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An advice firm must pay compensation following a complaint from a client who said he was "wrongly" advised to encash some investment bonds without having regard to the likely tax implications.
According to a Financial Ombudsman Service decision, the firm, Prism Financial Advice, did not explain to the client that, as a higher rate taxpayer, he would face chargeable gains.
The client, Mr J, said Prism's adviser did not look into partial encashment of the bonds or the option of using his existing bonds to give him the 5 per cent withdrawals he wanted. He said that would have met his annual Isa objective without needing to encash his bonds.
Mr J also took issue with the adviser's recommendations about inheritance tax protection and said this was never discussed. He said this was irrelevant because he is single with no dependents. He also said the adviser did not discuss his early retirement plans.
Mr J said that as well as the extra tax liability he was charged a 3 per cent set-up fee and a 1 per cent ongoing charge. He wanted the tax liability and the new charges refunded.
Prism rejected the initial complaint. It said that MR J had confirmed in 2015 that he was a basic-rate taxpayer and that the adviser told him there would be no chargeable gains if his tax status did not change.
Prism said the adviser kept in touch with Mr J and that he reduced his income to keep within the basic tax rate. It said the adviser tried to get in touch with Mr J in early 2016 but he did not respond until making a complaint in March of that year.
Prism said it then helped Mr J achieve his objectives, including pre-funding a Sipp plan.
Prism said the recommendation to encash the bonds was to give his portfolio reduced exposure to risk. It reduced the set-up charge from 3 per cent to 1 per cent and agreed to pay Mr J £500 for communication failures.
A FOS adjudicator said the complaint should be upheld, however Prism did not agree.
The adjudicator said Mr J was always likely to remain a higher level taxpayer, despite his attempts to reduce his income. He said the tax bill – which was £3,889 – was a result of Prism's advice to encash the bonds.
Prism disagreed and said it was not clear Mr J would stay a higher-rate taxpayer at the start of the year when it gave the advice to encash the bonds. It said if he had not increased his overtime during that year he would have stayed in the basic tax band.
It said in December 2015 the adviser recommended setting up a Sipp to maximise his pension payments and minimise his income but Mr J did not respond to offers of help with this. Prism said Mr J decided "at the last minute" to pay a lump sum into the Sipp that covers the encashment tax liability.
Prism said the tax bill from encashing the bonds is £1,479 and the rest of the bill was related to other dividends and earnings.
It maintained that the tax liability related to the bond encashment was because of Mr J's actions and inactions following the surrender.
The complaint was referred to ombudsman Tony Moss who upheld the complaint.
The decision says: "The key issue, for me, is whether there were sufficient reasons to recommend surrendering Mr J's existing bonds to reinvest in a new portfolio as this would inevitably involve a new setup charge irrespective of any potential chargeable gains. In my view there is not sufficient evidence to justify this recommendation."
It says: "The adviser makes highly generalised references to the existing investments no longer offering the benefits they once did without offering any specific concerns about the bonds in question. Equally, he offers no detailed explanation as to why the proposed new investments would deliver better growth potential etc."
It adds: "Crucially, the advisor does not explain why the existing portfolio could not be adjusted to potentially improve performance or provider greater flexibility etc. thereby avoiding encashment chargeable gains and new set-up charges. If Mr J had not been advised to go down this route he would not have incurred either a new set-up charge or a chargeable gain. He would have kept his original bonds and avoided both of these."
The FOS said the adviser made a "significant error" by not spelling out the chargeable gain issue in the suitability report. It said that "undermined the overall advice at the heart of his report".
The decision says: "I don't dispute that it may have sought to help Mr J reduce his taxable income, including proactively assisting him to set up and fund a Sipp, but this does not mitigate its liability for the inappropriate encashment. This was simply appropriate advice for a client seeking to maximise pension contributions and minimise tax liability."
The FOS said Prism should refund the 1 per cent set-up fee and the tax bill from the bonds being encashed. It said that amounts to £3,889. It said 8 per cent interest should be added to the two figures from the day the set-up fee was taken and the date Mr J paid the tax bill through to the day the complaint was settled.
It also said Prism should pay the £500 it already offered.


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Sunday evening, quite suddenly Amie started using her arm as if nothing had been amiss. The rapid healing was perhaps aided by Jenn's having safety-pinned the sling in place, truly immobilizing her arm for the vast majority of the day.
This morning when she awoke she had some slight lingering soreness, but is otherwise okay.
Thank you all for your prayers.

subset: commoncrawl


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We have had another fantastic year, we've met some wonderful people and been to some lovely places with 50 weddings in total
I have put together an image from every wedding from 2015
The year started on the 3rd January at The Carlyon Bay Hotel
Catherine and George were very lucky with the weather, the sun turned out for them and we also managed a trip to Charlestown
Into February and we were at The Mill House Inn Trebarwith for the wedding of Lorna and David, we had a trip down to my favourite beach Trebarwith Strand
Into March and our next stop was Bude Castle followed by The Wier for the wedding of Danielle and Paul.
Here is Danielle with a very proud father.
On the 14th of March we had our first wedding at Bodmin Jail.
Craig and Jodie had a super day, Jodie wore a Princess wedding dress which only just managed to fit down the spiral staircases when we went down into the dungeons.
Into April and we had our first trip of the year to Tregenna Castle St Ives for the wedding of Lara and Chris, they had a horse and carriage to take them down to Porthminster Beach. The weather at Easter was gorgeous
The 10th April saw us at Pencarrow House for the wedding of Catherine and Kevin
On the 11th April we went to Laneast Church for the wedding of Becky and Mark , then it was off to Colliford Lake for some pictures before the reception at The Colliford Lake Tavern, it was another gorgeous day.
On the 14th April I went to Lantallack for my first wedding at this lovely venue. Kirsty and Richard had a glorious day and I also met up with Samantha whose wedding I photographed last year she was doing Kirsty's hair.
Kirsty and Richard had two of the cutest page boys ever.
18th April saw us at St Columb Major Church for the wedding of Clare and Sean, they had their reception at The Glendorgal Hotel Newquay
On the 22nd of April I photographed the wedding of Ann and Mike who got married at the Watergate BayHotel
25th April saw us at Trevenna Barns for the wedding of Katherine and Ben despite the rain they had a great day
Into May and on the 2nd of May I was at Amelies in Porthleven for the wedding of Christie and Mike
On the 5th of May I had a trip to Charlestown for the wedding of Aaron and Magdalena it was a stormy day but we still managed to get outside for some shots around the harbour
On the 16th May we had our second trip of the year to Trevenna Barns for the wedding of Gemma and Reece
23rd May saw us at St Brewards Church and then Trethorne Leisure for the wedding of Kirsty and Matthew
On the 27th of May we had second trip to the Old Vicarage Treleigh for the wedding of Amber and Craig
On the 30th May the we went to Mount Pleasant Eco Park in the hills above Porthtowan for the wedding of Micha and Marcus, a shared love of Ducati Motorbikes is how they met.
Into June and on the 6th we were at the lovely setting of Fowey Hall Hotel for the wedding of Andy and Zoe
The 13th June saw us at Maryfield Church Torpoint for the wedding of Hayley and Steven, the reception was held at Whitsand Bay Holiday Park
On the 19th June I went to The Park Mawgan Porth for the wedding of Troy and Kirsty
The next day saw us back at the The Carlyon Bay Hotel for the wedding of Nicole and Nick
on the 27th June we went to Lanivet Church followed by the reception at Kirland Farm for the wedding of
Rosalie and Louis
here is the Land Rover convoy which took the Bridal Party to the reception
On the 4th July we went to the The Pier House Westwood Ho! for the wedding of Katy and Michael, it was one of the hottest days of the year
On the 11th July we were at Merchants Manor Falmouth for the wedding of Em and Craig
On the 13th July we went to St Neot's Church followed by our 3rd trip of the year to Trevenna Barns for the wedding of Lauren and Adam
Lauren had a lovely floral head dress
The next day we were at The Guildhall St Ives for the wedding of Careen and Robin, the weather was truly awful but we managed to get up to the little chapel overlooking St Ives
18th July saw us at the St Agnes Church and the Driftwood Spars Hotel for the wedding vows renewal of Stephanie and Adam, here is Adam serving up some ice cream for Steph
On the 24th July we had our first trip to Cornish Camels for the Wedding of Carly and Ben
On the 25th July we went to St Peter's Church, Newlyn followed by Lands End Hotel for the wedding of
Robyn and Tom
There were some great hats at this wedding so here is another picture
On the 27th July we went to the Trevigue near Crackington Haven for the wedding of Joanne and Kier, a fabulous venue just a short walk to Strangles Beach
On the 1st August we went to probably the prettiest church in Cornwall, St Just in Roseland followed by the reception at The Falmouth Hotel for the wedding of Mark and Jenny
On the 3rd of August and we were at The Metropole Hotel in Padstow for the wedding of Lucy and Mike, Lucy was very brave we had a walk around Padstow Harbour on one of the busiest days of the summer
I had to break out the fish eye lens for this shot to avoid getting the crowds in the picture
On the 7th August we headed to Rame Head Church and Mount Edgcumbe House for the wedding of Emma and Ashton, the church has no electricity so it was candlelights all the way
The following day we were at the Penventon Park Hotel for the wedding of Kirsten and John
15th August saw me at The Mill House Inn Trebarwith for the wedding of Kate and Gavin
who had the most gorgeous flower girl
Saturday 22nd August and we were at Boconnoc Church for the wedding of Clare and Jamie.
On the 3rd September we were back at Tregenna Castle for the wedding of Cara and James, the weather was a bit stormy which is why Porthminster beach is empty
On the 5th September we did a wedding half in Cornwall and half in Devon, we started at Mount Edgcumbe House for the ceremony then took the Cremyll ferry to the Royal Corinthian Yacht Club for the wedding of Michaela and James
On the 12th September we were at the Holy Trinity Church in St Austell followed by the reception at St Austell Golf Club for the wedding of Dan and Joanna. In between we had a trip down to the beach at Port Holland
The 19th September saw us at Emmanuel Baptist Church in Falmouth followed by The Alverton Hotel in Truro for the wedding of Anais and Josh
The 21st September we were at one of our favourite venues The Blue Bar Porthtowan for the wedding of Leah and Matt, after the ceremony they went in for a surf
here is another shot taken in the evening
On the 22nd of September I was at Crantock Church for the wedding blessing of Sandie and Steve
The 26th September saw us in Newquay at The Glendorgal Hotel for the wedding of Katy and Dan, they were lucky enough to have a gorgeous sunset
Our first wedding in October on the 17th was at Poughill Church near Bude followed by the reception at Penstowe Manor We also took Jodie and Trevor to Crooklets Beach for some pictures
22nd October I was at The Scarlett Hotel Mawgan Porth for the wedding of Caitlin and Tom, they had some wondrful sunshine
Saturday 24th October we went to St Breock Church followed by Royal Pavilions Wadebridge for the wedding of Beverley and Andy, during the readings Andy should have been sat in the chair next to Beverley but decided to go back and sit with the Best Man not a good start!
On the 26th October we paid our 4th visit to Trevenna Barns for the wedding of Sophie and John
On the 31st October we had the short journey to the Port William Inn Trebarwith Strand for the wedding of
Samantha and Josh
Samantha is a great fan of haloween
On the 17th of December I was back at The Scarlet Hotel Mawgan Porth to photograph the wedding of Rachel and Nick we then took a trip to Bedruthan Steps
On the 20th December we had our last wedding of the year at Carnglaze Caverns for the wedding of Lisa and Dan
Well that's it for 2015 but I have got some fab weddings coming up in 2016


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Supported by the Republican Party, Jeannette Rankin was elected to serve as Representative for Montana, the first-ever female member of the U.S. House of Representatives.
Please log in to consult the article in its entirety. If you are a member (student of staff) of a subscribing institution (see List), you should be able to access the LE on campus directly (without the need to log in), and off-campus either via the institutional log in we offer, or via your institution's remote access facilities, or by creating a personal user account with your institutional email address. If you are not a member of a subscribing institution, you will need to purchase a personal subscription. For more information on how to subscribe as an individual user, please see under Individual Subcriptions.
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Richert, Lucas Paul. "First female member of the House of Representatives". The Literary Encyclopedia. First published 01 November 2008
[https://www.litencyc.com/php/stopics.php?rec=true&UID=5571, accessed 16 December 2018.]


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Update: Sharing is Caring
Yesterday during my lunch break, I decided to finally pick a loan off of Kiva to donate to. I have been aware of this site for probably about a year or two and really admire the efforts and I guess the whole system/principle of microfinance.
And... since I don't explain things very well, here is how Kiva describes themselves:
Kiva's mission is to connect people, through lending, for the sake of alleviating poverty.
Kiva empowers individuals to lend to an entrepreneur across the globe. By combining microfinance with the internet, Kiva is creating a global community of people connected through lending.Admittedly, I know little to nothing about microfinance except that it can be super powerful. The website has a "Facts" page that is updated daily to show the current impact:
|Total value of all loans made through Kiva:
|Number of Kiva Users:
|Number of Kiva Users who have funded a loan:
|Number of countries represented by Kiva Lenders:
|Number of entrepreneurs that have received a loan through Kiva:
|Number of loans that have been funded through Kiva:
|Percentage of Kiva loans which have been made to women entrepreneurs:
|Number of Kiva Field Partners (microfinance institutions Kiva partners with):
|Number of countries Kiva Field Partners are located in:
|Current repayment rate (all partners):
|Average loan size:
|Average total amount loaned per Kiva Lender (includes reloaned funds):
|Average number of loans per Kiva Lender:
I've highlighted some of the line items that I think are most interesting/captivating/impressive.
I'm no mathematician but if they've loans $170 million out of 500k people - just imagine the impact if the remaining 280k people that have Kiva accounts but haven't donated yet. Incredible.
Anyway, my donation is just a drop in the bucket - but I'm really interested in the whole concept/model/success stories. When I was picking my loan to help fund, I really wanted to help a woman and the location was not too important to me. After wading through a few applicant pages, I settled on Martha Del Socorro Ortiz Baltodano.
Martha wanted a mere $475 to help grow her tortilla business (and a few small other things). I was the 2nd person to sign on to Martha's funding request - and this morning I got an email that Martha's loan had been fully funded! I could not believe that in less than 18 hrs, 17 people had donated to get Martha to her final goal.
I'm not sure when I'll do my next Kiva donation - but I do know that I'll probably be just as surprised at how fast the process is - and hopefully just as impressed with the amount of people that have joined/donated/contributed.
Note: I did learn a few weeks ago that my company's annual Charitable Giving Program lets you pick the charity that you'd like your donation to go to - if you are financially able to donate. KIVA was an option for me - and so this year my donation is headed to them. I'm not sure that I get to "pick a loan" after the donation - but a donation to the general fund is still pretty cool.


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If you'd prefer to sell your piece(s) outright, we'll make you an honorable offer. While you're framing your expectations, it's important for you to understand that jewelry prices are like auto prices:
New-car prices include the profits and services of many providers – suppliers, transporters, retailers, advertisers, and many others. The moment you drive off the dealer's lot, however, the car's value drops dramatically. All those "extras" no longer count.
Now it's a"used car."
You understand the implications. Let's say you purchased that watch or ring or bracelet, sparkling and brand new, only a few months ago. Let's say you paid $3500 for it, and it's never even been out of the box. We can't offer you $3500 for your piece. Now it's "used" and destined for the resale market.
We pledge that we'll be as generous as we an in what we offer for your fine jewelry. We hope you'll be happily surprised.


text: Christian Robertozzi, APMA past president and New Jersey's gift to leadership will be our guest on Tuesday night. Dr. Robertozzi graduated in 1981 with a DPM degree from the CCPM. He completed a surgical residency at Huntington General Hospital in Boston, Massachusetts, under Robert Frykberg. In 1983, Dr. Robertozzi opened his private practice in Newton, New Jersey. He is board certified by ABPOPPM, ABPS & ABQAUR. Today he is the chairman of surgery at Newton Memorial Hospital.


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Talk:New Jersey Births and Christenings (FamilySearch Historical Records)
From FamilySearch Wiki
Upon researching my New Jersey ancestors I have found the birth and marriage dates to be off by one year. After looking at the original microfilm I saw the problem. The dates at the top of the original documents covered a two year span (Example: 1880-1881) going from the middle of one year and lapsing around to the middle of the next year ( Example: July 1880 -June 1881). the records were indexed using the first year only (Example: 1880), So ,using these examples, if the ancestor was born between 1 of Jan to 30 of June the year was not adjusted from 1880 to 1881. Hence, someone born on 1 Jan 1881 was indexed to 1 Jan 1880.


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- Academics + Research
- Handbook
- Staff Advising
- Student Life + Wellness
- Academics + Research
- Handbook
- Staff Advising
- Student Life + Wellness
Engineering Ethics Requirement
Beginning with the Class of 2017 (those entering in Fall 2013), Penn Engineering students must fulfill the Engineering Ethics requirement. The Ethics Requirement will not necessitate the completion of any additional course units in the existing BAS or the BSE degrees, as the requirement may be double-counted from the student's SSH course requirements.
The Engineering Ethics requirement can be satisfied by taking EAS 203 ENGINEERING ETHICS. This course may be used (double-counted) for the "Social Science" requirement as well. Students are strongly encouraged to take the Ethics Requirement course during the sophomore year.
- BE and ASBS majors may also take the following for the Ethics requirement: HSOC 101 (or any of its cross-listed numbers), HSOC 102, HSOC/SOCI 118, HSOC 140, LGST 100, LGST 220, NURS 330, NURS 525, PHIL/PPE 272, PHIL 472, PHIL 473.
- CMPE majors may also take CIS 125.
- VIPER students may use VIPR 120/121 to satisfy the Engineering Ethics Requirement in any major.


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The Go! Team - Proof of Youth
Off the back of their fresh sounding first album, Thunder, Lighting, Strike, the Go! Team return to 2007. Said to infuse indie rock, hip-hop, dance, funk and cheerleading chants etc, a fair sum up of their sound. Here, led by Ian Parton the band offer up 10 new songs in the vein of their debut. From the beginning "Grip Like a Vice", "Doing it Right" and "Titanic Vandalism" all display that frenetic energy the band are known to enforce and they don't at any time disappoint.
"My World" seems like an update of "Hold Yr Terror Close" a 2 minute instrumental of chant less charm. Again vocalist Ninja is hidden in the mix, with vocals more prominent from other members. "Keys to the City" is a highlight with the constant chanting delivered by a collective it seems, with brass over the top and a surf riff to top it off. "Fake ID" and "The Wrath of Marcie" provide catchy structures, keeping in touch with the albums flow of vitality. Fans of Public Enemy will be sure to enjoy "Flashlight Fight" featuring rapper Chuck D.
Where Thunder, Lighting, Strike was a breath of fresh air and practically original, it feels that Proof of Youth is just a copy of the main blueprint of the band's sound. While that sound is already quite impressive, there's not enough evidence shown to qualify this as a progression from their previous statement, more of a Thunder, Lightning, Strike part two if you will. Still with all said this a very likeable album and proves to be exciting after numerous amounts of listens, even if it doesn't outshine the quality of material executed on the predecessor.
Sean B
Tuesday, October 30, 2007
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Govt Jobs in Planning & Development Planning Commission:
- Title: Member.
- Category:Government.
- Newspaper: Jang, Dawn, The News, Express & Nawaiwaqt.
- Last date to Apply: 10 November 2014.
Job Opportunity Description:
Jobs in Planning & Development Planning Commission for experienced, well educated, determined, self driven, hardworking, dynamic, result oriented & innovative candidates for vacancies of Member (Food Security & Climate Change). The essential requirement for career opportunities in Planning & Development Planning Commission is Masters Degree & PhD from HEC recognized University. Candidate must have minimum 15 years experience in the relevant field for Jobs in Planning & Development Planning Commission Pakistan. You can submit your application along with detailed Resume / CV, attested photocopies of all relevant documents such as educational certificates, experience certificates, CNIC, domicile & recent photograph at the given address below & be a part of this department. It is golden chance for all those who have higher education & they wanted to work in such type of department, so feel free to apply for these vacant positions. The last date to apply for vacancies in Planning & Development Planning Commission is 1o November 2014. The portrayal of vacancies is given in the advertisement.For more quires you can contact at the given address below.
- Website: www.pc.gov.pk.
- Email: firstname.lastname@example.com.
- Phone No: 051-9204215.
- Address: Ministry of Planning, Development & Reform, Block P, Pak Secretariat, Islamabad.
Latest Jobs In Pakistan
NewJobsInPakistan.Com Daily Jobs


text:
Archive for June 18, 2017
Are You Looking for Affordable HDMI Highspeed Cables?
The life giving umbilical cord that connects us to our mothers when we are in the womb may have been the first connection that we all had to a source of power, but it is certainly not the last time that we are anxious to staying connected. From USB cables to to zipcord fiber optic cables and from 100 ft HDMI cables to the various cell phone cable accessories that we all use, few would argue that we are a connected society.
As every new release of a phone or tablet comes out, so too are new versions of charging cords and accessories like 100 ft HDM


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UPCOMING: digital long jump – Revival of 1970s & 80s pop culture in former Yugoslavia
Alternative media art (cinema, television, music) of the 1970s and early 1980s Yugoslavia challenged the status quo of the socialist culture, explored contemporary themes, examined social tensions and contradictions, adopted influences of the U.S., and supported a local youth culture. Twenty years after the breakup of Yugoslavia, a foundation of plurality and the cultural products of this pre-conflict period have appeared, reinterpreted in art venues indicating the regeneration of a contemporary form of 'Yugoslavianism'.
Combining visual research methods, observation, and personal interviews in Belgrade, Serbia (a center of culture and alternative media production), our research and subsequent installation will examine the persistence of alternative media created during these years, and its influence on local and everyday arts culture.
In addition to this research, we have been awarded a grant and will be joined by Tony Labriola (DOP) to put together an experimental documentary trailer. Focusing on the impact of pre-conflict media on post-conflict culture and public memory, we are reaching out to artists, curators, and regular folks for their input.
Stay tuned.


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Receive $30 off your next Tattoo at Cherry Bomb Tattoo Studio in Ormond, Melbourne. Professional Tattoo Artist ready to bring your ideas to life. Call 0468 450 599 .
Phone number: 0468 45....
Email: Click to view
URL: http://www.cherrybombtattoostudio.com
Trading/Opening hours:
|Mon: ---
|Tue: 11:30am - 6:00pm
|Wed: 11:30am - 6:00pm
|Thu: 11:30am - 6:00pm
|Fri: 11:30am - 7:00pm
|Sat: 11:00am - 5:00pm
|Sun: ---
|Public Hols: ---
Business Info
Cherry Bomb Tattoo Studio is a unique Melbourne based Tattoo Studio. Friendly and talented artists experienced in all styles of tattooing are available to discuss your individual artwork. Neo-traditional, Realism, Japanese, Script, Tribal, Custom tattooing. $130 hourly rate.
Coupons, Bargains, Freebies and Sales
Recommend This Business
The review system is a way for customers of this business to easily share their opinion. By sharing your experience with this business, you help other consumers find the right business for them! By leaving a review, you also earn STARPOINTS. Starpoints can be redeemed for cash or prizes like iTunes giftcards. Find out more about Starpoints here.
Some tips when posting a review: When writing a review, see if you can be as balanced as possible. What did you like, what didn't you like? Here are some things to think about - How was the customer service? How was the product or service quality? How was the price/value? Please also check and adhere to the editorial guidelines when posting a review.


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Last month The Supreme Court decided that the current system of Employment Tribunal fees was unlawful. This means now that an individual can bring a claim without having to pay any fees.
They ruled that charging a fee for applicants was in effect preventing access to justice and was therefore unlawful under both UK and EU law.
The court particularly noted that the majority of tribunal claims were of low value or non-financial means and therefore the charges were deterring people from claiming.
So, as the matter stands employees do not have to pay a fee to bring a tribunal claim. This makes it more important than ever to ensure that you treat employees appropriately and follow the correct processes, as they no longer have to pay a fee in order to issue a claim.
If you need help with the absence process, performance management or grievances and dismissals please get in touch. Our sister company FusionHR can help. We can also arrange insurance to cover the event of a claim in relation to Tribunals.


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Drug Infonet provides drug and disease information for your healthcare needs. Visit our FAQ page to find answers to common health questions. Look on the Manufacturer Info page to link to pharmaceutical company pages. Click to Health Info and Health News for the latest in healthcare developments.
Doctors' Answers to "Frequently Asked Questions" - Imdur
[posted 07/29/2000]
Answer: Nitroglycerin causes vasodilation of the arteries and consequently headaches. These usually get better in about 10 days if you continue the medication without stopping it. As to the benefit/cost of stopping that you need to discuss this one with your md.
Imdur [posted 1/13/99]
Answer: This is a time release long acting nitroglycerin type drug. Usually dosed once a day. Similar side effects of headache, tolerance, etc. Effective in general.
Imdur [posted 11/13/98]
Answer: Wouldn't expect any of them to cause a problem unless his blood pressure has really dropped.
Imdur [posted 11/13/98]
Answer: Imdur is for angina or occasionally congestive heart failure. He will still need this since changing his rate doesn't do anything to correct this problem. Probably needs the others also. He might need less digoxin and you should ensure his doctor has kept it as low as possible since it is commonly a cause of confusion in the elderly.
Imdur Contents [posted 7/31/98]
Answer: Imdur is a long acting organic nitrate compound. It contains isosorbide mononitrate in extended release formulation. Imdur 60 contains 60 mg of isosorbide mononitrate. This is basically long acting nitroglycerin type drug for angina and other cardiac conditions.
Imdur and Colitis [posted
Answer: Never seen nitroglycerin or similar drugs used for inflammatory bowel disease. Nicotine yes, these drugs no. You might want to check with the company Key Pharmaceutical 800-526-4099.
Answer: I wouldn't think so.
Side Effects
Answer: Imdur is a long acting nitroglycercin agent. The most common side effect
of nitroglycerin is a headache. This will occasionally get less severe over ten days or
so. However, 20% or so of my patients will never get tolerant to the effects and continue
to have incapacitating headaches. If you need nitro, other formulations will be expected
to have the same effect. Sometimes you can start at a lower level and work up. Sometime
you have to increase other medicines to compensate (beta blockers or calcium channel
Back to Medication/Pharmaceutical main page.


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I am only slowly attempting to master the art of self-tanning. As we are all aware, it is crucial to avoid too much sun exposure. Skin cancer is serious. However, we still want that sun kissed glow.
For years, I struggled to perfect my tan at home. I often woke up to find streaks on my legs or my arms would look orange. After trying a number of products, I came across the ultimate idiot-proof self-tanner. I have been using the St. Tropez Bronzing Lotion since last summer. I was amazed to find this product on the shelves at Costco, as it is a pricey brand.
I recommend applying this after exfoliating in the shower up to three times per week. Need a good body scrub? Check out my DIY Brown Sugar Body Scrub. After drying off, I apply this tanner using a mitt. Mine is from Tarte but St. Tropez sells a similar one (I just already owned the Tarte one). I apply this product in an upward motion. I work from my ankle to knee on the front and back of my legs then work from my knee to upper thigh. I generally only tan my legs. Although I wear sunscreen, my arms get a lot more exposure and maintain a tan better. As for cleaning your application mitt, I recommend using soap and water immediately after using it. I lay my mitt out to dry overnight and it is ready for use by the next day. Note: one reader recommends putting your application mitt in the washing machine!
I highly recommend checking out this self-tanner if you have not already!
Any good self-tanners I should check out?


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903 1277 Nelson Street, Vancouver Listing #: R2316639
Great live-in or investment opportunity in prime Westend neighbourhood. Immaculately cared-for iconic concrete building minutes to everything; Davie, Robson, Denman and so much more. Home features 2 beds, 2 baths + Den with floor to ceiling windows. Additional Option: remove the Den walls to create a spacious open floor plan. Kitchen has been upgraded with engineered stone countertops, stainless steel appliances including a double oven. In-suite laundry, Parking and locker all included. No Rental Restrictions.
Taxes (2018): $1,657.85
- Elevator
- Exercise Centre
- Sauna/Steam Room
- Storage
- Swirlpool/Hot Tub
- Wheelchair Access
- Clothes Dryer
- Clothes Washer
- Refrigerator
- Stove
Site Influences
- Central Location
- Private Setting
- Recreation Nearby
- Shopping Nearby
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Listed By: Royal LePage Regency Realty
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Region. $400 million land bank
Diversified property group GPT aims to lift the weighting of business park and logistics property in its portfolio from 11 per cent to 15 percent. The portfolio would be expanded by acquiring individual properties and completing $400 million worth of developments on existing land banks at Erskine Park, Sydney Olympic Park and Somerston in Victoria.
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The Scientific World Journal
Volume 2014, Article ID 786896, 11 pages
A Method for Calculating the Area of Zostera marina Leaves from Digital Images with Noise Induced by Humidity Content
Centro de Investigación Científica y Educación Superior de Ensenada, Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana No. 3918, Zona Playitas, 22860 Ensenada, BC, Mexico
Received 20 January 2014; Accepted 24 March 2014; Published 4 May 2014
Academic Editor: Jonne Kotta
Copyright © 2014 Cecilia Leal-Ramirez and Hector Echavarria-Heras. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Despite the ecological importance of eelgrass, nowadays anthropogenic influences have produced deleterious effects in many meadows worldwide. Transplantation plots are commonly used as a feasible remediation scheme. The characterization of eelgrass biomass and its dynamics is an important input for the assessment of the overall status of both natural and transplanted populations. Particularly, in restoration plots it is desirable to obtain nondestructive assessments of these variables. Allometric models allow the expression of above ground biomass and productivity of eelgrass in terms of leaf area, which provides cost effective and nondestructive assessments. Leaf area in eelgrass can be conveniently obtained by the product of associated length and width. Although these variables can be directly measured on most sampled leaves, digital image methods could be adapted in order to simplify measurements. Nonetheless, since width to length ratios in eelgrass leaves could be even negligible, noise induced by leaf humidity content could produce misidentification of pixels along the peripheral contour of leaves images. In this paper, we present a procedure aimed to produce consistent estimations of eelgrass leaf area in the presence of the aforementioned noise effects. Our results show that digital image procedures can provide reliable, nondestructive estimations of eelgrass leaf area.
1. Introduction
Zostera marina also known as eelgrass is a relevant seagrass species, which supplies significant amounts of organic materials to food webs in shallow coastal environments and provides habitat (in bays, lagoons, or estuaries) for many fishes and their larvae [1]. Eelgrass beds can also help remediate contaminated sediments [2], filter and retain nutrients from the water column [3], help in the stabilization of sediments [4], and reduce erosion forces by stumping wave energy, thus promoting the stabilization of adjacent shorelines [5]. However, the permanence of eelgrass beds—as well as those formed by other seagrass species—is currently being threatened by anthropogenic influences to such an extent that special conservation efforts are needed [6]. This requires the development of accurate and cost-effective procedures aimed at obtaining scientific knowledge about the pertinent growth dynamics. This is particularly relevant in assessments of restoration projects, where the use of noninvasive data gathering techniques turns out to be of fundamental importance.
The characterization of eelgrass biomass and its dynamics is an important input for the assessment of the overall status of both natural and transplanted eelgrass populations. In eelgrass the basic unit for studying biomass and its production is the shoot, which includes sheaths, leaves, rhizomes, and roots. Biomass consists of an aboveground component formed by sheaths and leaves and a belowground constituent formed by rhizomes and roots. Root emergence occurs at leaf scars, also known as rhizome nodes. The production of leaves and rhizome nodes is connected such that each leaf produced is linked to a rhizome node. Hence, the overall production of shoots can be estimated by measuring the production of leaves [7]; this makes us know the growth rate of leaves fundamental to the assessment of eelgrass populations [8]. Moreover, estimations of leaf biomass and leaf-growth rates are keys to assessing the reestablishment of ecological functioning in restored areas. Nevertheless, traditional methods for the estimation of eelgrass leaf biomass and the related leaf growth rates are destructive and time consuming. Even though these procedures do not damage natural seagrass populations, they could produce undesirable effects on transplant experiments. Favorably, the conspicuous growth form of eelgrass makes it possible to introduce proxies that allow assessments while avoiding invasive interference. Moreover, estimations of leaf biomass or productivity in eelgrass can be efficiently obtained using allometric alternatives, which state these variables in terms of leaf length or area [9, 10]. But even though leaf architecture in eelgrass makes length a consistent descriptor of area, allometric models that express leaf biomass in terms of linked area perform relatively better than those involving leaf length as an independent variable. Therefore, for consistent allometric estimations of leaf biomass or productivity of eelgrass it is convenient to produce reliable estimations of leaf area. The observed ribbon-like appearance of the leaves in Zostera marina is a feature that permits obtaining direct and fairly accurate estimations of blade length and width . These variables provide convenient estimations of the corresponding blade area , through the leaf length times width proxy [1]. If we used the symbol as a subscript to represent observed values for the above named variables, then estimations of leaf area obtained through this proxy are given by which combined with allometric methods could simplify assessments of eelgrass leaf biomass and productivity [9, 10].
Digital image processing techniques were initially aimed to calculate the area of leaves for terrestrial plants [11–13]. These methods provide simplified estimations of biologically relevant variables. For example, Patil and Bodh [14] used area of sugarcane leaves for plant growth monitoring to analyze manure scarcity and environmental stress and to assess disease severity. Lü et al. [15] used leaf area measurement to assess long-term influences on yield and because it is a fundamental index in crop growth and nurturing practice. Although, leaf area in eelgrass can be conveniently obtained by means of (1), and both and can be directly measured on most sampled leaves, methods based on digital image processing could be adapted in order to simplify these tasks. Moreover, eelgrass leaf area can be directly estimated from digital imagery by using the Monte Carlo method [1]: if we let denote these estimations, then they are obtained through where LPN is the number of points placed inside the considered leaf area and stands for the number of points contained in a unit area.
Besides, the Monte Carlo method eelgrass leaf area could be also obtained from digital images by using the length times width proxy of (1). Indeed, if and , respectively, denote leaf length and width obtained from the associated digital image, then these variables can be estimated through where and are, respectively, obtained by counting the number of points contained over the length and width dimensions of the leaf, and is the number of points contained in the appropriate distance measurement unit. Therefore, denoting by means of the associated leaf area, we will correspondingly have Nevertheless, when using either (2) or (5) to produce estimations of leaf area we must be aware that some Zostera marina leaves could be very long or present curvatures, among irregularities caused by environmental factors like grazing or drag forces. The influence of these factors could affect image quality, which could produce biased estimations for leaf area. These effects have been partially addressed by Ramfos et al. [16], who proposed a method based on image processing techniques for measurements of a Zostera marina leaf by taking into account the effects of curvature on accuracy. Yet another important factor which we address here concerns the effects that the humidity contents of a leaf can originate in image processing. In fact, once leaves are removed from a shoot they begin to lose water and degrade. Hence, if leaves cannot be processed immediately after being collected, it is important to keep them in a manner that reduces changes in shape [17]. Therefore, an efficient digitalizing of a Zostera marina blade requires maintenance of an optimal humidity for increased image fidelity. On the other hand, humidity contents in a leaf can induce noise to an image by adding extraneous information, which usually manifests by pixel value misidentification.
Data published by Echavarria-Heras et al. [1], taken over a comprehensive sampling experiment, show that measured maximum width for a Zostera marina leaf is 6 mm. Surely, other authors report a variation range from 1.5 to 12 mm for this estimation [18]. A wide variation range in width in conjunction with noise due to humidity content can increase uncertainty in blade width measurements obtained from digitalized leaf images. This makes it necessary to devise a way that allows discriminating the concomitant error spreading over leaf area assessments. So far, an approach that integrates among others techniques, one aimed to handle noise effects induced by the humidity contents on a Zostera marina leaf, has not been produced. In this study, we conceived a method which using criteria based on statistical analysis techniques reduces the effects that noise linked to the humidity contents of a Zostera marina leaf produces on the accuracy of associated area estimations obtained from a digital image.
2. Conceptual Framework for Image Processing
Our arrangement depends in a fundamental way on the concept of the peripheral or bordering contour of a bidimensional enclosure or domain. Several definitions of peripheral contour exist, being each one appropriate for different settings. Our interpretation is similar to the perimeter definition of a regular pattern in geometry. More accurately, a peripheral contour in the present settings will be defined as the sequence of boundary pixels of a digitalized eelgrass leaf. Moreover, for a reasonable identification of the area of the pertinent blade it is imperative that in the extents of the corresponding image minimal changes of color levels occur, even though around its outer contour abrupt changes of a color levels could be shown. The effect projected by humidity adds to leaf area pixels placed between the pixels captured by the digital image of the leaf itself and others belonging to its background. Hence, a reliable imbedding of the area of a leaf into an image requires the unambiguous identification of the pixels on its surrounding contour.
Our design is aimed to the aforesaid identification in the presence of noise due to the humidity content in the leaf. For the incumbent characterization, our system uses a quantitative setup developed on the basis of the concepts of adjacency, vicinity, connectivity, and tolerance of similarity between pixels. We briefly describe these notions in what follows.
Two pixels are adjacent if and only if they share one of their borders, or at least one of their corners. Two pixels are neighbors if they fulfill the definition of adjacency. Formally, the vicinity of the point is defined through Without loss of generality, we explain the notion of tolerance of similarity by referring to the RGB format description of a color. This allows quantifying tonality in terms of the intensities of the constituting primary colors: red, green, and blue. To indicate at which amount each one of these colors is mixed to produce a given tonality a value is assigned to each prime color; for example, the value 0 means that a given basic color does not appear in the mix, but if a chief color component is nonvanishing it means that it contributes to the mix in a given intensity. We set which identifies the colors number to be used through the whole image processing task; for an RGB color space we have . Usually, the intensity of each of the primary colors appearing in a mix is measured on a scale ranging from 0 to . The set of all color intensities can be represented in the form of a cube in the cartesian coordinate system, where each color is a point on the surface or in its interior. Given points and in an RGB color space, we will define the distance between them through Moreover, given a point in an RGB color space, a second one with the greatest similarity to is the one placed at the smallest distance . Furthermore, let be a color tonality range, with being the number of different colors included. Then, we must have and we will say that two pixels and are similar to a tolerance limit if the inequality is satisfied. In what follows the range will be simply called "tolerance of similarity" and the upper bound can be interpreted as the maximum distance that two points located within the extent of an object can attain in an RGB color space in order to be considered similar. Connectivity between pixels is used to identify the limits in objects and regions in an image. We will say that two pixels and are connected with tolerance of similarity if they fulfill the definition of adjacency and also if inequality (8) holds.
3. The Image Selection Method
The procedure to obtain efficient estimations of , , and requires two stages. On a first one we create a digital image for each one of the collected leaves. Then, we set and continue by choosing an interval of tolerance of similarity with ; we use this to obtain the peripheral contour of each one of the available leaf images and from them the linked , , and values. Different intervals will produce different estimations for , , and , and consequently we must rely on a criterion for the selection of the range that produces the most accurate estimations. To carry out this task in a second stage of the method we arrange leaf length data into groups of leaves whose size differences are bounded by a preferred tolerance and use that arrangement to obtain related statistics and that are used to implement what we call the selection index. In what follows we describe pseudo-codes for the above referred stages. Detailed formulae are presented in the appendices. Tables 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 summarize the involved notation.
3.1. The Procedure to Obtain , , and Assessments
(a.1)Choose a color format and set .(a.2)Load the leaf image.(a.3)Enter an interval of tolerance of similarity ; .(a.4)Select a starting point inside the loaded leaf image.(a.5)Find the contour of the leaf image through (6), (7), and (8) (these equations identify all adjacent pixels falling within the selected interval of tolerance of similarity .(a.6)Obtain , , and by using (3), (4), and (5), respectively.(a.7)Obtain by using (2).(a.8)Record and the associated , , , and estimations.(a.9)Repeat steps 2–8 for each one of the available leaf images.(a.10)Change the interval and jump to step (a.3).
Different intervals will produce through the above procedure different estimations for , , , and . We now outline a procedure for the selection of the image that produces the most accurate estimations or for the observed leaves area . This requires the identification of the interval of tolerance of similarity that yields the smallest values of the selection index defined by (9) below.
3.2. The Method for the Selection of an Optimal Interval
(b.1)For the entered interval, use to calculate (this value gives the proportion of leaves for which produces consistent estimations of ).(b.2)For the entered interval, use to calculate (this value yields the proportion of leaves for which overestimates observed leaf area ).(b.3)For the entered interval, calculate the value of the image selection index according to (b.4)Record both and .(b.5)Change the interval and repeat steps (b.1) to (b.3) until all the intervals generated in Section 3.1 are exhausted.(b.6)Choose the interval that produces the smallest value of for image processing and leaf area estimations.
The above selection index criterion can be adapted for Monte Carlo method estimations of leaf area. It becomes where and are, respectively, given by and in Appendix E and are equivalent to and correspondingly.
4. Results
4.1. Leaf Data Grouping
The present data set was obtained by randomly sampling 5 shoots biweekly from January through December 2009 in a Zostera marina field at Punta Banda estuary, a shallow coastal lagoon located near Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico (31° 43–46 N and 116° 37–40 W). For each sampled leaf, a millimeter ruler was used to obtain to the nearest 1/10 mm taken as the distance from the top of the sheath to the leaf tip. Meanwhile, was measured at a point halfway between the top of the sheath and the tip. Observed leaf area estimations were calculated by means of (1).
We obtained . For data grouping we selected , so we acquired and for the interval we formed a partition of disjoint intervals of the form , with . Hence, as described in the appendices for each value of the index , we formed a group containing leaves with sizes varying in the interval (Table 6). Longer and older leaves displayed darker tonalities than younger and shorter ones. Moreover, leaves with lengths varying on a given partition interval displayed a similar color distribution. For some of the partition intervals there was at most one leaf with length placed in the linked variation range. Therefore, these groups are not taken into account because they do not provide information for the statistical analysis (see bold in Table 6).
4.2. Image Selection Procedure
For each one of the leaves in the collection of groups , we applied the procedure described in the pseudo-code (a) aimed to detect the points on the associated peripheral contour and to get the concomitant , , , and estimations. For that purpose we used a variety of equivalence of tones, which permitted an unambiguous framing of the extent of the leaf. A RGB 256 color format was used for all leaves images. Hence, we set . Therefore, different tolerances of similarity ranges, with , were used. Moreover, the procedure was automatically applied up to 256 times on each individual leaf image. For every tolerance of similarity interval we selected a starting point inside a chosen leaf image and we identified all adjacent pixels falling within the named similarity range. This identified the peripheral contour of the leaf image so the linked , , and assessments as well as leaf area estimations were acquired (see B.3 in Appendix B).
For each group of leaves determined by the partition we calculated deviation values and and their averages and taken over . We also calculated the associated standard deviation values and (see Appendix D) and the proportions, , . , , , , and (see Appendix E); calculated values are presented in Tables 7 and 8. Values of the image selection index were obtained and compared. For easy of presentation we focus on the results obtained for , , and which include the smallest obtained value for (Table 8). Figures 1, 2, and 3 display comparisons of the averages and of observed leaf lengths and widths in groups versus estimations and from images acquired using these tolerance of similarity intervals.
For , and values were greater than those calculated for . Moreover, and values obtained using were greater than those obtained using but smaller than those obtained for . Nevertheless, values produced for were smaller than those linked to , but generally values increased implying a greater concentration of a particular tonality within the range of colors forming the color spectrum of the image. That is, broadens or reduces the collection of colors which can be taken into account for pixel identification within the extent of the image. Whenever stands for a greater amount of colors relative to the assortment defining the image, the pixel selection procedure will lead to subjective identification. This influences and values in a direct way. Indeed for , was negative (Table 7) which means that most values were greater than values. Nevertheless, this outcome is limited by the maximum value that can attain and also by image size. For , the value of remained unchanged.
By using the proportion values , , and , we assessed that for leaf area was overestimated by the method. And although for the method slightly overestimated leaf area, for intervals beyond leaf area overestimation always increased. Moreover, in Table 9 we provide root-mean-square deviation (RMSD) values for comparisons of directly versus image obtained estimations when using intervals. We can assess that a interval produced the highest RMSD values for the comparison of directly versus image obtained estimations of leaf width, length or area. This is consistent with the smallest value obtained for the selection index. Therefore, we suggest that a similarity interval must be set to process the present Zostera marina leaf image set through the method proposed.
5. Discussion
Deleterious effects derived from anthropogenic influences are currently increasing worldwide, threatening the health of many eelgrass meadows [19]. Remediation efforts have included transplant projects [20] and the valuation of their status, requires the estimations of key variables such as standing stock or productivity. Although shoot removal for the measurement of these variables does not damage natural seagrass populations, these procedures could produce undesirable effects on transplants. Therefore, when standing stock or productivity assessment are performed over the early stages of an eelgrass restoration experiment, data gathering approaches that avoid disruptive interference are essential. Allometric methods can provide convenient proxies, which reduce leaf biomass and growth assessments to simple blade length or area measurements. What is more, if the estimation of these leaf attributes can be done without removing the blades allometric approaches could furnish truly non-destructive assessments. Modern electronic scanning technologies could be used under water in order to produce reliable images of marine plants leaves, which guarantee non-destructive sampling of leaves length, width or area. However, insitu scanning of eelgrass leaves could add extraneous information mainly due to the inherent humidity content or to materials attached to blades like mud related particles. Hence, for estimating leaf attributes such as length or area, we must take into account that image noise effects could render biased assessments. Moreover, if we strive to use (6), the digital image counterpart of (1), we must take into account that a Zostera marina leaf does not show a perfect rectangular shape. We should also notice that since width attains small values, noise produced by humidity could increase the width of the digital leaf in a noticeable way which could certainly heighten uncertainty in leaf area estimations produced through (5). What is more, even when leaf area is estimated from images using Monte Carlo methods, noise effects could produce ambiguity in peripheral contour identification rendering biased results.
In the other hand, we need to be aware that since the power functions involved in allometric approaches are highly sensitive to parameter uncertainty we require consistent estimations of blade length or area [10]. Therefore, when we estimate eelgrass leaf area, using digital imagery in combination with allometric proxies, we must be aware that image noise could certainly reduce the accuracy of estimates. This makes it necessary to rely on efficient image selection methodologies for uncertainty reduction. Our results show that the present methods produce reliable results. This conclusion is mainly substantiated by the obtained values for the RMSD. We used these statistics to determine consistency between directly obtained measurements and image estimated assessments. Table 9 shows that the highest RMSD values corresponded with the smallest values obtained for the selection index. Moreover, the interval selected using the criteria produced also the highest RMSD values for the comparison of observed values and those obtained by means of Monte Carlo method. This justifies our claim that the proposed procedure abridged by the selection index can be expected to produce consistent estimations of the leaf attributes necessary for allometric estimation of relevant variables required to assess the status of an eelgrass population. Moreover, the presented procedure could be straightforwardly applied to other eelgrass populations or seagrass species that exhibit similar leaf architectures making leaf length times width a reliable proxy for the pertinent area.
We now explain how to identify the interval of tolerance of similarity that yields accurate estimations for the observed leaf area values. The task, is achieved through statistical methodologies, which requires the completion of the following steps.
A. Grouping Leaf Data: and
Identify the maximum observed leaf length . Chose a positive integer and define a partition of the interval with norm . Form the collection of disjoint intervals of the form with . This collection is denoted thought . For each value of the index identify the group of leaves whose lengths are contained in . Notice that holds the leaves whose size differences are bounded by . For each value of the index obtain and record standing for the number of leaves in the group . For each value of the index introduce an index such that and label as , and respectively, the straight length, width and area of the th leaf in . The character denotes the associated estimations of leaf area obtained by means of (1). Form and record the collection of all groups of leaves . This collection is denoted by means of . Obtain the average length for each group of leaves . That is, calculate and record Obtain the average width for each group of leaves . That is, calculate and record Obtain the average area for each group of leaves . That is, calculate and record,
B. Obtaining Length, Width and Area from the Image of each Leaf
For processing all digital images, we chose a specified color format with a number of colors. For processing the digital images of all collected leaves, we choose different intervals of tolerance of similarity , with the upper bound satisfying . For a picked interval, for use the algorithm (a) described in the method section to obtain and , which respectively denote the length and width of the image of the th leaf in . Also, obtain and , which respectively stand for leaf area obtained from the image and calculated by means of (1) and (2) respectively. Record these values. interval obtain and record the concomitant averages , , and (cf. (A.1) through (A.3)).
C. Obtain Estimation Errors between the Observed and Image Obtained Values in Steps A and B
For the picked interval and for , calculate the leaf length approximation errors through For the picked interval and for , calculate the individual leaf width approximation errors through For the picked interval and for , calculate the leaf area approximation errors through For the picked interval and for , calculate the leaf area approximation errors linked to the Monte Carlo method through
D. Obtain the Average Deviations Produced by the Individual Estimation Errors
For the picked interval, obtain the average leaf length deviations , which are calculated by averaging the values. That is, We notice that and also that negative values of imply that in a lot most image assessments overestimate observed values. For the picked interval, obtain the average leaf width deviations , which are calculated by averaging the values. That is, notice that since , negative values of imply that in a group most image assessments overestimate observed values. For the picked interval, calculate the average leaf area deviations by averaging the values. That is, again since negative values of imply that in a group most image assessments overestimate observed values. For the picked interval, calculate , the average value of deviations taken over . Calculate also the associated standard deviation . For the picked interval, calculate , the average value of deviation taken over . Calculate also the associated standard deviation .
E. Criteria for Selecting the Interval That Produces the Highest Correspondence Level between Image Obtained Measurements and Those Obtained Directly from Collected Leaves
For a given range of similarity values , identify the leaves satisfying the conditions Calculate the proportion of leaves in that comply with the condition (E.3) through Calculate the proportion of leaves in that comply with the condition (E.4) through Calculate the proportion of leaves in that do not comply with the condition (E.3) through, Calculate the proportion of leaves in that do not comply with the condition (E.4) through, Obtain the concomitant proportions of leaves in that provide consistent leaf area estimations by the proxy of (1) Calculate the proportion of leaves in for which image estimated blade length and width measurements overestimate leaf area calculated through (1) The proportions and equivalent to and respectively but linked to leaf area estimation by Monte Carlo method (cf. (2)) that is, Conditions (E.1) and (E.2) grant bounded estimation errors, for and respectively. Moreover, the groups of leaves that also satisfy conditions (E.3) and (E.4) can be identified as those groups for which image and estimations are closer to directly obtained and measurements. Therefore, groups in , which do not comply with conditions (E.1)–(E.4), denote the set of leaves with estimation errors out of range for a reliable estimation.
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.
We thank Jose Maria Dominguez and Francisco Ponce for the art work.
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During World War II, the Navy fleet tug known as the Zuni spent 31 days supporting the invasion of Iwo Jima.
As a Coast Guard ship - renamed the Tamaroa - it was among the first to the scene when the ocean liner Andrea Doria sank in the summer of 1956. It was still going strong 35 years later, when it saved seven lives during what became known as "The Perfect Storm."
But for the Zuni/Tamaroa - a plodding, 200-foot-long tugboat with a Forrest Gump-like knack of being where history was being made during 51 years of government service - getting out of Baltimore may be the biggest challenge yet. Or at least the most protracted.


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Where Can You Find Local Legends
Buck Factory Outlet - Benicia, CA.
ColUSA Made - Colusa, CA.
Granzella's - Williams, CA.
Kittle's Outdoor & Sports - Colusa, CA.
Pacific Flyway Supplies - Dixon, CA.
Rain Tree Car Wash - Yuba City, CA.
Sohnrey Family Foods - Oroville, CA.
SPD Market - Grass Valley, CA.
Sutter Orchard Supply - Yuba City, CA.
The Gridley Grill - Gridley, CA.
Tony's Fruit Stand - Marysville, CA.
Vasquez Deli - Vacaville, Ca
Fossil Farms - Boonton, NJ
Butcher Boy Meat Market - Reno, NV.


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May 24, 2010
Wheaton's 2010 graduation ceremony this past Saturday was the most delightful I have ever experienced, as the warmth the students showed for their faculty and for each other was so overwhelming it was felt even by me, an outsider.
So it is with a heavy heart that I ask you to forgive me for mistakenly naming graduates of the other Wheaton College in my address.
I now know I should have named National Medal of Science winner Dr. Mary Ellen Avery, former New Jersey Governor and former EPA Director Christie Todd Whitman, literary agent Esther Newberg, Oscar-nominated actress Catherine Keener and Ken Babby, the youngest senior officer in the history of the Washington Post, among others. Thank goodness I got Lesley Stahl right.
I am mortified by my mistake, and can only hope the purity of my motive, to find a way to connect with the graduates and to encourage them to a life of service, will allow you to forgive me.
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May 11, 2010
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May 06, 2010
(Oh, and I found it via St. Andrew of the Blessed Heart-Ache, who actually made sure to call Obama "our temperamentally conservative president" in commenting on this discussion. Yes, really.)
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May 05, 2010
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text: By Julien Pretot SAINT-DENIS, FRANCE (Reuters) – France's Antoine Griezmann scored one and set up another as they booked their place at next year's World Cup finals by beating Belarus 2-1 at the Stade de France in their last Group A qualifying game on Tuesday. Griezmann opened the scoring and then set up Olivier Giroud before the break while Belarus reduced the arrears on the stroke of halftime through Anton Saroka. The result put France, who will take part in their sixth consecutive World Cup finals, on 23 points after 10 games, four ahead of second-placed Sweden. Four days after a decisive 1-0 win in Bulgaria, Didier Deschamps's team were never really under pressure and avoided having to go through the playoffs, as they had to reach the 2010 and 2014 finals.(Reporting by Julien Pretot; Editing by Toby Davis)


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Massive winter storm from Dallas to Maine threatens Christmas travel for 87 million people...• By Thomas Durante and Reuters Reporter
Meteorologists predict snowfall could blanket nearly half the nation on Tuesday - from Dallas to Maine - as a massive snowstorm moves from the Great Plains and up into the Northeast.
The latest figures from FlightStats.com showed 74 flights across the nation were cancelled by 1:30pm today.
And Jack Frost is expected to continue nipping at American noses until Saturday.


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Discussion in 'The Wasteland' started by NandoMoura, Jul 10, 2018.
Look the second comment
A surfer said it....it must be true rme
But what does Ja Rule think about this?
USADA says otherwise.
cant blame him for commenting - he looks crazy ripped. supposedly he has been tested 6 times recently.........
USADA is a joke. USADA honored Werdumb for passing 25+ tests and he got caught a month later.
He's just a jacked Brazilian boy. Deal with it.
Not any more jacked than Hall, also pictured.
Shits racist, Hall gets a free pass?
Hall is lean cut. Costa is Stallone cut.
So what slice of meat is Sage N.?
100% Grade A Beefcake.
Gay Meat
Costa is fine, he ever gets caught he just says he gets his protein shakes from the same Brazilian pharmacy Junior dos Santos and Nogueira go to, every thing fine then. Got to love Brazil.
Holy fuck! That bicep is bigger than Tito's head
#USADA trying to tell me that Costa is not a juice-head turkey?
The guy is a little too ripped. Something looks fishy. He looks a lot like what Thiago Alves, Hector Lombard and others looked like before USADA.
Tainted Brazilian kangaroo meat
Separate names with a comma.


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It has been a while since I updated the blog about my cake decorating course - I received my result and my certificate in the post last week and I'm happy to say that I received a Merit! The final cake I had to decorate on the course was a square celebration cake, which I chose to decorate as a Christening/Baby Naming Ceremony cake. As my sister-in-law to be was pregnant, I decided to decorate the cake for the baby. A few days before the cake was completed, she had a baby boy named Ellis and this is the finished design, decorated in honour of him.
One of the cakes that was not an assessed component of the course was a royal iced Christmas cake. As this cake was not being assessed, I gave it its coat of royal icing, but didn't get round to completing it. It has been bugging me, so I decided to finish it off. I decided I wanted the cake to have a homespun, slightly kitsch feel to it, so I used my gingerbread man run-out decoration as the central part of my design. I made tiny holly leaf run-outs and candy canes, which would be the decoration for the sides of the cake.
One of the challenges of the design was to pipe the 'Merry Christmas' greeting in script style handwriting using red icing. I decided to pipe the greeting in white icing first and then over-pipe this in red, to minimize the effects of any mistakes. The 's' scroll and shell borders 'frame' the cake and the green over-piping on the shell border pulls the scheme together, unifying the various red and green aspects of the design. The finishing touch is red grosgrain ribbon with tiny white stitch borders - perfect for the homespun feel I was aiming for. I might use a number 2 tube in future for the 'Merry Christmas' greeting as the tube can get quite easily blocked and ruin the fluency of the script needed for a perfect finish.
Loved decorating the cakes though and I'm looking forward to doing similar designs for celebration cake orders!
Becky Bakeswell


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Amnesty Blesses Butchery of El Salvador's Murderers
Word comes that it is business as usual among the ranks of mighty rulers -- and butchers -- of El Salvador.
On March 31 they announced the release (page 8) of the two army officers serving 30-year sentences for the 1989 murders of six Jesuit priests and two women in El Salvador.
We learn that Col. Guillermo Alfredo Benavides and Lt. Yusshy Mendoza are only the first to be freed under a new Salvadoran law providing a blanket pardon for "political" crimes committed during El Salvador's bloody civil war.
We hear of published reports that amnesty will also likely be given to the national guardsmen jailed for the 1980 rape and murder of four North American church women: Maryknoll Sisters Ita Ford and Maura Clarke, Ursuline Sister Dorothy Kazel and lay missioner Jean Donovan.
Atrocity added to atrocity. At the same time, the world knows -- and the U.N. Truth Commission Report has confirmed -- that justice has never been served by jailing those who pulled the triggers during the 1989 killings or who carrid out the 1980 rapes and murders. Those who ordered the murders are the real criminals, and they are the very one now ordering the release of those who have served prison sentences in their places.
It is a tidy system, outrageously unjust and immoral. It is also a product of the anticommunist fanaticism and indifference to values of human decency and rights that characterized U. …


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Second round of Govt-PTI dialogue ends
PTI's central leader Shah Mahmood Qureshi while talking to media said that they apprised the government about their reservations after hearing their viewpoint.
While a member of government nominated committee, Abdul Qadir Baloch maintained that there is no deadlock in the dialogue and talks will continue.
PTI's committee included Federal Minister for Planning and Development Ahsan Iqbal, Federal Minister for States and Frontier Regions Lieutenant General (r) Abdul Qadir Baloch and Governor Punjab Chaudhry Muhammad Sarwar.
While PTI's committee included Party President Javed Hashmi, Shah Mahmood Qureshi, Asad Umar, CM KPK Pervez Khattak, Jahangir Treen and Arif Alvi.
Before the formal round of talks, PTI President Javed Hashmi said that Prime Minister should resign first, dissolution of house will follow.
The third round of talks will be held tomorrow.


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I'll be at the Union tonight for Eddy and the wild dice.I usually sit in for a few numbers which I always enjoy. On Monday I shall be at Leyton to sit in with the house band for a set, then on Thursday I will be at The Dublin Castle in my old stomping ground of Camden. This is for the memorial get together for the late Martin Deegan whose birthday was on this day. My birthday is on the second of the month but as I have a gig booked locally on Saturday at Angie's I guess this will be my celebration.
Shakey's 81st Birthday Bash
|October 6, 2018
|9:00 pm
|11:00 pm
Angies Freehouse
Woodfield Pl, London W9 2BJ, UK. Saturday 9 – 11 pm.
An overdue update.
It has been quite a while since I wrote anything here but I haven't been that active so I have no real excuse. My great friend John Wilson died a few months ago but I didn't feel like writing about it at the time. I travelled to Boston Lincolnshire for the funeral and there was a good turnout. I was first in a long line of speakers from John's busy life. He was a big fan of old cars and motorbikes and this was paid tribute to by a couple of his friends, He was also very big in the Students union in his day and friends came up from Brighton to pay their tributes. His brother-in-law and his niece also made their contributions.
John helped me out in the early days, sitting on the door at the hole in the ground and the Blue Horizon gig in Battersea. Later he also got me a few student union gigs and was always up for a laugh. I miss him.
I'm off to a wedding in Israel on Saturday so won't be sitting in with Eddy and The Wild Dice at The Mau Mau Bar on the next couple of Sunday afternoons but will be back for the monthly session at The Union Tavern on the last Tuesday of the month.
Party time for some
The birthday bash was very successful with a nice turnout including my daughters, grandsons and great-grandsons all pitching. The band of Mel, Alan, Steve and Brian delivered the goods and we were entertained with an interval set from Michelle Buckingham.This was just the beginning, and she was followed by Bonny and Carmen on vocals, Peter and T-bone on guitars, Phil on sax, plus Eddie, on harp and vocals, then Big Joe, with Brian and Laurie, doing their own little Bob's Goodtime Blues revival set. A big thank you to everyone.
Chris Youlden was unable to make it because of illness. He has been through the mill this year, almost dying in hospital around Christmas last from pneumonia complications, then having to have loads of fluid pumped from his lungs. This was followed by some deterioration in his bone structure around the legs. This has been dealt with now but will take some three months or so to heal. When I phoned he was having his regular visit from a nurse doing his leg ulcer dressing. I look forward to his improvement and a get-stogether for a beer and a proper catch up.
Birthday Bash
The line-up for the birthday bash on Saturday 30th September will be Alan Vincent on guitar, Steve Taylor on keyboards, Brian Diprose on bass and Mel Wright on drums with yours truly on vocals and harmonica. There are also a few guests coming along to augment the chaos, so it should be a fun night as long as some upstart doesn't play Happy Birthday. The band start at eight and of course it's free entry and open to all.
The gig is at The Maxilla Social Club, 2 Maxilla Walk, London W10 6NQ. A number 7 Bus will drop you in St Mark's Road or a number 295 or 316 stops in Bramley Road just up from Latimer Road Station, which is, of course, closed, as are all the stations between Hammersmith and Baker Street that weekend, thank you London Underground.


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Here's the
obligatory highly original and heartfelt Father's day online post in which I'll talk about why my (Asian) dad is so awesome.
Like most other Asian dads, he:
- Studied engineering.
- Wears long, white socks up to his knees.
- Had high expectations for the maths and sciences until recently. I'll elaborate on this later.
- Forced me into classes I hated as a kid (Chinese school and swimming) but for which I'm grateful now. I mean, I don't need to fear boating and things like that anymore.
- Looks forward to grandkids.
- Is extremely hardworking and will sacrifice everything for his family (which is why he's great, also more on this later).
I kid you not, these stereotypes are REAL AND LEGIT – see #31 and 79.
Here are some ways he differs from other Asian dads:
- Encouraged me to study in the Humanities (and by encouragement, I mean he takes real and genuine pride in what I do, as opposed to mere tolerance and head-shaking). I know very little other Asian dads who not only tolerated a B.A. in English and other random Humanities subjects but also said, "Go get it!"
- Almost enrolled me in martial arts as a kid. (Okay, contrary to stereotypes, Asians don't *actually* all know kung fu and karate… in fact, girls aren't particularly encouraged to join in such dangerous activities! Parents would much rather their daughters study piano/violin/poetic recitations of Tang dynasty poetry.)
- Enrolled me in art class and I've been drawing and painting ever since!
- Gives me much more trust than I deserve, at times. My Dad was the coolest person when I did the stupidest things, like hitting a bus and going over the phone bill by the hundreds and other things you can't write on the internet. I have an implied curfew, not a real one, but to make up for this trust I am inspired to think for myself and consider consequences more carefully.
- Encouraged my brother to do what he loves, too, and now he's using his interpersonal, quick-thinking, and communicative skills very successfully.
And some things that are just cool about him in general:
- Is a great photographer (with permission, I might post some of his works here sometime).
- Plays/coaches soccer. With guys in their 20s half his age. I'm pretty sure he can still outrun me…
- Does what he loves for a living: designing high quality audio things, like loudspeakers and (analog?) amplifiers. It's just cool that he gets to pour his creativity and engineering skills into luxury works of art that have, recently, garnered critical praise.
And last but not least, some awesome life lessons Dad has given me:
- Keep an open mind. This is something he's dropped into conversation recently, that there's always a different way of looking at one thing, that people will always think differently. At the same time, my Dad always encourages me to stick to key principles
- Do something you love, and you'll never work a day in your life.
- Don't rush your youth (though make time for kids). Not sure how I feel about this one…
Happy Father's Day – you're great, Dad! You're a great example for your children.


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Michael B. Jordan & Jesse Williams Step Out for Ultimate Stud Fest at 'Men's Fitness' Game Changers Party 2014
Michael B. Jordan and Jesse Williams look mighty fine as they hit the red carpet at the 2014 Men's Fitness Game Changers Party held at Palihouse on Wednesday (September 17) in West Hollywood, Calif.
The 27-year-old actor and Jesse, 33, were joined at the event by Dallas stars Jesse Metcalfe and Josh Henderson, Pretty Little Liars actor Ian Harding, Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D's Brett Dalton, Breaking Bad's RJ Mitte, Enlisted's Geoff Stults, Brooklyn Nine-Nine's Terry Crews, Web Therapy's Dan Bucatinsky, Aasif Mandvi, Zach Gilford, Ryan Rottman, and Kingdom's Matt Lauria and Kiele Sanchez.
Men's Fitness Game Changers celebrates the men who made 2014 their very own – Make sure to pick up the issue on newsstands now!
FYI: Michael is wearing Timberland boots.
35+ pictures inside of Michael B. Jordan, Jesse Williams, and others at the 2014 Men's Fitness Game Changers Party…


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Yes, I believe content calendars are evil. But before I get into why, I want to talk about how content calendars evolve in most agencies I've worked with (YMMV).
Step One: Content Calendars
Most agencies launch their social practice using content calendars. These are often Excel or Word-based documents which are designed to allow copywriters/community managers to write content and then for clients to review that content.
The Good: It's a simple tool that anyone can understand. And, really, any tool a client can understand is often a good tool. At first.
The Bad: The content calendar is often used to move/remove posts, as well as editing content. This can create a significant amount of revisions.
The Ugly: Because of these revisions, we're often editing content the day/week content goes live.
Step Two: Longer Timeframes
If the issue is that we do too much editing and it takes too long, clearly the solution is to put more in front of the client so that even if Month One is slow, you'll get Month Two and Month Three approved in time.
The Good: You get to write more content at once, which is almost never bad, because copywriters/CMs get to stay "in the zone".
The Bad: You never get Month Two and Month Three approved in time, because you focus on Month One, and end up in a constant vicious circle which is really only ever one month in advance anyway.
The Ugly: You start to become frustrated at, and blame the clients, because clearly YOUR process not working is THEIR fault, right? Yeah, I thought so.
Note: I've heard that some agencies pull this off. Well done, but just because you've solved for this step, doesn't mean there aren't better steps out there. In fact, if you don't fail, you don't improve… So maybe not failing is holding you back.
Step Three: Separation Anxiety
The next step is to start to use other tools you're familiar with, to make this process easier. Typically, folks split the content calendar into two steps: content planning vs content creation. Content planning often includes some version of a Blocking Chart, so that clients can review how much of each type of content you're doing, and where it is positioned, before you write it. This is a good thing, and I'm generally a fan of Blocking Charts, because it's a single tool for a single purpose, that clients can digest quickly. Also, it typically reduces revisions on your Calendar by 30-50%. You continue to use your Content Calendar for the Content Creation side of things, because it's the tool you're used to. But, because of fewer edits, you're less… frustrated.
The Good: Fewer rounds of revisions, and thanks to separating planning from creation, you often end up with less rounds of revisions and are thus able to plan content 2-4 months out, which everyone appreciates.
The Bad: You end up doing more work for the same results, but you have less rounds of revisions so you feel like this is okay. It's not.
The Ugly: Users don't experience content the way you design it, so the tools end up being a kludge.
Step Four: Beyond the Calendar
By this stage, you've hopefully developed some epic metrics behind the scenes, which you're struggling VERY hard to integrate into your content planning. In addition, your practice is likely evolved enough (and bringing in enough revenue) that you can invest a bit in the future. One of the best CMs I've ever worked with actually kicked this phase off at my last agency, because he realized that the only way to write great narrative was to write narrative instead of writing 5 posts in 5 random boxes across a content calendar. He realized that he, as a writer, needed to experience the content creation the same way that our users experienced content consumption.
There are actually lots of approaches for this, so I'm not going to highlight the one we built until a later post, but at this stage in your evolution you are likely looking to decrease writing time, increase engagement, give clients more visibility to the "black box" that social content can become, integrate real-time marketing and ultimately:
Bring planning, creation and measurement together
Of course, there is a world beyond this, which involves dashboards, automated systems, cross-functional teams, etc. But the world beyond using the content calendar as the location where you plan, create, edit, approve and measure performance… It's a fun one. Trust.
Update: I will note that this is for situations where the client requires intimate oversight of all content. If you're able to evolve a relationship of greater trust, these processes simplify themselves immensely…
Have a better tool to creation or manage content, or think I'm a doofus of doom? Comment beloowwwwww.


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This wiki is part of the online library of City Vision University. If you would like to go deeper, please consider taking one of our online courses.
Member Name: David White
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Member Name: Rebecca Nelson
In her final project, Rebecca Nelson brought the existing operations manual for her site up to date, taking care to fill in information gaps and revise areas she was especially proficient in. In this PowerPoint presentation, she reviews the importance of documenting effective strategies for your organization and her methods for doing so.
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Theology of Technology Course
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