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Before the announcement early Wednesday of an unprecedented $2 trillion deal to combat the coronavirus pandemic, AFSCME President Lee Saunders and three front-line workers put pressure on federal lawmakers to come through with a robust aid package for state and local governments so they can rebuild decimated public services.
In a press call on Tuesday, Saunders and the members described some of the challenges facing front-line workers, emphasized public service workers' commitment to their communities, and called on Congress to "Fund the Front Lines."
Saunders underscored the urgent need for aid to state and local governments to see them through this crisis and secure their futures. Failure to do so, he said, not only jeopardizes vital services to our communities; it will also be a drag on our economy when America gets back to work.
"Public service workers continue to show their mettle – working around the clock to contain the coronavirus pandemic, exposing themselves to risk in the process, with no higher priority than the health and safety of their neighbors," Saunders said.
"It is time to fund the front lines. State and local government budgets are stretched to the breaking point. They are overwhelmed and under-resourced. We're all paying the price for the reckless and shortsighted austerity measures of the last decade," Saunders said.
For Jared Rosenberg, a paramedic supervisor for the police department in Greenburgh, a town outside New York City, and president of the EMS unit in Greenburgh for AFSCME Local 1000 (CSEA), funding the front lines means obtaining more personal protective equipment, more N95 masks and expanded COVID-19 testing to include first responders.
"We've resorted to collecting masks from the public. So far, over 100 N-95 masks and 300 surgical masks have been donated by residents," said Rosenberg. "We're grateful for what we have collected, but this is no way to prepare for an uptick in cases. We need these masks, and we need them now. And we need the federal government to pay for these masks, because we can't afford them at this rate."
Rosenberg said that of the 40 EMS professionals in his group who have trained to respond to COVID-related calls, five or six have been sidelined in self-quarantine because they haven't been able to get tested and cleared to return to work.
Tanisha Woods, a correctional officer at Texas Department of Criminal Justice's Dr. Lane Murray Unit in Gatesville and president of Local 3920, said it's her duty to maintain the safety and the security of her facility. But she can't do that without adequate resources.
"To protect everyone in the prison, both staff and offenders need to be properly resourced to stay safe and healthy," said Woods. "It's not only on the state to make sure we have enough gloves, masks, soap and cleaning supplies. We need the federal government to step up and provide direct funding to state and local governments who are leading the fight against this virus."
Meanwhile in Somers, Connecticut, Aimmee Reyes-Greaves, an industries supervisor at the Osborn Correctional Institution, discussed the dire implications if correctional facilities begin to see infections from the virus.
"My facility houses roughly 2,000 offenders," said, Reyes-Greaves, a member of Local 391 (Council 4). "If we ever get a case of coronavirus within our walls, it will spread quickly. And we would have a public health catastrophe on our hands."
Reyes-Greaves called for policy makers at all levels of government to prioritize the health and safety of corrections staff, who move every day between their communities and correctional facilities.
"Our penal system should have received more comprehensive guidance and support at the federal level, far earlier in this crisis," noted Reyes-Greaves. "Like much of the federal level response, it is falling short."


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Lack of health insurance limits hepatitis C patients' access to latest antiviral therapy
New research has determined that patients in the U.S. with hepatitis C virus (HCV) are twice as likely to not have health insurance coverage compared with those without the disease. In fact researchers found only a third of HCV infected Americans have access to antiviral therapy; the remaining are either uninsured or not candidates for therapy due to treatment contraindications. Details of this study are published in the March issue of Hepatology, a peer-reviewed journal of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD).
HCV is the most common cause of chronic liver disease, hepatocellular (liver) cancer, and liver transplantation in the U.S., with up to 85% of HCV-positive individuals (3.5 million) developing chronic HCV infection. Symptoms of chronic HCV are non-specific which can inhibit diagnosis and as many as 75% of patients are unaware of their HCV infection (Hagan et al., 2006). Furthermore, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that HCV causes 12,000 deaths in the U.S. each year.
"Successful treatment with antiviral therapy improves health-related quality of life in patients with HCV and could potentially reduce morbidity and mortality in patients," said Zobair Younossi, MD, MPH, from the Center of Liver Diseases at Inova Fairfax Hospital in Virginia and lead author of the study. "A significant number of HCV patients, however, may not even have access to antiviral therapy due to lack of adequate health insurance coverage." It is estimated to cost up to $48,000 per year for monitoring and treatment of HCV.
For the current study, researchers analyzed health insurance status and treatment candidacy of HCV-positive individuals using 2005-2008 data collected from the National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (NHANES). This information was collected via household interviews, physical examinations and extensive laboratory sample data from subjects who were 18 years of age or older and living in the U.S.
Analysis showed that 1.16% of study subjects were infected with HCV. Among those with HCV only 61% were insured compared to 81% of HCV-negative individuals. HCV infection was an independent predictor of being uninsured even after adjusting for demographic disparity in the HCV-positive group. Approximately 67% of HCV-positive patients were eligible for treatment, however only 54% of those treatment candidates had insurance coverage.
Some individuals with HCV may not be eligible for antiviral therapy due to contraindications to treatment. Previous studies have found that only half of HCV patients exhibit a positive response to peginterferon/ribavirin treatment. "The side effect profile of the current antiviral therapy requires careful selection of treatment candidates with a number of chronic conditions," said Dr. Younossi. The authors noted that patients with comorbidities such as active cardiac disease, severe depression, or renal failure are typically ineligible for antiviral therapy due to severe adverse events that may occur with treatment.
Research showed that only 36% of HCV-positive patients who were eligible for antiviral therapy had health insurance. "Access to care for HCV patients is critical. Our results have important implications for HCV-infected patients and should be considered as new health care reform legislation takes effect," Dr. Younossi concluded.

subset: commoncrawl


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Tuesday, October 13, 2009
Halloween Special: "Severed Finger" Cheese Sticks!
This would make quite an eye-catching appetizer tray for your upcoming Halloween party -- come on, what kid wouldn't think you were the coolest parent ever, if you made some of these? Be sure to tear the cheese sticks in half as irregularly as possible, as this really gives it that stomach-turning realism.
This video recipe will finally give you hardcore food snobs (you know who you are!) a chance to eat string cheese. You know you've wanted to for so long, but were afraid you would be seen with it at the market and not have a decent excuse -- problem solved. Enjoy!
17 comments:
the nails are the best part xD
- October 13, 2009 at 4:10 PM
This actually startled me.
btw, this is the second time it's happened, but when I click on "comments" I get a bunch of popup windows redirecting me to something funky. Hacked recently? - October 13, 2009 at 4:59 PM
- Chef John said...
haven't seen anything weird, that's never happened to me.
- October 13, 2009 at 5:06 PM
That effect is sooo cheesy.
- October 13, 2009 at 5:59 PM
Comments working fine, as far as I can tell.
We're going to a potluck dinner party for Halloween. Thanks again, Chef John, for keeping me on the "cutting edge" of what to bring, with such a nail biting scary treat. - October 13, 2009 at 6:32 PM
- Chef John said...
These are puns only a "Mummy" could love!
- October 13, 2009 at 7:11 PM
- milkshake said...
a perfect finger-food for the party...
Maybe can you make a brain-shaped Lecter key lime pie, preferably colored in glistering shades of greyish-pink? - October 13, 2009 at 7:46 PM
Good one-liner, Milkshake! Mummy likes it!
- October 13, 2009 at 8:00 PM
hahahaha, oh man. Chef John you are too much
- October 13, 2009 at 8:30 PM
- KPeff said...
Why not marinara sauce? - October 13, 2009 at 9:07 PM
- Connie T. said...
When I clicked comment I got a popup too. Then I finally got the comment box.
I love this video. Great Halloween food. I eat cheese sticks all the time anyway. - October 13, 2009 at 9:23 PM
- Jesse from Detroit said...
Now I'll have something spookier for my halloween party than my puffless cheese puffs.
- October 14, 2009 at 10:49 AM
- Chef John said...
haha! If it makes you feel any better, I've gotten a few emails telling me how great the puffs turned out. ;-)
- October 14, 2009 at 11:39 AM
OMG that looked so scary, Thank u Chef John!!! I love ur recipes.
- October 15, 2009 at 4:24 AM
- Alisa@Foodista said...
I can just imagine the reaction this will get from my niece-who's also crazy about cheese as I am. They look so real...I love it!
- October 25, 2009 at 11:29 AM
- Jens C. Kruse said...
Thank you for the post
- January 19, 2017 at 12:21 AM
- Unknown said...
The nails are the best part. And thanks for this post
bullet force - April 18, 2017 at 2:49 AM


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text:
Information Possibly Outdated
The information presented on this page was originally released on September 1, 2017. It may not be outdated, but please search our site for more current information. If you plan to quote or reference this information in a publication, please check with the Extension specialist or author before proceeding.
Help fourth-graders get free park passes
STARKVILLE, Miss. -- Those of us with a strong connection to the natural world know that attachment was born and strengthened through personal experiences we had outdoors as children, generally when family members took us outside to spend time, relax or have fun.
A new nationwide program began in 2015 with hopes of increasing access to federal public lands for fourth-grade students, along with the goal of establishing connections to the outdoors. Every Kid in a Park begins its third year on Sept. 1, 2017. Every fourth-grader has easy access to a free pass for admission to public land from Sept. 1 through Aug. 31, 2018.
Since the inception of this program, I have led almost 1,000 fourth-graders in the local school district to pick up passes at our local wildlife refuge. This year, I will lead more than 400 students down the same trail to pick up 2017-2018 passes.
With the majority of the U.S. population living two hours or less from public lands, it is possible for almost everyone to visit on day trips, even those who face financial or transportation limitations.
Each fourth-grader in the 2017-2018 school year is eligible for a pass that covers admission fees for the student and up to three other individuals at more than 2,000 individual federal lands, parks and waters. Seven federal agencies are engaged in this effort to provide opportunities for our citizens, young and old alike, to experience the majesty of our great country.
The easiest way to get a pass is to fill out a simple digital form on the website and then print a paper pass. Bring the pass to any federal public lands and exchange it for a unique plastic card that the student can sign and carry when visiting national parks, national monuments, forests, waters and wildlife refuges. There are options for parents, students and educators to navigate the site and print passes for the program. Go to the website at http://www.everykidinapark.gov.
Students, teachers or parents may use the website to help plan trips to numerous public destinations. Trips are certainly not limited to backpacking in the backcountry. Many people want to stay in cabins or recreational vehicles, and overnight options are available at many nearby public reserves.
The website also provides lesson plans for teachers or homeschool parents. There are links to learn about protected animals in our national forests. Other links help locate nearby parks, as well as options for overnight stays.
My hope is that all fourth-graders and their families will take advantage of this great program and establish lifelong connections to the outdoors.
Editor's Note: Extension Outdoors is a column authored by several different experts in the Mississippi State University Extension Service.


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are forever, the saying goes. The geological time that compresses carbon into
adamant and eventually a diamond crystal is almost inconceivably long; the
millions of years that it takes to produce a diamond make our conception of
period, or even Fernand Braudel's longue
duree, seem impossibly short. As Manuel De Landa notes in his discussion of
non-organic life in A Thousand Years of
Nonlinear History, periods are simply local strata in larger "glacial"
temporalities that include the flows of lava, biomass, genes, memes, norms. And yet our restratifications of those flows do possess a historicity
according to specific logics of production. Diamonds are forever, but the
social life of the blood diamond that comes from modern Sierra Leone differs
from that of the bloody diamond that comes from Sir John Mandeville's medieval
India, retrieved by a swooping eagle from the bottom of a canyon on a slab of
animal meat thrown by the eagle's handler. Each presumes different modes of
supply, labor, exchange, and even imaginative possibility. How, then, do nonhuman
lives ask us both to dispense with human history and to recognize the
impossibility of doing so?
~Jonathan Gil Harris, "Animal, Vegetable, Mineral: Twenty Questions"
is not normal today to think of "inanimate objects" as possessing a lively
capacity to do things to us and with us, although it is quite normal to
experience them as such. Every day we encounter the power of possessions,
tools, clutter, toys, commodities, keepsakes, trash. Why this tendency to
forget thing-power, to overlook the creative contributions of nonhumans and
underhear their calls?
~Jane Bennett, "Powers of the Hoard: Further Notes on the Material Agency of Things"
~Jane Bennett, "Powers of the Hoard: Further Notes on the Material Agency of Things"
Oliphaunt Books, an imprint of punctum books, is THRILLED to announce the publication of Jeffrey Cohen et alia's Animal, Vegetable, Mineral: Ethics and Objects, the essay collection that grew out of the symposium by the same name hosted by GWU's Medieval and Early Modern Studies Institute last March, and featuring essays by Valerie Allen, Jane Bennett, Eileen Joy, Sharon Kinoshita, Julia Reinhard Lupton, Peggy McCracken, Kellie Robertson, Karl Steel, and Julian Yates, with Response Essays by Lowell Duckert, Nedda Mehdizadeh, and Jonathan Gil Harris. You can download the book for FREE or purchase the print edition [for a mere $17.00] HERE.
Speaking of purchasing the book, may I make a gentle plea? Although you may, of course, download the book for free [punctum books is an open-access press and we're behind the open-access movement all the way], will you please consider buying one [or two! then give that one away! send books into the world!] copies of the book? If you do, you will be making an important contribution to punctum books which will go a long way toward helping us with our publishing venture: by which I mean, you will be helping us to publish more authors, to foster more work, and to further promote, as we say at punctum, radically creative modes of inquiry and writing across a whimsical para-humanities assemblage. While open-access publishing does herald a brave new world of seemingly wide open, free access to what I hope will be a larger, more capacious, more generously imagined, and more vibrant field of intellectual and cultural work within the humanities, it is not really "free" in the sense of the immense amount of labor and time that goes into each individual book.
Many many many many hours and drops of sweat and care [and the hands of many unpaid assistants, some former students of mine, some current students of mine, some simply the most generous people imaginable -- grad. students at other institutions, post-graduates without jobs in the academy, other professors, and independent artists -- who have volunteered to assist the work of punctum books] go into each one of our books, and it has to be said that we also still believe in the book. In the future, when the power goes out and the last drop of gasoline has been squeezed into the last gasoline can, we'll start writing letters again, and we'll have our books. Celluloid film, reel to reel tape, cassette tapes, CDs, DVDs, floppy disks, thumb drives, I could go on: friends, these are the media of the days gone by, but do you know what remains? The book. We still want it. We still have to have it. Information wants to be free, and by golly, I'll give it to you for free. But if you also want a book, we'll continue to make those as well. And to make them beautiful. You look gorgeous to me, and so does this book. The medievalists are the humanists of the future! Please do your part to help me make that a reality.
And now: carry on.
And now: carry on.


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« The Bob Memo | Main | Full of feathers? »
January 10, 2004
Just Hold Me
Dear Diary,
I never have quite figured out why the sexual urges of men and women differ so much. And I never have figured out the whole Venus and Mars thing. And, I never figured out why men think with their head and women think with their heart. And I never yet have figured out how the sexual desire gene gets thrown into a state of turmoil, when it hears the words "I do".
One evening last week, my wife and I were getting into bed. Well, the passion starts to heat up, and she eventually says "I don't feel like it, I just want you to hold me".
I said "WTF??????" So she says the words that I and every husband on the planet dreads. She explains that I must not be in tune with her emotional needs as a woman. I'm thinking "What was her first clue?" I finally realize that nothing was going to happen that night, so I went to sleep.
The very next day, we went shopping at a big, unnamed department store ..... I walked around with her while she tried on three different very expensive outfits. She could not decide which one to take so I told her to take all three of them. She then tells me that she wants matching shoes worth $200.00 a pair to which I say ok. And then we go to the jewelry dept where she gets a pair of diamond earrings. Let me tell you ........ she was so excited. She must have thought that I was one wave short of a shipwreck, but I don't think she cared. I think she was testing me when she asked for a tennis bracelet because she does not even play tennis. I think I threw her for a loop when I told her that it was ok. She was almost sexually excited from all of this and you should have seen her face when she said "I'm ready to go to the cash register".
I could hardly contain myself when I blurted out, "No, honey I don't feel like buying all this stuff now." You should have seen her face ...... it went completely blank. I then said "Really honey! I just want you to HOLD this stuff for a while". And just when she had this look like she was going to kill me I added, "You must not be in tune with my financial needs as a Man".
I figure that I won't be having sex again until sometime after the spring of 2008.
[Stolen from PD.]
Posted by Peskie at January 10, 2004 12:00 PM


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National Archives Hosts Monthly Book Group Discussions in 2007
Press Release · Thursday, January 18, 2007
Washington, DC…The National Archives continues its popular monthly book group discussions in 2007. All programs are free and open to the public, and will be held at noon in the National Archives Building Research Center, Room G-24. Please check the Archives Shop (202-357-5271) for book availability and a special discount for book group participants.
Please note: the public should use the National Archives Building's 700 Pennsylvania Avenue entrance, between 7th and 9th Streets, NW. The National Archives is fully accessible. To request a special accommodation (e.g., sign language interpreter) for a public program please e-mail firstname.lastname@example.com or call (202) 357-5000 at least two weeks prior to the event to ensure proper arrangements are secured.
January 17, 2007
My Face Is Black Is True: Callie House and the Struggle for Ex-Slave
Reparations, by Mary Frances Berry. The African-American struggle
for compensation for years of unpaid labor began at the dawn of emancipation. In this account of the first mass reparations movement led by African Americans,
historian and lawyer Berry, who chaired the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights,
unearths the intriguing story of Callie House (1861– 1928), a Tennessee
washerwoman and seamstress become activist, and the organization she led,
the National Ex-Slave Mutual Relief, Bounty and Pension Association.
February 21, 2007
Lincoln's Sanctuary: Abraham Lincoln and the Soldiers' Home, by
Matthew Pinsker. Lincoln spent parts of 1862-1864 living
not at the White House, but in a cottage on the grounds of the Soldiers'
Home, a residence for disabled veterans just outside the capital in Maryland. Drawing on manuscripts, including the letters of soldiers assigned to guard Lincoln
at his retreat, Pinsker illuminates this little-known part of the President's life. He also provides vivid accounts of various moments in Lincoln's
public life that occurred at or involved the Soldiers' Home, such as
the writing of the Emancipation Proclamation.
March 21, 2007
No Constitutional Right to be Ladies: Women and the Obligations of
Citizenship by Linda K. Kerber. The author
discusses the development of American law defining women's civic
obligations from Revolutionary times to the present. Beginning
with the common law doctrine of coverture, she describes how the law,
past and present, has shielded women from civic obligations otherwise
exacted from men, and how this exemption contributed to the denial of
women's civic rights. She presents a series of narratives
focusing on particular women whose situations became catalysts for political
and legal change.
April 18, 2007
The Pirates Laffite: The Treacherous World of the Corsairs
of the Gulf, by William C. Davis. Davis recounts the true
story of New Orleans privateers Jean and Pierre Laffite, from about the
time of the Louisiana Purchase through the 1820s. He separates
fact from fiction as he relates the brothers as complex if ruthless businessmen
who, while savaging the trade of Spanish merchants on the gulf, formed
the foundation for a profitable syndicate. Their associates included
leading citizens and government officials on the take. The Laffites themselves,
however, became notorious only when they courted the Spanish and betrayed
their allies.
May 16, 2007
Coming out Under Fire: The History of Gay Men and Women in
World War Two, by Allan Berube. This study chronicles the struggle
of homosexuals in the U.S. military during WW II where they found themselves
fighting on two fronts: against the Axis and against their own authorities
who took extreme measures to stigmatize them as unfit to serve their
country. From 1941 to 1945, more than 9000 gay servicemen and women purportedly
were diagnosed as sexual psychopaths and given "undesirable" discharges.
The book reveals that the first public challenge to the military's policy
came not from the gay-rights movement but from military psychiatrists
who studied gay servicemen and women during World War II.
June 20, 2007
Watergate: the Presidential Scandal that Shook America, by Keith W. Olson. More than thirty years after the June 17, 1972,
break-in at the Democratic Party's National Committee headquarters in
Washington, historians continue to struggle with how a third-rate burglary
led to a massive White House cover-up that forced President Richard M.
Nixon to become the only person to resign the presidency. The author
chronicles the forces that drove the Nixon White House to embark on an
unprecedented domestic intelligence-gathering operation.
July-August – No Book Group
September 26, 2007
The Archeologist was a Spy: Sylvanus G. Morley and the Office
of Naval Intelligence, by Charles H. Harris III
and Louis R. Sadler. During the First World War, the German submarine
forces were a serious threat to allied victory. If the Germans
had been able to construct a secret base in some remote corner of Central
America, the potential damage to shipping would have been immense. In
order to avoid this happening, the Office of Navel Intelligence recruited
archaeologists who spent most of the war years journeying through the
Central American jungles and rivers in search of ancient ruins and preparing
detailed reports on the potential for German exploitation of the remote
sites. This book describes Morley's extensive travels in
Mexico, Nicaragua, El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras.
October 17, 2007
The Secret in Building 26: The Untold Story of America's
Ultra War Against the U-boat Enigma Codes, by Jim
DeBrosse and Colin Burke. Much has been written about the success
of the British "Ultra" program in cracking the Germans' Enigma
code early in World War II, but few know what happened in 1942, when
the Germans added a fourth rotor to the machine that created the already
challenging naval code and plunged Allied intelligence into darkness. Joe
Desch, an engineer at the National Cash Register Company in Dayton, Ohio,
was tasked with creating a machine to break the new Enigma settings -
an enterprise that rivaled the Manhattan Project for secrecy and complexity,
and nearly drove Desch to a breakdown.
November 14, 2007
Death of a Generation: How the Assassinations of Diem and JFK
Prolonged the Vietnam War, by Howard Jones. What
Kennedy would and would not have done in Vietnam has been a source of
enduring controversy. Now, based on new evidence, the author argues that
Kennedy intended to withdraw the great bulk of American soldiers and
pursue a diplomatic solution to the crisis in Vietnam. Jones maintains
that Kennedy firmly believed that the outcome of the war depended on
the South Vietnamese, and he argues that if Kennedy had lived, his withdrawal
plan would have spared the lives of 58,000 Americans and countless Vietnamese.
December 2007 – No Book Group
# # #
For Press information, contact the National Archives Public Affairs staff at (202) 357-5300.
To verify the date and times of the programs, the public should call 202-357-5333 or view the Calendar of Events on the web site.
This page was last reviewed on January 30, 2013.
Contact us with questions or comments.


text:
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)Introduction to cell division
An evolutionary goal of all living systems is to reproduce. Since the basic unit of life is a cell, and we know - thanks at least in part to Francesco Reid - that life begets new life - this means that there must be a process by which to create new cells from parental cells. We also know intuitively that multicellular organisms must somehow increase their number of cells during their growth by creating copies of existing cells. The process by which one cell creates one or more new cells, for both single and multi-celled organisms, requires a parental cell to divide and is called cell division.
From the standpoint of the Design Challenge framework we can stipulate that the big problem of cell division is to make a copy of a cell. If a condition for success requires that the daughter cells be viable then a number of subproblems can be defined:
1. The cell must replicate its DNA so that at least two cells have a functional copy after cell division is complete - we have discussed this process already.
2. The cell must make sufficient copies of the rest of the cellular content so that daughter cells are viable or it must find a way to ensure that the copied DNA (even without a full replica of cellular content) is viable.
3. The cell must divide the replicated cell content and DNA between at least two independently bounded compartments.
4. To ensure success, the process must be happen in an evolutionarily competitive time and be accomplished with an evolutionary selection-friendly amount of biochemical resources.
While it is not a strict requirement that this process happen in a coordinated manner, Nature has selected for systems in which all of the steps in the process happen in a highly coordinated way. This helps cells meet requirement number 4 in the list above. The coordinated process and the mechanisms of control are generally referred to as the cell cycle. This term can be used to describe the coordinate process used by any cell that is undergoing cell division. When we observe Nature we find that it has evolved two major modes of reproduction: sexual and asexual. Within each of these modes of reproduction we find several major modes of cell division that occur frequently across all domains of life. We consider three of these modes: binary fission (used primarily by single celled bacteria and archaea), mitosis (used often by eukaryotes in processes of cell division NOT associated with sexual reproduction) and meiosis (a process of cell division tightly linked to sexual reproduction). We discuss these processes in the sections that follow.
Cell division in the bacteria and archaea
Bacteria and Archaea
Like all other life forms, bacteria and archaea have one key evolutionary driver: to make more of themselves. Typically, bacterial and archaeal cells grow, duplicate all major cellular constituents, like DNA, ribosomes, etc., distribute this content and then divide into two nearly identical daughter cells. This process is called binary fission and is shown mid-process in the figure below. While some bacterial species are known to use several alternative reproductive strategies including making multiple offspring or budding - and all alternative mechanisms still meet the requirements for cell division stipulated above - binary fission is the most commonly laboratory-observed mechanisms for cell division the bacteria and archaea so we limit our discussion to this mechanisms alone.
(Aside: Those who want to read more about alternatives to binary fission in bacteria should check this link out.)
Binary Fission in bacteria starts with DNA replication at the replication origin attached to the cell wall, near the midpoint of the cell. New replication forks can form before the first cell division ends; this phenomenon allows an extremely rapid rate of reproduction.
Source: http://biology.kenyon.edu/courses/bi...01/week01.html
Binary Fission
The process of binary fission is the most commonly observed mechanism for cell division in bacteria and archaea (at least the culturable ones studied in the laboratory). The following is a description of a process that happens in some rod-shaped bacteria:
Since we must consider the replication of DNA one structural feature of relevance to DNA replication in the bacteria and archaea is that their genetic material is not enclosed in a nucleus, but instead occupies a specific location, the nucleoid, within the cell. Moreover, the DNA of the nucleoid is associated with numerous proteins that aid in compacting the DNA into a smaller, organized structure. Another organizational feature to note is that the bacterial chromosome is typically attached to the plasma membrane at about the midpoint of the cell. The starting point of replication, the origin, is close to this attachment site. Recall also that replication of the DNA is bidirectional, with replication forks moving away from the origin on both strands of the loop simultaneously. Due to the structural arrangement of the DNA at the midpoint this means that as the new double strands are formed, each origin point moves away from the cell wall attachment toward the opposite ends of the cell.
This process of DNA replication is typically occurring at the same time as a growth in the physical dimensions of the cell. Therefore, as the cell elongates, the growing membrane aids in the transport of the chromosomes towards the two opposite poles of the cells. After the chromosomes have cleared the midpoint of the elongated cell, cytoplasmic separation begins.
The formation of a ring composed of repeating units of a protein called FtsZ (a cytoskeletal protein) directs the formation of a partition between the two new nucleoids. Formation of the FtsZ ring triggers the accumulation of other proteins that work together to recruit new membrane and cell wall materials to the site. Gradually, a septum is formed between the nucleoids, extending from the periphery toward the center of the cell. When the new cell walls are in place, the daughter cells separate.
Prokaryotes, including bacteria and archaea, have a single, circular chromosome located in a central region called the nucleoid.
Possible discussion
How does attaching the replicating chromosome to the cell membrane aid in dividing the two chromosomes after replication is complete?
These images show the steps of binary fission in prokaryotes. (credit: modification of work by "Mcstrother"/Wikimedia Commons)
Control of these processes
Not surprisingly, the process of binary fission is strictly controlled in most bacteria and archaea. Somewhat surprisingly, however, while some key molecular players are know, much remains to be discovered and understood about how decisions are made to coordinate the activities.
Eukaryotic Cell Cycle and Mitosis
The cell cycle is an orderly sequence of events used by biological systems to coordinate cell division. In eukaryotes, asexual cell division proceeds via a cell cycle that includes multiple spatially and temporally coordinated events. These include a long preparatory period, called interphase and a mitotic phase called M phase. Interphase is often further divided into distinguishable subphases called G1, S, and G2 phases. Mitosis is the stage in which replicated DNA is distributed to daughter cells and is itself often subdivided into five distinguishable stages: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Mitosis is often accompanied by a process called cytokinesis, during which the cytoplasmic components of the daughter cells are separated either by an actin ring (animal cells) or by cell plate formation (plant cells). The passage through these phases are controlled by checkpoints. There are three major checkpoints in the cell cycle: one near the end of G1, a second at the G2–M transition, and the third during metaphase. These regulatory checks serve to ensure that the processes required to successfully move on to the next phase of the cell cycle have been fully completed and that sufficient resources exist to move on to the next phase of cell division.
Cell Cycle
In asexually reproducing eukaryotic cells, one "turn" of the cell cycle consists of two general phases: interphase, followed by mitosis and cytokinesis. Interphase is the period of the cell cycle during which the cell may either be living and not dividing or in which it is preparing itself to divide. Most of the cells in a fully-developed multicellular organisms are typically found in interphase. Mitosis is the the point in the cell cycle associated with division or distribution of replicated genetic material to two daughter cells. During mitosis the cell nucleus breaks down and two new, fully functional, nuclei are formed. Cytokinesis is the process that divides the cytoplasm into two distinctive cells.
G1 Phase
The first stage of interphase is called the G1 phase, or first gap, because little change is visible. However, during the G1 stage, the cell is quite active at the biochemical level. The cell is accumulating the building blocks of chromosomal DNA and the associated proteins, as well as accumulating enough energy reserves to complete the task of replicating each chromosome in the nucleus.
A cell moves through a series of phases in an orderly manner. During interphase, G1 involves cell growth and protein synthesis, the S phase involves DNA replication and the replication of the centrosome, and G2 involves further growth and protein synthesis. The mitotic phase follows interphase. Mitosis is nuclear division during which duplicated chromosomes are segregated and distributed into daughter nuclei. Usually the cell will divide after mitosis in a process called cytokinesis in which the cytoplasm is divided and two daughter cells are formed.
S Phase
Throughout interphase, nuclear DNA remains in a semi-condensed chromatin configuration. In S phase (synthesis phase), DNA replication results in the formation of two identical copies of each chromosome—sister chromatids—that are firmly attached at the centromere region. At the end of this stage, each chromosome has been replicated.
In cells using the organelles called centrosomes, these structures are often duplicated during S phase. Centrosomes consists of a pair of rod-like centrioles composed of tubulin and other proteins that sit at right angles to one another other. The two resulting centrosomes will give rise to the mitotic spindle, the apparatus that orchestrates the movement of chromosomes later during mitosis.
G2 Phase
During the G2 phase, or second gap, the cell replenishes its energy stores and synthesizes the proteins necessary for chromosome manipulation. Some cell organelles are duplicated, and the cytoskeleton is dismantled to provide resources for the mitotic spindle. There may be additional cell growth during G2. The final preparations for the mitotic phase must be completed before the cell is able to enter the first stage of mitosis.
G0 Phase
Not all cells adhere to the classic cell-cycle pattern in which a newly formed daughter cell immediately enters interphase, closely followed by the mitotic phase. Cells in the G0 phase are not actively preparing to divide. The cell is in a quiescent (inactive) stage, having exited the cell cycle. Some cells enter G0 temporarily until an external signal triggers the onset of G1. Other cells that never or rarely divide, such as mature cardiac muscle and nerve cells, remain in G0 permanently
A Quick Aside: Structure of Chromosomes During the Cell Cycle
If the DNA from all 46 chromosomes in a human cell nucleus was laid out end to end, it would measure approximately two meters; however, its diameter would be only 2 nm. Considering that the size of a typical human cell is about 10 µm (100,000 cells lined up to equal one meter), DNA must be tightly packaged to fit in the cell's nucleus. At the same time, it must also be readily accessible for the genes to be expressed. During some stages of the cell cycle, the long strands of DNA are condensed into compact chromosomes. There are a number of ways that chromosomes are compacted.
Suggested discussion
When should we expect to see highly condensed DNA in the cell (which phases of the cell cycle)? When would the DNA remain un-compacted (during which phases of the cell cycle)?
Double-stranded DNA wraps around histone proteins to form nucleosomes that have the appearance of "beads on a string." The nucleosomes are coiled into a 30-nm chromatin fiber. When a cell undergoes mitosis, the chromosomes condense even further.
Mitosis and Cytokinesis
During the mitotic phase, a cell undergoes two major processes. First, it completes mitosis, during which the contents of the nucleus are equitably pulled apart and distributed between its two halves. Cytokinesis then occurs, dividing the cytoplasm and cell body into two new cells.
The major phases of Mitosis are visually distinct from one another and were originally characterized by what could be seen by viewing dividing cells under a microscope. Some instructors may ask you be able to distinguish each phase be looking at images of cells or more commonly by inspection of cartoon depiction of mitosis. If your instructor is not explicit about this point remember to ask whether this will be expected of you.
The stages of cell division oversee the separation of identical genetic material into two new nuclei, followed by the division of the cytoplasm. Animal cell mitosis is divided into five stages—prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase—visualized here by light microscopy with fluorescence. Mitosis is usually accompanied by cytokinesis, shown here by a transmission electron microscope. (credit "diagrams": modification of work by Mariana Ruiz Villareal; credit "mitosis micrographs": modification of work by Roy van Heesbeen; credit "cytokinesis micrograph": modification of work by the Wadsworth Center, NY State Department of Health; donated to the Wikimedia foundation; scale-bar data from Matt Russell)
Prophase is the first phase of mitosis, during which the loosely packed chromatin coils and condenses into visible chromosomes. During prophase, each chromosome becomes visible with its identical partner (sister chromatid) attached, forming the familiar X-shape of sister chromatids. The nucleolus disappears early during this phase, and the nuclear envelope also disintegrates.
A major occurrence during prophase concerns a very important structure that contains the origin site for microtubule growth. Cellular structures called centrioles that serve as origin points from which microtubules extend. These tiny structures also play a very important role during mitosis. A centrosome is a pair of centrioles together. The cell contains two centrosomes side-by-side, which begin to move apart during prophase. As the centrosomes migrate to two different sides of the cell, microtubules begin to extend from each like long fingers from two hands extending toward each other. The mitotic spindle is the structure composed of the centrosomes and their emerging microtubules.
Near the end of prophase there is an invasion of the nuclear area by microtubules from the mitotic spindle. The nuclear membrane has disintegrated, and the microtubules attach themselves to the centromeres that adjoin pairs of sister chromatids. The kinetochore is a protein structure on the centromere that is the point of attachment between the mitotic spindle and the sister chromatids. This stage is referred to as late prophase or "prometaphase" to indicate the transition between prophase and metaphase.
Metaphase is the second stage of mitosis. During this stage, the sister chromatids, with their attached microtubules, line up along a linear plane in the middle of the cell. A metaphase plate forms between the centrosomes that are now located at either end of the cell. The metaphase plate is the name for the plane through the center of the spindle on which the sister chromatids are positioned. The microtubules are now poised to pull apart the sister chromatids and bring one from each pair to each side of the cell.
Anaphase is the third stage of mitosis. Anaphase takes place over a few minutes, when the pairs of sister chromatids are separated from one another, forming individual chromosomes once again. These chromosomes are pulled to opposite ends of the cell by their kinetochores, as the microtubules shorten. Each end of the cell receives one partner from each pair of sister chromatids, ensuring that the two new daughter cells will contain identical genetic material.
Telophase is the final stage of mitosis. Telophase is characterized by the formation of two new daughter nuclei at either end of the dividing cell. These newly formed nuclei surround the genetic material, which uncoils such that the chromosomes return to loosely packed chromatin. Nucleoli also reappear within the new nuclei, and the mitotic spindle breaks apart, each new cell receiving its own complement of DNA, organelles, membranes, and centrioles. At this point, the cell is already beginning to split in half as cytokinesis begins.
Cytokinesis is the second part of the mitotic phase during which cell division is completed by the physical separation of the cytoplasmic components into two daughter cells. Although the stages of mitosis are similar for most eukaryotes, the process of cytokinesis is quite different for eukaryotes that have cell walls, such as plant cells.
In cells such as animal cells that lack cell walls, cytokinesis begins following the onset of anaphase. A contractile ring composed of actin filaments forms just inside the plasma membrane at the former metaphase plate. The actin filaments pull the equator of the cell inward, forming a fissure. This fissure, or "crack," is called the cleavage furrow. The furrow deepens as the actin ring contracts, and eventually the membrane and cell are cleaved in two (see the figure below).
In plant cells, a cleavage furrow is not possible because of the rigid cell walls surrounding the plasma membrane. A new cell wall must form between the daughter cells. During interphase, the Golgi apparatus accumulates enzymes, structural proteins, and glucose molecules prior to breaking up into vesicles and dispersing throughout the dividing cell. During telophase, these Golgi vesicles move on microtubules to collect at the metaphase plate. There, the vesicles fuse from the center toward the cell walls; this structure is called a cell plate. As more vesicles fuse, the cell plate enlarges until it merges with the cell wall at the periphery of the cell. Enzymes use the glucose that has accumulated between the membrane layers to build a new cell wall of cellulose. The Golgi membranes become the plasma membrane on either side of the new cell wall (see panel b in the figure below).
In part (a), a cleavage furrow forms at the former metaphase plate in the animal cell. The plasma membrane is drawn in by a ring of actin fibers contracting just inside the membrane. The cleavage furrow deepens until the cells are pinched in two. In part (b), Golgi vesicles coalesce at the former metaphase plate in a plant cell. The vesicles fuse and form the cell plate. The cell plate grows from the center toward the cell walls. New cell walls are made from the vesicle contents.
Cell Cycle Check Points
It is essential that daughter cells be nearly exact duplicates of the parent cell. Mistakes in the duplication or distribution of the chromosomes lead to mutations that may be passed forward to every new cell produced from the abnormal cell. To prevent a compromised cell from continuing to divide, there are internal control mechanisms that operate at three main cell cycle checkpoints at which the cell cycle can be stopped until conditions are favorable. These checkpoints occur near the end of G1, at the G2–M transition, and during metaphase (see figure below).
The cell cycle is controlled at three checkpoints. Integrity of the DNA is assessed at the G1 checkpoint. Proper chromosome duplication is assessed at the G2 checkpoint. Attachment of each kinetochore to a spindle fiber is assessed at the M checkpoint.
G1 Checkpoint
The G1 checkpoint determines whether all conditions are favorable for cell division to proceed into S phase where DNA replication occurs. The G1 checkpoint, also called the restriction point, is the point at which the cell irreversibly commits to the cell-division process. In addition to adequate reserves and cell size, there is a check for damage to the genomic DNA at the G1 checkpoint. A cell that does not meet all the requirements will not be released into the S phase.
G2 Checkpoint
The G2 checkpoint bars the entry to the mitotic phase if certain conditions are not met. As in the G1 checkpoint, cell size and protein reserves are assessed. However, the most important role of the G2 checkpoint is to ensure that all of the chromosomes have been replicated and that the replicated DNA is not damaged.
M Checkpoint
The M checkpoint occurs near the end of the metaphase stage of mitosis. The M checkpoint is also known as the spindle checkpoint because it determines if all the sister chromatids are correctly attached to the spindle microtubules. Because the separation of the sister chromatids during anaphase is an irreversible step, the cycle will not proceed until the kinetochores of each pair of sister chromatids are firmly anchored to spindle fibers arising from opposite poles of the cell.
Watch what occurs at the G1, G2, and M checkpoints by visiting this animation of the cell cycle.
When the Cell Cycle gets out of Control
Most people understand that cancer or tumors are caused by abnormal cells that multiply continuously. If the abnormal cells continue to divide unstopped, they can damage the tissues around them, spread to other parts of the body, and eventually result in death. In healthy cells, the tight regulation mechanisms of the cell cycle prevent this from happening, while failures of cell cycle control can cause unwanted and excessive cell division. Failures of control may be caused by inherited genetic abnormalities that compromise the function of certain "stop" and "go" signals. Environmental insult that damages DNA can also cause dysfunction in those signals. Often, a combination of both genetic predisposition and environmental factors lead to cancer.
The process of a cell escaping its normal control system and becoming cancerous may actually happen throughout the body quite frequently. Fortunately, certain cells of the immune system are capable of recognizing cells that have become cancerous and destroying them. However, in certain cases the cancerous cells remain undetected and continue to proliferate. If the resulting tumor does not pose a threat to surrounding tissues, it is said to be benign and can usually be easily removed. If capable of damage, the tumor is considered malignant and the patient is diagnosed with cancer.
Homeostatic Imbalances:
Cancer Arises from Homeostatic Imbalances
Cancer is an extremely complex condition, capable of arising from a wide variety of genetic and environmental causes. Typically, mutations or aberrations in a cell's DNA that compromise normal cell cycle control systems lead to cancerous tumors. Cell cycle control is an example of a homeostatic mechanism that maintains proper cell function and health. While progressing through the phases of the cell cycle, a large variety of intracellular molecules provide stop and go signals to regulate movement forward to the next phase. These signals are maintained in an intricate balance so that the cell only proceeds to the next phase when it is ready. This homeostatic control of the cell cycle can be thought of like a car's cruise control. Cruise control will continually apply just the right amount of acceleration to maintain a desired speed, unless the driver hits the brakes, in which case the car will slow down. Similarly, the cell includes molecular messengers, such as cyclins, that push the cell forward in its cycle.
In addition to cyclins, a class of proteins that are encoded by genes called proto-oncogenes provide important signals that regulate the cell cycle and move it forward. Examples of proto-oncogene products include cell-surface receptors for growth factors, or cell-signaling molecules, two classes of molecules that can promote DNA replication and cell division. In contrast, a second class of genes known as tumor suppressor genes sends stop signals during a cell cycle. For example, certain protein products of tumor suppressor genes signal potential problems with the DNA and thus stop the cell from dividing, while other proteins signal the cell to die if it is damaged beyond repair. Some tumor suppressor proteins also signal a sufficient surrounding cellular density, which indicates that the cell need not presently divide. The latter function is uniquely important in preventing tumor growth: normal cells exhibit a phenomenon called "contact inhibition;" thus, extensive cellular contact with neighboring cells causes a signal that stops further cell division.
These two contrasting classes of genes, proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, are like the accelerator and brake pedal of the cell's own "cruise control system," respectively. Under normal conditions, these stop and go signals are maintained in a homeostatic balance. Generally speaking, there are two ways that the cell's cruise control can lose control: a malfunctioning (overactive) accelerator, or a malfunctioning (underactive) brake. When compromised through a mutation, or otherwise altered, proto-oncogenes can be converted to oncogenes, which produce oncoproteins that push a cell forward in its cycle and stimulate cell division even when it is undesirable to do so. For example, a cell that should be programmed to self-destruct (a process called apoptosis) due to extensive DNA damage might instead be triggered to proliferate by an oncoprotein. On the other hand, a dysfunctional tumor suppressor gene may fail to provide the cell with a necessary stop signal, also resulting in unwanted cell division and proliferation.
A delicate homeostatic balance between the many proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes delicately controls the cell cycle and ensures that only healthy cells replicate. Therefore, a disruption of this homeostatic balance can cause aberrant cell division and cancerous growths.


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Do you want to Install any Custom ROM for Motorola Moto E 2015 device? then you are at the right place. Here we will list all the Custom ROM for Moto E 2015. If you have a Moto E 2015 device, then you may be knowing that this device runs on Android OS. Well, the biggest advantage of Android is that it is an open-source project. This allows every community to develop and Customize ROM for their phone.
To begin with, Moto E 2015 was launched in February 2015. The phone came out of the box with Android 5.1 Lollipop and was later upgraded to Android 6.0 Marshmallow. In this guide, we will show you which are the best custom ROM for Moto E 2015 available now.
Before moving to installation and download, let us know the difference between CUSTOM ROM and STOCK ROM.
Page Contents
What Is Android Stock ROM?
When you buy a brand new Android device, it comes equipped with a "Stock ROM," also known as the "Stock Firmware". The stock ROM is the preinstalled operating system on your device. The stock ROM has limited functionalities that are defined by the phone's manufacturer. If you wish to have extra features added to your device, then you will have to resort to custom ROM.
Check Out the Difference between Stock ROM and Custom ROM.
What is Custom ROM?
As you all know Android is an open-source platform where a developer can take all the source code from Google and build their own operating system images for Android phones and tablets from scratch. This Custom or Home built app is known as Custom ROM. Custom ROM replaces your Android Operating system (Stock ROM) which comes with your Phone or Tablet. It comes with a kernel which makes it a fully standalone OS. So some developers in Android Community will customize the Android OS by stripping all the Garbage and making it a pure Android experience with no carrier-installed app or OEM apps.
This Custom ROM is been updated regularly by the community and developers where they fix all the bugs-related reports. Custom ROM also allows you to experience the latest Android OS even if the OS has not available to your smartphone.
Best Custom ROM for Moto E 2015
Here is the list of Best Custom ROM for Moto E 2015. To Install Any Custom ROM for Moto E 2015, you need TWRP Recovery on your device. Once you have installed TWRP, you can easily start installing Custom ROM or any mods on your Moto E 2015 device. Here is the guide to Install TWRP Recovery on Moto E 2015.
If you have TWRP, then you can simply flash one of the best custom ROM for Moto E 2015 here. As we said, there are many custom ROM out there to choose from. Not every Custom ROM is meant to be stable to use as a daily driver. You can read the description and the features that come with the custom ROM given below for Moto E 2015 devices.
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Android 12:
Android 12 is all about improved personalization and revamped user interface that changes the way to bring more dynamic expression and a whole new design element. It's a successor of the last-gen Android 11 which was basically focused on the privacy and security of the user data. While the Android 12 not only focused on privacy features but also on visual treatment.
Android 11:
Well, Android 11, Google's 11th iteration looks similar to Android 10 but with a handful of new features and changes. The update brings notification history, Chat bubbles, Conversation notifications, screen recorder, new media controls, smart device controls, one-time permission, improved dark theme with the scheduling system, app suggestions, wireless android auto, and many more. For more, check out our article Android 11 supported list, Android 11 Custom ROM list, best Android 11 features, and many more.
Android 10 Q:
The Android 10 also offers built-in call screening, multi-camera API, smart replies in the notification panel, 5G support, improved call quality, bubble feature, live caption, and more. While the latest version also improves battery life, Focus mode which is similar to the Do Not Disturb mode, etc. Apart from that Android 10 also features 65 new emojis. It also comes with direct audio streaming support to hearing aid devices.
Lineage OS:
Lineage OS is the legacy of the old famous custom firmware known as CyanogenMod or CM. The company behind Cyanogen.Inc has withdrawn the popular Android mod, CyanogenMod that left many of its users disappointed. Few believed that the legacy of CyanogenMod will be taken forward by a new Android mod, however, it was all uncertain. It is amidst such chaos that Lineage OS was introduced and definitely it gave back everyone the answer concerning Android mod.
Lineage OS is one of the best custom ROM for any Android smartphone. Lineage ROM for Moto E 2015 comes with a lot of features such as Customizable Status bar, Theme, Resizing Nav bar, Nav Bar color, and customization, Quick Toggle feature, and more other features.
You can follow the link to Install Lineage OS for Moto E 2015 device.
Download ROM Here – Lineage OS 19
AOSPExtended ROM:
AOSP Extended ROM is based on the AOSP Source code which brings a lot of various cherry-picked commits from multiple other projects. Being based on AOSP, it provides a smooth and lag-free experience out of the box. The developer of AOSP Extended has promised to add many new features and make it even better for future updates. Just like every other custom ROM, AOSP Extended ROM also has many features which as a Status bar and Lockscreen customization, Theming, DU's navbar/Flingbar, AOSPA Pie, and many other features.
Resurrection Remix:
Resurrection Remix is a combination of the stability provided by CM and features from Slim, Omni, and original Remix builds providing an awesome combination of performance, customization, power, and the newest features brought directly to your device. This ROM is ultimately full-featured, stable, and combined with the best features of open source ROMs. The ROM is also providing a lot of awesome original Resurrection Remix ROM add-on s in the builds which include the best of performance, customization, power, and the newest features of your device!
ViperOS is a new Custom Firmware based on the AOSP code but has its own custom mods. This ROM is quite famous for its custom-made features from all CM, Lineage, Slim, Omni AOSPA, etc. The ROM was developed when Google released the code for Android 7.1 Nougat. Now it has become one of the most stable Custom firmware with many features and customization. It offers a great balance between battery and performance.
CrDroid OS:
CrDroid OS is a new custom ROM based on AOSP/ Lineage OS built from scratch by adding customization options from AOSPA, Lineage, SlimROM, crDroid OS, and many other great ROMs out there. The ROM brings a lot of customization options along with a Pure Android Experience.
MIUI 13 is the latest iteration of MIUI ROM developed by Xiaomi company. It is also used in many devices as a custom ROM. It is developed based on Android Operating system. The ROM comes with many features such as Theme support, Customization of Status bar, Mi Launcher without app drawer, and many other features.
Coming Soon..
Pixel Experience ROM:
As the name suggests, ROM brings the real Google Pixel Experience ROM on Moto E 2015. It has all the features and applications which come out of the box with the Google Pixel smartphone. Now you can experience the real Pixel Smartphone with this ROM.
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According to Cory Doctorow over at Boing Boing, Tim Wu has written an open letter to W3C Chairman Sir Timothy Berners-Lee, expressing concern about a proposal to include Encrypted Media Extensions (EME) as part of the W3C standards. W3C has a helpful description of EME:
Encrypted Media Extensions (EME) is currently a draft specification… [for] an Application Programming Interface (API) that enables Web applications to interact with content protection systems to allow playback of encrypted audio and video on the Web. The EME specification enables communication between Web browsers and digital rights management (DRM) agent software to allow HTML5 video play back of DRM-wrapped content such as streaming video services without third-party media plugins. This specification does not create nor impose a content protection or Digital Rights Management system. Rather, it defines a common API that may be used to discover, select and interact with such systems as well as with simpler content encryption systems.
Wu's letter expresses his concern about hardwiring DRM into the technical standards supporting an open internet. He writes:
I wanted to write to you and respectfully ask you to seriously consider extending a protective covenant to legitimate circumventers who have cause to bypass EME, should it emerge as a W3C standard.
Wu asserts that this "protective covenant" is needed because, without it, EME will confer too much power on internet "chokepoints":
The question is whether the W3C standard with an embedded DRM standard, EME, becomes a tool for suppressing competition in ways not expected…. Control of chokepoints has always and will always be a fundamental challenge facing the Internet as we both know… It is not hard to recall how close Microsoft came, in the late 1990s and early 2000s, to gaining de facto control over the future of the web (and, frankly, the future) in its effort to gain an unsupervised monopoly over the browser market."
But conflating the Microsoft case with a relatively simple browser feature meant to enable all content providers to use any third-party DRM to secure their content — in other words, to enhance interoperability — is beyond the pale. If we take the Microsoft case as Wu would like, it was about one firm controlling, far and away, the largest share of desktop computing installations, a position that Wu and his fellow travelers believed gave Microsoft an unreasonable leg up in forcing usage of Internet Explorer to the exclusion of Netscape. With EME, the W3C is not maneuvering the standard so that a single DRM provider comes to protect all content on the web, or could even hope to do so. EME enables content distributors to stream content through browsers using their own DRM backend. There is simply nothing in that standard that enables a firm to dominate content distribution or control huge swaths of the Internet to the exclusion of competitors.
Unless, of course, you just don't like DRM and you think that any technology that enables content producers to impose restrictions on consumption of media creates a "chokepoint." But, again, this position is borderline nonsense. Such a "chokepoint" is no more restrictive than just going to Netflix's app (or Hulu's, or HBO's, or Xfinity's, or…) and relying on its technology. And while it is no more onerous than visiting Netflix's app, it creates greater security on the open web such that copyright owners don't need to resort to proprietary technologies and apps for distribution. And, more fundamentally, Wu's position ignores the role that access and usage controls are playing in creating online markets through diversified product offerings
Wu appears to believe, or would have his readers believe, that W3C is considering the adoption of a mandatory standard that would modify core aspects of the network architecture, and that therefore presents novel challenges to the operation of the internet. But this is wrong in two key respects:
- Except in the extremely limited manner as described below by the W3C, the EME extension does not contain mandates, and is designed only to simplify the user experience in accessing content that would otherwise require plug-ins; and
- These extensions are already incorporated into the major browsers. And of course, most importantly for present purposes, the standard in no way defines or harmonizes the use of DRM.
The W3C has clearly and succinctly explained the operation of the proposed extension:
The W3C is not creating DRM policies and it is not requiring that HTML use DRM. Organizations choose whether or not to have DRM on their content. The EME API can facilitate communication between browsers and DRM providers but the only mandate is not DRM but a form of key encryption (Clear Key). EME allows a method of playback of encrypted content on the Web but W3C does not make the DRM technology nor require it. EME is an extension. It is not required for HTML nor HMTL5 video.
Like many internet commentators, Tim Wu fundamentally doesn't like DRM, and his position here would appear to reflect his aversion to DRM rather than a response to the specific issues before the W3C. Interestingly, in arguing against DRM nearly a decade ago, Wu wrote:
Finally, a successful locking strategy also requires intense cooperation between many actors – if you protect a song with "superlock," and my CD player doesn't understand that, you've just created a dead product. (Emphasis added)
In other words, he understood the need for agreements in vertical distribution chains in order to properly implement protection schemes — integration that he opposes here (not to suggest that he supported them then, but only to highlight the disconnect between recognizing the need for coordination and simultaneously trying to prevent it).
Vint Cerf (himself no great fan of DRM — see here, for example) has offered a number of thoughtful responses to those, like Wu, who have objected to the proposed standard. Cerf writes on the ISOC listserv:
EMEi is plainly very general. It can be used to limit access to virtually any digital content, regardless of IPR status. But, in some sense, anyone wishing to restrict access to some service/content is free to do so (there are other means such as login access control, end/end encryption such as TLS or IPSEC or QUIC). EME is yet another method for doing that. Just because some content is public domain does not mean that every use of it must be unprotected, does it?
And later in the thread he writes:
Just because something is public domain does not mean someone can't lock it up. Presumably there will be other sources that are not locked. I can lock up my copy of Gulliver's Travels and deny you access except by some payment, but if it is public domain someone else may have a copy you can get. In any case, you can't deny others the use of the content IF THEY HAVE IT. You don't have to share your copy of public domain with anyone if you don't want to.
Just so. It's pretty hard to see the competition problems that could arise from facilitating more content providers making content available on the open web.
In short, Wu wants the W3C to develop limitations on rules when there are no relevant rules to modify. His dislike of DRM obscures his vision of the limited nature of the EME proposal which would largely track, rather than lead, the actions already being undertaken by the principal commercial actors on the internet, and which merely creates a structure for facilitating voluntary commercial transactions in ways that enhance the user experience.
The W3C process will not, as Wu intimates, introduce some pernicious, default protection system that would inadvertently lock down content; rather, it would encourage the development of digital markets on the open net rather than (or in addition to) through the proprietary, vertical markets where they are increasingly found today. Wu obscures reality rather than illuminating it through his poorly considered suggestion that EME will somehow lead to a new set of defaults that threaten core freedoms.
Finally, we can't help but comment on Wu's observation that
My larger point is that I think the history of the anti-circumvention laws suggests is (sic) hard to predict how [freedom would be affected]– no one quite predicted the inkjet market would be affected. But given the power of those laws, the potential for anti-competitive consequences certainly exists.
Let's put aside the fact that W3C is not debating the laws surrounding circumvention, nor, as noted, developing usage rules. It remains troubling that Wu's belief there are sometimes unintended consequences of actions (and therefore a potential for harm) would be sufficient to lead him to oppose a change to the status quo — as if any future, potential risk necessarily outweighs present, known harms. This is the Precautionary Principle on steroids. The EME proposal grew out of a desire to address impediments that prevent the viability and growth of online markets that sufficiently ameliorate the non-hypothetical harms of unauthorized uses. The EME proposal is a modest step towards addressing a known universe. A small step, but something to celebrate, not bemoan.


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Sep 26, 2016
On this episode of the Dead Man's Digest Nina, Darren and Travis discuss and rank the Halloween Horror Nights houses from the opening weekend.
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42 Rules for Sourcing and Manufacturing in China (2nd Edition)
What's it about?
Doing business in China is tougher than you think. Not only is the culture vastly different, but China's experience in manufacturing is still developing. It will be a few years before the majority of manufacturers are up to world standards. In the meantime, quality, contract laws, schedules and logistics must be closely monitored. As a result, the things Westerners must do to be successful are far different from dealing with American or European manufacturers. The best way to quickly come up to speed on these differences and how to handle them is to learn from the experience of others. Through over 20 extraordinary executive interviews, Rosemary Coates captured the essence of sourcing and manufacturing in China. "42 Rules for Sourcing and Manufacturing in China (2nd Edition)" is a management book with a pragmatic approach that every businessperson headed to China must read.
For business people who are experienced in doing business in China, or for first-time visitors, this book will provide valuable insights from real executives and experts. These executives offer their personal experiences and recommendations about sourcing and manufacturing in China. Going beyond simple cultural do's and don'ts, you will discover:
- How business is really done
- How you can make things happen in China
- The mistakes westerners often make, and how to avoid them
- What made these executives successful
Based on her 25 years of supply chain experience, much of it spent living and working across Asia, author Rosemary Coates has become an expert on doing business in China. Her own personal experiences in China are interwoven into this book.
What they're saying
"Today I read '42 Rules for Sourcing and Manufacturing in China (2nd Edition)' by Rosemary Coates, a businesswoman with over 20 years experience in international trade in Asia. Why would I be interested in reading such a book? Two reasons:
1) Economic growth in China is exploding. It represents an abundant resource of cheap labor / materials and there is tremendous opportunity there.
2) I am currently working on manufacturing glow-in-the-dark key caps (marketed to women, so they can find their keys in their purse). After presenting RFQs to factories both in the US and abroad, it became clear that Chinese factories offer way cheaper prices, at least for injection molding-related stuff. But I also realized that there was a lot of stuff I didn't know: and like I say, it's worst to get screwed by not knowing what you don't know. This book helped me realize a lot of what I don't know.
Coates highlights the importance of understanding cultural differences between the Chinese and Americans. The Chinese culture is somewhat paradoxical, its heritage a mix of Communist and Confucianism."
Although the government is socialist, the Chinese operate with a very capitalist mindset, valuing hard work to get ahead and extreme competitiveness. Indeed, Coates hints that many of the famous government monitoring may be for the purpose of gaining competitive advantage in market negotiations! Moreover, the socialist roots value crediting inventions to the entire populous, explaining the Chinese ethical stance towards copying and stealing ideas: why not? Coates recommends strategies for dealing with IP theft, such as having individual components assembled in different factories, and only manufacturing older product-models abroad.
Confucianism was the prevailing philosophy in China for a long time, and it helped ingrain certain values such as unequal relationships between elder/superiors and inferiors and the importance of saving face in social situations. Chinese labor management works very much like this: superiors tell the inferiors what to do, and then they do exactly that. To deviate from precise instructions would embarrass the superiors. And although China is graduating 800,000 engineers per year, they are not being taught critical thinking skills; Chinese education emphasizes rote memorization. If a young Chinese student were to challenge a teacher, then the teacher might lose face, so no asking questions.
Other implications of this culture of respect include advice to handle business cards with great respect, a recommendation to answer questions about your income, weight, and marital status, and understanding when a Chinese partner may be prevaricating: it's likely that you will never be told "No" outright, out of concern for potential embarrassment. So if you get a lot of vague responses, be sure to politely address your concerns, without any direct accusations.
One other thing I found particularly interesting was the importance the author placed on guanxi, which roughly translates to "networking", though I think "clout" might be more apt. Relationships in China are built on trust and business favors, and it can take a year or more before sufficient trust has been accumulated to proceed with business processes. Coates encourages consulting firms that understand guanxi well to assist you in your ventures overseas.
I also learned lots about safety and environmental regulations, acronyms for International Commerce Terms ("incoterms"), geography, relative population growth, what to screen for when evaluating a factory, and more. Really, if you are thinking of doing business in China, I recommend getting this book. Even if Coates's perspective may be inaccurate at times (the book was published very recently, in November 2009, and even makes mention of Twitter), you will probably learn things you did not know. One last pearl: Chinese factories often have high turnover after the Chinese New Year (based on the lunar calendar), so defect rates are higher before and after the holiday; your QA process should account for potential problems there."
– Zachary Burt
What's in the book.
Rule 7 Expect the Unexpected—Betty's Story
Rule 14 Find Multiple Suppliers
Rule 41 Do's and Don'ts Are Helpful to Know
You can register for a free book excerpt on the right side of the page. Just complete the form and we'll email it right to you.
Watch the webcast
Registration with the BrightTALK network is free and gives you access to all 42Rules webcasts plus thousands more across their network.


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WASHINGTON (AP) _ The number of people seeking U.S. unemployment benefits fell last week to its lowest level in more than eight years.
Weekly applications for unemployment aid dropped 19,000 to a seasonally adjusted 284,000, the Labor Department said Thursday. That's the lowest reading since February 2006, nearly two years before the Great Recession began.
The four-week average, a less volatile measure, declined 7,250 to 302,000. Claims for jobless aid have been falling for the past three months. Recent reports have coincided with the temporary summer shutdowns of auto plants, yet the impact of those closures is addressed through seasonal adjustments.
Applications are a proxy for layoffs. When employers hold onto their workers, it's a sign of potential income gains, increased hiring and confidence that the economy will grow. The recent drop-off in unemployment benefit applications point to a substantial number of jobs added in July, raising expectations for the monthly employment report to be released August 1.
"All in, it looks like we may be in for another solid payroll report," said Jennifer Lee, a senior economist at BMO Capital Markets.
The decline in people applying for benefits buttresses other reports that the economy is improving.
Employers added 288,000 jobs in June, the fifth straight month of job gains above 200,000. That's the first such stretch since 1999, during the height of the dot-com boom. The unemployment rate has fallen to 6.1 percent, the lowest since September 2008.
Total layoffs in May dropped below pre-recession levels, the government said in a separate report. Job openings are at their highest level in seven years, while more workers are quitting their jobs. Workers usually quit when they have an offer for a better position or confidence that they can find one.
Still, the job growth has done little to lift wages significantly. Wage growth has barely matched inflation during the economic recovery.
But more people with jobs increases the total number of paychecks, which could boost consumer spending and growth. After a sharp contraction in the economy in the first three months of the year, most economists expect growth to return in the April-June quarter and exceed 3 percent at an annual pace in the second half of 2014.


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About the Book
Title: Caterpillar Shoes | Author: Angela Muse | Illustrator: Ewa Podles | Publication Date: March 26, 2015 | Publisher: 4EYESBOOKS | Pages: 28 | Recommended Ages: 0 to 8
Summary: Patches is an energetic caterpillar who is trying to decide what activities to do. In the end, she doesn't put any limits on herself and lives her life to the full.
Amazon * Goodreads
About the Author: Angela Muse
Angela was born in California to a military family. This meant that she got used to being the "new kid" in school every couple of years. It was hard trying to make new friends, but Angela discovered she had a knack for writing. In high school Angela began writing poetry and song lyrics. Expressing herself through writing seemed very natural. After becoming a Mom in 2003, Angela continued her storytelling to her own children. In 2009 she wrote and published her first rhyming children's book aimed at toddlers. Since then she has released several more children's picture books and released her first young adult romance series, The Alpha Girls, in 2012. Angela's husband, Ben Muse writes suspense/thriller books that can also be found on Amazon. Check out what else she's working on by visiting www.4eyesbooks.com
Website | Facebook | Goodreads | Twitter
* $50 Book Blast Giveaway *
Prize: $50 Amazon Gift Card or PayPal cash (winner's choice)
Contest ends: May 6, 11:59 pm, 2015
Open: Internationally
How to enter: Please enter using the Rafflecopter widget below.
Terms and Conditions: NO PURCHASE NECESSARY TO ENTER OR WIN. VOID WHERE PROHIBITED BY LAW. A winner will be randomly drawn through the Rafflecopter widget and will be contacted by email within 48 hours after the giveaway ends. The winner will then have 72 hours to respond. If the winner does not respond within 72 hours, a new draw will take place for a new winner. Odds of winning will vary depending on the number of eligible entries received. This contest is in no way sponsored, endorsed or administered by, or associated with Facebook. This giveaway is sponsored by the author, Angela Muse and is hosted and managed by Renee from Mother Daughter Book Reviews. If you have any additional questions – feel free to send and email to Renee(at)MotherDaughterBookReviews(dot)com.
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A collection of web sites and documents written by Dan Musick, M.A. in Theology from Wheaton Graduate School, 1978.
Paul Tournier's Universalism - Master's Thesis, 1978 Paul Tournier was an unrestricted universalist. His writings, personal correspondence with him, and interviews with many who knew him support this conclusion. An analysis of his soteriology over 35 years of writing reveals a transition from reformed roots to an unbiblical, neo-orthodox perspective influnced by Emil Brunner and Karl Barth. 130pp. KENOSIS - Christ "emptied Himself" (Philippians 2:7) An apologetic with over 100 links for understanding, defending and advancing the Biblical, orthodox view of our Lord's glorious humility. Faith Precedes Regeneration An evaluation of the Calvinist position, represented by R.C. Sproul, that regeneration precedes faith. Faith and Regeneration in the Scriptures - Which Comes First? A Biblical study of the order of salvation regarding regeneration and faith. Inclusivism - The fate of those who never hear Biblical Apologetics for Restrictive Exclusivism Dan's Theology Blog Get the latest news, links and uploads from Dan Musick. |


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Thu 13 Sep 2012
Everyone who is reading this because he/she wants to know how to get rich quick needs to realize that there's no calculated way of doing so. Every day, there are many people who all of a sudden become rich whether it's because of the lottery or betting big on the right stock which skyrocketed. Unfortunately for us though, these are mostly based on luck and can never be repeated systematically.
So, in order to get rich, the first thing we have to learn is be patient. Time my friends. That's the only fixed variable in the get rich formula.
If we want to get rich, we first need to start saving to create a positive cash flow. Whether it's a dollar or a thousand dollars, we need to save as much as we can. There will be sacrifices like not being able to buy that 50-inch LCD TV or the latest Gucci bag, but everything we buy is just an obstacle to our road of becoming rich.
Of course, the better our cash flow situation, the faster we can become rich. However, just saving is not enough, or at least won't be fast enough. In order to shorten our path to the goal, we need to have compound interest work for us. I'm sure everyone is familiar with this, so I won't try to pitch the power of compound interest. Just note that the higher the return, the faster we can increase our wealth.
There are tons of ways to gain interest with our money, and every way involves some risk. The higher the risk, the bigger the potential return. For example, online savings account is a pretty safe way to gain interest, but it only gives roughly a 3 percent APR at the time that this article is published.
A way to get higher returns with our money is through investing in stocks. This has proven to have the highest return over a 20 year time horizon, but those that have been invested in the last 3-6 months will have wished that all their money was transferred to the online savings account. This is due to the short term unpredictable nature of the stock market even though the potential reward is bigger.
In short, my point here is that there's no cookie cutting way to get rich. At least there's no sure way to get rich quick. In order to shorten the time it takes to become rich, we just have to take on more risk. Whether we are willing to take on the risk is up to us, because we are the one that will live with the decision.
As a famous person once said, there's no free lunch in this world.


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I have been actively working on a project this week. Everyone will soon find out what the project is. I do feel guilty without writing stories or news this week. Here goes - An unusual and fun thing to do is to play the giant chess game we have in San Jose. Be careful and don't get a check-mate.
Check! Check-Mate!
Exercise (moving the pieces), sunshine, and getting away from 'puter. Plus great conversations! It is a great place to unwind during the day. And a great price - free. Warning, some people take their giant chess game seriously.
Giant Chess game - Santana Row, San Jose
There is always something to discover when you turn down the "other" road.


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