text:
Whether you're operating a small coffee shop or a bustling breakfast buffet, this guide will help you pick out the toaster that best suits your needs!
There are several main questions you will want to ask yourself when purchasing a new toaster, and there are three types of commercial toasters to choose from; pop-up, conveyor, and bun grilling toasters. See how they stack up against your needs and narrow down your search in our point-by-point comparison!
What will it toast? Great for bread and English muffins. Some will accommodate bagel halves and thicker items like Texas toast, but not all.
How much can it toast? About 50 - 500 slices per hour.
How much space will it take up? Uses the smallest amount of counter space; most will be under 13" wide x 14" deep.
What electrical requirements do I need? Most are 120V. Some heavy duty models need a 208/240V connection.
What will it toast? Bread, bagels, English muffins, and even specialty breads. All conveyor toasters have a specific product opening; just make sure that what you're toasting will fit through that space.
How much can it toast? Anywhere from 300 to over 1600 slices per hour.
How much space will it take up? Can range from about 15" to 24" wide and 18" to 26" deep.
What electrical requirements do I need? Lower-production models can fit a standard 120V connection. If you're looking above 500 slices / hour, you'll probably need a heavier-duty connection, like 208 / 240V.
What will it toast? Designed for bun halves, sub rolls, and similar items, but can also take bagels, toast, etc. It can toast dry or use a butter coating and griddle plate to caramelize the product, rather than truly "toasting". We offer commercial toaster models that automatically adjust to different product sizes.
How much can it toast? 800 to over 1600 slices per hour.
How much space will it take up? These tend to be bigger than the other types, ranging from about 22" to 25" wide and 12" to 18" deep. Because they have a vertical feed chute, they can be as tall as 31".
What electrical requirements do I need? By and large, you're looking at a 208V or 240V connection, although 120V models do exist.
The ranges above will give you a good idea of what a toaster is capable of producing, but you'll also want to take these factors into account as they will ultimately affect your toaster's output:
What you're toasting: If you do a lot of bagel halves or larger, specialty breads, you will usually see lower production than if you're just toasting bread slices.
How you're toasting: Just like your toaster at home, it's going to take longer to make a darker, crispy piece of toast than a lighter, softer piece, and longer production time means lower output.
A "big brother" to the toasters found in most homes, commercial pop-up toasters work by lowering the bread/bagel slices into a heating chamber, where the product is toasted using heating elements. These toasters are perfect during lower volume meals since they conserve more energy than conveyor toasters. While they can't compete with a conveyor toaster in sheer output and are limited to toasting mostly bread, bagels, and similar items, a pop up toaster is still an ideal solution for small diners, coffee shops, and other areas with relatively small demands.
1.) Product Opening: Most commercial toasters will have 2 or 4 slots and will give you the slot size, so you can tell if your most commonly-used items will fit. Some models also feature two different slot sizes, so you can toast bread in one side and Texas Toast or bagels in the other.
2.) Heat Control: Generally speaking, the operating temperature for a pop-up toaster cannot be adjusted. Also bear in mind that some commercial toasters only have heating elements on one side, which is great for one sided toasting and bagels, but if you want double sided toasting, you'll need heating elements on either side of the slot.
3.) Toasting Time: A timer is the most common way to control this on a pop-up toaster. A longer toasting time results in a darker, crisper finished product while a shorter time makes it lighter and softer.
4.) Usage: Pop-up toasters can be divided into three basic categories when it comes to usage:
Light Duty: These are great for very small volume applications that produce around 80 slices or less per hour. Since they are not NSF or commercially rated, light-duty toasters are not recommended for commercial use. If they are consistently pushed beyond what they're designed to do, a light duty commercial toaster may burn out quicker.
Medium Duty Commercial: A standard duty toaster can handle a higher volume of toast, anywhere from 80 to 150 slices per hour, and some come with a few added convenience features. These toasters are commercially rated for lower volume needs like those of hotel continental breakfasts, coffee shops, and office break rooms.
Heavy Duty Commercial: A heavy duty toaster is ideal for applications that do a fair amount of toasting (anywhere from 150 to 500 slices per hour) but don't really need a conveyor toaster. They generally feature more durable frames and heavier duty heating elements to help them stand up to more frequent use.
These units are designed for higher output and a wider range of breads than a commercial pop-up toaster. The product is loaded into a feed area in the front of the unit, and is drawn back into the heating chamber using a conveyor belt. After being toasted by heating elements located above and below the belt, it falls down a slanted chute into a collection area. If you operate a breakfast buffet, catering business, or a busy restaurant, this commercial toaster is probably the way to go.
1.) Product Opening: Conveyor toasters all come with a specific opening size ranging from about 1 1/2" to 3". You'll want to look at all the items you could potentially be toasting and make sure they'll fit through that opening before making a final purchase.
2.) Heat Control: Some toasters allow you to control the temperature of the top and bottom elements independently or even turn one off. This lets you toast on only one side, if you so desire.
3.) Toasting Time: The toasting time and the color / texture of the final product is determined by conveyor speed. Speed it up to achieve lighter toasting, and slow it down for a darker appearance.
1.) Stacking Kit: A stacking kit will let you put two conveyor toasters together, for even greater production capacity while saving space.
2.) Wall Mount Kit: For limited counter space, some manufacturers offer kits that let you mount their toasters to the wall.
A bun grill toaster works in a similar way to a conveyor toaster but uses a griddle plate instead of heating elements, and lets you toast dry or apply butter to caramelize the bread for a richer taste. The operator coats the product in butter using a roller mechanism, and then loads it onto the vertical feed chute on top of the unit. It gets drawn down onto the griddle plate and falls into a collection area, toasted to perfection.
A bun griller can toast all the same things as a conveyor toaster and more, and it can match it in terms of slice output so it really boils down to what you want to toast and how you want your products toasted. If you're a high volume sandwich shop or cafeteria who wants to give the house burger or sandwich a boost with a buttered, toasted bun, this is probably the machine for you. If you just need to toast a lot of bagels for the breakfast line, a conveyor toaster might be the better choice.
1.) Dry vs. Wet Toasting: A roller mechanism lets you butter the bread for wet toasting. If you'd like to toast products dry (no butter), these units require the use of Teflon sheets, which usually ship with the product. We also offer replacement sheets.
2.) Product Opening: Most of these models feature a self-adjusting conveyor system, so whether toasting bagels or buns, it will adjust accordingly.
3.) Heat Control: The griddle plate on these toasters can be adjusted to the desired temperature using a thermostatic control.
4.) Toasting Time: This is usually determined by the gear setting on a bun griller. Different gears correspond with different toasting times (22 second, 35 second, 55 second, etc.). Use these settings and the griddle temperature to achieve the desired texture.
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Continuing from the previous post, on with the subject of controlling the masses, the article goes on to say:
"Something to remember is that duplicity- the use of mirror or imitation images- in controlling people has been around a very long time. The elite were taught, by Machiavelli, for example, how to rule through duplicity--that is, to rule using imitation images.
In order to control individuals and nations, often the first thing which is attacked is the sense of identity. As a moral, spiritual being, the sense of identity is critical to their overall perception of who they are. Controlling entities target both individuals and nations to destroy their ethical self-respect. These, the individual and the nation, must be brought to think of themselves as less than human.
Another primary tool or tactic employed is to traumatize the person or group who is to be controlled, and then provide relief when a negative lie is accepted.
An important trauma used is rejection, because it creates a desire for performance and/or retaliation, and gets people trapped in a bondage loop. Lies put people into bondage, as well. Images are a type of lie, that lead to bondage. This is why so many images and lies are placed in front of us on a daily basis. These images and lies are inherently bondage-makers. These tools are used to essentially capture people ( via their minds) and force them into a bondage state.
Fear and self-preservation are grounded in death, if one actually examines those. To preserve ourselves, we will allow ourselves to be enslaved. (Eventually, mind-controlled people and society in general, in order for peace, safety and self-preservation will transfer their allegiance to the controllers, or master programmers).
Another tactic used in mind control is Isolation. (How many families actively interact with their neighbors daily today? Or are most people so exhausted that when they get home, they just eat, watch tv and go to bed?) Slowly we are programmed to believe that we are incapable of feeling and that we have no feelings. As infants, we are taught not cry during our own suffering, and are constantly being de-sensitized and encouraged to feel incapable of caring for the suffering of others.
These controllers can basically make or remake reality to be what they want, and the people subjected to this mind controlling come to accept whatever they are presented with as truth. Not just individuals, but whole nations are programmed to believe it as truth.
Learning plays an important part in perception. Those attempting to control others try to get their people to subscribe to certain philosophies and ideas. This will make it hard for people to rebel against those doing the controlling. Once a belief is embedded in the brain and accepted as truth, it will remain there tenaciously. The person feels the authority coming from or presented from this 'teacher', and often attributes the 'teacher' with special gifts and abilities. The person, after all, is hardly in a position to question the teachings being given from these authorities. Circular reasoning, lies, and other tricks and tools are used to convince the person that the false world presented to them is true.
We might hear 'science' present a statement such as,"Through genetics, we can insure better health, essentially design a better man, a man with far more capabilities than before. Those who disagree with using this technology are trying to keep humankind back in the dark ages." This is an example of circular reasoning and outright lies that are presented to us. (The truth is that these controllers are not interested in helping mankind, only enslaving it and destroying it). To make their own philosophies more palatable, their world-view attacks the character of anyone whose view would dispute their many false claims. A great deal of rationalization is used, as well, where the end justifies the means. For example, at this moment in time, orchestration is taking place to pass a UN Small Arms Treaty- under the pretense of trying to prevent guns being smuggled- when, in fact, it is designed to take away all nations, including America's, right to bear arms.
One of the ways to control a person is to get them angry and then, channel that hate. Wars have been used for centuries to control their people by the oligarchies that run things. Right now, the so-called New World Order is carrying out a Drug War, an Environmental War, and many other conflicts ( Iraq, Afghanistan, Libya, etc) for the express purpose to control us. They, no doubt, have a mock-alien invasion planned to further justify more control over our lives, as well. They will use whatever tactic necessary to keep people in a state of fear. Each tactic is deliberately designed to make and keep people subservient.
Mankind, over the centuries, has created an entire industry around warfare. There are long standing traditions within military units, that for some reason, must be "upheld" by the men and women who serve in those units. It has been proven repeatedly that when people buy into the philosophies of war, they can generally be persuaded to give up, or do anything to contribute to that war. Of course, any sacrifice will be minimal compared to the large numbers of people whose lives are sacrificed.
One of the critical purposes of this type of trauma-based mind-control is to produce robotic soldiers who will do anything. Normal military training is usually sufficient for most military needs, however. Perhaps a 'controlled public' ultimately has some ulterior use for the controllers, and perhaps the the military doesn't want the public to know about those plans, or perhaps does not even know the controllers plan.
The programming that has been integrated into the minds of people has been ingenious and very complex. As this program with ultimate control progresses over the years, the programming becomes more sophisticated, and improvements on past mistakes are continually being made.
No doubt these major controllers will do whatever it takes to serve their ends, so do not expect this to be an easy thing to end. Every intelligence service since time began has sought methods of owning people, enslaving people and ensuring they stayed loyal. There are no moral or financial or ethical restraints on what is being done. They are adept at controlling people, and have centuries of history to attest to that.
It can be ended, and must be done. We must learn to care for ourselves, and take care of our needs ourselves. It is not just a matter of taking back our countries- we must take back our souls and minds, and our bodies and our economies..
People must first realize the extent of what has been going on by these controllers in order to keep people in such a suppressed state."
There have been many methods used in order to suppress people, with education being a very critical tool. By deliberately extending the length of 'childhood', inventing 'adolescence', and brainwashing and programming children from very early on through their late teens, (and often longer, well in to their twenties or thirties) with mandated compulsory 'education', the controllers are greatly assisted in creating a 90+% 'human resource' or workforce, lead by 5+% 'managers', for a 1% elite group of 'designers'.
This program has not been designed to assist educating and advancing people, but rather programming them for placement into a corporate-minded work force, often doing menial or degrading jobs not equal to the persons natural abilities. The programming is not meant to bring out the best or promote innovation and self-reliance, but rather to keep people dull, subservient and dependent.
If we take a hard look at the state of our world today, we can see how this is being played out. Each country and region thinking that the economic issues are more local than they really are, when, in fact, this same programming has been instituted into every corner, affecting every nation and community. Being groomed for slavehood hardly is appealing to anyone, yet that is what has been happening.
As each nation falls prey to the controllers overall plan, controlling the masses expands to insidious proportions. It certainly has not served any individual or country; it simply serves those who wish to control.
We will explore more on the subject of controlling the masses with a continuation of the article in the next post. Until then, be mindful.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Russian parliament certifies free Internet's death
|Reporters Without Borders
|Publication Date
|22 July 2017
|Cite as
|Reporters Without Borders, Russian parliament certifies free Internet's death, 22 July 2017, available at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/5975b8554.html [accessed 18 December 2018]
|This is not a UNHCR publication. UNHCR is not responsible for, nor does it necessarily endorse, its content. Any views expressed are solely those of the author or publisher and do not necessarily reflect those of UNHCR, the United Nations or its Member States.
Russia's parliamentarians have given final approval to two laws intended to ban software that bypasses online censorship and tighten government control of search engines and messaging services. Reporters Without Borders (RSF) thinks they certify the death of a free Internet in Russia.
The two laws marking a turning-point in Russian Internet censorship were among the torrent of bills that legislators approved in a rush yesterday, the last day of the parliamentary session before the summer break.
The first law aims to plug the gaps in Russia's Internet censorship by obliging services that circumvent website blocking - such as VPNs, proxy servers or the Tor network - to block websites that are banned in Russia. Those that do not comply will be rendered inaccessible in Russia.
This law also requires search engines to remove all references to sites that are blocked in Russia.
The second law will require the identification of users of messaging services such as WhatsApp and Telegram by means to their telephone numbers and will allow the authorities to block certain subscribers or messages.
"The free Internet has just hours to live in Russia," said Johann Bihr, the head of RSF's Eastern Europe and Central Asia desk. "As we feared, the Duma has decided to step up censorship and surveillance of Internet users. We again condemn this escalation in draconian legislation, which tramples on the rights of Russian citizens and threatens the digital sector."
The approval of these laws by the upper chamber and their promulgation by President Vladimir Putin are formalities. The anti-VPN law should take effect on 1 November, the law on messaging services on 1 January. Their implementation nonetheless faces major technical challenges.
Russia is ranked 148th out of 180 countries in RSF's 2017 World Press Freedom Index.


text: The Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council awarded just over 1,800 research grants to a value of Pounds 246 million, according to its 1995-96 annual report. EPSRC chief executive Richard Brook says the overall success rate for research proposals was 44 per cent by number. Processing times for grant proposals have improved by 20 per cent over the past two years and savings made on administration costs have enabled the council to spend an extra Pounds 1.5 million on research.


text:
… my blog.
My blog is some reviews of some sneakers,
my thoughts added to it, that's it.
You need to make up your own mind if you like it.
If you're interested in everything there is to say about a model,
please check my other reviews.
I will not repeat myself.
What's with the meter?
The meter is an objective way of showing you how a shoe fits,
no 'they fit big/ small.' here.
I was kind of a 'tweener'-sneakerhead.
A bit longer in it than some newbies,
but far from as long in it as many others.
My 'how-to's reflect my experiences
and shouldn't offend anybody longer in it.
I don't think I know anything, I just like to share my views.
Please understand if older reviews disappear and links may be ineffective
as I don't have an unlimited bandwidth available.
I am no
hypefashion-, NMD-, Jordan-, celebritysneakerstalker-, Kanye-fanboy.
if you are?
No hard feelings, but you propably won't find much here.
Note that I will not be up to date as I will not follow the trends
and will concentrate on my own stuff.


text:
This site is entirely user-supported. See how you can help.
We don't have any photos of this building yet. Why don't you be the first to send us one?
Latitude: 51.2952 / 51°17'42"N
Longitude: -0.1665 / 0°9'59"W
OS Eastings: 527932
OS Northings: 156714
OS Grid: TQ279567
Mapcode National: GBR DK.BP0
Mapcode Global: VHGRY.2PBZ
Entry Name: Leyfields
Listing Date: 29 September 1983
Grade: II
Source: Historic England
Source ID: 1029023
English Heritage Legacy ID: 289501
Location: Reigate and Banstead, Surrey, CR5
County: Surrey
District: Reigate and Banstead
Town: Reigate and Banstead
Electoral Ward/Division: Chipstead, Hooley and Woodmansterne
Built-Up Area: Croydon
Traditional County: Surrey
Lieutenancy Area (Ceremonial County): Surrey
Church of England Parish: Chipstead
Church of England Diocese: Southwark
4/32 Chipstead, Coulsdon
Farmhouse. C17. Red brick; plain tile roof with end stack to left and rear stack
right. 2 storeys; C19 leaded casements, diamond pattern, under cambered heads.
3 across the first floor. Central panelled door with upper panels glazed, transom
fanlight above. Extension to left with leaded casement above panelled door.
Listing NGR: TQ2793256714
This text is from the original listing, and may not necessarily reflect the current setting of the building.
Other nearby listed buildings


text:
Languages: English
Seller: Robert Ellis
* Most of the original base content will now have images. And we continue to add more images daily, until all the base content have images. Images help to significantly improve the memorization process.
* Stability improvements
From greetings to standing up for your self, from small-talk to falling in and out of love, this talking phrase book teaches you Chinese as it is really spoken by native Chinese people. It is Chinese as it is really spoken among friends and acquaintances. It's the Chinese language they don't teach you in school. Most of the phrases you will never learn in any classroom or textbook.
• Comes pre-packaged with more than 2,700 phrases in 45 categories, including 6 travel sections, falling in and out of love, arguing, small talk and many others
• Unlock thousands more additional content from within the app. Including vocabulary with picture.
• Built in translator
• Purchase and import additional content from the In App Store.
• We will be making more and more content available over time that you can purchase
• Memorization mode lets you memorize the phrases while engaged in other activities such as, playing games, jogging, working out, working on the job, reading, etc.
• Associate photos with any category or phrase to help support memorization
• Listen to and control your music without leaving the app
• Listen to your music in the background while using memorization mode, making the memorization an entertaining experience
• Add your own products manually
• Add, edit, delete your own words and phrases as you learn new phrases
• Post translations to Facebook wall without leaving the app
• Upload photos with translations to Facebook
• Tag friends and locations with translations you post to Facebook
• Compose, edit and send emails using one or more selected phrases
• Send translated text to friends using Line messaging app
• Send one or more phrases using SMS
• Send one or more phrases to anyone via email without leaving the app
• Text to speech used for phrases that do not have recorded audio
• Record your own voice (or your friend's) for any existing phrase or phrases you add yourself
• If you like the app on iPhone, you will love it on iPad
• Universal app for both iPhone and iPad
• Takes advantage of the larger iPad screen size
• Buy it once, install on both devices
• Please note that while running in the background, the operating system may stop the audio if it needs to do so for any reason. If that happens, simply go back to the app and it will continue playing automatically again.
This phrasebook will grow with you as you learn and expand your vocabulary. Furthermore, this product will help you to memorize all of its content and any additional content you may add. By listening to, and speaking Chinese as it is really spoken, your listening comprehension will increase rapidly. And you'll soon find yourself speaking like a native, surprising both yourself and everyone around you.
Disney World Magic G...View Details>
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text:
Tuesday, February 7, 2017
OkCupid - RudeDude Meetup
RudeDude actually hadn't given his name in the chat and hadn't even asked for mine, which was kind of surprising because my username on that doesn't have my name in it whatsoever. Either way I was on my way to the Thai restaurant when I got a message from him on OkCupid saying that he had arrived and he asked if he should grab us a table. Mind you he was ten minutes early to the place and I was still stuck in traffic so I told him to go ahead and grab a table. I didn't know if the place was going to be super busy and didn't want to arrive only to have to wait around even more.
When I arrived at the Thai restaurant I looked around but didn't see a guy seated by himself. I walked up to the server at the front table and she asked, "Oh! Are you here looking for the gentleman?" I just smiled and said, "Yes, I am." She pointed over to the next room and told me he was in there. I entered the room but all I saw were a bunch of families so I became super confused. Turns out RudeDude was to my right with his head down and he was looking as his phone.
"RudeDude?" I questioned as I looked at him, because I didn't know his name so what else was I supposed to call him? I don't think "Random Guy From OkCupid" would have gone over very well. RudeDude looked up and said, "Oh, hey!" and so we kind of met. He put away his phone as I sat down and I ended up being the one to ask, "Hey, so what's your name?" He told me it was Rick and then there was silence. I mean total silence, He didn't ask my name, which I found super weird. I mean, when you meet someone you ask their name right? Or was he going to call me by my username for the entirety of our lunch? Who knows right?
After waiting for a bit I finally said, "I'm Marie, it's nice to meet you." Rick just smiled and nodded at that. I became so confused because why was Rick acting like this? I mean, sure we hadn't conversed much on the OkCupid app but I didn't think that would mean he wouldn't talk to me at all in person! Well it was then that I noticed he was shaking. Like, his hands were physically shaking so it became obvious that Rick was nervous! I mean, I know it can be nervous meeting up with someone for the first time because everyone gets those jitters but that helped connect the dots for why he wasn't very chatty. He was so nervous and was probably doing his best to just sit there and pay attention.
We ordered our lunch after looking at the menu and making small talk. Rick is new to Vegas and just moved from California. He works out on the Air Force Base in intelligence which means he can't talk a whole lot about work, which is fine. I get how that goes because I have some family friends who work for the government and they can't say a word about it. One jokes that they work for McDonald's tending the cows because why not?
Rick slowly started to regain his composure and stopped shaking so the nerves were going away. We talked about what we did for work a bit more before telling fun traveling stories. He hasn't been out of the country yet even though he was in the military but he wants to travel the Europe and head to a lot of different places all over the world. He's been around to a few places in the U.S. on road trips and such so those were fun stories to hear.
I'm just glad that he was able to hold a conversation and keep eye contact with me while talking. The conversation just rolled from one topic to the next one which made things easy. Don't get me wrong there were some lulls but we were able to bounce back and keep it going. It wasn't like there weren't any stories to talk about or share.
Somehow two hours passed by and we finally had finished eating and the conversation was slowing a bit due to the fact that we had been there so long. Rick paid for the meal and we made our way outside. I wasn't quite sure if he would want a hug, considering a lot of the guys I've met up with before were all about getting a hug as if that was some sort of accomplishment, but he just sort of stood there outside for a moment. I then wondered if he was going to ask for a number but that didn't seem to be happening either.
Whether or not he wanted my number was up to him of course because I wasn't going to ask for his. Call me old fashioned but that's just how I am. I feel like the guy needs to make the first move for that sort of thing. So I figured he just wasn't interested and I had thanked him for the meal so there wasn't much more that needed to be said. Before I could walk away though Rick finally asked if we could exchange numbers and we did just that. He mentioned hiking and I said Red Rock was a great place to go. I told him to text me if he'd be interested in going sometime and we left it at that.
Now it's time for the waiting game of if he'll actually text me and from there will he want to do something or just become a ghost. I'll keep you all posted either way so don't worry. What do you all think?
A funny little side note about this meetup is that I told my best friend where I was going to be because why wouldn't I do that? Meeting strangers from the internet is dangerous! She texted me during the lunch but my phone was in my purse so I didn't know I had a text nor did I have the chance to text her back. It was only after I got in my car that I texted her back saying I was alive and well but what's funny is she was legit all ready on her way to the Thai place ready to come busting through the doors to save me and figure out what was wrong. True friendship, right? (:
15 comments :
That's pretty weird guy even for my liking. How did it go after the meal? Have he texted you or buy you some coffee later on?ReplyDelete
I can't wait to read another blog post about this rudedude guy. Being nosy a bit but tons of curiosity is building up.
Take care. x
- AnonymousFebruary 8, 2017 at 2:35 AM
That actually doesn't sound like such a bad date. As long as there is conversation and it doesn't get boring, it's good. And hellooooo Thai food. Even a crappy date would be ok for that. :D I find it interesting that he was sooo nervous because that and "rude dude" doesn't really work. I'm curious to see if he texts you, you old-fashioned lady. Haha. I say if you like him, totally text him but that decision everyone has to make for themselves. Hiking sure sounds like a good kind of date though. Glad he didn't turn out to be super rude. He actually sounds like a decent guy with some old-fashioned values himself. :)ReplyDelete
xx Hailey - www.haileyjaderyan.com // www.instagram.com/haileyjaderyan
It doesn't sound like the date went too bad, a bit awkward at first, but probably down to the nerves! Thank you for sharing your experience with us. I hope you go on more dates because I really enjoyed reading this haha!ReplyDelete
Lots of love
Charlene McElhinney
Aww I think it's actually cute that Rick is nervous and shy. It shows that he's sincere about getting to know you. This date reminds me of my first date with my bf! He was really shy too and he didn't talk much. It wasn't the best first date, and since I saw how shy he was I made the first moves in everything! That's how we got to end up being where we are right now :) I hope Rick texts you soon! I'm really excited to know what happens next haha.ReplyDelete
skinnydecxflatte.blogspot.com xo
Aww bless him, is probably be nervous too, I hope everything is going well you'll have to let us know what went on afterReplyDelete
Tasha x
Aw bless him being so nervous! I would have thought from his funny username that he would be a confident cocky guy! Keep us updated!ReplyDelete
Amy xx
At least the date didn't sound like it went bad, hopefully he will ask you for your number soon, keep us posted xxxxReplyDelete
I love all your men stories, they are me laugh!!! What a little shame at how nervous he was!!! Let us know how you get on xxReplyDelete
Aww sounds like it went well, I think its good if a guy is a bit nervous proves they care what you think. So many times I have heard about a guy being too full on so perhaps he didn't want to be too full on because he likes you. Cant wait to read what happens next!! xxxxxxReplyDelete
Aw I'm glad the date got better, first dates can be nerve wracking! Looking forward to hearing what happens next!ReplyDelete
It doesn't sound like a bad date and atleast it got better - I'm always so nervous on first days so I really empathise! I'd love to know what happens next and if he gets back in contact with you for another date xReplyDelete
Aww poor guy. I find it kind of endearing when guys are shy and nervous. Don't get me wrong there's a difference between shy and creepy, but he was nervous to be out on a date. That's adorable. I give him props. If I was shaking that bad for anything, I'd book it real quick. Can't wait for updates! Your best friend is also a total keeper! Love that!ReplyDelete
The Crimson Cardigan
Aw, your friend's reaction to you taking ages to reply was just adorable, what an absolute sweetheart! Even if this guy turns out to be a no-go, at least you have fab friends like that to rely on! Looking forward to future updates on Rick, let's hope he gets over his nerves and you get to know him better!ReplyDelete
Abbey 😘 www.abbeylouisarose.co.uk
I'm glad that the date got better! I always tell my friend that I'm going on a date just in case! Fingers crossed that things go well with Rick!ReplyDelete
Sian x
Does he know your name yet?ReplyDelete
I am glad your friend knew where you was and was ready to come pouncing in haha. I had my mom on standby when I first met my boyfriend, always better to be cautious.
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Txtng in three European languages: does the linguistic typology differ?
- Dulcie Bradley
- 3 years ago
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1 Txtng in three European languages: does the linguistic typology differ? Rachel Panckhurst Praxiling UMR 5267 CNRS, Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier 3 Route de Mende Montpellier cedex 5 France [4661 words total ; abstract 120 words]
2 Txtng in three European languages: does the linguistic typology differ? 1 Rachel Panckhurst, Praxiling UMR 5267 CNRS, Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier 3 Abstract: We have conducted research on computer-mediated communication within a French University since Discourse appearing in messages, forums, chat sessions is shaped in a particular way, precisely because one uses a computer. The computer becomes a tool, a sort of mediator, indirectly modifying the discourse. A new discourse genre which we call mediated electronic discourse is created. Our research has recently included texting or SMS-type writing strategies either through computer or mobile telephone usage. Based on French and Belgian research, we have devised a new typology for French SMS writing (Panckhurst, 2009). Student corpora comparing French, Spanish and Italian allows plurilingual verification in order to reveal any variations. SMS and dialogical interactions are the next step for this research. Keywords: SMS, txtng, computer-mediated discourse, mediated electronic discourse. 1. Introduction 1.1. Mediated electronic discourse Mediated electronic discourse (MED) (including electronic mail, forums, chats, blogs, etc.) is characterised by several phenomena which appear below (cf. Panckhurst 2006a, b, 2007, Véronis & Guimier de Neef, in Sabah, 2006). Main MED features: smileys to introduce non-verbal semiological aspects; specific typography: words in uppercase, lengthening or repetition of letters, (which, in certain cases may simulate intonation, and 1 We would like to thank the following students, friends & colleagues who have provided useful information on French, Spanish and Italian texting usage: Dorian Boudrique, Hélène Catapano, Mark Chu, Flavia Coassin, Stéphanie Doston, George Ferzoco, Delphine Fréjaville, Sonia Pollet, Teresa Stabile, Elisabetta Tortorella, Bertrand Verine.
3 therefore indicate some paraverbal information), marks such as > or (indicating a repetition of discourse between sender and recipient); spelling, grammatical mistakes and absence (or reduction) of punctuation (cf. Panckhurst, 1998; Véronis & Guimier de Neef, in Sabah, 2006); neology or neography (cf. Véronis & Guimier de Neef, in Sabah, 2006), for instance, SMS abbreviations or words borrowed from foreign languages. More linguistic features include: predominant usage of the present tense (often over 60-70%) as opposed to imperfect/past, future, conditional, imperative; high usage of first person deictic pronouns (as compared to second and third person pronouns); lower percentage of verbs (often under 20-25%) compared to other more traditional written forms (over 20-25%), and among verbs used, frequent usage of modals (between 20 and 30% of overall verb usage); increased usage of ellipsis (for instance: Vous remerciant/thanking you; Impossible de trouver le document à enregistrer sur clef USB/Impossible to find the document to save on flash drive) Other more extra-linguistic aspects which are typical of online communication include: relational: conciseness, rapidity, anguish/worry (if a long silence is observed before responding to messages), aggressiveness, impulsiveness, an (illusionary) impression of proximity, protective barriers (no direct face-to-face contact), etc. communication context: reduction or absence of introductions and closures, non-observance of conversational rules (turn-taking, floor-taking, adjacency pairing, etc). More recently ( ), we have expanded our research to include mobile-telephone SMS messages (cf. Panckhurst, 2009). The following table shows how syntactic categories vary greatly according to the type of communication tool used:
4 Table 1: Percentage of syntactic categories (tokens) used between 1999 and 2006 ( , forum, chat, SMS) Until 2004, our corpora showed that syntactic category usage for nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs used in MED situations was similar to more conventional written forms (i.e. a high percentage of nouns and few verbs). However, from 2005 up until now, a radical change has occurred: noun usage has decreased, adjectives remain stable, but verb and adverb usage has increased dramatically. This shows a significant linguistic evolution: MED can be either more closely linked to written forms, or oral forms, according to the communication tool used. In Table 1, chats and SMS usage 2 appear to be more oral whereas and forums remain linked to more written forms esms or txtng Following on from the above classification for MED, analysis of SMS or txtng-style writing (in French, I have created the term esms for écriture de type SMS or écrit SMS (cf. Panckhurst, 2009), which I shall continue to use here), offers new perspectives for the study of language in evolution: Some people dislike texting. Some are bemused by it. Some love it. I am fascinated by it, for it is the latest manifestation of the human ability to be linguistically creative and to adapt 2 The right-hand column in Table 1 shows results from analysis of SMS data. We submitted 30,000 text messages which had been transcribed into standard French (see Fairon et al, ) to a French computational linguistics tool (Cordial, Synapse) and we then extracted results for noun, verb, adjective and adverb usage.
5 language to suit the demands of diverse settings. In texting we are seeing, in a small way, language in evolution. Crystal (2008, p. 175) Neology (lexical creativity, essentially foreign languages and colloquial/slang usage (also verlan in French) and neography (innovative spelling) are of the upmost importance as they are features which are frequently used in esms. In this article, a typology for French is presented (Panckhurst, 2009) and is then confronted with data from Italian and Spanish. This allows plurilingual verification in order to reveal any variations, and subsequently adjust the typology accordingly. 2. Typology In previous research (Panckhurst, 2009), we have justified devising a new typology for French esms following on from other proposals (Anis, 2004, Fairon et al. 2006b, Liénard, 2007, Véronis et Guimier de Neef, 2006) for several reasons. These are mainly linked to: varying terminology for identical phenomena, complex category confusions, (phonetic, graphical, etc.) descriptions which are placed on the same level as the resulting meaning/interpretation of the messages, sole categories which are used to highlight a particular phenomenon but include examples which can also belong to another category, etc. As these aspects are detailed in the previous research, we prefer directly presenting our typology for French here and then confronting it with two other languages: Spanish and Italian. In the following typology for French we exclude neology. Neography is first presented feature by feature (see Table 2), and then combinations are included (cf. 2.1). This is in order to avoid confusion as esms often includes complex features.
6 2.1. French esms typology I. Substitutions 1. phonetic: 1. entire: a sound is replaced by one character (letter or number) The spelling of the lexeme is entirely modified: o (eau), 7 (cet). 2. partial: replacement of digrams and trigrams, corresponding to phonemes. Spelling of the lexeme is partially modified: ossi (aussi), allé (aller), bo (beau) ; intervocalic s : bizes (bises) 3. with variation: bisoo (bisou) 2. graphical: 1. elision, typography, capitals/lower case: replacement of the French apostrophe or hyphen by spaces: «m en» (m en), «est ce que» (est-ce que) ; capitalising whole messages or substituting capitals with lower case or vice versa. 1. phonetic: 2. icons, mathematical symbols, special characters, rebuses, pictograms, logograms: (*, + = à + (à plus), de (de grandes oreilles) 3. with variation : bisoux (bisous) mwa (moi) 1. morpho-lexical shortenings: II. Reductions 1.1. truncations : ordi (ordinateur, apocope), lut, Net (salut, Internet, aphaeresis) initialisms (alphabetisms & acronyms): all letters are omitted except the first: ASV (âge, sexe, ville), mdr (mort de rire), tvb (tout va bien), tlm (tout le monde), lol (laughing out loud). 2. variation : ui (oui), i (il) 2. graphical: 1. suppression of mute 1) word-endings 2) beginnings: 1) échange (échanges), vou (vous), peu (peut), chian (chiant), fou («m en fous»), drop of the unstable e: douch (douche); 2) ôtel (hôtel) 2. consonant contractions/clippings & abbreviations: dc (donc), pr (pour), ds (dans); double consonants: ele (elle), poura (pourra) ; semantic abbreviations/initialisms (abbreviations reduced to initials): t (te/tu) p (peux/pas). 1. graphical: 3. agglutinations : jattends (j attends). III. Suppression/absence or rarefying: 1. typography & punctuation 2. diacritic signs : ca (ça), voila (voilà) IV. Augmentations & additions : 1. graphical: 1. repetition of characters and/or punctuation : suuuupppeeerrr!!!!!! 2. semiological representations (Smileys/emoticons) :-) 3. character increase: oki (ok), les zamours (les amours) 4. onomatopoeia: mouarf, arfff, bof. Table 2: typology of simple esms phenomena for French.
7 Complex phenomena. Table 2 is insufficient for dealing with all cases of neography, as, in many instances, esms involves combinations of two or more graphical and/or phonetic substitutions, reductions, suppressions, rarefying and additions. Some examples follow: agglutination (II.2.3) + suppression of mute word-endings (II.2.1) + entire phonetic substitution (I.1.1) : 7éta cet état ; multiple entire phonetic substitution (II.2.1) : 2manD (demander), 6T (citer), A2M1 (à demain); character increase (IV.1.3.) and graphical substitution with variation (I.2.3.): mwouah, moua (moi) A recent student study (Fréjaville & Doston, 2009), conducted on analysis of 300 text messages exchanged between people aged between 17 and 32 in French, has shown that the 4 most frequent combinations (including 2 or 3 phenomena), in descending order, are as follows: (1) substitution & reduction: substitution (phonetic, partial) & reduction (graphical, agglutination): javé (avais > avé; j > j); kon (qu on: qu > qu > k); substitution (phonetic, partiel) & reduction (graphical, mute word-endings): vrémen (vraiment: ai > é; t > ø); (2) reduction & reduction: reduction (graphical, initialism) & reduction (graphical, agglutination): sfera (se > s; se fera > sfera); jpense (je > j; je pense > jpense); (3) substitution & reduction & reduction: cke (c est que: que > ke (phonetic, partial); c est > c (graphical, semantic abbreviation); c est que > cke (graphical, agglutination); jfiniré (je finirai: ai > é (phonetic, partial); je > j (graphical, initialism); je finirai > jfiniré (agglutination); ti (t y: y > i (graphical, with variation); te > t (graphical, semantic abbreviation); t y > ti (agglutination) (4) reduction & reduction & reduction: reduction (graphical, semantic abbreviation) & reduction (graphical, mute wordendings) & reduction (agglutination): ta (tu as: tu > t; as > a; tu as > ta; jdevien (je deviens: je > j; deviens > devien; je deviens > jdevien);
8 2.2 French esms compared to Spanish and Italian In order to check the validity of the typology for French esms in comparison to Spanish and Italian, two other student studies were initiated (Boudrique et al, 2008 analysis of 84 Spanish text messages; Stabile & Tortorella, 2008 analysis of 208 Italian text messages). The following results (see Table 3, parts 1-3) show that the features stipulated in Table 2 can generally also be used in these languages. However, several specific situations do differ Substitution of trigrams. As pronunciation and spelling are much closer in Spanish and Italian compared to French, it is not surprising that trigram simplification does not appear in those languages, as it does in French: beau > bo Phonetic substitution: double to single letter modification: bu > w; ll > y; ch > x (Spanish). Phonetic variation seems more popular in the Spanish and Italian corpora than in French. Some phenomena may be of interest. For instance, the letter w is very rare in standard Spanish, only normally existing in foreign words. It is however also used in some regions/countries and in varying sociolects. In many esms examples, bu is replaced by w : bueno > weno; guapa > wapa, this corresponds to an economical measure when using the mobile telephone. Even if the letter w is rarely used in standard Spanish, the corresponding pronunciation does exists: huera is normally pronounced wera. This tendancy needs to be confirmed with intercultural differences; for instance, in other (Latin American) countries, a word like huera may more often be pronounced gwera. The double ll at the onset of a word is fairly systematically replaced with y since the pronunciation is fairly similar (in Argentina, for instance, ll is systematically pronounced y ) and the economical character of the mobile telephone keyboard is a factor (llave > yave, llamo >yamo). It is not necessarily the case for intervocalics; the following words were written as such in the Spanish corpus: ella, allí, pollito. Ch > x is borrowed from catalan, in which x is pronounced ch (chiquitina > xiquitina). This enables the user to press one instead of two keys on the mobile phone. Single letter modification (Spanish). Although v is often pronounced b in standard Spanish (there are of course geographical variations for this), in esms the replacement is not often used, probably because the key-pressing on the mobile phone is almost the same. The following example was the only one found in the whole Spanish corpus: Pdrs bnir a brme? ( Podrás venir a verme?; Will you be able to come and see me?)
9 Suppression of final characters. Surprisingly enough, single characters of (pronounced) wordendings are sometimes suppressed; however, in the Italian corpus this only seems to occur in dialectal situations (Napolitano in the present instance), where the full word is not pronounced in oral Italian in the first place; therefore this situation may be identical in spoken dialectal Italian and esms: scem (scema), avert (averti) (Italian). This may be similar in some regions of Spain (Andalucia) where pronounced word endings are omitted orally (final s dropped: eres >ere, vamos >vamo, etc.). Regional corpora should allow verification of these phenomena Mute word-endings (French)/beginnings (French, Spanish, Italian). In the section on reductions, suppression of mute word-endings is non applicable for Spanish and Italian, as this phenomenon does not exist in either language, simply because all characters (apart from the h for Spanish/Italian) are pronounced. In Spanish, mute word-beginnings may be suppressed in the situation of the silent h (one must note, however, that in certain regions and countries s is pronounced as an aspirate h ). For instance : hermanos (brothers) is often written either ermanos or rmanos (even if the latter possibility should technically be proncounced erre + manos ) in esms; hemos is also written emos in esms. These are the only two examples encountered in the Spanish corpus. In the Italian corpus, however, all instances of the mute h appear intact, as such (ha, ho, hai, hanno) Apostrophes & agglutination (French). Apostrophes are not used in Spanish, so for instance, there is no elision possible for me acuerdo and it would therefore not be shortened to *m acuerdo. In French, of course, it is very frequent: m aime, j aime but also with determiners and nouns: l apostrophe. In Italian, apostrophes are used with reflexive verbs, clitic pronouns or determiners + nouns, etc. The agglutination factor often revealed in French esms seems less frequent in Spanish or in Italian: jattends (I m waiting), jy (j y, as in j y vais: I m going there), nai (n ai, as in je n ai pas: I don t have). In the Italian corpus, not one example of apostrophe reduction combined with agglutination is apparent, but this may need to be confronted with further corpora. In French, agglutination in esms also appears in situations where apostrophes are not used in standard French, for instance: jregarde (je regarde), jtravaille (je travaille), etc. In Spanish, no agglutination examples using pronominals or reflexives (subject pronouns are of course not used in unstressed Spanish or Italian) appear in the corpus; a space is systematically inserted with initialism abbreviations: m aburro (me aburro), s nvian (se envian). In fact, very few examples of agglutination appear in the Spanish corpus; the three following were observed: 1) prepositions & nouns (dtus padres > de tus
10 padres); 2) interrogative adverb & verb combinations (d donderes? > De dónde eres?); 3) expressions with or without subject pronouns: noseke (no sé qué), yokese (yo qué sé). In the Italian corpus, the only example of agglutination is: vabbè (va bene), but this also involves consonant doubling and apocope, and since it is typical in oral Italian, it is not a particular feature of esms Double consonant simplification (Spanish & Italian). In both Spanish and Italian, usage of double consonants is less frequent than in French. In French the simplification is frequent: elle >ele (she); pourra >poura (will be able to) In Spanish, the main consonants which are doubled are: ll, rr, cc, and nn. Since the ll is often replaced by y (word-beginnings), that leaves three other main possibilities: the only double nn encountered in the corpus is when mañana (tomorrow) is condensed to mñn, which is not once simplified to mñ; 1 occurrence of the double rr is encountered: arreglo, but without simplification; the double cc is not apparent Diacritic signs and punctuation (Spanish). Diacritic signs are often used in written Spanish and these are often suppressed in esms. This may lead to ambiguity, as certain words can be indirect exclamations or interrogatives, depending on the context: quien/quién (who), donde/dónde (where), cuando/cuándo (when). Initial punctuation, which does not exist in either French or Italian, is systematically suppressed (, ) in Spanish text messages Complex phenomena variations (Spanish & Italian) In both Spanish and Italian, consonant doubling is used in combination with initialisms: gg (giorno, Italian), aa (años, Spanish), dd (días, Spanish). This does not seem to have an equivalent in French, where double consonants usually appear in consonant contractions, for instance: qq which may sometimes be used for quelques, bb for bébé, cc for coucou, mm for meme, nn for non, pp for pépé, ss for sans, tt for tout, etc. However both consonants exist in the original words, which differentiates the case from both Spanish and Italian. In Spanish, substitution may originate from mainstream Spanish (todos (all) becomes to2 since dos also means two ) or in some cases is possibly influenced by Catalan (adios (goodbye) becomes a2 (because in Catalan déu means God and is similar to the plural dues meaning two for a foreigner this may be confusing, as a2 could be interpreted as meaning ados which of course doesn t exist).
11 2.3. Trilingual esms typology: French, Spanish, Italian I. substitutions 1. phonetic 1. entire: a sound is replaced by one character (letter or number); the spelling of the lexeme is entirely modified French: o (eau), 7 (cet); possible in complex neology: 6T (citer) Spanish: c (sé), s (es); possible in complex neology: to2 (todos), a2 (adios from adéu, possible Catalan influence) Italian: c (ce), 6 (sei=pronoun, you); possible in complex neology: 3no (treno) 2. partial: replacement of 1) digrams and 2) trigrams, corresponding to phonemes; spelling of the lexeme is partially modified French: 1) ossi (aussi), allé (aller); 2) bo (beau); intervocalic s : bizes (bises) Spanish: 1) yamar (llamar), yave (llave), chikitina (chiquitina), xiquitina (chiquitina, from catalan); 2) N.A.; intervocalic s : bezos (besos) 3. with variation: Italian: 1) kiudere (chiudere); 2) N.A. French: bisoo (bisou) Spanish: weno (bueno), wapa (guapa) Italian: poxo (posso) from Latin: "x" became "ss". 2. graphical 1. elision, typography, capitals/lower case: 1) replacement of apostrophe or hyphen by spaces; 2) capitalising whole messages or substituting capitals with lower case or vice versa French: 1) m en (m en), est ce que (est-ce que); 2) upper/lower case substitution apparent Spanish: 1) no hyphen or apostrophe in literary Spanish; 2) upper/lower case substitution apparent Italian: 1) no hyphen in Italian; l ho (l ho)2) upper/lower case substitution apparent 2. icons, mathematical symbols, special characters, rebuses, pictograms, logograms: (*, + = 3. with variation French: à + (à plus), de (de grandes oreilles); partial substitution not encountered in French corpora Spanish: + (más), - ( ), x (por); also partial substitution: xq (porque), xo (pero), xa (para) Italian: + (più), - (meno), x (per); also partial substitution: xso (perso), xciò (perciò), xché (perché) French: bisoux (bisous) mwa (moi); Spanish: not encountered in corpus Italian: not encountered in corpus Table 3 (part 1): typology of simple esms phenomena across three languages: French, Spanish, Italian
12 II. reductions 1. phonetic 1. morpho-lexical shortenings 1.1. truncations: 1) apocope; 2) aphaeresis French: 1) ordi (ordinateur); 2) lut, Net (salut, Internet) Spanish: 1) peli (pelicula); 2) stoy (estoy), stas (estas) Italian: 1) scem (scema), avert (averti), veng (vengo), capi (capito), appunt (appuntamento); 2) na (una), sto (questo) 1.2. initialisms: 1) alphabetisms & 2) acronyms: all letters are omitted except the first of each word French: 1) ASV (âge, sexe, ville), mdr (mort de rire), tvb (tout va bien), tlm (tout le monde); 2) lol (laughing out loud) sic., used in French 2. with variation Spanish: 1) tqm (te quiero mucho); 2) vab ( Vienes a buscarme?) Italian: 1) tvb (ti voglio bene); French: ui (oui), i (il) Spanish: only encountered in complex neology: a2 (adios) Italian: not encountered in corpus 2. graphical 1. suppression of mute 1) word-endings; 2) word-beginnings French: échange (échanges), vou (vous), peu (peut), chian (chiant), fou (m en fous); drop of the unstable e: douch (douche) ; 2) ôtel (hôtel) Spanish: N.A.; 2) emos (hemos), rmanos (hermanos) : normally, r is pronounced erre (+ phonetic variation); n (en), l (el) (+ phonetic variation) Italian: N.A.; not encountered in corpus, all mute h forms apparent: ha, ho, hai, hanno 2. 1) consonant contractions/clippings & abbreviations; 2) double consonants; 3) semantic abbreviations/initialisms (abbreviations reduced to initials) French: 1) dc (donc), pr (pour), ds (dans); 2) ele (elle), poura (pourra); 3) t (te/tu) p (peux/pas) Spanish: 1) mñn (mañana), pq (porque), hcr (hacer), td (todo); 2) not encountered in corpus; 3) q (que/qué), t (te/tu) Italian: 1) dmn (domani), tnt (tanto), scs (scusa), ttt (tutto); 2) not encountered in corpus; 3) c (ce/ci), s (si/stare) 3. agglutinations French: jattends (j attends), jy (j'y), nai (n'ai), ten (t'en), lascenseur (l'ascenseur); jmange (je mange) Spanish: N.A. for apostrope; dtus (de tus), poray (por ahi ex. with phon. Variation), yokese (yo qué sé), noseke (no sé qué) ex. with phon. variation & diacritic réduction. Italian: all apostrophes maintained in corpus; phenomenon could exist: lho (l ho) private communication Table 3 (part 2): typology of simple esms phenomena across three languages: French, Spanish, Italian
13 III. suppression/absence or rarefying 1. graphical 1. typography & punctuation 2. diacritic signs French, Spanish, Italian: in general, typography & punctuation are diminished. In Spanish, initial punctuation (, ) is systematically suppressed. French: ca (ça), voila (voilà) Spanish: suppression can lead to ambiguity between interrogative & indirect exclamations, so context is required: quien/quién (who), donde/dónde (where), cuando/cuándo (when) Italian: accents are less frequent. Sometimes suppressed: ne (né), but not systematically; è is quite frequent in corpus IV. augmentations & additions 1. graphical 1. repetition of characters and/or punctuation French: suuuupppeeerrr!!!!!! (super!) Spanish: holaaaaaaaaa (hola) Italian: arrivoooooo (arrivo) 2. semiological representations (Smileys/emoticons) 3. character increase 4. onomatopoeia French, Spanish, Italian: :-), :-D, etc. French: oki (ok), les zamours (les amours) Spanish: not encountered in corpus (okis for ok used in Andalucian, private communication) Italian: not encountered in isolation; only combined with agglutination sennò (se no) French: mouarf, arfff, bof Spanish: zzz Italian: mhmh, ahahahah Table 3 (part 3): typology of simple esms phenomena across three languages: French, Spanish, Italian
14 3. Conclusion In the present article, we have presented a typology for describing txtng (or esms for écriture de type SMS, or écrit SMS, SMS-writing). It was initiated for a study conducted on the French language (Panckhurst, 2009), following on from previous research (Anis, 2004, Fairon et al. 2006b, Liénard, 2007, Véronis et Guimier de Neef, 2006). Student SMS data was then compiled for Spanish and Italian (Boudrique et al, 2008; Stabile & Tortorella, 2008), allowing plurilingual verification in order to reveal any variations, and thus modify typology structure, within the context of intercultural pragmatics. The typology presented here details simple phenomena before introducing complex phenomena (cf. student work, Fréjaville & Doston, 2009). It was first necessary to understand how esms forms are devised, for each of the three languages, by carefully splitting up each word into (relatively) isolated linguistic phenomena. However, most words used in text messages combine several features of the above categories (see tables 2 & 3). Although categories vary slightly from one language to another, many features are multilingual & multicultural. However, other languages incorporating other alphabets also need to be researched. For instance, in Arabic, the first letter of the name Ayesha/Aïcha As this is similar to a mirrored letter 3, this number is often used as graphical. ع is عاي شة replacement in text messages. Many more examples need to be investigated further. Determining typology is a crucial step, before one can branch out and explore dialogical interactions or asynchronous SMS conversations in depth. In order to do so, a crucial factor is of course collecting sufficient data in interactional situations, which is itself a difficulty in this domain. More student txtng corpora has recently been compiled and analysed (Catapano, 2009, Fontaine, 2009) in order to determine how ssms interaction takes place (usage of anaphora, ambiguity, discursive variation, terms of address, verb tense usage, contextual situations, etc.). A further step will lead to more precise intercultural & interactional pragmatics issues with analysis of multilingual & multicultural corpora. 4. References Anis, J. (1999), Internet, communication et langue française, Paris, Hermès. Anis J. (2001), Parlez-vous texto? Guide des nouveaux langages du réseau, Paris : Le Cherche Midi. Anis J., de Fornel M., Franckel B. (organisers, 2004) «La communication électronique : Approches linguistiques et anthropologiques», International colloquium, EHESS, Paris, 5-6 February.
15 Boudrique D., Catapano H., Pollet S. (2008), «SMS espagnols & typologie des SMS français», Master s Assignment, supervisor: R. Panckhurst, Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier 3. Catapano H. (2009), «Conversations et SMS», Master s thesis, supervisor: R. Panckhurst, Département Sciences du Langage, Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier 3. Crystal D. (2001), Language and the Internet, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. Crystal D. (2008), txting the gr8 db8, Oxford, Oxford University Press. Fairon C., Klein J.-R., Paumier S., (2006a), SMS pour la science. Corpus de SMS et logiciel de consultation, Presses universitaires de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Manuel+CD-Rom, Fairon C., Klein J.-R., Paumier S., (2006b), Le langage SMS. Étude d'un corpus informatisé à partir de l'enquête «Faites don de vos SMS à la science», Presses universitaire de Louvain, Louvain-la- Neuve, Fairon C., Klein J.-R., Paumier S., (2007), «Un corpus transcrit de SMS français», in Gerbault, J. (éd.) La langue du cyberespace : de la diversité aux normes, Paris : l Harmattan, p , Fayada Mélanie (2007), Le langage SMS des jeunes. Approche lexicale et morpho-syntaxique, Master s thesis, supervisor: R. Panckhurst, Gestion des connaissances, apprentissages, formation ouverte et à distance, Département Sciences du Langage, Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier 3. Fontaine D. (2009), «Conversations asynchrones en communication médiée : comparaison entre courriels, forums et SMS», Master s thesis, supervisor: R. Panckhurst, Département Sciences du Langage, Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier 3. Fréjaville D., Doston S. (2009), «Étude des réductions dans un corpus personnel de SMS», Master s Assignment, supervisor: R. Panckhurst, Département Sciences du Langage, Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier 3. Herring, S. C. (ed), (1996), Computer-Mediated Communication. Linguistic, Social and Cross-Cultural Perspectives, Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins. Liénard F. (2007), «Analyse linguistique et sociopragmatique de l écriture électronique. Le cas du SMS tchaté», in Gerbault, J. (éd.) La langue du cyberespace : de la diversité aux normes, Paris : l Harmattan, p Panckhurst R. (1998), «Marques typiques et ratages en communication médiée par ordinateur», Proceedings, CIDE 98, INPT, Rabat, 15-17/04/98, Paris, Europia Productions, Panckhurst, R. (1999), «Analyse linguistique assistée par ordinateur du courriel», in Internet, communication et langue française, Anis, J. (ed.), Hermès,
16 Panckhurst R. (2006a), «Le discours électronique médié: bilan et perspectives», in A. Piolat (ed.). Lire, écrire, communiquer et apprendre avec Internet. Marseille: Éditions Solal. Panckhurst R. (2006b), "Mediated electronic discourse and computational linguistic analysis : improving learning through choice of effective communication methods." Proceedings, ascilite conference, p , Sydney, Australia, 3-6 Décember. Panckhurst R. (2007), «Discours électronique médié : quelle évolution depuis une décennie?», in Gerbault, J. (éd.) La langue du cyberespace : de la diversité aux normes, Paris : l Harmattan, p Panckhurst R. (2009), «Short Message Service (SMS) : typologie et problématiques futures», in Arnavielle T. (coord.), Polyphonies, pour Michelle Lanvin, Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier 3, p Panckhurst R., Bouguerra T. (2003), Communicational and methodological/linguistic strategies using electronic mail in a French University, Proceedings, 8th International Symposium on Social Communication, Santiago de Cuba, january, Piolat A. (2006, ed.). Lire, écrire, communiquer et apprendre avec Internet. Marseille : Éditions Solal. Stabile T., Tortorella E. (2008), «Le langage de SMS : entre italien et français», Master s Assignment, supervisor: R. Panckhurst, Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier 3. Véronis, J., & Guimier de Neef, E. (2006), «Le traitement des nouvelles formes de communication écrite», in Sabah, G. (ed.), Compréhension automatique des langues et interaction, Paris : Hermès Science.
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text:
I have been working on art every day, but not much to show for it. I guess I could scan all my little doodles, but that takes time away from art!
Today I have a mess to share :-)! I am working on a quilt project that involves a bottle of wine... not drinking it, but portraying it. I've started with wool, my favourite medium of late. I will be working on this part for a couple of days I think. It will be incorporated into a section of other material and combined into one large wall-hanging.
I'll probably just keep sharing messes until the end of Art Every Day Month, but for me, that is the best part of art!
Friday, 13 November 2009
Friday Night and a Bottle of Wine
Posted by Sunflower Design at 16:53
4 comments:
This looks very intriguing! The colors are fabulous. I'd like to see what you do with it.ReplyDelete
Boy I'm excited to see this! And I love the creative chaos. :DReplyDelete
- Anonymous13 November 2009 at 21:30
Hi Marcy: Did you drink the wine? When you said you had a mess to share, I thought you spilt the wine. Not so! What scrumptious reds.ReplyDelete
When I arrived at Killara about noon today, the street was festooned with Jacarandah blooms. They are just coming on at full purple-power. I'll take a picture from the patio towards dusk and send it to you!
I can't wait to see what this is. I've been very intrigued by fibers lately.ReplyDelete
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text:
Build Target
Here is an example of a fully-qualified build target:
//java/com/facebook/share:uiA fully-qualified build target has three components:
- The
//prefix indicates that this path is relative to the root of your project.
- The
java/com/facebook/sharecomponent between the
//prefix and the colon (
:) indicates that the build file (typically named
BUCK) is located in the directory
- The
uiafter the colon (
:) indicates the name of the build rule within the build file. Build rule names must be unique within a build file.
[A-Za-z0-9._-]*//[A-Za-z0-9/._-]*:[A-Za-z0-9_/.=,@~+-]+ |- cell name -| | package path | |--- target name ---|A relative build target can be used to reference another build target within the same build file. A relative build target starts with a colon (
:) and is followed by only the third component (or short name) of the fully-qualified build target. For example, within
:ui can be used to reference
# This is in java/com/facebook/share/BUCK.
name = 'ui_jar',
deps = [
# This would be the same as using:
# Build targets are frequently used as arguments to build rules and to the command-line interface for Buck.
Command-line Pro Tips
Here are some ways that you can reduce your typing when you specify build targets as command-line arguments to the
buck build command.
Consider the following example of a fully-qualified build target used with the
buck build command:
buck build //java/com/facebook/share:share
Although Buck is always strict when parsing build targets in build files, Buck is flexible when parsing build targets on the command-line. Specifically, the leading
// is optional on the command line, so the above could be:
buck build java/com/facebook/share:share
Also, if there is a forward slash before the colon, it is ignored, so this could also be written as:
buck build java/com/facebook/share/:share
which enables you to produce the red text shown below using tab-completion, which dramatically reduces how much you need to type:
buck build java/com/facebook/share/:share
Finally, if the final path element matches the value specified after the colon, it can be omitted:
# This is treated as //java/com/facebook/share:share.
buck build java/com/facebook/share/
which makes the build target even easier to tab-complete! For this reason, the name of the build rule for the primary deliverable in a build file is often named the same as the parent directory. That way, it can be built from the command-line with less typing.