text:
Mirad Version 2
- Mirad uses the Roman alphabet as English does, except that the letters Q and C are only used in foreign borrowings or attempts to spell foreign words or names. There is an upper case (majuscules or capital letters) and a lower case (miniscules or small letters). The upper case letters are used for capitalization exactly as in English (see Orthography). Mirad, at least for non-foreign words, uses no diacritic marks such as the breve, the grave accent, or the diairesis. The order of the alphabet is the same as in English.
UPPERCASE A B C* D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q* R S T U V W X Y Z LOWERCASE a b c* d e f g h i j k l m n o p q* r s t u v w x y z NAME a ba ca da e fe ge he i ji ki li mi ni o po ko ro so to u vu wu xu yu zu
- * Not used in "native" Mirad words.
- Spelling a word means uttering the names in succession of the letters in the word. For example:
- Mirad → mi i ro a da
- anxwa → a ni xu wu a
- The letters w and h have only limited, functional (non-semantic) values in Mirad.
- The letters c (pronounced as ch in English chair) and q (pronounced variably, depending on the context) are used only to represent foreign words and names. For example, Ce is used to represent Che in Che Guevara.
The phonological system of Mirad consists of 20 consonant phonemes and 5 vowels phonemes.
Consonant Phonemes[edit]
The following IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet) chart shows the articulation of the consonant sounds:
Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal Nasal m n̪ Plosive voiced b d̪ ɡ unvoiced p t̪ k Affricate voiced unvoiced (t͡ʃ)* Fricative voiced v z ʒ unvoiced f s ʃ h Approximate l̪ j w Flap ɽ
Consonant Graphemes[edit]
The consonant graphemes (letters) in Mirad used to represent the above consonant phonemes are as follows:
GRAPHEME b c d f g h j k l m n p r s t v w x y z PHONEME b (t͡ʃ)* d f g h ʒ k l m n p ɽ s t v w ʃ j z
- Note that the grapheme c is used only in foreign words, but represents the unvoiced affricate sound t͡ʃ.
Vowel Phonemes[edit]
This IPA chart shows the articulation of Mirad vowel phonemes:
Front Central Back High i u Mid e o Low a
Vowel Graphemes[edit]
The vowel graphemes (letters) in Mirad used to represent the above vowel phonemes (sounds) are as follows:
GRAPHEME a e i o u PHONEME a e i o u
- The letters in Mirad are consonant phonemes or vowel phonemes and have only one basic pronunciation, although the letter y represents a special case. The y acts as a consonant when beginning a syllabic nucleus, and is pronounced as in English yes, but can also be used to form what are known as post-iotated vowel diphthongs (see Vowel Diphthongs, below).
- Simple Vowels
- The vowels are pronounced as they are in many European Latin-based languages. The table below gives their phonetic values and some examples.
VOWEL IPA* SPANISH FRENCH ENGLISH a a mano la ah! e e hecho été day (without the y-glide) i i si oui see (without the y-glide) o o no eau so (without the w-glide) u u tu vous too (without the w-glide)
- * IPA = International Phonetic Alphabet
- Post-iotated Vowel Diphthongs
- Vowels in Mirad can be post-iotated with the consonant y to produce five vowel diphthongs. These diphthongs are pronounced as such only at the end of a word or before a syllable beginning with a consonant. For example, igAY and EYna contain post-iotated vowel diphthongs, but maraya (ma-RA-ya) does not.
POST-IOTATED VOWELS ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION SPANISH/FRENCH PRONUNCIATION ay my hay ( Sp. there is) ey day (with y-glide) rey ( Sp. king) iy see (with y-glide) abeille (Fr. bee) oy boy Spanish hoy (Sp. today) uy gooey Spanish muy (Sp. very)
- Syllables starting with a y (ya, ye, etc.) form a set of what are known as pre-iotated vowels. Vowels, pre-iotated vowels, post-iotated vowels, and circum-iotated vowels (that is, those beginning and ending with a vowel like yay, yoy, etc.) are sometimes considered a class of vowels in the grammar of Mirad.
- The consonants in Mirad are pronounced not altogether differently from their English counterparts, except for x, which is sounds like English sh in ship and j which resembles the zh sound in Zhivago or mirage. However, the so-called stops p, t, and k sound more closely like their European equivalents in that they are not aspirated, i.e. their is no puff of breath following them as in English.
- The consonants q and c are not native to Mirad and are used only to represent foreign names and expressions. In that case, c is used for the English ch sound in China. For example, Cinader, meaning to speak Chinese, is pronounced as in English chee-nah-DEHR.
- The consonant w was not used before Version 2 of Mirad. It is now used to form the passive voice of verbs and certain numerical expressions and is pronounced as English w or the ou in French oui. The letter h is also used in certain function words and is pronounced like English h in house. It is also sometimes used to simulate sounds like the ch in Yiddish lachayim (to life!), or German Bach.
- Here is a table showing the pronunciation of Mirad consonants:
CONSONANT IPA ARTICULATION CLOSET EQUIVALENTS b b unaspirated voiced bilabial plosive French bon, English boy c tʃ * unvoiced palato-alveolar affricate English child, Spanish chico (only used in foreign words) d d unaspirated voiced alveolar plosive French de, English dog f f unvoiced bilabial fricative English fog g g unaspirated voiced velar plosive French gare, English good (always hard, even before e and i) h h glottal fricative English house (or a glottal stop or other similar sounds like German Bach j ʒ * voiced palatal fricative French je or English mirage k k unaspirated unvoiced velar fricative French carte, English kite (without aspiration) or French comment l l voiced post-alveolar lateral approximant English love or French bel (never a dark l as in English bell. m m voiced bilabial nasal English mother n n voiced alveolar nasal English nobody p p unvoiced bilabial plosive French pain, English pan (without aspiration) q - - (Only used in foreign words, where it has various gutteral pronunciations) r r alveolar flap Spanish mira or Italian Roma s s unvoiced alveolar fricative Always hard as in English safe (never a z sound as in rose) t t unaspirated unvoiced alveolar plosive French tous, English top (without aspiration) v v voiced bilabial fricative English very w w voiced labio-velar approximant English water, French oui x ʃ * unvoiced post-alveolar fricative English shape or French cher y j voiced palatal approximant English yard (except when post-iotating a vowel to create a vowel diphthong like oy) z z voiced alveolar fricative English zone
Note: If you see a blank here instead of an IPA symbol, it probably means that the font you are using to display characters in your browser does not support these characters.
- Every syllable in Mirad contains one and only one vowel. A y when final or followed by a consonant is used to post-iotate or diphthongize the previous vowel and is therefore considered part of the syllable in which that vowel is the nucleus (see case 2, below). Similarly, the glides r, l, and w, when final or followed by a consonant are considered to be a part of the syllable where the preceding vowel is the nucleus (see case 4, below). Two vowels in a row form two syllabic nuclei (see cases 3, 6, and 7, below). Two non-glide or non-y consonants, are split between them (see case 8). How syllables are divided is important for determining where the stress accent goes in a word (see Stress, below).
CASE EXAMPLE SYLLABIFIED 1 ama hot a-ma 2 ayma warm ay-ma 3 aymsea warming up aym-se-a 4 pyerxwa exploded pyer-xwa 5 upayo will have come u-pa-yo 6 vyaa true vya-a 7 vyaay truly vya-ay 8 vyay (not a word) vyay 9 tambwa settled tam-bwa
- Syllables in Mirad are shaped according to the following Consonant-Vowel patterns:
PATTERN EXAMPLES V[y] o, ay C[lrwy]V va, xwa, gyo, gla, gre V[y]C iyt, ad, ant, aynt C[lrwy]V[y]C dud, glas, glays, dren, toyb, xwer V[lrn]C alx, arx, yalp, yarp, yank
- Two non-glide consonants cannot appear together in the same syllable, except in foreign-imported words.
- Stress in Mirad is not marked and is not phonemic, i.e. not semantically distinctive. However, in all words of more than one syllable, the stress is applied to the last, non-final vowel. In this case, y is treated like a consonant, and so a word ending in ay is stressed on that syllable (since the a is non-final). The following chart gives some examples:
Mirad Word With Stress and Syllabification Marked teja vital te-ja igay quickly i-gay Mirad Mirad Mi-rad booka sick bo-o-ka bookan sickness bo-o-kan tejea alive te-je-a
- Orthography has to do with the way words are spelled.
- Words in Mirad are capitalized as in English. That is:
- The first word of a sentence is capitalized.
- Proper nouns, including names of places and persons, inhabitants of those places, and the languages spoken there, are capitalized. (This contasts with usage in most European languages.)
- All the letters of an acronym are upper case.
- The following chart illustrates this:
Mirad English Amerikam America Amerikama American Amerikat an American Amerikad American English Ivan Ivan Dropek ay Poos War and Peace At Mirade. I speak Mirad. Hyat be ha mir Mirado glojo. Everyone in the world will speak Mirad soon. Yat tameya Boston. We were living in Boston. His se Fransa vafil. This is a French wine. Ha Anxwa Doobi gey dyunwe ha AD. The United Nations is also called the UN.
- Punctuation and the rules governing it are the same as in English. The most common punctuation marks are:
PUNCTUATION MARK NAME . period , comma ; semi-colon : colon ' single quote " double quote ( left parens ) right parens -- dash ! exclamation point ? question mark * asterisk
Types of Nouns[edit]
- Nouns in Mirad can be distinguished in these various ways:
- common vs. proper
COMMON PROPER tam...house Meer...Venus yagsim...bench Fransam...France dyes...book Notre Dame...Notre Dame tej...life Tot...God
- concrete vs. abstract
CONCRETE ABSTRACT tab...body ifon...love mil...water oyman...coolness deuz...song deuzen...singing
- countable vs. mass
COUNTABLE MASS pat...bird pattel...bird food patayeb...feather patayebyan...plumage meg...rock mil...water
- gender-neutral / male-oriented vs. female-oriented
GENDER-NEUTRAL / MALE-ORIENTED FEMALE-ORIENTED tob...human being, man toyb...woman taf...suit, outfit tayf...dress apet...horse apeyt...mare
- singular or plural
SINGULAR PLURAL dom...city domi...cities gon...part goni...parts jub...day jubi...days
- inanimate (things) or animate (humans and animals)
INANIMATE ANIMATE mam...sky pot...animal tom...building aut...person job...time tobot...child
- Nouns also include gerunds, i.e. abstract nouns which are nominalized derivations of verbs like deuzen singing < deuzer to sing or osexen destruction < osexer to destroy.
- In Mirad, all common nouns in their singular dictionary lookup form end in a CONSONANT. Proper nouns sometimes end in a vowel, such as Roma Rome. Plural common countable nouns end in the vowel i (pat bird ⇒ pati birds).
- The above noun type distinctions are relevant in various parts of Mirad's grammar.
Pluralization of Common Nouns[edit]
- A singular common noun is made plural by suffixing the plural marker vowel i. So, the plural of par car is pari cars.
SINGULAR PLURAL tam...house tami...houses toyb...woman toybi...women tej...life teji...lives
- In Mirad, there is only a definite article, ha the; There is no indefinite article like English a / an. A noun is considered indefinite or general unless modified by the definite article ha (which in reality is a definite deictic determiner, discussed with other deictic determiners in the later section on Deictic Determiners). The definite article ha is positioned, as in English, before the noun and before any other adjectives or modifiers of that noun. It does not vary for gender, number, or case as in German or Latin. The definite article acts like its counterpart in English, as shown in the following chart:
MIRAD ENGLISH SPECIFICITY tam a house indefinite, no article ha tam the house definite ha tami the houses definite, plural tej life general, no article fitejawa tej a life well-lived indefinite, no article ha tej (...at bayse) the life (...I have) specific Fransad French general, no article Ivan Ivan person's name, no article Iflu yivan! Cherish freedom abstraction, no article Ha yivani hu yat ifie. The freedoms we enjoy. abstraction specified Yata yivani... Our freedoms... abstraction specified with possessive pronoun, no article
- Speakers of French and other European languages should take note that general concepts like love, life, freedom do not employ the definite article unless they refer to a specific instance, such as in the phrases the love that dare not speak its name or the life well-lived or the freedoms we possess. The names of languages and countries are also considered general, and so as in English, they do not take a definite article as they might in some European languages. Names of persons do not take the definite article as they do in modern Greek, unless in a phrase like "the Ivan I once knew."
Proper Nouns[edit]
- Proper nouns, such as names of people, places, languages, etc., are capitalized as in English. The formation of country names and languages will be discussed in a later section. It can be said here, though, that country names for the most part end in -am; the inhabitants of those places end in -at or pl. -ati; and the languages they speak end in -ad. Country names take a definite article only in a few cases like Ha Anxwa Doebi the United States. Otherwise, a country name like Fransam does not take a definite article, just as in English.
Modifiers: Placement and Agreement[edit]
- Nouns can be modified by various qualitative, quantitative, and deictic adjectives, which all precede the noun. These modifiers come in the same order as in English. There is no gender or number agreement between the modifiers and the noun, except that numeric adjectives, such as ewa two naturally are followed by a noun in the plural number.
Mirad English ha ewa aga tami the two big houses gla ifa taxi many pleasant memories hya fia tob every good man ha yaga via mepi the long, beautiful roads gra vua sexen too much ugly construction ata aja teji My past lives
Noun Linkage[edit]
- Nouns can be
- linked with a preposition or conjunction, where the prepositional/conjunctional phrase follows the head noun, or
- juxtaposed, where the modifier noun is separated by a space and comes before the head noun, or
- compounded, where the modifier noun is prefixed to a headword, or
- hyphenated, where two equal elements are joined by a hyphen.
- Examples:
LINKAGE EXAMPLE CONSTRUCTION Ivan ay Maria....Ivan and Maria nouns linked associatively by the conjunction ay (and) ha tam ey ha par....the house or the car nouns linked associatively by the conjunction ey (or) hyati oy ha toybi....all but the women nouns linked associatively by the conjunction or (but) dunnyan boy eta dyun....a list without your name nouns linked associatively by the preposition boy (without) tej bi nasuk....a life of poverty nouns linked associatively by the preposition bi of ha tam bi Maria ....Mary's house (the house of Mary nouns linked possessively by the preposition bi (of) job bi aga ivan....a time of great joy nouns linked associatively by the preposition bi (of) dyen ayv ha Ea Mira Dropek....a book about the Second World War nouns linked associatively by the preposition ayv (about) dropek jaxeni....war preparations modifier noun dropek (war) juxtaposed with the head noun jaxeni (preparations) dom yautpar....a city bus modifier noun dom (city) juxtaposed with the head noun yautpar (bus) tojvaf....a death wish modifier noun toj (death) compounded with the head noun vaf (wish) jogatanyaf....youth league modifier noun jogat (youth) compounded with the head noun anyaf (league) maj-moj...a day-and-night two or more equal nouns hyphenated
- The X bi Y prepositional construction must always be used for possession by a named person. The methods of noun linkage otherwise follow the English pattern in most all cases. Pronominal possession such as his car is discussed in the section on personal pronouns. The preposition bi of is used in partitive expressions like tilzyeb bi vafil a glass of wine (but: vafil tilzeb wine glass, where wine modifies the glass associatively). More about this and other prepositions or conjunctions can be found in the section on Prepositions or Conjunctions.
- Details on how noun vocabulary is derived appears in the section on Word Formation.
Noun Derivational Suffixes[edit]
- Nouns can be divided into:
- simple nouns such as par vehicle
- compound nouns such as naadpar train < naad rail + par vehicle
- derived nouns such as fabyan forest < fab tree + -yan, a suffix meaning collection
- Derived nouns are formed by attaching nominal suffixes (and sometimes prefixes)to other words or roots. A list of nominal suffixes to form derived nouns is shown in the following table. More can be read about noun derivation in the section on vocabulary-building.
EXAMPLES -yan collection, grouping, -ary noun tob man → tobyan mankind
mar star → maryan constellation
fab tree → fabyan forest
dyen book → dyenyan library
-ut, -uyt (f.) agent, one who Xes, -er, -ant verb stem bek ertreat → bekuyt nurse
ertravel → poput traveler
erwin → akut winner -en present gerund, -ing, -tion, -ment verb stem ifi erenjoy → ifien enjoyment
ersing → deuzen singing
eract → axen action, acting -ob, -oyb (f.) offspring, baby of noun tob human being → toboyb baby girl
apet horse → apetob foal
yopet goat → yopetob kid
-an abstact quality, -ness, -hood, -ity adjective stem vi abeautiful → via beauty
afair → yevan fairness, equity
ahuman → toban humanity, humanness, manhood -(s)(u)n object, thing various stems vyu adirty → vyun spot
ersettle → tambun settlement
ershred → gorfun scrap, shred
yod not a single → yodsun not a single thing
-(s)on abstract thing, issue various stems if erto love → ifon love
ov against → ovon obstacle
astrong → azon force
a' difficult → yik sonproblem -in doctrine, dogma, -ism various stems tot god → totin religion, theism
anude → otofin nudism
yulf terror → yulfin terrorism
-tun science of, -ology noun tot god → tottun theology
tob man → tobtun anthropology
vob plant → vobtun botany
-es small item, part noun tom building → tomes apartment
saun kind → saunes sample
dreuz poem → deuzes stanza
mek dust, powder → mekes speck, gain
-et sub-level version of (persons only) noun tad father → tadet son
tuyd aunt → tuydet niece
tyud tutor → tyudet pupil
-s thing, something, object, the X one adjective aa first → aas first one, first thing
otwa unknown → otwas mystery
tejea living → tejeas living thing
-t person adjective ea second → eat second one, second person
faa holy → faat holy one, saint
ujna last → ujat last one, last person
Amerika American → Amerikat an American
-d language, speech, sound adjective and other stems Angla English → Anglad English (language)
Mira of the world → Mirad Mirad (world speech)
thorse → aped neigh, whinny -(e)m place various stems ho a? what? → hom? where?
yex work → yexem worksite
ab on, above → abem top, surface
alateral → kum side -(a)m place, house, building various stems nun merchanise → nunam store
til drink → tilam bar, tavern
erto pray → fyadilam church -im room, chamber various stems fadil erto pray → fadilim chapel
erto cook → magelim kitchen
erto dress → tofim dressing room -[aou]r instrument, device, machine usu. verb stem p erto go → par car
erto write → drar pencil
erto cut → gorbar knife
erto lift → yalbur elevator, lift
dop military → dopur machine gun
-ag big noun tam house → tamag mansion
tyal meal → tyalag banquet
tilar spoon → tilarag ladle
-ayg big and cute noun tam house → tamayg cozy mansion
epet dog → epetayg wolfie
-yag big and ugly noun tud uncle → tudyag dirty old uncle
toyb woman → toybyag hag
-og little noun tab body → tabog corpuscle
apet horse → apetog pony
tyal meal → tyalog snack
gorbun cut → gorbunog cutlet
-oyg little and cute noun tam house → tamoyg cottage
apayt chicken → apaytoyg chickadee
mimpar boat → mirparoyg dingy
-yog little and ugly noun tam house → tamyog shack
epat duck → epatyog ugly duckling
kod secret → kodyog little dirty secret
-ig sudden noun and verb stem man light → manig flash
pyex stroke → pyexig swat
erdive, fly down → yopapig swoop -if love of, -philia noun tel food → telif gourmandise
doab homeland → doabif patriotism
dyes book → dyesif bibliophilia, love of books
-ef need of noun tel food → telef hunger
afast → igef emergency
til drink → tilef thirst
-uf hate of, -phobia noun mil water → miluf hydrophobia
totin religion → totinuf hatred of religion
toyb woman → toybuf misogyny
-yuf fear of, -phobia noun lopyet snake → lopyetyuf fear of snakes
mil water → milyuf hyrophobia
-yaf ability to, power, -ability verb stem teat erto see → teatyaf ability to see
erto think → texyaf cognition
erto understand → testyaf comprehension
erto spend → nosyaf spending power -yof inability to, disability verb stem teat erto see → teatyof blindness
erto hear → teetyof deafness
erto move → pasyof paralysis
erto sleep → tujyof insomnia -yef compulsion to, mania verb stem vyod erto lie → vyodyef compulsion to lie
erto steal → kobiyef kleptomania, compulsion to steal
- Adjectives can be of the following types:
- descriptive
- qualitative, like iva (happy), fia (good), oga (small)
- denominal (noun-derived), like doma (urban) < dom (city) or teaba (ocular) < teab (eye)
- deverbal (verb-derived), (participles) like tejea (living) < tejer (to live) or twa (known) < ter (to know)
- preposition-derived, like aba (upper) < ab on top of or zoa (posterior) < zo (behind)
- determinative
- deictic, like hia (this), huyena (such), haewa (both)
- numeric, like awa (one), ea (second), iona (triple)
- quantitative, like ga (more), glo (few), gra (to much)
- pronominal, like heta (whose), ata (my), hyeta (anyone's)
- Only descriptive adjectives are discussed here in the section. Determinative adjectives (determiners) behave differently and are discussed under Determiners. Deverbal adjectives, usually referred to as participals, are treated in the section on Verbs, since they are formed from verbs. Pronominal adjectives (i.e. possessive adjectives) are treated under both the section on Determiners and the section on Pronouns.
- All descriptive adjectives end in the adjectival marker vowel a.
- fi- root qualitative morpheme ⇒ fia good
- par noun vehicle ⇒ para vehicular
- dalw- passive stem of the verb speak ⇒ dalwa spoken
- ab preposition on ⇒ aba superior
- Descriptive adjectives precede the noun or noun phrase they modify:
- aga tam....a big house
- ha fia toyb....the good woman
- ata boka ted....my sick father
- fia telsyeb bi vafil.....a good bottle of wine
- Yata dooba doof....our national flag
- Ata tejea tyedi.....my living relatives
- doba xeut state agent can also be expressed as the noun compound dobxeut. Dob means a state.
- pata bok avian illness can be compounded as patbok, literally bird illness.
- Note: Compounded nouns often have an idiomatic meaning not exactly equal to their separate parts. More about this in the later section on vocabulary-building.
Comparison of Adjectives by Degree[edit]
- As in English, descriptive adjectives can be modified by degree. To do this, a quantitative determiner of degree (ga, ge, etc.) is placed before the adjective, producing positive / negative comparative, equalitative, superlative, and other degree expressions as in the following table. The quantitative determiners themselves that are used in these comparative expressions are discussed in detail in a later section on Quantitative Determiners.
QUANTITATIVE DETERMINER COMPARISON ga more ga fia better ge as, equally ge fia as good go less go fia less good gla very gla fia very good glay so glay fia so good gle rather/quite gle fia rather/quite good glo not very glo fia not very/slightly good gra too gra fia too good gre enough gre fia good enough gro not enough gro fia insufficiently good/not good enough gwa most gwa fia best gwe average gwe fia good on average gwo least gwo fia least good
- The relative conjunction ev is used to translate English as in an equalitative comparison, or than in a non-equalitative comparison, or of / in in a superlative expression. Examples:
- Ata tam se ga aga ev etas. My house is bigger than yours.
- Hia tam voy se ge aga ev atas. This house is not as big as mine.
- His se ad gwa aga tam bi yata yubem. This is the biggest house in our neighborhood.
- Unlike in English, where comparative forms can be irregular (smaller, more intense, better), there are no exceptions in the comparison of Mirad adjectives and adverbs.
Abstract Quality Nouns Derived from Adjectives[edit]
- Nouns referring to abstract qualities can be derived from qualitative and often other adjectives by suffixing the letter n. For example:
ADJECTIVE ABSTRACT QUALITY fia good fian goodness yeva just yevan justice uja final ujan finality joga young jogan youth teyda maternal teydan motherhood, maternity dooba nation dooban nationality tojbuwa lethal tojbuwan lethality
Reversing the Semantics of Adjectives[edit]
- Descriptive adjectives can be negated by prefixing the vowel o. This has the effect of English un- in words like unlike, unhappy, and undetermined or the Greek private prefix a(n)- in words like asymmetric or anomalous.
- Prefixing the syllable yo has an even stronger semantic effect. It denotes the polar opposite of the adjective.
- Here are some examples:
NORMAL NEGATED ega normal oega abnormal twa known otwa unknown geyla similar ogeyla dissimilar iva happy oiva unhappy data friendly odata unfriendly
yodata inimical, enemy-like
Adjectival Suffixes[edit]
- All qualitative adjectives end in at least the suffix a.
- The suffix yena makes a noun into an adjective having the meaning like, -ish, -ly, having the qualities of, eg.:
- fyaat god → fyaata divine → fyaatyena godly, godlike
- tob man → toba human → tobyena virile, manly, human-like
- pot animal → pota animal → potyena bestial, animal-like
- mir world → mira global → miryena wordly
- The suffix aya or ika means full of like the English endings -ful, -ous, -y, eg.:
- mil water → milaya or milika watery
- meb mountain → mebaya or mebika mountainous
- mel soil → melaya or melika soily, dirty
- tex thought → texaya or texika thoughtful
- The opposite of this suffix is oya or uka meaning empty of, -less, -free, eg.:
- mil water → miloya or miluka waterless
- teb head → teboya or tebuka headless
- level sugar → leveloya or leveluka sugar-free
- The suffix ina adds the notion of given to thinking like or an -ism much like English -istic, eg.:
- tob human → tobin humanism → tobina humanistic
- kyeoj fate → kyeojin fatalism → keyojina fatalistic
- yautin communism → yautina communistic
- The suffix tuna adds the notion of pertaining to the study of like English -ological, eg.:
- tob human → tobtun anthropology → tobtuna anthropological
- vob plant → tobtun botany → vobtuna botanical
- teyen idea → teyentun philosophy → philosophical
- The suffix ea, which makes an present active participle from a verb stem, is like English -ant, -ent, -ing, eg.:
- agser to grow → agsea growing as in the growing grass
- oker to lose → okea losing as in the losing team
- kyaxer to mutate → kyaxea mutant as in a mutant gene
- The suffix yea, which makes a more intensive present active participle from a verb stem, is like English -ive, meaning apt or given to doing something, eg:
- dal- talk → dalyea talkative'
- zoybux- repulse → zoybuxyea repulsive
- vad- affirm → vadyea affirmative
- tox- to forget → toxyea forgetful
- if- to love → ifyea amiable, loving
- The suffix (a)wa, which makes a past passive participle from a verb stem, is like English -ed, eg.:
- ok- lose → okwa lost as in the lost child
- alk-' defeat → alkawa defeated as in the defeated enemy
- anx- unite → anxwa united as in the United States
- The suffix oa, which forms a future active participle from a verb stem, means apt to, liable to, eg.:
- toj- die → tojo will die → tojoa moribund, about to die
- pu- arrive → puo will arrive → puoa about to arrive, next
- The suffix ua (active) or uwa (passive), which forms a conditional (hypothetical) participle from a verb stem, means "liable to, able to, eg.:
- tojb- kill → tojbua lethal
- tel- eat → teluwa edible
- belk- cure → belkuwa curable
Pronominalization of Adjectives[edit]
- Adjectives can be pronominalized (or: substantivized) by adding s for things and t for persons. These, in turn, can be pluralized by suffixing the plural marker i.
ADJECTIVE INANIMATE PRONOUN ANIMATE PRONOUN fia.... good fias.... a good thing
fiasi.... good things
fiat.... a good person
fiati.... good persons
aga.... big agas.... something big
agasi.... big ones
agat.... a big person
agati.... big persons
joga.... young, new jogas.... something new, novelty
jogasi.... new ones
yogat.... young person, youth
yogati.... youngsters
jaga.... old jagas.... antique
jagasi.... old ones
jagat.... elderly person
jagati.... oldsters
awa.... one
awas.... one (of them)
ewasi.... two (of them)
awat.... one (of them)
ewati.... two of them
hia.... this hias.... this one
hiasi.... these (things)
hiat.... this one
hiati.... these
gla.... much, many glas.... a lot (of stuff)
glasi.... many (things)
glati.... many (people)
- Examples:
- Hia tyoyaf se ogre aga. At fu ga agas. This shoe is not big enough. I'd like a bigger one.
- Yat fu daler bay ha gwa jogati. We would like to speak with the youngest ones.
- At fe teaxer ha jogas, voy ha jagas. I want to look at the new one, not the old one.
- Ha ujnati so ha aati. The last shall be the first.
- Adverbs can be derived from adjectives by replacing the adjective ending a with ay.
ADJECTIVE ADVERB fi agood fiay well yev afair yevay fairly uj afinal ujay finally jog anew jogay newly teyd amaternal teyday maternally
- At the end of sentences or clauses, common one-syllable-stem adverbs can be shortened by removing the ay ending:
- Iyt deuze fi. She sings well.
- At upo ig. I'll come quickly.
Inherent Adverbs[edit]
- There are some words in the language that are inherently adverbs and do not take the ay ending, because they are not formed from adjectives. Here are a few examples:
- yab up
- yeb in
- yob down
- oyeb out
- vay indeed, certainly
- vey perhaps
- voy not
- yub near
- yib far
- ub toward
- ib away
- zay ahead
- zey across
- zoy back
- The above words are considered adverbial because they can modify verbs. For example:
- At teaxa yab. I looked up.
- Duhev et hyej upo zoy? Will you ever come back.
- Et po yib be tej. You will go far in life.
- Some of them can double as prepositions. See Prepositions.
- Many of them can be prefixed to verbs to indicate motion in various directions. (Keep in mind that the b or p can be assimilated to the first letter of per (go) or ber (put). For example:
- oyeb (out) + bier (take) = oyebier (take out) [NOT: oyebbier]
- zey (across) + per (go) = zayper (transit, cross)
- yub (near) + per (go) = yuper (approach) [NOT: yubper]
- yib (far) + daler (talk) = yibdaler (telephone)
Word Order of Adverbs[edit]
- The word order of adverbs is fairly free, as in English. But, to avoid ambiguity, the adverb should be placed immediately before or after the sentence element it modifies, eg.:
- It deuze viay. He sings beautifully.
- Et yefe xer gwa ig. You must do it as quickly as possible.
- Et hyoj ako firxa ivan. You will never gain perfect happiness.
Comparison of Adverbs by Degree[edit]
- Adverbs can be compared just as adjectives with the use of quantitative determiners:
POSITIVE COMPARATIVE fiay well ga fiay ev better than (Lit: more good-ly than) igay quickly ge igay ev as quickly as (Lit: equally quick-ly as) ugay slowly gwa ugay as quickly as possible (Lit: most quick-ly) yikay easily go yikay less easily
- Determiners are words that specify or point out the context of nouns and other parts of speech. The English determiner this, for example, specifies a noun for its proximity to the current context. Determiners can be categorized in Mirad as the following types:
TYPE ENGLISH EXAMPLES Quantitative more, less, very Numerical one, half, first Deictic the, this, some, every, which?, when Pronominal my, anybody's, one's own
- Furthermore, as far part of speech, determiners can be adjectives, pronouns, or adverbs. As adjectives, determiners can itemize or classify. As pronouns, they can refer to one or more persons (male or female) or things. As adverbs, they can specify time, place, degree, kind, age, frequency, and so forth.
Quantitative Determiners[edit]
- Quantitative determiners act in one of several ways, they:
- specify mass, uncountable, singular nouns for relative AMOUNT, eg. much happiness, less work
- specify countable nouns for relative NUMBER, eg. one apple, two birds, many places
- specify adverbs, adjectives, and verbs for relative DEGREE, eg. how poorly, very good, eat too much.
- From these, pronominalized quantitative determiners for PERSONS and THINGS can be derived.
- Inanimate singular pronouns are formed by adding s for AN AMOUNT OF A THING
- Inanimate plural pronouns are formed by adding si for A NUMBER OF THINGS
- Animate plural pronouns are formed by adding ti for A NUMBER OF PERSONS.
- The following table presents most of these word forms:
ADVERB / ADJECTIVE SINGULAR INANIMATE PRONOUN PLURAL INANIMATE PRONOUN PLURAL ANIMATE PRONOUN DEGREE: How...(big / quickly)?
AMOUNT: How much...(money)?
NUMBER: How many...(books)?
AMOUNT: How much...(+ STUFF)? NUMBER: How many...(+ THINGS)? NUMBER: How many...(+ PEOPLE)? ga more gas more (stuff) gasi many (things) gati many (people) ge as, as much, as many ges as much (stuff) gesi as many (things) geti as many people go less, fewer gos less (stuff) gosi fewer (things) goti fewer (people) gla very, much, many
glay so, so much, so many
glas much (stuff)
glays so much stuff)
glasi many (things)
glaysi so many (things)
glati many (people)
glayti so many (people)
gle rather, quite a lot, quite a few gles quite a lot (of stuff) glesi quite a lot (of things) qleti quite a few (people) glo slightly, a little, few glos a little bit glosi a few (things) gloti few (people) gra too, too much, too many gras too much (stuff) grasi too many (things) grati too many (people) gre enough gres enough (stuff) gresi enough (things) greti enough (people) gro insufficiently, too little, too few gros too little grosi too few groti too few (people) gwa most gwas the most (stuff) gwasi the most (things) gwati most people gwe so, so much, so many gwes so much (stuff) gwesi so many (things) gweti so many (people) gwo least gwos the least (stuff) gwosi the least (number of) gwoti the least number (of people)
- Examples Using Quantitative Determiners
- Adverbs of degree modifying an adjective:
- At se gla iva.....I am very happy.
- Et sa gro uga.....You were too slow.
- Adverbs of Degree modifying another adverb:
- Tobi dale ge igay ev toybi.....Men talk as fast as women.
- Yat yexe ga igay ev yet.....We work faster (= more fast) than you.
- Adjectives quantifying a singular mass noun:
- Ga nas efwo.....More money will be needed.
- Gra nas noswa....Too much money was spent.
- Adjectives quantifying a plural countable noun:
- At ayse gro sari....I've got too few tools.
- It yeyfe at gle nas.....He owes me quite a bit of money.
- Gla tami osexwa.....Many houses were destroyed.
- Pronouns referring to a mass amount of something:
- Gas ilokeye.....More is leaking.
- Et dileye gras.....You are asking for too much.
- Yat keo gwas.....We will seek as much as possible.
- Pronouns referring to a countable number of things:
- Hisi se fia oy yat fe gasi.....These (items) are good but we want more (items).
- At teate drilari oy grosi.....I see pens, but not enough.
- Pronouns referrring to a countable number of people:
- Grati xaye vyoci be hi yexem.....Too many (people) have made mistakes at this worksite.
- Glati dyunwe oy gloti kebiwe.....Many are called but few are chosen.text
- Adverbs of degree modifying an adjective:
Numerical Determiners[edit]
- Numerical determiners are number words that modify nouns, such as one, fifty, a hundred. They are based on the cardinal numbers, which are explained here:
Cardinal Numbers[edit]
- The cardinal numbers are words used in counting. These words are based on the vowels of Mirad and are crucial to any hierarchical ordering of lexical concepts.
- The units are formed from the plain and pre-iotated vowels:
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 o a e i u yo ya ye yi yu zero one two three four five six seven eight nine
- The numerals 5-9 are pre-iotated versions of the vowels that constitute 0-4.
- The formative letter l + o zero is used to form the decades, seen below:
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 alo elo ilo ulo yolo yalo yelo yilo yulo ten twenty thirty forty fifty sixty seventy eighty ninety
- By changing the o zero in lo to other cardinal unit numbers, the numbers between the decades can be generated as follows:
alo elo ilo ulo yolo yalo yelo yilo yulo ala 11 ela 21 ila 31 ula 41 yola 51 yala 61 yela 71 yila 81 yula 91 ale 12 ele 22 ile 32 ule 42 yole 52 yale 62 yele 72 yile 82 yule 92 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... alyu 19 elyu 29 ilyu 39 ulyu 49 yolyu 59 yalyu 69 yelyu 79 yilyu 89 yulyu 99
- By changing the decades marker l to s, you get the hundreds:
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 aso eso iso uso yoso yaso yeso yiso yuso
- All the numbers in between the hundreds, can be generated by modifying the so ending, for example:
- asa 101
- asale 112
- usyulyu 199
- The thousands are generated with the formative letter r:
- aro 1,000
- aro a 1,001
- ero isi 2,300
- yoro yasula 5,641
- The millions are generated with the formative letters ml:
- emlo 2,000,000
- umlo 4,000,000
- The billions are generated with the formative letters mr;
- yamro 6 billion
- The numbers composed with r, ml, and mr keep the o and are separated from the other numbers by a space.
- iro asyulyo 3,195
- yamlo asyulyo 6,000,195
- alomro yelyomlo asyilyaro yusele 10,075,186,922
Cardinal Numerical Determiners[edit]
- Cardinal numerical determiners are numbers that modify a noun as to quantity. In a sequence of adjectives, the numerical determiner goes first. Cardinal numerical determiners are the same in form as cardinal numbers, but a special counter morpheme wa is added to monosyllabic numbers simply to aid in the comprehension and disambiguation of the words. If the numerical determiner is 2 or more, then the noun is pluralized.
Mirad English owa tam ← singular! no houses, zero houses awa tam ← singular! one house, a house ewa tami ← plural two houses iwa tami three houses uwa tami four houses yowa tami five houses yawa tami six houses yewa tami seven houses yiwa tami eight houses yuwa tami nine houses alo tami ten houses ase tami a hundred two houses ero iwa tami two thousand three houses iro alo tami three thousand ten houses
- Cardinal numerical determiners can be pronominalized as things and persons by suffixing s or t, respectively. These can, in turn, be pluralized by suffixing i. Furthermore, person pronouns can be feminized with a y before the t. The s suffix is short for sun thing or suni things. The t ending is short for aut person or auti persons. For example:
- Et bayse awa tam. At gey bayse awas (= awa sun). You have one house. I have one too.
- At baysa alo dresari. Hij at bayse anay alosi (= alo suni). I had ten pencils. Now I only have two.
- Esa asoti (= aso auti) yeb ha duzam.There were a hundred people in the concert hall.
- Yat yefe kebier eluyti (= elu auyti) bi huti. We must choose twenty-four females from those people.
Ordinal Numerical Determiners[edit]
- Ordinal numerical determiners like first, second, etc. are formed from the cardinal numbers by adding the adjectival ending a to the cardinal number.
Cardinal Number Ordinal Numerical Determiner o.... zero oa.... zeroth a.... one aa.... first e.... two ea.... second i.... three ia.... third alo.... ten aloa.... tenth asu.... 104 asua.... 104th
- The word nap order can be inserted in these words to make them more comprehensible in speech:
- anapa.... first, first in order, primary*
- enapa.... second, second in order, secondary
- inapa.... third, third in order, tertiary
- alanapa.... eleventh, eleventh in order
- There are other ordinal adjectives that are not based on numbers:
- ijna.... initial, first, original
- ujna.... last, final
- ajna.... past, ex-, former
- ojna.... future
- ejna.... present, current
- jana.... previous, last
- jona.... next, following
- Ordinal numerical determiners and adjectives can be converted into adverbs by adding the suffix y to the adjectival counterparts:
Adjective Adverb aa.... first aay.... firstly anapa.... first anapay.... primarily ea.... second eay.... secondly ujna.... last ujnay.... finally
- Ordinal numerical determiners can be converted to animate pronouns (persons) with the suffix t and inanimate pronouns (things) with the suffix s. These, in turn, can be pluralized with the suffix i. The person pronouns can also be feminized.
- ha aas.... the first thing
- ha aat.... the first person
- ha aati.... the first people
- hua aayt.... that first female
- ha eas.... the second thing
- eat.... another / a second person
- ha ujnati so ha ijnati.... the last shall be first
- Again, in the sequencing of stacked adjectival elements, the order is as in English, that is: <deictic or pronominal adjective> | <ordinal numerical determiner> | <cardinal numerical determiner> | <adjective>
- hua uwa aga tami.... those four big houses
- ha aa alo oga tami.... the first ten little houses
- ata anapa ewa oga tobobi.... my first two little children
Fractional Numerical Determiners[edit]
- Fractional numerical determiners like half and quarter are formed by adding -yn for those functioning as nouns, -yna for adjectives, -ynay for adverbs, or -y(n) for prefixes, to the respective cardinal number.
CARDINAL NUMBER FRACTION AS NOUN AS ADJECTIVE AS ADVERB AS PREFIX AS VERB o.... zero oyn.... a void, vacuum oyna.... non-existant -- oy(n)-.... devoid of oynaxer.... annihilate a.... one ayn.... whole
ha ayn.... the whole
ayna.... entire, whole aynay.... entirely ay(n)-.... holo-, whole-, all- aynaxer.... integrate e.... two eyn.... a half eyna.... half eynay.... halfway ey(n)-.... half-, semi-, hemi-, demi- eynaxer.... halve i.... three iyn.... a third iyna.... third iynay.... by a third iy(n)-.... terci- iynaxer.... cut in third u.... four uyn.... a quarter uyna.... quarter uynay.... quarterly uy(n)-.... quadri- uynaxer.... quarter alo.... ten aloyn.... a tenth aloyna.... tenth aloynay.... by a tenth aloy(n)-.... deci- aloynaxer.... decimate aso.... hundred asoyn.... hundredth, percent asoyna.... hundredth asoynay.... by a hundredth asoy(n)-.... centi- asoynaxer.... cut by a hundred
- Here are some examples:
- His uxo ha oynaxen bi yata mir..... This will cause the anihilation of our world.
- Ha ayna mir te ayv et..... The whole world knows about you.
- Has se gas ev ha ayn bi hasa goni..... It is more than the whole of its parts.
- Fransad se ayn-druna dalyen..... France is a holophrastic language.
- Et yafe bier eyn..... You can take half.
- Yat yefo eynaxer eta yexnix..... We will have to halve your salary.
- Hus sa eyn-vyan..... That was a half-truth.
- Eso eyn-zyunida dropek..... There is going to be a hemispheric war.
- Duhev his se eyn-exea dopar?.... Is this a semi-automatic weapon?
- Iynaxu hua ableyavol..... Cut that pie in thirds.
- It yeyfe bixwer ay iynaxwer..... He should be drawn and (be) quartered.
- Hia nas se aloyn bi has yat baysa zojab..... This money is a tenth of what we had last year.
- Ha dep aloynaxwu..... The army would be decimated.
- Ewa asoyni bi ha dityan bakasa..... Two percent (=hundredths) of the citizenry got sick.
- Hia tom se anay asoyngel aga ev hua tom..... This building is only a hundredth as big as that building.
- The fractional adverbs can be used as in these examples:
- Et so aynay dudyefa av eta axi..... You will be wholly accountable for your actions.
- Iyt eynay tikabeloka..... She almost (=halfway) threw up.
Multiplicative Numerical Determiners[edit]
- Multiplicative numerical determiners like double, triple can be formed by adding -on to the respective cardinal number if the number is monosyllabic, otherwise just -n. These noun forms can be adjectivized with the suffix -a. They can also serve as prefixes on animate nouns, inanimate nouns, and prefixes, as the following chart shows. The prefix ending, -n is often dropped.
CARDINAL NUMBER MULTIPLE AS NOUN ...AS ADJECTIVE ...AS ADVERB ...AS PREFIX ...AS VERB-MAKER o.... zero oon.... null oona.... nil on-.... zero- onaxer.... cancel, zero out a.... one aon.... single aona.... single aonay.... singly an-.... uni-/mono- anaxer unify e.... two eon.... twosome, double eona.... double eonay.... doubly en-.... di-/bi- enaxer double i.... three ion.... threesome, triplet iona.... triple ionay.... triply in-.... tri-- inaxer.... triple u.... four uon.... quartet uona.... quadruple uonay.... quadruply un-.... quadri-/tetra- unaxer.... quadruple yo.... five yoon.... quintet yoona.... quintuple yoonay.... quintuply yoon-.... quinti-/penta- yoonaxer.... quintuple alo.... ten alon.... decade alona.... decadic alonay.... by a multiple of ten alon-.... deca- alonaxer.... multiply by ten aso.... hundred ason.... hundredfold asona.... hundredfold asonay.... by a hundredfold ason-.... hecato- asonaxer.... multiply by a hundred
- The multiplicative noun dozen is expressed by aleon.
- Aleoni bi pati yizpapa..... Dozens of birds flew by.
- By adding the suffix -at to the noun multiple, we get groupings of people:
- aonat.... solo, single
- aonatser.... become single
- eonat.... duo, pair, twosome, couple
- eonatser.... couple up, copulate
- ionat.... trio, threesome, trinity
- Ionatin.... Trinitarianism
- uonat.... quartet, foursome
- yoonat.... quintet, group of five people
- yoonati.... quintets
- By adding the suffix -un instead of -on, we get the following:
- aun.... unit
- auna.... unitary, individual
- aunser.... unite
- aunyan.... series
- aunyana.... serial
- eun.... pair
- euna.... even, paired, binary
- oeuna.... odd, non-binary, uneven, unpaired
- oeunat.... odd man out
- eunaxer.... even out
- Some examples where the above multiple determiners and derivatives are used:
- Yat vyaptyoyapa be eonati yez ha mep..... We marched in twos (= pairs) down the street.
- Asonati upo bay yat bu is ovdal..... Hundreds (of people) will come with us to this protest.
- Hia ivxel xwe enyabay..... This celebration happens biennially.
- Iyt se untubokat..... She is a quadriplegic. (Lit: x 4+limb+loss+person)
- Diwe sagu ha auni..... Please count the units.
- Et gafisa aronay!.... You have improved a thousandfold!
- Tob se entyoyaba sat..... Man is a bipedal creature.
- Note: Sometimes the multiple prefix ending in -on in the numbers below ten is shortened to -n in common words:
- anzyus.... monocycle
- enzyus.... bicycle
- ingun.... triangle
- ungun.... quadrangle
- Note: The prefixes for penta-/quinti- and hexa-/sext- must keep the -on so as to distinguish them from the prefixes yon apart and yan together.
- yoongona.... quintipartite BUT: yonper.... separate, go apart
- yaongun.... hexagon BUT: yanuper.... meet, come together
Frequentative Determiners[edit]
- There are two ways to form determiners of frequency:
- Using jod(i) meaning occasion(s), instance(s), time(s), or
- Using xag meaning frequency
- Here is a chart showing the most common frequency determiners:
"JOD" METHOD "XAG" METHOD MEANING hogla jodi? hoxag? how often?, how many times? hagla jodi haxag as many times, as often hegla jodi hexag sometimes, on some occasions higla jodi hixag this often, this many times hugla jodi huxag that often, that many times, so many times huygla jodi huyxag so often, so many times hyogla jodi hyoxag never, on no occasion hyagla jodi hyaxag always, at all times hyegla jodi hyexag any number of times, however often hyigla jodi hyixag as often, the same number of times hyugla jodi hyuxag not as often, some other number of times ga jodi gaxag more often ge jodi gexag as many times go jodi goxag less often gla jodi glaxag many times, often gle jodi glexag quite a few times, quite often glo jodi gloxag not so many times, seldom gra jodi graxag too often gre jodi grexag often enough gro jodi groxag too seldom gwa jodi gwaxag as often as possible, most often, most times gwe jodi gwexag an average number of times gwo jodi gwoxag least often, as seldom as possible owa jod -- never, at no time, zero times awa jod -- once, one time ewa jodi -- twice, two times iwa jodi -- thrice, three times alo jodi -- ten times ge jodi ev et fu gexag ev et fu as often as you would like
Arithmetical Expressions[edit]
- The following chart shows verbs from which are formed derivative words relating to mathematical operations:
VERB OPERATION PATIENT SUBJECT OPERATOR SIGN RESULT gaber.... add gab.... addition gabwas.... addend gabeas.... adder gab.... plus, + gabsin.... plus sign gabix.... sum galer.... multiply gal.... multiplication galwas.... multiplicand galeas.... multiplier gal.... times, x galsin.... times sign galix.... product garer.... exponentiate, raise gar.... power galwas.... number being raised gareas.... exponent gar.... raised to the power of galsin.... exponent galix.... raising result gober.... subtract gob.... subtraction gobwas.... subtrahend gobeas.... subtractor gob.... minus, - gobsin.... minus sign gobix.... difference goler.... divide gol.... division, fraction golwas.... dividend goleas.... divisor gol.... divided by, ÷ golsin.... division sign golix.... quotient gorer.... cut, uproot gor.... cut, root gorwas.... radicand goreas.... radical gor.... lower to the power of, √ gorsin.... radical gorix.... root lowering result geler.... equal gel.... equation gelwas.... thing being equated geleas.... equator gel.... equal to, as, like gelsin.... equal sign gelix.... equation results
- Examples of mathematical expressions:
- E gab e gele u..... Two plus two equals four.
- E gal i gele ya..... Two times three equals six.
- I gar e gele yu..... Three to the second power equals nine.
- E gob e gele o..... Two minus two equals zero.
- Yu gol i gele i..... Nine divided by three equals three.
- Yu gor i gele i..... Nine cubed equals three.
- Aso gor e gele alo..... One hundred squared equals ten.
Calendar Expressions[edit]
- The word for calendar is judar. The sections below explain how calendar expressions are formed and used:
Basic Calendar Units[edit]
- Time is divided using the following basic terms:
MIRAD ENGLISH job time jab year jeb season jib month jub day jwob hour jwab minute jweb second
- Other calendar units are formed through the agglutination of numerical morphemes to some of the time units above:
MIRAD ENGLISH NUMERICAL FORMULA arojab millenium year x 1,000 asojab century year x 100 alojab decade year x 10 eynjab half year year x 1/2 uynjab quarter year x 1/4 yejub week day x 7 eynjwob half hour hour x 1/2
- This, next, last, etc. are expressed as follows:
MIRAD ENGLISH hijub
hia yejub
this week
this year
ha jana yejub
last week
last year
ha jona yejub
next week
next year
hua yejub
that day
that week
that year
ja ewa yejubi
the day before yesterday
two weeks ago
the year before last
jo ewa yejubi
the day after tomorrow
two weeks from now
the year after next
Seasons of the Year[edit]
- Seasons of the year are expressed by internally scalarizing the word for season jeb:
MIRAD ENGLISH jeab spring jeeb summer jeib autumn, Fall jeub winter
- Examples of usage:
- be jeab.... in spring
- ja jeeb.... before summer
- ju jeib.... until autumn
- ji jeub.... since winter
- je ha jeb.... during the season
- ub ha uj bi jeeb.... toward the end of summer
- eb jeab ay jeeb.... between spring and summer
- jeeba gemoj.... vernal equinox
- jeiba fayebi.... autumn leaves
- jeba til.... seasonal drink
- jeubyena jebmalyen.... wintry climate
- jeabyena malyen.... spring-like weather
- jeuben.... hibernation
Months of the Year[edit]
- Months of the year are expressed by internally scalarizing the word for month jib:
MIRAD ENGLISH jiab January jieb February jiib March jiub April jiyob May jiyab June jiyeb July jiyib August jiyub September jilob October jilab November jileb December
- Some expressions using the months:
- be jilob.... in October
- ja jiyab.... before June
- ja zajiyeb.... by next July
- hijib.... this month
- zojib.... last month
- zajib.... next month
- bi-jib-bu-jiba jobnis... month-to-month rent
- jibay... monthly
- jibi joy... months later
- jiba sindryen.... monthly magazine
- hujiba jobnis.... that month's rent
- hya ionjib.... every trimester
- jiber.... menstruate
Days of the Week[edit]
- Days of the week are expressed by internally scalarizing the word for day jub:
MIRAD ENGLISH juab Monday jueb Tuesday juib Wednesday juub Thursday juyob Friday juyab Saturday juyeb Sunday
- Here are some common terms relating to days of the week:
MIRAD ENGLISH hojub? which day hajub hu... the day that... hejub someday hijub today hujub that day hyijub (on) the same day hyajub every day hyejub any day hajub hu... the day that... zajub yesterday zojub tomorrow ha jajub
be ha jana jub
the day before, (on) the previous day ha jojub
be ha jona jub
the day before, (on) the previous day jazojub the day before yesterday jozajub the day after tomorrow hya ea jub every other/second day hyajub boy juyeb every day except Sunday
- Examples of Usage:
- be juyob....on Friday
- ju juib....until Wednesday
- ji zojub.... since yesterday
- lojo jubuj.... by [Lit: not after] day's end
- jo zajub.... after tomorrow
- je ha jub.... during the day
- bi juab bu juub... from Monday to Friday
Parts of the Day[edit]
- Here are the principal parts of a day:
|maj....daytime, day
|moj....nighttime, night
|bi maj....A.M.
|bi moj....P.M.
|ijmaj....daybreak, dawn
|amaryap....sunrise, sunup
|amaryop....sunset, sundown
zaimaj....tomorrow morning
hiimaj....this morning
zoimaj.... yesterday morning
huimaj....that morning
hyaimaj....every morning
zaimoj....tomorrow evening
hiimoj....this evening
zoimoj.... yesterday evening
huimoj....that evening
hyaimoj....every evening
|jwaimaj....early morning
|jwaimoj....early evening
|jwoimaj....late morning
|jwoimoj....late evening
|joeymoj....after midnight
|ujmaj....dusk, day's end
|gwomoj...late night
- Examples of Usage:
- At tijia ja ijmaj.....I woke up before dawn.
- At iyfe tuyjer be ha jwoa joeymaj.....I like to nap in the late afternoon.
- It yexe bi amaryap bu amaryop.....He works from sunup to sundown.
- Be gwa umaji, at teaxe teasibar.....Most evenings, I watch television.
Expressing Dates[edit]
- The following is a how a date is normally expressed:
- be juab, 11 jieb 2018 JaK.....on Monday, February 11th, 1918 A.D.
- The day in the above expression is pronounced ali.
- The year is pronounced elo alyi (like English twenty eighteen).
- The acronym for A.D. is JaK, short for Ja Krist (before Christ).
- The acronym for B.C. is JoK, short for Jo Krist (after Christ).
- Other date expressions follow:
- be ha 1800 jabi (alyi aso jabi)....In the 1800's (eighteen hundreds)
- ja ha 20a (eloa) asojab....before the 20th (twentieth) century
- eb 1920 (yulo elo) ay 2001 (elo awa)....between 1920 (nineteen twenty) and (two thousand one)
- zya hua alojab....throughout that decade
- At yexa hum je gla jabi.....I worked there for [Lit: during] many years.
- Ujbu his lojo jiyab.....Finish this by [Lit: not after] May.
- Iyt so him ub ha uj bi 2 (ewa) jiab....She will be here toward the end of January 2nd.
Telling Time[edit]
- Clock time expressions use mostly the word jwob (hour) or jwobi (hours).
- The usual time-of-day question is Se hojwob? What time is it? [Lit: is what-hour?]
- The typical answer is in the format Se aa/ea... jwob gab/gob alo/ali... bi maj/moj. (Lit: (It) is (the) first/second... hour plus/minus ten/eleven...of day/night.
- Here are some typical answers:
- Se aa jwob..... It is one o'clock. [Lit: It is (the) first hour.] [NOTE: The article "the" is left unexpressed.]
- Se ea jwob..... It is two o'clock. [Lit: It is (the) second hour.]
- Se alea jwob..... It is twelve o'clock. [Lit: It is (the) twelfth hour.]
- Se ia jwob bi maj*..... It is three o'clock A.M. [Lit: It is third hour of daytime.]
- Se aloa jwob bi moj**..... It is ten o'clock P.M. [Lit: It is tenth hour of nighttime.]
- * bi maj (a.m.) can be abbreviated as bma
- ** bi moj (p.m.) can be abbreviated as bmo
- Se ua jwob (gab) alo..... It is four ten..... [Lit: It is fourth hour (plus) ten.]
- Se iloa jwob gob ali..... It is thirteen minutes til three. [Lit: It is thirteenth hour minus thirteen.]
- Se yoa jwobi gab uyn..... It is quarter after five. [Lit: It is fifth hour plus a quarter.]
- Se yoa jwobi gob uyn..... It is quarter past five. [Lit: It is fifth hour minus a quarter.]
- Se yaa jwobi gab eyn..... It is six thirty. [Lit: It is sixth hour plus a half.]
- Se yaa jwobi gab ilo..... It is six thirty. [Lit: It is sixth hour plus thirty.]
- Se yaa jwobi gob eyn..... It is thirty minutes til six. [Lit: It is sixth hour minus thirty.]
- Se yaa jwobi gob ilo..... It is thirty minutes til six. [Lit: It is sixth hour minus a half.]
- Se vyavay yea jwob gab alo bi moj..... It is exactly 7:10 P.M.. [Lit: It is exactly seventh hour plus ten of nighttime.]
- Et sa alo jwoa bey alo jwabi.....You were late by 10 minutes. [Lit: You were late by ten minutes.]
- Has ijo jub 5:30 (= yaa jwob gab ilo) bmo (= bi moj).....It will begin around 5:30 (= five thirty [Lit: five hours plus thirty]) p.m.
- Puu him loga jwoa ev 3 (= ia) j. (= jwob)....Get here no later than 3 (= three) o'clock.
- Ha yautpar puo hum yeb 10 jwabi.....The bus will arrive there within 10 minutes.
- Ha jwobar izeade 2:30 (= ea jwob gab ilo).....The clock says [Lit: indicates] 2:30.
- Yit pua be 3a j. be ha nod.....They arrived at 3 on the dot.
- Mirad normally uses a 12-hour system with distinction between a.m. and p.m., but military 24-hour time can also be used in particular situations, in which case the a.m./p.m. distinction is not needed.
- Yanpu at be iloa jwob gab alyo..... Meet me at 13:15. (= 1:15 p.m.)
- The word jwab (hour, o'clock) can be abbreviated as j., as in the following:
- Yanpu at be 13a j..... Meet me at 13:00 (hours) [Lit: at (the) 13th h.]
- The word gab (plus) can be omitted, as in:
- At teato et be yoa j. alyo..... I'll see you at five fifteen / quarter past five.
- Note the following clock time idioms:
MIRAD ENGLISH jwa early jwe on time jwo late Se vyavay eloa jwob. It is exactly two o'clock. jub eymaj around noon ub eymoj toward midnight yeb jwebi within seconds alo jwabi jahij ten minutes ago loga jwo ev / lojo 3 j. no later than / by 3 o'clock. jwobay hourly / by the hour / on the hour Hia pop dire / yixe 2 1/2 (= ewa gab eyn) jwobi. This trip takes (Lit: requires / uses) 2 1/2 hours. ju awa jwob bi hij until one hour from now ji zojub be 10a j. since yesterday at 10 o'clock. je ha jana 12 jwabi for the last 12 minutes ja 10a j. before / by 10 o'clock (= the tenth hour) ja 10 jwobi. by / in / within 10 hours. jo 10a j. 'after 10 o'clock. jo 10 jwobi. after 10 hours / 10 hours later / 10 hours ago
Expressing Age[edit]
- Many expressions relating to age are built on the Mirad word for age: jag.
- The typical question is:
- Et se hojaga?....How old are you? (Lit. what-aged)
- A typical answer is:
- At se eli jaga....I am twenty-three years old.
- The following chart shows other age expressions, many of which are agglutinations of the deictic morphemes beginning with h. If a cell has two Mirad forms, the second one is a shorter alternative version:
AGE hojaga?.... how old? hajaga.... of the age hejaga.... of some age hijaga.... this old hujaga.... that old huyjaga.... so old jaga....old joga....young gle jaga.... rather old, oldish gla jaga.... very old gra jaga.... too old, super-aged gro jaga.... under-aged, minor ge jaga.... as old, of the same age awa jab jaga.... one year old
awa jaga
awa jab
ewa jabi jaga.... two years old
ewa jaga
ewa jabi
alo jabi jaga.... ten years old
alo jaga
alo jabi
ga jaga ev et.... older than you ga joga ev at.... younger than me ge joga ev iyt.... as young as her ha gwa jagat bi ata tedetyan....the youngest of my siblings grojagat....a minor alojagat....a ten-year-old alonijagat....a teenager jogat....a boy, a youth
joygat...a girl
grejat....an adult, someone of age
jagseat....an adolescent
yilojagat...an octogenarian asojagat....a centenarian
- Some other examples of usage:
- Et jagseye fi.....You are aging well.
- At voy jogseye hyegla.....I am not getting any younger.
- His se taam av ha jagati.....This is a home for the ederly.
- Yegaku eta jogan!....Regain your youth!
- At se ga jaga ev ha mebi.....I am as old as the hills.
- Teaxu ata gwa joga tobot.....Look at my youngest child.
- Yat ife yata awajagat.....We love our one-year-old.
- Jagseatan se yika joob bi tej.....Adolescence is a difficult period of life.
Money Expressions[edit]
- This section is currency-dependent and remains under construction.
Deictic Determiners[edit]
- Deictic determiners are words which point out or specify other words. They include the following:
- demonstratives like this, that, those
- indefinite specifiers like any, some, all, the, etc.
- Derived animate and inanimate pronouns like this one, those things, something, everyone, etc.
- Derived adverbs of time like when, now
- Derived adverbs of place like there, here, somewhere
- Derived adverbs of manner like how, thus, somehow
- Derived adverbs of kind so, age this year old, direction that way, reason why?, and so forth.
Deictic Determiner Prefixes[edit]
- There are ten deictic base morphemes used as prefixes to form many determiners, including adjectives, pronouns, and adverbs.
CATEGORY BASE MORPHEME (PREFIX) INTERROGATIVE ho-...?
DEFINITE ha-
INDEFINITE he-
some, a certain
PROXIMAL hi-
this, these
DISTAL hu-
that, those, such, so
NEGATIVE hyo-
no, not any
DISTRIBUTIVE hya-
every, all, each
INDETERMINATE hye-
any, whatever
IDIODEICTIC* hyi-
the same, the very
ALLODEICTIC** hyu-
the other, another, else
- * Idiodeictic is a coined Greek word meaning "same-specifying" and refers to words that point reflexively to the same entities, such as at the same time, in the same way, the same person, etc.
- ** Allodeictic is a coined Greek word meaning "other-specifying" and refers to words that point outwardly to other entities, such as somebody else, some other time, in other ways, etc.
Deictic Determiners as Adjectives[edit]
- Here is a table showing the deictic determiner prefixes attached to elements ending in -a to form various adjectival deictic determiners:
ADJECTIVE OF SELECTION ADJECTIVE OF KIND ADJECTIVE OF POSSESSION INTERROGATIVE hoa?
what kind of?
DEFINITE ha (short for haa)
the kind of
the one's
INDEFINITE hea
some, a certain
some kind of, a certain kind of
PROXIMAL hia
this, these
this kind of, such (a), like this, like these
this one's
DISTAL hua
that, those
that kind of, such (a), like that, like those
that one's
NEGATIVE hyoa
not, not a, not any
no kind of, no such
DISTRIBUTIVE hya (short for hyaa)
every, all, each
every kind of, all kinds of
INDETERMINATE hyea
any, whatever
any kind of, whatever kind of
IDIODEICTIC hyia
the same
the same kind of
the same one's
ALLODEICTIC hyua
the other
some other kind of
someone else's
- Note: The definite deictic determiner adjective ha (actually, short for haa) is used as what is more commonly referred to as the definite article the. As mentioned before, if the definite article or any other deictic morpheme is omitted before a noun, than it has the effect of the English indefinite article a / an with a singular noun or some with a plural noun.
- This is called zero determination. For example:
- Yat tilia ha tilyeb bi vafil. We drank the glass of wine., vs.
- Yat tilia tilyeb bi vafil. We drank a glass of wine.
- Yat tilia ha tilyeb bi vafil. We drank the glass of wine., vs.
- Yat tilia ha tilyebi bi vafil. We drank the glasses of wine., vs.
- Yat tilia tilyebi bi vafil. We drank (some) glasses of wine.
- Yat tilia ha tilyebi bi vafil. We drank the glasses of wine., vs.
- Yat tilia awa tilyeb bi vafil. We drank one glass of wine., vs.
- Yat tilia ha awa tilyeb bi vafil. We drank the one glass of wine.
- Yat tilia awa tilyeb bi vafil. We drank one glass of wine., vs.
- Yat tilia ewa tilyebi bi vafil. We drank two glasses of wine., vs.
- Yat tilia ha ewa tilyebi bi vafil. We drank the two glasses of wine., vs.
- Yat tilia hya ewa tilyebi bi vafil. We drank both glasses of wine.
- Yat tilia ewa tilyebi bi vafil. We drank two glasses of wine., vs.
- Yat tilia owa tilyeb bi vafil. We drank no/zero glasses (=not a single glass) of wine.
- Yat tilia ea tilyeb bi vafil. We drank another/a second glass of wine., vs.
- Yat tilia ha ea tilyeb bi vafil. We drank the second glass of wine., vs.
- Yat tilia ea tilyebi bi vafil. We drank second glasses of wine., vs.
- Yat tilia ha ea tilyebi bi vafil. We drank the second glasses of wine.
- Yat tilia ea tilyeb bi vafil. We drank another/a second glass of wine., vs.
Examples of the Usage of Adjectival Determiners[edit]
- Hoa tam se etas? Which house is yours?
- Hoyena dyezuni ifxe et? What kind of movies do you like?
- Hota tef okwa? Whose hat was lost?
- Ha tob ta yata dyuni. The man knew our names.
- Hayena dini at ife, et ufe. The kind of stories I love, you hate.
- Hea mepi yegdyunwo. Certain streets will be renamed.
- Heyena fukyes uxaye parnyan. Some kind of accident has cause a traffic jam.
- Heta abtaf akwa be ha zatem. Someone's coat was found in the foyer.
- Hia dyes se ata gafias. This book is my favorite.
- Hiyena xeyen voy vayafwo. This type of behavior will not be tolerated.
- Hita tim so yovoza. This guy's room will be blue.
- Hua mas efwa yegvozilbwer. That wall needs to be repainted.
- Huyena duni yeyfwe yixwer za at. Such words should not be used in front of me.
- Huta tam magseye. That guy's house is on fire.
- Hyoa din se ga gesaya. No story is more important.
- Hyoyena tes tesiyafwe. No such meaning can be inferred.
- Hyota jatexdren sa ga fia. Nobody's plan is better.
- Hya mepi izpe Roma. All roads lead to Rome.
- Hya tob yefe xer ita gon. Every man must do his part.
- Hyayena telami ese be hia mep. All manner of restaurants exist on this street.
- Hyata tej se uka bi yabi ay yobi. Everyone's life is full of ups and downs.
- Hya ewa domi agxaye. Both cities have grown.
- Hyea voz so fia. Any color will be fine.
- Hyeyena til se beuwa. Any kind of drink is available.
- Hyeta ved se ge ifa ev atas. Anyone's guess is as good as mine.
- Hyea tim et fe et yafe bayser. Whatever room you want, you can have.
- Hyia fukyesi kyese glajodi. The same accidents occur frequently.
- Hyiena dyezuni teaxuwa zajub. The same kind of films were shown yesterday.
- Hyita dyun yixwa gajod. The same person's name was used again.
- Hyua dyezun sa ifuyea. The other movie was more entertaining.
- Hyuena mos teasu ga fia. Another kind of furniture would look better.
- Hyuta texyen se ga fyia. Someone else's opinion is equally valid.
Deictic Determiners as Pronouns[edit]
- The following chart shows deictic determiners used as pronouns. Note that the suffix -s (short for sun) is used pronouns referring to things, while -t (short for tob) is used for those referring to persons. The suffix -i pluralized either of these. The distinction between a form like what? and a selective form like which? is made by using the full adjectival form (with -a-) in the selective forms. So, for example, hot? is who?, but hoat? is which one? (referring to a person).
INTERROGATIVE hos?
what (things)?
which one?
which ones?
who? (pl.)
who, whom?
who (pl.)?
whose (thing)?
whose (things)?
DEFINITE has
it, the thing
they, them, the things
the one
the ones
the one
the ones
the person, he, him
the persons, they, them
whose? (thing)
whose? (things)
INDEFINITE hes
some (things)
a certain one
certain ones
a certain one
certain ones
some (people)
some people's
PROXIMAL hit
this one
this one
this person, he, him
these people, they, them
this person's, his
this person's (things), theirs
DISTAL hus
that one
that one
those people, they
that person, he, him
those people, they, them
that person's, his
that person's (things), his
NEGATIVE hyos
not a one
not a one
no people
nobody's (things)
DISTRIBUTIVE hyas
everything, all
all things
each one
all of them
each one
all of them
all (people)
everyone's (things)
INDETERMINATE hyes
anything, whatever
whatever one
any of them
whichever one
whichever ones
anybody's (things)
IDIODEICTIC hyis
the same thing
the same things
the same one
the same ones
the same one
the same one
the same person
the same people
the same person's
the same person's (things)
ALLODEICTIC hyus
something else
other things
the other one
the other ones
the other one
the others
someone else
someone else's
someone else's (things)
- Other pronominal deictic determiners can be derived from adjectival determiners of kind and numeric determiners:
KIND OF THING KIND OF THINGS KIND OF PERSON KIND OF PEOPLE INTERROGATIVE hoyenas?
what kind of thing?
what kind of things?
what kind of person?
what kind of people?
DEFINITE hayenas
the kind of thing
the kind of things
the kind of person
the kind of people
INDEFINITE heyenas
some kind of thing
some kind of things
some kind of person
some kind of people
PROXIMAL hiyenas
this kind of thing
these kinds of things
this kind of person
these kinds of people
DISTAL huyenas
such a thing
such things
such a person
such people
NEGATIVE hyoyenas
no such thing
no such things
no such person
no such people
DISTRIBUTIVE hyayenas
every kind of thing
all kinds of things
every kind of person
all kinds of people
INDETERMINATE hyeyenas
any kind of thing
any kinds of things
any kind of person
any kinds of people
IDIODEICTIC hyiyenas
the same kind of thing
the same kinds of things
the same kind of person
the same kinds of people
ALLODEICTIC hyuyenas
some other kind of thing
other kinds of things
some other kind of person
other kinds of people
Selective vs. Non-Selective Forms[edit]
- The pronominal deictic interrogative determiner hot? means who and contrasts with its selective counterpart hoat?, which means which one?. All the selective determiners refer to one or more things or persons from a selectable pool of things or persons.
- The following sentences illustrate the use of the above pronominal determiners:
- Hot aka zajuba ek?.... Who won yesterday's game?
- Hoat bi ha akuti sa ha gwa fiat?.... Which one of the winners was the best?
- Hota tam se hus?.... Whose house is that?
- Hotas se hus?.... Whose is that?
- Hotia deuzi et gaife?.... Whose songs do you prefer?
- Hotias et gaife?.... Whose do you prefer?
- Hos se eta dyun?.... What is your name?
- Hosi se eta gaifuni?.... What are your preferences?
- Hoa deuzi se eta gwafiasi?.... Which songs are your best?
- Hoasi se eta gwafiasi?.... Which ones are your best?
- Bi hia deuzuti, hoat et gafie?.... Of these vocalists, which one do you prefer?
- Hoati se gwa fia?'.... Which ones are best?
- Hoti et teexe gwa jodi?.... Who (all) do you listen to the most often?
- Huat hu at teexe gwa jodi draye ejna deuz..... The one I listen to the most has written a new song.
- Ejna deuz? At voy teste haas hu et tede..... New song? I don't understand which one you mean.
- Hias. This one.
- Vo. Huasi se ga fia..... No. Those are better.
- His se jub av ivxelen..... This is a day for celebration.
- Va. Hia jub. At tesde hijub..... Yes. This day. I mean To-day.
- Husi sa ha jubi, ata dat! Those were the days, my friend!
- Hos se eta dyun?.... What is your name?
- Hot aka ha igpek?.... Who won the race?
- Hyas uja fi..... Everything ended well.
- Hyasi uje..... All things come to an end.
- Hyayenasi vey kyesu..... All sorts of things might happen.
- Hyos yoka at..... Nothing surprised me.
- Hyot ta odut ako..... Nobody knew who would win.
- Huati fu pier yefe..... Those who would like to leave may.
- Hyet yefe eker id ifek..... Anyone can play this game.
- Huyenasi voy afwo..... Such things will not be permitted.
- Hua tob voy taxe hia tob..... That man does not remember this man.
- Huti yanyexe fi..... Those guys work well together.
- At jay teataye hiyenasi..... I've seen such things before.
- Huyenat voy vabiwu..... A person like that would not be accepted.
- Person pronouns in -t and -ti can be feminized by inserting the glide y before the t:
- Huyenayti ufwe himi..... Women like that are hated in these parts.
- Hoayti yentexe at?.... Who among the women agree with me?
- Hyeyti hu yontexe yefe iper..... Any girls who disagree must leave.
Placement of Deictic Determiners[edit]
- In a sequence of adjectives before a noun, deictic determiners go first, as in English. For example:
- Hota ewa oga nyefi se hisi?.... Whose two small bags are these?
- In interrogative sentences, the interrogative word often starts out the sentence, as in English.
- Hos se eta dyun?.... What is your name?
- Hot et teata aay hijub?.... Who(m) did you see first today?
- Interrogative deictic determiners ('question words can also go at the end of sentence:
- Eta dyun se hos?.... What is your name? Lit. Your name is what?
Distributive Deictic Determiners Incorporating Numerical Information[edit]
- Sometimes, a deictic determiner specifies numerical information. This chart shows those forms:
ADJECTIVE INANIMATE PRONOUN ANIMATE PRONOUN haawa the only haawas the only thing
haawasi the only things
haawat the only one (person)
haawati the only ones
hyaawa each hyaawas each one hyaawat each person hyaewa both hyaewasi both (things) hyaewati both (people) hyeiwa all three hyeiwasi all three (things) hyeiwati all three (people) ohyaawa not every ohyaawas not everything ohyaawat not everyone hyoawa not a single hyoawas not a single thing hyoawat not a single person hyeawa either hyeawas either one hyeawat either one (person) hyeewa any two hyeewasi any two things hyeewati any two people hyeowa neither hyeowas neither one hyeowat neither person hyuawa another hyuawas another one hyuawat another hyuowa no other hyuowas nothing else hyuowat nobody else
- Ohya(a)wat se iva bay eta ebtexden..... Not everyone is happy with your decision.
- Hyaewaso yafwe uxer yata efi..... Both (things) can serve our needs.
- Hyeawa tim ivlaxo at..... Either room will satisfy me.
- Hyeowas oivlaxo at..... Neither one will dissatisfy me.
- Note: Hyua means the other, while hyuawa means another.
- Similarly, hya means every, all, while hya(a)wa means each.
- Also, ha means the, while ha(a)wa or hawa means the only.
- The person pronouns in the above chart can be converted into possessive adjectives by adding the adjective suffix a, eg.:
- Hya(a)wata tej se ge glatesa ev hyutas..... Each one's life is as important as another's.
- Hyeowata dyun se vyama..... Neither person's name is real.
- Hyaiwatia teji se kyebukuwa..... The lives of all three are in danger.
- The above possessive adjectives can, in turn, be converted into inanimate pronouns with the suffix -s.
- Hya(a)watas se glatesa..... Each one's is important.
- Hyeowatas se vyama..... Neither's is real.
- Hyaiwatias se kyebukuwa..... All three of theirs' are in danger.
- Correlative Distributive Deictic Determiners are handled as follows:
- Hyeawa A ey B.... either A or B
- Hyeowa A oy B.... neither A nor B
- Hyaewa A ay B.... both A and B
- Ha(a)wa A, voy B.... only A, not B
Pro-Adverbs Formed from Agglutinated Deictic Determiners[edit]
- This tables shows a correlated set of pro-adverbs built through the agglutination of basic deictic determiners. This is not all-inclusive, because their are other similary-constructed pro-verbs relating to age, frequency, and so forth.
ADVERBS MANNER PLACE TIME DEGREE REASON -yen
short for byen (manner)
short for em (place)
short for job (time)
INTERROGATIVE hoyen?
how?, in what way?
how?, to what degree?
DEFINITE hayen
the way, how
the place, where
the time, when
as, to the degree
INDEFINITE heyen
somehow, in some way
for some reason
PROXIMAL hiyen
this way, so
so, this, to this extent
for this reason, hence
DISTAL huyen
that way, thus
so, that, to that extent
for that reason, therefore, so
NEGATIVE hyoyen
in nowise
not at all
for no reason
DISTRIBUTIVE hyayen
totally, in every way
for every reason
INDETERMINATE hyeyen
anywhere, wherever
however, to any degree
for whatever reason
IDIODEICTIC hyiyen
at the same place
at the same time
as, to the same extent
for the same reason
ALLODEICTIC hyuyen
some other time
not as
for some other reason
- Many of these pro-adverbs are agglutinated abbreviations for longer, full forms:
- hom....where < ho + nem = what place
- hoj....when < ho + job = what time
- hoyen....how < ho + byen = what manner
- hot....who < ho + tob = what human being
- hos....what < ho + sun = what thing
- The longer, expanded forms of pro-adverbs can be used at any time. For example:
- At yegteato et hejob.....I will see you again sometime.
- Hosun se eta dyun?....What is your name?
- Et yeyfe axer hubyen.....You shouldn't act that way.
- It should be noted that all of these deictic pro-adverbs, unless used as nouns, such as in the sentence Iyt iyfe him. She likes this place (or) She likes it here., are really abbreviations of longer expressions with mostly the preposition be at. For example, At tameya hum., meaning I used to live there. is ignoring the preposition be from the longer, more explicit version At tameya be hum., lit. I used to live at that-place. The proper preposition must be explicitly present if something other than be at is meant. For example, from where? is expressed as bi hom? Similarly, until then would be expressed as ju huj.
- Here are some examples of how deictic pro-adverbs are used:
- Hom et tame?.... Where do you live? < Et tame be HOa neM? You live at what place.)
- At tame hum..... I live there.
- Et tame hum hu ha mep uje..... You live where the road ends.
- Hom yet peye?.... Where are you guys going?
- Et yafe per hyem hu et fu..... You can go anywhere.
- Bi hom et se?.... Where are you from?
- Hoj et taja?.... When were you born?
- At voy tajaya huj..... I had not been born then.
- Et pia avhes..... He left for some reason.
- Hoyen et iyfe hia vafil?.... How do like this wine?
- Voy se fia axer hiyen..... It is not good to act this way.
- Avhos et tadsa hugla jwa?.... Why did you marry so late?
- Ha tob pia avhyos..... The man left for no reason.
- The different, somewhat confusing, meanings of how are illustrated here:
- Hoyen it xa hus?.... How did he do that?.... (Equivalent to Be hoa byen...? In what way...?) (MANNER)
- Hoyen et xeye?.... How are you doing?.... (This is the normal way of saying How are you? or How do you do? (MANNER)
- Hoyena sa ha dyezun?.... How was the film?.... (How here is an ADJECTIVE OF KIND, and thus ends in -a.)
- Hogla aga it se?.... How big is he?.... (DEGREE)
- Hogla iyfla et se!.... How nice you are!.... (DEGREE, but used here as an EXCLAMATORY EXPRESSION)
- * Bu hom (to where, whither) is not required here, since the verb per go (to) has the to direction built in.
Quantitative Deictic Determiners[edit]
- The deictic prefixes can be combined with gla to form quantitative expressions acting as adverbial or adjectival determiners, and substantives (pronouns referring to things or people):
INTERROGATIVE hogla? how?/how much?/how many? hoglas? how much? hoglasi? how many hoglati? how many (people)? DEFINITE hagla how/as much/as many haglas as much haglasi as many haglati as many (people) INDEFINITE hegla somewhat/some/some heglas some heglasi some heglati some (people) PROXIMAL higla this/this much/this many higlas this much higlasi this many higlati this many (people) DISTAL hugla that/that much/that many
huygla so, so much, so many
huglas that much
huyglas so much
huglasi that many
huyglasi so many
huglati that many
huyglati so many (people)
NEGATIVE hyogla not at all/no/no hyoglas none of it hyoglasi none of them hyoglati none DISTRIBUTIVE hyagla totally/all/all hyaglas all of it hyaglasi all of them hyaglati all INDETERMINATE hyegla however/any/any hyeglas any of it hyeglasi any of them hyeglati any number of them IDIODEICTIC hyigla as/as much/as many, equally hyiglas the same amount hyiglasi the same number hyiglati as many (people) ALLODEICTIC hyugla not as much/not as much/not as many hyuglas a different amount hyuglasi a different number of things hyuglati a different number of people
- Here are some examples showing how these quantitative determiners are used:
- Et deuze huygla fi..... You sing so well.
- At se hegla booka..... I am somewhat tired.
- Hogla pati et teata hijub?.... How many birds did you see today?
- At teata vyavay hugla tami..... I saw exactly that many houses.
- Iyt fe hyiglas ev et..... She wants the same amount as you.
- Hoglati yantexe yet?.... How many (people) agree with you?
- Hyoglati yantexe..... None agree.
- Yit fu heglasi..... They would like some (of them).
- Et yafe bier hyeglasi et fe..... You can take however many you want.
- NOTE: The following determiners are synonymous and interchangeable:
- hegla = gle (somewhat)
- hyigla = ge (as, equally)
Pronominal Determiners[edit]
- For a discussion of pronominal determiners ( = possessive adjectives) like my, mine, yours, our own, etc., see Possessive Adjectives under Pronouns.
- Pronouns are words that substitute for explicit nouns. For example, the pronoun I stands for the person standing at this place. The pronoun this stands for the thing or person nearest.
- In Mirad, pronouns can be:
- personal or deictic
- ordinary or reflexive
- animate or inanimate
- specific or generic
- ungendered or feminine
Basic Personal Animate Pronouns[edit]
- Basic personal animal pronouns in Mirad have three person-levels (first, second, third), two numbers (singular, plural), and two genders (gender-neutral, female), and two specificities (specific and generic). Pronouns do not have case forms like English he / him or she / her but they can be adjectivized to form what are known as possessive adjectives in English like his or my or possessive pronouns like hers or mine. Here is two charts showing the basic personal animate pronouns, split into gender-neutral and female.
FIRST PERSON at....I, me yat....we, us SECOND PERSON et....you yet....you, you all THIRD PERSON SPECIFIC it....he, him yit....they, them THIRD PERSON GENERIC ot....one yot....they, them THIRD PERSON REFLEXIVE ut....self, oneself yut....selves, oneselves SINGULAR
FIRST PERSON ayt....I, me yayt....we, us SECOND PERSON eyt....you yeyt....you, you all THIRD PERSON SPECIFIC iyt....she, her yiyt....they, them
- The third person generic pronouns ot and yot are of common gender and are used as English one and they, people (means unspecifed persons), as in the following examples:
- Ot yefe xer ha yakwas..... One must do what is expected.
- Yot de hav et vyode hoj..... They/People say you never lie.
- The person specific ungendered pronouns refer by default to males, but can serve as gender-neutral pronouns referring back to either males or females. If the vowel stem is iotated with a y, the pronoun then refers specifically to a female.
- The first person plural pronoun ya(y)t can be either inclusive or exclusive, i.e. it can mean "you and I" or "you and the others."
- There is no distinction of case in Mirad, so at can mean I or me. For example:
- Xu at fibun..... Do me a favor.
- At so eta dat..... I will be your friend.
- Wo tojbu it..... Don't kill him/her.
- At ta hav iyt upo..... I knew she would come.
- Fadilu av yayt..... Pray for us (women).
- Note: The English pronoun it is inanimate (refers to a thing or abstraction) and is not included in the above set of animate personal pronouns. This inanimate pronoun is explained later.
Reflexive Personal Pronouns[edit]
- Reflexive personal pronouns like English myself, yourself, etc. are formed postfixing the reflexive pronoun ut or uti depending on whether the pronoun is singular or plural. The gender of the pronoun is reflected in the first personal pronoun morpheme, not the ut morpheme.
First atut.... myself aytut.... myself yatuti.... ourselves yaytuti.... ourselves Second etut.... yourself eytut.... yourself yetuti.... yourselves yeytuti.... yourselves Third Specific itut.... himself iytut.... herself yituti.... themselves yiytuti.... themselves Third Generic otut.... oneself -- yotuti.... people themselves --
- Examples of usage:
- At yafe teater atut be ha sinzyef.....I can see myself in the mirror.
- Iyt yubteaxa iytut.....She examined herself.
- Tyeu etut!....Know thyself.
- It tojbu itut.....He would kill himself.
- Ot yefe ifer otut.....One must love oneself.
- Yot glajodi voy ife yotuti.....People often don't love themselves.
- The reflexive pronoun ut self can sometimes be prefixed to a verb to form a reflexive version of that verb, or it can be prefixed to other parts of speech to mean auto-, or self-, eg.:
- tojber.... kill → uttojber.... commit suicide
- vyixer.... clean → utvyixer.... wash up, clean oneself, self-clean
- exer.... function → utexer.... function automatically, self-run
- izber.... pilot → utizber.... auto-pilot, self-drive
- exut.... operator → utexut.... automaton
- deber.... rule → utdebea.... autocratic, self-ruling
- tejdin.... biography → uttejdin.... autobiography
- fider.... praise → utfider.... boast (= self-praise)
Emphatic Personal Pronouns[edit]
- Emphatic personal pronouns can be formed by following the personal pronoun with the reflexive deictic pronoun hyit or hyiti, depending on whether the personal pronoun is singular or plural. The feminine is marked only on the personal pronoun.
EMPHATIC PRONOUNS SINGULAR PLURAL FIRST PERSON at hyit I myself, me myself yat hyiti we ourselves, us ourselves SECOND PERSON et hyit you yourself yet hyiti you yourselves THIRD PERSON it hyit he himself
iyt hyit she herself
yit hyiti they themselves
- Examples:
- At hyit voy vyatexe Tot.....I myself don't believe in God.
- At jateate yeyt hyiti be hua dezzamos.....I foresee you gals yourselves on that stage.
- Iyt hyit voy sa hum.....She herself was not here.
Reciprocal Personal Pronouns[edit]
- The reciprocal pronoun one another, each other is translated with ot hyut:
- Yat yefe ifer ot hyut..... We must love one another. (hyut here means another, other person.)
- This reciprocal pronoun can be converted to a possessive adjective by suffixing a, as inot hyuta....one another's:
- Yat yefe fiyzaxer ot hyuta fwasi. We must respect one another's wishes.
- Note the following:
- othutif....Mutual love = love for one another
- hyutin....altruism
Possessive Adjectives[edit]
- Possessive adjectives, which can also be referred to as pronominal determiners, are derived from basic and reflexive personal pronouns by adding the adjectival ending a to the basic or reflexive personal pronoun, as follows:
POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES SINGULAR BASIC PLURAL BASIC SINGULAR REFLEXIVE PLURAL REFLEXIVE FIRST PERSON ata my yata our atuta my own yatuta our own SECOND PERSON eta your yeta your etuta your own yetuta your own THIRD PERSON SPECIFIC ita his
iyta her
yita their
iyta their (f.)
ituta his own
iytuta her own
yituta their own
yiytuta their own (f.)
THIRD PERSON GENERIC ota one's yota people's otuta one's own yotuta people's own
- The above possessive adjectives an be substantivized as pronouns by adding the suffix s thing possessed, or si things possessed, as follows:
BASIC POSSESSED THING BASIC POSSESSED THINGS REFLEXIVE POSSESSED THING REFLEXIVE POSSESSED THINGS FIRST SINGULAR POSSESSOR atas mine, my thing atasi mine, my things atutas my own, my own thing atutasi my own, my own things SECOND SINGULAR POSSESSOR etas yours etasi yours, your (things) etutas your own etutasi your own, your own things THIRD SINGULAR SPECIFIC POSSESSOR itas his
iytas hers
itasi his (things)
iytasi her (things)
itutas his own (thing)
iytutas her own (thing)
itutati their own (things)
iytutasi their (f.) own (things)
THIRD SINGULAR GENERIC POSSESSOR otas one's otasi one's , one's things otutas one's own otutasi one's own (things) FIRST PLURAL POSSESSOR yatas ours yatasi ours, our things yatutas our own yatutasi our own (things) SECOND PLURAL POSSESSOR yetas yours yetasi yours, your things yetutas your own yetutasi your own (things) THIRD PLURAL POSSESSOR yitas theirs yitasi theirs, their things yitutas their own yitutasi their own (things)
- Examples:
- Yat yefe valbeler yatutasi.....We must protect our own.
- Etasi naze ga ev atasi....Yours are worth more than mine.
The Concrete vs. Abstract Inanimate Pronoun it[edit]
- The pronoun it is a special case in Mirad. When it refers back to a previously-specified inanimate object or non-human subject such as book or dog, the definite deictic determiner has is used, for example:
- At eke bay ha epet avhas at iyfe has..... I play with the dog because I like it.
- The possessive forms of has is hasa its, for example:
- At iyfe ha epet ay at ife hasa dyun..... I like the dog and I love it's name.
- If the pronoun they/them is just a plural of it, then the pronoun hasi.
- Ha epeti se via ay at ife hasi..... The dogs are beautiful and I love them.
- The possessive form of hasi they/them is hasia their, for example:
- Ha epeti se via oy hasia dyuni se otwa..... The dogs are beautiful, but their names are unknown.
- If it introduces a non-previously-mentioned abstraction in English or has no antecedent, then the it is left unexpressed in the Mirad equivalent sentence. For example:
- Mamilo..... It will rain. ( = Will rain.)
- Se fia hav et upa..... It is good that you came. ( = Is good that you came.)
- Sa via jub bay et..... It was a beautiful day with you. ( = Was a beautiful day...)
- Voy se yuka yarper hia meb..... It is not easy to climb this mountain. ( = Is not easy...)
Referring to Third Persons with Deictic Determiners[edit]
- The definite, proximal, distal deictic determiners can be used for third person pronouns. These forms can be animate or inanimate, masculine or feminine, singular or plural, definite, proximal (near to the speaker) or distal (remote from the speaker). The general forms of these specifiers are given in a previous section, but they are elaborated here for their use as third person pronouns:
Thing Things Person Persons DEFINITE has it, the thing
hasa its
hasi they/them, the things
hasia their
hat he/him, the person
hata his
hayta she/her
hati they/them, them, the persons
hatia their
haytia their, the girls'
PROXIMAL his it, this
hisa its, this thing'
hisi they/them, these things
hisia their
hit he/him, this person
hita his
hiyta her
hiti they/them, these people
hitia their
hiytia their, these girl's
DISTAL hus it, that
husa it's, that thing'
husi they, them, those things
husia their
hut he/him,that person
huta his
huyta her
huti they/them, those people
hutia their, those people's
huytia their, those womens'
- By changing -t to -yt (post-iotating), the above person pronouns can be made feminine. For example, hiyt she, her. These pronouns can also be converted to possessive adjectives by suffixing the adjective ending a, for example, hiyta her. Furthermore, the possessive adjectives can be substantivized by suffixing s (s.) or si' (pl.) , for example, hiytias theirs, these women's or hiytiasi theirs, these women's (things).
- Here are some examples using the above pronouns:
- Huyt voy se tadsa..... She (that woman) is not married.
- At hoj teataye hiti..... I have never seen them (these people).
- Hutiasi se ga aga ev atasi..... Theirs are bigger than mine.
- Hom et koxa has?.... Where did you hide it (the thing)?
- Hoyen et ijtya hat?....How did you meet him (the person)?
- At tyaye huyt yagjob..... I've known her (=that female) for a long time.
- The above pronouns answer the questions hos? what?, hosi? what things?, hot? who(m)?, or hoti? what persons?, but there is another set of deictic selective pronouns that answer the questions hoat? which one?, hoayti? which ones (of the females mentioned)?, hoas? which one/thing?, and hoasi? which ones/things?:
SELECTIVES THING THINGS PERSON PERSONS DEFINITE haas the one haasi the ones haat the one haati the ones PROXIMAL hias this one hiasi these hiat this one hiati these DISTAL huas that one huasi those huat that one huati those
- Here are some examples using these deictic selective pronouns:
- Duhev et fu hias ey huas?.... Would you like this one or that one?
- Huayt se haat..... She (that female person) is the one.
- At iyfe hiasi ga ev huasi..... I like these more than those.
- Compare the following two examples:
- Hoas et fu? Hias..... Which one would you like? This one. (SELECTIVE)
- Hos et fu? His..... What would you like? This. (SPECIFIC)
Relative Pronouns[edit]
- Relative pronouns are presented in the chapter on Verbs, under the section "Free Relative Clauses".
- Verbs in Mirad are listed in the dictionary under the present infinitive (see Infinitives), such as bayser to have. The infinitive minus the er ending is the stem. The stem is used as the base for all other verbal instantiations. The infinitive as listed in the dictionary is usually active in voice, but occasionally a passive infinitive ending in -wer will be lexicalized because of it is somehow special, and the stem is the infinitive minus the wer ending. All Mirad verbs are conjugated in the same way and there are no exceptions.
- This shows how the STEM is derived:
PRESENT INFINITIVE STEM bayser to have bays- xer to do x- poser to stop pos- xwer to happen (PASSIVE) x-
Verb Categories[edit]
- Conjugated forms of verbs can be described with the following morphological categories:
- STATES: finite, non-finite
- TENSES: present, past, future
- ASPECTS: simple, progressive, perfect, imminent, conditional
- VOICES: active, passive (reflexive and reciprocal are lexical, not morphological)
- MOODS: indicative, hypothetical
- PERSONS: 1st singular, 2nd singular, 3rd singular, 1st plural, 2nd plural, 3rd plural
- In effect, the PERSONS category does not affect the morphology of the verb form itself, because the verb form stays the same for all PERSONS.
- In addition, lexically, verbs can be described as stative, transitive, intransitive, reflexive, inchoative, causative, dynamic, autonomous, directional, of motion, gestural, and various combinations of these, etc.. For example:
CATEGORY VERB STATIVE ser be TRANSITIVE xer do INTRANSITIVE tojer die REFLEXIVE utvyixer wash up INCHOATIVE tujaser fall asleep CAUSATIVE tujaxer put to sleep GESTURAL baseger shake OF MOTION oper get off DIRECTIONAL iper go away DYNAMIC yijber (perform an action to make something) open AUTONOMOUS yijer open (by itself) RECIPROCAL tujer hyit-hyut kill one another
Non-finite Forms[edit]
- Non-finite verb forms are not conjugated for person, cannot form a predicate, and do not have a subject. There are three kinds of non-finite verb forms in Mirad:
- INFINITIVES: the dictionary reference form of a verb, ending in er
- GERUNDS: verbal nouns, ending in en
- PARTICIPLES: verbal adjectives, ending in a
- Verbs are listed in the dictionary under the present infinitive form, which always ends in er and means to X, or sometimes the present passive infinitive form, which ends in wer and means to be Xed. The part of the verb form minus this er or wer ending is the VERB STEM.
STEM ENDING INFINITIVE agas er agaser to grow agax er agaxer to magnify p er per to go x wer xwer to happen, be done
- The infinitive in Mirad is used just as its counterpart in English. The infinitive can be marked for two tenses (present, past) and two voices (active, passive), as shown in the chart below, where the respective endings are underlined:
INFINITIVE ACTIVE PASSIVE PRESENT agaxer to magnified agaxwer to be magnified PAST agaxayer to have magnified agaxawer to have been magnified
- The gerund is a verbal noun like English mating in mating rituals. It is formed by suffixing en to the verb stem for the active voice and wen for the passive voice (The consonant w is used in Mirad for indicating the passive voice).
INFINITIVE STEM ACTIVE GERUND PASSIVE GERUND agaxer...to magnify agax- agaxen... magnifying, magnification agaxwen being magnified per... to go p- pen... going (no passive voice) saxer... to create, make, form sax- saxen... forming, creation saxwen being created
- Some examples:
- Ha saxen bi hia mar efxa amroni bi jabi..... The formation of this star took millions of years.
- Iyta deuzen sa gla via..... Her singing was very beautiful.
- Popen se yika yex..... Traveling is hard work.
- Teetwen fiay se glatesa av dezuti..... Being heard well is important for actors.
- Participles are verbal adjectives and can modify nouns. Since they act as adjectives, they have the adjectival ending -a. Participles can be present, past, future, or hypothetical. They can also be active or passive. Here is a table of participles:
TENSE-VOICE INFINITIVE STEM ENDING PARTICIPLE EXAMPLE PRESENT ACTIVE deuzer to sing deuz- -ea deuzea singing ha deuzea pat the singing bird PRESENT PASSIVE ebdaler to discuss ebdal- -ewa ebdalewa being discussed ha ebdalewa dyen the book being discussed PAST ACTIVE pier to depart pi- -aa piaa departed ha piaa topi the departed souls PAST PASSIVE azyujber to lock azyujb- -(a)wa azyujbawa locked ha azyujbawa (or: azyubwa) mes the locked door FUTURE ACTIVE tajber to give birth tajb- -oa tajboa about to give birth ha tajboa toyb the woman about to give birth FUTURE PASSIVE osexer to destroy osex- -owa osexowa about to be destroyed ha osexowa tam the house about to be destroyed HYPOTHETICAL ACTIVE tojber to kill tojb- -ua tojbua apt to kill tojbua til a lethal potion HYPOTHETICAL PASSIVE tiler to drink til- -uwa tiluwa drinkable tiluwa mil potable water
- Adverbial participles can be made from the above adjectival participles, by suffixing the letter y. Examples:
- Iyt yepa ha tim deuzeay. She entered the room singing.
- Ujbaway ha dodal, it pia. The speech having been finished, he left.
- Also, the above participles can be nominalized by suffixing n. Examples:
- tiluwa drinkable → tiluwan potability
- tojbua lethal → tojbuan lethality
- piaa departed → ita piaan his having departed...
- Furthermore, these participles can sometimes be pronominalized with s for things and t for peoples. These forms can, in turn, be pluralized:
- xwa known → xwas what is known, a fact
- xwa known → xwasi facts, information
- oxwa unknown → oxwas what is not known, a mystery
- osexea destroying → osexeas a destroyer
- tojbua lethal → tojbuas something lethal, a lethal thing
- tojboa moribund → someone about to die, a fatal case
- tejea living → tejeat a living person
- tejea living → tejeasi living things
- There is a special nominalized animate participle used for agent nouns (English one who does something, Xer), which refer to person who habitually does some action, perhaps as a profession or trade. These participles end in ut.
- sexut.... builder
- nuut.... supplier
- tojbut.... killer
- ifut.... lover
- akuti.... winners
- Note: There is a slight difference of meaning between the tensed participial pronoun ha akeat the one winning and the non-tensed agent noun ha akut the winner.
Finite Forms[edit]
- In Mirad, finite verb forms are those that can take a person subject, serve as a predicate, and be conjugated. Finite verb forms are conjugated by using suffixes indicating, through their presence or absence, the following categories:
- two MOODS (indicative and hypothetical)
- three TENSES (present, past, future)
- five ASPECTS (simple, progressive, perfect, imminent, conditional)
- two VOICES (active, passive)
- Person and number are not marked on the verb form itself. For example, am, is, are, which change according to the person suject in English, are all expressed with the same verb form in Mirad: se. Thus, at se I am, et se you are, it se he is, etc.
- There are two moods in Mirad: indicative and hypothetical.
- Indicative Mood
- The indicative form of the verb indicates an action or state that occurs in actual time, such as he went, he is going, he will go.
- The indicative mood has three tenses, present, past, and future indicated by the suffixes -e, -a, and -o, respectively.
- Hypothetical Mood
- Wheras the indicative verb forms expresses actuality in time, the hypothetical mood expresses one of the non-actuality situations below:
- a command , i.e. the IMPERATIVE (Go!)
- a wish or suggestion, i.e. the HORTATIVE or JUSSIVE (May the king live long!, Let's celebrate!)
- an imagined if-condition, i.e. the SUBJUNCTIVE (If I were a rich man...)
- an imagined then-situation, i.e. the CONDITIONAL (I would be happy.)
- There are four aspects in the Mirad verb system.
- the SIMPLE aspect (default), i.e. non-progressive, non-perfect, non-imminent, and non-conditional.
- the PROGRESSIVE aspect, i.e. an action or state on-going in the particular tense.
- the PERFECT aspect, i.e. an action or state anterior or already completed.
- the IMMINENT aspect, i.e. an action or state about to happen.
- the CONDITIONAL aspect, i.e. an action supposed to happen.
- The Simple Aspect (default)
- Unless specifically marked, the default aspect is simple, i.e. non-progressive, non-perfect, and non-conditional.
- Here is a chart showing the simple, active voice instantiations of two Mirad verbs (saxer to create and ser to be) with the endings underlined:
MOOD TENSE ASPECT VOICE VERB #1 saxer VERB #2 ser INDICATIVE PRESENT SIMPLE ACTIVE At saxe. I create At se. I am INDICATIVE PAST SIMPLE ACTIVE At saxa. I created At sa. I was INDICATIVE FUTURE SIMPLE ACTIVE At saxo. I will create At so. I will be HYPOTHETICAL ATEMPORAL SIMPLE ACTIVE At saxu. I would create [CONDITIONAL]
Vas yat saxu! Let's create! [HORTATIVE]
Saxu has! Create it! [IMPERATIVE]
Vas hyat saxu! May everyone create! [JUSSIVE]
At su. I would be
Vas has su. Let it be.
Su fia! Be good!
Vas hyat su iva! May everyone be happy!
- The Simple Indicative Present Tense
- The simple indicative present tense instantiation is marked with the vowel suffix e and has a non-progressive (habitual) aspect as in English I work or I live. Progressive aspect forms like I am studying are explained later.
- The Simple Indicative Past Tense
- The simple past tense instantiation is marked with the vowel suffix a and has a non-progressive (punctual) meaning as in English I did something at some particular point in time.
- The Simple Indicative Future Tense
- The simple indicative future tense is marked with the vowel suffix o and has the same meaning as in English I will do something at some particular point in the future.
- The Simple Hypothetical Atemporal
- A verb form ending in u like pu has no time value and is used to express unreal actions or states, such as the imperative, hortative, jussive, conditional, or subjunctive.
- Generally, if a verb form ending in u begins a sentence, then it is an IMPERATIVE (a command). For example, Ipu!, Go away!. If the verb form has a subject not preceded by the complementizers vas, ves, or vos, than it is probably a CONDITIONAL predicate like At fu per. I would like to go.. If the subject of the verb is preceded by ves if, then it is a SUBJUNCTIVE (unreal conditional) clause as in Ves at su nasikat... If I were a rich man.. If the subject is preceded by Vas that/let/may or vos don't, then it is a HORTATIVE wish like Vas et yagteju. May you live long. or a JUSSIVE suggestion like Vas yat fadilu. Let us pray. or a prohibition like Vos tilu his! Don't drink this!.
- Mirad has two voices, ACTIVE and PASSIVE (although REFLEXIVES and RECIPROCALS can be produced lexically.).
- Active Voice
- The default voice is active, i.e. the subject of the verb is doing the action.
- Passive Voice
- A verb form is converted from active to passive by inserting a w just before the last vowel of the verb form. The past passive particle ending awa can be reduced to wa (done is xawa or xwa) if the resultant combination of consonants is not to hard to pronounce.
- The following chart shows the distinction between active and passive voice of various verbs:
TENSE-MOOD ACTIVE PASSIVE EXAMPLE INFINITIVE xer to do xwer to be done Ese hyos xwer. There is nothing to be done. PRESENT PARTICIPAL sexea constructing sexewa being constructed His se sexewa. This is under construction. PRESENT xe does xwe is done Huyenasi hoj xwe. Such things are never done. PAST PARTICIPAL xaa having done x(a)wa done Hyas se xawa. Everything is done. PAST tojba killed tojbwa was killed Hoj it tojbwa? When was he killed? HYPOTHETICAL bakxu heal bakxwu be healed Hav it bakxwu. May he be healed.
- Sometimes, the passive voice is used to represent a medio-passive. For example, ujwer to open is used medio-passively in the expression Ha mes ujwa. The door opened., because there is no overt subject, as if the door opened itself. Many intransitive verbs cannot be made passive. For example, tajer to be born is intransitive (takes no object) and has no passive voice form. However, the verb tajber to bear, give birth can be passive, as in Ha tobob tajbwa zajub. The child was delivered yesterday (as opposed to Ha tobob taja zajub. The child was born yesterday.)
- Reflexive Voice
- A verb is made reflexive by prefixing the reflexive pronoun ut (self), for example:
- tojber to kill → uttojber to kill oneself
- milber to wash → utmilber to wash up
- teater to see → utteater to see oneself
- yalber to lift → utyalber to lift oneself → Utyalbu! Lift yourself up!
- ter to know → utter to know oneself → Uttu! Know thyself!
- Reciprocal Voice
- A verb is made reciprocal by using hyit-hyut one another as the object, for example:
- tojber to kill → tojber hyit-hyut to kill one another
- vyixer to wash → vyixer hyit-hyut to wash one another
- teater to see → teater hyit-hyut to see one another
Aspects Revisited[edit]
- Mirad verbs have the following aspects:
- SIMPLE -- this is the default aspect, shown above, i.e. NON-PROGRESSIVE, NON-PERFECT, NON-IMMINENT, and NON-POTENTIAL.
- PROGRESSIVE -- this is an aspect where the verb describes an on-going action or state spread over time.
- PERFECT -- this presents the action or state as anterior, or completed prior to another action or state.
- IMMINENT -- this describes an action or state about to happen.
- POTENTIAL -- this refers to an action or state where something is possible.
The Simple Aspect[edit]
- The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Simple aspect. In the active voice, the tense vowels a, e, o, and u are affixed to the stem. In the passive voice, the passive marker consonant w is inserted between the stem and the final tense vowels. The simple present tense refers to actions or states that are habitual (I regularly go to school.), regular (The earth revolves around the sun.), or permanent (Blue is a color.). The simple past refers to actions or states that occurred at a fixed point in time (I did my homework last night.). The simple future refers to actions or states that will occur at some particular point in the future (The sun will rise tomorrow at dawn.). The simple conditional refers to an imagined action or state that has not be realized (You would make a good president.).
SIMPLE ASPECT ACTIVE VOICE PASSIVE VOICE SIMPLE PRESENT at xe.... I do Has xwe.... it is done SIMPLE PAST at xa.... I did Has xwa.... it was done SIMPLE FUTURE at xo.... I will do Has xwo.... it will be done SIMPLE CONDITIONAL at xu.... I would do Has xwu.... it would be done
The Progressive Aspect[edit]
- The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Progressive aspect. The present tense vowel e followed by a buffer consonant, are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel. The buffer consonant is y in the active voice, or w in the passive voice.
PROGRESSIVE ASPECT ACTIVE VOICE PASSIVE VOICE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE at xeye.... I am doing Has xewe.... it is being done PAST PROGRESSIVE at xeya.... I was doing Has xewa.... it was being done FUTURE PROGRESSIVE at xeyo.... I am going to be doing Has xewo.... it will be happening CONDITIONAL PROGRESSIVE at xeyu.... I would be doing Has xewu.... it would be happening
The Perfect Aspect[edit]
- The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Perfect aspect. The past tense vowel a following by a buffer consonant are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel. The buffer consonant is y in the active voice, or w in the passive voice.
PERFECT ASPECT ACTIVE VOICE PASSIVE VOICE PRESENT PERFECT at xaye.... I have done Has xawe.... it has been done PAST PERFECT at xaya.... I had done Has xawa.... it had been done FUTURE PERFECT at xayo.... I will have done Has xawo.... it will have been done CONDITIONAL PERFECT at xayu.... I would have done Has xawu.... it would have been done
The Imminent Aspect[edit]
- The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Imminent aspect. The future tense vowel o following by a buffer consonant are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel. The buffer consonant is y in the active voice, or w in the passive voice.
IMMINENT ASPECT ACTIVE VOICE PASSIVE VOICE PRESENT IMMINENT at xoye.... I am going to do Has xowe.... it is going to be done PAST IMMINENT at xoya.... I was going to do Has xowa.... it was going to be done FUTURE IMMINENT at xoyo... I will be about to do Has xowo.... it will be about to be done CONDITIONAL IMMINENT (not used) (not used)
The Potential Aspect[edit]
- The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Potential aspect. The hypothetical vowel u followed by a buffer consonant are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel. The buffer consonant is y in the active voice, or w in the passive voice.
POTENTIAL ASPECT ACTIVE VOICE PASSIVE VOICE PRESENT POTENTIAL at xuye I am to do Has xuwe it is to be done, it is doable PAST POTENTIAL at xuya I was to do Has xuwa it was to be done, it was doable FUTURE PERFECT (not used) (not used) CONDITIONAL PERFECT (not used) (not used)
Putting It All Together: The Mirad Verb Conjugation System[edit]
- The following chart presents the totality of the Mirad verb conjugation system using the verb xer to do and its passive xwer to be done, happen:
|xer to do
xwer to be done, to happen
|xaer to have done
xwaer to have been done, to have happend
|xea doing
xwea being done, happening
|xaa having done
xwaa ∼ xwa done, happened
|xoa about to do
xwoa about to happen
|xua bound to do
xwua doable
|xen doing, deed
xwen being done, happening, event
|xe does
xwe is done, happens
|xa did
xwa was done, happened
|xo will do
xwo will be done, will happen
|xu would do, do!
xwu would be done, would happen, be done!
|xeye is doing
xewe is being done, is happening
|xeya was doing
xewa was doing, was happening
|xeyo will be doing
xewo will be happening
|xeyu would be doing
xewu would be happening
|xaye has done
xawe has been done, has happened
|xaya had done
xawa had been done, had happened
|xayo will have done
xawo will have been done, will have happened
|xayu would have done
xawu would have been done, would have happened
|xoye is about to do
xowe is about to be done, is about to happen
|xoya was to be done
xowa was to be done, was to happen
|xuye is supposed to do
xuwe is supposed to be done, is supposed to happen
|xuya was supposed to do
xuwa was supposed to be done, was supposed to happen
Predicate Types[edit]
- Predicate types, i.e. illocutions, refer to whether the verb, predicate, clause, or sentence is expressed as a question (INTERROGATIVE), a declaration (DECLARATIVE), a negation (NEGATIVE), affirmation (AFFIRMATIVE), or combinations of these.
Making Predicates Interrogative[edit]
- To make a declarative predicate or sentence into a question, simply begin it with the Yes/No Question Introducer Duves Tell me whether.../Is it true that...? or any other interrogative pronoun or adverb such as Hos? What?, Hot? Who(m)?, or Hom? where?. Note that the Du in Duves means Say.../ Tell me..., so Duves...? really is a command meaning Say whether.... The word ves without the du is a conditional complementizer and just means if or whether. The part of the sentence after Duves is a simple declarative statement in the normal word order. The same is true for the words following other interrogative words, such as Hos? What? and Hom? Where?. In other words, there is no inversion of word order in questions as there often is in English, Spanish, and many other languages.
DECLARATIVE INTERROGATIVE Et se tadsa..... You are married. Duves et se tadsa?.... Are you married? Ha mari se maya..... The stars are bright. Duves ha mari se maya?.... Are the stars bright? Hut aka.....That guy won. Hot aka?.... Who won? Iyt aka glas.....He won a lot. Hoglas iyt aka?.... How much did she win? It paye..... He has gone. Hom it paye?.... Where has he gone?
- Note that the question words introduce the sentence and do not alter the word order as seen in the declarative. Also, a declarative sentence can be made interrogative simply by adding a question mark at the end in writing or raising the voice inflection at the end in speaking, eg:
- Et tame ha yubem?.... You live in the neighborhood?
- Yes/no questions such as the above and those introduced with Duves usually are answered with va yes, ve maybe, or vo no or their equivalents.
YES-NO QUESTION ANSWER Duves eta dyun se John?.... Is your name John? Vo, se Bill..... No, it's Bill. Duves eta apet aka?.... Did you horse win? Va. Atas vay aka....Yes. Mine won indeed. Duves et texe vas ha malyen gafiso hijub?.... Do you think the weather will improve today? Ve..... Maybe. Fe per bay at?... Wanna go with me? Vey zajub.... Maybe tomorrow.
Affirming/ Doubting / Negating Declarations[edit]
- The following set of interjections and adverbs can be used to affirm, cast doubt on, or negate declarations:
INTERJECTION ADVERB PROPOSITION AFFIRMATIVE va yes vay indeed, really Va. At vay yantexe.... Yes, I indeed/do/really agree. DUBITATIVE ve maybe, perhaps vey possibly, may... Ve. At vey po..... Maybe. I may/possibly will go. NEGATIVE vo no voy not Vo. At voy su iva..... No. I would not be happy.
Mixing Them Up[edit]
- The above interrogative words and the words of affirmation / doubt / negation can be used in various combinations, for example:
- Duves et voy se tadsa?.... Aren't you married?
- Avhos iyt se voy tadsa?.... Why isn't she married?
- Vey voy mamilo..... It may not rain.
- At vay voy tadso iyt..... I will certainly not marry her.
- Et peyo, vya?.... You will go, right?
- Vo. Hus vey vay se vyoa..... No. That may indeed be wrong.
- Et te ha dud, vya?.... You know the answer, don't you? (=right?)
- Note that the particles of affirmation/doubt/negation usually precede the verb, but can just as easily follow it.
- At voy te. .... I don't know.
- At te voy. .... I don't know. [Lit: I know not.]
Imperative and Hortative Expressions[edit]
- An imperative expression is a command. In Mirad, a verb in the hypothetical without a subject is assumed to an imperative referring implicitly to you. For example:
- Ipu!.... Go away!
- Tiju!.... Wake up!
- Su fiat!.... Be a good person!
- Hortative expressions, i.e. urging or wishing expressions like Let's go. or May he win., use the hypothetical form of the verb with the clause introduced by the positive complementizer vas that, may, let. In Arabic and some other languages, this is called the jussive' mood.
- Vas yat fadilu..... Let's pray. (Lit: That we would pray.)
- Vas et aku hia ifek..... May you win this game.
- Vas ha edeb yagteju..... Long live the king. (Lit. That the king would long-live.)
- The negative version of imperative and hortative expressions is introduced with the negative complementizer hov don't, lest, let's not. If there is no subject pronoun, you is understood.
- Vos dalu at huyen..... Don't (you) speak to me that way.
- Vos yit oku..... May they not lose.
- Vos yat toxu it..... Let's not forget him.
- Vas, ves, and vos are part of a whole system of complementizers:
INTERROGATIVE duves...? Is it true that...?
Tell (me) whether...
(yes/no question introducer)
Duves eta dyun se John? Is (it true that) your name is John? CONDITIONAL ves if, whether Ves et te, du has.
At utdide ves it upo.
If you know, say so.
I wonder whether he'll come.
ANTI-CONDITIONAL oves unless Oves et yexe, et voy ako. Unless you work, you will not win. POSITIVE/HORTATIVE vas that, so that, let, may At ta vas it upo.
Vas yat dilo.
Vas et su iva.
At xa has vas et fitexu at.
I knew (that) he would come.
Let's pray.
Let you be happy.
I did it so you'd think well of me.
NEGATIVE/PROHIBITIVE vos Don't, let...not, lest Vos teaxu at.
Vos yat su uva.
At pio vos et futepyensu.
Don't look at me.
Let's not be sad.
I will leave lest you get angry.
Subjunctive Clauses[edit]
- The hypothetical mood is also used in subjunctive clauses. A subjunctive clause is one in which an action or state is desired, requested, required, or wanted in some other way by the actor in the main clause. Positive subjunctive clauses are introduced with the positive complementizer vas that, let's, so that. Here are some examples:
- Ha ideb dila vas at tyoibu za it..... The king asked that I kneel before him.
- Se igefwa vas et upu gwa ig..... It is urgent that you come as soon as possible.
- Dirwa vas hyat dolu..... It was ordered that everyone be silent.
- A negative subjunctive clause is introduced with the negative complementizer vos don't, lest.
- Su bikaya vos et pyosu..... Be careful lest you fall / that you not fall.
- The conditional complementizer ves if, whether can introduce a clause in the subjunctive, indicating an unreal condition, as in the following examples:
- At sexu tam ves at su nasika....I would build a house if I were (= would be) rich.
- Hos et xu ves et baysu ga nas?...What would you do if you had (= would have) more money?
- Many of the above sentences could be rephrased with an infinitive in order to avoid the subjunctive:
- Ha ideb dila at tyoiber za it..... The king asked me to kneel before him.
- Se igefwa av et uper gwa ig..... It is urgent for you to come as soon as possible.
- Hyat dirwa doler..... Everyone was ordered to be silent.
- Su bikaya voy pyoser..... Be careful not to fall.
If-Then Conditional Clauses[edit]
- A conditional clause is introduced with the conditional complementizer ves if, whether. The if-clause can be a real tense or a hypothetical. If the if-clause is hypothetical, the then-clause is also hypothetical. Here are the possible variations:
IF-CLAUSE THEN-CLAUSE PRESENT INDICATIVE PRESENT INDICATIVE Ves ot yexe gla,
If one works hard,
ot akxe.
one succeeds.
PAST INDICATIVE PAST INDICATIVE Ves et ta,
If you knew,
et dola.
you kept quiet.
FUTURE INDICATIVE FUTURE INDICATIVE Ves et pio,
If you leave,
at so uva.
I will be sad.
PRESENT HYPOTHETICAL PRESENT HYPOTHETICAL Ves at su nasika,
If I were rich,
Ves et teetu,
If you would listen,
at nusbiu aga tam.
I would buy a new house.
et testu.
you would understand.
PAST HYPOTHETICAL PAST HYPOTHETICAL Ves at tayu,
If I had known,
at dudayu hyuyen.
I would have responded differently.
- Note that in English, when the then-clause is future tense, the if-clause is present; This is not the case in Mirad, where both clauses are in the future. In Mirad, the formula is "If you WILL leave, I WILL be sad." In English, the formula "I didn't know whether he WOULD x" is translated in Mirad as "I didn't know whether he WILL x."
If/Whether Subordinate Clauses[edit]
- Here are some examples of sentences where the main clause contains some verb of knowing, questioning, wondering, guessing followed by a subordinate clause introduced by the conditional complementizer ves whether / if. Note that the tenses in Mirad are somewhat different in that there is no relative shifting of time as in English.
MAIN CLAUSE IF / WHETHER SUBORDINATE CLAUSE PRESENT INDICATIVE PRESENT INDICATIVE At utdide
I wonder
ves it te ha vyan.
if / whether he knows the truth.
PRESENT INDICATIVE PAST INDICATIVE At voy te
I don't know
ves yit aka ey oka.
if / whether they won or lost.
PRESENT INDICATIVE FUTURE INDICATIVE At voy te
I don't know
ves et akxo.
if / whether you will succeed.
PRESENT INDICATIVE PRESENT HYPOTHETICAL At utdide
I wonder
vas et yantexu.
if / whether upi would agree.
PAST INDICATIVE PRESENT INDICATIVE At voy ta
I didn't know
ves it se tadsa.
if / whether he was [Mirad: is] married.
PAST INDICATIVE PAST INDICATIVE At dida
I asked
ves iyt teata hia dezun.
if / whether she had seen [Mirad: saw] this play.
PAST INDICATIVE FUTURE INDICATIVE At voy ta
I didn't know
ves it upo
if / whether he would [Mirad: will] come.
PAST INDICATIVE PRESENT HYPOTHETICAL At dida
I asked
ves it fu per bay at.
if / whether he might like to go with me.
PAST INDICATIVE PAST HYPOTHETICAL At dida
I asked
ves it fayu per bay at.
if / whether he might have liked to go with me.
- The negative conditional complementizer oves unless is used in main-subordinate clause structures in the same way as the above.
MAIN CLAUSE IF / WHETHER SUBORDINATE CLAUSE PRESENT INDICATIVE PRESENT INDICATIVE Ot voy akxe
One does not succeed
oves ot yexe kyotepay.
unless one works hard.
FUTURE INDICATIVE PRESENT INDICATIVE Et voy teato at
You won't see me
oves et upo.
unless you come (= will come).
Relative Clauses[edit]
- Relative clauses are of two types:
- Bound relative clauses qualify an explicit element (usually a noun or phrase) appearing in the main clause, and refer back to that element by means of the relative complementizer hu, and:
- Free relative clauses, which do not have an explicit antecedent external to themselves. Instead, the relative clause itself takes the place of an argument in the matrix clause. For example, in the English sentence I like what I see, the clause what I see is a free relative clause, because it has no antecedent, but itself serves as the object of the verb like in the main clause. (An alternative analysis is that the free relative clause has zero as its antecedent.) In Mirad, deictic pronouns or adverbs followed by the relative complementizer hu, as shown in the chart below, are used to introduce the free relative clause.
Bound Relative Clauses[edit]
- The invariable relative complementizer hu is used to introduce a bound relative clause and refer back to an element in the main clause. Here are some examples:
- Ha tob, hu tadsa ja ewa jab, bayse awa tobot.....The man, who got married two years ago, has one child.
- Ha toyb hu ake ibe aga nazun.....The woman who wins receives a big prize.
- Hia pati hu at pexa magilwo himaj.....These birds (that/which) I caught will be cooked this evening.
- Biu hyea jotul hu et fu.....Take any dessert (that) you'd like.
- Ha apet hu at bua it ha afyab apeda bay if.....The horse I gave the apple to neighed with pleasure. (= ...that I gave him the apple...)
- Iyt ijtyexa at bu ha yexeb hu iyt yexaya ob it je gla jabi....She introduced me to the boss under whom she had worked for many years. (Lit: ...that she had worked under him...)
- Note that in cases where the relative clause ends in a preposition governing the man clause antecedent, a pronoun is added agreeing in gender, number, and animacy with the main clause antecedent. This type of construction occurs in the last two example sentences above. So, the English relative clause for whom I sang would be expressed in Mirad as that I sang for her/him/it/them depending on the gender, number, and animacy of the antecedent in the main clause.
- Ha toybi hu at deuza av iyti fida ata yafi.....The ladies for whom I sang (= that I sang for them) praised my abilities.
- Bound relative clauses beginning with whose are expressed in Mirad as hu ita/iyta/yita/yiyta (= that his/her/their/their), depending on the gender and number of the explicit antecedent in the main clause.
- Ha ekuyt hu iyta tyoyab yonpyexwa yofa eker hijeb....The female player whose foot (= that her foot) was broken was unable to play this season.
- Ata yubati, hu yita tam sa jay ga aga ev atas, agaxa yita param gajod.'...Our neighbors, whose (= that their) house is already bigger than ours, enlarged their garage again.
- If no preposition governing the antecedent is involved, but the relative clause takes the place of an objective case element, supplying a pronoun referring back to the antecedent noun, is optional:
- Ha dyeni hu at dyedi (hasi) zamaj sa hya fiasi....The books I read (= them) last evening were all good (ones).
Free Relative Clauses[edit]
- Free relative clauses are introduced by a deictic pronoun or adverb followed by the relative complementizer hu as shown in the charts below.
RELATIVE PRONOUNS MIRAD...ENGLISH EXAMPLE THING(S) has hu...what/that which/the thing that
hasi hu...what/those which/the things that
hyes hu...whatever/anything that
hyesi hu...whatever/anything that/any things that
hyas hu...everything that/all that
hyasi hu...all (things) that
hyos hu...nothing (that)
hyosi hu...none of the things (that)
haas hu...which one
haasi hu...which ones
Has hu at da se vyaa....What I said is true.
Hasi hu it xa futepyenua at....What/the things he did angered me.
At xo hyes hu et do....I will do whatever/anything you say.
Et voy teeta hyesi hu at deuza....You didn't hear any of the things I sang.
Hyas hu at fe se poos....All I want is peace.
At akxa hyusi hu at fa....I achieved all the things I wanted.
At testa hyos hu et da....I understood nothing you said.
Hyosi hu et iyfe ifue at....None of the things you like appeal to me.
At te voy haas hu at gwafe....I don't know which one I like best.
At te haasi hu at gwofe....I know which ones I like least.
PERSON(S) hat hu...who//the person (who)
hati hu...those who/the ones who
hyet hu...whoever/anybody who/that
hyeti hu...whoever/any people that/who
hyat hu...everyone that/everybody who
hyati hu...all (people) who
hyot hu...nobody (that/who)
hyoti hu...no people (that/who)
huta hu...whose
haat hu...which one
haati hu...which ones
Hat hu et teata pia....The person you saw left.
Hsti hu at tye yantexe....The people I know agree.
At teapo hyet wa at fe....I will visit whomever I wish.
Et voy teata hyeti hu at teata....You didn't see any of the ones I saw.
Hyat hu at ijtya sa fiyena....Everyone I met was nice.
At fida hyati hu at yeyfa....I praised all the people I was supposed to.
At testa hyot hu at teeta....I understood nobody I heard.
Hati hu et ijtyaxa sa fuyena....The ones you introduced were ill-mannered.
At te voy hati hu ifpot his se....I don't know whose pet this is.
At te voy haat hu at gwafe....I don't know which one (person) I like best.
At te haati hu at gwofe....I know which ones (people) I like least.
RELATIVE ADVERBS MIRAD ADVERB...ENGLISH ADVERB EXAMPLE PLACE ham hu...where
hyem hu...wherever
hyam hu...everywhere
hu...bi ham...from where, whence
hu...bu ham...to where, whither
Yat teje ham hu ha malyem se ema....We live where the weather is mild.
At fu per hyem hu et po....I'd like to go wherever you go.
Hyam hu et pe, su bikaya....Everywhere you go, be careful.
Ha dom hu at upe bi ham se gla oga....The town from where I come (Lit: that I come from it) is very small.
Ha memi hu at popeyo hami se gle jiba....The countries where I am going to be traveling are quite distant.
TIME haj hu...when
hyej hu...whenever
hyaj hu...everywhere
Du at haj hu et puo....Tell me when you arrive.
Hyej hu iyt se iva, iyt deuze....Whenever/anytime she is happy, she sings.
Hyaj hu at yabteaxe, et yobteaxe....Every time I look up, you look down.
MANNER/KIND hayen hu...how, in what way, as
hyeyen hu...however, in any way, in whatever manner
hyiyen hu just as, the same way as
At utdide hayen hu it xa hus....I wonder how he did it.
Hyeyen hu xwa se kos....However it happened is a mystery.
Xu has hyiyen hu at xe has....Do it the same way as I do it.
DEGREE hagla hu...how, to what extent
hyigla hu...just as
Et hyoj to hagla hu iva at se....You'll never know how happy I am.
At popo hugla hu yib at yafe....I will travel as far as I can.
QUANTITY hagla hu...how much, how many
hyegla hu...however much, however many
hyigla hu...as much/many as
Duhev et te hagla hu nas it bayse?...Do you know how much money he has?
Yet dida yat hyegla hu tami yat sexa....You guys asked us however many houses did we build.
Et niso hyigla hu nas at xe....You will earn as much money as I do.
REASON avhas hu...why, for what reason
avhyes hu...why ever, for whatever reason
Duhev et te avhas hu it xa hus....Do you know why he did that?
Yat voy teste avhyes hu et xu hus....We don't understand why ever you'd do that.
- If the relative clause is restrictive (i.e. it cannot be omitted without violating the meaning of the sentence), then no commas are used, but if it is non-restrictive (i.e. it provides new information that can be omitted), then it is surrounded by commas, just as in English.
- RESTRICTIVE: Ha mar hu yata mer zyupe has dyunie ha amar. The star that our planet goes around (Lit: it) is called the sun.
- NON-RESTRICTIVE: Ha amar, hu yata mer zyupe has, se vay ahay mar. The sun, which our planet goes around, is really only a star.
Indirect and Direct Discourse[edit]
- As in English, Mirad has both indirect discourse and direct discourse. Indirect discourse is when you know or say that something happened, whereas direct discourse is when you directly quote what someone has said.
Indirect Discourse[edit]
- Sentences that have a main clause of communication or knowledge, followed by a subordinate clause with an indirect indication of what was said or known, use the positive complementizer vas (that, the fact that) to introduce the subordinate clause. The tense in the subordinate clause is a true tense, not a relative tense. Unlike in English, where the that can often be omitted, the Mirad vas complementizer can never be omitted.
- At ta vas et upo..... I knew that you would (= will) come.
- Ata ted da vas it yexe hya ita tej gel fufut..... My father said that he had worked (= he worked) all his life as a plumber.
- Se vyaa vas at gra tele..... It is true that I eat too much.
- At jada vas et puo jwa..... I predicted that you would (= you will) arrive early.
- The conditional complementizer ves if, whether and the negative complementizer vos lest, don't, that...not are discussed in later sections.
Direct Discourse[edit]
- Direct discourse works exactly as in English. Double quotes are used to surround the directly quoted part of the sentence.
- Iyt da, "At voy fe per." She said, "I don't want to go."
- At dida it, "Hot sa eta ted?". I asked him, "Who was your father?"
- Verbs can be transitive, intransitive, or reflexive. Verbs in the passive voice are by nature intransitive.
Transitive and Intransitive Verbs[edit]
- Transitive verbs can take a direct object and oppose themselves to intransitive verbs, which do not take a direct object. Some verbs are marked overtly for transitivity.
- Verbs that end in xer (to do, -ify, -ize) are by nature transitive, and often have intransitive counterparts in ser (to be, become, -ify, -ize). Likewise, verbs ending in ber (to put, take) are transitive and have intransitive counterparts in per (to go). Here are some examples:
TRANSITIVE INTRANSITIVE xer do ser be agxer grow (something) agser grow (up) amxer heat, make hot amser become hot, heat up buxer push buser jump per go ber put aber put on aper get on yaber raise yaper rise poxer stop (something) poser (come to a) stop yuber bring near yuper approach yeber insert yeper enter
- At agxe vobi..... I grow [TRANSITIVE] plants.
- Ha vobi agseye ig..... The plants are growing [INTRANSITIVE] fast.
- Poxu ha par!.... Stop [TRANSITIVE] the car!
- Ha par posa..... The car stopped [INTRANSITIVE].
- At yaba ha mis..... I raised [TRANSITIVE] the window.
- Ha amar yapaye..... The sun has risen [INTRANSITIVE].
Marking -jer Verbs for Transitivity[edit]
- Note the following verbs, whose stems end in j are hard to pronounce with intransitive s and transitive x, so these two endings are placed with p and b, respectively, although the presence of the p is optional, i.e. it's presence or absence can slightly change the meaning from static to dynamic, eg. tujer to sleep vs. tujper to fall asleep.
INTRANSITIVE TRANSITIVE Ha mes yija....The door opened.
Ha nasyef yijpa....The purse came open.
At yijba ha mes....I opened the door. Ha mes yuja.....The door closed.
Ha yanup yujpa.....The meeting adjourned.
At yujba ha mes.....I closed the door. Ha dezun ijaye.....The play has started.
Ha par ijpa boy poys.....The car started up immediately.
At ijba ata tul.....I started my meal. Ha dezun ujaye.....The play has ended.
Ata yex ujpaye.....My work has come to an end.
A ujba ha dyen.....I finished the book. Ha tob toja zomoj.....The man died yesterday evening.
Ha tob tojpa.....The man dropped dead.
Hot tojba ha tob?....Who killed the man? Teju.....Live!.
Tejpu!.....Come alive!.
Yat efe tejber ha tob.....We need to revive the man. Ha tobob taja zojub.....The baby was born yesterday. Iyt tajba awa tobob zojub.....She gave birth to a baby boy yesterday. At tija jwe.....I woke up on time.
It voy tijpa.....He did not come to..
At tijbo et jwa.....I will wake (you) up early. At tujeya.....I was sleeping.
At tujpeya.....I was falling sleep.
At tujbo it.....I will put (him) to sleep..
- The transitive voice of verbs like those in the above chart can be made passive with w:
- Ha tob tojbwa zomoj.....The man was killed last evening.
- Ha tobob tajbwo bey ha bekut.....The baby will be delivered by the nurse.
- Ha bukwat voy yafe tejbwer.....The injured person cannot be saved.
- Ha mis yijbwa je ha moj.....The window was opened during the night.
Reflexive Verbs[edit]
- Reflexive verbs, where the object refers back to the subject, work just as in English, where the object is a reflexive pronoun, eg.:
- At tujboye atut..... I am going to kill myself.
- Tu etut!.... Know thyself!
- It gorba itut bay gorbar..... He cut himself with a knife.
- Ot yefe yuxer otut..... One must help oneself.
- Sometimes, verbs incorporate the reflexivity in the actual verb form using ut as the prefix:
- uttujber.... commit suicide
- utboler.... support oneself
- Sometimes, verbs are used reflexively in Mirad even though they are used simply intransitively in English, eg.:
- Et efe vyimiler etut..... You need to wash up [= wash yourself]. (or)
- Et efe utvyimiler.....You need to wash up.
Omission of Prepositions After Certain Verbs[edit]
- Some verbs inherently incorporate a preposition and so it is not necessary to use that assumed preposition before what would normally be an indirect object.
PREPOSITION-INCORPORATING VERB EXAMPLE per go (to) Pu tam! (Not: Pu bu tam!) Go home., It pa Paris. He went to Paris. der say (to), tell Du at eta dyun. Tell me your name., Du at has. Tell it to me. peser wait (for) Pesu at. Wait for me. buer give (to) Buu at hua dyen. Give me that book.
- As in English, in omitting the inherent preposition in a sentence with both a direct object and an indirect object, place the indirect object before the direct object. If the direct object comes first, then the preposition must be overtly specified before the indirect object, eg. Buu has bu at. Give it to me.
Transitive/Causative and Intransitive/Inchoative Verbs[edit]
Derived from Adjectives[edit]
- Adjectives can be converted into transitive/causative and intransitive/inchoative verbs. A causative verb has the sense to make something have some quality, while an inchoative verb means to become or take on the quality of something. Causative verbs are always transitive (taking an object), while inchoative verbs are intransitive (not taking an object). English causative / inchoative verbs often end in -ify like magnify, or -ate, liberate, or ize, like sensitize.
- To derive a causative verb from an adjective, add the suffix xer to do to either the stem or the whole adjective (with the a ending). Whether you do the former or the latter depends on several factors, but the end result is slightly different in nuance. A verb with adjective stem + xer is slightly more idiomatic or less literal than the adjective stem + axer.
ADJECTIVE CAUSATIVE/TRANSITIVE CAUSATIVE/TRANSITIVE -xer LITERAL IDIOMATIC aga
to magnify
to grow
to unify
to unite
to separate
to cut
to lengthen
to stretch
to retard
to brake
to formalize
to form
to equalize
to copy, equate
to prioritize
to prepare
- To derive an inchoative verb from an adjective, add the suffix ser to be to either the stem or the whole adjective.
ADJECTIVE INCHOATIVE/INTRANSITIVE INCHOATIVE/INTRANSITIVE -ser LITERAL IDIOMATIC aga
to get bigger
to grow
to unify
to unite, become united
to become separate
to break
- Be careful to use the transitive, causative verb form when you have a direct object, and the intransitive, inchoative verb form when no direct objects are present or possible, eg.:
- Ansu ey yet yonxwo. Unite or you will be divided. [INTRANSITIVE]
- At otadsa haj hu at sa eta jag. I got divorced when I was your age. [INTRANSITIVE]
- Hisi agaxo has hu et teate. These will magnify what you see. [TRANSITIVE]
- Hia tobot agseye ig. This child is growing up fast. [INTRANSITIVE]
- Ata tayd agxe vosi be oyebzom. My wife grows flowers out back. [TRANSITIVE]
Derived from Nouns[edit]
- Transitive/causative/active and intransitive/inchoative/passive verbs can also be formed from nouns. The sense of the former is to make be X and of the latter, to become X.
NOUN TRANSITIVE/CAUSATIVE/ACTIVE INTRANSITIVE/INCHOATIVE/PASSIVE mog ash mogxer
to incinerate
to become ashes
yan collection yanxer
to collect
to get together
tad spouse tadxer
to marry
to get married
yom ice yomxer
to freeze/make ice
to freeze/become ice
mag fire magxer
to burn, set fire to
to burn, get burned
uk void ukxer
to empty
become empty, empty out
Derived from Verbs[edit]
- Verbal causatives like have/get my car washed, make/force him go, get one's hair cut are formed by suffixing the causative verb stem ux (active) or uxw (passive) to the stem of the verb signifying the action to be arranged or caused, eg.:
- At gorbuxo ata tayeb zamaj..... I will get my hair cut tomorrow.
- Et voy yafe puxer at..... You cannot make me go.
- It tojbuxa yit..... He had them killed.
- At efe milabuxer ata par..... I need to have my car washed.
- Et upuxwa him avhes..... You were made to come here for some reason.
- At bakambuxo et..... I will have you hospitalized.
- Et voy yafe deuzuxer at..... You cannot make me sing.
- At ivteuduxwa..... I was made to laugh.
- Eta deuz ivteuduxa yat..... Your song tickled us. (= Made us laugh.)
- Hav het ivasuxu et..... May someone get you to be happy.
Directional Verbs[edit]
- The directionality of some verbs can be distinguished by the ending ier for an action or motion toward the speaker and uer for an action or motion away from the speaker toward some object, eg.:
SUBJECT-DIRECTED OBJECT-DIRECTED bier to take buer to give nier to consume nuer to supply nyier to order nyuer to deliver nunier to buy nunuer to sell nazunier win a prize nazunuer award a prize noysier pay off noysuer charge ojbier borrow ojbuer lend tadier get married taduer marry off papier take flight papuer send off flying pipier set sail pipuer dock simbier take a seat simbuer offer a seat tampier leave home tampuer arrive home tamier settle in tamuer shelter nusbier to buy nisbuer to sell telier to eat teluer to feed gonbier to participate gonbuer to share tilier to drink tiluer to water, give to drink teubier to swallow teubuer to spit out teatier to observe, watch teatuer to show taxier to memorize taxuer to remind alier to breathe in aluer to breathe out, expire ilier to absorb iluer to leak, soak ifier to enjoy ifuer to please dier to ask duer to suggest dider to question duder to respond tier to study tuer to teach pier to depart puer to arrive kebier to choose kebuer to distribute tujier to fall asleep tujuer to put to sleep tojier to fall dead tojuer to kill byier to originate byuer to target mempier to take off mempuer to land sinier visualize sinuer display xier to result xuer to cause
Prepositions and Directional Adverbs as Verbal Prefixes[edit]
- Prepositions and directional adverbs can be prefixed to verbs in order to change their semantics. A preposition ending in b will assimilate to p before the verb per to go and a preposition ending in b will lose the b before a verb beginning with b. Here are some examples:
PREPOSITION/ADVERB TRANSITIVE VERB INTRANSITIVE VERB ab on aber apply aper get on, mount ob off ober remove oper get of, dismount yab up yaber raise yaper rise yob down yober take down yoper descend yeb in yeber insert yeper enter yeb in yepuxer throw in yepuser jump in oyeb out oyeber expose oyeper exit oyeb out oyepuxer eject oyepuser jump out zyu around zyuber rotate zyuper revolve zya throughout zyaber spread zyaper tour yub near yuber bring near yuper approach ov against ovber oppose ovper countervene yan together yanber compose yanper meet iz direct izber lead izper head uz curved uzber divert uzper diverge
- Note:
- The prefix yeg- again is used like the English prefix re-, eg.:
- ember to position → yegember to reposition, replace
- der to say → yegder to repeat
- sanxer to shape, form → yegsanxer to reshape, reform
- The prefix lo- reverses the semantics of a verb and is like English dis-, de-, or un-, eg.:
- saxer to build, construct → losaxer to destroy, deconstruct
- yonxer to unite → loyonxer to disunite
- xer to do → loxer to undo
- The prefix vyo- is used as the counterpart to the English mis-, meaning wrongfully, eg.:
- nadxer to align → vyonadxer to misalign
- der to say → vyoder to misstate, lie
- utbier to appropriate → vyoutbier to misappropriate
- The prefix yan- together is used as the English co-, eg.:
- exer to operate → yanexer to cooperate
- tamer to dwell → yantamer to cohabit
- napber to put in order → yannapber to coordinate
- The prefix zoy- is used as the English re(tro)-, meaning back, eg.:
- teaper to visit → zoyteaper to revisit
- uper to come → zoyuper to return, come back
- buxer to push → zoybuxer to repel, push back
- puxer to throw → zoypuxer to reject, throw back, jettison
- The prefix az- (from aza strong) is used as an intensifier, eg.:
- yujber to close → azyujber to lock
- der to say → azder to emphasize
- duer to suggest → azduer to urge
- dizeuder to laugh → azdizeuder to guffaw
Modal Verbs[edit]
- Modal verbs are auxiliary verbs that are usually followed by the main verb in the infinitive or a subjunctive dependent clause and have to do with wanting, permitting, prohibiting, being able, being unable, needing, being obliged to do something, etc.
Principal Modal Auxiliary Verbs[edit]
- Here is a chart showing the main modal auxiliary verbs in Mirad:
POSITIVE NEGATIVE afer may
ayfer might
efer need ofer may not
oyfer might not
ifer love
iyfer like
fer want ufer hate
uyfer dislike
yafer can, be able
yayfer might, could
yefer must, have to
yeyfer ought, should
yofer cannot
yoyfer could not, might not
yifer dare yufer be afraid yiver have a right, be free yuver be bound
- If the modal verb is in the hypothetic aspect (conditional), then the sense is somewhat mitigated, as in these examples:
- At fe per..... I want to go.
- At fu per..... I would like to go.
- Et yafe aker..... You can win.
- Et yafu aker..... You could win.
- Yet yefe iper..... You must leave.
- Yet yefu iper..... You ought to leave.
- Post-iotating the stem vowel of the modal verb also reduces the strength, for example:
- At ife et. ....I love you.
- At iyfe et. ....I like you.
- Et yefe iper..... You must leave.
- Et yeyfe iper..... You should leave.
- Iyt yafe aker..... She can win.
- Iyt yayfe aker..... She might win.
- At ufa uda tuz..... I hated that art.
- At uyfa uda tuz..... I disliked that art.
- By the same token, adding the intensifying consonants l and r add strength to the model verb sense:
- Hua toyb yufxa at..... That woman scared me.
- Hua toyb yulfxa at..... That woman intimidated me.
- Hua toyb yurfxa at..... That woman terrorized me.
- Hia yex efwo..... This work will be necessary.
- Hia yex elfwo..... This work will be critical.
- Hia yex erfwo..... This work will be indispensable.
- Su yifa..... Be brave.
- Su yilfa..... Be bold.
- Su yirfa..... Be heroic.
- Et yuve buer nas..... You are supposed to give money.
- Et yulve buer nas..... You are bound to give money.
- Et yurve buer nas..... You are absolutely compelled to give money.
- Here are some examples showing how these modal verbs are used as auxiliaries:
- Et afe oyeper ay ifeker..... You may go out and play.
- Yat efa tujer..... We needed to sleep.
- Ot ofe mavier him..... One is prohibited to smoke here.
- Mavier him ofwe..... Smoking here is prohibited.
- At ife dyeer..... I love to read.
- He et fe yebuper?.... Do you want to come in?
- At fu teaper et edjub..... I would like to visit you some day.
- It ufaye hyaj teaxwer..... He has always hated being looked at.
- Duhev et iyfe per tilami?.... Do you like going to bars?
- At uyfe tijer gra jwa..... I dislike waking up too early.
- Et yafe xer hyes hu et fu..... You can do whatever you like.
- Et yefer xer ad vyaas..... You must do the right thing.
- Et yeyfe voy daler huyen azay..... You should not talk so loud.
- At yeyfa ter ga fi..... I should have known better.
- At voy yifu der hyea fuas..... I would not dare say anything bad.
- Hov yufu der has hu et tesde..... Don't be afraid to say what you mean.
- Et yive dier yevanavdut..... You have a right to ask for a lawyer.
- Yat voy yuve kyoejer..... We are not bound to stick around.
Subject-oriented vs. Patient-oriented Modal Verb Forms[edit]
- All of these modal verbs can be passive, in which case they are "patient-oriented" rather than "subject-oriented", eg:
SUBJECT-ORIENTED VERB SUBJECT-ORIENTED ADJECTIVE PATIENT-ORIENTED VERB PATIENT-ORIENTED ADJECTIVE afer may afa allowed afwer be permitted afwa permissable efer need efa needful efwer be necessary efwa necessary, required ofer be unallowed ofa prohibited ofwer be prohibited ofwa banned yafer be able yafa able yafwer be possible yafwa possible yefer must yefa obliged yefwer be obligatory yefwa obligatory yofer be unable yofa unable yofwer be impossible yefwa impossible fer want fa willing fwer be desirable fwa desirable, wanted yifer dare yofa daring, brave yifwer be safe yifwa safe yufer be afraid yifa afraid yufwer be a danger yufwa frightning
- Afwe (= se afwa) mavier him. It is permissible to smoke here.
- Ofwe (= se ofwa) puxer ofwasi him. It is prohibited to throw litter here.
- Fwe (= se fwa) hav yet dolu. It is desired that you stop talking.
- Voy yafwe beser him gajob. It is not possible to remain here any longer.
- Yofwa av at ivteuder. It was not possible for me to laugh.
- Yefwe hav et piu ig. It is essential that you leave quickly.
- He yeyfwe ober ata tyoyafi? Is it obligatory to remove my shoes?
- Ga yux efwo. More help will be needed.
Deriving Causatives from Modal Stems[edit]
- Various causative verbs can be formed from modal stems, as shown in the chart below:
SUBJECT-ORIENTED PATIENT-ORIENTED afxer allow (someone to do sthg.) afwaxer permit (something to be done) efxer require efwaxer necessitate ofxer prohibit ofwaxer prohibit yafxer enable yafwaxer make possible yefxer oblige yefwaxer make obligatory yofxer cripple yofwaxer disable yifxer embolden yifwaxer make safe yufxer intimidate yufwaxer make frightening ifxer please ifwaxer make pleasant
Creating Modal Verbs and Adjectives with Modal Stem Suffixes[edit]
- Verb stems can be suffixed with modal participles to produce related modal verbs and adjectives. The first chart shows the modal participles themselves that can be suffixed to verb stems. Subject-oriented forms refer only to people, while patient-oriented forms (ending in -wa) refer only to things.
POSITIVE ADJECTIVE NEGATIVE ADJECTIVE SUBJECT-ORIENTED yafa able to yofa unable to PATIENT-ORIENTED yafwa possible to yofwa impossible to SUBJECT-ORIENTED ifa fond of ufa averse to SUBJECT-ORIENTED yika having difficulty Xing yuka having ease Xing PATIENT-ORIENTED yikwa hard to yukwa easy to SUBJECT-ORIENTED efa need to PATIENT-ORIENTED efwa necessary to be Xed POSITIVE ADJECTIVE POSITIVE VERB NEGATIVE ADJECTIVE NEGATIVE VERB SUBJECT-ORIENTED teatyafa able to see, sighted teatyafer be able to see teatyofa blind teatyofer be blind PATIENT-ORIENTED teatyafwa visible teatyafwer be visible teatyofwa invisible teatyofwer be invisible SUBJECT-ORIENTED teetyafa able to hear, hearing teetyafer be able to hear teetyofa deaf teatyofer be deaf PATIENT-ORIENTED teetyafwa audible teetyafwer be audible teeyofwa inaudible teeyofwer be inaudiable SUBJECT-ORIENTED dalyafa able to speak dalyafer be able to speak dalyofa mute, dumb dalyofer be mute, dumb SUBJECT-ORIENTED doabifa patriotic doabifer be patriotic doabufa rebellious doabufer rebel SUBJECT-ORIENTED tosyafa sensitive tosyafer be able to feel tosyofa insensitive tosyofer be numbed PATIENT-ORIENTED tosyafwa palpable tosyafwer be palpable tosyofwa numb tosyofwer be impalbable, numb PATIENT-ORIENTED tidyukwa easy to understand tidyukwaxer make easily understood tidyikwa hard to understand tidyikwaxer make hard to understand SUBJECT-ORIENTED tilefa thirsty tilefer be thirsty SUBJECT-ORIENTED telefa hungry telefer be hungry PATIENT-ORIENTED xefwa necessary to be done xefwer to be necessary to be done
Sensing Verbs[edit]
- Verbs involving the senses, such as sight or hearing, follow a similar pattern:
|teab eye
|teeb ear
|teib nose
|teub mouth
|tayob skin
|teater see
|teeter hear
|teiter smell
|teuter taste
|tayoter feel
|teatwer be seen
|teetwer be heard
|teitwer be smelled
|teutwer be tasted
|tayotwer be felt
|teaser seem
|teeser sound
|teiser smell
|teuser taste
|tayoser feel
(or) toser
|teaxer look at
|teexer listen
|teixer sniff
|teuxer taste
|tayoxer touch
(or) toxer
|teaxwer be looked at
|teexwer be listened to
|teixwer be sniffed
|teuxwer be tasted
|tayoxwer be touched
(or) toxwer
|teatuer show
|teetuer make hear
|teixuer make smell
|teuxuer offer a taste
|tayoxuer make feel
(or) toxuer
|teatuwer be shown
|teetuwer be made to hear
|teituwer be made to smell
|teutuwer be given a taste
|tayotuwer be made to feel
(or) toxuwer
|teatier perceive,
catch sight of
|teetier catch the
sound of
|teitier get a whiff of
|teutuer get a taste of
|tayotier get the sensation of
|teatiwer be perceived
|teetiwer be heard
|teitiwer be whiffed
|teutiwer be tasted
|tayotiwer be felt
|teatyofer be blind
|teetyofer be deaf
|teityofer be unable to smell
|teityofer be unable to taste
|tayotyofer be insensitive
|teatyofwer be invisible
|teetyofwer be inaudible
|teityofwer be undetectable
|teityofwer be insipid
|tayotyofwer be undetectable
by touch
|teatyofxer blind
|teetyofxer deafen
|teityofxer desensitize
to smell
|teutyofxer desensitize to
|tayotyofxer desensitize
|teatyofwaxer make invisible
|teetyofwaxer make inaudible
|teityofwaxer make odorless
|teutyofwaxer render tasteless
|tayotyofwaxer numb
- Prepositions are words that connect and show a relationship between a noun or noun phrase and the rest of the sentence. In Mirad, prepositions are simple monosyllables or phrases. Prepositions, as in English, are positioned before the noun or noun phrase they connect.
Single-word Prepositions[edit]
- Here is a chart of simple prepositions. Most are spatial, but some are temporal, relational, or mathematical.
ab on, upon eb between ob off, off of ayb over, above eyb among, amid oyb under, below bu to be at bi from, of byu as far as, up to byi since, starting with bay with bey by boy without ub toward ib away from yub near (to) yeb in
oyeb out of
yib far (from) yaz flush with yez along yoz perpendicular to yuz around yiz beyond za in front of ze at the middle of
zey across
zo behind, in back of zu (to the) left (of) zi (to the) right (of) zya throughout zye through TEMPORAL
ja before je during, while jo after ju until ju since RELATIONAL
av for, about ev than, as, compared to ov against ay and ey or oy but, except MATHEMATICAL
gab plus, + gob, - minus gal times, x gel like
ogel unlike
gol, ÷ divided by gar to the power of gor to the root of
- Examples showing how these single-word prepositions are used:
- Ha dyen se ab ha sem..... The book is on the table.
- Vos et pyosu ob ha abtamas!.... Don't fall off the roof!
- Ha pati papa ayb ata tam..... The birds flew over my house.
- It kosa oyb ha yagsim..... He hid under the bench.
- Simbiu eb hut ay at..... Take a seat between that person and me.
- Yat teje eyb fiati..... We live among good people.
- Hos se nax bi pop bu ay bi Boston?.... What is the cost of a trip to and from Boston?
- His se ifek bi kyen..... This is a game of luck.
- Duvas et sa be hua duzun zomoj?.... Were you at that concert last night?
- Yit se embwa be ha zenod bi ha mapil..... We are positioned at the hub of this storm.
- Iyt tyoyapa byu ha mis..... She walked up to the door.
- Ha tob tojbwa bey gobar..... The man was killed with/by a knife.
- Et xu ga fiay ser bay at ev boy at..... You would do better to be with me than without me.
- Teaxu ib ha amar..... Look away from the sun.
- Hov teaxu iz ub ja man..... Don't look directly toward the light.
- Et efe tyoyaper yuz ha ovon..... You need to walk around the obstacle.
- Yat yofe per yiz hia nod..... We are prohibited from going beyond this point.
- Iyt simpa za at. .... She sat in front of me.
- Et yeyfe simbier zo hua toyb..... You should sit in back of that woman.
- Embu has zu ha mis..... Put it to the left of the door.
- At simpo zi et..... I will sit to the right of you.
- Ha pat poosa ze ha tim..... The bird stayed in the middle of the room.
- Diwe vas et poosu yeb ha tam..... Please stay in the house.
- At so oyebdom av yoga joob..... I will be out of town for a short while.
- Ha mimpar mimpa yaz ha mip..... The boat sailed along the river.
- His xwa zya ha doob..... This happened throughout the nation.
- Mil upeye zye ha mes..... Water is coming through the door.
- His xwo ja zajub. .... This will happen before tomorrow.
- Esa mapil je ha moj..... There was a storm during the night.
- Ju zamaj..... Until tomorrow morning.
- At voy teataye et ji zoyejub..... I have not seen you since last week.
- Diwe xu hes av at..... Please do something for me.
- Hia dyen se din av ewa fiuti..... This book is a story about two lovers.
- Datan se ga fia ev nas. Friendship is better than money.
- Hos se ge fua ev hus hu yat soa zojab. Nothing is as bad as what we underwent last year.
- Yit yexeya ov yat..... They were working against us.
- Et ay at yeyfe ser dati..... You and I should be friends.
- Hot ako, et ey at?....Who will win, you or I?
- Hyat oy hut ta ha dud..... Everyone but that guy knew the answer.
- Et voy se gel at..... You are not like me.
- Et se hyagla ogel at..... You are totally unlike me.
- E gab e gese u..... Two plus two equals four.
- U gob e gese e..... Four minus two equals two.
- E gal e gese u..... Two times two equals four.
- E gol e gese a..... Two divided by two equals one.
- U gar e gese asya..... Four squared equals sixteen. (Lit: Four to the power of two...)
- Asya gor e gese u..... The square root of sixteen is four. (Lit: Sixteen to the root of two...)
Directional Adverbs[edit]
- There are certain directional adverbs that can play a part in forming complex prepositions:
yub near yib far yab up yob down zay forward, ahead zoy back iz directly, straight uz indirectly, roundabout
Phrasal Prepositions[edit]
- Phrasal prepositions contain one or more prepositions in some combination with either a noun or an adverb. This chart shows some examples:
PHRASAL PREPOSITION EXAMPLE yub bu near to, close to At fe tujer yub bi et..... I want to sleep close to you. yib bi far from Ha amar se yib bi ha meir..... The sun is far from the earth. yab bu up to It fu paper yab bu ha mam..... He would like to fly up to the sky. yab bi up from Su yab bi ha sim..... Get up from the bed. yab bey up (along) Yat tyoyapo yab bey ha meab..... We will walk up the hill. yob bu down to Igpu yob bu ha obmos..... Run down to the cellar. yob bi down from Ha tat upa yob bi ha mam..... The angel came down from the sky. yob bey down from Iyt igtyoyapa yob bey ha meab..... She ran down the hill. yob ab down on top of Has kawa yob ab eta oybmos..... It was found down on your floor. zay bu on to, forth to Ha elyanaadpar popa zay bu zona doym..... The train traveled on to the next town. zey bi across from Iyt simbia zey bi yat..... She sat across from us. zoy bi back from At se zoy bi ha yexim..... I am back from the office. iz bu straight to Pu iz bu fom! ....Go straight to hell! iz zoy bi right back from It upu iz zoy bi ha yexim..... He came right back from the office.
Idiomatic Prepositional Phrases[edit]
- The following chart shows other prepositional phrases that are considered idiomatic, because they are somewhat abbreviated by the omission of the definite article ha in front of the noun in these phrases:
OTHER PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES be abem bi at the top of bu abem bi to the top of bi abem bi from the top of be obem bi at the bottom of bu obem bi to the bottom of bi obem bi from the top of be ebem bi in the area between bu ebem bi to the area between bi ebem bi from the area between be aybem bi above, over bu aybem bi to the area above bi aybem bi from the area above be oybem bi below, under bu oybem bi to the area below bi oybem bi from the area below be eybem bi amid zye eybem bi through the midst of yez eybem bi in the midst of be zam bi at the front of bu zam bi to the front of bi zam bi from the front of be zem bi at the middle of bu zem bi to the middle of bi zem bi from the middle of be zom bi at the back of bu zom bi to the back of bi zom bi from the back of be yubem bi in the vicinity of bu yubem bi to the vicinity of bi yubem bi from the vicinity of be yibem bi at a distance from bey azon bi by dint of be avon bi in favor of be ubem bi in the direction of bay ux bi with assistance from be byux bay in touch with be yabem bi in the upper reaches of be vyen bu in relation to doytaxwa bay associated with be yobem bi in the bottom area of be ned bi on the level of be mep bu on the way to, en route bey mep bi by way of, via be kum bi beside, at the side of be ij bi at the start of be uj bi at the end of bey uxun bi by means of be kunad bi at the edge of be nod bi at the point of be yezem bi at the interior of, inside be yozem bi at the exterior of, outside be nad bay in line with yez kunad bi alongside be tes bi in the sense of be teas bi in the guise of be san bi in the form of be yanx bi in conjunction with be bol bi in support of be gab bu in addition to be dyun bi in the name of
- Conjunctions are words that join or introduce clauses. They are divided into coordinating and subordinating conjunctions. Also some conjunctions consist of a combination of words.
Coordinating Conjunctions[edit]
- This chart shows the coordinating conjunctions used in Mirad:
ay and ey or oy but oey nor
- Usage examples:
- At oveko ay at ako. I will compete and I will win.
- Bosu ey at tuyapyexo et. Be still or I will spank you.
- It yeka oy it oka. He tried but he lost.
- At voy tilo oey at telo. I shall not drink, nor shall I eat.
Correlative Coordinating Conjunctions[edit]
- The above coordinating conjunctions can be associated in correlative pairs, as follows:
hya ewa...ay both...and hye awa...ey either...or hyo awa...oey neither...nor voy hya awa...oy (gay) not only...but (also)
- Examples:
- At hya ewa dyede ay dre Mirad..... I both read and write Mirad.
- Et yafe hye awa beser ey pier. Se eta kebiun..... You can either stay or leave. It's your choice.
- Yat hyo awa move oey tile..... We neither smoke nor drink.
- At voy hya awa deuze oy gay at daze.....I not only sing but also I dance.
- There are three complementizers (= subordinating conjunctions) that either connect clauses, where the second clause is subordinate to the main clause, or introduce a certain kind of statement.
TYPE COMPLEMENTIZER CLAUSE LINKER SENTENCE INTRODUCER POSITIVE / HORTATIVE vas that, so that May (something happen), Let (something happen) CONDITIONAL ves if, whether -- NEGATIVE / PROHIBITIVE vos lest, that...not Don't ANTI-CONDITIONAL oves unless -- INTERROGATIVE Duves...? -- Is it true that, say whether..., do(es)?
- Examples of these conjunctions linking a main and subordinate clause:
- At ta vas et upo..... I knew that you would come.
- At xa has vas et testu..... I did it so that you would understand.
- At voy ta ves et upo..... I did not know whether you would come.
- Ves et te ha dud, du has..... If you know the answer, say it.
- At yufa vos et upu..... I feared lest you come.
- At voy upo oves et upo gay..... I will not come unless you come, too.
- Example of these conjunctions introducing a sentence:
- Vas yat fadilu..... Let us pray. (HORTATIVE)
- Vas yit teliu avol!.... Let them eat bread.
- Vas ad edeb yagteju..... May the king live long.
- Duves et te ad dud?.... Do you know the answer?
- Duves et se tadsa..... Say whether you are married.
- Vos (et) yufu..... Don't (you) be afraid.
- Vos ud xwu..... Let that not happen.
- Ves et te, du has..... If you know, say so.
- Ves hus se vyaa otwe..... Whether that's true is unknown.
- Ves et upo ey voy, at voy tebike..... Whether you come or not, I don't care.
- The sentence-initial interrogative complementizer Duves (Is it true that?) is used to introduce a yes/no question. The word can be analyzed as a command meaning Say whether....
- Duves et se tadokayt?.... Are you a widow? (= Say whether you are...).
Composite Conjunctions[edit]
- Other conjunctions are formed with two or more words, which, because of their frequency, are usually written together as one word:
CONJUNCTION EXAMPLES jahu.... before Du hay jahu et pio..... Say hi before you leave. jehu.... while Jehu at so him, at xo gle yex av et..... While I'm here, I'll do some work for you. johu.... after At buo et has johu et nuso..... I will give it to you after you pay. juhu.... until Yat voy ijo juhu et puo him..... We won't start until you get here. jihu.... since At voy teataya huyenas jihu et sa hum..... I had not seen such a thing since you were there. hajhu.... when Hajhu et pua, ha iv ija..... When you arrived, the fun began. johus.... then Yat deuza johus hyat daza..... We sang, then everyone danced. jehus.... meanwhile Jehus, at ujba hyas..... Meanwhile, I finished everything. hamhu.... where At voy te hamhu it pa..... I don't know where he went. avhashu.... why Duhev et te avhashu it xa his?.... Do you know why he did it? avhashu.... because It xa has avhashu it fa teatuer yat hes..... He did it because he wanted to show us something. geyhu.... even if Geyhu et yontexe, at bolo et..... Even if you disagree, I'll support you. hayenhu.... as if Yat yeyfe axer hayenhu yat teata yod..... We should act as if we saw nothing. gelhu.... as if Yat yeyfe axer gelhu yat teata yod..... We should act as if we saw nothing. geyovhu.... even though Geyovhu ha pansin sa gra yaga, at ifia has.....Even though the movie was too long, I enjoyed it. ovhu.... (al)though At po ovhu at voy fe..... I'll go, although I don't want to. avhus.... so, therefore It vuda at, avhus at pia..... He insulted me, so I left.
- Interjections in Mirad include the words for yes, no and maybe:
va yes ve maybe, perhaps vo* no
- * Not to be confused with voy, which translates the English adverb not, as in Vo, it voy se tadsa. He is not married.
- Examples:
- Va. At se otadsa..... Yes. I am unmarried.
- Va. At se vay otadsa..... Yes. I am indeed/really unmarried.
- Va, vay..... Yes, indeed.
- Va ay vo. Hus vey se vyaa..... Yes and no. That may be true.
- Va ey vo?.... Yes or no?
- Ve. At te voy valay..... Maybe. I don't know for sure.
- Vo. At voy vatexe et..... No. I don't believe you.
- Vo! Dilwe hov xu has..... No! Don't do it.
- Et se Amerikama, va vo?.... You're American, yes or no?
- Hev va, xu has..... If so, do it.
- Hev vo, wo xu has..... If not, don't do it.
- Other interjections include greetings and non-vulgar expletives:
INITIAL GREETING hay! Hello!, Hi! VOCATIVE GREETING hey! Hey!, O!, Oh! TERMINAL GREETING hoy! Goodbye!, Bye! PROXIMAL SPECIFIER hiy! Voici!, Here is... DISTAL SPECIFIER huy! Voila!', There is... POSITIVE EXCLAMATION hway!* Great! Wow!, Bravo!, Woopee!,Hurrah!, Thanks! SURPRISE EXCLAMATION hwey! What a...!, Oh!, Well!, You're welcome! NEGATIVE EXCLAMATION hwoy! What a pity!, It's a shame!, Woe is...!, Darn it!, Yikes!, Boo!, Sorry!
- hw is pronounced like the wh in English words.
- Examples:
- Hay! Ata dyun se Johan.....Hi! My name is John.
- Hey, Johan! Hoyena et se?....Hey, John, how are you?
- Hey, Fyaat! O, God!
- Hoy. At teato et zajub.....Bye. I will see you tomorrow.
- Hiy ha dyen et dila..... Here's the book you requested.
- Hiy Tobyan..... Behold Man. (Ecce Homo).
- Hiy ata dyundraf..... Here's my caling card.
- Huy! Se xawa..... Voilà! It's done.
- Huy hos at yaka..... There's what I expected.
- Hway et!.... Good for you!
- Hway! Et utnaze his...... Bravo! You deserve this.
- Hwey via maj! ....Oh, what a beautiful morning!
- Hwey At ta voy hav et upo..... Oh! I didn't know you were coming.
- Hwoy at..... Woe is me.
- Hwoy! Ga fia fikyen jonay..... Pity!. Better luck next time.
- Vulgar expletives are not offered here, but may arise naturally in daily speech.
[This page under construction]
Mirad is an SVO language like English, that is, the subject (S) comes first, then the verb (V) predicate, then the object (O). Determiners (D) and adjectives (A) generally precede the noun (N) they modify. Adverbs (AD) can float more freely, as long as no ambiguity results.
Following are some example sentences showing this word order:
- Yat (S) iyfe (V) pit (O)....We (S) like (V) fish (O).
- Yat (S) iyfe (V) yelmagelwa (A) pit (N O)....We (S) like (V) fried (A) fish (N O).
- Yat (S) voy (AD) iyfe (V) yelmagelwa (A) pit (N O)....We (S) do not (AD) like (V) fried (A) fish (N O).
- Yat (S) voy (AD) iyfe (V) yelmagelwa (A) pit (N O) gla(AD)....We (S) do not (AD) like (V) fried (A) fish (N O) very much (AD).
- Yat (S) voy (AD) iyfe (V) hia (D)yelmagelwa (A) pit (N O) gla(AD)....We (S) do not (AD) like (V) this (D) fried (A) fish (N O) very much (AD).
- Yat (S) gle (AD)) iyfe (V) hia (D)yelmagelwa (A) pit (N O)....We (S) rather (AD) like (V) this (D) fried (A) fish (N O).
Greetings and Other Polite Expressions[edit]
MIRAD ENGLISH Hay! Hello! Hey! Hey! Hoy! Bye! Hiy... Here is / Here comes... / Voici Huy... There's... / There goes... / Voila Hway!* Great! / Good for you! / Thanks! / Congratulations! Hwey! Oh my! / Goodness gracious! / Well! / Your're welcome! Hwoy! Too bad! / What a shame! / Sorry!' Fijub! Good day! Fimaj! Good morning! Fimoj! Good evening! Hoyen et xeye? How are you? (Lit. How are you doing?) Fi. Ay et? Fine. And you? Iftaxwo.
Thank-you. (Lit. (It) will be fondly remembered.) Toxu.
You're welcome. (Lit. Forget (it).) Diwe. Please. (Lit. It is asked.) Yovobu (at).
Excuse (me). Fipop! Bon voyage! Su valta! Be safe! Igbaksu! Get well soon! Yanivtos!
Congratulations! (Lit: together-happy-feeling) Iva Tajjub! Happy Birthday! Yanuvtos!
My condolences! (Lit: together-sad-feeling)
- hw is pronounced in Mirad like a wh in English words.
Word Formation[edit]
- In order to facilitate word-building and to maximize comprehension and decipherability of words, certain meanings have been attached to consonants and various values have been ascribed to vowels.
- The vocabulary of Mirad is composed of core words and derived words.
Guiding Principles for Word Formation[edit]
- The vocabulary is built on root morphemes, that is, indivisible, building-block words. The choice of the root of these words (formed generally from two or three letters) is determined by:
- The meaning of each letter of the word.
- The importance of the group of ideas that this word evokes in its proper sense and in the sense that is directly opposite it, eg.: fixed vs. variable.
- How frequently the word and its derivations are used in the language.
- The geometric system of vocabulary construction (see a later section on what this is all about).
- The logic of its composition.
- The mnemonic associations this word suggests.
- The words derived from root morphemes in turn follow very simple laws called vocabulary-building rules.
Root Morphemes[edit]
- Root morphemes are elements of vocabulary that cannot be broken down any further and which serve as the basis for many derived words in the language. These root morphemes are divided into two groups:
- 1st Group: consisting of nouns
- 2nd Group: consisting of prepositions, adjectives, adverbs, conjunctions, and verbs.
Root Morphemes of the 1st Group: Nouns[edit]
- All noun root morphemes are composed of three letters:
- The first, a consonant called the classifier
- The second, a vowel called the ordinal
- The third, a consonant called the generic
- Examples:
CLASSIFIER ORDINAL GENERIC MEANING t o b man d o t society f o b plant
- The classifier and generic letters are consonants, so one needs to be familiar with the general meaning of the consonants in the Mirad alphabet, as shown in the following chart:
Consonants and Their Meanings[edit]
CONSONANT 1st Group Root Morphemes (NOUN) 1st Group Root Morphemes (NOUN) 2nd Group Root Morphemes Numeric Value CLASSIFIER GENERIC CLASSIFIER IN NUMBERS b organ, illness, body, etc. organism gesture, manner, movement p animal, vehicle movement s thing, furniture form, thing hundred x do, action do, action d society person, thing reading, writing t person person intelligence, knowing f vegetation clothing volition v plant, color linen veracity g measurement quantity k condition, risk change, chance j time time time z jewel, precious, art spatial l element, liquid ten m nature place, building, furniture, metal ml = million n mechandise abstraction r tool, machine thousand, mr = billion
- The letters l and r are used before or after vowels to intensify the semantics of a word. The letter y, if used before a stem vowel intensifies the semantics of the word, but mitigates the semantics if it follows the stem vowel.
- The letter h is used only in certain interjections, conjunctions, and determiners and has no semantic identity.
- The letter w has no semantic identity of its own, but is used only to form the passive of verbs and to form a counter morpheme used in numbers, and sometimes to substitute for y when the latter letter would cause ambiguity or difficulty in pronunciation with other consonants.
Ordinal Vowels of the 1st Group Root Morphemes and Their Values[edit]
- Numeric Values:
- The numeric value of vowels is shown in the chart below. The vowels beginning with y are considered pre-iotated vowels.
o a e i u yo ya ye yi yu alo ala ale 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 zero one two three four five six seven eight nine ten eleven twelve
- A vowel with a numeric value is sometimes prefixed to nouns to form a hierarchy of nouns:
adeb emperor adab empire edeb king edab kingdom ideb prince idab principality udeb duke udab duchy yodeb marquis, margrave yodab marquisate yadeb earl, count yadab county, earldom yedeb lord, vassal yedab dominion yideb viscount yidab viscountcy yudeb baron yudab barony alodeb tribal chief alodab tribe
- Sometimes the numeric vowel falls inside the word after the ordinal vowel. This happens with the names of the planets, as shown here:
Mear Mercury Meer Venus Meir Earth Meur Mars Meyor Jupiter Meyar Saturn Meyer Uranus Meyir Neptune Meyur Pluto
- So, as you can see, Earth is the "4rth rock from the sun."
- The word for star is mar, but sun is amar, the number one star, at least for us!
- Similarly, the word for satellite is mur, but moon is amur, the number one satellite as far as we earth-bound citizens are concerned.
- Positional Values:
- The positional value of vowels is shown below (Rule nr. 10):
a.... up, superior, north, ahead, on u.... left, west, near e.... center, middle i.... right, east, away o.... down, inferior, south, back, off za.... front, ahead zu.... left ze.... middle zi.... right zo.... back zamir.... north zumir.... west zemir.... equator zimir.... east zomir.... south ab.... on ib.... away eb.... between ub.... toward ob.... off yab.... up yib.... far yeb.... in yub.... near yob.... down ja.... before ji.... since je.... during ju.... until jo.... after
- Geophysical Values:
o outer space, nature a air, gas, sky e land, soil, earth i liquid, water, juice u underground, minerals
- Some examples:
mol nature mom outer space poper travel pot animal mop orbit dop military mor cosmos mal air mam sky paper fly pat bird map wind dap air force mar star mel soil mem land peper ride pet land animal mep road dep army mer planet mil water mim sea piper sail pit fish mip river dip marines mir world mul mineral mum underground puper burrow put bug mup tunnel dup submarine force mur moon
Ordinal Vowels of 2nd Group Root Morphemes and Their Values[edit]
- Positive-Intermediate-Negative Values:
- POSITIVE a, ya oppose NEGATIVE o, yo
- INTERMEDIATE e, ye
- POSITIVE i, yi oppose NEGATIVE u, yu
- Some examples:
POSITIVE INTERMEDIATE NEGATIVE ag- big eg- normal og- small az- strong ez- moderate oz- weak va yes ve maybe vo no ak- win ek- play ok- lose yad everything yed anything yod nothing ig- fast ug- slow im- wet um- dry fi- good fu- bad kyi- heavy kyu- light
- Directional Values:
VOWEL CONTACT DIRECTION EXAMPLE a- free movement from above onto aber apply -a movement with contact from above onto baer lean ya- free movement upward yaper rise -ya movement with contact upward pyaser jump o- free movement from below upward ober remove -o movement with contact from below onto boer uphold yo- free movement downward yoper descend -yo movement with contact fall pyoer fall u- free movement toward the center uper come -u movement with contact toward the center buer give yu- free movement near yuber bring -yu movement with contact near byuer touch i- free movement away iper leave -i movement with contact away bier take yi- free movement far away yiper move far away -yi movement with contact far away pyier originate e- stop eper intervene -e pause peser wait ye- in yeper enter -ye in byexer contain
- Special Values of Certain Vowels:
- The prefixes a-, an- have to do with one, single, singular and are opposed to:
- The prefixes ya-, yan- meaning together, plural.
- The prefix yan- contrasts with yon- meaning apart.
- Some examples:
auta individual, private yauta communal at I, me yat we, us anla singular yanla plural yanper join yonper separate yanmel continent yonmel island adut the one person yadut everybody
1st Group Root Morphemes and What They Mean[edit]
- The meaning of the 1st Group root morphemes comes from the combination of the values of the classifier consonant and the generic consonant, as show in the chart below. Most often, the root morphemes have a zeroth element in which the ordinal vowel is o. Related, usually hierchically subordinate, words are created by increasing the numeric value of the ordinal vowel.
ROOT MORPHEME CLASSIFIER CONSONANT GENERIC CONSONANT tob man t = human, animal b = organism tod family t = human, animal d = society tof clothes t = human, animal f = tissue tov lingerie t = human, animal v = linen tol food t = human, animal l = fluid, substance vob plant v = plant b = organism tom building t = human, animal m = place dob state d = social b = organism dom city d = social m = place dop military d = social p = movement som furniture s = thing m = place pot animal p = movement t = human, animal
2nd Group Root Morphemes and What They Mean[edit]
- The 2nd Group root morphemes come from a combination of the classifier consonant and the stem vowel (which is sometimes zero). The vowel can be pre- or post-iotated and modified with the scalar enhancer consonants r, l, and w. Here is a chart showing the principle root morphemes of this group. The root morpheme itself is in boldface, sometimes followed by derived words incorporating that root.
POSITIVE INTERMEDIATE NEGATIVE POSITIVE OPPOSITE ja before, pre-
→jana previous
→japer precede
je during
→jena current
→jeper continue
jo after, post-
→jona next
→joper follow
ji since
ju until
aj past
→ajna old
ej present
→ejna new
oj future
→ojna next
ij beginning
→ijna initial
uj end
→ujna final
→jyaa early
→jyea punctual
→jyoa late
yij opening
→yija open
→yijber open
yuj closure
→juja closed
→yujber close
ga more
→gaber add
→galer multiply
→gra too much
→gwa most
ge equal
→geber equate
→gean equality
→gre enough
go less
→gober substract
→goler divide
→gro insufficient
→gwo least
gi- point
→gin point
→gia sharp
gu- angle
→gun angle
→gua dull
gya- fat
→gyaxer fatten
gyo- thin
→gyoxer emaciate
gyi- solid
→gyian solidity
gyu- fragile
→gyuan fragility
ag- big
→agaxer magnify
→agla huge
eg- normal
→egaxer normalize
→egan normality
og- small
→ogaxer miniaturize
→ogla tiny
ig- fast
→igay quickly
→igper rush
ug- slow
→ugay slowly
→ugper amble
yag- long
→yagaxer lengthen
yeg- re-
→yegxer re-do
yog- short
→yogaxer shorten
yig- hard
→yigaxer harden
yug- soft
ka- find
→kaxer find
→kader reveal
→kaxwas trove
ke- seek
→kexer seek
→keder inquire
→kexwas pursuit
ko- hide
→koxer hide
→koder cover up
→koxwas stash
→kia diagonal
→kim slope
→kua lateral
→kun edge
→kum side
ak- win
→akun gain
ek- play
→ekun risk
ok- lose
→okun loss
ik- full
→ikber fill up
uk- empty
→ukber empty out
kya- variable
→kyaser change
kye- random
→kyeser happen
kyo- fixed
→kyoser stand still
kyi- heavy
→kyiaxer weigh down
kyu- light
→kyuaxer lighten
yak- expect
→yakwa expected
yek- try
→yekwa attempted
yok- be surprised
→yokwa unexpected
yik- difficult
→yikan difficulty
yuk- easy
→yukan ease
va- yes
→vader affirm
ve- maybe
→veder equivocate
vo- no
→voder deny
vi- beautiful
→vila gorgeous
vu- ugly
→vula hideous
av- for
→avon favor
ev- than
evon condition
ov- against
→ovon hindrance
iv- happy
→ivan happiness
uv- sad
→uvan sadness
vya- true
→vyan truth
vye- relative
→vyen relation
vyo- false
→vyon error
vyi- clean
→vyisa pure
vyu- dirty
→vyusa foul
yav- innocent
→yavder acquit
yev- fair
→yevder judge
yov- guilty
→yovder accuse
yiv- free
→yivxer release
yuv- captive
→yuvxer capture
fa- holy
→fader bless
f- want
→fer want
fo- profane
→foder curse
fi- good
→fider praise
fu- bad
→fuder malign
fya- proud
→fyan pride
fyo- ashamed
→fyon shame
fyi- useful
→fyin worth
fyu- damaging
→fyun harm
af- allow
→afwa allowed
ef- need
→efwa necessary
of- ban
→ofwa prohibited
if- love
→ifwa beloved
uf- hate
→ufwa despised
yaf- able
→yafer can
yef- obliged
→yefer must
yof- unable
→yofer cannot
yif- brave
→yifer dare
yuf- afraid
→baer lean on
→baler press
→barer crush
→baxer shake
→abaxer stroke
→abalxer rub
→ber put
be at
→beser stay
→bexer hold
→beler keep
→boxer carry
→boler support
→oboler drop
bi from
→bier take
→bixer pull
→bilxer yank
→birxer uproot
bu to
→buer give
→buxer push
→bulxer shove
→burxer kick
bay with bey by boy without ab on
→aber put on
→abem top
eb between
→eber block
→ebem gap
ob off
→ober take off
→obem bottom
ib away
→iber receive
→ilber obtain
ub toward
→uber send
→ulber deliver
yab up
→yaber raise
→yalber lift
→yaper rise
yeb in
→yeber introduce
→yelber insert
→yeper enter
yob down
→yober lower
→yolber down
→yoper descend
yib far
→yiber remove
→yilber banish
→yiper flee
yub near
→yuber bring near
→yolber abduct
→yuper come
→byaxer erect
→byeer behave
→byen manner
→byoxer hang
byi since
→byiser spring from
byu up to
→byuser reach
pa- motion
→paser move
→paxer move (tr.)
→per go
→peser wait
→pexer trap
po- rest
→poyser pause
→poser stop
→poxer stop (tr.)
pi- motion away
→pier leave
→piser withdraw
→pixer catch
pu- motion toward
→puer arrive
→puser jump
→puxer throw
pya- strong upward motion
→pyaser jump up
→pyaxer launch
pye- strong inward motion
→pyeser bump into
→pyexer strike
pyo- strong downward motion
→pyoser plunge
→pyoxer knock down
pyi- strong motion away
→pyiser spring
pyixer snatch
pyu- strong motion toward
→pyuser pounce
→pyuxer ram
za in front of
→zaper precede
ze in the middle of
→zeber balance
zo behind
→zoper succeed
zi- right
→zituyaba right-handed
zu- left
→zutuyaba left-handed
zay forward
→zayper advance
zey across
zoy back
→zoyper recede
az- strong
→aza strong
ez- medium
→eza medium
oz- weak
→oza weak
iz- straight
→izper go straight
uz- curved
→uzper turn
zya- wide
→zyaber spread
zye through
→zyeteatuwa transparent
zyo- narrow
→zyober restrict
zyi- flat
→zyixer flatten
zyu- round
→zyuper rotate
yaz- vertical
→yazber stand upright
yez- horizontal
→yezber lay flat
yoz- perpendicular
→yoza perpendicular
yiz- beyond
→yizper surpass
yuz- around
→yuzper surround
→daler talk
→der say
→drer write
→dryer print
→deler declare
→doler be silent
→dier ask
→dider question
→diler request
→direr demand
→din story
→duer suggest
→duder answer
→duler insist
→durer prod
→dun word
→dyeder read
→dyen book
→dyier phone
→dyuer call
→dyun name
→taxer remember
→tajer be born
t- know
→ter know
→texer think
→teder mean
→teser sense
→tejer live
→toxer forget
→tojer die
ti- learn
→tier learn
→tider understand
→tixer study
→tin doctrine, -ism
→titam school
→tijer wake
tu- teach
→tuer teach
→tuder explain
→tuxer instruct
→tun science, -ology
→tutam institute
→tujer sleep
→tyan race
→tyen craft, occupation
→tyeer be familiar with
→tryen industry
→tyier get acquainted
→tyuer acquaint
→san form
→saxer make
→saun kind
→ser be
→son thing (abstract)
→sat being
→sexer build
→soer undergo
→sin image
→siun sign
su- thing
→sun thing
→syan type
→syen style
→syin subject
→syun object
→aser become
→eser exist
→oser vanish
→iser be the result
→user be the cause
→xaer execute
→xaler accomplish
→xer do
→xen action
→xeler conduct
→xier result
→xuer bring about
→xuler provoke
→xyen practice
→xyel exercise
→xyier wear out
→xyuer proceed
→axer act
→alxer operate
→exer function
→oxer be idle
→ixen effect
→uxer cause
→yexer work
→yelx labor
→yelx drudgery
→yixer use
→yilxer hire
→yirxer exploit
→yuxer help
→yulxer serve
→yurxer slave
→naxer cost
→neser save
→noser spend
→niser earn
→nuser pay
ha so that he whether ho lest
Vowel Patterns in 2nd Group Root Morphemes[edit]
Note that that in 2nd Group core words there is a three-way contrast with the root vowels a, e, o and a two-way contrast with the root vowels i and u, as in the chart below, where the root vowels are underlined:
PATTERN TYPE POSITIVE INTERMEDIATE NEGATIVE 3-WAY (a-e-o) aza strong eza medium oza weak 2-WAY (i-u) fia good -- fua bad
Meaning of the Classifier Consonant in 2nd Group Root Morphemes[edit]
- Most human qualities are presented in the 2nd Group root morphemes that contain the consonants f or v.
- Root morphemes relating to time all have the letter j.
- The letters g and k relate mostly to physical qualities, measurements, and actions.
Parallelism in Root Morphemes[edit]
- Root morphemes exhibit both vertical and horizontal parallelism in meaning as shown in some sample charts below:
aza za va vyaa yava strong front yes true innocent eza ze ve vyea yeva moderate middle maybe relative fair oza zo vo vyoa yova weak back no false guilty ja jya aja kaer aker before early past find win je jye eja keer eker during on time present seek play jo jyo oja koer oker after late future hide lose fia via vyia fyia iva yiva ifer good beautiful clean proud happy free to love fua vua vyua fyua uva yuva ufer bad ugly dirty ashamed sad bound to hate tab tib tub tyob tayob tayeb tyab body trunk arm foot skin hair ovary fab fib fub fyob fayob fayeb fyab tree tree trunk branch root bark leaf fruit vab vib vub vyob vayob vayeb vyab plant stem twig root peel leaf seed
Ordered List of Root Morphemes[edit]
|o zero
o- un-
|a one
an- mono-
ayn- whole
|e two
en- bi-
eyn- half-
|i three
in- tri-
iyn- terci-
|u four
un- quadri-
uyn- quarti-
|-o (future tense)
|-a (past tense)
-a (adjective)
-ay (adverb)
|-e (present tense)
|-i (plural)
|-u (hypothetical mode)
|ob off
|ab on
|eb between
|ib away
|ub toward
|of- must not
|af- may
|ef- need to
|if- love
|uf- hate
|og- small
|ag- big
|eg- normal
|ig- fast
|ug- slow
|oj future
|aj past
|ej present
|ij beginning
|uj end
|ok- lose
|ak- win
|ek- play
|ik- full
|uk- empty
|-al gas
|-el food
-yel oil
|-il liquid
|om- cold
|am- hot
|im- wet
|um- dry
|-om building
|-am house
|-em place
|-im room
|-on (issue)
|-an (abstract quality
|-en (present gerund)
|-in (-ism)
|-un (thing)
|op- get off
|ap- get on
|ep- stay
|ip- go away
|up- come
|-or system
|-ar instrument
|-er (infinitive)
|-ir device
|-ur machine
|os- be absent
|as- become
|es- exist
|is- be the result
|us- be the cause
|ot one
|at I
|et you
|it he
|ut self
-ut one who
|ov against
|av for
|ev than
|iv- happy
|uv- sad
|ox- be idle
|ax- act
|ex- operate
|ix- result
|ux- cause
|oy but
|ay and
|ey or
|oz- weak
|az- strong
|ez- moderate
|iz- straight
|uz- curved
|bo- support
byo- hang
boy without
|ba- lean on
bya- stand
bay with
bax- gesture
|b- put
be- have
be at
bex- carry
byex- strike
|bi from
bi- take
bix- pull
byi since
|bu to
bu- give
bux- push
byu as far as
|bok illness
byok pain
|bak health
|bek treatment
byek cure
|bik care
|buk wound
|do- be silent
|da- speak
-ad (language)
|d- say
de- declare
dyed- read
dr- write
drye- print
deu- voice
|di- ask
did question
|du- suggest
dud answer
|dob state
|dab government
|deb leader
|dib administration
|dub minister
|dom city
|dam airport
|dem park
|dim pool
|dop military
|dap air force
|dep army
|dip marine
|dot society
|dat friend
|det mate
|dit citizen
|dut gentleman
|daz dance
|dez theatre
dyez cinema
drez poetry
|diz comedy
|duz music
|fo- profane
foz witchcraft
|fa- holy
faz miracle
|fi- good
fiz honor
|fu- bad
fuz shame
|fom metal
|fyi- worth
|fyu- waste
|go less
glo few
gro insuffiently
gwo least
gyo- thin
|ga more
gla very
gra too
gwa most
gya- thick
|ge equal
gle nquite
gre enough
|gin point
|gun angle
|gya- fat
|gyi- solid
|gyu- delicate
|ho- which?
hyo- no
hov don't
hoy! bye!
hyoy! boo!
|ha the
hya- every
hav that
hay! hello!
hyay! hurrah!
|he some
hye- any
hev if
hey! hey!
hyey! thanks!
|hi this
hyi- same
hiy... voici...
|hu- that
hyu- other
|jo after
jwo late
joy then
|ja before
jwa early
jay already
|je during
jwe on time
jey still
|ji since
jiy ago
|ju until
juy hence
|job time
jwob hour
|jab year
jwab minute
|jeb season
jweb second
|jib month
|jub day
|jod occasion
|jud date
|jog- young
|jag- old
|ko- hide
|ka- find
|ke- seek
|ki- slant
|ku- side
|kyo- fixed
|kya- mobile
|kye- random
|kyi- heavy
|kyu- light
|lo- (dis-)
mon dark
man light
|mob galaxy?
|meb mountain
|mib lake?
|mub valley? volcano?
|mad paradise
|med park
|mid fountain
|maf cloud
|mef brick
|muf pole
|mog ash
|mag fire
|meg stone
|moj night
|maj day
|mok cosmic dust
|mak electricity?
|mek dust
|mol nature
|mal air
|mel soil
|mil water
|mul matter
|mom space
|mam sky
|mem land
|mim sea
|mum underground
|mop orbit
|map wind
|mep road
|mip river
|mup tunnel
|mor cosmos
|mar star
|mer planet
|mir world
|mur moon
|mos floor
|mas wall
|mes door
|mis window
|mus stairs
|mov smoke
|mav flame
|mev porcelain
|muv rod
|moz- black
|mBold textaz- white
|mez- crystal
|no- spend
noz jewel
|na- money
naz value
|ne- save
|ni- consume
|nu- supply
|nab rank
nap order
|nod point
|nad line
|ned plane
|nid volume
|nud column
|nof textile
nov linen
nyov ribbon
nyof film
|naf cloth
|nef web
nyev bag
nyef sack
|nif thread
niv strand
nyiv lace
nyif rope
|nuf leash
nyuf knob
|nog grade
nok degree?
|nag measure
nak meter
sag number
syag count
jag age
|neg level
|nig space
nik liter?
|nem place
-em place
nyem box
-yem enclosure
|-im room
|po- stop
pyo- fall
|pa- move
pya- jump
|p- go
pyex- attack
|pi- leave
pix- catch
|pu- arrive
pux- throw
pyux- bump
|pop- travel
|pap- fly
|pep- drive
|pip- sail
|pot animal
pyot wild beast
|pat bird
|pet land animal
|pit fish
|sam armoire
|sem table
|sim chair
|sum bed
|son matter
syoz fantasy
|san form
saz sculpture
|s- be
|sin image
siz painting
|sun thing
syun object
suz artifact
-or means
|sar instrument
-ar instrument
|sir machine
-ir machine
|sur apparatus
-ur apparatus
|tob human
tyob leg
|tab body
|teb head
|tib trunk
|tub arm
|tod family
|tad spouse
|ted parent
|tid uncle
|tud godfather
|tof clothing
|taf suit
|tef hat
|tif vest
|tuf sleeve
|toj death
|taj birth
|tej life
|tij- awake
|tuj sleep
|tol nourishment
tyal meal
-al gas
|tel food
-el food
-yel oil
|til drink
-il liquid
|tul dish
|tom building
|tam house
|tem hall
|tim room
|tum cell
|top soul
|tap physique
|tep mind
|tip psyche
|tup member
|tos- feel
|t- know
tes- mean
tye- recognize
tea- see
tee- hear
tei- smell
teu- taste
teud- shout
|tis- learn
|tus- inform
|tox- forget
|tax- remember
|tex- think
|tix- study
|tux- teach
|toz- skin color
|taz- statue
|tez- culture
tyez- magic
|tuz- art
|vo no
|va yes
|ve maybe
|vi- beautiful
|vu- ugly
|vob plant
|vab grass
|veb tuft
|vib stem
|vub twig
|vog- don't want
|vag- want
|veg- can
|vol vegetable
|voy not
|vay indeed
|vey perhaps
|voz color
|vaz- green
|vyo- false
|vya- true
|vye- relative
|vyi- clean
|vyu- dirty
|-w- (passive voice)
|xa- execute
|x- do
xey- behave
xeus- noise
|xi- result
|xu- affect
|yob down
|yab up
|yeb in
|yib far away
|yub near
|yof- cannot
|yaf- can
|yef- should
|yif- dare
|yuf- fear
|yog- short
|yag- long
|yeg- again
|yig- hard
|yug- soft
|yoj- young?
|yaj- old?
|yij- open
|yuj- close
|yok- surprise
|yak- expect
|yek- try
|yik- difficult
|yuk- easy
|yom ice
|yam fire
|yon- apart
|yan- together
|-yen manner
|yop- descend
|yap- ascend
|yep- enter
|yip- move away
|yup- approach
|yot they
|yat we
|yet you
|yit they
|yut selves
|yov- guilty
|yav- innocent
|yev- just
|yiv- free
|yuv- bound
|yox- be idle
|yex- work
|yix- use
|yux- serve
|yoz- concave
|yaz- convex
|yez- horizontal
|yiz beyond
|yuz around
|zo behind
|za before
|ze middle
|zi right
|zu left
|zoy back
|zay ahead
|zey across
|zyo- narrow
|zya- wide
|zye through
|zyi- flat
|zyu- round
Rules for Deriving New Words[edit]
- Derived words, that is, words that are built from root morphemes and other words, are formed following certain very simple rules of vocabulary-building:
- These word-building rules govern:
- Combining whole words
- Affixation
- Scaling Words through numerically-ordered Vowels
- Combining partial words
- Word-building by adding ordinal vowels
- Swapping endings
- Scientific word-building
- Feminizing words
- Geophysical vowel codification
- Directional and positional vowel codification
- Mnemonic markers
- Creating nuances of meaning
Rule #1: Combining Whole Words[edit]
- Compound words are formed by the combination of two or more words. When compounding, the determining word is placed very simply in front of the determined word.
- mar star + tun science → martun astronomy
- mag fire + meb mountain → magmeb volcano
- tul meal + dren document → tuldren menu
- nax cost + aga big → naxaga expensive
- nax cost + oga small → naxoga cheap
- amar sun + yap ascent → amaryap sunrise
- amar sun + yop descent → amaryop sunset
- mam sky + par vehicle → mampar airplane
- map wind + yaf power → mapyaf windpower
- dom city + teas view → domteas cityscape
- tej life + tun science → tejtun biology
- man light + tam house → mantam lighthouse
- Such compounds sometimes consist of more than two agglutinated words, for example:
- mam' sky + par vehicle + tam house → hangar
Rule #2: Affixation[edit]
- Affixes can be prefixed or suffixed to verbs, nouns, and other parts of speech.
- Adverbs and prepositions can serve as prefixes, especially for forming new verbs, eg.:
PREFIX BASE VERB COMPOUNDED VERB go less ber put gober subtract yeb in ber put yeber* introduce oyeb out ber put oyeber* oust yuz around ber put yuzber surround ob off ber put ober* remove ig fast xer do igxer accelerate ug slow xer do ugxer brake ja before xer do jaxer prepare je during xer do jexer continue oj future xer do ojxer plan ab on per go aper1 get on yeb in per go yeper* enter oyeb out per go oyeper* exit zay ahead per go zayper advance zoy back per go zayper retreat ja before per go japer precede jo after per go joper follow yuz around per go yuzper circulate va yes der say vader affirm vo no der say voder deny fi good der say fider praise fu bad der say fuder malign ja before der say jader predict ja before dren writing jadren preface jo after dren writing jodren postscript
- *Note: If the prefix is an adverb or preposition ending in b and is being affixed to the verb per go or ber put, then the b of the prefix is dropped. See the next section for this:
Prefixes Ending in b with Verbs per and ber[edit]
- Prepositional prefixes ending in b lose the b before verbal elements based on per (go) and ber (put), as shown in the following chart:
PREFIX BASE VERB NEW VERB ya bup ber put yaber raise (NOT: yabber) ya bup per go yaper rise (NOT: yabper) a bon ber put aber put on, apply a bon per go aper get on, mount yo bdown ber put yober take down yo bdown per go yoper descend o boff ber put ober take off, remove o bon per go oper get off, dismount ye bin bux a push yebux impulse ye bin pyoser fall yepyoser collapse
Prefixing with Whole or Clipped Words[edit]
- The two or three first letters of a root morpheme can serve as prefixes. The adjective ending a is often dropped1, as is the er or prefixes taken from verbs. Longish noun prefixes are sometimes clipped.
PREFIX BASE VERB COMPOUND VERB oza weak der say ozder whisper yaga long der say yagder ramble aja past der say ajder evoke yoga short der say yogder summarize tyoyab foot per go tyoyaper walk dreer write sar tool dresar pencil tuyob hand dren writing tuyodren manuscript mam sky mil water mamil rain
- 1: Sometimes, the adjective ending a is retained when an adjective is compounded with xer or ser. This device may be used to distinguished two differently nuanced verbs.
Prefixing with Prefixes Per Se[edit]
PREFIX MEANING EXAMPLES o un-, expresses negation, opposition, opposite meaning data friendly → odata unfriendly lo un-, same as o but used where o is not clear gla many → logla rare yo un-, same as o but more intense dat friend → yodat enemy av pro- fatin religion → avfatina pro-religious ov anti-, counter- dropek war → ovdropeka anti-war hyas all-, pan-, omni- tea aware → hyastea omniscient, all-knowing ja before, ante-, pre-, fore- taj birth → jataja pre-natal jo after, post- judrer to date → jojudrer post-date yiz beyond, meta- tapa physical → yiztapa metaphysical ey(n) semi-, hemi-, half- eyseuz demi-tone, eylevelbaya semi-sweet, eyntepa half-wit e(n)- bi-, duo-, two- ejaba biennial, entyoba biped, enteba two-headed i(n)- tri-, three- invoza tricolor, ijib trimester, inzyun tricycle u(n)- quadri-, four- untyoba quadriped, unkuma quadrilateral, ungona quadripartite a(n)- uni-, singular anxer unite, asana special, auta individual, private ya(n)- multi-, together, plural yanxer assemble, yasana general, yauta common, public yo(n)- dis-, se-, apart yonxer separate, yoniler unstick, youta alone, isolate yeg- re-, again yeganxer reunite, yegder repeat, yegvader reaffirm
Comparison of Prefixes in English and Mirad[edit]
- Here is a chart of the most productive prefixes in English of Latin, Greek, and Germanic origin and their most common counterparts in Mirad:
ENGLISH PREFIX MEANING ORIGIN ENGLISH EXAMPLE MIRAD EXAMPLE a-, an- without, un-, -less GREEK atonal oseuza ab- away LATIN absence ibsen ab- not, un- LATIN abnormal olega, ozeta ad- to, toward LATIN advent upen < ub- after- after GERMANIC aftermath joxwas anti- against GREEK antidote ovbokil arch- chief, first GREEK archangel aatat auto- self GREEK autocracy utdab back- back GERMANIC backstairs zomus bene- well LATIN benefactor fixut bi- two GREEK bicameral entima by- beyond GERMANIC bypass yizper cent(i)- hundred LATIN century sojab circ(um)- around LATIN circulate yuzper co- together LATIN cooperate yanexer con-, com-, cor-, col- with LATIN convene yanuper counter-, contra- against LATIN contradict ovder cross- across GERMANIC crosswind zeymep de- un-, reverse LATIN desalinate omimolxer, mimolober de- down LATIN descend yo( b)per < yob + per deci- ten LATIN decimeter alonag di- two GREEK diode enmep dia- throughout GREEK diachronic zyajoba dicho- double GREEK dichotomy engorbun di(s)- apart, un- LATIN disappear oteaser dys- bad GREEK dysfunction fuexen ec(to)- out GREEK ectomorph oyebsan en-, em- in GREEK endemic yebdita endo- within GREEK endomorphic yebsana equi- equal LATIN equilateral gekuma eu- good, nice GREEK euphemism vidun ex-, e- out LATIN extract oye( b)bixer extra- outside LATIN extraordinary yizega fellow- fellow LATIN fellow-traveler yanpoput, dat- fore- front GERMANIC foreskin zatayob gyro- round, wheel LATIN gyroscope zyunzebar half- half GERMANIC half-dead eyntoja hemi- half GREEK hemisphere eynzyunid hect(o)- hundred GREEK hectometer asonak hept(o)- seven GREEK heptogonal yeguna hetero- different GREEK heterogeneous hyusauna hexa- six GREEK hexagongal yaunguna high- high GERMANIC high-flying yabpapea homo- same GREEK homogeneous hyisauna hyper- over, too much GREEK hyperactive graaxeya hypo- under, too little GREEK hypothermia groaman idio- peculiar GREEK idiopath asanbak ill- poorly GERMANIC ill-mannered fubyena in- in LATIN/GERMANIC incoming yebupea in- not, un- LATIN inadequate ogrea infra- below LATIN infrared oybivoza inter- between LATIN international ebdooba intra- amid LATIN intramural eybmasa intro- into LATIN introduce yebber iso- equal GREEK isometric genaga kilo- thousand GREEK kilogram arokyik macro- big GREEK macrometer agnagar magn(i)- big LATIN magnify agaxer mal- badly LATIN malformed fusana many- many GERMANIC many-hued glavoza maxi(m)- biggest LATIN maximize gyaxer mega(lo)- big GREEK megacephalic agteba meso- middle GREEK mesomorph zesanat meta- beyond GREEK metaphysical yizmula micro- little GREEK microcosm ogmir mid- middle LATIN midday zejub milli- thousand LATIN milligram arokyik mini(m)- tiny LATIN miniskirt gyotyoyf mis- wrongly LATIN misunderstand vyotider multi- many LATIN multilateral glakuma neo- new GREEK neophyte jogagsat non- not LATIN nonentity oseas nona- nine GREEK nonagon yuungun oct(a)- eight GREEK octagon yigun omni- all LATIN omniscient hyastea ortho- correct GREEK orthodontist izteupibtut out- better GERMANIC outplay gafieker over- too much GERMANIC overeat grateler pan- all GREEK pantheon hyastotyan para- alongside GREEK paraphrase yeztesder penta- five GREEK pentagon yoongun per- through LATIN/GREEK perpendicular zyepyonada poly- many GREEK polyandry glatadan post- after LATIN postscript jodren pre- before LATIN preview jateaxer, za- pro for LATIN pro-life avtejina pro- forward LATIN progress zaynogper pseudo- falsely GREEK pseudonym vyodyun quadri- four LATIN quadrilateral unkuma quasi- resembling, nearly LATIN quasi-scientific yubtuna quint- five LATIN quintet younatyan re- again LATIN redo yegxer rect(i)- straight LATIN rectilinear iznada retro- backwards LATIN retrogress zoynogser semi- half LATIN semi-sweet eynlevelaya sept- seven LATIN septempartite yegona sext- six LATIN sextuplicate yaungeyxwas sub-, sup-, sur- below LATIN submarine oybmimpar super-, supra- above LATIN superscript aybdren syn-, sym-, syl- with GREEK symphony yanduzutyan tele- far GREEK telephone yibdalar tetra- four GREEK tetragon ungun trans- across LATIN transfer zeyber tri- three GREEK/LATIN trigram indresin ultra- beyond, extremely GREEK ultranationalist gwadoobina un- not LATIN untie oyanxer under- below LATIN underarm oybtub under- not enough LATIN underactive groaxeya uni- one LATIN unicycle anzyus
- Mirad has semantic suffixes, grammatical suffixes, and part-of-speech-changing suffixes
- Semantic Suffixes
- Semantic suffixes are generally formed from the two last letters of a root morpheme. They serve to put a word into some category, such as liquid, place, person, or material.
ROOT MORPHEME SUFFIX SUFFIXED DERIVATIONS mil water -il liquid teabil tear < teab eye teubil saliva < teub mouth tayebil sweat < tayeb skin mamil rain < mam sky tam house -am house apatam chicken coop < apat chicken apelatam beehive < apelat bee melyexam farmhouse < melyex agriculture datibam hostel < datib guest-reception nem place -em place vobyexem plantation, farm < vob plant + yex work vabem field < vab grass abem top, surface < ab above, upper obem bottom < ob below nof cloth -of material tof clothes < t- human misof curtain < mis window faof wood < fa(b)- tree tayof leather < tayo(b) skin sar tool -ar instrument par vehicle < p- motion zyupar rotor < zyup turn gorbar knife < gorb cut syaagar computer < syaag computation sun thing -un thing dun word < d- utter, say gorfun piece, scrap < gorfer rip, shread, tear zyiun plaque, plate < zyia flat vyun spot < vyua dirty tin doctrine -in -ism totin theism, religion < tot- god Kristin Christianity < Krist Christ vyisatin puritanism < vysiat puritan, clean person otofin nudism < otofa nude fuf pipe -uf cylinder object manuf candle < man light tiibuf artery < tiib heart miluf toilet < mil water movuf cheminee < mov smoke yel oil -yel oil, gel, wax, pulp kafyel olive oil < kaf olive apelatyel wax < apelat bee levyel jam, jelly, confiture < leve sugar, sweet bekyel salve < bek care, treatment megyel cement < meg stone yanyel paste < yan together
- Grammatical Suffixes
- Mirad has only a few grammatical or derivational (non-inflexional*) suffixes:
DERIVATIONAL SUFFIX BASE WORD → SUFFIXED DERIVATION -er (verb infinitive) sag- cipher → sager to count
nab rank → naber to rank
yex work → yexer to work
-n (deverbal or deadjectival noun) yexe works → yexen working
via beautiful → vian beauty
yuba near → yuban proximity, nearness
-a (adjective) yib- far away → yiba remote
mor universe → mora universal
ake wins → akea winning
-y (deadjectival adverb) iga- quick → igay quickly
yiba remote → yibay remotely
- *Derivational affixes change the part of speech of a base word, whereas inflexional affixes change the status of a word within a grammatical paradigm. Verb tense/mood/voice affixes and the plural marker -i fall under the latter category.
- Augmentative Suffixes
AUGMENTATIVE SUFFIX ROOT MORPHEME SUFFIXED DERIVATION -ag (augmentative) tam house tamag mansion -ayg (affectionate augmentative) sem chair semayg big old chair -yag (pejorative augmentative) apet horse apetyag nag
- Diminutive Suffixes
DIMINUTIVE SUFFIX ROOT MORPHEME SUFFIXED DERIVATION -og (diminutive) tam house tamog hut -oyg (affectionate diminutive) tam house tamoyg cottage -yog (pejorative diminutive) tam house tamyog shack
- Suffixes Forming Nuanced Adjectives
ADJECTIVAL SUFFIX MEANING BASE WORD SUFFIXED DERIVATION -aya full of, -ous, -y miek dust miekaya dusty -oya empty of, -less, -free vyun spot vyunoya spotless -ika full of, -ous, -y miek dust miekika dusty -uka empty of, -less, -free miek dust miekuka dust-free -ea (present active particple) doing X, -ing, -ant, -ent ilp flow ilpea flowing, fluent -yea given to doing X, -ive vyod lie vyodyea mendacious, given to lying -wea (present passive participle) being Xed vyixer to clean vyixwea being cleaned -yena like, -ly, -ic tat angel tatyena angelic -(a)wa (past passive participle) Xed oter to ignore otwa or otawa unknown -uwa (potential passive participle) -able, liable to be Xed teater to see teatuwa visible
- Other Suffixes
SUFFIX MEANING BASE WORD SUFFIXED DERIVATION -an abstract quality, -ness, -hood, -ity iva happy ivan happiness via beautiful vian beauty ama hot aman heat -at person who has the quality of yova guilty yovat guilty party oga little ogat little person -ut agent, practitioner, one who does X, -er, -ant, -ent yuxer to help yuxut helper, assistant vyoder lie vyodut liar -eat one who does X vyixeat cleaning person -(a)wat one who has been Xed tujber to kill tujbwat or tujbawat murder victim -(a)was what is/was Xed ter to know twas or tawas what is known, fact -et a person a level down ted father tedet son tid uncle tidet cousin tad spouse tadet brother -es item of lesser importance nas money nases change, coin -ob child of, offspring tob man tobob infant apet horse apetob foal -un < sun concrete thing viber decorate vibun ornament -on < son abstract thing kyiser weight down kyison problem ifer to love ifon love -tun science, ...ology tej life tejtun biology tob man tobtun anthropology -in < tin doctrine, -ism tot god totin theism, religion dot society dotin socialism -yan collection, aggregate fab tree fabyan forest mar star maryan constellation -ar < sar instrument, tool, device per go par vehicle teab eye teabar eyeglasses -ur < sur machine yalb lift yalbur elevator
- Many of the above suffixes and prefixes can be combined as in the following example:
- ov- against, anti- + dot society + -in ism + -at person having the quality of + -yena like, -ish → ovdotinatyena anti-socialistic
Rule #3: Scaling Words through Numerically-ordered Vowels[edit]
- Creating a hierarchy of scalar terms applies only to root morphemes of the 1st group. The hierarchy of scalar terms is built by increasing the numeric value of the ordinal vowel of the root morpheme stem as the importance or relevance of the word decreases from the topmost, zeroth object. This process is called first-level ordinal scaling.
- First-level Ordinal Scaling
t...b m...r j...b m...s t...m d...b f...b s...m tob man mor universe job time mos floor (1st,2nd,etc.) tom building dob state fob plant som furniture tab body mar sun jab year mas wall tam house dab government fab tree sam armoire teb head mer planet jeb season mes door tem hall deb leader feb treetop sem table tib trunk mir earth jib month mis window tim room dib office fib tree trunk sim chair tub arm mur moon jub day mus stairs tum wing dub ministry fub branch sum bed tyob leg jyob* hour fyob root jyab* minute jyeb* second
- * Easier to pronounce as jwob, jwab, and jweb.
- Second-level Ordinal Scaling
- A second-level hierarchy of scalar words can be creating by adding a vowel immediately after the ordinal vowel of the word stem.
- Examples:
mi...p me...p tu...b tyo...b mip river mep way tub arm tyob leg miap stream meap road tuab shoulder tyoab hip miep brook meep path tueb upper arm tyoeb thigh miip rivulet meip trail tuib elbow tyoib knee miup torrent meup track tuub forearm tyoub shin miyop trickle tuyob wrist tyoyob ankle tuyab hand tyoyab foot tuyeb fist tyoyeb heel tuyib palm tyoyib sole tuyub finger tyoyub toe tulob fingernail tyolob toenail
- Third-level Ordinal Scaling
- A third-level hierarchy can be created by adding a third ordinal number vowel to the front of the word.
- Example:
...tuyub tuyub finger atuyub thumb etuyub index ituyub middle finger utuyub ring finger yotuyub pinky
- So, to sum up, we have:
t...b tob = man FIRST-LEVEL tub arm SECOND-LEVEL tuyub finger THIRD-LEVEL atuyub thumb
- Scaling with Prefixed Numbering
- We can also obtain a very convenient classification for new words through prefixed numbering even though there is no first-level or second-level numbering.
- Example:
...dob ...pet ...mer dob state pet animal mer planet adob empire apet horse Amer Mercury edob kingdom epet bull Emer Venus idob principality ipet ass Imer Earth udob duchy upet ram Umer Mars yodob marquisate yopet goat Yomer Jupiter' yadob county yapet pig Yamer Saturn yedob dominion yepet dog Yemer Pluto
Rule #4: Portmanteau Compouding[edit]
- When forming a compound word, the generic consonant (the last one) of the determinant (first word) is the same as the classifier consonant (first) of the determined (2nd word), the generic consonant is suppressed so as to avoid two of the same consonants in a row. This is also called portmanteau compounding.
- dom city + mep way → domep boulevard
- pat bird + teub mouth → pateub beak
- pat bird + tub arm → patub wing
- teb head + bok illness → tebok headache
- When forming a compound word, the principal word has one or two prefixed vowels, this vowel or these vowels come at the beginning of the compound word.
- tuyub finger → atuyub thumb → iatuyub right thumb
Codifying the Negative and Opposite Senses[edit]
- In the codification of core words and derived words of the 1st group, the negative sense or opposite sense is obtained by adding the prefixes o and yo, the latter being more intense.
- mola natural → omola unnatural, artificial
- tobyena humane → otobyena inhumane
- data friendly → yodata inimical
- tat angel → yotat devil
- In the codification of core words and derived words of the 2nd group, the opposite sense is obtained by prefixing lo dis-, un-, de- if followed by a consonant, or ol if followed by a vowel, eg.:
- fwa wanted → lofwa unwanted
- yuxer to tie up → loyuxer to untie
- axaxer to activate → olaxaxer to deactivate
- afwa allowable → olafwa disallowed
Rule #5: Codification by the Addition of Ordinal Vowels[edit]
- a) When you wish to form a compound word with words from a same family of vowels, if the ordinal vowel is an o, you replace it with the ordinal vowel of the determinant word.
NUMERAL PREFIX CLASSIFIER CONSONANT ORDINAL VOWEL GENERIC CONSONANT MEANING a d o b republic d e b leader a d e b president NUMERAL PREFIX CLASSIFIER CONSONANT ORDINAL VOWEL GENERIC CONSONANT MEANING i d o b kingdom d e b leader i d e b king
- b) If, on the other hand, the two words are already subordinate, then the vowel of the determinant is placed between the ordinal vowel of the determined and the generic consonant.
- Examples:
- mil water ↗ mal air ⇒ mial steam, vapor
- mel soil ↗ mil water ⇒ meil mud
- tul meal ↗ til drink ⇒ tuil soup
- c) You can also form new compound words by applying the Rule # 6 above (a and b).
- Examples:
- adob republic ↘ dab government ⇒ adab government of the republic
- adab government of the republic ↘ deb leader ⇒ adaeb president of the republic
- (Applying Rule #8 on feminizing words by post-iotation) ⇒ adaeyb Madam President of the Republic
Rule #6: Swapping Endings[edit]
- When the generic consonant of a core word is replaced by that of another core word, all of the vowels of this latter word undergo the transformation required by the new generic consonant.
- Examples:
- man ↘
- clothing
- cloth
- foot ↘
- sock
- linen
|tob man
|tof clothing
|tov lingerie
|tab body
|taf suit
|teb head
|tef hat
|tev scarf
|teib nose
|teiv handkerchief
|tib' trunk
|tif vest
|tiab chest
|tiav shirt
|tyob leg
|tyof pants
|tyov underwear shorts
|tyoyab foot
|tyoyaf shoe
|tyoyav sock
|tuyob hand
|tuyof glove
Rule #7: Scientific Vocabulary-building[edit]
Chemical Elements[edit]
- The names of chemical elements are formed from a number representing the element's atomic number (number of electrons), followed by a letter combination indicating whether it is a metal or metalloid, and followed, if pertinent, by a combination of letters indicating whether it is a gas or liquid. The table that follows shows how this composition works:
ELEMENT ELECTRON COUNT METAL GENERIC = m silver 47 = ulye ulyem aluminum 13 = ali alim iron 46 = elya elyam gold 79 = yelyum yelyum copper 29 = elyu elyum tin 50 = yolo yolom METALLOID GENERIC = ms phosophorus 15 = alyo alyoms carbon 6 = ya yams GAS = al LIQUID = il hydrogen 1 = a amsal nitrogen 7 = ye yemsal oxygen 8 = yi yimsal mercury 80 = yilo yilomsil
- The words amsal, yemsal, and yimsal each carry three pieces of information.
- The first letter indicates their classification by number of electrons.
- The two following letters: mc indicates metalloids; The two last letters: al indicates that they are a gas.
- The word yilomil also carries three pieces of information:
- The three first letters: 'yi-l-o show classification by number of electrons.
- The fourth letter, m, indicates that it's a metal.
- The two last letters, il, indicates that it's a liquid.
Other Non-elemental Substances[edit]
- Non-elemental natural and man-made substances and alloys are formed using mnemonic components.
- steel = elyamyig < elyam iron + yig(a) hard
- plastic = sanyel < m- shape + -yel oil, wax, gel, gum
- rubber = yigyel < yig- soft + -yel oil, wax, gel, gum
- cement = megyel < meg stone + -yel oil, wax, gel, gum
- glass = zyev < zy(e) (see) through + (m)ev porcelain
- bronze = elyumyig < elyum copper + yig(a) hard
- paint = vozil < voz color + -il liquid
- ink = dril < dr(er) write + -il liquid
- coal = yamsmumun < yams carbon + mum mine + -un substance
- glue = yanil < yan together + -il liquid
- paste = yanyel < yan together + -yel oil, wax, gel, gum
- resin = defabyel < defab pine tree + -yel oil, wax, gel, gum
- wood = faof < fa(b) tree + (n)of material, tissue
- leather = tayof < tayo(b) skin + (n)of material, tissue
- concrete = yanmulmeg < yan together + mul matter + meg stone
- tar = movyik < mov smoke + yik(a) solid
- lava = magmebil < mag fire + meb mountain + -il liquid
- fuel = magil' < mag fire + -il liquid
- shampoo = tayevyiyel < taye(b) hair + vyi(a) clean + -yel oil, wax, gel, gum
- detergent = vyunobil < vyu(a) dirty + -(u)n substance + ob(er) remove + -il liquid
- soap = vyunobyel < vyu(a) dirty + -(u)n substance + ob(er) remove + -yel oil, wax, gel, gum
- cheese = bilyig < bil milk + yig(a) hard
- butter = bilyug < bil milk + yug(a) soft
- syrup = gyalevil < gya extremely + lev(el) sugar, sweet + -il liquid
- gravy = taobil < taob flesh, meat + -il liquid
- alcohol = fil < (levaf) ferment + -il liquid
- wax = apelatyel < apelat bee + -yel oil, wax, gel, gum
- honey = apelatil < apelat bee + -il liquid
- brick = mef < m(el) earthen + (no)f hard material
- porcelain = mev < m(el) earthen + (no)v soft material
- gem = mez < m(el) earthen + (no)z value, precious
Atomic and Subatomic Particles[edit]
- From the word mul matter, substance, stuff, we get the following derivatives:
- mul matter, substance, stuff
- mula material, substantial, physical
- omula immaterial, unsubstantial, non-physical
- ovmul anti-matter
- omul nothingness, void, nihil
- omulxer anihilate
- moza mul black matter
- multun physics
- multuna physics-related
- multut physics scientist
- mulog particle
- muloga particulate
- mulogxer crush, crumble, pulverize
- vamulog proton
- omulog neutron
- vomulog electron
- vomuloga electronic
- vomulp electricity
- vomulpa electric, electrical
- vomulpaxer electrify
- mules element
- mulesa elemental
- mulesyan compound
- yanmul mix, mixture, chemical
- yanmula chemical
- yanmultun chemistry
- yanmultuna chemical
- yanmultut chemist
- gwomul atom
- gwomula atomic
- obgwomula subatomic
- zemul nucleus
- zemula nuclear
Rule #8: The Feminization of Words[edit]
- To form the feminine of a word or to indicate that an object or thing belongs to females, post-iotate (append a y) to the ordinal vowel of the word.
- Examples:
MALE-RELATED FEMALE-RELATED tob man toyb woman tad spouse, husband tayd wife tadet brother taydet sister ted father teyd mother tedet son teydet daughter tid uncle tiyd aunt tidet cousin tiydet female cousin apet horse apeyt mare epet bull epeyt cow tiav shirt tiayv blouse tyof pants tyoyf skirt tulyuxut waiter tulyuxuyt waitress
- Note that personal pronouns can be feminized as well. The unfeminized form is either masculine or neutral with respect to gender.
MASCULINE FEMININE at I / me ayt we / us women et you eyt you gals it he / him iyt she / her yat we / us yayt we females / us women yet you guys yeyt you gals yit they / them yiyt they / them (f.)
- This process works for the possessive adjective derivatives of these pronouns:
- iyta her
- yeyta you gals'
- The animate demonstrative pronouns (animate deictic determiners) can also be feminized:
- huyt that female person, she, her
- huyti these females, they, them
- The generic pronouns ot one, yot they (generic) and (y)ut are not normally feminized.
Rule #9: Geophysical Vowel Coding[edit]
- Geophysical vowel coding, as it's name indicates, occurs on vowels by giving them a particular geophysical meaning.
- a = air, gas, skyward
- e = soil, ground
- i = water, liquid, juice, etc.
- u = concrete thing, material, mineral, underground
- o = abstract thing, initial item, outer space
- This codification occurs on the ordinal vowel of 1st Group core words only.
- Examples:
m...m m...p d...p p...t m...l p...p mom outer space mop galaxy dop military pot animal mol nature pop travel mam sky map wind dap air force pat bird mal air pap flight mem land mep way dep army pet (land) animal mel soil pep ride mim sea mip river dip navy pit fish mil water pip sea voyage mum underground mup tunnel dup submarine force mul mineral pup tunneling
- Vowel coding also allows for arriving at other combined-concept word categories by placing a vowel having the value ascribed to it by Rule # 9 just a before the generic consonant of the initial word. (See Rule #5)
- Examples:
COMBINED-CONCEPT WORD CODIFICATION pait aquatic bird pat bird + liquid / sea piat flying fish pit fish + skyward / air diap naval aviation dip navy + skyward / air meil mud mel soil + liquid / sea
Rule #10: Directional and Positional Vowel Coding[edit]
- Directional and positional vowel coding works along lines of the charts below. Those vowels preceded by a y (iotated vowels) are, for this analysis, considered to be vowels pure and simple. Those vowels that are capitalized are positional in nature and serve as prefixes to 1st group words. Those vowels that are italicized are directional as prefixes to 2nd group words. The vowels that are underlined are directional in nature and are infixed just after the classifying consonant of 2nd group words, mostly verbs.
A a a ya ya U u u yu u E e e ye ye I i i yi yi O o o yo yo VOWEL FUNCTION ATTACHMENT MEANING EXAMPLE A positional 1st group prefix above, north zamer north a directional 2nd group prefix on, onto aber put on, ab on a directional 2nd group infix on, onto baer lean on ya directional 2nd group prefix up yaber lift up, yab up ya directional 2nd group infix upward pyaser jump up O positional 1st group prefix under, south zomer south o directional 2nd group prefix off, under, below ober take off, ob off o directional 2nd group infix from below, downward boer support yo directional 2nd group prefix down yober lower, yob down yo directional 2nd group infix down with contact pyoser fall down U positional 1st group prefix left, west zumer west, utuyab left hand u directional 2nd group prefix toward uper come, ub toward u directional 2nd group infix to, toward with contact puer arrive, bu to yu directional 2nd group prefix near yuber bring, yub near yu directional 2nd group infix up to, as far as byuer touch, byu up to, as far as I positional 1st group prefix right, east zimer east, ituyab right hand i directional 2nd group prefix away iper go away, ib away from i directional 2nd group infix away with contact pier depart, bi to yi directional 2nd group prefix far away, far from yiper go far away, yib far yi directional 2nd group infix since, starting from byier originate, byi since E positional 1st group prefix center, middle equator zemer equator, eb between e directional 2nd group prefix staying in the middle, between eper stay e directional 2nd group infix stopped in the middle, at beer hold, be at ye directional 2nd group prefix inside yeber contain, yeb in ye directional 2nd group infix inside byeer keep
- Examples of verbs undergoing the rules of directional coding:
- With ber put (transitive):
aber put on eber hold ober take off iber receive uber send yaber raise yeber contain yober lower yiber put away yuber bring baer lean on beer keep boer hold up bier take buer give byaer lift byeer conserve byoer hang byier obtain byuer reach for
- With per go (intransitive):
aper get on eper stay oper get off iper go away uper come yaper rise yeper enter yoper descend yiper put away yuper bring paer stand peer wait poer fall pier depart puer arrive pyaer get up pyeer stick around pyoer get down pyier originate pyuer reach
Rule #11: Codifying Mnemonic Markers[edit]
- By changing the classifying or generic consonant of a derived word, a new, but related meaning can be obtained. Also, the classifying consonant can be replaced with an entire or partial word. The relationship among the altered word forms is therefore mnemonic. Here are some examples:
- teub mouth → teud cry (d = communicate, utter, social)
- → teuz voice (z = precious, art, etc.)
- → deuz song (d = communicate, utter, social)
- teub mouth → teud cry (d = communicate, utter, social)
- tayab fat → fayab vegetable fat (f = vegetable)
- → mayab mineral fat (m = nature, mineral)
- tayab fat → fayab vegetable fat (f = vegetable)
- tub arm → fub branch (f = vegetable, tree, etc.)
- → vub twig (v = plant, flower, etc.)
- → dub minister (d = communicate, utter, social)
- → xub department (x = do, work)
- → patub wing (pat = bird)
- → pitub fin (pit = fish)
- tub arm → fub branch (f = vegetable, tree, etc.)
- tayob skin → fayob bark (f = vegetable, tree, etc.)
- → vayob peel (v = plant, flower, etc.)
- → piyetayob shell (piyet = mollusk)
- → pitayob scale (pit = fish)
- → epeytayob cowhide (epeyt = cow)
- tayob skin → fayob bark (f = vegetable, tree, etc.)
- tayeb hair → fayeb leaf (f = vegetable, tree, etc.)
- → pitayeb scale (pit = fish)
- → potayeb fur (pot = animal)
- → patayeb feather (pat = bird)
- → vosayeb petal (vos = flower)
- → mayeb foil (m = nature, mineral)
- → gorbayeb blade (gorb = cut)
- tayeb hair → fayeb leaf (f = vegetable, tree, etc.)
- taob flesh, meat → faob wood (f = vegetable, tree, etc.)
- → vaob hay (v = plant, flower, etc.)
- → epeytaob beef (epeyt = cow)
- → kovaob thatch (ko = cover + v = plant)
- → fyaob pulp (fy(ab) = fruit )
- → faof board, plank (f = vegetable, tree, etc. )
- taob flesh, meat → faob wood (f = vegetable, tree, etc.)
- teater see → teaxer look (x = do, teab = eye)
- → teaper visit (p = go)
- → teaser seem (s = be)
- → teader testify (d = communicate, utter, social)
- → izeader indicate (iz = direct )
- → izteaxer aim (x = do)
- → beaxer watch (b(eer) = keep)
- → abeaxer survey (ab = over)
- → yoneater discern (yon = apart, t = know )
- → vyaleaxer check (vyal = accurate )
- → yageaxer stare (yag = long )
- teater see → teaxer look (x = do, teab = eye)
Suppressing Syllables for Brevity[edit]
- Sometimes, syllables of longish words can be omitted for brevity as long as no confusion of meaning results. Here are some examples:
- vafil wine < vafyabil (vafyab grape + -il liquid)
- bil milk < tilabil (tilab breast + -il liquid)
- ateuder neigh < apeteuder (apet horse + (t)euder emit a cry)
- iteuder bray < ipeteuder (ipet donkey + (t)euder emit a cry)
- bilyig cheese < tilabilyig (tilab breast + -il liquid + yig(a) hard)
Rule #12: Creating Nuances of Meaning[edit]
- Words following Rule #12 are those that relate to one another through similarity of meaning or quality. These words differ by nuances indicated by phonetic devices that activate these nuances.
- These nuances are obtained by:
- a) Adding a sub-ordinal vowel of the same type as the ordinal:
- a for a and ya
- e for e and ye
- i for i and yi
- o for o and yo
- u for u and yu
- Examples:
NORMAL NUANCED valay surely vaalay assuredly nad line naad rail dab government daab administration dob state doob nation tam house taam home vyab rule vyaab regime, system job time joob era, time period
- b) Post-iotating ordinal vowels and subordinal vowels. Often, the meaning of the word with the post-iotated vowel is a mitigated nuance of the word without the iotated vowel:
NORMAL DIMINISHED NUANCE nad line nayd ray vua ugly vuya plain ifer love iyfer like iva happy iyva content tam house taym cottage ab on ayb over ob off oyb under en- two- eyn- half- ud that uyd such ama hot ayma warm
- c) Adding the sense-augmenting consonants l and r, the latter being the stronger.
NORMAL AUGMENTED NUANCE FURTHER-AUGMENTED NUANCE iva happy ivla glad ivra delighted via beautiful vila magnificent vira marvelous yifa brave yilfa courageous yirfa heroic fua bad fula awful fura horrendous alo hundred aro thousand amso million yufxer intimidate yulfxer frighten yurfxer terrorize aga big agla huge agra tremendous
- Note: Sometimes the l or r nuance-enhancing consonants come after the generic consonant.
- d) Adding consonants other than l and r as generic consonants. Sometimes, more than one nuance-altering consonant is added in the same word:
- vala = sure
- valta = safe
- fua = bad
- futa = evil [t usually refers to people or animals]
- vyaa = true
- vyala = authentic
- vyafa = precise
- vyama = real [m usually refers to nature, minerals, etc.]
- vyava = exact [v usually refers to veracity]
- vyalva = right
- vyaba = regular [b usually refers to an organization or organism]
- vyada = frank [d usually refers to communicating, talking, writing, etc.]
- vyata = reliable
- vyasma = concrete
Forming Adjectives[edit]
- You can form an adjective by adding the suffix a to a substantive, adverb, or preposition. By substantive is meant a noun, pronoun, or gerund. Any of these can be adjectivized.
- Examples:
NOUN ADJECTIVE taam home taama domestic doob nation dooba national tej life teja vital tyoyapyaf ability to walk tyoyapyafa ambulatory martun astronomy martuna astronomical PRONOUN ADJECTIVE at I, me ata my etut yourself etuta your own hiyen this kind hiyen this kind of hot? who? hota? whose? GERUND ADJECTIVE ifeken recreation ifekena recreational VERB FORM ADJECTIVE (= PARTICIPLE) teje (he) lives tejea living tojo will die tojoa moribund, about to die tojbu would kill tojbua lethal twe is known twa known
Adjectival Suffixes[edit]
- Various types of adjectives can be created with adjectival suffixes beyond just a.
- Examples:
SUFFIX MEANING NOUN ADJECTIVE -aya full of, having, -ous, -ful, -ly voz color vozaya colorful futax resentment futaxaya resentful tiibil blood tiibilaya bloody yilf courage yilfaya courageous -oya bereft of, -less, un- voz color vozoya colorless, pale tajyaf talent tajyafoya untalented -ika full of, -ous, -ful, -y (same as -aya) map wind mapika windy -uka bereft of, without, -less (same as -oya) nas money nasuka broke, penniless -yena -like, -ous, -ly, -y, -ish, -ic, -al, having the qualities of tobob child tobobyena childish, infantile tot god totyena divine, godly pit fish pityena fish-like, fishy -wa or -awa -ed, past passive participle (added to verb stem) VERB STEM PAST PASSIVE PARTICIPLE t- know twa or tawa known dal- speak dalwa or dalawa spoken, oral nisbu- sell nisbuwa sold -ea -ing (added to verb stem) VERB STEM PRESENT ACTIVE PARTICIPLE ot- not know otea ignorant tej- live tejea living, alive tuj- die tujea dying -yea -ive, prone to Xing, given to X (added to verb stem) VERB STEM PRESENT ACTIVE PARTICIPLE tujb- kill tujbyea murderous tex- think texyea pensive, thoughtful tox- forget toxyea forgetful ax- act axyea active -uwa -able, apt to be Xed (added to verb stem) VERB STEM POTENTIAL PASSIVE PARTICIPLE ex- operate exuwa operable tos feel tosuwa palpable tex- think texuwa conceivable tel- eat teluwa edible -yafa -able, capable of Xing (added to verb stem) VERB STEM POTENTIAL SUBJECT-ORIENTED teat- see teatyafa sightful, able to see dyed- read dyedyafa literate -yafwa -able, possible to be Xed (added to verb stem) VERB STEM POTENTIAL OBJECT-ORIENTED teat- see teatyafwa visible tax- remember taxyafwa memorable teet- hear teetyafwa audible tel- eat telyafwa edible -yofa incapable of Xing (added to verb stem) VERB STEM NEGATIVE POTENTIAL SUBJECT-ORIENTED teat- see teatyofa blind tyoyap- walk tyoyapyofa lame teet- hear teetyofa deaf dal- speak dalyofa dumb, incapable of speaking -yofwa un-X-able (added to verb stem) VERB STEM NEGATIVE POTENTIAL OBJECT-ORIENTED teat- see teatyofwa invisible teet- hear teetyofa inaudible tox- forget toxyofa unforgetable dal- speak dalyofa unspeakable -ifa fond of, -phile ( NOUN STEM ADJECTIVE pot animal potifa pet-friendly hyitoob- same-gender hyitoobifa homophile tobot child tobotifa pedophile fitel food fitelifa gourmand doob nation doobifa patriotic -ufa adverse to, hating, miso- NOUN STEM ADJECTIVE tob human tobufa misanthropic hyut- other person hyutufa xenophobic toyb- woman toybufa misogynist
Negating Adjectives[edit]
- The sense of an adjective can be negated with the prefix o or the more intensive yo.
- Examples:
- vlea probable → ovlea improbable
- vyafa perfect → ovyafa imperfect
- twa known → otwa unknown
- bosa calm → yobosa worried
- tatyena angelic → yotatyena diabolical
Altering the Sense of Adjectives with Prefixes[edit]
- As in English, the sense of adjectives can be altered by a number of prefixes of Germanic, Latin, and Greek origin. Here are the most common:
ENGLISH PREFIX MIRAD ALTERED ADJECTIVE EXAMPLES un-, a(n)-, in-, non- o- obaka unhealthy, oyezyebeya incontinent, oyelpea non-invasive, ototina atheist anti-, counter- ov- ovzuina anti-leftist, oviztida counter-intuitive pseudo- kovyo- kovyotepina pseudo-intellectual all-, pan-, omni- hyas- yadtea all-knowing, omniscient re- yeg- yegtajbwa re-born mis- vyo- vyoseudwa mispronounced semi-, half- eyn- eynlevelaya semi-sweet, eyntija half-awake ultra-, super- yiz-, gwa- gwadoobina ultra-nationalist, yizmola supernatural under-, hypo- gro- grojaga under-aged over-, hyper-, uber- gra- graagxwa overgrown, gratoseya hypersensitive miso- [see suffixes] multi-, many-, poly- gla- glakuma multilateral, glatadaya polygamous mal-, ill- fu- futeyenxwa ill-conceived, fusanxwa malformed well- fi- fitofabwa well-dressed quasi- yuyb- yuybdaba quasi-governmental pre-, (a)fore-, pro- ja- jateyenxwa pre-conceived, jaigdawa aformentioned post- jo- jodropeka post-war
English and Mirad Adjectival Suffix Comparison[edit]
- Here is a chart showing a comparison between English adjectival suffixes and their Mirad counterparts:
ENGLISH SUFFIX MEANING MIRAD SUFFIX ALTERED ADJECTIVE EXAMPLES -ful full of -aya, -ika vozaya colorful, tuzika skillful -ous full of -aya, -ika nazika precious, milaya aqueous -filled full of -aya, -ika movika / movaya smoke-filled -y full of -aya, -ika movika / movaya smoky, -ous of, like -a totina religious, vyosa erroneous -ly like -yena totyena godly, toybyena womanly -like like -yena patyena bird-like -ish like -yena tobobyena childish -y like -yena fyabyena fruity -ic like -yena tuzyena artistic, silyena acidic -ic of, related to -a tuna scientific, , beka therapeutic -ical of, related to -a zyunida spherical, iztexa logical -ological pertaining to the study of -tuna tejtuna biological -ist(ic) pertaining to the doctrine of -ina doparina militarist(ic), nasyanina capitalist(ic) -ophobic (and miso- prefix) hating, fearful of -ufa yudatufa xenophonic, tobyanufa misanthropic -ophilic (and philo- prefix) loving -ifa tobobifa pedophilic, tobifa philanthropic -al like -yena pyotyena bestial -al of, pertaining to -a teja vital, amana thermal -less without, empty of -oya, -uka tejuka lifeless, toboboya childless -free without, empty of -oya, -uka yomuka ice-free, vyosoya, error-free
Forming Adverbs[edit]
- Adjectives can be converted into adverbs by post-iotating the adjectival suffix a, in other words, by adding a y to the adjective. Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs.
- Examples:
ADJECTIVE ADVERB fia good fiay well vyaa true vyaay truly gyua easy gyuay easily iga quick igay quickly auta personal autay personally
- For brevity's sake, the stem of deadjectival adverbs like those above can be used at the end of a clause or sentence. For example:
- It tyoyape ig. He walks fast.
- Yit xa ad fi. They did it well.
Special Adverbs[edit]
- Mirad has special adverbs that are not derived from adjectives and may or may not end in -ay.
- Here are the principal such adverbs:
SPECIAL ADVERB vay.... indeed, really, certainly, do (cf. va.... yes) vey.... possibly, may, might (cf. ve.... maybe) voy.... not (cf. vo.... no) ga.... more (modifying an adjective, adverb, or verb) gay.... also, moreover, further, still ge.... as, equally (modifying an adjective, adverb, or verb) gey.... even go.... less (modifying an adjective, adverb, or verb) goy.... no longer, no more gla.... very glay.... quite, rather, so gle.... so glo.... not very, not so gra.... too gre.... enough, sufficiently, over- gro.... not...enough, inadequately, under- gwa.... most, super- gwe.... average gwo.... least, sub-
- The first three adverbs in the above chart are used to affirm or emphasize, cast doubt on, or negate verb predicates as in the examples that follow:
- AFFIRMATIVE: Va, at vay se tadsa..... Yes, I am indeed married.
- DUBITIVE: Iyta dud se vey vyosa..... Her response is possibly wrong.
- NEGATIVE: At voy se eta yurxut..... I am not your slave.
- The adverbs above beginning with g are quantitative adverbs and modify an adjective, verb, or another adverb:
- Et se gla via.....You are very beautiful [=ADJECTIVE].
- Et peya gra ig.'.... You were going too fast [=ADVERB].
- It gra dale.'.... He talks [=VERB] too much.
- Other special adverbs, which do not end in -ay, include the following, which can all be used in multi-word prepositions:
SPECIAL ADVERB EXAMPLES yab up Ad pat papa yab bu ad mam. The bird flew up to the sky. yob down Teaxu yob bu ad mel. Look down to the ground. yub near Pesu yub ad mas. Stay near the wall. yib far Ad tobi igpia yib ad yovbyokam. The men fled far from the prison. ib away Teaxu ib, diwe. Look away, please. ub this way Tyoyapu ub. Walk toward this way. yeb in, inward, inside Kyedu odut ogja tyoyapa yeb! Guess who just walked in! oyeb out, outside 'It tyoyapa oyeb zye ad zama mes. He walked out through the front door. yuz around Yit daza yuz yat. They danced around us. yiz beyond Et yefe teaxer yiz id titam av yux. You must look beyond this school for help.
- There are also adverbial expressions that are agglutinated with deictic and quantitative morphemes to produce what are known as pro-adverbs. These include interrogative pro-verbs like hom? (where?), hoyen? (how?), hoj? (when?), hogla (to what extent?), and their answers, such as hum (there), heyen (somehow), and hyoj (never), hugla (so, to that extent). These words are discussed under the chapter on Determiners in Deictic Pro-adverbs.
Forming Verbs[edit]
- Verbs can be formed from various parts of speech.
Forming Verbs from Nouns[edit]
- Verbs can often be formed from nouns simply by adding the verb infinitive suffix er:
NOUN VERB syag count syager to count tof clothes tofer to dress tam house tamer to dwell, live, reside dyun name dyuner to name, call teud cry, shout teuder to cry, shout, exclaim taj birth tajer to be born tej life tejer to live toj house tojer to die ej present ejer to continue ij beginning ijer to begin uj end ijer to end yuj sleep tujer to sleep
Verb Formants[edit]
- Sometimes an auxiliary verb or verb stub is used to create various verbs from nouns. The most common such verb formants are in this chart:
- -ser to be usually intransitive and stative (unite = become one)
- -xer to do/make usually transitive and dynamic (unite = make one)
- -per to go usually intransitive and a verb of motion (mount = get onto)
- -ber to put usually transitive and a verb of gesture (apply = put onto)
- -ier a stub from the verb to take, usually an action verb benefitting the agent (eat = take food)
- -uer a stub from the verb to give, usually an action verb benefitting the patient (feed = give food)
- -der to say, a verb of communication (affirm = say yes)
- -ter to know, verbs of the perception and knowledge (teater = see_
NOUN AUXILIARY VERB OR VERB STUB VERB yav innocence der to say yavder to acquit yov shame, guilt aber to apply, put on yovaber to shame, accuse yov shame, guilt ober to remove, take off yovober to excuse, exculpate tof clothes aber to apply, put on tofaber to dress, don tof clothes ober to remove, take off tofober to undress, strip det associate ser to be, become detser to associate dat friend xer to do, make datxer to befriend san form ser to be, become sanser to form (intransitive) san form xer to do, make sanxer to form (transitive) tel food (b)ier to take telier to eat, consume tel food (b)uer to give teluer to feed, nourish if pleasure (b)ier to take ifier to enjoy if pleasure (b)uer to give ifuer to please taj birth (b)uer to give tajuer to give birth tej life (b)ier to take tejier to come alive tej life (b)uer to give tejuer to bring to life toj death (b)ier to take tojier to drop dead toj death (b)uer to give tojuer to kill tij wakefulness (b)ier to take tijier to wake up tij wakefulness (b)uer to give tijuer to awaken tuj sleep (b)ier to take tujier to fall asleep tuj sleep (b)uer to give tujuer to put to sleep tax memory (b)ier to take taxier to recall tax memory (b)uer to give taxuer to remind yev justice der to say, tell yevder to judge vyan truth der to say, tell vyander to tell the truth vyon falsehood der to say, tell vyonder to tell a lie il liquid aker to gain ilaker to take on liquid il liquid oker to lose iloker to leak, lose liquid il liquid (b)ier to take ilier to soak up il liquid (b)uer to give iluer to pour, water il liquid ikser to get full ilikser to be soaked (intransitive) il liquid ikxer to fill up ilikxer to flood, soak (transitive) il liquid ukser to become empty ilukser to drain (intransitive) il liquid ukxer to empty ilukxer to flush (transitive) il liquid ser to be, become ilser to liquify, melt (intransitive) il liquid xer to do, make ilxer to liquify, melt (transitive) il liquid aber to apply, put on ilaber to wash (transitive) il liquid aper to get on ilaper to float (intransitive) il liquid per to go ilper to flow (intransitive) il liquid zyaber to spread ilzyaber to spray, shower (transitive) il liquid zyober to squeeze ilzyober to squirt (transitive) il liquid pyexer to strike ilpyexer to splash (with liquid) il liquid yujer to close ilyujer to plug
- Note that verbs ending in -ser and -ier are intransitive (they take no object), while those ending in -xer and -uer are transitive. Also, -ier verbs are inchoative, while -uer verbs are causative (making someone do something).
Forming Verbs from Adjectives With -xer and -ser[edit]
- The verbs that are formed from adjectives fall mainly into two groups, the transitive group with -xer to do, make, cause, and the intransitive group with -ser to be, become.
- The following chart shows how these verbs are formed:
ADJECTIVE TRANSITIVE VERB INTRANSITIVE VERB aza strong azaxer fortify, strengthen, make strong azaser get strong oza week ozaxer weaken ozaser grow weaker kyia heavy kyiaxer weigh down kyiaser grow heavy kyua light kyuaxer lighten, make lighter kyiaser get lighter yana together yanaxer bring together yanaser get together
- The final adjective ending a is often dropped to form a verb with a slightly different meaning, usually somewhat more idiomatic. In some cases, dropping the a makes it clear that the verb is created from a noun rather than an adjective, as in the last example of the following chart:
ADJECTIVE TRANSITIVE VERB INTRANSITIVE VERB aga big agaxer magnify agaser get big agxer grow agxer grow up, mature iga fast igaxer accelerate igaser speed up igxer rush igser hurry up baka healthy bakaxer make healthy bakaser get healthy bakxer heal bakser heal sana formal sanaxer formalize sanaser become formal sanxer form, shape sanser form, take shape
Forming Verbs of Gesture and Motion with -ber and -per[edit]
- Verbs of gesture are formed with the transitive auxiliary verb ber to put, while parallel verbs of motion are formed with the intransitive auxiliary verb per to go. These verbs are usually paired and are often built from a prepositional base. If the prepositional base ends in b, the b is dropped. Here are some examples:
TRANSITIVE GESTURE VERB INTRANSITIVE MOTION VERB ab on aber apply, put on aper mount, get on eb between eber block eper intervene ob off ober remove, take off oper dismount, get off ib away iber receive iper leave ub toward uber send uper come yab up yaber raise yaper rise yeb in
oyeb out
yeber insert
oyebertake out
yeper enter
oyeper exit
yob down yober lower yoper descend yib far yiber take away yiper move away yub near yuber bring yuper approach zay forward zayber advance zayper advance, go forward zey across zeyber take across, transfer zeyper cross, go over, transit zoy back zoyber set back, return zoyper retreat, go back, return iz straight izber guide izper aim for uz crooked uzber divert uzper turn, diverge yiz beyond yizber take beyond yizper pass by yuz around yuzber take around yuzper go around
- More elaborate verbs of gesture and motion can be formed by adding positional/directional ordinal vowels along with combinations of ser and xer, plus the intensifiers y, l and r. In this more complex world, the last letter of the stem determines the transitivity: s for intransitive and x for transitive. Prepositions can also be prefixed to change the direction of the gestures or motions.
- bluserswoop || bluxershove || pluserlunge, pounce || pluxerthrust
GESTURE VERB GESTURE VERB MOTION VERB MOTION VERB INTRANSITIVE TRANSITIVE INTRANSITIVE TRANSITIVE ber put
beer have
byeer contain
beler carry
per go baer lean on barer press
yanbarer compress
yobarer depress, suppress
yuzbarer hug
zoybarer repress
paer ? baser gesticulate baxer make a gesture
abaxer caress, pat
paser move paxer move byaser stand up byaxer set up, erect pyaser jump up pyaxer shoot, launch blaser budge blaxer rouse
ablaxer massage
plaser get excited plaxer excite
aplaxer sweep
braser shake braxer shake
abraxer rub
apraxer brush beser stay bexer hold
zoybexer restrain
yobexer detain, hold down
peser wait pexer trap byeser behave byexer hit pyeser run into, bump into pyexer strike, knock
yonpyexer break
yopyexer knock down
yanpyexer fight
apyexer attack
ovpyexer offend
kunpyexer sideswipe
tuyapyexer slap
bleser adhere blexer retain plexer pound, beat
aplexer assault
yonplexer shatter, burst
yanpreser implode
yonpreser explode
prexer blast, bomb boser calm down
boyser rest
boxer quieten, quell poser stop
poyser pause
poxer stop byoser hang byoxer hang pyoser fall
yonpyoser decay
pyoxer drop, throw down
yopyoxer topple
biser originate bixer pull
yanbixer contract
yonbixer distract
yubixer attract
yibixer distract
oyebixer extract
yebixer push in
pixer catch bliser spring blixer yank plixer snag, capture
yiplixer abduct
buser be destined buxer push, drive
zyobuxer squeeze
yebuxer expel
abuxer impose
apuser assault puxer throw, thrust
byuser bump into byuxer touch
yanbyuxer contact
pyuser run into pyuxer crash
- Yet more complex verbs can be generated by adding directional and positional prefixes to the above verbs. Let's just take the one verb baxer (and its intransitive partner baser) as our base verb and generate many others through prefixation of prepositional and other words as shown in the following chart:
PREFIX VERB baxer gesture, make a bodily motion ab on abaxer caress, pat, pet, stroke, rub iz straight izbaxer point teb head tebaxer nod va yes vatebaxer nod yes vo no votebaxer nod no ve maybe vetebaxer shrug tuyab hand tuyabaxer wave tub arm tubaxer flail, swing teubab tongue teubabaxer lick teab eye teubaxer wink patub wing patubaxer flap tiyub tail tiyubaxer wag baser gesticulate ig- fast igbaser jerk zay forward igzaybaser lurch zoy back zoybaser recoil yob down yobaser bow, bend down ku- side kubaser slide ig- fast igkubaser slip iz straight + uz curved izuzbaser sway, swagger, swish zi right + zu left zizubaser wiggle, wobble, totter
Forming Frequentative Verbs[edit]
- A frequentative verb, that is, one that involves an action done quickly multiple times in succession, can be formed by affixing the syllable eg to the verb stem. Here are some examples:
REGULAR VERB FREQUENTATIVE VERB paser move paseger shake, shudder pyaser jump pyaseger bounce paper fly papeger flutter, flit braser shake braseger shudder, quivver, vibrate teupixer bite teupixeger nibble ilzyaber spray ilzyabeger sprinkle
Word Families[edit]
- The core words serve as nuclei for the word families. The nuclei represent an idea, an element, a type, a gesture, a movement that can be categorized or classified. Thus, the word families formed according to word-building rules represent large word groups that have meaningful relationships among them.
- This is a language where phonetics is used to present mnemonic relationships and analogy among words as in the following example, based on the word teub mouth:
ceux sound xeus noise xeuz tune teuz voice deuz song seuz tone deus accent
- Here are some other examples where analogy and mnemonics are used to the maximum:
teb head deb leader xeb boss feb treetop tub limb dub minister xub subsidiary fub branch vub twig patub wing petub paw pitub fin teub mouth pateub beak peteub muzzle tayeb hair patayeb feather pitayeb scale fayeb leaf vosayeb petal potayeb mane tayob skin tayof leather petayob hide fayob bark vayob peel tyob leg fyob root vyob plant root tib trunk fib tree trunk vib stem tulob nail petulob claw fulob thorn defulob needle mulob pin, prick tiibuf artery fuf pipe muf stick, rod movuf cheminee fauf log manuf candle til drink teabil tear teubil saliva dril ink mil water mamil rain tayobil sweat bil milk
The xer (Do) Family[edit]
- The verb xer means to do. Many words are built from this core word using the postional/directional vowel coding rule. Words ending in xer contrast with those ending in ser, in that the former are transitive (taking an object), as opposed to intransitive (taking no object).
Core Words[edit]
- This chart shows the core verbs in the xer family:
axer act exer function oxer abstain ixer effect uxer cause alxer activate elxer operate olxer fail ilxer react ulxer influence arxer perform xaer execute xeer exercise xoer undergo, submit xier result xuer affect xeyer behave xaler accomplish xeler practice xoler fail xiler undertake xuler achieve yexer work yoxer be idle yixer use, hire yuxer help, serve yerxer struggle yorxer resign yirxer exploit yurxer slave
Creating Derived xer Words with Prefixes[edit]
- Using prefixation, many other words can be built from these core words:
- Keep in mind that xer can mean do, make, or cause in the following derived terms:
PREFIX BASE DERIVATION ana single xer make anaxer unify an- one- xer make anxer unite yana together 'exer operate yanexer cooperate yan- together yexer work yanyexer collaborate yon- apart xer make yonxer split ge- equal xer make gexer copy ja before xer make jaxer prepare je while xer do jexer continue ig- fast xer do igxer rush ug- slow xer do ugxer delay oj future xer do ojxer plan yeg- re- xer do yegxer redo sa(n) shape xer make saxer create se(n) being xer make sexer build lo- un- sexer build losexer destroy mel soil yexer work melyexer plough tea(b) eye xer do teaxer look o- un- yirxer hire oyirxer fire mag fire xer cause magxer burn yuf fear xer cause yufxer frighten dofun crime xer do dofunxer commit a crime gra too much xer do graxer exaggerate yeg- re- axer act yegaxer react fu- bad xeyer behave fuxeyer misbehave
Using xer to Build Verbs from Adjectives[edit]
- Hundreds of verbs can be created with adjectives and xer as a suffix like -ify, -ate, -ize in English.
ADJECTIVE VERB aga big agaxer magnify goa lesser goaxer diminish fia good fiaxer improve jwoa late jwoaxer retard uva sad uvaxer sadden via beautiful viaxer beautify ebdooba international ebdoobaxer internationalize
- Note: Sometimes, the adjectival ending -a is dropped. This often produces a difference nuance. For example, agaxer means to magnify, make bigger, but agxer is more idiomatic and means to grow.
- The passive of xer, xwer to be done can be used to mean to happen or to become. For example:
- Hoj hus xwa? When did that happen?
- At uvaxwa ham wa at teata ad tobob. I became sad (=was saddened) when I saw the child.
Using xer for All-Purpose Idioms[edit]
- The verb xer can be used as an all-purpose verb for actions which in English are expressed with a variety of idiomatic verbs, for example:
- xer deuz to perform a song
- xer ifpop to take a cruise
- xer ebdid to conduct an interview
Derived Words[edit]
- Here are some important derivations of the verb xer:
xer do
- xen doing
- xun deed
- xut doer
- xwa done
- xwer be done, happen
- xwen happening, event
- xwas fact, happening, deed, event
- xwasyan facts, news, happening, events
- eja xwasyan current events
- xwasdren fact sheet, log
- xwasa factual, actual
- xwasyan facts, news, happening, events
- loxer undo
- loxen undoing
- loxwa undone
- yegxer redo
- yegxwa redone
- xeut agent
- xeun business
- xeem agency
- xeon fact
- xeona factual
- xeoj case
- xeoja casual
- xej event
- xeja eventual
- xejay eventually
- xejan eventuality
- xejaya eventful
- xejes incident
- xejesa incidental
- xejesay incidentally
- xeja eventual
- xem studio, office, bureau
- xemsem desk
- xeb boss, manager, foreman
- xag frequency
- glaxaga frequent
- glaxagay frequently, often
- gloxagay seldom
- hoxag? how often?
- hyoxag never
- hexag sometimes
- gaxag more often
- goxag less often
- gexag as often
- gexag ev yafwa as often as possible:::
- glaxaga frequent
axer act, perform
- ax act, performance
- axyan activity
- oax inaction, non-action
- axen action, performance
- axea acting, performing
- oaxea inactive
- oaxean inactivity
- jaaxea proactive
- jaaxean proactivity
- loaxer deactivate
- loaxen deactivation
- loaxwa deactivated
- oaxea inactive
- axeya active
- oaxeya inactive
- axar activator, on switch
- loaxar deactivator, off switch
- axut actor, performer
- axun act, performance
- joax followup
alxer operate
- alxen operation
- alxena operational
- alxut operator
- alxim operating room
exer operate, function, work
- ex function
- exa functional
- oex dysfunction, breakdown
- oexa dysfunctional, out of service
- exen operation
- exena operational, functional
- exea operational, functioning, in service
- oexea out of service, not operating, non-functioning, out of service
- exean operating state
- exuwa operable
- oexuwa inoperable, disfunctional
- exuwan operability
- exut operator
- exutyan operating staff
- exeb chief, boss, manager, foreman
oxer be idle
- oxen idling
- oxea idling, idle
yexer work, labor
- yex work, labor, job, employment
- yexes task, job
- yexen working
- yexea working
- yexut worker, laborer
- yexem worksite
- yexam workplace
- yexim work room, laboratory, office, lab
- yexsem desk
- yexeb boss, task master
- yextaf work attire
- yexpox strike
- yexpoxut striker
- yexpoxer strike
- yexirper retire
- yexirpen retirement
- yexirpa retired
- yexirpat retiree
- yexoya jobless
- yexoyan joblessness
- yexoyat jobless person
- yexoyaser become jobless
- yexorber fire, dismiss
- yexorbwer be fired, be dismissed
- yexorbwa fired, dismissed
- yexorben firing, dismissal
- tuyabyex manual labor
- tuyabyexut manual laborer
- yexwer struggle, work hard, try, endeavor
- melyex farming, agriculture
- melyexut farmer
- melyexam farmhouse
- melyexem farm
- melyexa agricultural
- gonjob yex part-time work
- ganjob yex full-time work
- yizjob yex overtime work
- onus yex pro bono work
- fanaya yex volunteer work
- yurxwat yex slave work
- yex jwobyan work schedule
- azatay yexer work hard, work strenuously
- azyexer work hard
- azyexut hard worker
- ozyexer slack off
- ozyexut slackard
- grayexut workaholic
- grayexen workaholism
- grayexea workaholic, overly industrious
- groyexut slackard, underworker
- groyexen slacking off, underworking
- groyexea slackard, underworking, unindustrious
- yanyexer cooperate, collaborate, work together
- yanyexen cooperation, collaboration, working together
- yanyexa cooperative, collaborative
- yanyexeya cooperative
- yanyexeyan cooperativeness
- oyanyexeya uncooperative
- yanyexut colleague, co-worker, collaborator
- yexyan works
- yonyexer work apart, compete
- tamyexer work at home, telecommute, work domestically
- tamyexut work-at-home, telecommuter, house worker
- tamyexen working from home, telecommuting
- tamyex house work, domestic chore
- ebyexer interwork
- ebyex interworkings, network, complex
xaer execute
- xaen execution
- xaeya executive
- xaut executive
xaler accomplish
- xal accomplishment
- xalwa accomplished
- xalaya accomplished, gifted
- graxalaya very accomplished, very gifted
xeyer behave
- xeyen behavior, comportment
- xeyena behavioral
xelier busy oneself, occupy oneself, take on business xeluer busy, occupy
- xel practice, rite
- faxel sacrifice, mass, holy service, sacred rite
- faxela ritual, ceremonial, sacrificial
- faxeler perform the mass, perform a sacred service
- faxelut celebrant, priest
- ivxeler celebrate
- ivxel celebration, feast, ceremony
- ivxela celebratory, festive, ceremonial
- ivxel celebration, feast, ceremony
- faxel sacrifice, mass, holy service, sacred rite
xerer exercise, practice, profess
- xeren practice, profession,, occupation
- fuxeren malpractice
- xerena practical, professional
- xerenan practicality
- xerut practicioner, professional
xena active
- xenaxer activate
- xenaxen activation
- xenaxwa activated
- oxenaxer deactivate
- oxenaxen deactivation
- oxenaxwa deactivated
xeut agent, author
- xeem agency
- xeon fact
- xeoj case:
- xeun business
- xeunut businessman
- xeunuyt businesswoman
- xeunut businessman
xuer affect, bring about
- xun effect, factor
- xuen affecting
- xuna affective
- xuwa affected
xier result
- xin result
- xiea resulting
- xina resultative
- ge xin as a result
- ge xin bi as a result of
uxer cause
- ux cause, factor
- uxen causation
- uxa causal
- uxwa caused
- uxeya causative
- bi odux? why?
- bi adux lav because
ulxer influence
- ulx influence
- ulxwa influenced
- ulxeya influential
uyxer motivate
- uyx motive
- uyxen motivation
- uyxena motivational
- uyxen motivation
- uyxwa motivated
ix effect
- ux ay ix cause and effect
- ixeya effective, effectual
- oixeya ineffectual, ineffective
- ixeyan effectiveness
yuxer help, aid, assist, serve
- yux help, aid, assistance, service
- yuxut helper, aid, assistant, servant
- yuxen helping, aiding, assisting, serving
- yuxun means, aid
- yuxwa helped, aided, assisted, served
- yuxea helping, assisting, serving
- oyuxea unhelpful
- yuxeya helpful
- yuxeyan helpfulness
- fiyuxer benefit
- fiyux benefit
- fiyuxea beneficial
- fiyux benefit
- aayux first aid
- igefyux emergency assistance
- igefyuxut emergency assistance personnel
yulxer serve
- yulx service, labor
- yulxen serving
- yulxut server, servant, laborer
- yulxutyan service staff
- yulxun means, agent
- yulxam agency
- yulxuwa serviceable
yurxer be a slave, slave
- yurxen slavery
- yurxut slave
- yurxwa enslaved person, slave
- yurxwat enslaved
- yurxwan enslavement
yixer use, utilize
- yix use, utility
- yixen using, utilization
- yixwa used, utilized
- oyixwa unused
- yixut user
- yixun utility, tool
- yixunyem toolbox
- yixunyan equipment
- fiyix good use, benefit
- fiyixuwa beneficial
- fiyixer put to good use
- fiyixwa well-used
- fuyix misuse, abuse
- fuyixer misuse, abuse
- fuyixut abuser
- fuyixwa abused, misused:
yilxer employ, hire
- yilx employment, hire
- yilxen employment, hiring
- yilxut employer
- yilxwa employed, hired
- yilxwat employee
- oyilxwa unemployed
- oyilxwan unemployment
- oyilxuwa unemployable
- oyilxwat unemployed person
- yilxpar taxi, taxicab, cab
yirxer exploit
- yirx exploit
- yirxen exploitation
- yirxena exploitational
- yirxen exploitation
- yirxwa exploited
- yirxuwa exploitable
- yirxuwan exploitability
- oyirxwa unexploited
- oyirxwa unexploitable
- oyirxwan unexploitability
- oyirxwa unexploitable
- yirxuwa exploitable
- yirxut exploiter
- yirxeya exploitative
- yirxeyan exploitativeness
jaxer prepare, ready
- jaxen preparation, readying
- jaxena preparatory
- jaxwa prepared, ready
- ojaxwa unprepared, not ready
- jaxwan preparedness, readiness
- jaxeya preparative
- jaser prepare oneself, get prepared, get ready
jexer continue
- jexen continuation
- jexeya continual
- jexea continuing, continual
- jexwa continued
- lojexer discontinue
- lojexen discontinuation
- lojexwa discontinued
gexer copy
- gex copy
- gexar copier
- gexun copy
- gexwa copied
- gexut copycat
egxer re-do, repeat
- egxen re-doing, repetition
- egxwa re-done, repeated
- egxeya repetitive
ojxer plan, project
- ojxen planning
- ojxun plan
- ojxwa planned
- olojxwa unplanned, spontaneous
- ojxut planner
xeser organize
- xes organ
- xesa organic
- oxes mess, disarray, disorganization
- xesen organizing, organization
- xesena organizational
- loxeser mess up, disorganized
- loxesen disorganization
- xeswa organized
- oxeswa disorganized
- xesut organizer
egfiaxer fix, repair
- egfiaxen reparation
- egfiaxeya reparative
- egfiaxena reparational
- egfiaxwa repaired, fixed
- egfiaxut repairman
- egfiaxam repair shop
- egfiaxuwas fixer-upper
loxer undo
- loxen undoing
- loxwa undone
igxer hurry, hasten, rush
- igxen hurring, haste, rush
- igxwa hurried, rushed
- igser hurry up, rush, hasten
aaxer initiate
- aaxen initiation
- aaxwa initiated
- aaxut initiator
- aaxwat initiate
saxer make, fabricate, create, craft
- saxun creation
- saxut creator, manufacturer
- saxen creation, fabrication, making, craft, manufacturing
- saxwa created, fabricated, made, crafted, manufactured
- tamsaxwa homemade, domestically crafted
- saxem factory, plant
- saxim studio, lab
- saxwat creature
- saxeya creative
- saxeb manufacturer
- tuyabsaxwa hand-made, hand-crafted, made by hand
sexer build, construct
- sexun building
- yabsexun skyscraper, highrise
- sexen construction
- sexeya constructive
- sexeyan constructiveness
- osexeya unconstructive
- sexut builder, constructor
- sexeb master builder
- visextun architecture
- visextut architect
- visextuna architectural
- sexem construction site
- sexwa built, constructed
- fisexwa well-built
- fusexwa shoddy
- osexer destroy
- osexen destruction
- osexeya destructive
- osexut destroyer
- osexwa destroyed
amber found
- ambun foundation
- ambut founder
- ambea ted founding father
- amben founding
- ambwa founded
- Note the following parallelism:
xyen industry byen manner tyen occupation syen fashion tryen profession
The ser (Be) Family[edit]
Core Words[edit]
- The core verb ser means to be and is the base for many verbs having to do with being, becoming, and creating. Verbs ending in ser are intransitive (taking no object) and contrast with those ending in xer, which are transitive (taking an object). Verbs in ser often are stative, i.e. linking verbs.
- Summary:
aser become eser exist, there to be oser cease to be iser start out user end up
Creating Stative Verbs from Adjectives[edit]
- The core verb ser can be postfixed to adjectives to form a class of verbs called stative, which have the meaning become X, and which contrast with parallel transitive verbs in xer. If the adjectival ending a is dropped, then the resulting stative verb has a more idiomatic sense.
ADJECTIVE STATIVE VERB aga big agaser get big aga big agser grow uza curved uzaser curve, bend, bow kyaa mobile kyaser change, vary mayna clear maynaser clear up iga fast igaser become fast, accelerate iga fast igser rush, hurry
- Stative verbs in -ser are most often intransitive and contrast with dynamic, transitive verbs in -xer. Here are some comparative examples:
- It agxe vafyabi. He grows grapes. (TRANSITIVE/DYNAMIC)
- Vafyabi voy agse fi him. Grapes do not grow well here. (INTRANSITIVE/STATIVE)
- His kyaxa yata teji. This changed our lives.
- Yata teji kyasa hujub. Our lives changed on that day.
- Ha mapi uzaxa ha fabi. The winds bent the trees.
- Ha fabi uzasa je ha mapilag. The trees bowed during the storm.
- Wo igxu at. Don't rush me. (TRANSITIVE/DYNAMIC)
- Igsu! Hurry up! (INTRANSITIVE/STATIVE)
Creating Stative Verbs from Nouns[edit]
- The above stative verbs were created from adjectives, but such verbs can also be formed from nouns and have the meaning to become X
NOUN STATIVE VERB meg stone megser petrify, become rock abnod peak abnodser peak, climax mus scale, stair musser escalate yom ice yomser freeze maf cloud mafser cloud over il liquid ilser liquefy, melt
Creating Dynamic Verbs from Inherently Stative Verbs[edit]
- Some verbs with stems ending in -j are inherently stative. Their dynamic/transitive counterparts end in -ber. Here are some examples:
STATIVE VERB DYNAMIC VERB tojer die tojber kill tajer be born tajber give birth (to), bear tejer live tejber bring to life tijer be awake tijber awaken tujer sleep tujber put to sleep ijer begin ijber begin (something) ujer end ijber finish, put an end to yijer open up yijber open up (something) yujer close yujber close, bring to a close
Derived Words[edit]
- Here are some common words derived from ser:
saer form, represent, comprise
- san shape, form, representation
- sanaya shapely
- sanayan shapeliness
- sanxer form, shape [transitive]
- sanxen formation, shaping
- sanxena formational
- sanxeya formative
- sanxwa formed, shaped
- fisanxwa well-formed
- fisanxen reformation
- fusanxwa poorly-formed, malformed, deformed, misshapen
- fusanxen malformation, deformation, misshapening
- fisanxwa well-formed
- sanxen formation, shaping
- egsanxer reshape, reform, shape up
- egsanxen reshaping, reformation
- egsanxwa reshaped, reformed
- egsanxut reshaper, reformer
- kyasanxer transform
- kyasanxen transformation
- kyasanxena transformational
- kyasanxwa transformed, morphed
- kyasanxar transformer
- kyasanxeya transformative
- sanser form, morph [intransitive]
- kyasanser change shape, transform
- egsanser shape up, get into shape
- yansanser conform
- yansanen conformity
- yansanin conformism
- yansanina conformist
- yansaninat conformist
- oyansanina non-conformist
- oyansanin non-conformism
- oyansaninat non-conformist
- oyansanin non-conformism
- yansanina conformist
- santun morphology
- santuna morphological
- santut morphologist
- oyebsan aspect, outer form
- oyebsana aspectual
- sana formal
- sanaxer formalize
- sanaxen formalization
- sanan formality
- sanay formally
- osana informal
- osanan informality
- sanin formalism
- sanina formalistic
- saninat formalist
- sanaxer formalize
- ansana uniform
- ansanan uniformity
- anasana unique
- anasanan uniqueness
- sanoya formless
- sanoyan formlessness
- visana classic
- visanyena classical
- visantun classics
- visantut classisist
- vyasan original, true form
- vyasana original
- vyasanan originality
- vyasana original
- zyusan round shape, circle
- ukunsan rectangle, rhombus
- ukunsana rectangular, rhomboid
- ugekunsan square, rectangle
- ugekunsana square, square-shaped, rectangular
- igunsan triangle
- igunsana triangular
- ugunsan tetragon
- ugunsana tetragonal
- yogunsan pentagon
- yogunsana pentagonal
- yagunsan hexagon
- yagunsan hexagonal
- yigunsan octagon
- yigunsana octagonal
- agvusan blob, big ugly shape
- sandren formulation
- sandrena formulaic
- sandrer formulate
- sandrun formula
- yansaner constitute
- yansan constitution
- yansana constitutional
- yansanea constituent
- yansan constitution
saun model, pattern, kind, genre, type, genus, species, sort
- sauna generic, typical
- saunaber classify, assign to a type, sort
- saunaben classification, sorting
- saunabwa classified, sorted
- saunaser typify, be modeled after
salun specimen aasaun prototype, archetype, pattern, model
- aasauna prototypical, archetypical
asauna special, especial, specific
- asaunay especially, specially, specifical
- asaunan speciality
- asaunaxer specialize
- asaunaxen specialization
- asaunaxwa specialized
yasauna general
- yasaunay generally
- yasaunaxer generalize
- yasaunaxen generalization
- yasaunaxwa generalized
yansaun class anasauna unique
- anasaunay uniquely
saunes sample
- saunesier sample
- saunesien sampling
utsaun example
- utsauna exemplary
vyasaun original, original specimen
- vyasauna original
vyosaun counterfeit, fake
- vyosauna counterfeit, fake
visaun classic
- visauna classic, classical, high-class
vusauna degenerate, low-class, base gesauna same kind of hisauna this kind of husauna that kind of, such duhesauna? what kind of? hyasauna every kind of hyesauna any kind of, whatever kind of hyosauna no kind of, no sort of hasauna the kind of hesauna some kind of hisauna the same kind of, the very kind of husauna another kind of, a different sort of hihusauna various kinds of: soer undergo, submit
- soen submission
- soeyea submissive
son matter, thing, subject, affair, issue
- kyison important matter, grave matter, grave issue
- kyisona important, grave
- kyisonay importantly, gravely
- kyisonan importance, gravity
- kyisona important, grave
- kyuson triviality, trivial matter
- kyusona trivial
- kyusonay trivially
- kyusonan triviality
- kyusona trivial
- dalson issue, topic, subject
- zeson focus
- zesoner focus
- zesonwa focussed
- ozesonwa unfocussed
- gyison problem, difficult matter, hard issue
- gyisona problematic, difficult
- gyisonxer complicate
- gyisonxen complication
- gyisonxwa complicated
- ogyisonxer uncomplicate, resolve
- ogyisonxen resolution
- oson non-issue, blank, nothingness, nihil
- koson secret, mystery
- kosona secret
- kosonan secrecy
- kosonaya secretive, mysterious
- kosona secret
- kason solution
- kasoner solve, resolve
- kanonen resolution
- kasoner solve, resolve
- vyeson theme, subject, topic
- vyesona thematic, topical, relevant
- ovyesona irrelevant, immaterial, athematic
- ifson pleasure, fun
- ifsonuer please
- ifsonuea pleasing, pleasant
- ifsonier enjoy, have fun
- ifsoniuwa enjoyable
- ifsonuer please
- yevson law case, court case, suit
- doyevson civil case
- ovson suit
- evson contingency
- avson cause, case
- ivson comedy
- ivsona comic
- uvson tragedy
- uvsona tragic
- keson question, query
- igefson emergency, crisis
- igefsona critical
- jeson situtation
- jesona situational
- kyeson imponderable matter
sin picture, image
- sina pictorial
- sinxer depict, describe
- sinxun depiction, description
- sinyuz picture frame
- tepsin imagination
- tepsina imaginary
- tepsiner imagine
- otepsinuwa unimaginable
- tepsina imaginary
- sinier visualize, imagine
- sinien visualization, imagination
- siniwa imagined, imaginary
- sinuer display, exhibit, show, depict
- sinuun display, exhibit, show, depiction
- sinuut display artist, exhibitor
- sinuwa displayed, exhibited, depicted
- sinuem scene, stage, exhibition site, display site
- sinuwasyan scenery
- sinuwasyana scenic
- mansin photograph, photo, still shot
- mansina photographic
- mansinar camera, still camera
- mansinxer photograph
- passin movie, motion picture
- passinam movie theatre, cinema
- passinar movie camera
- passinagat movie star
- fasin icon, idol
- fasina iconic
- fasinxer iconify
- fasinxen iconification
- fasinxwa iconified
- fasinxer iconify
- fasinifrer idolize
- fasinifrun idol
- fasinifren idolatry, idolization
- fasina iconic
- tujsin dream
- tujsiner dream
- tujsinut dreamer, reverer
- tujsinen dreaming, reverie
- tujsina chimeric
- tujsinaya dreamy
- tujsinyena dream-like
- otujsinwa undreamed of
- pensin trace
- pensiner trace
- pensinwa traced
- zoysin reflection
- zoysiner reflect
- zoysineya reflective
- zoysinar reflector
- zoysinwa reflected
- tabsin figure
- tabsina figurative
- tebsin face
- tebsina facial
- tebsinay facially
- tebsinuer face
- tebsina facial
- tobsin portrait
- tobsinut portrait artist
- tobsinun portrayal
- tobsiner portray
- utsin character
- utsiner characterize
- utsinen characterization
- utsinwa characterized
- utsineya characteristic
- olutsineya uncharacteristic
- memsin landscape, scene
- memsina scenic
- memsinyan scenery
siun sign
- siunmuf signpost
- mansiun signal, light
- tuyabsiun hand sign
- tuyabsiuner wave
- tebsiuner nod
- siunar signal
- siunarer signal
- siunaren signaling
- siundaf sign board
- mepsiun road sign
- siuner make a sign, give a sign, signal
- siunen signing
- dyunsiun signature
- dyunsiuner sign
- dyunsiunen signing
- dyunsiunut signer, signatory
- dyunsiunwa signed
- odyunsiunwa unsigned
- dyunsiuner sign
siyn mark
- siyner mark
- siynun marking
- siynwa marked
- osiynwa unmarked
sun thing
- suna real
- sunan reality
- sunxer realize
- sunxwa realized
- sunxen realization
- osun nothing, nihil, nil
- osunxer anihilate
- osunxen anihilation
- osunxwa anihilated
- osunin nihilism
- osunina nihilistic
- osuninat nihilist
- sunyen structure
- sunyena structural
- sunyener structure
- sunyenwa structured
- osunyenwa unstructured::
syen style
- syenxer style
- syenxwa styled
- syena stylistic
- syeen fashion, manner, mode
- be syeen bi a la mode, in the fashion of
- syeenaya fashionable
- syeena manneristic
- syeeninat fashionista
- utsyen genre
- xesyen process
- yixsyeen manner of use
- syentun manners
syin subject
- syina subjective
- syinay subjectively
- syinan subjectivity
syun object
- syuna objective
- syunay objectively
- syunan objectivity
- syunes article
- syufi effects
eser exist, there to be
- ese there is, there are, exists
- esen existence
- esea existant
- eson entity
oser cease to exist
- osea nonexistant
- osean nonexistance
- oson nonentity
syemer establish
- syem establishment
- yansyem corporation, company, firm
- yansyema corporate
- yansyemeb CEO, chief corporate office
- syemwa established
- syember install, set up
- syemben installation
- osyember uninstall
- dosyem public institute, institution
- dosyember institute
- dosyemben institution
- dosyema institutional
- dosyember institute
- yansyem corporation, company, firm
The ber (Put) and per (Go) Families[edit]
- The core words ber to put and per to go, combined with positional/directional prefixes and various nuance-creating consonants, form many words having to do with positions, bodily gestures, and directional motions. Those ending in ber are transitive verbs, while those ending in per are mostly intransitive.
Common ber/per Verbs Built from Postional/Directional Prefixes and Vowels[edit]
|ab on
|aber put on
|aper get on
|baer lean
|paer stand
|yab up
|yaber raise
|yaper rise
|byaer lift
|pyaer jump
|ob off
|ober remove
|oper dismount
|boer hold up
|poer hang
|yob down
|yober lower
|yoper descend
|byoer hang
|pyoer fall
|ub toward
|uber send
|uper come
|bu to
|buer give
|puer arrive
|ib away
|iber receive
|iper go away
|bi from
|bier take
|pier leave
|yub near
|yuber bring
|yuper approach
|byu up to
|byuer touch
|pyuer reach
|yib far
|yiber take away
|yiper move far away
|byi since
|byier emanate
|pyier originate
|eb between
|eber block
|eper intervene
|yeb in
oyeb out'
|yeber inject
oyeber eject
|yeper enter
oyeper exit
|za front
|zaber advance
|zaper advance
|zay forward
|zayber promote
|zayper proceed
|zo behind
|zober put behind
|zoper follow
|zoy back
|zoyber put back
|zayper return
|ze middle
|zeber balance
|zeper mediate
|zey across
|zeyber transfer
|zeyper cross
|zu left
|zuber put to the left
|zuper go left
|uz crooked
|zuber turn
|zuper detour
|zi right
|ziber put to the right
|ziper go right
|iz straight
|ziber guide
|izper head
|zya all over
|zyaber spread
|zyaper tour
|zye through
|zyeber interject
|zyeper permeate
|zyu round
|zyuber rotate
|zyuper roll
|yuz around
|yuzber turn
|yuzper circulate
|yiz beyond
|yizber take beyond
|yizper surpass
|zyag stretched out
|zyagber stretch
|zyagper stretch out
|ja before
|jaber prepare
|japer precede
|aj past
|ajber pass
|ajper pass
|jo after
|jober delay
|joper follow
|oj future
|ojber postpone
|ojper wait?
|je during
|jeber continue
|jeper continue
|ej present
|ejber present
|ejper present oneself
|yan together
|yanber assemble
|yanper join
|bay with
|bayber impart
|bayper accompany
|yon apart
|yonber take apart
|yonper separate
|boy without
|boyber deprive
|boyper go without
|ki oblique
|kiber bend
|kiper slant
|ku side
|kuber set aside
|kuper avoid
The der (Say) Family[edit]
- Words ending in der have to do with communicating, thus saying, talking, writing, reading.
daler speak der say
deler announce
doler be silent diler request
direr demand
duler suggest
durer urge
drer write
dryener print
droer erase dyeder read dider ask duder answer deser pronounce
dyen book
drez verse
din story dun word
dyun name
drun phrase
daf card
dyaf notebook
def paper dof cardboard dyuf sheet
dyuv page
- Here are the most common words in this family:
der say, tell, utter, communicate
- den utterance, saying, telling
- denyen diction, manner of saying
- teypden proverb, saying
- teypdena proverbial
- teypdenay proverbially
- teypdenaxer proverbialize
- teypdenaxen proverbialization
- teypdenaxwa proverbialized
- teypdena proverbial
- otedden gibberish::
- dwa uttered
- dwas utterance
- odwa unsaid
- odwas something left unsaid
- dut sayer, teller
- vyandut truth-teller
- vyondut liar
- dun word
- duna verbal
- oduna non-verbal
- dunxer verbalize
- dunxen verbalization
- dunika wordy, verbose
- dunikan wordiness, verbosity
- dunnyan list
- dunnyanaber list, put on a list, register
- odunnyanabwa unlisted, unregistered
- dunnyanober de-list
- dunnyanobwa de-listed
- dunyan vocabulary, lexicon
- dunyana lexical
- dunyantun lexicology
- dunyantuna lexicological
- dunyantut lexicologist
- dundyen dictionary
- dundyentun lexicography
- dundyentuna lexicographical
- dundyentut lexicographer
- dundyentun lexicography
- dunnad sentence
- dunnayd phrase
- dunnayda phrasal
- dunnaydyan phraseology
- dunnadyan text
- dunnadyana textual
- fadun blessing
- fodun curse
- fudun bad word, epithet
- fidun compliment
- sundun noun
- sunduna nominal
- sundunxer nominalize
- sundunxen nominalization
- sundunxwa nominalized
- xundun verb
- zunduna verbal
- vyendun preposition
- vyenduna prepositional
- sindrendun adjective
- sindrenduna adjectival
- byendun adverb
- byenduna adverbial
- yanardun conjunction
- dungon syllable
- dungona syllabic
- dungonxer syllabicize
- dungonxwa syllabicized
- dungonxer syllabicize
- gladungona polysyllabic
- andungona monosyllabic
- endungona disyllabic
- dungona syllabic
- zadunes prefix
- zadunesaber prefix, attach a prefix
- zadunesaben prefixation
- zodunes suffix
- zodunesaber suffix, attach a suffix
- zodunesaben suffixation
- zedunes infix
- zedunesaben infixation
- abdunes affix
- abdunesaben affixation
- yuzdunes circumfix
- dunsan morpheme
- dunsana morphemic
- dunsantun morphology
- dunsantuna morphological
- dunsantut morphologist
- yuddunsan allomorph
- dunseux pronunciation, sound of a word, enunciation, articulation
- dunseuxer pronounce, enunciate, articulate, sound out a word
- vyodunseuxer mispronounce
- deser pronounce
- desen pronunciation
- vyodeser mispronounce
- vyodesen mispronunciation
- vyodesun mispronunciation, pronunciation error
- vyadeser pronounce correctly, dictate, enunciate properly
- vyadesyen diction
- vyadesen dictation
- vyadesar dictation device, dictaphone
- odesuwa unpronounceable
- dreser spell
- dresen spelling
- vyodreser misspell
- vyodresun misspelling, spelling error
- vyadreser spell correctly
- vyadresyen orthography
- vyadresyena orthographical
- vyadresyen orthography
- dresek spelling bee::
- duna verbal
- avder favor, advocate
- avdwa favored
- fander volunteer, express willingness
- fandut volunteer
- fader bless
- fad blessing
- fadwa blessed
- foder curse
- fod curse
- fodwa cursed
- layder greet, say hello, salute
- loyder say goodbye
- sagder count out loud, enumerate
- sagden counting, enumeration
- sagdwa enumerated
- egder repeat, retell, say again
- egdeya repetitive
- egdeyan repetitiveness
- egden repetition
- egdeya repetitive
- ekder pretend
- ekden pretending
- ekdut pretender
- ekdeya pretentious
- ekdeyan pretentiousness
- epader quack
- epeder snort
- epeyder moo
- evfiader critique
- evfiadut critic
- evfiden critique
- fepader warble, yodel
- flider praise, eulogize
- fliden praise, eulogy
- fliduwa praiseworthy
- fliduwan prasieworthiness
- fiader recommend
- fiaden recommendation
- fiadwa recommended
- fiaduwa recommendable
- fider congratulation, bless
- fiden congratulation, blessing
- fivader approve, affirm
- fivaden approval, affirmation
- fivadwa approved, affirmed
- frider brag, brag out, flatter, glorify
- friden bragging, flattery, glorification
- fridut bragger, bragadoccio, flatterer
- flyuder insult
- flyud insult
- flyudea insulting
- fruder blaspheme
- frud blasphemy
- frudut blasphemer
- frudeya blasphemous
- fruder castigate
- fruden castigation
- fryuder outrage
- fryud outrage
- fryudeya outrageous
- fuader criticize, demean, malign
- fuaden criticism, maligning
- fuadeya critical, demeaning
- fuder curse, damn
- fud curse
- fuden damnation
- fudwa cursed, damned
- fuivader mock
- fuivaden mockery
- fuvader condemn
- fuvaden condemnation
- fuvadwa condemned
- ebder discuss
- ebden discussion
- ebdut discutant
- gelder echo
- grader exaggerate
- graden exaggeration
- gradwa exaggerated
- groder underplay, minimize
- groden minimization
- gyapyoder laugh like a hyena
- ivder thank
- ivden thanks
- ipader gobble
- ipeder bray
- ipeder hehaw
- ivsader laugh
- ivsaden laughter
- ivsaduwa laughable, ridiculous
- izder say frankly
- izeader indicate
- izeaden indication
- izeadeya indicative
- izeadar indicator
- iznoder focus
- jader predict, foretell
- jad prediction
- jadwa predicted
- jaduwa predictable
- ojaduwa unpredictable
- jaduwan predictability
- ojaduwan unpredictability
- javeder guess
- javed guess
- jouvder mourn
- jouvden mourning
- jwader warn, forewarn
- jwad warning
- jwadwa forewarned
- boy jwad: without warning
- kader admit, confess
- kad admission, confession
- kebider vote
- kebid vote
- kebidut voter
- kebidaf ballot
- kebidafyem ballot box
- kider hint
- kid hint
- klapeder squeek
- koder deny
- kod denial
- okoduwa undeniable
- okoduway undeniably
- kuder remark, comment
- kud remark, comment
- kudut commentator
- kyoder insist
- kyoden insistence
- kyodea insistent
- lopyeder hiss
- naxder cost out
- nazder evaluate, estimate
- nazden evaluation, estimate
- nazdut evaluator, estimator
- oder keep silent
- oden keeping silent
- ofder ban
- ofden banning
- ofdwa banned
- ofivader disapprove
- ofivaden disapproval
- ofivadwa disapproved
- ogelder disagree
- ogelden disagreement
- ojder foretell
- ojden foretelling
- ojdwa foretold
- ovader contradict
- ovaden contradiction
- ovder object, oppose
- ovden objection, opposition
- ovduwa objectionable
- ozder hint
- ozden hint
- pader chirp, tweet
- poder make an animal noise
- rapyoder roar
- repyoder growl
- rupyoder howl
- tapader parrot
- tapeder make monkey noises
- tapelader chirp
- tatader bless, sanctify
- tataden blessing, sanctification
- tatadwa blessed, sancified
- teader witness
- teaden witnessing
- teadut witness
- tepyoder growl
- teuder scream, yell, shout
- teud scream, yell, shout
- teuden screming, yelling, shouting
- tider understand
- tid understanding
- tidwa understood
- vyotider misunderstand
- vyotid misunderstanding
- vyotidwa misunderstood
- teder mean, signify, intend
- ted meaning, intention
- tedwa intentional
- tuder explain, explicate, clarify
- tud explanation, explication, clarification
- tuda explanatory
- otuduwa unexplainable, unexplicable
- otuduwan unexplainability, unexplicability::
- ujder conclude
- ujden conclusion
- ujdeya conclusive
- upeder bleat
- upeden bleating
- uvader apologize
- uvad apology
- uvder complain
- uvden complaint, complaining, plea
- uvdut plaintiff
- uzder say indirectly, equivocate
- uzden equivocation
- vaader affirm
- vaaden affirmation
- vaadwa affirmed
- vader assent
- vad assent
- vadea assenting
- valder assure
- valden assurance
- valdwa assured
- volder threaten
- volden threat
- voldea threatenin
- veder guess, suppose, speculate
- ved quess
- veden speculation
- vedwa speculative
- vetexder express doubt
- viader compliment
- viad compliment
- viadeya complimentary
- vikader express admiration
- virader marvel
- vodebder prohibit
- voder deny
- vod denial
- vodwa denied
- vuader malign, insult
- vuad insult
- vuadea insulting
- vyader swear
- vyad oath
- vyaden swearing
- vyadwa sworn
- vyander tell the truth
- vyandut truth-teller
- vyoder lie
- vyod lie
- vyodut liar
- vyodeya mendacious
- yevder judge
- yevden judgment
- yevdut judge
- yevdeya judgmental
- yevdun verdict
- yavder acquit, excuse
- yavden acquittal
- yavdwa acquitted, excused
- yovder indict
- yovden indictment
- yovdwat indictee
- yovduwa indictable
- yokder improvise
- yokden improvisation
- yokdwa improvised
- yokteuder exclaim
- yokteud exclamation
- yokteudwa exlamatory
- yagder elaborate
- yagden elaboration
- yagdwa elaborated
- igder mention, make note of
- igden mention, notation
- igdwa mentioned
- nazea igdwer worth mentioning, notable
- yapader coo
- yapeder squeal
- yepeder bark
- yipder meow
- yiypeder purr
- apeder neigh
- yogder summarize
- yogden summary
- yogdwa summarized
- zyader announce, broadcast
- zyad announcement
- zyadut announcer
- ozyadwa unannounced
- afder permit, allow
- afden permission, license
- afdwa permitted
- oafwa illicit
- afdren permit, license
- fuder decry, frown on, reject, reprove
- fud rejection, reproval, objection
- fudwa decried, reproved, rejected, frowned on
- fuader badmouth, criticize, insult
- fuad insult, criticism
- fuadeya critical
- fyuder insult
- fyud insult
- fyudea insulting
- fyudwa insulted
daler' speak, talk
- dal speech, talk
- dalen speaking, talking
- dalut speaker, talker, orator
- dalutsem pulpit, dais
- dalun speech, talk, oration
- dalwa spoken, oral
- odalwa unspoken
- odalwas something unspoken
- odaluwa unspeakable
- odaluwas something unspeakable
- odalwa unspoken
- daltuz rhetoric
- daltuza rhetorical
- daltuzut rhetorician
- dalyen language
- dalyena language-related, lingual
- gladalyena multilingual
- gladalyenut polyglot
- dalyentun linguistics
- dalyentuna linguistic
- dalyentut linguist
- dalyenes dialect
- meama dalyenes: regional dialect
- dalyenesa dialectal
- dalyenestun dialectology
- dalyenestuna dialectological
- dalyenestut dialectologist
- dalyenestun dialectology
- dalyena language-related, lingual
- dalbyen manner of speaking, speaking style, figure of speech, idiom
- dalbyena idiomatic
- dalbyenay idiomatically
- be dalbyen: in a manner of speaking
- dalbyena idiomatic
- fadaler preach, sermonize
- fadalut preacher
- fadalun sermon
- fadalsem pulpit
- avdaler speak of behalf of, advocate, campaign for, defend, argue for, pitch, plead
- avdal argument, defense, plea
- avdalen advocacy, defense, pleading
- avdalut advocate, defender
- avdalutan advocacy, defense
- ovdaler speak out against, protest, condemn, oppose, argue against, downplay
- ovdalen protest, condemnation, opposition, counterargument
- ovdalut protester, opponent, prosecutor
- ovdalutyan prosecution
- dodaler speak in public, orate, stump
- dodalen speaking in public, oration
- dodalun public speech, oration
- dodalut orator, public speaker
- dodalsem rostrum
- izdaler address, speak directly
- izdalun address, demarche
- izdalwat addressee
- ebdaler communicate, discuss
- ebdal communication, exchange, linguistic exchange, discussion, discourse
- ebdalun communique
- ebdalut communicant, interlocutor, discutant
- ebdaloger chat
- ebdalog chat
- ebdalogen chatting
- glaebdalogut chatterbox
- ebdaleya chatty
- ozdaler mumble, murmur, mutter
- gradaler yammer, talk too much, harangue
- yagdaler ramble on, blab, speak at length
- daleker debate
- dalek debate
- daleken debating
- dalekut debator
- dalekutyan debate team
- dalekem debate forum::::
- dal speech, talk
doler: be quiet, be mute, shut up, be silent
- dol quiet, silent
- dolxer shut up, muzzle, silence
- dolxen muzzling, silencing
- dolxwa muzzled, silenced
- dolser stay quite, be mum, be silent
- dolxer shut up, muzzle, silence
- dolea mute, mum, silent
- dola quiet, silent
dier ask, request
- dien request
- diut requester, asker
- diun request
Diwe! Please!, it is requested
- fadier pray
- fadiun prayer
- fadiena precatory
- fadiim chapel
- fadiun prayer
- diler demand
- dil demand
- dilea demanding
- dilun demand
- direr require
- dir requirement
- odir option
- odira optional
- odir option
- diren requirement
- dirwa required
- odirwa optional
- dir requirement
did' question
- dider question, interrogate
- diden questioning, interrogation
- didut questioner, interrogator
- diduwa questionable
- dida interrogative
- didsiun question mark
din story, account, tale
- dinder narrate, tell a story, relate
- dinden narration, story-telling, recitation, narrative
- dindut narrator, story-teller, reciter
- yogdin short story, tale
- yagdin novel
- yagdinut novelist
- ajdin history
- ajdina historical
- ajdinyena historic
- ajdindren historiography
- ajdindrena historiographical
- ajdindrut historiographer
- ajutbyendin tale of tradition, lore, tradition
- ajutbyendina traditional, folkloric
- ajutnyandin folklore, folk tale, lore, popular myth
- ajutnyandina folkloric, mythical
- dodin history, public record
- dodina historical
- dodindyen history book, public record
- agdodin epic, saga, legend
- agdodina epic, legendary
- agdin epic, saga, legend, tall tale
- agdina epic, legendary, epical
- tejdin biography, life story, bio
- tejdina biographical
- tejdinut biographer
- tojdin obituary, obit
- ifondin love story, romance
- ifondina romantic
- ifondinaxer romanticize
- ifondinaxen romanticization
- ifondinaxwa romanticized
- dezdin musical, musical story
- dezdinog operetta
- dezdinag opera
- dezdinaga operatic
- dezdinagifut opera buff, opera lover
- dezdinagut opera performer
- dezdinaga operatic
- jubxwasdin news story, news account, news of the day, news article, daily news report
- jubxwasdinut reporter, news reporter, journalist
- jubxwasdinam news station
- jubxwasdinen journalism
- zyadinuer report, broadcast
- zyadin report, rumor, broadcast
- zyadinuut reporter, broadcaster
- zyadinuen reportage, reporting, broadcasting
- zyadinam broadcasting station
- zyadin report, rumor, broadcast
- dinier catch a story, hear, receive a report
- dinuer report, put out a story
- dinuen reporting
- dinuut reporter
- dinuun report
- kodin cover story
- vyodin lie, false story, fabrication, fake news, tall story, slander, calumny
- vyodiner lie, purjure oneself
- vyodinen perjury, lying, calumny
- vyodinuer spread a false story, slander
- vyodinea slanderous, calumnious
- eyvyodin white lie, fib
- eyvyodiner fib
- eyvyodiut fibber
- eyvyodinen fibbing:::
- zyudin rumor, story going around, story circulating
- zyudinwer be rumored
- zyudinut rumormonger
- 'kadin expose
- kadiner expose
- kadinen exposure
- kadinwa exposed::
- tyezdin saga, legend
- tyezdina legendary
- ivdin joke, funny story, comedy
- ivdina comical, jocular
- ivdinyena comedic
- ivdiner joke, tell a funny story
- ivdinen comedy, joking
- ivdinut joke-teller, comedian, comic
- uvdin sad story, dirge, tragedy
- uvdina tragic
- uvdinyena tragic, tragical
- aguvdin tragedy
- aguvdina tragic
- uvivdin tragicomedy::
- tujdin dream
- tujdiner dream
- tujdinyena dreamlike, dreamy
- tujdinut dreamer
- tujdinem dreamscape, dream world
- vyomdin fantasy, fiction, fairy tale
- vyomdina fantastic, ficticious
- vyamdin prose, factual story
- vyomdina factual, prosaic
- podin fable, tale of animals
- podina fabled
- podinut fabulist
- dofindin morality tale, fable, parable
- todin myth, tale of the gods
- todina mythical
- todintun mythology
- todintuna mythological
- todintut mythologist
- todintun mythology
- todiner mythologize
- todinen mythologizing
- todina mythical
- agfindin myth, saga
- agfindina mythical
- agfindinyan mythology
- agfindinyana mythological
- kosdin mystery, mystery tale
- kosdina mysterious
- taxdin memoire
- fadin gospel, sermon, hadith
- fadinyan collection of holy tales, testament
- fadina testimonial
- fadiner preach, sermonize, testify
- fadinut preacher, sermonizer
duer suggest, propose
- duen suggestion, proposition
- duun suggestion, proposal
- dueya suggestive
- duut suggester, proponent
- duwa suggested, proposed
- duwas something suggested, proposition
- duuwa suggestible
- duuwan suggestibility
- ozduer hint
- ozduun hint
- ozduuwa hinted
- azduer urge, strongly suggest
- azduen strong suggestion, urging
- azduuwa strongly suggested, urged
- azdueya urgent
- azdueyan urgency
- azdueyay urgently
- duler insist
- dulen insistence
- duleya insistant
- dulut insister
- dulwa insisted
- oduler back off, resist
- odulen resistance
- oduleya resistant
- odulut resistor
- odulutyan resistance
- durer prod, instigate, provoke, incite
- duren instigation, provacation
- dureya instigative, provocative
- durut instigator, provocateur
dud answer, response
- duder answer, respond
- duden aswering, responding
- dudut respondant
- duduwa responsible
- duduwan responsibility
- oduduwa irresponsible
- oduduwan irresponsibility
- dudeya responsive
- odudeya unresponsive
- dun word, vocable, lyric, utterance
- duna verbal, lexical
- dunay verbally
- dunan verbality
- dunaxer verbalize
- dunaxen verbalization
- dunaxwa verbalized
- gladuna multi-word
- yanbwa dun compound word
- fodun curse word, cuss word, curse
- ebdun message
- kudun remark
- kodun code word
- zadun foreword
- erdun verb
- erduna verbal
- adun adjective
- aduna adjectival
- aydun adverb
- ayduna adverbial
- sundun noun
- sunduna nominal
- yanxdun conjunction
- vyexdun preposition
- yokdun interjection, exclamation
- yokduna exclamatory
- yokdunsiun exclamation point
- dunaun lexeme
- dunauna lexemic
- dunyan list, verbiage, wordlist, collection of words, vocabulary
- dundyen dictionary, lexicon
- dundyena lexical
- dundyenaxer lexicalize
- dundyenaxen lexicalization
- dundyenaxwa lexicalized
- dundyentun lexicography
- dundyentuna lexicographic
- dundyentut lexicographer
- be yuda duni in other words
- dunes syllable
- dunesa syllabic:
- duna verbal, lexical
- duyn term, lexeme
- duyna lexemic
- duynyan terminology, glossary, lexicon, term bank, vocabulary
- duynyana terminological, lexical::
- drun phrase, expression
- druna phrasal, expressive
- drunyan phraseology
- drunyana phraseological
- drundyen phrase book
- druner phrase, express
- drunen phrasing, expression
- drunwa phrased, expressed
- anutdrun idiom, idiomatic expression
- anutdruna idiomatic
- anutdrunay idiomatically
- anutdruna idiomatic
- egdruner rephrase
- egdrunen rephrasing
- egdrunwa rephrased
- ayndrun clause
- ayndruna clausal, holophrastic
- ikdrun sentence
- ikdruna sentential
dyeder read
- dyeden reading
- dyedun passage, reading, lecture
- dyeduner lecture
- dyedunut lecturer
- dyedunyan conference, series of lectures
- dyedunyanem conference hall
- dyeduner lecture
- gladyedea well-read
- glodyedea unread, illiterate
- dyedut reader
- dyedutyan readership
- gladyedut avid reader
- dyedutem lecture hall
- dyedutseym lecturn
- dyedyafa literate, able to read
- dyedyafan literacy
- dyedyofa illiterate, unable to read
- dyedyofan illiteracy
- dyen book
- dyenyan book collection
- dyentam library
- dyntamut librarian
- dyennam bookstore
- dyennamut bookseller
- dyennames bookstall
- dyenog libretto, pamphlet
- dyenifut bibliophile
- dyenifon bibliophilia, love of books
- dyensam bookcase, bookstall
- dyensamneg bookshelf
- dyennyami stacks
- dyenabdren book title, book label
- dyendyun book title, book name
- dyendyunyan bibliography, list of book titles
- dyendyunyana bibliographical
- dyendyunyan bibliography, list of book titles
- dyudren title
- dyudrer title
- dyudrwa titled, entitled
- dyudrena titular
- dyenyena bookish
- dyenyenat bookworm, nerd
- dyenes volume, tome
- dyenabun bookcover
- dyensiundaf bookmark
- dyenujun bookend
- yixwa dyen used book
- yixwa dyennam used book store
- dyenem book gallery
- dyen dodryenxut book publisher
- dyen dodryenxen book publishing
- dyen dodryenxam book publishing house, book publishing firm
- dyes document, piece of literature
- dyesyan literature, documentation, readings
- vidyes work of literature
- vidyesyan litterature, belles lettres
- vidyesa literary
- vidyesana literary
- dodyes official document
- dodyesyan official documentation, paperwork
- dodyesgran redtape, bureaucracy
dyun name
- dyuna nominal
- dyunay nominally
- dyuner call, name
- dyunwa called, named, denominated
- odyunwa unnamed, nameless
- dyunen naming, calling, appelation, denomination
- dyunwa called, named, denominated
- dyunwer be called, be named
- At dyunwe... My name is...
- dyunyan list
- dyunyaner list
- dyunyanwa listed
- odyunyanwa unlisted
- dyunyanwa listed
- dyunyaner list
- dyunder cite, address
- dyunden citation, addressing
- dyunaber assign a name, designate
- dyunaben name assignment, designation
- egdyuner rename
- egdyunwa renamed
- egdyunen renaming
- dyunzayber nominate
- dyunzayben nomination
- dyunzaybwat nominee
- emdyun address
- emdyuner address
- emdyunwa addressed
- vyosemdyunwa misaddressed
- dyundaf name badge, name card
- zadyun first name, given name
- zedyun middle name
- zedyunij middle initial
- abdyun surname, last name, family name:toda dyun: family name
- tajdyun given name, birth name
- yogdyun nickname, short name
- auta dyun proper name
- dodyun official name, public name
- ijdresini bi ota dyun initials of one's name
- nundyun trade name, label, commercial label, product name
- lyudyun alias, alternate name
- dezdyun stage name
- drutdyun pen name
- kodyun code name, secret name, hidden name
- ifpota dyun pet name
- yogjoba dyun temporary name
drer write, record
- dren writing, script
- drenyan scripture, collection of writings
- vidrenyan literature
- vidrenyana literary
- jodren postscript
- drenes article
- dreyn text
- dreyna textual
- dreynnad line of text
- dryeynxar editor
- drenvyasaxer edit
- drenvyasaxut copy editor
- drenvyasaxen copy-editing
- drenvyasaxwa edited
- odrenvyasaxwa unedited
- egdrer rewrite, revise
- egdren rewriting
- egdrwa rewritten, revised
- egdrawa rewritten, revised
- egdrun rewrite, revision
- igdrer jot, scribble, scrawl
- igdrawa jotten, scribbled, scrawled
- abdrer inscribe, label, title
- abdren inscription, label, title, superscript
- tuyadrer write by hand
- tuyadren manuscript, handwriting, chirography
- yagtuyadren long-hand
- yogtuyadren short-hand
- yugtuyadren block script
- vituyadren calligraphy
- vituyadrut calligrapher
- vituyadrena calligraphic
- tuyadrwa handwritten
- tuyadrawa handwritten
- tuyadren manuscript, handwriting, chirography
- obdrer subtitle
- obdren subscript, subtitle
- sindrer describe
- sindren description
- sindrena descriptive
- osindruwa indescribable
- osindruway indescribably
- ebdrer mail, post:
- ebdren letter, post, missive, message
- ebdrenyan mail, correspondence, post
- ebdrenyanam post office
- ebdrenuber mail, post
- ebdrenubut mailman, postman, messenger
- ebdrenyem post box, letter drop, mailbox
- ebdrenyan mail, correspondence, post
- ebdren letter, post, missive, message
- vyedrer correspond
- vyedren correspondence
- vyedrut correspondent
- vyedrea corresponding
- sandrer formulate
- sandren formulation
- sandrena formulaic
- sandrun formula, form
- dyudrer title
- dyudren title
- dyudrwa titled
- yibdrer wire, telegraph
- yibdren telegram
- yibdrenuber send a telegram, wire, telegraph
- yibdrur telegraph machine
- yibdren telegram
- dyundrer sign
- dyundren signing, signature
- dyundrwa signed
- dyundrwa unsigned
- dyundrut signatory, signer
- obdyundrwat undersigned
- tubdyundrer sign in, register, sign up
- tubdyundren signing in, registration, signup
- tubdyundrwa signed in, registered, signed up
- tubdyundrwa unregistered
- tubdyundrut registree
- tubdyun member name
- sardrer type, typewrite
- sardrar typewriter
- sardrwa typewritten
- sardrawa typewritten
- sardren typewriting
- sardrun typewritten manuscript
- sardrut typist, secretary
- sardrutyan typist pool, secretary pool
- bardrer print
- bardren printing
- bardrwa printed
- bardrawa printed
- bardrawas printed material, something printed
- bardrut printer
- bardrar printing press, press
- bardrun printed copy, print
- geldrer copy
- geldren copying
- geldrwa copied
- geldrun copy
- geldrar copier::
- dreun document
- dreunyan documentation
- dreunxer document
- dreunxen documentation
- dreunxwa documented
- odeunxwa undocumented
- dreundyez documentary
- dreundyezut documentarian
- dreder report
- dred report
- dreden reporting
- dredyan reportage
- dredut reporter
- dredwa reported
- odredwa unreported
- drut writer
- drwa written, graphic
- drawa written, graphic
- drwas something written, notation, graph
- drawas something written, notation, graph
- odrwa unwritten
- odrawa unwritten
- drevyab grammar
- drevyaba grammatical
- odrevyaba ungrammatical
- drevyabdyen grammar book
- drevyaba grammatical
- drebyen writing style
- dres note, notation, missive
- ifondres love note
- dres bi uttujbut suicide note
- dreser note
- dresen notation
- kudreser annotate
- kudresen annotation, annotating
- kudres annotation
- kudreswa annotated
- dodres bulletin
- dresam office, bureau
- dresem desk
- dresim den, bureau, office
- dresin design, draft, plan
- dresiner design, draft, plan
- dresinut designer, drafter, plan
- dresinen designing, drafting, planning
- domdresin urban design
- dresinam design studio
- dreyeb wallet
- nodrer punctuate, dot
- nodren punctuation, dotting
- nodrun point, dot
- nodrwa punctuated, dotted
- siyn mark
- nodren siyn punctuation mark
- pos siyn period
- pos nodrun period
- pes siyn comma
- pos pos siyn colon
- pos pes siyn semi-colon
- yok siyn exclamation point
- yok nodrun exclamation point
- 'did siyn question mark
- yebdun siyn hyphen
- ebdun siyn dash
- zenades dash
- yebzenades hyphen
dryener print
- dryenam printing plant
- dryenut printer
- dryenen print, impression
- dryenar printing press
- dryen print
- jubdryen newspaper
- jubdryenyan press
- jubdryenut journalist, newspaperman
- jubdryenutyan journalist pool
- jubdryentun journalism
- jubdryentuna journalistic
- jubdryentut journalist
- yejubdryen weekly magazine
- jibdryen monthly magazine
- deldryen advertisement, ad
- sinjobdryen magazine, illustrated review
- cindryen illustration
- cindryener illustrate
- cindryenwa illustrated
- cindryener illustrate
- dryenes ticket, billet
- dryenesam ticket office
- dryenesar ticket machine
- dryenesmis ticket window
- dryenog ticket, billet
- zyadryen poster
- zyadryener post
- dryesun type, printer's type, font character
- dryesunyan font
- dryesin letter, grapheme, glyph, character
- dryesina litteral, graphemic, graphic, glyphic
- dryesinay litterally
- dryesinder spell
- dryesinden spelling
- vyodryesinder misspell
- vyodryesindun misspelling
- voyodryesindwa misspelled
- vyadryesinden orthography
- vyadryesindena orthographical
- vyadryesindek spelling bee
- dryesinyan alphabet
- dryesinyana alphabetical
- odryesinyana unalphabetic
- dryessinyanxer alphabeticize
- dryesinyanxen alphabeticization
- dryesinyanxwa alphabeticized
- dryesinyana alphabetical
- dryesinij initial, initial letter
- dryesinijber initialize
- dryesinijbwa initialized
- dryesinijben initialization
- andryesin monograph
- endryesin digraph
- indryesin trigraph
- fadryesin hieroglyph
- fadryesinyan hieroglyphics
- dryesina litteral, graphemic, graphic, glyphic
- sindryes ideograph, pictorial character
- sindryesa ideographic
- dodryen publishing
- dodryenyan publicity
- dodryenxer publish
- dodryenxen publication
- dodryer publicize
- dodryut publicist
- dodryun publication
- jubdryen newspaper
daf chart, card, badge
- dafnyan stack of card, deck of cards
- jabdaf calendar
- judaf calendar
- judar calendar
- ekdaf playing card
- ekdafyan deck of cards
- mepdaf map, route map, street map
- mepdafer map
- mepdafwa mapped
- mepdaftun cartography, mapmaking
- mepdaftuna cartographic
- mepdaftut cartographer
- mepdaftun cartography, mapmaking
- mircindaf atlas, world map, geographic map
- jwobdaf schedule
- jwobdafer schedule
- jwobdafen scheduling
- jwobdafwa scheduled
- jwobdafer schedule
- jonusdaf credit card
- jonisdaf debit card
- valdaf certificate, security badge
- dyundaf name badge
- ebdrendaf postcard
- popdaf postcard, picture postcard
def paper
- defyan paperwork, stationery
- defnam stationery
- defnamut stationery shopowner
- defnyan stack of paper
- milukdef toilet paper
- defes scrap of paper, piece of paper
dof cardboard
- dofnyem cardboard box
- siundof signboard, sign, poster
dyof board
- maksiundyof electronic signboard
- ijujbar dyof: switch board
dyaf notebook
- yagdyaf register
- yagdyafut registrar
- yagdyafer register
- yagdyafen registration
- yagdyafam registry
- yafdryafwa registered
- dyafes book
dyuf sheet, leaf of paper
- dyufbuar sheetfeeder
- dyufes leaflet
dyuv page
- zyedyuver page through, leaf through, paginate
- zyedyuven pagination
- zadyuv front page
- zodyuv back page
- zedyuv middle page
- dyuvsan page layout, layout
- gladyuva many-paged, thick
drar pencil
- draryeb pencil holder
- drarer pencil, draw
- drarun drawing
- drarwa drawn
- yilemdrar lead pencil, pencil
- drasin drawing, illustration, picture, depiction
- drasiner draw, illustrate, depict
- drasinwa drawn, illustrated
- drasinut illustrator
- drasinam drafting studio, picture studio
- drasintem picture gallery
- tejdrasinen life drawing
- tejdrasin life drawing
- tejdrasiner draw from life
- tejdrasinwat life drawing model
- tejdrasinam life drawing studio
- tebdrasin portrait
- tebdrasinyan portraiture
- tebdrasiner portray
- tebdrasinut portrait artist
- tebdrasinam portrait studio
- tebdrasintem portrait gallery
- tebdrasien portrayal
- uttebdrasin self-portrait, selfie:
dril ink
- drilar ink pen, pen
- drilyeb inkwell
- drilvyun ink stain
- drilardyun pen name
- drilarer pen
- drilarwa penned
lodrer erase
- lodrun erasure
- lodrar eraser
- lodrwa erased
drear feather pen
- drearyeb feather penholder
vozdrar crayon meyagdrar chalk, stick of chalk meyagdyof chalkboard
The ter (Know) Family[edit]
- The stems of the words in this family begin with t, meaning human and mental activities like knowing and thinking:
- Summary:
tep mind, intellect top soul taxer remember
taxier memorize
taxuer remind
texer think
ter know
tyer recognize
tyier familiarize oneself
tyuer acquaint
tez culture
ten knowledge
tyen skill, craft
teyen idea
teyenier conceive of
teyenuer seed the idea
tijtep conscious mind
tujtep subconscious
vyatex reason
vyaten wisdom
vatex belief
vatexuer persuade
vetex suspicion
votex doubt
votexuer dissuade
toxer forget tixer study tuxer teach taser feel
tayoter feel
teser mean
tesier infer
tesuer imply
tester understand
tesder explain
tiser learn
tin doctrine
iztis intuition
tuser inform
tun science
tuin theory
tuz art
- Here are the most important words derived from ter to know:
- ter know
- ten knowledge
- twer be known
- twa known
- fitwa well-known
- zyatwa known all around, famous
- zyatwan fame
- glatwa much-known
- twas known fact, fact, datum, something known
- twasyan data, information, known facts, news
- twassyagar computer, data calculator
- twa known
- oter not know, ignore
- oten ignorance
- otwa unknown, ignored
- otwas mystery
- otwasyena mysterious
- otwasyenan mysteriousness
- otwasyena mysterious
- otwas mystery
- otea ignorant
- otean ignorance
- oteat ignorant person
- yadter know everything, be omniscient
- yadtea all-knowing, omniscient
- yadtean omniscience
- yadteat omniscient person
- yadtea all-knowing, omniscient
- glater know a lot
- glatea knowledgeable, savant
- glatean knowledgeability
- glatea knowledgeable, savant
- yekter be interested, be curious
- yektea interested, curious
- yektean interest, curiosity
- tyek inquiry, question, curiosity, interest, interrogation, research
- tyeker inquire, ask about, query, interrogate
- tyeken inquiry, inquisition, questioning, interest
- tyekut inquirer, inquisitor, questioner, interrogator, researcher
- tyekeya inquisitive, interrogative
- tyekeyan inquisitiveness
- tyeker inquire, ask about, query, interrogate
- tefer want to know, be interested, be curious
- tefea interested, curious
- tefeat interested person, curious person
- tef interest, curiosity
- tefier take an interest in
- tefuer interest, make curious
- tefuea interesting
- otef lack of interest
- otefuwa uninterested
- otefuwan boredom
- otefuwa uninterested
- tefder express interest, query, question, inquire
- tefden expression of interest, inquisition, inquiry
- tefdeya inquisitive
- tefdeyan inquisitiveness:::
- tefea interested, curious
- vyater see through things, be wise, possess insight
- vyatea wise, sagacioius, witty
- vyatean wisdom, sagacity, wit
- vyaten wisdom, sagacity, insight
- vyatut sage, wise man, wise person, wit
- vyatea wise, sagacioius, witty
- jater know in advance, be prescient
- jatea prescient
- jatean prescience
- jaten foreknowledge
- jatwa known beforehand, anticipated
- ojatwa unanticipated, surprise
- jatea prescient
- ojter see the future, foresee, anticipate
- ojten foresight, anticipation
- ojtut seer
- ojtwa anticipated
- ajter know the past, be wise
- ajtea wise, sagacioius
- ajten wisdom
- ajtut sage
- oter be unaware, not know, ignore
- otea unaware, not knowing, ignorant, unfamiliar
- otean ignorance, unfamiliarity
- tyer be familiar with, know, recognize
- tyen familiarity, recognition, acquaintanceship, skill, craft
- tyea familiar, acquainted
- otyer be unfamiliar with, fail to recognize, not know
- yegtyer recognize
- egtyen recognition
- egtyawa recognized
- egtyuwa recognizable
- egtyuwa recognizability
- oegtyawa unrecognized
- oegtyuwa unrecognizable
- tyawa known, familiar
- tyawan familiarity, acquaintanceship
- tyawat acquaintance, familiar person
- otyawa unfamiliar, unknown, unrecognized
- otyawan unfamiliarity
- glatyawa famous, renown, illustrious
- glatyawat celebrity, famous person
- glatyawan celebrity, fame, renown
- glatyawaxer celebrate
- glatyawaxen celebration
- glatyawaxena celebrational
- glatyawaxwa celebrated
- glatyawaxen celebration
- yagtyawa long-known
- zyauvtyawa notorious, infamous
- zyauvtyawan notoriety, infamy
- zyauvtyawat notorious individual, infamous person
- zyauvtyawaser gain notoriety, become infamous
- tyuer familiarize, acquaint, introduce
- tyuen familiarization, introduction
- tyuwa familiarized, acquainted
- tyier become familiar, get acquainted, become acquainted with
- tyien acquaintance
- tijter know consciously, be conscious, be aware
- tijten consciousness, awareness
- tijtea conscious, aware, alert
- tijteay consciously
- tijtean consciousness, awareness
- otijtea unconscious, unaware
- otijtean unconsciousness, unawareness
- gratijtea hyperconscious
- gratijtean hyperconsciousness
- tijtuer alert, make aware, prompt
- tijtier be alert, pay attention, keep oneself aware
- tijtien attention, paying attention
- tijtiea attentive, alert
- tijtep conscious mind
- tujten subconscious
- tujtena subconscious
- tujtep subconscious, subconscious mind
- taxer remember, recall
- tax memory
- taxon memory, recall
- taxun memory, recollection
- taxos memory, seat of memory
- taxen remembering, recollection
- taxwa remembered
- taxwas something remembered, recollection
- taxuwa memorable
- taxuwas keepsake, souvenir
- otaxuwa unmemorable
- taxdin memoir
- taxbeler memorize, keep in one's memory, remember
- taxbelen memorization
- taxbelwa memorized
- bi tax from memory
- taxmeg monument, headstone
- taxmega monumental
- taxem memorial, memorial grounds
- taxxel commemoration, memorial
- taxxeler commemorate, memorialize
- taxxela commemorative, memorial
- taxxelen commemoration, memorialization
- tajtax birthday
- tajtaxxel birthday celebration, birthday party
- xeler ota tajtax celebrate one's birthday
- taxier recollect, recall, commit to memory, memorize, make a note of
- taxien recollection, recall, memorization, notation
- taxuer remind
- taxuun reminder, memorandum, memo
- taxkyoer memorize, fix in one's memory
- taxkyoen memorization
- taxkyowa memorized, fixed in one's mind
- texer think, cogitate
- tex thought, cognition
- texa cognitive, cogitative
- texen thinking, cogitation, cognition::
- texij idea, notion, concept
- texija ideational, notional, conceptual
- kyotexij idee fixe, fixed notion
- igtex quick thought, flash, sudden thought
- texeya pensive, thoughtful
- texeyan pensiveness, thoughtfulness
- texier consider
- texien consideration
- otexieya inconsiderate
- texuer make think, give the idea, suggest the thought, seed the thought
- yagtexer ponder, reflect, meditate
- yagtexen pondering, reflection, meditation
- jayagtexer premeditate
- jayagtexwa premeditated
- ojayagtexwa unpremeditated
- yantexer agree
- yantexwa agreed
- yantex agreement
- yantexder consent, express agreement, assent
- yantexdut consenter
- yantexden consensus
- yontexer disagree, dispute
- yontex disagreement
- yontexder dissent, express disagreement, contest, dispute
- yontexdut dissenter, disputant
- yontexden dissension, disputation
- yontexdeya disputatious
- yontexduwa disputable
- oyontexduwa indisputable
- oyontexduwan indisputability:
- oyontexduwa indisputable
- avtexer assent, favor
- evtexer question, wonder, be neutral
- ovtexer contest, oppose
- vatexer think so, believe, expect
- vatex belief, expectation
- vatexut believer
- vatexuwa believable, credible, expected
- vatexuwan believability
- ovatexuwa unbelievable, incredible
- ovatexuwan unbelievablity
- vatexuer make believe, persuade, convince
- vatexueya convincing
- vatexuuwa credulous, convinceable
- vatexuuwat credulous person
- vetexer suppose, guess, hypothesize
- vetex supposition, guess, hypothesis
- vetexena suppositional, hypothetical
- vetexwa supposed, guessed, hypothesized
- fuvetexer suspect
- fuvetex suspicion
- fuvetexea suspicious
- ofuvetexea unsuspecting
- fuvetexwa suspected, suspect
- fuvetexwat suspect
- fuvetexuer make suspicious, arouse suspicion
- fuvetexuea suspicious
- vetex supposition, guess, hypothesis
- votexer think not, disbelieve, doubt
- votex disbelief, doubt
- votexea circumspect, doubtful
- votexuwa dubious, doubtful
- votexut disbeliever, doubter
- ovotexuwa undoubtable, indubitable
- ovotexway undoubtedly, indubitably
- vyatep reason, seat of reason, logical mind
- vyatexer reason, rationalize
- vyatex reason, rationale, logic
- vyatexa rational, logical, reasonable
- vyatexen rationalization, reasoning
- vyatexwa reasoned
- vyatexuwa reasonable
- vyatexea reasoning, rational
- ovyatexa irrational, unreasonable, illogical
- vyatextun logic, study of logic
- vyatextuna logical
- vyatextut master of logic
- vyatexin rationalism
- vyatexina rationalistic
- vyatexinat rationalist
- vyatexan rationality
- ovyatexan irrationality
- vyatexyaf faculty of reason, ability to reason
- vyatex reason, rationale, logic
- vyotexer think wrongly, err
- vyotex wrong-headedness, fallacy, false reasoning
- vyotexa wrong-headed, fallacious, irrational
- vyotex wrong-headedness, fallacy, false reasoning
- iztex logic?
- jatexer plan, think ahead, project, premeditate
- jatex plan, project, forethought
- jatexen planning, premeditation
- jatexutyan planning staff, oroject committee, board
- jatexwa planned, projected, premeditated
- jatexdren plan, draft, blueprint
- ojatexwa unpremeditated, unplanned
- jotexer ponder the aftermath of, review
- jotex afterthought, recollection, review
- ivtexer be grateful, be thankful, appreciate
- ivtex thanks
- ivtexder express thanks, thank
- Ivtexwe! Thanks!, Thank-you!
- uvtexer regret, remorse
- uvtex regret, remorse
- uvtexder express regret, express remorse, apologize
- uvtexden apology, expression of regret
- uvtexdea apologetic, regretful
- Uvtexwe! Sorry!, Excuse me!, My condolences!
- futexer resent, harbor ill feelings
- futex resentment
- futexder express resentment
- futexeya resentful
- futexika resentful
- futexikan resentfulness
- futexaya resentful
- futexayan resentfulness
- futexwa resented
- futex resentment
- texuer persuade, convince, make thing, suggest
- texueya persuasive, convincing, suggestive
- texuen persuasion, suggestion
- texier get the idea, conceive of
- texien conception
- texiun concept
- texiuna conceptual
- texiuwa conceived
- otexiuwa inconceivable
- otexiuwan inconceivability
- otexiuwa inconceivable
- teyxer opine, believe
- teyx opinion, belief
- oteyx disbelief
- teyxdren opinion piece, editorial
- teyx opinion, belief
- kitex bias
- kitexea biased
- kitexuer bias, slant one's views, sway
- texyen opinion, view, belief, way of thinking, mental bias
- texyener opinion, have the opinion, be of the view, believe
- texyender express the opinion, opine
- texyenika opinionated, biased
- texyenaya opinionated, biased
- antexyena single-minded, biased
- antexyen bias, single-mindedness
- kitexyena biased, slanted
- kitexyen bias, slant
- kitexyenuer bias, slant, influence, sway
- geltexyena like-minded, of a similar opinion
- geltexyener think alike, be of a similar opinion
- ogeltexyena of a different opinion
- ovtexyena of the opposite opinion, opposed, contrary
- ovtexyener believe the opposite, think the contrary, dispute
- ovtexyeneya contrarian, disputatious
- ovtexyeneyan contrarianism
- ovtexyeneyat contrarian, disputant
- ovtexyeneya contrarian, disputatious
- ovtexyener believe the opposite, think the contrary, dispute
- entexyena of two minds, split in one's opinion, divided
- aztexyender strongly opine, express a forceful opinion, argue vehemently
- texyendek debate, crossfire, battle of opinions, arguing, dispute
- texyendeker debate, argue, dispute
- texyendekut debator
- texyendekutyan debate team
- texyendekuwa debatable
- textun philosophy
- textuna philosophical
- textut philosopher
- tep mind, intellect
- tepa mental, intellectual
- tepay mentally, intellectually
- tepyen mentality, mental framework, mood, disposition, state of mind, attitude
- tepyena attitudinal
- fitepyena in a good mood, well-disposed
- futepyena in a bad mood, ill-disposed
- vatepyena optimistic, favorably-disposed
- votepyena pessimistic, negatively-inclined
- tepyenika moody
- tepyenikan moodiness
- kyetepyena volatile, given to swing moods
- kyatepyena in an altered state of mind, distracted
- kyotepyena in a fixed mood, stable-minded, attentive
- tijtep conscious mind
- tijtepa conscious, aware, alert
- teptija mentally alert, conscious, attentive
- teptijan altertness, consciousness, attention
- oteptija unattentive, unalert, distracted
- oteptijan unattentiveness, unaltertness
- eyteptija semi-alert, semi-conscious
- eyteptijan semi-alterness, semi-consciousness
- teptijan altertness, consciousness, attention
- tujtep subconscious mind
- tujtepa subconscious
- teptuja mentally asleep, unconscious
- teptujan unconsciousness
- tepaza smart, intelligent, mentally strong
- tepazan smartness, intelligence
- tepoza dumb, stupid, of weak intelligence, mentally weak
- tepozan dumness, stupdity, weak intelligence
- tepeza mentally normal
- tepezan average mental competence
- tepiga quick-witted, witty, sharp-minded
- tepigan quick-wittedness, wittiness, sharp-mindedness
- tepuga slow-witted, mentally slow, dull-minded
- tepugan slow-wittedness, mental dullness
- tepyiga stern, strict, hard-minded, stubborn, tough-minded
- tepyigan sternness, strictness, stubbornness, tough-mindedness
- tepyigat stickler, tough cookie
- tepyuga lax, soft-hearted, lenient
- tepyugan laxness, soft-heartednes, leniency
- tepyija open-minded
- tepyijan open-mindedness
- tepyuja closed-minded
- tepyujan closed-mindedness
- tepava favorable, favorably disposed, pro
- tepova unfavorable, contrarian, con
- tepbaka sane, mentally sound, of sound mind
- tepbak mental health
- tepbakam mental health facility
- tepbakan sanity, mental soundness
- tepbak mental health
- tepboka insane, mentally ill
- tepbok mental illness
- tepbokan insanity, mental illness
- tepbokat mental ill person
- tepbek psychiatry
- tepbeka psychiatric
- tepbekam psychiatric clinic
- tepbekim mental ward
- tepbekwat mental patient
- tepbekut psychiatrist
- teptun psychology
- teptuna psychological
- teptut psychologist
- tepsin mental image
- tepsiner imagine
- tepsinen imagination
- tepsinwa imaginary, imagined
- vyotepsin illusion, hallucination
- vyotepsina illusory
- vyotepsiner hallucinate
- vyotepsinen hallucination
- vyotepsinwa hallucinatory, illusory
- tepsiner imagine
- vyatepa wise, sagacious
- vyatepan wisdom, sagacity
- vyatepat sage, wiseman, wise person
- vyotepa foolish
- vyotepan folly
- vyotepat fool
- yotepa crazy
- yotepat crazy person
- yotepan craziness
- anagtepa simple-minded
- anagtepat simpleton
- anagtepan simple-mindedness
- tepaga broad-minded
- tepagan broad-mindedness
- tepagat broad-minded person
- tepoga silly, narrow-minded, petty
- tepogan silliness, narrow-mindedness, pettiness
- tepogat silly person, narrow-minded person, petty person
- gitepa mentally sharp, keen
- gitepan mental sharpness, acuity, keenness
- gitepat keen wit
- gutepa dull-minded
- gutepan dullness, stupidity
- gutepat dullard
- zyatepa broad-minded
- zyatepan broad-mindedness
- zyatepat broad-minded person
- zyotepa narrow-minded, petty
- zyotepan narrow-mindedness, pettiness
- zyotepat narrow-minded person, petty person
- vatepa optimistic, positive
- vatepan optimisim
- vattepat optimist, positive person
- votepa pessimistic, negative-minded
- votepan pessimism
- votepat pessimist, negative person
- tepiza straight-minded, focused, clearheaded
- tepuza scatterbrained
- tepyiva free-spirited
- tepyuva close-minded
- tepyeva fair-minded
- tepiva cheerful
- tepuva downcast, depressed'
- kyatepa flexible-minded
- kyatepan flexibility
- kyotepa fixed-minded
- kyotepa fix-mindedness
- kitepa slanted, biased
- okitepa unbiased
- kutepa distracted
- gyitepa easy-minded, forgiving, lenient
- gyutepa hard-minded, tough-spirited
- kotepa opaque-minded
- kyitepa serious-minded, serious, grave
- kyutepa light-hearted, frivolous, silly:::
- tyep intelligence
- tyepa intelligent
- tyepay intelligently
- otyepa unintelligent
- tyepaga ingenious
- tyepagan ingeniously
- tyepagan genius, ingenuity
- tyepagat genius
- tyepa intelligent
- tex thought, cognition
- toxer forget
- toxwa forgotten
- toxwas forgotten item
- toxuwa forgettable
- toxuwan forgettableness
- toxeya forgetful
- toxeyan forgetfulness
- taxun memory
- taxuna mnemonic
- toxwa forgotten
- tixer study
- tixut student
- tixutyan student body
- tixen study
- tit pupil
- tityan class, body of pupils
- tin doctrine, lesson, study
- tina doctrinal
- tinuer indoctrinate, brainwash
- tinuen indoctrination, brainwashing
- tinuwa indoctrinated, brainwashed
- tuinn theory
- tuina theoretical
- tuinxer theorize
- tuinxen theorization
- tuinxut theoretician
- tijob training course, course of study, course
- titim classroom
- titam school
- titameb principal
- titamdyen schoolbook, textbook
- titamem schoolyard
- titamper matriculate, go to school, attend school
- atitam grade school, primary school
- atitamut grade-schooler
- aajaba atitamut first-grader, first-year grade school pupil
- etitam high school, secondary school
- etitamut high-schooler
- ititam college
- ititama collegiate
- ititamut college student
- utitam university
- utitama university, of a university
- utitamut university student
- aajabat freshman
- eajabat sophomore
- iajabat junior
- uajabat senior
- joutitam post-graduate school
- joutitamut post-graduate student
- tixut student
- tuxer teach, inform
- tuxut teacher, informant
- tuxutyan faculty
- tut scholar, scientist, doctor, -ologist
- tun science, information, -0logy
- tuna scientific, -ologic
- tutam academy
- tutama academic, scholarly, scholastic
- tutaman academia
- tutamat scholar, academician
- tiser learn
- tisen learning
- tisut learner
- tisutyan class
- tisun lesson, class
- tisundyen lesson book
- eftisun homework
- tisim classroom
- tisem lecture hall
- tin doctrine
- tina doctrinal
- tit doctor
- tuser inform
- tusut informant
- tusun information
- fituswa well-informed
- tas feeling, sense
- taspan emotion
- taspana emotional, emotive
- taspaner emote, express emotion
- taspanier get excited, get aroused
- taspanuer move, excite, arouse
- taspanuea moving, exciting, emotional, rousing
- taspanuen exicitement, excitation
- taspanuwa excited, aroused
- taspanuuwa excitable
- taspanuuwan excitability
- taspan emotion
- tes meaning, significance, sense
- teser mean, signify
- tesaya meaningful, significant, important
- tesayan meaningfulness, significance, importance
- tesoya meaningless, insignificant, unimportant
- tesoyan meaninglessness, insignificance, unimportance
- tesier infer, understand, apprehend, comprehend
- tesuer imply
- tester understand, comprehend
- otestuwa incomprehensible
- tesder explain
- otesduwa unexplainable
- glatesaya important
- tesaya meaningful, significant
- tesoya unmeaningful, senseless
- tayoter feel, physically feel
- tayotun feeling, sensation
- tayoxuwa palpable
- tayoxuwan palpability
- tayoxer feel, sense
- tayoxar feeler, sensor
- tayoxer touch, contact, palpate
- tayoxen touching
- tayoxena tactile
- tayoser feel
- fitayoser feel good
- futayoser feel bad
- tayosyea sensitive
- tayosyean sensitivity
- otayosea numb
- otayosean numbness
- tayosober numb
- tayosobwa numbed
- tayosobeya numbing:
- tuser inform
- tusut informant, lecturer
- tusen instruction, lecturing
- tusun information
- tusuna informational
- tusundyen information manual
- tusunyan information
- tusam institute
- tusama institutional
- tusim classroom
- tusem lecture hall
- tuseya instructive
- tester understand, comprehend, apprehend
- testen undertanding, comprehension, apprehension
- bay testen ha with the understanding that
- testwa understood, comprehended
- otestawa not understood
- testuwa understandable, comprehensible
- otestuwa incomprehensible
- otestuwan incomprehensibility
- otestuwa incomprehensible
- vyotester misunderstand
- vyotesten misunderstanding
- vyotestwa misunderstood
- fitestwa well-understood
- futestwa poorly-understood
- eytestwa half-understood
- iztesten intuition, direct apprehension
- iztester intuit, directly apprehend, get it off the bat
- oiztesten lack of intuition
- bey iztesten through intuition
- iztestyea intuitive
- iztestyean intuitiveness
- iztestwa intuitive
- iztestwan intuitivness
- iztestwas something intuited
- iztestway intuitively
- oiztestwa unintuitive
- iztester intuit, directly apprehend, get it off the bat
- testen undertanding, comprehension, apprehension
- tesuer 'imply, suggest
- tesuen implication, suggestion
- tesuwa implied, suggested
- otes nonsense
- otesa nonsensical
- glatesea meaningful, important, great significance
- glatesean meaningfulness, importance, great significance
- glotesea of little important, not very meaningful
- glotesean unimportance, insignificance:
- tesun symbol
- tesuna symbolic
- tesuner symbolize
- tesunen symbolization
- tesunyan symbology
- tesier infer, get the sense, take it
- tesien inference
- tesieya inferential
- tesder explain, explicate, clarify
- tesden explanation, reason, rationale, explication, clarification
- tesdena explanatory, rational
- bay owa tesden with no explanation
- boy tesden without explanation
- tesden explaining, explanation
- tesdawa explained, explicit
- otesdawa unexplained, unclear
- otesdawas something unexplained, mystery
- otesduwa inexplicable
- otesduwan inexplicability
- otesduwas something inexplicable
- bey tesin bi by reason of, by dint of
- bay tesin ha because
- tesdier seek an explanation, ask why
- tesduer suggest an explanation, explain why
- bay od tesin? Why?
- tesden explanation, reason, rationale, explication, clarification
- tez culture
- teza cultural
- tezay culturally
- tezyena cultured
- otezena uncultured, uncouth
- otezenan uncouthness
- otezena uncultured, uncouth
- tezuer acculturate
- tezuen acculturation
- tezuwa acculturated
- tezier acculturate oneself, get accustomed
- tezien acculturation, accustomization
- teziwa accultured, accustomed
- tezxer cultivate
- tezxen cultivation
- tezxwa cultivated
- yobtez subculture
- yobteza subcultural
- yabtez high culture
- yabtezut a person of high culture
- teyz cult
- teyza cultic
- teyzin cultism
- teyzina cultist
- teyzinat cultist
- teyzina cultist
- teyzin cultism
- koteyz occult
- koteyza occultic
- koteyzat occultist
- koteyza occultic
- fateyz magic, wizardry
- fateyza magical
- fateyzer practice magic
- fateyzut magician, wizard
- foteyz witchcraft, sorcery
- foteyza of witchcraft
- foteyzer practice witchcraft
- foteyzut witch, sorcery
- foteyzuyt witch, sorcerer
- teyza cultic
- teza cultural
- xetyen practice
- xetyena practical
- xetyener practice
- xetyenut practitioner
- xetyenem practice venue
- xyen industry
- xyena industrial
- xyenaxer industrialize
- xyenaxen industrialization
- xyenaxwa industrialized
- xyenaxer industrialize
- xyenem industrial site
- xyenam industrial plant
- xyeneb plant manager
- xyena industrial
- yexyen occupation, trade
- yexyena occupational
- yexyentitam trade school
- yexyenijer start a trade, intern
- yexyenijut intern, rookie, novice, freshman
- xetun practice
- xetuna practical
- xetunan practicality
- xetunaber apply a practice
- xetunabut practicioner
- xetuna practical
- tetun technique
- tetuna technical
- otetuna non-technical
- tetut technician
- tetunyan technology
- tetunyana technological
- tetunyanut technologist
- tetunaber apply a technique
- tetuna technical
- tuz art, skill, craft, practice
- tuza art, of art, artificial
- tuzam art museum
- tuzem art fair, art exhibition
- tuzut artist, practicioner
- tuzyena artistic, skillful
- tuzyen artistry, skill
- tuzaya skillful, skilled
- tuzayan skillfulness
- tuzoya unskilled
- tuzun artifact, piece of art, art object, objet d'art
- tuzunyan art collection
- tuzunyanam museum of art
- tuzunyan art collection
- tuzier gain skill
- tuzuer teach a skill
- tuzunxer craft
- tuzunxen crafting
- tuzunxut craftsman
- tuzunxun craftiwork
- tuzunxwa crafted, artificial
- tuyz artisanry, craft
- tuyza artisanal
- tuyzyena crafty, artisanal
- tuyzut artisan, crafter
- tuyzun piece of artisanship
- tuyza artisanal
- tuzyan set of skills
- vituz art, fine art
- vituz of fine art
- vituzam fine arts museum
- vituzyan beaux arts, fine arts
- vituzut fine artsman, artist
- vituzyena finely crafted, artistic
- vituzaya artful, artistic
- vituz of fine art
- tuyatuz handicrafts
- tuyatuzun handiwork, handcrafted item, knick-knack
- tuyatuzunswa handicrafted, made by hand
- tuyatuzut hand craftsman
- teyen idea, concept
- teyena conceptual, ideal, abstract, ideational, notional
- teyenser conceive, conceptualize
- teyenxer conceptualize, conceive
- teyenxen conceptualization, conception
- teyenxwa conceived, conceptualized
- teyenier get the idea, abstract, get the notion
- teyeniun abstraction
- teyeniwa abstracted, abstract
- teyenuer give the idea, suggest
- teyenueya suggestive
- teynueyan suggestiveness
- teyenuen suggestion
- teyenueya suggestive
- teyenyan ideology, set of ideas
- teyenyana ideological
- teyenyanut ideologue
- teyenin idealism
- teyenina idealistic
- teyeninat idealist
- teyentun philosophy
- teyentuna philosophical
- teyentut philosopher
- kyoteyen idee fixe, fixed idea
- koteyen hidden concept
- ijteyen initial concept, germ of a notion
- agteyen grandiose idea, grande idee, grand ideal
- teyentun philosophy
- teyentuna philosophical
- teyentut philosopher
- obteyen underlying notion, basic idea
- abteyenxer abstract
- abteyena abstract
- abteyenxen abstraction
- abteyenxwa abstracted
- zeyteyen metaphor, crossover notion
- zeyteyena metaphorical, transnotional
- izteyen direct concept
- tyen technique, skill
- tyena technical, skilled
- tyenay technically
- tyenan technicality
- tyenson technicality, technical issue
- tyenar technical device, tool
- tyenarut technician
- tyenaryan toolset, equipment, technology
- tyenaraya equipped
- tyenaram tool shop
- tyenijut apprentice
- tyenijutan apprenticeship
- tyeneb master technician
- tyentun technology
- tyentuna technological
- tyentut technologist
- tyenyan industry, skillset, technology
- tyenyana industrial, technologal
- tyenyanxer industrialize
- tyenyanxen industrialization
- tyenyanxwa industrialized
- tyenyanxer industrialize
- jatyenyana pre-industrial
- jotyenyana post-industrial
- tyenyanem industrial site
- eytyenyana semi-industrial
- tyenyana industrial, technologal
- tyenier train, take training, master
- tyenien training, learning a skill, mastery
- tyeniut apprentice, trainee
- tyenuer train, supply training, school, familiarize
- tyenuut trainer, master
- tyenuam training facility
- tyenuuwa trained
- tyenuwat trainee
- tyenmep career
- tajtyen talent, in-born skill
- tajtyenaya talented
- tajtyenoya untalented, talentless
- kotyen hidden skill, secret technique, hidden power
- tyez magic, wizardry, divination
- tyeza magical
- tyezay magically
- tyezer perform magic, divine, charm
- tyezut magician, wizard, diviner, enchanter, charmer
- tyezun charm, magical object
- tyezil magic potion
- fatyez miracle, thaumaturgy
- fatyeza miraculous, thaumaturgical
- fatyezay miraculously
- fatyezer perform a miracle
- fatyezut miracle-worker, shaman, thaumaturge
- fatyeza miraculous, thaumaturgical
- fotyez witchcraft, sorcery
- fotyeza of witchcraft
- fotyezer perform witchcraft
- fotyezut witch
- fotyezuyt witch, sorceress
- fotyezil witch's brew
- kotyez occult
- kotyezin occultism
- kotyeza occultic
- kotyezer practice occult
- kotyezut occultist
The job (Time) Family[edit]
- Here are the most important words derived from job time. Bear in mind that, in English, there are two meanings for time. One refers to time as it passes, which is translated by job in Mirad, and the other refers to an point in time, an instance or occasion, i.e. a countable noun concerning 'frequency', which is translated by jod in Mirad.
Calendar Time Units[edit]
TIME SEASONS MONTHS DAYS OF THE WEEK job time jeab spring jiab January juab Monday jab year jeeb summer jieb February jueb Tuesday jeb season jeib autumn jiib March juib Wednesday jib month jeub winter jiub April juub Thursday jub day jiyob May juyob Friday jwob* hour jiyab June yuyab Saturday jwab* minute jiyeb July juyeb Sunday jweb* minute jiyib August jiyub September jilob October jilab November jileb December OTHER yejab week sojab century amlojab millennium
- * These would normally be jyob, jyab, and jyeb, but there are hard to pronounce and difficult to hear, so the y is replaced by a w.
Times of Day[edit]
TIMES OF DAY maj daytime ijmaj dawn imaj morning eymaj noon joeymaj afternoon ujmaj dusk umaj evening moj night eymoj midnight
General Time Words[edit]
|job time
|jod time, instance, occasion
|jodsag frequency
|jud date
|jood period
|jag age
Some Parallel Time Terms[edit]
taj birth aj past ja before jana previous ajna old tej life ej present je during jena current ejna new toj death oj future jo after jona next ojna future tij wakefulness ij beginning ji since ijna initial tuj sleep uj end ju until ujna final
Time Questions and Answers[edit]
- In the chart below, there may be a shorter alternative expression in the second line of each row.
WHEN HOW OFTEN HOW OLD hojob?....when?
hogla jodi?.... how often?
hogla jaga?.... how old?
hajob hu....when
haj hu
hagla jodi hu.... as often as
haxag hu
hagla jaga.... of the age
hejob.... sometime
hegla jodi.... sometimes
hegla jaga.... of some age
hijob.... now
higla jodi.... this often
higla jaga.... this old
hujob.... then
hugla jodi.... that often
hugla jaga.... that old
huyjob.... at such a time
huygla jodi.... so often
juygla jaga.... so old
hyojob.... never
hyogla jodi.... never
glejaga.... rather old hyajob.... always
hyagla jodi.... at all times
glajaga.... very old hyejob.... whenever
hyegla jodi.... however often
grajaga.... too old hyijob.... at the same time
ge jodi.... as often grojaga.... under-aged hyujob.... some other time
oge jodi.... not as often gejaga.... as old, of the same age be jobi.... at times awa jod.... once awa jab jaga.... one year old be hujobi.... in those times ewa jodi.... twice yuwa jabi jaga.... two years old byu jobuj.... forever gla jodi.... very often
alo jabi jaga.... ten years old byi hujob.... since that time
byi huj
aloni bi jodi.... hundreds of times ga jaga ev et.... older than you
Words in the job Family[edit]
- job time
- joba temporal
- ponjob vacation
- ivjob leisure time
- yogjob short time
- yogjoba temporary
- yagjob long time
- yagjoba chronic
- jejoba chronic
- gonjob part-time
- gonjoba part-time
- joob epoque
- jooyb era
- ejjoba contemporary, present-day
- ebjob interval
- jobuj end of time
- byu jobuj until the end of time, forever
- ojobuj eternity
- ojobuja eternal
- ojobujay for eternity, eternally
- jobij beginning of time
- byi jobij since the beginning of time, forever, always
- igjobay soon
- glojo soon, not long after
- odjob when...?
- byu odjob until when...?
- byi odjob since when...?
- byu odgla job for how long...?
- byi odgla job for how long...?
- bye odgla job for how long...?
- adjob when, at the time (that)
- edjob sometime (when)
- idjob now, at this time
- byu idjob up to now, so far, heretofore
- byi idjob from now on, henceforth, hereafter
- idjobi these days
- udjob then, at that time
- byu udjob until then
- byi udjob since then
- udjobi in those days
- udyenjob at such a time
- udyenjobi at such times
- yadjob always
- yadawa jod each time, every time
- yadjod each time, every time
- yadjodi at all times
- yedjob at any time, whenever, at any time whatever, at whatever time
- yidjob at the same time, at the very time
- yudjob some other time, at another time
- yudjobi at other times
- yodjob never, not at any time, at no time
- yodawa jod on no occasion, never, not a single time
- gajob longer, yet, more time, still
- Iyt yexe idem gajob She still works here.
- Iyt voy yexeyo idem gla gajob She won't be working here much longer.
- voy gajob no longer
- gojob less time
- glajob a lot of time, much time, a long time
- ja glajob a long time ago
- gla ajay long ago
- be yuba aj in the recent past
- glojob a little time, a short while
- jo glojob soon, in a short while
- glo ojay very soon
- be yuba oj in the near future
- bi job bu job from time to time
- jod point in time, instance, moment, occurrence, occasion, time, instant
- jodsag frequency
- glajoda frequent
- glajoday frequently
- odgla jodi how often? (lit: how many times?]
- idgla jodi this often
- udgla jodi that often
- udyengla jodi so often
- gle jodi somewhat often
- ga jodi more often
- ga jodi ev more often than
- ge jodi as often
- ge jodi ev as often as
- go jodi less often
- go jodi ev less often than
- gla jodi very often
- gle jodi rather often
- glo jodi not so often, seldom
- gra jodi too often
- gre jodi often enough
- gro jodi not often enough
- gya jodi most often, as often as possible
- gyo jodi least often, as seldom as possible
- ajod once
- awa jod once, one time
- be awa jod at one time
- awa ga jod one more time, again, once again
- ejodi twice
- ewa jodi twice, two times
- be ewa jodi on two occasions
- ewa ga jodi two more times
- ga jod again
- awa ga jod again, once again, one more time
- be awa ga jod at one more point in time
- ewa ga jodi two more times
- Eku ud gajod, Sam! Play it again, Sam!
- idjod this time
- be ida jod at this moment
- idjodi on these occasions, at these times
- udjod that time
- be uda jod at that moment
- udjodi on those occasions, at those times
- udyenjod at such a time
- be udyena jod at such a moment
- yodjod never, at no point in time
- be yoda jod on no occasion
- yadjod every time, always
- be yada jod at every occasion
- yadawa jod each time, on each occasion
- yadjodi at all times, on all occasions
- yedjod at any moment, any time
- be yeda jod at any point in time
- ed jodi on some occasions, at times
- be eda jodi at certain times, at times, on occasion
- odjod at what point?
- odjodi on what occasions?
- eg- re-, again, over
- egxer redo, fix
- egteaxer review
- egtajwa reborn
- egder repeat
- jab year
- jaba annual, yearly
- jabay annually, yearly
- sojab century
- idjab this year
- udjab that year
- yadjab every year
- axagay lyajab once a year
- je ad jab during the year
- eynjaba semiannual
- eynjabay semiannually
- ejaba biannual
- ejabay biannually
- jabjea year-long
- jabij new year's
- jeb season
- jeba seasonal
- jeab spring
- jeeb summer
- jeib autumn, fall
- jeiba autumnal
- jeub winter
- jeuba hibernal
- jeuber hibernate
- jib month
- jiba mensual
- ijib trimester
- yajib semester
- jiab January
- jieb February
- jiib March
- jiub April
- jiyob May
- jiyab June
- jiyeb July
- jiyib August
- jiyob September
- jiyub October
- jilab November
- jileb December
- jibjea month-long
- jub day
- juba diurnal, daily
- edjub someday
- idjub today
- udjub that day
- yadjub every day
- yad ea jub every other other
- ejodi yadjub twice a day, two times a day
- yedjub any day, whatever day
- yidjub the same day
- yudjub another day, the other day, some other day
- odjub which day
- zajub tomorrow
- zajub imaj tomorrow morning
- zajub umaj tomorrow evening
- zajub moj tomorrow night
- zojub yesterday
- yejub week
- yejuba weekly
- yejubuj weekend
- ojna yejub next Monday
- ajna yejub last Monday
- id yejub this Monday
- juab Monday
- be juab on Monday
- ja juab before Monday, by Monday
- ji juab since Monday
- ju juab until Monday
- jueb Tuesday
- juib Wednesday
- juub Thursday
- juyob Friday
- juyab Saturday
- juyeb Sunday
- jozajub the day after tomorrow
- jazojub the day before yesterday
- Fijub! Good day!
- ivjub feast, holiday
- ivjuber celebrate
- ivjuben celebration
- ivjuba festive
- ivjuban festivity
- ivjuber celebrate
- jabjub anniversary
- tajjub birthday
- fatajjub Christmas
- zoybitojjub Easter:
- jwob hour
- jwoba hourly
- jwobar watch
- tuyojwobar wrist watch
- jwobur clock
- sagzyiun dial, face, screen
- jwodar hour hand
- jwadar second hand
- jwobder tell time
- jwab minute
- jwayb moment
- jwayba momentary
- jweb second
- jweyb instant
- jweyba instantaneous
- maj daytime
- imaj morning
- imaja matinal, morning
- jimaj dawn
- eymaj noon
- joeymaj afternoon
- umaj evening
- ujmaj dusk
- Fimaj! Good morning!
- Fijoeymaj! Good afternoon!
- Fiumaj! Good evening!
- moj night
- moja nocturnal, nightly
- mojob nighttime
- eymoj midnight
- Fimoj! Good night!
- jud date
- judrer date
- judrawa dated
- ojudrawa undated
- judrawa dated
- jojudrer post-date
- jojudrawa post-dated
- jajudrer ante-date
- jajudrawa ante-dated
- judar calendar
- dulojud? on what date?
- Dulojud se idjub? What date is today?
- tajjud date of birth
- Od se eta tajjud? What is your date of birth?
- ujjud deadline, end date
- judnab date range
- jag age
- Odjaga et se? How old are you?
- Du eta jag? How old are you?
- At se elijaga I am twenty-three years old.
- jaga old, aged, year old, elderly
- jagan old age, seniority, senility
- jagat old person, oldster, senior, elder
- jagser get old, grow old, age
- jagsen growing old
- ajaga one-year-old
- ajagat a one-year-old baby
- alojaga ten years old
- aloyjaga teenaged
- aloyjagat teenager
- aloyjagan teens
- aloyjaga teenaged
- yilojaga octogenarian
- gyejaga adult
- gyajagan adulthood
- grojaga minor
- gyojagat minor
- zejaga middle-aged
- zejagat middle-aged person
- jagyena elderly, old-acting, senile
- joga young
- jogan youth
- joganika youthful
- joganik youthfulness
- joganoker lose one's youth
- jogat youngster, boy, young man, neophyte, newbie, rookie
- jogayt girl, young lady
- jogtob young man
- jogtoyb young woman, young lady
- egjogaxer rejuvenate
- egjogaxen rejuvenation
- egjogaxwa rejuvenated
- jogyena youthful, youngish
- jogyen youthful manner
- jogan youth
- ajna old, olden, ancient, stale
- ejna new, current, modern, young, fresh
- ojna not out yet, future
The sag (Number), xag (Frequency), nog (Measure), nod (Point) Families[edit]
- The words in this family have to do with numbers, measurements, degrees, points, lines, etc.
- Summary:
...AG WORDS N..[DBP] WORDS ag size nod point sag number nad line syag count ned plane syaag calculation nid volume nog degree nab rank nag measure nap order neg level naab organization jag age naap system xag frequency nyap rule yag length
- sag number, cypher
- saga numeric
- sager count
- sagder enumerate, number
- sagdawa numbered
- osagdawa unnumbered
- sagaya numerous
- sagdawa numbered
- sagtun mathematics
- sagtuna mathematical
- sagtut mathematician
- asagtun arithmetic
- asagtuna arithmetical
- asagtut number cruncher
- esagtun geometry
- esagtuna geometric
- esagtut geometrist
- isagtun trigonometry
- usagtun algebra
- yosagtun calculus
- syag count, computation, tally
- syaga computational
- syager count, compute
- syagar computer
- syagartun computer science
- syagartut computer scientist
- osyaguwa countless
- syagdyen account
- syagdyentun accounting
- syagdyentut accountant
- syagsem counter
- jag age
- jaga aged, old, stale
- zejaga middle-aged
- yilojaga octogenarian
- jagoya ageless
- jagser get old, age
- jagxer age, make old
- jagan oldness, age, antiquity
- jagat elder, oldster, old person
- jagatam elder care facility, old folks' home
- jaga aged, old, stale
- joga young, new
- jogan youth, newness
- jogat youngster, young person
- jogas novelty, something new
- jogaser become young
- jogaxer rejuvenate
- jogaxen rejuvenation
- jogaxwa rejuvenated, renewed, refreshed
- ag size
- aga big, large, great
- agan' bigness, largness, greatness, size
- agaser get big
- agaxer magnify
- agaxwa magnified
- agaxen magnification
- agaxar magnifier
- agxer grow
- agser grow up
- agsa grown, adult
- agsat grown-up, adult
- agsatan adulthood
- agseat adolescent
- agseatan adolescence
- aga big, large, great
- yabaga tall
- yobaga deep
- yaboga short
- yabaga shallow
- yag length
- yaga long
- yagan longness, length
- yagaxer lengthen
- yagxer stretch
- yagxwa stretched
- yagjob long while, long time
- yagdin novel
- yagder narrate
- ja yagjob a long time ago
- jo yagjob a long time from now
- yagjoba long-term
- yaga long
- yoga short
- yogaxer shorten, abbreviate
- yogdun abbreviation
- yogdin short story
- yogder summarize
- yogxer cut, clip, snip
- yogjob short while, short time
- ja yogjob a short while ago
- jo jogjob soon, a short time from now
- yogjoba temporary, short-term
- nog degree
- musnog step
- musnogar ladder, step ladder
- finnog grade
- tyoyanog step, pace, stoop
- tyennog degree
- tyennogier get one's degree, graduate
- tyennoguer graduate, give out a degree
- duznog pitch
- duzijnog key
- yabnog step up
- yabnoga high-grade, upscale
- yobnog step down
- yobnoga downscale, low-grade
- amnog degree of temperature
- nogder grade
- nogper escalate, climb
- nogpen escalation
- onogber de-escalate
- onogben de-escalation
- noga gradual
- yignoga steep
- yugnoga gradual
- anoga primary
- enoga secondary
- inoga tertiary
- unoga quaternary
- zanoger graduate, advance
- yobnoguer downgrade, degradate, downscale
- yobnogier become degraded, step down
- yabnoguer upgrade, upscale
- yabnogier go up in grade, advance, step up
- yabnogper climb, scale
- yabnogput climber
- anoga primary
- enoga secondary
- odnog how (to what degree)?
- adnog to the degree
- ednog somewhat
- idnog this, to this extent
- udnog that, to that extent
- uydnog so, to such an extent
- yodnog in no way
- yadnog completely
- yednog in any degree, however
- yidnog just as
- yudnog to a different extent
- nogyan scale
- nogyana scalar
- nogyena gradual
- nogyenay gradually
- musnog step
- noog stage
- nag measure, measurement
- naga metric
- nager measure
- nagder measure
- nagdar meter
- amnagdar thermometer
- barnagdar barometer
- ignagdar speedometer
- yabnagdar bathymeter
- nayg dimension
- nayga dimensional
- anayga one-dimensional
- enagya two-dimensional
- inayga three-dimensional
- nayga dimensional
- neg level
- glanega multilevel
- negser level out
- negxer level
- ebnegar elevator
- nig space, room
- niga spatial
- yeznig inner space
- yoznig outer space
- yuznig environment
- yuzniga environmental
- yuznigtin environmentalism
- yuznigtinat environmentalist
- nigay spatially
- yuzniga environmental
- yonnigxer space apart
- yonnigxwa spaced apart
- gloniga cramped
- glonigaxer cramp
- glaniga roomy
- nod point, tip
- nodxer punctuate
- nodxwa punctuated
- noda punctual
- uknod hole, puncture
- uknodxer puncture, create a hole
- uknodxwa punctured
- uknodxer puncture, create a hole
- zenod midpoint, focus, center point, hub, bull's eye
- zenoder focus, target
- abnod summit, top, tiptop, peak, vertex
- obnod zenith, bottom point, nadir
- yabnod highpoint, climax, peak
- yabnoda climactic
- yabnoder climax, top out
- yobnod lowpoint, ebb
- yobnoder ebb, bottom out
- ijnod starting point, origin
- ujnod end point, target, destination, pole
- drenod dot
- drenoder dot
- drenodwa dotted
- abdrenod diacritic
- drenoder dot
- drunod punctuation mark
- ujdrunod period
- poysdrunod comma
- eyndrunod semi-colon
- eondrunod colon
- yokdrunod exclamation point
- diddrunod question mark
- drunoder punctuate
- drunoden punctuation
- mepnod mile marker
- byinod original
- byunod destination, direction, target
- ebnod intersection, node
- ebnoda nodal
- ebnodyan grid
- ebnoder intersect
- amir north
- yibamir north pole, far north, extreme north
- amira northern
- aomira north-south
- omir south
- 'yibamir south pole, far south, extreme south
- omira southern
- imir west
- imira western, occidental
- iumira east-west
- umir east
- umira eastern, oriental
- emnod locus
- kyonod fixed point
- kyanod moving target
- emnoder locate, spot
- zenod focus, nucleus, hub
- zenoda focal, nuclear
- zeynod crosspoint, intersection, crossing
- mepzeynnod highway intersection
- mirnod pole
- mirnoda polar
- amirnod north pole
- omirnod south pole
- yibnod extremity, pole
- yibnoda polar
- yibnodan polarity
- yibnodaxer polarize
- yibnodaxen polarization
- yibnodaxwa polarized
- yibnoda polar
- zyupnod pivot, hub, fulcrum
- ozoypnod point of no return
- dalnod talking point
- gyisonnod sticking point, point of difficulty
- nodeaxer point out, point, demonstrate, show, aim, target, pinpoint, focus
- nodeaxar pointer
- iznoder point to, focus, aim, target, pinpoint
- ginod sharp point, apex
- nad line
- nada linear
- nadan linearity
- onada non-linear
- onadan non-linearity
- ebnad line in-between
- ebnada interlinear
- be nad bay in line with
- zenad midline, median, line down the middle
- yuznad border, frame, outline, circumference, periphery
- yuznader frame, outline
- yuznadwa framed, outlined, bordered
- yuznader frame, outline
- zyunad circle
- zyunada circular
- be zyunad bi around, circling
- iznad straight line, vector, bee-line, direction
- iznada vectorial, directional
- be iznad bu on a straight path to
- uznad curve, curved line, crooked line, arc
- uznada curved, curvilinear
- uznader curve, arc, arch
- uznadwa curved, arched
- uznadea curving
- uznadaya curvaceous
- uznada curved, curvilinear
- aonad vertical line, vertical, north-south line
- aonada vertical, along a north-south line
- aonadan verticality
- aonada vertical, along a north-south line
- iunad horizontal line, horizontal, east-west line
- iunada horizontal, along an east-west line
- iunadan horizontality
- iunada horizontal, along an east-west line
- zyenad perpendicular line, perpendicular
- zyenada perpendicular
- zyenadan perpendicularity
- zyenada perpendicular
- zeynad transverse line, transverse
- zeynada transversal
- zeynader cut across, transverse
- kunad edge, frontier, sideline
- be kunad bi on the edge of, bordering on
- zakunad front edge
- gikunada sharp-edged
- ogikunada blunt-edged
- zyokunad brink, narrow edge
- be zyokunad bi on the brink of, on the verge of
- yuz kunadi bi around the edges of
- kunadyuba close to the edge
- kunadyuban brinkmanship
- kinad diagonal line, slant, slope, slash
- kinada diagonal
- kinader slope, slant
- kinadwa sploped, slanted
- kinader slope, slant
- eykinad radius
- eykinada radial
- eykinader radiate
- eykinaden radiation
- kinada diagonal
- yankunad parallel line, parallel
- yankunada parallel
- yankunadan parallelism
- yankunader parallel
- be yankunad bay on a parallel with
- yankunada parallel
- mamnad skyline, horizon
- mamnada horizontal
- elyanad rail, rail line
- elyanadpar train, locomotive
- elyanad posam railroad station, train station
- ijnad starting line
- ujnad limit
- yoza ujnad outer limit
- ujnader limit
- ujnaden limitation
- ujnadwa limited
- oujnadwa unlimited, absolute
- oujnadway without limitation, absolutely
- oujnadwa unlimited, absolute
- ujnadoya limitless
- abnad upper limit, maximum
- obnad lower limit, minimum
- oyebnad outline
- fufnad pipeline
- yelfufnad oil pipeline
- milfufnad water pipeline
- aomirnad longitude
- aomirnada longitudinal
- iumirnad latitude
- iumirnada latitudinal
- eymirnad equator
- eymirnada equatorial
- nadxer align
- nadxen alignment
- vyonadxer misalign
- vyonadxen misalignment
- vyonadxwa misaligned
- mipkunad river bank
- mimkunad sea coast
- nadgorber score
- nadgorbwa scored
- yaknad queue, waiting line, line
- yaknader queue up, line up
- jopnad line of succession, sequence, lineup
- izuznada snaky, serpentine
- naad lane, file
- annada single-file, single-lane, one-way lane
- nada linear
- ned plane
- neda planar
- nedes facet
- domned plaza, place, public square
- glanedesa multifaceted
- abned surface, top, roof
- abneda superficial, top
- obned bottom, base, floor, lower surface, foundation, lower plane
- obneda basic, fundamental, bottom
- kuned side, lateral surface, wall, face, flank
- kuneda lateral
- kuneder flank
- zaned front, front side, face, frontal plane
- zaneda frontal
- zoned back, dorsal plane, rear, backside
- zoneda rear, dorsal, back
- zyagned expanse, area, field
- zyagneder expand, spread out
- ebneda interplanar
- geneda even, smooth, level
- genedxer even out, smooth over
- ogeneda uneven
- ogenedan unevenness
- nid volume
- nidaya voluminous
- zyunid sphere, globe, ball
- zyunida spherical, global
- eyzyunid hemisphere
- zyunidog globule, droplet, bead
- nyefnid cube
- yakumnid cube
- yakumnida cubic
- igunid pyramid
- zyuginid cone
- defyabnid cone
- defyabnida conical
- nab rank
- nabder rank
- granabdwa over-ranked
- gronabdwa under-ranked
- nabxer arrange
- nabxen arrangement
- nabxwa arranged
- nabyan array, grid, pattern, matrix
- debnabyan hierarchy
- debnabyana hierarchical
- debnabyan hierarchy
- onab disarray
- dopnab military rank
- yobnaba low-ranking
- yabnaba high-ranking
- zenaba mid-ranking
- abnaba superior in rank, ranking
- obnaba inferior in rank
- genaba equal in rank
- ogenaba unequal in rank
- aanaba first-ranking, top
- eanaba second-ranking
- eanabat runner-up
- nabuer assign a rank, rank
- nabier take on a rank, rank
- aonab column
- 'aonaba columnar
- iunab row
- be aonabi ay iunabi in rows and columns
- nabder rank
- nap order
- napa ordinal
- be nap bi in order of
- napyena orderly
- onapyena disorderly
- napber put in order, arrange
- napbwa ordered, arranged
- finapbwa well-ordered
- onapbwa unordered, random, mixed
- funapbwa disordered, messy, poorly organized
- vyonapbwa misordered, out of order, mixed up, discombobulated
- napbwa ordered, arranged
- ebnapber mix up, shuffle, intersperse
- ebnapbwa mixed up, shuffled, interspersed
- napder ordain, order, command
- napdut one giving the orders, commander
- napden ordinance, order, commandment
- donapden public ordinance, public mandate
- dota napden social ordinance
- dopa napden military order
- onap disorder, mess
- yonap utter mess
- onapa messy, disordered
- onapxer mess up
- onapxwa messed up
- onapxer mess up
- donap public order
- onapa messy, disordered
- janap priority
- janapa prior, last, previous
- jonap sequence
- jonapa sequential, next
- glajonap' series
- glajonapa' serial
- napbyen discipline
- napbyena disciplinary
- napbyenier discipline
- naab organization
- naaba organizational
- naabser organize
- naabxer organize
- onaabxwa unorganized
- naabaya organized
- naaboya unorganized
- naap system
- naapa systematic
- naapay systematically
- naapyena systemic
- naapaxer systematize
- naapaxen systematization
- naapaxwa systematized
- nyap rule
- nyapa regular
- aanyap principle, standard
- aanyapaya principled
- utnyap discipline
- utnyapaya disciplined
- utnyapber impose discipline, discipline
- nyapbyen' rule of law, legal discipline
- nyapdyen rulebook
- nyapber impose a rule
- nyapder decree, rule, dictate
- 'nyapden decree, regulation, dictat
- nyapdena regulatory
- 'nyapdut governor, ruler
- nyapyan regime
- donyap law
- donyapa legal
- doynyapa licit
- odoynyapa illicit
- odoynyapan illiciteness
- doynyapa legitimate
- doynyapan legitimacy
- odonyaypa illegitimate
- odonyaypan illegitimacy
- odonyapa illegal
- donyapan legality
- donyapay illegally
- odonyapan illegality
- donyapaxer legalize
- donyapaxen legalization
- donyapyan constitution
- donyapyana constitutional
- odonyapyana unconstitutional
- odonyapyanan unconstitutionality
- odonyapyana unconstitutional
- donyapyana constitutional
- donyapxer legislate
- donyapxut legislator, parliamentarian, deputy
- donyapxutyan legislature, parliament
- donyapxutim chamber of deputies, congress
- donyaptun jurisprudence
- donyaptut doctor of jurisprudence
- donyaptuna juridical
- donyaptitam law school
- donyapxeen practice of law
- donyapxeut lawyer
- donyapxeam law office
- donyapa legal
- Summary:
zyus circle zyuys oval zyunid sphere unizgun rectangle ungekun square ungun quadrangle unoizgun rhombus ingun triangle yoongun pentagon ginid cone yagunid cube inguginid pyramid fufnid cylinder amezsan diamond tosan cross uznad arc ilpsan wave gunsan wedge amarsan star
- san shape, form, figure
- sana formal
- osana informal
- sanaxer formalize
- sanaxen formalization
- sanan formality
- sana formal
- sanser form
- sanxer form, shape
- yegsanxer reform, re-shape, reconfigure
- yegsanxen reformation, re-shaping, reconfiguration
- yegsanxwa reformed, re-shaped, reconfigured
- yegsanxer reform, re-shape, reconfigure
- sanxen formation
- fisanxwa well-formed
- fusanxwa malformed
- fusanxen malformation
- fusanxun malformation
- fisan good form, good figure
- fusan bad form
- sandren formula
- sandrena formulaic
- sandrun formula
- sandruna formulaic
- sandrunxer formulate
- sandrunxen formulation
- gin sharp point
- gun angle
- unizgunsan rectangle
- ungekunsan square
- ingunsan triangle
- ungunsan quadrangle
- unoizgunsan rhombus
- ginid cone
- ingunginid pyramid
- yagekunid cube
- nyem box
- zyusan circle, circular shape
- zyusana circular
- zyusanan circularity
- zyusandrer draw a circle
- eyzyusan semi-circle
- eyzyusana semi-circular
- zyusana circular
- zyus cycle, wheel, circle
- anzyus unicycle
- enzyus bicycle
- inzyus tricycle
- unzyus four-wheeler
- yazyus six-wheeler
- zyusun tire
- yigyelzyusun tire, rubber tie
- ozyusa wheelless
- zyusa cyclical
- 'ozyusa uncyclical
- zyuysan oval
- zyuysana oval-shaped
- patijsan oval, egg-shape
- patijsana egg-shaped, oval
- fufsan cylinder
- fufsana cylindrical
- zyuf wrinkle
- zyozyes slit, groove, slot
- yagmeluk furrow, ditch, trench
- mob chasm, precipice, dropoff, cliff, abyss
- moab gulf, gulch
- moeb ravine, valley, dale
- moib cave, cavern
- moibog cavity
- moub ditch, furrow, trench
- moyab dimple, depression, dip
- moyeb hole, hollow, pit, depression, well, shaft
- meb mountain
- mebyan mountain chain
- mebnad mountain range
- mebaya mountainous
- mebika mountainous
- meyb mount
- zyimeb plateau
- zyiabmeb plateau
- meab hill
- meabaya hilly
- meabog hillock
- meeb knob
- meib mound, protrusion, swell, tumor
- meibser swell, protrude
- meibsa swollen
- meub ridge, fold
- meyob bump
- meyobika bumpy
- omeyoba smooth
- meyab pimple
- nod point
- zenod hub, focus, center-point, mid-point
- ijnod starting point
- ujnod endpoint, extreme, pole
- ujnoda polar
- ujnodan polarity
- ujnodaxer polarize
- ujnodaxen polarization
- ujnodaxwa polarized
- enujnoda bipolar
- ujnoda polar
- zyenod intersection, throughpoint
- zyenoder intersect
- zeynod cross point, crossover point
- ebnod junction
- abnod peak, tip, zenith, summit, top
- abnodser peak
- obnod lowpoint, bottom, nadir
- obnodser bottom out
- yabnod highpoint, summit, peak
- yobnod lowpoint, bottom, nadir
- yannod point of convergence, meeting point
- yonnod point of divergence, split off point
- drenod dot
- drenodber dot
- drenodbwa dotted
- andrunod period
- endrunod colon
- eydrunod semi-colon
- iznod' target, aim, focus
- kyonod fixed point, target, focus, pinpoint
- kyanod variable point, moving target
- kelnod goal, target
- byunod destination, goal
- nad line
- nada linear
- nadan linearity
- onada non-linear
- ijnad starting line, threshold
- ujnad finish line, limit
- yuznad border, fence, frame, periphery, circumference
- kunad edge, border, boundary
- mimkunad coast
- yankunad parallel
- yuzkunad frame, periphery
- mesyuzkunad door frame
- obmisyuzkunad door threshold, door sill
- misyuzkunad window frame
- obmisyuzkunad window sill
- mesyuzkunad door frame
- zakunad front edge
- zokunad back edge
- mepkunad road shoulder
- mipkunad river bank
- yankunad parallel line
- kinad slope, slant, diagonal
- eykinad radius
- iznad vector, straight line, bee-line, direction
- iunad horizontal line
- aonad vertical line
- iumirnad latitude
- aomirnad longitude
- mamnad horizon, skyline
- manad ray, beam
- abnad upper limit
- obnad lower limit
- uznad curve, arc, arch, bend, bow, crook
- mamuznad rainbow
- oyebnad outline
- fufnad pipeline
- jopnad line of succession
- dreznad verse, verse of poetry
- elyanad rail, iron way, railroad
- emirnad equator
- dobnad frontier, border
- amarnad sunray, sunbeam
- ebnad separating line
- dunnad sentence, line of text
- jobujnad time limit, deadline
- mebnad mountain chain
- besnad queue, wait line
- fabnad treeline
- teasnad line of sight
- tejnad lifeline
- zanad frontline
- zonad rearline
- zyenad penpendicular line
- zenad median, mid-line
- zeynad transverse
- nada linear
- ned plane, level, story
- neda planar
- glaneda multiplanar, multi-level, multi-story
- anneda uni-level, single-story
- enneda bi-level, split-level, two-story
- abned surface, top, upper plane
- obned bottom, lower surface, nether plane
- zaned front, foreplane, face
- zoned back, rear, dorsal plane
- ebned interplane
- yebned inner plane
- oyebned outer plane
- yabned raised surface, platform, stage
- kined sloped plane
- geneda even, level
- ogeneda uneven, unlevel
- kuned lateral plane, side
- nid volume
- zyunid sphere, ball
- ugunid cube
The tom (Building), em (Place) Families[edit]
- The stems in this family end mostly in -m, meaning place. The family includes areas, places, locations, buildings, houses, rooms, spaces, and containers.
- Summary:
FULL WORDS ENDINGS tom building -em general place tam house -am indoor place tem hall -yem enclosed space tim room -im room tum cell -yeb container
- tom building, structure, edifice
- toma structural
- tomxer build, construct
- yegtomxer rebuild, reconstruct
- yegtomxen rebuilding, reconstruction
- yegtomxwa rebuilt, reconsructed
- tomxen construction
- tomxut builder, construction engineer
- tomxem construction site
- yegtomxer rebuild, reconstruct
- otomxer destroy, demolish
- ootomxen destruction, demolition
- otomxwa destroyed
- otomxeya destructive
- otomxeyan destructiveness
- otomxuwa indestructible
- otomxuwan indestructibility
- tomyofwa indestructible
- tomtun architecture
- tomtuna architectural
- tomtut architect
- tomsan structure
- tomsana structural
- tomyan complex, block, building complex
- toom residence, residential building, habitat, habitation, apartment building, dwelling
- tooma residential, habitational
- toomer reside, inhabit, live, dwell
- toomut resident, inhabitant
- tomof tent
- tomofem campground
- tomofsum sleeping bag
- tomes apartment, flat
- tomesyan apartment complex
- tomfaob timber
- tombelut concierge
- zyutom tower
- jobnuer lease, let, rent out
- jobnuut lessor
- jobnuwat lessee
- jobnuwa rental
- jobnier rent
- jobnien rental
- jobniut renter
- jobniuta yantexdren rental agreement, lease
- fatom church, temple, mosque, sacred building
- tomog abode
- beer have, own, possess
- beut owner, possessor, proprietor
- beutan owernership, proprietorship
- bewa own
- bewaxer take ownership of, repossess
- obewa unowned
- obewaxer disown, appropriate, dispossess
- obeer let go, release
- bewas property, possession
- bewaseb property manager, lord, proprietor
- tam house, domicile
- tama domiciliar
- tamog hut
- tamoyg cottage
- tamyog shack, shanty, hovel
- vutamog shack, ramshackle
- tamyogdom shantytown, slum
- tamag mansion
- mebtam cabin
- domtam brownstone, townhouse
- vitamag palace
- vitamaga palatial
- tamaz castle
- vitamaz chateau
- tambeut homeowner
- tamoya homeless
- tamoyat homeless person
- tomoyan homelessness
- taam home, household, domain
- taama domestic, tame
- taamxer domesticate, tame
- taamxen domestication, taming
- taamxwa domesticated, tamed
- otaamxwa undomesticated, untamed, wild
- tamer live, dwell, inhabit
- tamut inhabitant, dweller
- tamier settle
- tamien settlement
- tamiut settler
- tamuer house, shelter
- tamuen housing, sheltering
- tamuwa housed, sheltered
- tamyan block of houses, block
- tamyex house work, domestic chores
- tamyexer work at home, telecommute
- tamyexut domestic, work-at-home
- tamyuxut house servant, domestic
- tamyuxuyt maid, house maid
- tamper go home
- tampier leave home
- tampuer arrive home
- tampet pet
- tampettel pet food
- tampeta tame
- tapetxer tame, housebreak
- tampetxwa tamed, domesticated, housebroken
- otampetxwa untamed, undomesticated, unhousebroken
- tampetxwa tamed, domesticated, housebroken
- tapetxer tame, housebreak
- tamtyal in-home meal, take-out
- tamsaxwa home-made
- tamoyeper go outdoors
- tamyeper go indoors
- yebtama indoor
- tamtuler dine at home
- tamtulxwa home-cooked
- tamkum side yard
- tamzam front yard
- tamzom backyard
- tambeser stay at home
- tambesut stay-at-home
- tameb head of household, master, lord
- tameyb mistress
- tameber dominate, master, lord over
- tameben dominance, mastery, lording over
- tambeya domineering, dominant
- tamab domain
- tamber settle, take up residence
- tamkyaxer move, change residence
- tamkyaxen moving
- tamober uproot
- tamkeler house hunt
- tamkelut house hunter
- tamkelen house hunting
- tamyuva house-bound
- titam school
- jatitam pre-school, kindergarten
- atitam grade school
- etitam high school
- ititam college
- utitatam university
- joutitam post-graduate school
- donyaptitam law school
- tutam academy, institute
- totam church, house of God
- judina totam temple
- kristina totam Christian church
- islama totam mosque
- potam hotel
- potameb hotelier
- kostam cloister
- dyentam library
- fabtam treehouse
- tem hall
- abtem gallery
- yagtem gallery
- zatem lobby, foyer
- zotem back room
- zyutem rotunda
- zyetem corridor, hallway
- kutem side hall
- obtem cellar, cave
- drasintem picture gallery, art gallery
- dyeduntem lecture hall
- datuputtem reception hall
- tultem dining hall
- tim room, chamber, salon
- abtim attic
- bektim hospital room
- beltim holding cell
- fatim sacristry
- obtim basement, cellar
- teltim dining room
- tapektim exercise room
- tutim classroom
- tultim kitchen
- tiltim bar, saloon
- tojtim death chamber
- yantim suite
- yebtim inner chamber
- yontim apartment, compartment, quarters, flat
- zatim antechamber
- zyotim corridor
- zotim backroom
- miltim bathroom, restroom, washroom
- igef biktim emergency room
- deztim theatre salon
- dezzatim theatre lobby
- mimpartim ship cabin
- mimparebtim ship's captain quarters
- pestim waiting room
- popdatim guest room
- yextim bureau, den, office
- timog closet
- sumtim bedroom
- glasumtim dormitory
- datim living room, salon, sitting room
- mustim stair well
- timyan quarters
- timuf wing
- tum cell, compartment, unit, section
- tuma cellular, compartmental
- tumaxer compartmentalize
- tumaxen compartmentalization
- tumaxwa compartmentalized
- tuma cellular, compartmental
The a (One) yan (Together) Families[edit]
- The stems in this family are based on a one, and yan together and their opposites, o zero and yon apart.
- Summary:
|Header text
|Header text
|a one
|o zero
|an- uni-
|on- non-
|yan together
|yon apart
|yad all
|yod none
a one
- a gab a gese e: 1 plus 1 equals 2
- anapa first, primary, foremost
- anapan primacy
- anapber rank first, put in first place
- anoga primary, first-rung, first-degree, first-ranking
- anogay primarily
- ajaga one year old
- ajagat one-year-old
- awa jaga one year old
- anida single-file, serial
- aniday in a single line, single-file, serially
- anidser line up, queue up
- anidxer serialize
- anidxen serialization
- yanida parallel
- yanid parallel, parallel line
- yaniday in tandem, in parallel
- an- mono-, uni-, one-, single-
- antyoba one-legged
- anteaba one-eyed, monocular
- anteabar monocle
- antepyena single-minded, obstinate
- antoosa unisex
- anzyuspar unicycle
- anfatin monotheism
- antex obsession
- antexa obsessed
- antexer obsess
- antexeya obsessive
- antada monogamous
- antadan monogamy
- antotin monotheism
- antotina monotheistic
- antotinut monotheist
- annusutyan monopoly
- annusutyanxer monopolize
- annusutyanxwa monopolized
- annaad monorail
- aniznad one-way, single direction
- aniznada one-way
- anmepesa single-laned
- anteuza monotone
- anteuzan monotony
- anteuzaya monotonous
- antima unicameral
- antuyabay single-handedly
- annayga unidimensional
- anvoza monochromatic
- anzyus monocycle
- anteaba one-eyed
- anzyemepa one-track, single-track
- anteuza unanimous
- anteuzan unanimity
- ansana uniform
- ansanan uniformity
- olansana disparate, non-uniform
- andab dictatorship, autocracy
- andaba dictatorial, autocratic
- andeb autocrat, dictator
- andalyena monolingual
- anes unit
- anesa unitary::
- awa one
- awas one, one of them, one thing
- awat one person, one, one of them
- awan oneness, unity
- away only
- awa jod once, one time
- awa ga jod once again, again, another time
- aa first, prime
- aas first one, first, first thing
- ad aas the first thing
- aat first person, numero uno
- aan priority, primacy
- aanxer prioritize, make first
- aanxem prioritization
- aanxwa prioritized
- aanay primarily
- aanxer prioritize, make first
- aay firstly, first
- aaper go first
- aapen going first
- aaput person who goes first
- aayux first aid
- aadudut first respondant
- aatajba first-born
- aana unique
- aanan uniqueness
- aanay uniquely
- aa- arch-, proto-, original, prime
- aasaun prototype, model, archetype
- aasauna prototypical, model, archetypical
- aaovekut archrival
- aayodat arch enemy
- aaojduut prime lender
- aafox original sin
- aatex principle
- aasaun prototype, model, archetype
- aas first one, first, first thing
- ay and
- aon whole, entirety
- aon- holo-
- aonina holistic
- aonyamxen holocaust
- aona whole, entire, integral, complete, perfect
- olaona unwhole, incomplete, imperfect
- aonay wholly, entirely, completely, perfectly
- aonas whole thing, entire thing, sum
- ad aonas the whole thing, the entire thing
- aonan entirety, integrity, perfection
- aonxer integrate, complete, perfect
- aonxen integration, completion, perfection
- aonxwa integrated, completed, perfected, perfect
- olaonxwa unintegrated, imperfect, uncompleted
- aonser become whole, heal, integrate
- aonsag integer, whole number
- aonsagyan set of integers
- olaonxer disintegrate
- olaonxen disintegration
- olaonxwa disintegrated
- aonder sum up
- aonden summation
- aondwa summed up, summary
- ad aona mir the whole world
- gel aon as a whole
- aon- holo-
- aun unit, component, item
- auna unitary
- aunxer itemize
- aunxen itemization
- aunxwa itemized
- aunyan complex
- aunyana complex::
- yaun component, constituent
- anyan series, chain
- anyana serial
- anyanxer serialize, string together, chain together
- anyanxen serialization
- anyanxwa serialized
- olanyanxer break the chain, unchain
- anyanxer serialize, string together, chain together
- anyanes link, chain link, item in a series
- anyana serial
- angona united, consisting of one part, whole, integral, unipartite
- angonan wholeness, unison, integrality
- alo ten
- aloti group of ten people
- alosi a group of ten things
- lojab decade
- ala eleven
- ale twelve
- aleon dozen
- aleoni dozens
- aleon dozen
- alogoler decimate
- aluna decimal
- aso one hundred, hundred
- sojab century
- sojaba centennial
- asa one hundred one
- ase one hundred two
- asoney per cent
- asoneyn percentage
- asoni hundreds
- sojab century
- aro one thousand
- rojab millennium
- rojaba millennial
- rojabat millennial
- rojaba millennial
- aroni thousands
- rojab millennium
- amlo one million, million
- amloni millions
- amro one billion, billion
- amroni billions
- aan unison
- aanxer unify
- aanxen unification
- aanxwa unified
- aanay in unison
- aana unique, one and only
- aanan uniqueness
- aanay uniquely
- be aan in unision
- aanxer unify
- ana single, only, solitary, sole
- ad ana the only, the sole
- anay only, solely, merely
- anan singularity, unison
- ad anas the only thing
- ad anat the only person
- ad anasi the only things
- ad anati the only people
- anta alone, solitary
- antan aloneness, solitude
- antaxer isolate
- antaxen isolation
- antaxwa isolated
- antaser isolate oneself, stay alone
- antasa isolated
- yanta combined
- yantaxer combine
- yantaxen combination
- yantaxwa combined
- yantaxun combination
- anla singular
- anlan singularity
- anlaxer singularize
- anlaxen singularization
- anlaxwa singularized
- yanla plural
- yanlan plurality
- yanlaxer pluralize
- yanlaxen pluralization
- yanlaxwa pluralized
- anxer unite
- anxen union
- anxon union
- anxan unity
- anxwa united
- olanxer disunite, break up
- olanxwa disunited, broken up
- yonxer divorce, separate, disunite, break up
- yonxen divorce, separation, breakup
- yonxwa divorced, separated, broken up
- yonper go apart, separate, deviate, diverge
- yonpea divergent, deviant
- yonpen divergence, deviance, separation
- yonput deviant
- yonber put asunder, break apart
- yonbun break
- yonbyexer break, crack, disrupt, rupture
- yonbyexun crack, disruption, rupture. fissure
- yonbuxer push apart
- yanbuxer push together, compress
- yanbuxen compression
- yanpeper ride together, share a ride
- yanteler eat together, dine together
- yantelut dinner companion
- yandaler converse, discuss, deliberate
- yandal conversion, dialog, communication, discourse, discussion, deliberation
- yandala deliberative
- yagyandaler converse at length
- yandalut deliberator, discutant
- yandalutyan congress, parliament, convention
- yandalutyana congressional, parliamentary
- yandalutyan congress, parliament, convention
- yandal conversion, dialog, communication, discourse, discussion, deliberation
- yondaler dispute, argue, debate
- yondal dispute, argument, debate
- yondalut disputant, debater
- yondaleya disputatious, argumentative
- yondaleyan disputatiousness, argumentativeness
- yandat ally
- yandatan alliance
- yandatser ally, become allies
- yandatxer ally, make allies
- yandatsa allied
- yanek match, meet, competition, game
- yanekut competitor
- yanekeya competitive
- fiyanekbyen gamesmanship, good sportiveness
- ekutyan team
- ekutyantup team member
- anyafer tie, bind, connect
- anyaf tie, binding, ligature, bond, connection
- anyafwa tied, bound, connected
- anyafen tying, binding, connection
- olanyafer untie, unbind, disconnect, unlace
- olanyafen untying, unbinding, disconnection, unlacing
- olanyafwa untied, unbound, disconnected, unlaced
- yanifer sew, stitch
- yanif thread, stitch
- yanifen sewing, stitching
- yanifwa sewn, stiched
- yanifar stitching needle
- yanivar needle
- yanifur sewing machine
- yaniftyen couture
- yanker combine
- yank combination
- yanken combination
- yankwa combined
- zoyyanber reassemble, rejoin, put back together
- zoyyanben reassemblage, rejoining
- zoyyanbwa put back together, reassembled, rejoined
- yanbixer attact, pull together, contract
- yanbixen attraction, contraction
- yanbixeya attractive
- yonbixer distract, pull apart
- yonbixen distraction
- yonbixea distracting
- yonbixwa distracted
- yanmul mix, melange, fusion
- yanmulxer mix, fuse
- yanmulxen mixing, melange, fusing
- yanmulxwa mixed, fused
- yanmulxer mix, fuse
- yanmel continent
- yanmela continental
- zeyyanmela transcontinental
- yonmel island
- yonmela insular
- eyyonmel peninsula
- eyyonmela peninsular
- yanmeg concrete
- yanmegyel cement
- yanmegyelber cement
- yanmegyelbwa cemented
- yanmegyel cement
- yanbyeer conform, keep together
- yanbyeen conformance
- yanbyeya conformant
- yanbyeyan conformity
- yanbyea bay in conformance with
- oyanbyea non-conformant
- yansaner constitute
- yansanen constitution
- yansanea constituent
- yanbexer adhere, hold together, cling, stick together
- yanbexea adherent
- yanbexeya clingy, sticky
- yanbexen adherence
- yanbexut adherent
- yanbexwa adhered, held together, stuck
- yanbexof adhesive
- yanbexil paste, glue
- yanbexiler paste, glue
- yanbexilwa pasted, glued
- yanbexilwas poster, sticky, sticker
- yanbexileya sticky
- yanas funds
- yanasbuer fund
- yanasbuwa funded
- yanasbuen funding
- yanasbuut funder
- yanabier collect, harvest
- yanabien collection, harvesting
- yanabiut collector, havester
- yanabiwa collected, harvested
- yanabiut collector, havester
- yantamer live together, cohabit
- yantamen cohabitation
- yantamea cohabiting, living together
- yantamut cohabitor
- yanyexer work together, cooperate, collaborate
- yanyex cooperation, collaberation
- yanyexa collaborative
- yanyexut collaborator
- yantexer agree, concord
- yantex agreement, concord
- yantexwa agreed
- yantexuwa agreeable
- yantexdren written agreement
- yantexea bu according to, in accordance with
- yontexer disagree
- yontex disagreement, discord, dispute
- yontexaya discordant
- yontexwa disputed
- yontexeya disputatious
- yontexeyan disputatiousness
- yanteser sympathize, commiserate, empathize
- yantesea sympathetic
- yantes sympathy, empathy
- oyantes lack of sympathy
- oyantesea unsympathetic
- yonteser feel antipathy, resent
- yontes antipathy, resentment
- yontesea antipathetic:
- yanbyen harmony
- yanbyena harmonic
- yanbyenxer harmonize
- yanbyenxen harmonization
- yanbyenxwa harmonized
- be yanbyen bay in harmony with
- yonbyen disharmony
- topyanat soul-mate:
- ebyana mutual
- ebyanay mutually
- ebyanan mutuality
- ebyona rival
- ebyonut rival, contestant
- ebyonan rivalry
- ebyonut rival
- ebyonutser rival:
- anaxer unify
- anaxen unification
- anaxwa unified
- yanbier bring together, collect
- yanbien collection
- yanbiwa collected, brought together
- ya- multi-, more than one
- yatada polygamous
- yatadan poygamy
- yadalyena polyglot
- yadalyenat polyglot
- yasana poly-morphic, generic
- yasauna various, varied
- yasun chain
- yasuna serial
- yasunxer concatenate
- yasunxen concatenation
- yasunxwa chained, concatenated::
- yatada polygamous
- yan- co-, fellow-, mate
- yanmemut fellow-countryman
- yandit fellow citizen
- yanfatinat co-religionist
- yanpoput fellow-traveler, travelmate
- yan together
- yana together
- yanay together
- yanat partner, fellow, mate, companion, associate
- yanatan partnership, fellowship, companionship, association
- yanatser partner, mate, associate
- yanatsen partnering, mating, association
- yanatseya sociable
- yanatseyan sociability
- yanatyan association, society, committee
- yanatyana associational, societal, social
- timyanat roommate
- sumyanat sleep-mate, bed-mate
- telyanat dining companion
- yana together
- yanil glue
- yanilber glue
- yanilbwa glued
- oyanilbwa unglued
- yanilben gluing
- yanilbwa glued
- yanilber glue
- yanyel paste
- yanyelber paste
- yanyelben pasting
- yanyelbwa pasted
- yanyelyena pasty
- yanyelber paste
- yanxer gather, assemble, collect
- yanxen gathering, meeting, assemblage
- yanxwa gathered, assembled
- yanxon assembly
- yanser join, meet, collect, assemble
- yansen meeting, collection, assembly
- yans meeting
- yansem meeting place
- yanper go together, accompany, associate
- yanput accompanist, companion, associate
- yanputan companionship, companion, association
- yanuper meet, come together, assemble
- yanup meeting, convocation, get-together
- yanupem meeting venue:
- yanup meeting, convocation, get-together
- yanber put together, compose, assemble
- yanben composition, assemblage
- yanbut composer, assembler
- yonber take apart, break up, disassemble
- yonben disassemblage
- yanyeber mix
- yanyeben mixing, tangling
- yanyebun mixture, melange, mixup, tangle
- yanyebwa mixed, tangled
- yonyeber disentangle, untangle
- yonyeben untangling, resolution
- yanun pile, accumulation, stack, grouping, heap
- yanuna cumulative
- yanunser pile up, accumulate, stack up, group
- yanunxer pile up, stack, stack up, make a pile
- yanunxwa piled up, stacked, accumulated, heaped up
- yanunxen piling up, stacking, accumulation, heaping
- nyaun pile, mass, heap, cluster
- nyauna massive
- nyaunser pile up, cluster
- nyaunxer pile together, cluster, group, amass
- nyaunxwa piled together, clustered, grouped, amassed
- nyaunag bloc, crowd
- nyaunagser crowd together, form a bloc
- nyaunagxer crowd together, make into a bloc:
- nyan ensemble, gathering, collection
- nyana collective
- nyanay collectively
- nyanan collectivity
- nyanaxer collectivize
- nyanaxen collectivization
- nyanaxwa collectivized
- nyanag mass, herd, crowd
- nyanaga massive
- nyanagber mass, crowd, gather, assemble, herd together, gather together
- nyanagbwa crowded, massed, herded together
- nyana collective
- nyautyan crowd
- nyautyana crowded
- -yan: collection, grouping
- fabyan forest
- tobyan humankind, mankind, humanity
- potyan animal kingdom
- patyan flock of birds
- tulyan meal, set of dishes
- dunyan verbiage
- yanar link, joint, juncture, nexus, yoke
- yanarser link up, join
- yanarxer link, join
- yanarxen linking, joinning
- yanarxwa linked, joined
- yanaryan chain
- yanzyus chain
- yanzyusaber chain, shackle
- yanzyusaben chaining, shackling
- yanzyusabwa chained, shackled
- yanzyusober unchain, unshackle
- yanzyusoben unchaining, unshackling
- yanzyusobwa unchained, unshackled
- yanzyusaber chain, shackle
- aut person
- agaut personage, v.i.p.
- ogaut little guy, man on the street, average Joe
- auta personal
- autaxer personalize
- autaxwa personalized
- autan personality, personhood
- autyan public
- autyana public
- autyanyux public service
- autyanyuxut public servant
- autyander publicize, advertise
- autyanden publication, publicity, advertisement, ad
- anut individual, private person
- anuta private, particular, individual
- anutay privately, individually
- anutan privacy, ndividuality, particularity
- anutaxer privatize
- anutaxen privatization
- anutaxwa privatized
- olanutaxer de-privatize
- olanutaxen de-privatization
- olanutaxwa de-privatized
- yanuta general
- yanutan generality
- yanutay generally
- yanutaxer generalize
- yanutaxen generalization
- yanutaxwa generalized
- yanaut people
- yanauta popular
- yanautan popularity
- yanautaya populous
- yanautber populate
- yanautben population
- yanautin populism
- yanautina populist, populistic
- yanautinat populist
- yanauta popular
- yauta common, communal
- yautay commonly
- yautan community
- yautana communitarian, communal
- yaut commune::
- yautin communism
- yautina communist
- yautinat communist
- yautinyena communistic, communist-leaning
- ovyautina anti-communist
- avyautina pro-communist
- autnyan community
- autnyana communitarian, communal
- anuta private, particular, individual
- utyan group
- utyanser group together
- grautyan crowd, mass of people
- grautyanser crowd together, mass
- grautyansa crowded
- asana special
- asanay specially, especially
- asanan specialty
- asanxer specialize
- asanxen specialization
- asanxwa specialized
- asanxut specialist
- asuna specific
- asunay specifically
- asunder specify
- asunden specification
- asunxwa specified
- yasana general
- yasanay generally
- yasanan generality
- yasanxer generalize
- yasanxen generalization
- yasanxwa generalized
- yasuna generic, typical
- yasunay generically, typically
- oyasuna ungeneric, atypical:
- tyan class
- tyana classic, classical
- tyanxer classify
- tyanxen classification
- tyanxwa classified
- tyanes genre, type, genus
- tyanesa generic, typical
- aatyan first class
- eatyan second class
- iatyan third class
- yabtyan high class
- yabtyana high-class
- yobtyan low class
- yobtyana low-class
- zetyan middle class
- zetyana middle-class
- vityana classical
- vutyana vulgar
- vutyanan vulgarity
- vutyanun vulgarism
- vutyanxer vulgarize
- vutyanxen vulgarization
- tyanin classism
- tyanina classist
- tyantijtea class-conscious::
- utyan group
- utyanser group, band together
- utyansen grouping
- utyanxer group, band
- utyanxen grouping
- utyanxwa grouped
- utyana collective
- utyanan collectivity
- utyanaxer collectivize
- utyanaxen collectivization
- utyanaxer collectivize
- utyanan collectivity
- yebutyan in-group
- oyebutyan out-group
- utyanes team
- utyanesyex teamwork
- ovutyanes opposite team
- utyanog band
- utyanogser band together
- avutyan party
- dobtuna avutyan political party
- avutyana partisan
- avutyanan partisanship
- ovutyan opposition party
- utyanser group, band together
- utnyan assembly
- syan species, type
- syana specific
- syanes type
- syanog category
- syanogxer categorize
- syanogxen categorization
- syangoxwa categorized
- syanoga categorical
- syanogxer categorize
- asyan series
- asyana serial
- asyanxer serialize
- asyanxen serialization
- asyanxwa serialized
- yasyan collection
- yasyanxer collect
- yasyanxen collection
- yasyanxut collector
- nyanut union, syndicate
- nyanuta syndical
- nyanutan syndicalism, unionism
- nyanutut unionist
- ebnyanuta intersyndical, interunionist
- nyanutyan federation
- nyanutyana federal
- nyanutyanan federalism
- yanyanutyan confederation
- yanyanutyana confederal
- yanyanutyanan confederalism
- yanyanutyana confederal
- yonxer separate
- yonxen separation
- yonxuwa separable
- oyonxuwa inseparable
- oyonxuwan inseparability
- yonzyaber disperse
- yonzyaben dispersal
- yonzyabwa dispersed
- yonkuber sideline, set aside
- yonkuben sidelining, setting aside
- yonkubwa sidelined, set aside, benched
- yanifer sew, stitch
- yanifen stitching
- yanifwa stitched, sewn
- oyanifer take out the stitches, unstitch
- nyaf knot, tangle
- yanyafer knot, tangle
- yanyafwa knotted, tangled
- yanyafen kotting, tangling
- oyanyafer untangle
- oyanyafen untangling, denouement
- yanyafer knot, tangle
- yonofer tear, tip
- yonof tear, rip
- yonofen tearing, ripping
- yonofun tear, tip
- yonofwa torn, ripped
- yonofar ripping device, scissors
- yaniler glue
- yanilun glueing
- yanilwa glued
- oyaniler unglue
- oyanilwa unglued
- yaner tie, link
- yanen liason, tie
- yoner untie, unlink
- yonen untying, unlinking
- yanler attach
- yanlen attachment
- yanlwa attached
- yonler detach
- yonlen detachment
- yonlwa detached
- yonrer cut
- yonren cutting
- yonrwa cut
- yonrar knife, cutter
- yonrares blade
- yanxer join
- yanxen joining
- yanxwa joined
- yonxer unjoin, partition, separate
- yonxen unjoining, partitioning, separation
- yonxwa disjoined, unjoined, partitioned, separated
- yonxun partition, separation, gap
- yontader divorce
- yontaden divorce
- yontadwa divorced
- yonaxer separate
- yonaxen separation
- yonaxwa separated
- yona apart, separate
- yonay apart, separately
- yonan apartness, separateness
- yonim apartment
- yonimyan apartment complex
- yon apart
- yonay apart, sunder
- yonan apartness
- yonser come apart, separate
- yonsen coming apart, separation
- yan together
- yanay together
- yanan togetherness
- yanuper meet
- yanup meeting
- yanupem meeting venue
- yanat mate, partner, fellow
- yanatan mateship, partnership, fellowship
- yanan togetherness
- tamyan housing complex, block of houses
- tomyan building complex, block of building
- sumtimyan dormitory
- patyan flock of birds
- maryan constellation
- saryan instrumentation, equipment
- yandal colloquy, discussion
- yandaler discuss
- yandalut discutant, interlocutor
- yanber compose, put together
- yanben composition
- yanbena compositional
- yanbut composer
- yanbwa composed
- yanben composition
- yonber take apart, decompose
- yonbem decomposition
- yonbwa decomposed
- yontim apartment, flat
- yontimyan apartment complex
- yonyem separate space, compartment
- yonyemxer compartmentalize
- yonyemxen compartmentalization
- yonyemxwa compartmentalized
- tomyan block of building, block, complex
- tamyan block of houses, housing complex
- sumtimyan dormitory
- maryan constellation
- suryan equipment
- siryan machinery
- ajtedyan ancestry
- amulyan molecule
- apelatyan swarm of bees
- atulyan breakfast
- saryan toolset
- sayryan instrumentation
- somyan furniture
- sunyan reality
- suzyan art collection
- syagyan account
- dafyan deck of cards
- debyan leadership
- defyan stationary
- detyan club
- dityan citizenship
- dlunyan phraseology
- dopsuryan ordnance
- doutyan bourgeoisie
- dresinyan alphabet
- drenyan scripture
- dreunyan documentation, dossier
- drevyan grammar
- drezyan poety
- dyedutyan readership
- dyendyunyan bibliography
- dyenyan book collection, library
- dunyan glossary, lexicon
- dyuvyan ream of paper
- etulyan lunch
- bapeltyan swarm of ants
- faybyan shrubbery, thicket
- fayebyan foliage
- itulyan dinner
- jogatyan youth
- jubdryenyan the press
- kobiunyan loot
- masyan masonry
- mepyan network
- naafyan drapery
- nasyan capital
- nesyan savings
- neunyan reserves
- nibyan array, grid, matrix, web
- nisyan earnings
- nifyan wiring
- nozyan jewelry
- nofyan textiles
- nusbiutyan clientele
- nunamyan shopping center
- patayebyan plumage
- patyan poultry
- peltyan swarm
- pityan school of fish
- potyan animalia
- tadetyan fraternity
- tadyan husband and wife
- taibyan skeleton
- taydetyan sorority
- teesiutyan audience
- telaryan cutlery
- teipibyan denture
- tiutyan student body
- tolaryan dishes
- totyan pantheon
- tulyuxutyan wait staff
- tulyan meal
- tutamyan university
- tuutyan academe
- tyadetyan grandchildren
- tyadyan grandparents
- tyunyan ideology
- vazasunyan greenery
- vidrenyan literature
- vosyan bouquet
- vulobyan thorn patch
- ebdrenyan mail
- yexyan handiwork
- yipetobyan litter
- av for
- ava in favor, pro
- avan advocacy
o zero
- oun null, nil
- osun nothing
- osunxer anihilate
- osunxwa anihilated
- osunxen anihilation
- osunan nothingness
- owa no, not any, not a
- owas not a thing, nothing
- owat nobody, no one, not a single person
- o- non-, un-, dis-
- otwa unknown
- ol- non-, un-, dis-
- olafwa disallowed
- olo- non-, un-, dis-
- ov against
- ovaxer counteract
- ova against, opposite
- ovader contradict
- yo- non-, un-, dis-, the opposite of
- tat angel
- yotat devil
The tob (Man) Family[edit]
- The stem of words in this family begin with the consonant t, designating human, and end in b, meaning organism or organ. The words have to do with the human being and the human body.
tob man, human
- toyb woman
- toyban womanhood
- toban humanity, manhood
- tobyan humanity, humankind, mankind
- tobaxer humanize
- tobaxen humanization
- tobaxwa humanized
- tobin humanism
- tobina humanist
- tobinat humanist
- toybin feminism
- toybina feminist
- tobinat feminist
- toob male
- tooba male
- tooyb female
- tooyba female, feminine
- tobtun anthropology
- tobtuna anthropological
- tobtut anthropologist
- tobyena manly
- tobyenan manliness
- toybyena womanly
- toybyenan womanliness
- tobava humanitarian
- tobavin humanitarianism
- tobavina humanitarian
- tobavat humanitarian
- tobot child, baby, infant
- tobota infantile
- tobotan childhood, infancy
- tobotsim highchair
- tobotyena childlike, babyish, infantile
- tobotyenan infantility
- tobottojben infanticide
- tobottojbena infanticidal
- tobottojbut baby-killer
- tobog midget
- tobyog urchin
- tobet boy
- tobetan boyhood
- tobetyena boyish
- tobetyenan boyishness
- toybet girl
- toybetan girlhood
- toybetyena girlish
- toybetyenan girlishness
- joga tob young man
- joga toyb young woman
- jaga tob old man
- jaga toyb old woman:::
- tobtujben homocide, killing
- tobtujbena homocidal
- tobtujbut killer
- tobsana anthropomorphic
- tobsanan anthropomorphism
- tobifina philanthropic
- tobifin philanthropy
- tobifinat philanthropist
- tobufina misanthropic
- tobufin misanthropism
- tobufinat misanthrope
tab body
- taba bodily, corporal
- taban corporality
- tojtab corpse
- tojtabnyem coffin
- tabnyem coffin
- tabnyef body bag
- tabkyojun remains
- tabaga corpulent
- tabagan corpulence
- tabog corpuscle
- taboga corpuscular
- taob flesh
- taoba carnal
- taaban carnality
- taobaya fleshy, carnal
- taobser become flesh, incarnate
- taoba carnal
- taab lymph
- taaba lymphatic
- tabil humor
- tabila humoral
- taeb muscle
- taeba muscular
- taebyan musculature
- taebaya muscle-bound
- taib bone
- taiba osseous, bony
- taibyena bony
- taibyenan boniness
- taibyena bony
- taibser ossify
- taibsen ossification
- taibsa ossified
- taibnyan skeleton
- taibnyana skeletal
- taibyan frame, framework, bone structure
- taiba osseous, bony
- tekib vertebra
- tekiba vertebral
- tekibnyan spine, spinal column
- tekibnyana spinal
- taub cartilege
- tauba cartilaginous
- tayob skin, hide
- tayobil sweat, perspiration
- tayobiler sweat, perspire
- tayobilaya sweaty
- tayoba cutaneous, dermal
- tayobtun dermatology
- tayobtuna dermatological
- tayobtut dermatologist
- tayobober skin, strip, flay
- tayoboben skinning, flaying
- tayobobwa skinned, flayed
- tayobdril tattoo
- tayobdriler tattoo
- tayobbok skin disease, dermatitis
- tayobil sweat, perspiration
- tayab fat
- tayaba fatty
- tayeb hair
- tayeba capillary
- tayebaya hairy
- tayebayan hairiness
- oytayeba bald, hairless, smooth
- oytayeban baldness, hairlessness, smoothness
- tayeyb fuzz
- tayeybyena fuzzy
- tayeybyenan fuzziness
- tayeybyena fuzzy
- omoltayeb wig, hairpiece
- tayib nerve
- tayiba nervous
- tayiban nervousness
- tayibxer enerve, get on one's nerves, annoy
- tayibxea enerving, annoying
- tayibxen annoyance
- tayiser grow nervous, get excited
- tayisen excitement
- tayiba nervous
- teb head
- tebnyem cranium, skull
- tebnyema cranial
- tebos brain
- tebosa cerebral
- teboses cerebellum
- zateb forehead
- zateba frontal
- tebzan face, countenance
- tebzana facial
- obteb neck
- obteba cervical
- zoobteb nape
- zaobteb throat
- yobteb chin
- tebnyem cranium, skull
- tep mind
- tepa mental
- tepyen mentality, attitude
- tijtep consciousness
- tujtep subconscious
- tepaza intelligent
- tepoza stupid
- teob cheek
- teoba jugal
- zeteob cheekbone
- teobyeb beard
- teobyebaya bearded
- teab eye
- teaba ocular, optic
- teabigyijer blink
- zeteab pupil
- teabyeb eyelash
- fateab eyelid
- fateaxer blink
- fateabyeb eyebrow
- teabar eyeglasses, glasses
- teabil tear
- teabiles teardrop
- teabiler tear up
- teapiler cry, weep
- teapileya weepy
- teabtun ophthalmology
- teabtuna ophthalmological
- teabtut ophthalmologist
- teater see
- teat vision, sight
- teatyofa blind
- teatyofat blind person
- teatyofan blindness
- teatyofxer blind
- teatyofxeya blinding
- teatyofxwa blinded
- teatyaf ability to see, sight
- teatyafa sightful, able to see
- yeatyafat seeing person
- teatyafa sightful, able to see
- oteatwa unseen
- oteatwas something unseen
- teatyofa blind
- jateater foresee
- teatuwa visible
- teatuwan visibility
- oteatuwa invisibile
- oteatuwan invisibility
- teatuer show
- teatuen demonstration
- teatueya demonstrative, showy
- teatier catch sight of, perceive
- teatien perception
- teatiwa perceived
- teaxer look
- igteaxer glance
- yagteaxer glare
- kyoteaxer stare
- yokteaxer peek
- zyoteaxer peer
- zyateaxer scan
- yabteaxer look up
- yobteaxer look down
- yebteaxer look in
- oyebteaxer look out
- yubteaxer examine
- abteaxer supervise
- ugteaxer gaze::::
- teaser seem, look, appear
- teas appearance
- teaseay apparently, seemingly
- fiteasa good-looking
- futeasa ugly
- teaper visit
- teap visit
- teaput visitor
- teabizer aim
- anteaba one-eyed, monocular
- teat vision, sight
- teeb ear
- teeba aural, auricular
- fozteeb earlobe
- teeter hear
- teet hearing
- teetyaf ability to hear
- teeta auditory
- teeten hearing, audition
- teetyofa deaf
- teetyofan deafness
- teetyofat deaf person
- teetyofxer deafen
- teetyofxeya deafening
- teetyaf ability to hear
- teetyafa able to hear, hearing
- teetuwa audible
- teetuwan audibility
- oteetuwa inaudible
- oteetuwan inaudibility
- oteetwa unheard of
- oteetwas something unheard of
- teetar hearing aid
- teetyuxar hearing aid
- teexer listen
- teexut listener
- teexutyan audience
- teexar earphone, headphone, earpiece
- teexut listener
- teeser sound, sound like
- tees sound, audio
- teesag noise
- teesa acoustic, audio
- teesyen acoustics
- teesaga noisy, loud
- fiteesea nice-sounding, sweet-sounding, melodious
- futeesea bad-sounding, cacophonous
- tees sound, audio
- teeper attend
- teeput attendee
- teeputyan attendance, audience
- teeput attendee
- teib nose
- teiba nasal, rhino-
- teibyes nostril
- teibil snot, mucus
- teibila mucal
- teiv handkerchief
- teibilober blow one's nose
- teibukxer sneeze
- teiter smell
- teit odor, smell, scent, whiff
- teita olfactory
- teitier sniff, smell, take a whiff of
- teiz perfume
- teizam perfumery
- teizaber perfume
- teizabwa perfumed
- teituer smell up, give off an odor
- teityofa unable to smell
- teit odor, smell, scent, whiff
- teiser smell, smell like
- fiteisea fragrant, sweet-smelling
- fiteis fragrance
- futeisea stinky, bad-smelling, foul, odorous
- futeis stink, foul smell, odor
- teis scent, smell, odor
- teisaya smelly, odorous
- oyteisa odorless
- fiteisea fragrant, sweet-smelling
- teixer smell, sniff
- teixen olfaction
- teixa olfactory
- teixeuser snore
- teixeusen snoring
- teub mouth
- teuba oral, buccal
- teubil saliva, spit
- teubiler salivate
- teubiluer spit
- teubilier swallow
- teubyijer yawn
- teuder shout, scream, yell, cry, call out
- teud shout, scream, yell, cry
- teuden shouting, screaming, yelling, crying
- uvteuder cry, moan, sigh
- azuvteuder wail
- ivteuder laugh
- azivteuder laugh out loud, laugh uproariously
- ozivteuder chuckle, snicker
- yokteuder exclaim
- yokteuden exclamation
- yokteudena exclamatory
- ivteuxer smile
- ivteux smile
- ivteuxea smiling
- ivteuxaya smiley
- uvteuxer frown, grimace
- uvteux frown, grimace
- teuter taste
- teuxer taste, try
- teuser taste
- fiteusea delicious, good-tasting
- fiteus good taste
- futeusea bad-tasting
- futeus bad taste
- oyteusa tasteless, insipid
- oyteusan tastlessness, insipidness
- teubob lip
- teuboba labial
- enteuboba bilabial
- teubozer smile
- teuboxer kiss
- teusozer laugh
- teubobier suck
- teuboba labial
- teubab tongue
- teubaba lingual
- teubaber lick
- teubeb gum
- teubeba gingival
- teubebbok gingivitis
- teubib jaw
- teubixer chew
- teumib palate
- teumiba palatal
- teupib tooth
- teupiba dental
- teupibyan denture
- teupibut dentist
- teupibbek dentistry, dental hygiene
- teupibbekut dental hygienist
- teupixer bite
- teupixun bite
- yebteupixer crunch
- yebteupixeya crunchy
- yebteupixeyan crunchiness
- yebteupixeya crunchy
- teupixoger nibble
- ateupib central incisor
- eteupib lateral incisor
- iteupib canine
- uteupib premolar
- yoteupib molar
- tez crown
- abteupimul enamel
- ebteupimul dentine
- megil cement
- fyob root
- fyob ebmip root canal
- teuz voice
- teuza vocal
- teuznyem voice box, larynx
- teuznyema larygeal
- zoyteuz echo
- zoyteuzer echo
- zoyteuzim echo chamber
- teuzun vowel
- teuzibar telephone, phone
- teuzibarer telephone, phone
- teuzibara telephonic
- teus phone, sound
- teuson phoneme, elemental sound
- teusa phonetic::::
- teustun phonology
- teustuna phonological
- teustut phonologist
- teusontun phonemics
- teusontuna phonemic
- teusontut phonemicist
- teustin phonetics
- teustina phonetic
- teustinay phonetically
- teustinut phonetician
- teustina phonetic
- deser pronounce, articulate
- desen pronunciation, articulation
- desun consonant
- deuz song
- uvdeuz dirge
- yogdeuz ditty
- yagdeuz chant
- ogdeuz tune, air
- detdeuz anthem
- fadeuz hymn, canticle, psalm
- ivdeuz carol
- ajdeuz ballad
- yandeuz chorus, harmony
- yandeuzer harmonize
- yandeuza harmonic
- egdeuz refrain
- videuz melody
- videuza melodic
- deuzer sing, vocalize
- yagdeuzer chant
- endeuz duet
- deuzut singer
- deuzutyan chorale, chorus, choir
- deuzuyt songstress, female singer
- deuzen singing
- deuzduni lyrics
- dudeuz antiphon
- dudeuza antiphonal
- deuzes verse
- duz music
- duza musical
- duzan musicality
- duzut musician
- duzutan musicianship
- duzutyan band, orchestra
- duzun concert
- duzunam concert hall
- duzunyan concerto, symphony
- yanduz harmony:::
- duzer play music
- duzar musical instrument
- duzaryan orchestra, band
- duzaryana orchestral
- duzarer play an instrument
- duzaryt instrumentalist, player
- duzaryan orchestra, band
- duznod musical note, note
- duznodyan chord
- duzmuys musical scale, scale
- duzdyuf music sheet, sheet of music, score
- duzes piece of music
- duztun musicology
- duztuna musicological
- duztut musicologist
- duzam music venue, music hall, concert hall
- duznog pitch
- duznogyan range
- duzijnog key
- duznap musical arrangement
- duznagun measure
- duzbyex beat
- duzbyexyan rhythm
- duzbyexyana rhythmical
- duzbyexyan rhythm
- jaduz prelude
- ebduz interlude
- egduz refrain
- duzyen music genre
- duzigan tempo
- duza musical
- seux sound
- seuxa sonic, acoustic
- seuxer make a sound
- seuser sound, sound like
- viseux melody
- viseuxa melodic
- viseuxaya melodious
- seuxes tone
- seuxesa tonal
- seuxesan tonality
- vyiseuxes pure tone
- anseuxesa monotonous
- anseuxesan monotony
- seuxtun acoustics
- seuxtuna acoustic
- seuxtut acoustics expert
- seuxpaan sound wave, acoustic wave
- seuxpaandren sonograph
- seuxpaandrar oscilloscope
- seuxibar radio, radio receiver
- seuxibun radio reception
- seuxubun radio transmission, radio broadcast
- seuxubar radio transmitter:::
- seuxdrar recorder
- seuxdren recording, record, phonograph
- seuxdrer record
- seuxaya sonorous
- seuxoya silent
- seuxoyan silence:
- xeus noise
- xeusaya noisy
- xeusayan noisiness
- xeusoz faint noise
- xeusaz loud noise
- xeusaza loud
- xeusazan loudness
- xeusaza loud
- xeusoya noise-free, silent
- xeusoyan silence
- xeusar noise-maker
- xeusag boom, loud noise, bang:
- xeuspyex boom, crack, bang, thunder::
- xeusaya noisy
- tib trunk
- zetib waist
- zetif belt
- zotib back
- zotiba dorsal
- zotibnyef backpack, rucksack
- tibuzer bow, bend over
- zetib waist
- tiab chest
- tilab breast
- tilabil breast milk
- bil milk
- bilier milk, suck
- biluer give milk
- biliar milking machine
- tilaf brassiere, bras
- tilab breast
- tieb lung
- tieba pulmonary
- tiexer breathe
- tiexen respiration, breathing
- tiexun breath
- tiebmal breath
- yebtiexer breathe in
- tiebier breathe in
- tiebien breathing in
- tiebuer breathe out, expire
- tiebuen expiration
- oyebtiexer breathe out, expire
- oyebtiexen expiration
- tiebukxer cough
- tebukxen cough, coughing
- tiexen respiration, breathing
- tiib heart
- tiiba cardiac
- tiibil blood
- tiibiler bleed
- tiibilea bleeding
- tiibilaya bloody
- tiibilayan bloodiness
- tiibilika blood-filled
- oytiibila bloodless
- omtiibila cold-blooded
- tiibiluer bloody
- tiibilier suck blood
- tiibiliut vampire
- tiibiler bleed
- tiibuf artery
- tiibufa arterial
- tiibufog arteriole
- zoytiibuf vein
- zoytiibufa venous
- zoytiibufog venule, veinlet
- tiibpos cardiac arrest
- tiiba igef heart attack, cardiac emergency
- tiub belly
- tiuba ventral
- tiuyb abdomen
- tiuyba abdomenal
- zetiub belly button
- zotiub buttock, butt
- tiyob kidney
- tiyoba renal
- tiyobil urine, pee, piss
- tiyobiler urinate, pee, piss
- tiyobilim urinal, pissoir
- tiyab penis, phallus
- tiyaba penile, phallic
- tiyayb vagina
- tiyayba vaginal
- ebtiyaba sexual
- ebtiyaxer have sex, copulate
- ebtiyaxen copulation, sex
- ebtiyaxena copulatory
- ebtiyaxen copulation, sex
- ebtiyaxer have sex, copulate
- tikob esophagus
- tikoba esophageal
- tikab stomach
- tikaba gastric
- tikabil chyme
- tikabukxer vomit, throw up
- tikabukxun vomit
- tikeb liver
- tikeba hepatic
- tikub intestine
- tikuba intestinal
- tikubil chyle, feces, shit
- tikubila fecal
- tikubiler defecate, shit
- tikubilen defecation
- tikubilena defecatory
- tikubilen defecation
- tikubuj anus, asshole::
- tikubuja anal
- tikubuja teubabien analingus
- tub arm, limb
- tuba brachial
- tubyuzer embrace
- tuab shoulder
- tuapyener bump
- tueb upper arm
- tuib elbow
- tuiber elbow
- tuub forearm
- tuyob wrist
- tuyoxer wave
- tuyab hand
- tuyaba manual
- tuyaber handle
- tuyabar handle
- tuyapyener slap
- tuyabirer grab hold of
- tuyabyanxer shake hands
- tuyabyanx handshake:::
- tuyeb fist
- tuyepyener box, hit, sock, punch
- tuyib palm
- tuyipyener slap
- tuyibaner pat
- tuyub finger
- tuyuba digital
- atuyub thumb
- etuyub index finger
- etuyubizer point
- ituyub middle finger
- utuyub ring finger
- yotuyub pinkie
- uatuyub left hand thumb
- uetuyub left hand index finger
- uituyub left hand middle finger
- uutuyub left hand ring finger
- uyotuyub left hand pinkie
- iatuyub right hand thumb
- ietuyub right hand index finger
- iituyub right hand middle finger
- iutuyub right hand ring finger
- iyotuyub right hand pinkie
- tuyuxer touch, feel, finger
- tulob fingernail, nail
- tuloxer scratch
- tuba brachial
- tyob leg
- tyoab hip
- tyoeb thigh
- tyoub leg
- tyouv stocking
- tyoyob knee
- tyoyoper genuflect
- tyoyab foot
- tyoyaf shoe
- tyoyafxut shoemaker, cobbler
- tyoyav sock
- tyoyaper walk
- tyoyapen walking, walk
- tyoyapea ambulatory, walking
- tyoyapar walker
- tyoyap step
- igtyoyaper run
- igtyoyaput runner
- igtyoyapem running track, course
- tyoyapem sidewalk
- tyoyaput pedestrian, walker
- tyoyapyener kick
- tyoyabarer stomp:::
- tyoyapen walking, walk
- tyoyaf shoe
- tyoyeb ankle
- tyoyib sole
- tyoyub toe
- tyolob toenail
Bodily Fluids and Functions[edit]
tob human being tab body -il liquid til drink -el food tel food -yel oil, gel -al gas, air tabil humor tilier drink tiluer give to drink, water telier eat teluer feed ilier absorb iluer pour alier breathe in aluer aerate, blow taib bone taibil marrow taibober de-bone taibser ossify tayob skin tayobil sweat tayobiler perspire, sweat tayobober flay, skin tayoboser itch tayib nerve tayixer excite, irritate tayiser get excited teb head tep mind tes feeling tespan emotion ter know texer think vyatexer reason vyetexer wonder vatexer believe vetexer suppose votexer doubt ivtexer be thankful uvtexer regret teser feel fiteser feel good futeser feel bad ivteser feel happy uvteser feel sad tespaner emote tebaxer nod vatebaxer nod yes votebaxer nod no vetebaxer shrug tebsin face tebsiner face zaytebsiner face forward ovtebsiner confront ibtebsiner face away vutebsiner grimace, sneer vitebsiner grin teab eye teabil tear teabiler weep teater see teaxer look igteaxer glance kyoteaxer stare yagteaxer glare ugteaxer gaze zyoteaxer peer eyteaxer squint yubteaxer examine zyateaxer survey, peruse koteaxer peek izteaxer focus jateaxer preview, foresee teatuer show teatier perceive, catch sight teaser seem teaper visit teatyofuer blind teatyofser disappear teatyofier go blind teatyofxer make disappear teatyofer be blind teabigyujer wink teabyeb eyelid teabyebyujer blink teeb ear teebyel ear wax teeter hear teexer listen teetuer inform teetuwer be rumored teetier get wind of teeser sound (like) teetyofuer deafen teetyofier go deaf teetyofser become inaudible teeyofxer make inaudible yuvteexer obey koteeter overhear koteexer snoop ekteexer audition, audit yekteexer try, hear (a case) teib nose teibil snot teibukxer blow one's nose teixeuser snore teiter smell teixer sniff teiser smell (like) futeiser stink ebteiber nose in, meddle teibaber nuzzle teub mouth teubil saliva, spit teubiler salivate teubier swallow teubiluer spit teubiloker slabber, drivel teubyijer yawn teuder shout teuser taste (like) teuxer taste (try) ivteuber smile, grin uvteuber frown, grimace uvteuder moan, groan ivteuder laugh ozivteuder chuckle, giggle ozuvteuder whimper, sigh ufteuder scowl ifteuder coo teubob lip teuboxer kiss teubozer smile, grin teusozer laugh teubobier suck teubab tongue teubaber lick teabaxer wag teubib jaw teubixer chew, masticate teupib tooth teupibyel pulp teupixer bite yagteupixer gnaw teupixeger much ogteupixer nibble tib trunk uztibser bow, bend over iztibser stand erect zyatibser stretch yobtibser crouch yuftibser cringe tiib heart tiibil blood tiibiler bleed tiibiloker lose blood tiibiluer get blood on tiibilglalser coagulate, clot tilab breast tilabil milk bil milk biluer breastfeed bilier milk (a cow) bilyigser curdle tieb lung tiebal oxygen tiexer breathe tiebalier breathe in tiebaluer expire, breathe out tieboker cough tiebyujer suffocate, choke tiebaloker burp, belch tiyob kidney tiyobil urine tiyobiler urinate, piss tiyab phallus, penis tiyayb vagina tiyabil pre-cum tiyaybil vag. fluid ebtiyaxer have sex, copulate tiyaybiler menstruate tiyabier fellate, suck tiyagiber fuck tiyabraxer masturbate tiyabober castrate, geld tiyagorber circumcise, cut tiyeb testicles tiyebil semen tiyebiloker ejaculate, cum tiyebiluer inseminate tikab stomach, gut tikabil chyme tikabel guts tikabeloker vomit, throw up tikeb liver tikebil bile tikub intestine tikubil chyle tikubober disembowel tikubuj anus tikubujil feces tikubujal wind tikubujiler defecate tikubujaler fart, break wind tub arm tubaxer flail, swing tubyuzyuber fold one's arms tubyuzer embrace, hug patubaxer flap tuib elbow tuiber elbow, nudge tuyab hand tuyabuer hand, deliver tuyabier grab yantuyabier shake hands tuyapyexer slap tuyabaxer wave tuyabexer handle,manipulate futuyabexer mishandle kyituyaber maul tuyapixer clasp pyotuyaber paw tuyasiuner sign tuyeb fist tuyepyexer sock, deck tuyebyujer clench one's fist tuyedeker fist-fight tuyebarer pound tuyebraxer shake one's fist tuyib palm tuyibaber palm tuyibaxer pat, caress yantuyipyexer clap, applaud tuyibraxer wave tuyub finger tuyuxer palpate, feel, touch iftuyuxer tickle tuyugiber poke tuyubifeker fiddle tuyupyexer tap, rap tuyubizeaxer point, indicate tuyubizder point out, indicate tulob fingernail tuloxer scratch pyotuloxer claw, maul tyoib knee tyoiber genuflect tyoiper crawl tyoyab foot tyoyaper walk igtyoyaper run, jog, rush yogigtyoyaper sprint, dash igektyoyaper race iftyoyaper stroll, jaunt tyoyapyexer kick tyoyabarer trample,tread tyoyakyeper hobble ugtyoyaper saunter, amble apetyoyaper gallop doptyoyaper march zyatyoyaper perambulate ivtyoyaper prance fyatyoyaper strut, sashay yagtyoyaper stride vyotyoyaper stumble, trip yantyoyaper walk alongside kutyoyaper step aside zaytyoyaper step forward nogtyoyaper pace, march iztyoyaper walk straight yibtyoyaper hike mebtyoyaper hike daztyoyaper promenade kyetyoyaper meander
The bak (Health) Family[edit]
- Here are the main words in Mirad dealing with health, illness, and medecine:
- Summary:
bak health bek treatment byek cure bok illness
book fatigue
byok pain
byork torture
bik care buk injury
bruk mutilation
bak health
- baka healthy, sound
- bakay healthily, soundly
- bakan healthiness, soundness, well-being
- bakat well person, healthy person
- obaka unwell, ill, unsound
- obakan illness
- Bak! Gesundheit!
- bakam health clinic
- bakamut health clinician
- bakxer heal, make well
- bakxen healing
- bakxut healer, doctor
- bakxwa healed
- bakser get well, heal
- baksea healing
- bakxwat patient
- bakser get well, heal
- egbakser recover
- egbaksen recovery
- egbaksea recovering, in recovery
- egbaksa recovered
- egbakim recovery room
- baktun health science, medecine, hygiene
- baktuna health science-related, medicinal, hygienic
- baktut health scientist, medical scientist, hygienist
- bakxetyen practice of medecine, medecine, health practice
- bakxetyenut health practioner
- baktyentun health technology
- fibak well-being
- fibaka well, salubrious, in good health
- fibakan wellness, salubriety
- fibakxer make well, heal, bring back to health
- fibakxen healing
- fibakxwa recovered, healed
- fibakser heal, get well
- Fibaksu ig! Get well soon!, Have a speedy recovery!
- Fibak bu et! To your health!
- fibakden salutation, greeting
- fibakder salute, greet, say hello
- fibaka well, salubrious, in good health
- fubak ill health, sickness
- fubaka ill, sick, in poor health, unwell
- fubakan illness, sickness, poor health
- fubakxer make ill, make sick, sicken
- fubakxea sickening
- fubakxwa sickened
- fubakser get ill, get sick
- fubaka ill, sick, in poor health, unwell
- baktel health food
- baktea health conscious
- bakdub health ministry, health department, health administration
- tepbak mental health
- fitepbaka sane, in good mental health
- fitepbak sanity, mental health
- futepbak insanity, mental illness
- futepbaka insane, mentally ill
- futepbakat insane person, mentally ill person
- futepbakser go insane
- futepbakam insane asylum
- tapbak physical health
- topbak spiritual health, salvation
- teabaktun opthamology
- teabbaktuna opthamological
- teabbaktut opthamologist
- teubak oral hygiene
- teubaktun oral hygienics
- teubaktuna oral hygienic
- teubaktut oral hygienist
- baak sanitation
- baaka sanitary
- baakxer sanitize
- baakxwa sanitized
- baakxen sanitization
- baakxil sanitizer
- baakan sanitariness
- obaaka unsanitary
- obaakan unsanitariness
- baaka sanitary
bek treatment, therapy, remedy
- beker treat, nurse, remedy
- beken treatment, nursing
- bekun remedy
- bekam sanatorium
- bekwa treated, nursed
- beka therapeutic, clinical, remedial
- bekut nurse
- bekuyt female nurse
- bektun medecine, medical science
- bektuna medical
- bektut doctor, physician, medical scientist
- abektun surgery
- abektuna surgical
- abektut surgeon
- bekam clinic, hospice, treatment center
- bekwat patient
- bekil medicine, remedy, drug
- bekila medicinal, pharmaceutical
- bekiluer medicate, drug
- bekiluen medication, drugging
- bekilnam pharmacy, drugstore
- bekilnamut pharmacist, druggist
- bekiltun pharmacology
- bekiltuna pharmacological
- bekiltut pharmacologist
- bekildren prescription, drug prescription
- fubeker mistreat
- fubeken mistreatment
- fubekwa mistreated
- fibeker treat well, pamper
- fibeken good treatment, pampering
- fibekwa well-treated, pampered
- bekuwa treatable, remediable, curable
- bekuwan treatability, remediability, curability
- obekuwa untreatable, unremediable, uncurable
- obekuwan untreatability, unremediability, uncurability
- tepbek psychiatry, psychiatric care
- tepbekut psychiatrist
- tepbeka psychiatric
- tepbekwat psychiatric patient
- tuyabek manicure
- tyoyabek pedicure
- byek cure
- byeka therapeutic
- byeker cure
- byekwa cured
- byekeya curative
- byekuwa curable
- obyekuwa uncurable
- byekam sanatorium
bik care, custody, vigilence, caution
- biker care, care for, watch over, monitor
- bikam clinic
- bikames dispensary
- yanbikam polyclinic
- bikuer provide care, care for, give care
- bikuut caregiver
- bikier take care, watch out, be cautious
- Bikiu! Watch out!, Take care!
- biken custody, caretaking
- bikut custodian, caretaker, nurse
- bikam care facility
- bikeya careful, watchful, vigilent, cautious
- bikeyan carefulness, watchfulness, vigilence
- bikeyay carefully
- obikeya unvigilent, unwatchful, careless
- bikoya careless, uncautious
- bikoyan carelessness, uncautiousness
- bikoyay carelessly
- bikwa cared for
- bikwat patient under care
- obik danger, threat, peril
- obikaya dangerous, perilous
- obikuer endanger, threaten, emperil
- obikueya dangerous, perilous
- azla bik intensive care
- azla bikim intensive care unit, ICU
- azla bikimut ICU nurse
bok illness, sickness, bad health
- boka ill, sick, infirm
- bokam hospital, infirmery
- bokamber hospitalize
- bokamben hospitalization
- bokambwa hospitalized
- bokamber hospitalize
- bokxer make ill, sicken
- bokxeya sickening
- bokxwa sickened
- bokser get sick, get ill, grow ill, grow infirm
- bokat sick person, ill person, patient
- bokatam hospital, infirmery
- boktun pathology
- boktuna pathological
- boktut pathologist
- boktunay pathologically
- tayobbok skin disease
- tepbok mental illness, insanity
- tepbokat mentally ill person
- bokil poison, venin
- bokila poisonous, venimous
- bokiluer poison
- bokiluen poisoning
- bokiluwa poisoned
- bokilier take poison, poison oneself, ingest poison
- ovbokil antidote
- ambok inflammation
- amboka inflammatory
- amatan fever
- amata feverish
- amatser come down with a fever
- vyusbok infection
- vyusbokxer infect
- vyusbokxen infection
- vyusbokxwa infected
- vyusbokser get infected
- vyusbokxer infect
- tiebok pneumonia
- tiebokier catch pneumonia
- tieboyk cold
- tieboykier catch a cold
- ombok flu
- ombokier catch the flu:
- tiyobok kidney disease, renitis
- tikebok liver disease, hepatitis
- tiibok heart disease
- tikabok gastritis
- tayobok dermatitis
- teibok rhinitis
- tikubok enteritis
- booka tired, fatigued, worn out
- book fatigue
- bookan tireness
- bookxer tire, fatigue, wear out
- bookxwa tired, fatigued, worn out
- bookser get tired, grow fatigued
byok pain
- byoker hurt, ache
- byokea aching, painful, hurting
- byokaya painful
- byokoya painless, pain-free
- byokoyan painlessness, analgesia
- byokoyxer relieve pain, analgesize
- byokoyxil analgesic, pain reliever
- byokuer punish, hurt, inflict pain, induce pain
- byokueya punishing, pain-inducing
- byokuen punishment, penalty, pain-inducement
- tikabyok stomach ache
- tebyok headache
- teebyok ear ache
- byook suffering, misery
- byooker suffer
- byookea suffering, miserable
- byookut sufferer
- byookuer make suffer, inflict
- byooker suffer
- byork torture, agony
- byorker writhe in torture, agonize
- byorkuer torture, antagonize
- byorkueya tortuous, agonizing
- byorkuut torturer
- byorkuwat torture victim
- byorkuwa tortured:
buk injury, harm, trauma, wound
- buker injure, harm, wound, traumatize
- bukwa injured, harmed, wounded
- bukwat injured person, casualty, wounded
- buken injury, harming, wounding
- bukeya injurious, harmful, traumatic, traumatizing
- bukuwa vulnerable
- bukuwan vulnerability
- obukuwa invulnerable
- obukuwan invulnerability
- bukwa injured, harmed, wounded
- obuk safety
- bukun injury, wound, trauma
- kyebuk danger, risk, peril, threat, potential harm
- kyebukaya dangerous, risky, perilous, theatening
- kyebukuer endanger, put at risk, imperil, threaten
- kyebukuen endangerment
- kyebukuwa endangered
- bukes scratch, minor injury
- bukesuer scratch
- bukesuwa scratched up
- bukesier get a scratch
- buyk sore
- sumbuyk bedsore
- tayobuyk skinsore
- jobuk scar
- jobukxer scar
- jobukxen scarring
- jobukxwa scarred
- jobukser get scarred, scar
- bruker mutilate, mangle
- bruken mutilation, mangling
- brukwa mutilated, mangled
tiibtun cardiology
- tiibtuna cardiological
- tiibtut cardiologist
tiebtun pneumology
- tiebtuna pneumonology
- tiebtut pneumonologist
tiyobtun renology
- tiyobtuna renological
- tiyobtut renologist
tikebtun hepatology
- tikebtuna hepatological
- tikebtut hepatologist
taptun physiology
- taptuna physiological
- taptut physiologist
The tod (Family) Family[edit]
- Stems in this family begin with t for human and end in d for society and have to do with families and family relationships.
- Summary:
tod = family tad husband tayd wife tadet brother taydet sister jatad fiance jatayd fiancee taodet brother-in-law taydet sister-in-law ted father teyd mother tedet son teydet daughter tid uncle tiyd aunt tidet cousin tiydet female cousin tud brother-in-law tuydet sister-in-law tudet nephew tuydet niece tyod father-in-law tyoyd mother-in-law tyodet son-in-law tyoydet daughter-in-law tyad grandfather tyayd grandmother tyadet grandson tyaydet granddaughter tyed relative tyeyd female relative tyid godfather tyiyd godmother tyidet godson tyiydet goddaughter tyud tutor tyuyd nanny tyudet pupil tyuydet female pupil
tod family
- toda familial
- toyd home
- todama domestic, household
- todamuyt housewife
- todana familiar
tad spouse, husband
- tayd wife
- tada marital, spousal
- tadser get married, wed
- tadsen marriage, wedding
- tadsa married, wedded
- otadsa unmarried, unwed
- tadsenxel wedding
- tadsa married, wedded
- tadsen marriage, wedding
- tadxer marry
- otadsat unmarried person, bachelor
- otadsayt spinster
- tadokat widower
- tadokayt widow
- tadokatan widowhood
- tadoker be widowed
- tadokayt widow
- tadet brother
- tadeta fraternal
- tadetan brotherhood, fraternity
- tadeta fraternal
- taydet sister
- taydeta sisterly
- taydetan sorority, sisterhood
- taydeta sisterly
- taodet brother-in-law
- tayodet sister-in-law
ted father
- teyd mother
- teda paternal, parental
- teyda maternal
- tedan paternity, parentage
- teydan maternity
- tedif papa
- teydif mama
- tedet son
- teydet daughter
- tedeta filial
- teodet son-in-law
- teyodet daughter-in-law
tid uncle
- tida avuncular
- tiyd aunt
- tidet cousin
- tiydet cousin
tud brother-in-law
- tuyd sister-in-law
- tudet nephew
- tuydet niece
tyod father-in-law
- tyoyd mother-in-law
- tudet son-in-law
- tuydet daughter-in-law
tyad grandfather
- tyayd grandmother, grandchild
- tyadyena grandfatherly
- tyaydyena grandmotherly
- tyadet grandson
- tyaydet granddaughter
- tyadyan grandparents
- tyedetyan grandchildren
tyed relative
- tyeyd female relative
- tyedyan kin, kindred, kinfolk, kith
- tyeda related, kindred, kin
- tyedan relateness, kinship
- tyedser become related
tud godfather
- tuyd godmother
- tudet godson, godchild
- tuydet goddaughter
- tuder serve as godfather
- tuyder serve as godmother
tyud tutor
- tyuyd female tutor
- tyudet pupil
- tyuydet female pupil
- aytyuder adopt
oyted orphan
- oyteyd female orphan
- oytedser become orphaned
- oytedsa orphaned
- oytedam orphanage
oytad widower
- oytayd widow
- oytadser become widowed
- oytadsa widowed
- oytadsen becoming widowed
otad celibate person, bachelor
- otayd unmarried female
- otadan celibacy
yontad divorce'
- yontayd divorcee
- yontader divorce
- yontadsen get divorced
- yontadxer divorce
- yontadsa divorced
- yontadxen divorce
jatad fiance
- jatayd fiancee
- jatadser become engaged, become entrothed
- jatadsa engaged, betrothed
- jatadsen engagement, betrothal
ajted ancester
- ajteda ancestral
- ajtedan ancestry
- ajtedyan ancesters
jaut ascendant
- jautan ascendance
jout descendant
- joutan descendence
tobot child, boy
- toybot female child, girl
- tobotan childhood, boyhood
- toybotan girlhood
- tajat baby, baby boy, infant, infant boy
- tayjat baby girl, infant girl
- tajatan infancy, babyhood
- tajatyena infantile, babyish
- tobog young man, little fellow
- toybog young woman, little lady
- joga young
- jogat young person, young man, youth, boy, juvenile
- jogatan youth, boyhood, juvenility
- joygat young lady, girl, female juvenile
- joygatan young ladyhood, girlhood
- grojoga minor
- grojogat minor
- grojoygat female minor
- grojogat minor
- jaga old, aged, elderly
- jagat old person, old man, elder, senior
- jagatan old age, elderliness, seniority
- jaygat old woman, female elder, old lady
- lojaga teenage, teenaged
- lojagat teenager, teenaged boy, teen
- lojaygat teenaged girl
- lojag teens, teenhood
- lojagat teenager, teenaged boy, teen
- gyejaga old enough, mature, adult
- gyejagaser reach adulthood, become an adult
- gyejagat adult
- gyejagatan adulthood
- zejaga middle-aged
- zejagat middle-aged person::
- jagser grow
- jagsen growth
- jagsa grown
- jagsat grown-up
- jagaser grow old, get old, age
- jagasen aging, getting old
- jagasea getting old, aging
- grajaga too old, over-aged
- grajagan advanced age
- jagat old person, old man, elder, senior
- jogat young person, young man, youth, boy, juvenile
The dot (Society) Family[edit]
- The stems of the words in this family begin with d for society and end in t for human.
- Summary:
dot society dat friend det comrade, mate dit citizen dut gentleman, sir dout bourgeois auta personal yauta public
Societal Vocabulary[edit]
dot society
- dota social, societal, public
- dotser socialize
- dotxer socialize
- dotxen socialization
- dotxwa socialized
- dotay socially
- doteya sociable
- doteyan sociability
- dotyena social, civil
- odotyena unsocial, uncivil
- odotyen uncivility
- odotyena unsocial, uncivil
- dotsyen civilization
- dotsyenser civilize
- dotsyenxer civilize
- dotsyenxwa civilized
- odotsyenxwa uncivilized
- dotsyenxwa civilized
- yodota savage, wild, barbarous
- yodatan savagery, wildness, barbarity
- yodotat savage, barbarian
- dotin socialism
- dotina socialistic
- dotinat socialist
- doyt association, club
- doyta associational, associate
- doytaser associate
- doytaxer associate
- doytaxen association
- dotyux public service
- dotyuxut public servant
- dotyuxutyan bureaucracy
- dotyuxut public servant
- dotvalan social security
dat friend, ally
- data friendly, allied
- datan friendship, alliance
- datyena friendly, amicable
- datyenan friendliness
- dayt female friend, girlfriend
- daat buddy
- daatan buddyship
- daayt girl buddy, girlfriend
- odata unfriendly
- odatan unfriendliness
- datser befriend
- yodat enemy
- yodata inimical
- yondatan enmity
- yodata inimical
- ovdata hostile
- ovdatan hostility
det comrade, mate, fellow
- detan comradeship, fellowship
- aydet companion, mate, fellow
- aydetan companionship, company
- popdet travel mate, traveling companion, fellow traveler
- pepdet fellow passenger
- teldet dining companion
- titamdet school mate
- timdet roommate
- sumdet bedmate
- memdet fellow countryman
- tildet drinking companion
- jobdet contemporary
- tejdet life mate
- tapdet sex mate
- tapdetser copulate, have sex, share sex, mate:
dit citizen
- ditan citizenship
- dityan citizenry
- dita civilian, civil
- dita yux civil service
- dita yuxut civil servant
- dityena civil
- dityenan civility
- dityenaxer civilize
- dityenaxwa civilized
- odityenaxwa uncivilized
- dityenaxwa civilized
- dita yux civil service
- ditbyen civility
- doita civic
- doitan civicism
- ditser become a citizen
- ditsen becoming a citizen
- mirdit world citizen, cosmopolitan
- mirdita cosmopolitan
dut sir, mister, master, senor
- abdut master
- abduter master
- abduten mastery
- abduter master
- duyt madam, ma'am, lady
- duytyan mesdames, ladies
- duut sire, lord, don, gentleman, milord
- abduut overlord, don
- abduuter lord over, dominate
- abduuten domination
- abduuter lord over, dominate
- abduut overlord, don
- dutyan sirs, messieurs, ladies and gentlemen
- duyut lady, dame, mylady, gentle lady
- duyutyan ladies, mesdames
- duyuytet young lady, demoiselle, damsel
- duyuytetyan mesdemoiselles
- dutet young man, squire, esquire
dout bourgeois, member of the middle class, burgess
- douyt bourgeoise
- doutan bourgeoisie
- doutyan bourgeoisie
ibdat host
- ibdayt hostess
- ibdata hospitable
- ibdatan hospitality
- datiber host, welcome, greet, receive a guest
- datibut host
- datibam hostel, inn, hotel, guesthouse
- datuper visit, be a guest
- Datupu! Welcome!
aut person
- auta personal
- autay personally
- autyan public
- autyana public
- anuta particular, individual
- anutay particularly
- anutan individuality
- yanuta public, communal
- yanutan communality, community
- yanutyan public, community, commune
- yanutaxer publicize
- yanutaxen publication
- yanutaxwa published, publicized
- yanutaxut publisher
- yanutaxam publishing firm
- yonuta private
- yonutay privately
- yonutan privacy
- yonut private person, individual
- agaut personnage, vip
- utyan group
- utyanser group
- utyanxer group
- utyanxen grouping
- utyanxwa grouped
- grautyan crowd
- grautyanxer crowd
- grautyanser get crowded
- grautyanxwa crowded::
- utnyan people, population
- utnyana popular
- utnyanan popularity
- utnyanaxer popularize
- utnyanaxen popularization
- utnyana popular
- utnyanber populate
- utnyanben population
- outnyanbwa unpopulated
- utnyanika populous
- utnyanuka unpopulous, deserted
- utnyanber populate
- yauta common, collective
- yautan commonality, collectivity
- yautana communitarian
- yautxer collectivize
- yautxen collectivization
- yautin communism
- yautina communist, communistic
- yautinat communist
- yautan commonality, collectivity
- utbyen personal manner, behavior
- utbyenyan mores
- ajutbyen tradition
- ajutbyena traditional
- oajutbyena untraditional
- ajutbyena traditional
- utyanbyen custom
- utyanbyena customary
- utyanbyenay customarily
- utyanbyenxer customize
- utyanbyenxen customization
- utyanbyenxwa customized
- utyanbyenxen customization
- utyanbyena customary
- jubyen habit
- jubyena habitual, usual
- jubyenay habitually, usually
- jubyenser habituate, get used to, accustomize oneself
- jubyenxer habituate, accustomize, train
- jubyenxwa habituated, accustomed, used to
- ojubyenxwa unaccustomed
- jubyenxwa habituated, accustomed, used to
- jubyena habitual, usual
The tof (Clothes) Family[edit]
- The stems in this family of words begin with t for human and end in f or v, which are reminiscent of nof cloth and nov lingerie. The words have to do with clothing.
- Summary:
|tob man
|tof clothing
|tab body
|taf suit, tayf dress
|teb head
|tef hat
|teyob neck
|teyof necktie
|tuab shoulder
|tuaf shawl
|tib trunk
|tif vest
|zetib waist
|zetif belt
|tiab chest
|tiav shirt, tiayv blouse
|tilab breast
|tilav bra
|tuyab hand
|tuyaf glove
|tyob leg
|tyof pants, tyoyf skirt
tof clothing, apparel, garment, item of clothing
- tofyan clothes, clothing, gear
- tofer wear
- otofer go naked, go nude
- otofen going naked, going nude
- otofea naked, nude, going naked, going nude
- otofin nudism
- otofina nudist
- otofinat nudist
- otofina nudist
- tofut wearer
- tofsam clothes closet
- oytofa nude, naked
- oytofan nudity, nakedness
- oytofat nude, nude person, naked person
- oytofayt female nude
- tofaber put on, don, clothe, dress
- tofabim dressing room
- tofabwa dressed
- egtofaber put clothes back on, redress
- egtofabwa redressed
- tofober undress, disrobe, take off, strip
- tofobwa undressed, disrobed, naked, nude, stripped
- tofoben undressing, disrobing, getting naked, stripping
- abtof outerwear
- obtof underwear, undergear
- tofvyixar laundry machine, clothes washer
- tofvyixen laundry
- tofvyixer launder, do the laundry, wash clothese
- tofvyixim laundry room
- tofvyixam laundromat
- tofnyeb laundry basket, clothes hamper
- tofsam cubbord, armoire
- tofimes clothes closet
- taf suit, outfit
- tayf dress, robe, outfit
- abtaf coat
- abtaaf overcoat
- abtaayf cardigan
- abtaaf overcoat
- pontav pijamas
- abtayv work blouse
- abtaves overalls, apron, smock
- tafut tailor
- tayfut dressmaker
- tayfuyt couturiere
- tayfut dressmaker
- ozyemilaf raincoat:::
- tef hat, headgear
- atef cap, baseball cap
- etef beret
- itef bonnet
- utef top hat
- yotef derby hat
- yatef shapka
- zyakuntef wide-brimmed hat
- yiktef hardhat, helmet
- tebuz crown
- eytebuz diadem
- tebuzaber crown
- tebuzaben coronation
- tev scarf
- teyov collar
- aybtev scarf, headdress, veil
- yabtev headband
- teaf eye patch
- teabkof blindfold
- teef earmuffs
- teebuz earring:
- teif muffler
- teibuz nose ring
- teiv handkerchief
- teyof tie, necktie
- abteyof scarf
- aybteyof head scarf
- teyofes bowtie
- teyobuz necklace
- teyof belar tie rack
- teyof nivar tie tack
- abteyof scarf
- tuaf shawl
- eytuaf sash
- aybtuaf shoulder strap, shoulder pad
- eybtuabuz epaulette
- tif jacket, suit coat, waist coat, blazer
- tifes vest
- fotif bulletproof jacket
- zetif belt
- zetif fyafar belt buckle (fyaf < fom+nyaf = metal fastener/clasp)
- zetiv sash
- tiav shirt, long-sleeved shirt
- tiavog short-sleeved shirt
- tiayv blouse, long-sleeved blouse
- tiayvog short-sleeved blouse
- nefiaf pullover, sweater
- tiabuz broche
- eytiav tank top
- tilav brassiere, bra
- tilabuz tit ring
- tiuf corset, bodice
- tiuv underwear, underpants
- atiuv boxers
- etiuv briefs
- itiuv jockstrap
- utiuv g-string
- yotiuv longjohns
- yatiuv loincloth
- tiuyv panties, underwear, knickers
- utiuv g-string
- zetiubuz belly button ring
- tiuv underwear, underpants
- tuf sleeve
- otufa sleeveless
- tuyaf glove
- eytuyaf mitten, mit
- tuyafyem pocket
- tuyafyember pocket
- tapyentuyaf boxing glove
- fotuyaf gauntlet
- tuyafyag fireman's glove
- tuyubuz ring
- tuyof cuff
- tuyobuz bracelet
- tuyubuz ring
- tyof pants, trousers
- yovoztyof bluejeans
- abtyof overalls, trousers
- vityof slacks, dress slacks
- tyofyog shorts, bermudas, cutoffs
- tyofyag long pants
- tyoyf skirt
- tyoyfes petticoat
- obtyoyf slip
- tyofober depants
- tyoif kneepad
- tyoiv kneesock
- tyouf puttee
- tyoyaf shoe
- tyoyayf high-heels
- abtyoyaf boot
- yebtyoyaf slipper
- faotyoyaf wooden shoe
- atyoyaf patent leather shoe
- etyoyaf tennis shoe
- ityoyaf sandal
- utyoyaf:
- tyoyav sock
- tyoyayv stockings
- tyoyafut shoemaker, cobbler
- tyoyafaber shoe
- apetyoyaf horse shoe
- apetyoyafut blacksmith
- apetyoyafam blacksmith shop
- apetyoyafaber shoe a horse
- tyoyafnyiv shoe lace::
- tyoyafeyub shoe horn (teyub = horn):
- tyoyafobwa barefoot
- otyoyafa barefoot, shoeless
- otyoyafan shoelessness, barefootedness
- tyoyef talon, spur
- tyoyev ankle sock
- tyoyif sole, shoe sole
- tyoyuf heel
- yabtyoyuf highheel
- tiyuf train, dragnet, tail, tassle
- tiyabuz cock ring
The tom (Building) and em (Place) Family[edit]
- The stems of words in this family begin with t for human and end in m for place. The words have to do with buildings, houses, rooms, spaces, and places:
- Summary:
WORD ENDING tom building -m place tam house -am enclosed place tem hall -em location, place tim room -yem enclosure, box tum cell -yeb container -yef bag
tom building, habitation, habitat, residence, apartment building
- toma habitational, residential
- tomer inhabit, live, reside
- tomut inhabitant, resident
- toym residence, dwelling
- toymer reside, dwell
- toem domicile
- tomof tent
- toom lodging
- toomer lodge
- ogtom abode
- toomes lodge
- tomes apartment
- tomtun architecture
- tomtuna architectural
- tomtut architect
- tombuer rent out
- tombier rent
- tombiut renter
- tombiwas rental unit
- utomut owner, proprietor
- utomutan owernship, proprietorship
- tomnas rent
- tombelut concierge
- zyutom tower
- tomxer build, construct
- tomxut builder, construction engineer
- tomxen building, construction
- tomxwas edifice, construction
- otomxer demolish, tear down, destroy
- otomxen destruction, demolition
- egtomxer rebuild
- egtomxwa rebuilt, reconstructed
- egtomxen rebuilding, reconstruction
- tomxem construction site
- tomsan structure
- tomsana structural::
tyem residence
- tyemut resident
- tyemer reside
- tyema residential
tam house
- agtam mansion
- ivagtam palace
- ivagtama palatial
- ivagtam palace
- potam hotel
- ogtam cottage
- ogtames cabin:
- taam home, household, domain, dominion
- taama domestic, tame
- taamaxer domesticate, tame
- taamaxen domestication, taming
- taamaxwa domesticated, tame
- taamaxer domesticate, tame
- taama domestic, tame
- taym pavillion
- tamper go home
- tamuper come home
- tamupen home-coming
- tamber settle, set up home
- tambut settler
- tamben settling
- tambun settlement
- tameb head of household, master
- tameber dominate
- tamebeya dominant
- tambeyan dominance
- tamebeya dominant
- tameyb mistress
- tamab dominion, domain
- tameber dominate
- yebeytam courtyard, inner courtyard
- zatam facade
- param garage
- tamzam front yard
- tamzom back yard
- tamkum side yard
- tamyan block of houses
- tamuer house, shelter
- tamuen housing
- tamier take up residence, move in, settle, settle in
- tamien taking up residence, moving in, settlement
- tamiut settler
tem hall
- telem cafeteria, refectory, mess hall
- tujem dormitory
- abtem gallery
- yuzyujem court, courtyard
- obtem cave, cellar
- yagtem gallery
- dyedem lecture hall
- dezyem performance hall
- dazyem dance hall
- duzyem music hall
- kutem side hall
- zatem lobby, foyer
- zetem central hall, main hall
tim room, chamber
- telim dining room
- tujim bedroom
- datim salon, living room, parlour
- zyotim hallway, hall
- zyotiym corridor
- zatim antechamber, frontroom, lobby
- zotim backroom
- yextim bureau, office, den
- yexim laboratory, lab
- ifekim playroom
- miltim bathroom
- milim water closet
- tofmilbim laundry room
- telxim kitchen
- abtim attic
- obtim basement
- yebtim inner room, inner chamber, chamber
- tiym nook
- kutim side room
- tilim bar
- tutim classroom
- uzkumim bay
- yebmilim bath, bathroom
- yontim compartment, apartment
- movim smoking den
- mimpartim ship cabin
- milabim shower room, shower
- milpunsim shower room
- fatim sacristry
- bekim hospital room, treatment room
- datuputim guestroom
- dyedim lecture room
- magelim kitchen
- tapektim exercise room
- fadiim chapel
- teasibarim den, t.v. room
- novim linen closet, closet
- pestim waiting room
- ebtim room in between:
tum cell, compartment
- tuma cellular, compartmental
- tumaxer compartmentalize
- tumaxen compartmentalization
- tumaxer compartmentalize
The mos (Floor) Family[edit]
- The stems in this family begin with m, meaning place and end in s, meaning thing. The words all have something to do with parts of a building or house, i.e. masonry.
- Summary:
MASONRY mos floor mas wall mes door mis window mus stairs
mos floor
- omos ground floor
- amos first floor
- emos second floor
- abmos top floor, attic
- obmos basement
- ebmos mezzanine
- ebmospar elevator, lift
mas wall
- mays partition, bulkhead
- abtammas roof
- abmas roof
- aybmas ceiling
- obmas foundation
- oybmas floor
- oybmasaof parquet
- agmas great wall
- massin mural
- uzabmas vault
- abzamas balcony
- abkumas ledge, cornice
- obzamas porch, portico
- masyan masonry
- mastyen masonry
- mastyena masonic
- mastyenut mason
- yebmas inner wall
- yebmasber wall in
- yebmasbwa walled-in
- yebmasber wall in
- oyebmas outer wall
- eybmasa intramural
- domyuzmas city walls
- zamas front wall
- zomas back wall
- ebmas partition
- ebmasber partition
- ebmasbwe partitioned
- ebmasber partition
- yonmasber wall off, partition
- yonmasben walling off, partitioning
- yonmasbwe walled off, partitioned
mes door, portal
- meys gate
- zames threshold, front door, entryway
- zamesag porte-cochere
- zomes back door
- eymes half-door
- mesmep doorway, entrance, gateway
- mesnyuf door knob
- mestuyar door handle
- mesazyujar door lock
- mesyuznad door frame
- zyup mes revolving door
- zoyzap mes swing door
mis window
- mises ticket window
- misag dormer window
- abmis fanlight
- misof curtain
- eymis shutter, flap
- vozzyefmis stained glass window
- cinmis picture window
- miszyef window pane
- zamisabun awning
mus stairway, stairs, staircase
- muys ladder, scale, step ladder
- muysa scalar
- muysaxer escalate
- muysaxen escalation
- omuysaxer de-escalate
- muysaxer escalate
- muysa scalar
- musyaper go up the stairs, climb, scale
- musyaput climber
- musyapen climbing
- musnog step, stair rung
- pasmus escalator
- musim stairwell
- musmep stairway
- magmus fire escape
- igirpmus fire escape
- musabnod climax
- musabnoda climactic
The som (Furniture) Family[edit]
- The stems in this family begin with s, meaning thing, and end in m, meaning place. The words all have to do with furniture.
- Summary:
FURNITURE som furniture sam armoire, chest sem table sim chair sum bed
som furniture, furnishing
- somber furnish
- somben furnishing
- sombwa furnished
- osombwa unfurnished
- somyan real estate, furnishings, furniture
- somxer make furniture
- somxut carpenter
- somxen carpentry
- comiper move
- milsom sink
sam armoire, chest
- telarsam china cabinet
- telsam cupboard
- tofsam closet
- dyensam library
- masam cubboard
- tovsam chest of drawers
sem table
- semes board, chart, blackboard, tablet
- semof table cloth
- dresem desk
- dalsem pulpit
- cemnyem drawer
- bemer sit down to the table
- tilsem bar, counter
- yagsem counter
- agsem banquet table
- yuzsem round table
- yuzsem ebdal round table discussion
- yopissem chart, blackboard, whiteboard, pull-down chart
- jaber la sem set the table
sim chair
- siym seat
- agsim armchair
- panetsim rocking chair
- zaypzoypsim rocking chair
- yagsim couch, divan, sofa
- eysim stool
- tilsem eysim bar stool
- parsim car seat, coach seat
- yagyuksim bench
- siim bench
- bimer sit, sit down
- bimea seated, sitting
- tobobsim high chair
- zyupsim swivvel chair
- debsim throne
- mimkumsim beach chair
- amulpsim electric chair
sum bed
- suam cushion, bed cushion
- suaym pillow
- suem mattress
- malsuem air mattress
- yezsuem futon
- suav pillow case, pillow slip
- suev sheet
- absuef bedspread, bed cover
- suef blanket, cover
- obsuev liner
- suim box spring, spring
- sumnyan bedding
- bumer go to bed, recline, lie down
- bumea in bed, reclining, lying down, recumbent
- summuf bed post
- jaber la sum make the bed
- eonsum twin bed
- eysum day bed
- igsum day bed, temporary bed, cot
- suym couch
- iksum full-size bed, queen-size bed
- agsum king-size bed
- ogsum cot
- nyanxwa sum bunk bed, stacked bad
- kusum side bed, bunk, cot
- milsum waterbed
- pyowa sum hammock
- tabsum sleeping bag
- tomofsum sleeping bag
- summanar bed lamp
The sar (Machine) and par (Vehicle) Family[edit]
- Stems having to do with tools, devices, and machines all begin in s for thing and end in r for tool. Vehicles are mobile machines, and therefore their stems begin with p for mobile.
- Summary:
MACHINES/TOOLS sar instrument, tool, implement sir machine sur apparatus syir motor, engine syur device
- Note that the part of the above words minus the initial s are used as endings for many tools, machines, and devices.
- Vehicle words all end in par, where the initial p signifies going and the final ar indicates instrument.
VEHICLES par vehicle, car mampar airplane mempar automobile mimpar boat, ship kyipar truck elyanadpar train yautpar bus zyuspar bicycle
par vehicle, car
- para vehicular
- parizber drive, steer
- parizbut driver
- parizbar steering wheel
- parposem parking lot, car park
- parposember park
- parposam garage, carport
- pep ride
- peper ride
- pepier ride off
- aypeper run over, ride over
- zeypeper ride across
- ifpep pleasure ride
- peput rider, passenger
- peper ride
- mempar automobile, car, land vehicle
- autpar car, automobile, private vehicle
- yautpar bus, public vehicle, omnibus
- nusyixpar taxi, taxicab, cab
- jobyixpar rental car
- parog cart, carriage, buggy
- apetparog horse and buggy
- elyanad rail
- elyanadpar train
- elyanadpares train car
- elyanadpar posem train station, railroad station, railway station
- iga elyanadpar high-speed train
- igmep elyanadpar express train
- ema elyanadpar local train
- elyamep iron road, railroad
- obniufpar cable car
- abniufpar tram
- ebdompar intercity bus, coach
- parilp traffic
- parilp siunman traffic light. traffic signal
- parilp yanbar traffic jam, traffic congestion
- paper fly
- papier fly away, take flight
- papuer alight
- aypaper fly over, overfly
- oypaper fly under
- zyepaper fly through
- yepaper fly into
- oyepaper fly out
- mampar airplane, plane
- mamparizber pilot a plane
- mamparizut pilot
- mampareb pilot
- mamparem airport
- mamparyem hangar
- mampartam hangar
- mempier take off
- mempien takeoff
- mempuer land
- mempuen landing
- mempuen mani landing lights
- mempuem landing strip, runway
- mampop flight, air travel
- mamyuxut flight attendant
- mamparizber pilot a plane
- mamper fly
- mampier fly away
- mampiem departure zone
- mampuem arrival zone
- mimpar ship
- mimpayr boat
- mimparizber pilot a ship, navigate, sail
- mimparibut ship's captain
- mimpareb ship's captain
- mimparyexut crew member, airline attendant
- mimparyexutyan ship's crew
- mimpop sea voyage, cruise
- mimpoper cruise, sail
- mimpier set sail
- mimpuer dock
- mimpuem dock, harbor
- mimper sail, cruise, navigate
- piper cruise, sail
- piput sailer, seafarer
- pip cruise, sea voyage
- mimof sail
- mimofpar sailing ship
- mimofper sail
- kyimimpar cargo ship
- dropekpar warship
- dopekpar battleship
- mamparbelea mimpar aircraft carrier
- anzyuspar unicycle
- enzyuspar bicycle
- inzyuspar tricycle
- enzyuspur motorcycle
- kyipar truck
- kyipares wagon, cart
- zyuskyipares wheelbarrow
- nyemkyipar van
- bixpar tractor
- pop travel, trip, voyage
- poper travel
- zyapoper travel around, travel widely
- poput traveler,, voyager
- ifpop vacation travel, leisure trip
- ifpoput tourist, vacationer
- ifpopen tourism, pleasure-tripping, vacationing
- popizbut travel guide
- popyuxam travel agency, travel bureau
- popyuxut travel agent
- podet travel mate, traveling companion, fellow-traveler
- potam hotel
- potaym inn, hostel
- parpotam motel
- igpotam motel
- potamdat hotel guest
- potamdatibut hotel receptionist, hotel host
- datibam hostel, guesthouse, inn
- poper travel
- pomep itinerary
- pomepdaf travel map
- podaf travel map
- podryen travel brochure
- ponyem suitcase, luggage
Tools, machines, and devices[edit]
sar instument, tool, device, utility
- sara instrumental
- saryan instrumentation, toolset
- sarser be instrumental, help, be a tool
- sarxer utilize, make use of
- sarnyem toolbox
- sartim toolshed
-ar instrument
- anteabar monocle
- anzyuspar unicycle
- yanifar stitching needle
- yanivar needle
- yanar link, joint, juncture, nexus, yoke
- yonofar ripping device, scissors
- yonrar knife, cutter
- obmimpar submarine
- igefpar ambulance <