograph is not an opinion. Or is it?" (published in Women (Random House, 1999), a book of photography by Annie Leibovitz) thusly:
To be feminine, in one commonly felt definition, is to be attractive, or to do one's best to be attractive; to attract. (As being masculine is being strong.) While it is perfectly possible to defy this imperative, it is not possible for any woman to be unaware of it. As it is thought a weakness in a man to care a great deal about how he looks, it is a moral fault in a woman not to care "enough." Women are judged by their appearance as men are not, and women are punished more than men are by the changes brought about by aging. Ideals of appearance such as youthfulness and slimness are in large part now created and enforced by photographic images. And, of course, a primary interest in having photographs of well-known beauties to look at over the years is seeing just how well or badly they negotiate the shame of aging.
As an aging albeit large-chested woman with a chosen online presence – one I require and have cultivated as a freelance writer and educator within a particularly narrow cultural field – I am simultaneously aware of both the judgement and the attention, the inherent risk of professional punishment, and virtue-patrolling, to say nothing of professional discreditation and social ostracization, all of which run concomitant with potential benefits and possible advancement. (Whether that advancement manifests in actual dollars and opportunities remains to be seen, and various classical and academic ingenues might tell you something similar, however quietly.) Damned if you do; damned if you don't; such has always been the case for women, and never more so than now, in the pandemic-ridden 21st century, whence a screen is professional, social, political, cultural, creative, and personal, all in one. My mother's pre-boomer, always-wear-lipstick generation didn't have to face this, but then, if she had, I'd suspect she'd be very popular.
My mother had a ballet dancer's body: a long torso, long legs, just-right shoulders, a long neck, and perfectly (to me) small hips/bum/breasts. She had my ideal body shape, one I still covet and dream of having. Anything else, to my mind and literal body), is chubby, gross, vulgar. She was a "model" in the definition that still largely fuels the definition of Very Beautiful today. "You didn't get those from me," she'd say, staring at my chest. Shorter, fleshier women have a history of being placed into the tiresome bin labelled "curvaceous" (or the like), one that is wholly fantasy-driven and easy to discredit; she always used the word "voluptuous" as a compliment, but it never felt like one. I could never (and indeed cannot) find things that properly fit. While I'd watch my thin, small-breasted school friends go off and meet decent men, I always felt I'd been left with horny ones wanting naught but masturbatory entertainment. The work world was just as bad, if not worse. An early episode of the American television sitcom Three's Company (1977-1984) features a large-breasted if wholly unqualified woman promoted over the more small-breasted Janet by a bug-eyed man in a cheap suit who speaks in a lusty rasp. The woman later visits Janet at her apartment, resigning in a fit of shame and exasperation, and explains the realities of navigating a world in which men only see breasts (and their related sexual desires) without seeing the attached whole person. "They say things like, "why don't you stand over me and keep the rain off, baby!"" she says, holding back tears.
These days of course, that woman would have a huge Instagram following, post pictures of herself in tiny bikinis, call herself "empowered" and many would simply seal-clap along. I'm not so sure; to borrow from Charles Laughton's character in the 1957 film Witness For The Prosecution, that line of thinking feels "too neat, too tidy, and altogether too symmetrical…" (Note: most breasts are not, in fact, symmetrical, let alone sitting at attention when one lies on one's back; they tend to sloppily nod off to armpits, gravity being the great downer in all senses.) Swimwear always presents a challenge; modest is realistic if boring, but finding something that fits is impossible. I don't own a bikini, and if I did, I wouldn't wear it publicly, let alone post pictures of myself in it. "Be proud!" shout the masses, "do your thing!" The problem is, all the male things go up whenever I reveal too much tit in public, and though i can't control the reactions, I hate that I inspired them at all, and find myself wishing, at such moments, after a galling incident or smutty, unwished-for attention, that I had those perfect, tiny, pert, ballet-dancer breasts. The scars, the pain, the thought of going into a hospital at all right now… tell me to sit, round-shouldered, and do another round of dreary sit-ups. Apparently strong abs are helpful, but they've yet to relieve an ounce of the pain.
Following my second vaccination, I came home and changed into a low-backed bodysuit, one I would never wear in public – too revealing, too honest, too real. (I love it.) 'Real breasts versus fantasy ones' is a distinction that needs to be made (one might say this about female bodies overall) – I consciously thought this, putting that bodysuit on – but the need to recognize that distinction points more directly at a need to acknowledge real people versus fantasy figures. A 2013 production of Manon Lescaut from Théâtre Royal de la Monnaie (Brussels), directed by Mariusz Treliński and featuring Eva-Maria Westbroek in the title role, caught my attention for just this reason. How refreshing, to see the soprano floppy-haired and braless and perspiration-soaked in the last act; yes, it's the character, and yes it's the opera, and of course, it's part of the setting, but this was not the highly-stylized, romantic, dewy-doe-eyed suffering so often seen on opera stages. The transformation felt real, raw, and very visceral; it dared to explode the sexy-babe mythos into a thousand pieces, and dared its audience to see what was left. I wondered about two things, concurrently, as it concluded: Westbroek's corseting (or apparent lack thereof, which is brave, and shouldn't be, and yet) and, what would my opera-loving, glamour-obsessed mother make of it. In her younger years she so much resembled the younger Manon, poised and smiling across numerous images in photo albums spanning many decades. One shot features her wearing a green polka-dot bikini; she used to like to tell people how much she weighed when it was taken, some ridiculously low number, hiding the actual truth of her self-starving then, her utter self-loathing in fact, dating someone who eventually threw her over, having treated her like a diversion, a bit of fantasy, a sex doll. She wasn't "curvy"; she didn't have large breasts. I remember meeting him years ago, before she passed, wondering at her being so reserved around him then; I don't wonder now.
And so I look at my closet-fulls of dresses, some of them my mother's, many of them, like my underthings, full of pins and awaiting the skilled touch of my ever-patient tailor, and I wonder if I'll ever wear any of them again. Do I want to? Dare I? Can I be floppy-haired, braless Manon and still have any worth? Still ignite any true desire? Does it matter? Can I be busty, non-music-degree-holding Catherine and still be perceived with any seriousness? Should I feel okay with being reduced? Am I not already? Oh, how I long for a good fit. A trip to the moon, even for a few hours, would not be so bad either; my shoulders, like much else, could use the rest. Maybe this is the season to fly, to not feel small, to not shrink, but to jut chin out, pull shoulders back, and at last, to truly smile, even, as the times dictate, it will be behind a mask or two.


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Posts Tagged 'heat treated pallets'
5 Things to Know about Heat Treated Pallets
Wooden pallets which undergo the process of heat treatment are called heat treated pallets. These wooden pallets are usually used for export and are heat treated in order to prevent wood born insects that destroy the product that will be exported. If you are planning to export or you are already exporting your products and are using wooden pallets, here are some relevant information which you should be aware of.
1. Why should you use heat treated pallets for exporting goods?
The International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) in 1992 made a measure that heat treatment or fumigation be done to all solid wood packaging before shipping products from one country to another country. These solid wood packaging includes softwood and hardwood pallets.
2. How is heat treatment done?
Heat treated wooden pallets are achieved by subjecting softwood and hardwood pallets to a constant temperature at 133 degrees for at least 30 minutes. This heat treatment process is not only applicable to pallets but also includes boxes, crates and all timber products that are exported internationally.
3. What countries have this heat treatment requirement?
The member countries of the IPPC are all required to abide in using heat treated pallets if shipping goods to their territories. These industrialized countries include the EU, North America, Canada, Mexico, China, Korea, Australia and New Zealand.
If your business is related to shipping internationally, remember to check on their legal regulations before shipping anything to prevent your products from being held by customs. Using non heat treated pallets will cause a delay of shipment and will require the shipper to incur fines or worst the products will be subject to destruction.
4. What necessary documents will prove that the shipper used heat treat pallets?
After the process of fumigation or heat treatment is done, the ISPM seal will be marked on the wooden pallets together with the originating country where the pallet came from. The treatment code, country code, registration number and forestry commission number are all marked into the pallets before one can say that the wooden pallets complied with the heat treatment.
5. Are there any size requirements for heat treated pallets?
The International Organization for Standardization or the ISO is the responsible agency which dictates what acceptable pallet sizes are used for international shipment. According to the ISO guidelines, there are at least six internationally accepted sizes and all shipping companies require only ISO sizes.
Using heat treated pallets means that as an international shipper, you have abide to the international and legal guidelines in exporting products from one country to another.


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If you've ever driven through a steep mountain pass, you
may have noticed signs reading "chains or snow tires required."
These signs, often accompanied by flashing lights, are
intended to warn drivers of hazardous winter
weather driving conditions. When the lights are flashing, state traction laws are
in effect, meaning drivers need to have the right tires or equipment to
navigate the steep snow- or ice-covered roads ahead.
In a previous blog post, we already explained everything you need
to know about snow tires. Now, we'll take a closer look at the topic of tire
What Are Tire Chains?
Like the name suggests, tire chains are a special type of metal chain designed to wrap around the tires of your vehicle. These chains provide additional traction by helping your tires dig into deep snow and ice.
Compared to dedicated winter tires, chains are less expensive and are only intended to be used when driving in severe winter weather.
When Should You Use Tire Chains?
Tire chains can be used whenever you need to give your tires some extra grip. This makes them especially helpful when driving in slippery conditions, such as:
- Snow: When driving through deep snow, the metal links of tire chains provide an extra layer of traction to prevent your wheels from spinning.
- Ice: Tire chains are helpful on icy surfaces, too. The metal chains help break through the solid, slick ice – giving your tires some additional "bite."
- Mud: While most people think of tire chains as a winter-only accessory, they can also help you navigate off-road terrains like dirt and mud.
Can I Use Tire Chains on My Vehicle?
The great thing about tire chains is they can be installed on nearly any size tire or wheel. However, just because chains will fit around your tire doesn't mean they can be safely used on every vehicle.
For example, some passenger cars have a limited amount of clearance between the tire and other parts of the vehicle, like the wheel well or suspension components. Using a set of tire chains in a vehicle like this could cause a significant amount of damage. So, check your owner's manual to see if the vehicle manufacturer restricts the use of tire chains.
What Type of Tire Chains Should I Buy?
Like most automotive accessories, choosing the right type of tire chains for you will depend on a number of factors, including your vehicle, budget and how often you plan to use them.
Traditional chain designs incorporate heavy-duty metal chain links. These types of chains are great for frequent use but they can also be heavy and expensive. Other types of tire chains incorporate alternative materials such as metal cables or a plastic/composite construction. These chains typically have a lower profile, making them a better fit for passenger cars. While they're often easier to install, they can also tend to be less durable.
How Do You Install Tire Chains?
Since the design of tire chains varies by manufacturer, you should always start by reading the instructions that come with your chain kit. However, most chains can be installed by following these simple steps:
- Park your car. It's best to install your chains away from traffic in an area like a parking lot. But if you need to use the side of the road, park your vehicle safely on the shoulder and turn on your hazard lights.
- Prepare your chains. Take your tire chains out of the storage bag and work to untangle the links, if necessary. Be sure to position the chain so any metal hooks are pointed away from the tire. This is also a good time to check your tire pressure – especially since inflation pressure can drop in cold temperatures.
- Connect the chain around the tire. Start by laying the chain flat on the ground behind the tire. Then, grab the inner cable at each end. Bring the cable up and around the tire, connecting it at the top. After the inner side is connected, connect the outer portion of the chain using the provided hooks.
- Position the chain on the tread surface. Once both sides of the chain are connected, adjust the chain so it wraps around the tread surface of your tire. On most tire chains, this will create a diamond shape across the tread surface.
- Tension the chain. Tighten the chain by following the manufacturer's instructions. Budget chain kits often require manual tensioning, while more premium chains include automatic or assisted tensioning devices.
- Repeat for additional tire(s). Follow these steps to install chains on the remaining tires. While it's best to use tire chains on all four tires, you can often get by with a single pair. Just be sure to install the chains on your drive wheels (for front- or rear-wheel drive vehicles). If your car has four-wheel drive (4WD) or all-wheel drive (AWD), consult the owner's manual for more specific guidance on how to install the chains.
- Drive forward slightly. After installing the chains, pull forward a few car lengths. Then, get out to check the chain placement. Tighten the chains again, if needed, to remove any slack.
How Should You Drive with Tire Chains?
When driving with tire chains on your vehicle, you need to take some extra precautions to avoid damaging your vehicle.
- Drive slow. When using tire chains, do not go faster than 25 mph in your vehicle. Driving at high speeds can damage your car.
- Listen carefully. If you hear any strange noises, like slapping sounds or metal-on-metal contact, get out and check your chains. It's possible a chain may have broken, or it could be hitting part of your vehicle.
- Avoid sudden starts and stops. Spinning your wheels, or stopping abruptly, can cause the chains to come loose.
- Don't drive on bare pavement. Once the roads have been cleared, stop to remove your tire chains. Driving with chains on bare roads can damage both the pavement and your chains. It may also be illegal, depending on where and when you're driving.
What Happens If You Don't Use Tire Chains When Mandated?
Just like any other traffic law, violating a traction law can result in fines, a ticket – or both. For example, if you get caught driving without chains or snow tires on a two-wheel drive vehicle in Colorado when extra traction is required, you'll receive a citation with a $100 fine and $32 surcharge. And if you cause the closure of one or more lanes of traffic, the price jumps to a $500 fine and $156 surcharge!
Are Tire Chains Legal to Use in Every State?
In general, tire chains are legal to use anywhere in the United States under the right conditions. However, the laws that govern the specific use of tire chains will vary depending on the state you're driving in.
Some state laws dictate when drivers are required to use tire chains, while other laws explain when tire chains are not permitted. The exact language will differ by state. But in general, most laws explain that tire chains can be temporarily used on vehicles when roads are covered by snow or ice. And chains are often prohibited on dry roads because they can damage the road surface.
For a complete list of regulations by state, check out tirechain.com.
Be Prepared When Winter Weather Strikes
Having a set of tire chains in your trunk is a great option to help you navigate severe winter weather conditions. But if you ever find yourself stuck, Erie Insurance can help. Our Emergency Roadside Service coverage1 pays for the cost of pulling your vehicle out of a ditch or deep snow, as long as you're within 10 feet of the roadway. Best of all – adding Emergency Roadside Service to an ERIE auto insurance policy only costs about $5 per vehicle per year.2
ERIE® insurance products and services are provided by one or more of the following insurers: Erie Insurance Exchange, Erie Insurance Company, Erie Insurance Property & Casualty Company, Flagship City Insurance Company and Erie Family Life Insurance Company (home offices: Erie, Pennsylvania) or Erie Insurance Company of New York (home office: Rochester, New York). The companies within the Erie Insurance Group are not licensed to operate in all states. Refer to the company licensure and states of operation information.
The insurance products and rates, if applicable, described in this blog are in effect as of January 2024 and may be changed at any time.
Insurance products are subject to terms, conditions and exclusions not described in this blog. The policy contains the specific details of the coverages, terms, conditions and exclusions.
The insurance products and services described in this blog are not offered in all states. ERIE life insurance and annuity products are not available in New York. ERIE Medicare supplement products are not available in the District of Columbia or New York. ERIE long term care products are not available in the District of Columbia and New York.
Eligibility will be determined at the time of application based upon applicable underwriting guidelines and rules in effect at that time.
Your ERIE agent can offer you practical guidance and answer questions you may have before you buy.
A better insurance experience starts with ERIE.
Haven't heard of us? Erie Insurance started with humble beginnings in 1925 with a mission to emphasize customer service above all else. Though we've grown to reach the Fortune 500 list, we still haven't lost the human touch.
Contact CD Baker Insurance today to experience the ERIE difference for yourself.


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Satin Pillow Eye Mask - Black
Kitsch Pillow Eye Masks are your newest nighttime necessity. The luxurious satin fabrication is designed to care for your skin, and the padded softness of the material gives you a comfortable night's rest, all while looking chic!
-Elevate your beauty rest with the luxury of satin
-Pillowy-soft innovative design
-Blocks light for a deep & restful sleep
-Ruched elastic stretches for maximum comfort
-Plush material gentle on lashes & brows
-Gentle on all skin types


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Pitrex software is currently under development in C. Some early development work by Kevin Koster was performed with the PiCore Operating System (based on Tiny Core Linux) V. 9.0.3, but the primary development platform is now the Raspbian distribution V. 9.9 on a Raspberry Pi Zero W. This was chosen for two main reasons: firstly, it generally makes for a quicker development loop if you can compile/edit/run on the same system, especially when the alternative involves swapping media or cabling; and secondly, we want our users to be able to develop games etc for the system, and it makes supporting a development environment much easier if everyone has the same system, which would be the case if they worked on the Pi Zero itself using a development environment we created and supplied along with the system. This also has the advantage that the supplied system can rebuild itself in situ.
PiTrex I/O Library
The pitrexio-gpio library contains functions for initialising the Pi's GPIO hardware for use with the PiTrex Discrete cartridge, and for reading and writing to the 6522 VIA IC inside the vectrex. Additional reading and writing functions are included using the IRQ LATCH feature as described in the Hardware_Description.
GPIO operations use the bcm2835 library .
Latest version is: pitrexio-gpio V. 0.2.3
Some optimisations are possible using the PiTrex Discrete hardware:
Batch Reads and Writes
The PiTrex_Discrete read and write operations may be optimised when multiple Reads, or multiple writes, are performed in a row. Currently the functions in pitrexio-gpio.c are written with the assumption that every read amy be following a write, and every write following a read. As such, operations to set the GPIO pins as inputs and outputs corresponding to the operation are repeated if a write follows a write, or a read follows a read. These could be prevented if software is written to automatically batch read or write operations that occur sequentially, and use a quicker read or write routine after the first read or write.
Expanding on this, there is additional potential for this concept when the Raspberry Pi Zero can be guaranteed to respond to the Low-to-High transition (rising edge) of RDY within one cycle of the Vectrex 1.5MHz clock (E), such as when running software in a Real Time environment. Here, the PiTrex LATCH EN input can be held permanently High and the new data and address bus states for following read or write operations can set on the GPIO immediately following the rising edge of RDY. All intermediate steps can therefore be eliminates between sequential reads or sequential writes.
This is a feature implemented in the PiTrex_Discrete design for performing operations after Interrupt Request (IRQ) signal received from the VIA. Not to be confused with interrupts generated internally within the Pi which might be used for code optimisation, as discussed below.
The vector drawing routines need accurate timing because the end position of the drawn line varies as the software execution is randomly delayed due to other processes running on Linux (10uS may equal 10% difference) that will affect the positioning of each redrawn screen image, with the exact lines always ending up in slightly different places. This is visible in the result of the early write test program, which uses the Pi0 internal timer via the usleep() function. This means using internal timer 1 within the VIA chip in the Vectrex, and using the PiTrex hardware to respond to the IRQ signal set to be triggered by the overflow of this timer, without having to wait for the Pi0 to respond. The PiTrex hardware can be pre-configured by the Pi0 to perform a write that enables #BLANK after the IRQ signal is received, thereby turning off the CRT beam before a bright spot is left at the end of the line.
The implementation of this in the PiTrex discrete design is described in the Hardware_Description.
Event Detection Register
Hardware detection of signal states. Used for detecting the state of RDY.
This is required for using interrupts for the Raspberry Pi code as described below. Performance is also improved by polling this register instead of the state of the RDY input directly.
Working with Raspbian 9.9 and PiCore 9.0.3 (Tiny Core Linux derivative). Issues were found using the EDR with version 9.4 of Raspbian, but appear to have since been resolved. The USE_EDR compile-time option should be set unless these issues arise, to take advantage of the performance improvement.
To allow for asynchronous communication with the Vectrex bus, the PiTrex Discrete hardware requires a Ready (RDY) signal to be monitored in order to detect when a read or write operation has completed, before data can be sampled (for a read), or a new operation begun.
Currently the state of RDY input is polled (either directly or by checking the status of the EDR) in order to detect this state. If an interrupt system were used, as is supported by the BCM2835 when using the EDR, the program running on the Pi, such as an emulator, could continue execution while waiting for this signal to be received.
A document describing the use of interrupts under Linux with the Raspberry Pi was found .
The examples are for almost exactly what needs to be done reading the RDY signal from the PiTrex. However it also concludes by pointing out a fatal problem - the process of usefully handling interrupts under Linux (which is basically creating a new thread to wait on the interrupt while execution continues on in the main thread) takes so long on the Pi that it makes the idea unworkable for the sort of regular operation that we require. The author's tests (with the Pi Zero) indicate that delays of around 100ms would be introduced for, in application to the PiTrex, every read or write. So even if there are optimisations out there, as suspected (but undiscovered) by the author, there would be a very long way to go before it worked fast enough to suit our application, let alone improve performance over polling.
The author suggests that with a multicore system it would be faster to use one core just to poll the input while execution continues on another. For Linux with the RPi0 though, it looks like the methods already implemented for polling RDY are as good as we're going to get.
Another option is writing a Linux kernel driver . That thread also references some much better figures for Pi response time, though still a bit slow and the test conditions aren't clear. Maybe the kernel driver route is something to look into later, I'm inclined to think it can't be that hard, but then such things are easy to assume.
This test of real-time interrupt performance claims a (2.1 +/- 0.3)us interrupt response time running real-time on the Pi3. That first article claims (1.0 +/- 0.5)us mimimum while polling an input, so roughly 1us is required by the hardware for the interrupt handling. So the lag under Linux is all due to the extra processes involved in starting/stopping the threads, or some other higher level problem.
That extra 1us might wipe out the advantage anyway, because RDY only lasts for one cycle of E, which at 1.5MHz = 600ns. So while you gained 600ns of extra processing time while not polling RDY, there's now an extra 1us before the next read/write can be performed. This really comes down to where the bottle-neck is, but there may not be very much to be gained in any case. Least of all under a multitasking OS.
Considering this, it has been decided not to implement interrupt support for detecting the RDY signal, at least for the moment.
Test Software
Kevin Koster wrote a number of basic test programs to confirm the correct operation of the PiTrex Discrete hardware. The first of these was the write test program that attempted to draw an image on the Vectrex monitor. Written without a complete understanding of low-level drawing routines on the Vectrex, and relying on the Pi0's internal timer for timing (which, as discussed regarding the IRQ LATCH feature, is subjected to random delays when running under Linux) it fails to produce a clean image. Other test routines confirm the functionality fo reading from the VIA.
All use the pitrexio-gpio PiTrex I/O library described above for performing read and write operations to the 6522 VIA chip in the Vectrex.
Write Test
Although not very functional in it's initial form, the write test program was written so as to form a potential basis for development of a general purpose vector drawing library.
The vector drawing routines in this program were largely based on the low-level vector drawing description in Drawing Vectors Differently , part of Malban's Vide documentation.
Further notes from an email written by Kevin Koster during development:
I spent a very long time getting my head around Vector drawing on theVectrex, and how it relates to the PiTrex. In the end I've concluded that using the Vectrex internal Timer 1 for the scale factor is stillthe best option.
I concluded that there are two practical approaches to drawing vectorsfrom the Pi. In my test program I've associated them with the functions vectordrawtopoint and vectordrawtolength. The first sets the X and Yvoltages to correspond with the end point of a line, then waits long enough that it knows the line has been drawn fully (integratingcapacitors fully charged to set voltage) before reasserting #BLANK. The second (not written yet) sets X and Y to the maximum values that wouldproduce a line at the required angle, then times the draw (#RAMP) to determine how far in that direction it gets before it is stopped.
The vectordrawtopoint timing is non-critical because and delay indisabling #RAMP will occur after the beam has stopped moving anyway.
However to get to this point, the wait time will always be constantregardless of the length of the line to be drawn, because it is determined by 3x(RxC) (the "3x" is a guesstimate, it may be less ifthe beam movement is more sensitive than I've assumed) as a result of the capacitor in the integrator having to charge to the full suppliedvoltage to reach its final position. At 3x(RxC) this means that every movement will take approximately 300uS, and that works out to a maximumnumber of lines (or repositionings) at 50Hz update equal to 66 (though faster draws may be possible with constantly updated co-ordinates tocreate bendy lines, I gather that's what's being done here .
vectordrawtolength needs accurate timing because if the end of the draw varies as the Pi is delayed (10uS may equal 10% difference) that will affect the positioning of each redrawn screen image, with the exactlines always ending up in slightly different places. Presumably this would look blurry compared to an accurately positioned beam. This meansusing the internal timer 1, which also means catching its end interrupt soon enough to have to Pi enable #BLANK before a bright spot is left atthe end of the line.
Anyway, so far I choose (partly because I hadn't finished thinking all ofthis through) to design the test program to use vectrexdrawtopoint for starters.
I haven't gone into the issues of drift in the Vectrex integratorcircuitry because I didn't get around to looking into it fully, but that's another thing to consider (and I sort-of have in the pseudocode but not inthe real test program code).
The pseudocode for the two approaches is below:
- Receive start and end coordinates of the line to be drawn (from Emulator etc.). - Check if start is the same as the last end (or maybe close enough to?), in which case we can skip start.
Start Draw:
- Assert ZERO
- Wait equivalent to 70 vectrex CPU cycles, then disassert ZERO
- Set Z
- Set Y value in sample and hold circuit
- Set X value.
- Set Scale timer to generous approximate drawing time required (calculate using internals.txt math?)
- Enable #RAMP and wait on interrupt from Scale timer.
- On interrupt, zero Pi-side timer for positional drift in the Vectrex's analogue circuitry.
Continue Draw:
- Check drift timer not expired (if so, use start routine)
- Set Z (if changed?)
- Set Y
- Set X
- Set Scale timer
- Disable BLANK (ideally directly, instead of messing with the shift register which probably doesn't have a equivalent in the emulator output)
- Enable #RAMP and wait on interrupt from Scale timer.
- On interrupt, enable BLANK.
For drawing all connected vectors within maximum allowable drift time:
- Set Z
- Calculate angle of vector to be drawn.
- Set Y to furthest possible point at that angle
- Set X to furthest possible point at that angle
- Calculate length of vector to be drawn in terms of drawing time (Scale)
- Set Scale timer.
- Disable BLANK
- Enable #RAMP and wait on interrupt from Scale timer
- On interrupt, enable BLANK
- If finished drawing all connected vectors for the object: assert ZERO
Read Test
This test sequentially reads all of the VIA registers and prints the result to the terminal on the Pi0.
Read/Write Test
This test is for alternately reading and writing to the VIA. As not all values can be safely written to all of the VIA registers without setting the VIA in states that are invalid for the Vectrex circuitry, known safe values have to be written for testing. As an easy solution, the write test program was modified to include read operations and print the result to the Pi0 terminal. The write test is looped a few times before closing, and this turns out to be long enough for a brief flash of drawn vectors to be visible on the Vectrex screen.
Bouncer Test
Graham Toal successfully tested a program to draw the word "BOUNCER" on the vectrex screen. However it suffers from some glitches related to timing issues caused by Linux.
Vector Drawing Library
Chris Salomon has developed a general-purpose Vectrex_Interface library, which provides vector drawing function, and also allows use of the the Vectrex's controller inputs and audio. This may be used to accept vector plot data produced by video game emulators or custom Raspberry Pi software. It is designed to optimise vector output from emulators for the Vectrex hardware, by using relative positioning of connected vector plots wherever possible.
The vector drawing library was used in order to modify Graham Toal's port of the Tailgunner arcade game to use the Vectrex display and controller. A calibration system allows manual adjustments to be made in order to compensate for variation in the analogue stages of the Vectrex hardware.
Performance on the Raspberry Pi Zero while running Linux has been limited, however a real-time build of the game for the Pi0 to boot into directly shows much better performance.
Tailgunner under Linux Video
Tailgunner Real-Time Video
Display glitches observed currently under Linux are due to delays in sequential vector drawing operations, and/or beam recalibration, caused by execution being unpredictably interrupted by Linux processes. These delays produce incorrectly drawn/positioned vectors to be drawn due to drift of the beam position.
Vectrex Emulation
Work is progressing with modifying the open-source VecX Vectrex emulator software to redirect read and write operations directed to the emulated VIA, to the real VIA in a Vectrex console connected via the PiTrex cartridge. This should allow a performance test of the PiTrex interface, as well as an opportunity for equivalent functions to a traditional multicart to be implemented.
Chris Salomon successfully ran the VecX emulator with modifications to perform all VIA operations on the real 6522 VIA chip inside the Vectrex. Sound and controls worked well, and vectors displayed fairly well. The most noticeable problem is the display of raster text or graphics using the Vectrex BIOS routines, which is seriously distorted due to the Raspberry Pi not being able to time writes to the VIA shift register with the precision required. Improvements using the IRQ LATCH function of the PiTrex may be possible.
Minestorm Video
Testing with the game Karl Quappe, which uses its own rastor drawing routines for displaying text, was largely successful. This indicates that raster display should be possible using other methods, though some display artifacts were still present.
Karl Quappe Video
Vectrex emulation using the "direct" method (passing VIA commands directly to the real chip in the Vectrex) has now been significantly improved and displays very similarly to ROMs running normally on the Vectrex, including raster text.
Arcade Emulation
Tests with arcade emulations of games utilising vector displays, such as those supported by the MAME software, are in progress. The vector drawing library will be used to draw on the Vectrex screen using vector data from the emulator, with a drawing process optimised for the Vectrex hardware.
Initial working implementations for 6502-based arcade games, and Cinematronics games, have been demonstrated. Tailgunner and Asteroids are in near-complete state including the substitution of the original sound effects with sounds compatible with the Vectrex's Programmable Sound Generator.
See Arcade_Emulation.
The PiTrex allows the Pi0 to access both of the sound generation methods available in the Vectrex (no that's not counting the buzz :) ). The AY3-8912 sound chip is conventionally used by vectrex games, and the Vectrex emulator running on the Pi0 successfully uses this to produce sounds using the original write instructions captured from the emulation and redirected to the physical chip inside the Vectrex.
Custom made games can similarly use the Vectrex's sound generator chip. Also some vector arcade games used the same chip (though usually more than one) so a similar method to that used for the Vectrex emulator could be used.
MAME, and likely many (all?) other emulators, use emulations specific to each sound chip used in original arcade hardware in order to produce a digital sound stream. This makes adapting to use the AY3-8912 sound chip difficult because there is no common software synthesizer interface which could be adapted to produce equivalent instructions to the AY3-8912. The physical limitations of channels, filtering, and waveform generation, compared to other sound hardware used in arcade machines, would obviously also limit the accuracy of the output compared to the original arcade machine.
The alternative means of generating sound on the Vectrex is also available for use. This allows sampled sounds to be played via the Digital-to-Analogue (DAC) converter that is part of the vector drawing circuitry, and its use is demonstrated by the voice samples used in the original game Spike . This however requires far more write operations than using the Vectrex sound chip, which may prevent sufficient vector drawing operations from being performed in the required time, or require an audio sampling frequency which is too slow to correctly reproduce the sounds. The DAC is also only 8bit, compared to modern 32bit PC sound cards. However note that samples used in chiptunes are commonly 8bit anyway, so that's unlikely to matter if only processing the output from emulated arcade sound generators.
Failing these approaches, a USB audio adapter and external speakers, or a bluetooth speaker device for the Raspberry Pi Zero W, may be used for sound output directly from the Pi0 using the standard sound interface of the emulator. This may be difficult for "bare metal" real-time implementations of the PiTrex software, due to the extra layers of software protocol support required.
The addition of a sound output from the PiTrex cartridge is also an option. This could involve adding an audio DAC to the hardware design, which could use the PCM audio output available from the GPIO header, or alternatively the PWM sound output method could be used.
Hybrid Approaches
Assuming that the number of write operations required in order to produce sampled sound via the Vectrex DAC at a reasonable bitrate would not allow sufficient time for drawing vector graphics, some form of hybrid use of samples and the AY3-8912 Programmable Sound Generator (PSG) may be worthy of consideration.
Waveform analysis could be performed by the Pi0 on the audio streams output from an emulator such as MAME, either during execution of the game (probably a bad idea), or separately for the results to be pre-computed for later integration with the emulator. If this can not provide sufficient information to generate equivalent instructions to the PSG directly (likely it will just provide the frequency and volume of a noise), the emulation of the PSG from MAME or Vectrex emulators could be used to generate all possible waveforms with matching frequency/volume, then the deviation between each, compared with the arcade game sample, could be calculated. The instructions that produce the most similar sample from the PSG emulator can then be saved, and the arcade emulator modified so that when it would normally send the instructions corresponding to that noise to the sound emulation, it uses the pre-computed equivalent writes to the Vectrex PSG.
That would probably work better if a real AY3-8912 chip was used to record the samples, preferably not from a Vectrex but using a custom chiptune player device with an audio output line, such as one of the various DIY projects online.
Obviously the number of simultaneous sound channels is a hard limit even when it comes to approximations of more advanced sound chips using the Vectrex PSG. The DAC can be used in combination with the PSG to add pre-mixed sampled sound from the arcade emulator, such as only to be used when the PSG has run out of channels. Probably still not practical without disturbing vector drawing too much though.
Another crazy idea is to use the DAC with a limited number of writes synchronised perfectly with the output from the PSG, so that the PSG waveform is "moulded" into something more like the output of the emulator's sound emulation. This would only use DAC writes when they were specifically required, and therefore alow more time for vector drawing operations. However the complexity of calculating where the "moulding" of the waveform is required, synchronising perfectly with the PSG output, and allowing for efficient operation within the vector drawing code, probably makes this highly impractical.
User Interface
A user interface using the Vectrex screen and controller is to be developed.
Raspberry Pi Environment
The following instructions may be added to the end of the config.txt file in the first directory of the SD card that the Raspberry Pi Zero is booted from:
# Configure GPIO for PiTrex
#No pull-up/down on RDY
This configures the GPIO pins for use with the PiTrex before the interface is initialised using the vectrexinit function in pitrexio-gpio. This is recommended to reduce the risk of any invalid I/O states being present during start-up. RPi documentation on GPIO config can be found at https://www.raspberrypi.org/documentation/configuration/config-txt/gpio.md and https://www.raspberrypi.org/documentation/configuration/config-txt/conditional.md
The kernel booted into by the Pi can be determined by the state of any GPIO pin, using an entry such as this in config.txt:
kernel raspbian.img
kernel tailgunner.img
Operating System
Currently Raspbian is the primary target operating system to be used on the Pi0. This offers advantages including easy initial configuration, wide package support including emulators and their dependencies, and extensive documentation.
PiCore Linux (based on Tiny Core Linux) has been proposed as an alternative target operating system by Kevin Koster. It offers advantages including lower system resource usage, faster start-up, and smaller download and SD card size/write-time requirements. It also resets the system to a configured initial state upon each boot, so it is easy to ensure a uniform and consistent software environment, which can be controlled through the package management system.
The software is expected to be easily ported to other Linux operating systems for the Raspberry Pi Zero.
As noted elsewhere in the software description, a Real-Time OS offers numerous performance advantages at the cost of increased difficulty in development of the PiTrex software. Many such environments, and implementations of video game emulators, exist. Related links may be found on the Useful_Links page.
Raspberry baremetal -> PiTrex
Raspberry boot process (general)
- GPU loads (firmware loader) bootcode.bin - executes (from first FAT partition)
- GPU loads start.elf – executes
- GPU loads config.txt and cmdline.txt
- GPU generates device tree (if not switched off by config.txt)
- GPU sets the "graphic" system…
- GPU loads kernel.img (or other file denoted by config.txt) "normally" to 0x8000 – but other locations can be specified by config.txt
- GPU writes simple "init" code to 0x0000 which ends with a branch to the loaded kernel
- GPU releases ARM from reset
- ARM starts from a reset at location 0x0000 (reset vector)
- When ARM "reaches" the loaded kernel address, registers r0-r2 are set with: r0 = #0, r1 = machine type, r2 = pointer to device tree blob
PiTrex baremetal boot
(non NOOBS!)
Due to the NOOBS partition layout NOOBS loads the kernel.img not from the first FAT partition. ATM the filesystem in piTrex baremetal can only access the first partition - this garbles things up a bit. Possibly the below mechanisms also work with NOOBS. But they would be wastly redundant. NOOBS is a bootloader menu system in itself. So what would you do? Chose raspbian and then a second bootloader the pitrex loader is loaded? One could probably configure noobs directly do boot up different pitrex kernels...
- The piTrex "kernel" is named as default: "kernel.img" and loaded to 0x8000 (from start.elf)
- baremetalEntry.S:
- Registers r0, r1, r2 are saved to "save" location (memory: 0x80, 0x84, 0x88) in case we need them for a "linux" boot. On my pi, r2 points to an outer world region: 0x1BFE9C00 and does not collide with anything I ever do. If this changes in the future, I have to relocate the device tree block to a save location (which will be: 0x3e00000)!
- Vectors (reset/IRQ/exceptions ...) are set up, 8 vectors starting from address 0x0000, followed by an indirect jump table, again 8 data entries (all uint_32 –> 4 bytes) thus occupying the first (8+8)*4 = 64 bytes (0x40)
- Stack pointers for different modes are setup to a total memory region: 0x3f08000 – 0x3f48000
- VFP, MMU (page table at 0x4000), Data Cache, Instruction Cache, unaligned memory access, and cycle counter access is switched on
- Control is given to "C" -> kernelMain()
- kernelMain():
- Clock speed of ARM is set to 1000Mhz / UART is initialized
- Control is given to -> main()
- SD card initialized and the first FAT partitition mounted
- "loader.pit" is loaded to memory address: 0x4000000 and started
Changes to lib-rpidmx512
- page table is relocated to 0x4000
- MEM_COHERENT_REGION is relocated to 0x3f00000
- control is immediately given to "C": loaderMain()
- again the first found FAT partition is mounted
- vectrexinit(1): is called to initialize the piTrex HW
- v_init(): is called to initialize the Vectrex "API"
- Menu items are displayed – each program is another file on the SD, that is "kernel"-compatible (e.g. loadable to location 0x8000 and self sufficent, each file could be renamed to "kernel.img" and be started as a standalone baremetal - kernel)
- upon selection the "program" is loaded to 0x8000 and registers r0, r1, r2 are filled with the original values.
- than control is given to the loaded program with a jump to address 0x8000
- in anticipation, that no piTrex program is larger than about 61MB – loader.pit stays in memory ar location 0x4000000. If at some stage larger programs occur – the loader can be loaded to a higher address!
- When a vectrex-reset is detected, the program jumps to 0x4000000 again and thus executes the loader "from start".
PiTrex baremetal loader
PiTrex baremetal "program"
- again: each pitrex "program" is "kernel"-compatible! (e.g. loadable to location 0x8000 and self sufficent, each file could be renamed to "kernel.img" and be started as a standalone baremetal - kernel)
- the "startup" process is the same as the baremetal boot (in fact these are the same files!) up to where function main() is called.
- function main() (as it should be) is the entry point of each "piTrex" program (linked)
- Usually what main() would do first:
- mount the first found FAT partition
- vectrexinit(1): is called to initialize the piTrex HW
- v_init(): is called to initialize the Vectrex "API"
- ...than the programs are on their own...


text:
Policy Compendium
15.c) "[The World Heritage Committee encourages States Parties to] (…) be proactive in relation to development and conservation of World Heritage properties by conducting a Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) at the time of nomination to anticipate the impact of any potential development on the Outstanding Universal Value."
Theme: | 126.96.36.199 - Impact assessment |
Decision: | 35 COM 12E |
Theme: | 2.7.1 - Cultural, Natural and Mixed Properties |
Decision: | 41 COM 9B |
Synthesis based on relevant Committee decisions
The World Heritage Committee requests to ensure the management of a serial property as a unified whole, with an effective and explicit operational coordination between management plans existing for individual component parts of the site and the overall management plan for the property (based on case law on decisions on Nomination).
Theme: |
188.8.131.52 - Management systems 2.7.3 - Serial properties |
See for examples Decisions: | 40 COM 8B.16 43 COM 8B.38 44 COM 8B.25 44 COM 8B.15 |
35. (i) "States Parties may propose in one single nomination several individual cultural properties, which may be in different geographical locations but which should:
- be linked because they belong to the same historic-cultural group, or
- be the subject of a single safeguarding project, or
- belong to the same type of property characteristic of the zone
Each State Party submits only the cultural properties situated on its territory (even if these properties belong to an ensemble which goes beyond its borders) but it may come to an agreement with another State Party in order to make a joint submission".
Theme: | 2.7.3 - Serial properties |
Decision: | 3 COM XI.35 |
19. "(...)
(e) States Parties may propose in a single nomination a series of cultural properties in different geographical locations, provided that they are related because they belong : (i) to the same historico-cultural group or (ii) to the same type of property which is characteristic of the geographical zone and provided that it is the series as such and not its components taken individually, which is of outstanding universal value."
Theme: | 2.7.3 - Serial properties |
Decision: | 4 COM VI.18-20 |
2. "[The World Heritage Committee notes] that some large complex serial transnational nominations may benefit from an agreed nomination strategy before their official submission, (…);
5. [The World Heritage Committee] emphasizes that, if and when, it takes note of a nomination strategy, this is not prejudicial and does not imply that the complex serial transnational nominations proposed would necessarily lead to an inscription on the World Heritage List."
Theme: | 2.7.3 - Serial properties |
Decision: | 41 COM 8B.50 |
The World Heritage Policy Compendium was elaborated thanks to the generous contribution of the Government of Australia.
The World Heritage Policy Compendium On-line tool was developed thanks to the generous contribution of the Government of Korea.


text:
Remigius of Rheims
Our father among the saints Remigius of Rheims (French: Saint Rémi or Saint Rémy), Apostle to the Franks (437–533), was Bishop of Rheims from 459 to 533. During the seventy-four years that he was bishop he was the most influential prelate in Gaul, with the culminating event of his life, (according to Gregory of Tours),[note 1] being the baptism in 496 AD of Clovis, King of the Franks, and over 3000 of his warriors. This led to the conversion of the entire Frankish people to Nicene Christianity, and was a momentous success for the Orthodox Church as well as a seminal event in European history. His feast day is celebrated January 13, and the translation of his relics on October 1.
Remigius was born in 437, traditionally at Cerny-en-Laonnois, near Laon, Picardy, in northern Gaul, into the highest levels of Gallo-Roman society. He is said to have been the son of Emilius, count of Laon (who is not otherwise attested) and of Celina, daughter of the Bishop of Soissons, which Clovis had conquered in 486.
After studying at Reims for awhile, devoting himself to secular and sacred learning, he withdrew to a small house near Laon, to live in reclusion and prayer. However when a bishop was needed in Rheims, the clergy and people, having noted Remigius for his learning and sanctity, in addition to his high status, carried him off from his hermitage and made him their bishop in his twenty-second year, in 459 AD, though still a layman.
The holy bishop soon became renowned throughout northern Gaul. He converted heretics, brought Arian heretics back to the Orthodox Faith, and cared for the many who suffered at the hands of barbarian marauders. Wherever he went, miracles attended him. He healed the sick, and once, when a town was on fire, threw himself into the flames and quenched them. Birds would come to his table whenever he ate, and he would share his meal with them.
In 482 the young warrior Clovis became leader of the Frankish tribes in that region. Though he was a pagan, he knew and admired St. Remigius, and was married to a Christian, St. Clotilde (June 3). Once, when his army faced defeat by the Alemanii, Clovis prayed to "the God of Clotilde and Remigius" and won a great victory. This answer to his prayers convinced him of the truth of the Christian Faith, and he asked St. Remigius to instruct him. Two years later he gathered all his chieftains in Rheims to attend his baptism. The baptism was accompanied by many miracles, seen by all in attendance. Two of the king's sisters and three thousand of his lords and soldiers were baptized at the ceremony. This event is considered the birth of France as a Christian nation.[note 2]
St. Remigius also zealously opposed Arianism. Though Remigius never attended any of the church councils, in 517 he held a synod at Rheims, at which after a heated discussion he converted a bishop of Arian views.
In great old age, St Remigius went blind, but miraculously recovered his sight. He reposed in peace at the age of 105, immediately after serving the Divine Liturgy.
St. Remigius' relics were kept in the Cathedral of Rheims, from where the Archbishop Hincmar had them translated to Épernay during the Viking invasions and from there, in 1099 to the Abbey of Saint-Remi.
Remigius of Rheims | ||
Preceded by: Bennage of Rheims |
Bishop of Reims 459-533 |
Succeeded by: Romanus of Rheims |
- ↑ Historia Francorum ("History of the Franks").
- ↑ Later, after Clovis' success in the Battle of Vouillé in 507 AD over the Arian Visigoths of Alaric II, the Byzantine emperor Anastasius I made him a consul. (Moreton-Macdonald, John Ronald. A History of France, Vol.1. The MacMillan Company, 1915. p.38.)
- Orthodox Saints commemorated in October. God is Wonderful in His Saints Orthodox Resources.
- Remigius. Orthodox England: Latin Saints of the Orthodox Patriarchate of Rome.
- Saint Remigius at Wikipedia.
- Great Synaxaristes: (Greek)
Ὁ Ἅγιος Ρεμίγιος Ἐπίσκοπος Ρημῶν. 13 Ιανουαρίου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
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