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Isolation and characterization of a thermophilic, chemolithotrophic
nitrate-reducing bacterium from
deep-sea hydrothermal vents
Keywords: Thermophiles, Hydrothermal Vents, Bacteria
The nitrogen cycle at deep-sea hydrothermal vents has yet to be thoroughly studied. Novel thermophilic microorganisms that couple autotrophic CO2 fixation with the reduction of nitrate to ammonia have been suggested in recent studies to be important for primary production and nitrogen cycling in marine geothermal environments (Blochl, et al. 1997, Alain, et al. 2002b, Huber, et al. 2002, Miroshnichenko, et al. 2004, Vetriani, et al. 2004). In the summer of 2001, hydrothermal samples were collected from the Rainbow deep-sea vent field on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR), and several novel thermophilic organisms were obtained in pure culture. Among these novel isolates, cells of strain TB-1 were found to be Gram-negative rods with optimal growth occurring at 55°C, slightly acidic pH, and a salt concentration lower than that of seawater. This bacterium was capable of chemolithoautotrophic growth by coupling H2-oxidation to NO3- reduction, which was reduced to ammonium. Under these conditions the generation time of TB-1 was about 50 minutes.
Isolate TB-1 is phylogenetically related to the epsilon-proteobacteria (genus Caminibacter). The ecological significance of such deep-sea hydrothermal vent bacteria is twofold: 1) these organisms contribute to the primary productivity by fixing CO2, and 2) their nitrate respiratory metabolism (namely, the reduction of NO3- to NH4+) implicates that nitrogen is conserved and recycled within the vent system.
The epsilon-proteobacteria comprise a complex subclass of Gram-negative, microaerophilic and/or anaerobic, chemoorganoheterotrophic or chemolithotrophic bacteria that are found to survive in an assortment of habitats. In microbial ecology studies, it is important to assess the composition and structure of the microbial communities inhabiting a given niche. Molecular surveys of 16S rRNA genes (amplified from a natural community by PCR and then sequenced) are used to examine the diversity and composition of microbial communities as they occur in their natural environment. For example, using a molecular ecological approach, the epsilon-proteobacteria have been found to represent a relevant fraction of the microbial communities at deep-sea vents located on both the Atlantic and the Pacific oceans (Longnecker and Reysenbach 2001, Alain, et al. 2002a, Lopez-Garcia, et al. 2003). Results from these studies revealed that this bacterial group accounted for between 40% to 80% of the 16S rRNA clones sequenced.
Overall, these molecular studies revealed an unsuspected genetic diversity that lacked a counterpart in organisms that could be brought into culture in the laboratory. This discrepancy between the diversity observed in 16S rRNA clones and in cultured organisms is worthy of investigation, because it questions whether each organism is really well represented at the site of isolation, or if chance selection of a rare organism occurred, despite its relative insignificance in the population as a whole. In an effort to bring into culture some of these "unculturable" organisms, this study sought to bridge the existing gap in the epsilon-proteobacteria, whose sequence diversity has not matched the diversity of the organisms grown in pure cultures in the laboratory.
A thermophilic epsilon-proteobacterium was isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent on Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR), and was designated as TB-1. This organism was selected as the subject of this research project because it represented a novel, cultured member of the frequently detected epsilon proteobacteria in 16S rRNA based diversity surveys of vent microbial communities.
This paper contributes to the morphological and physiological characterization of TB-1, a novel thermophilic member of the epsilon-proteobacteria.
Materials and Methods
Sample Collection
In 2001, samples of black smokers (polymetallic sulfide structures venting hot hydrothermal fluids at the bottom of the ocean) were collected using the deep-submergence vehicle Alvin at the Rainbow vent field, located on the MAR (36°14'N, 33°54'W), at a depth of depth 2,300 meters. The in-situ temperature of the fluids emitted from the black smoker was 158°C. We can assume that a temperature gradient occurs between the inside of the chimney (158°C) and the surrounding seawater (2°C), creating several ecological niches that can be colonized by microorganisms. The samples were stored at 4°C until enrichment were initiated in the laboratory.
Culture Medium
The isolate was enriched and routinely cultivated in strictly anaerobic medium, which contained (per liter of solution): NaCl, 20.0 g; MgSO4 ·7H2O, 3.5 g; MgCl2 · 6H2O, 2.75 g; KCl, 0.325 g; KNO3, 1.0 g; CaCl2 ·2H2O, 0.750 g; KH2PO4, 0.5 g; NaBr, 0.05 g; H3BO3, 0.015 g; SrCl2 · 6H2O, 7.5 mg; (NH4)2SO4, 10 mg; KI, 0.05 mg in 0.1mL; Na2WO4 · 2H2O, 0.1 mg; NiCl2 · 6H2O, 2 mg; trace element solution 141 (http://www.dsmz.de/media/med141.htm), 10 mL; Resazurin indicator, 1.0 mg. In order to reduce (i.e., scavenge oxygen) the medium, 10 mL of 50g/l Na2S were added slowly, following boiling and subsequent cooling under a stream of H2/CO2. The pH of the medium was lowered to 5.5 using 10N H2SO4, and then 10 mL portions of the medium were aliquoted anaerobically in previously gassed (N2) stoppered tubes.
Isolation of Pure Cultures
Enrichment cultures were initiated by inoculating a fragment (~ 1 g) of black smoker into the culture medium and were initially incubated at 65°C. After five subsequent transfers, growth was robust and rod shaped cells could be visualized under the microscope. Strain TB-1 was isolated by plating an aliquot of the liquid culture on solidified medium (obtained by supplementing the medium described above with 1 g/l of gelling agent). The inoculated Petri dishes were incubated at the desired temperature (65°C) in an anaerobic jar (Oxoid) under a H2/CO2 atmosphere, and it was then examined for the development of colonies. A colony, originating from a single cell, was transferred from solid to liquid medium, and the purity of the isolates was confirmed by microscopic observation and by sequencing of several independent 16S rRNA clones. In order to monitor the growth of strain TB-1, direct cell counts were carried out by visualization of acridine orange stained cells, using an Olympus BX-60 microscope equipped with an 100X oil immersion objective.
Sequencing and Phylogenetic Analysis of the 16S rRNA Gene
PCR amplification of the 16S rRNA gene from strain TB-1 was carried out, and the product was sequenced. In order to obtain the entire sequence of the 16S rRNA gene, 3.2 pmol of oligonucleotide primers 8F, 515F, 907R and 1517R, respectively (synthesized in the DNA Sequencing and Synthesis Core Facility of the Robert Wood Johnson Medical School; http://www2.umdnj.edu/dnalbweb/), were used in cycle sequencing reactions. The "Auto Assembler" computer program (Perkin Elmer) was used to assemble the sequencing products from the different primers. The assembled sequence was sent to a Sun Spark 10 workstation, and the Arb program (a database of several thousand organisms from the three Domains of life, Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya; http://www.arb.de.vu/) was used to construct a phylogenetic tree.
Characterization of Caminibacter strain TB-1
A thermophilic, chemolithoautotrophic, strictly anaerobic bacterium was isolated from the walls of a black smoker collected at the Rainbow hydrothermal vent site on the MAR. The organism grew by reduction of nitrate to ammonium using molecular hydrogen as the electron donor (H2/CO2 80%/20% v/v are supplied in the gas phase).
Morphology. As shown in Figure 1, strain TB-1 is a short rod, approximately 1-2 µm in length, and 0.5 µm in width. Figure 1 shows the cytoplasmic membrane and a periplasmic space. Seen just interior to this are stacks of membranes whose function is unknown, although, in some cases, such membrane stacks have been found to be important in organizing internal enzymatic complexes. Further analysis may demonstrate an analogous function in TB-1.
Optimal temperature for growth. TB-1 was isolated at 65°C. In order to establish the isolate's optimal growth temperature, as well as its upper and lower limits of thermotolerance, growth of TB-1 was monitored at a temperature range varying between 45 and 65°C, in 5°C increments. Figure 2 shows that the optimal temperature for growth of isolate TB-1 is 50°C. At the optimal growth temperature, TB-1 exhibited the shortest generation (i.e., doubling) time (1 hour, 30 minutes minutes).
Oxygen Tolerance. TB-1 was tested in a medium with small oxygen content (supplied in the gas phase at 0.5% v/v). TB-1 did not grow in the presence of 0.5% oxygen, and it was only able to grow in oxygen depleted medium. Therefore we conclude that TB-1 is: i) not capable of using molecular oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor; and ii) a strictly anaerobic bacterium.
Energy Metabolism. When isolate TB-1 was grown with molecular hydrogen and nitrate as the electron donor and acceptor, respectively, nitrate was reduced to ammonium, which accumulated in the culture medium. Nitrate, nitrite, and ammonium were quantitatively measured on an ion analyzer. When nitrate was replaced with elemental sulfur as the terminal electron acceptor, a long lag phase (up to 2 days) was observed before exponential growth. This indicates that sulfur is a sub-optimal substrate for the energy-yielding metabolism of this organism.
Phylogenetic Analysis. Figure 3 shows a phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA sequences of strain TB-1 and related bacteria. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that isolate TB-1 belongs to the genus Caminibacter, within the epsilon subgroup of the proteobacteria. Isolate TB-1 is closely related to another bacterium isolated in our laboratory (TB-2; 99.6% sequence similarity), and to both Caminibacter hydrogeniphilus and C. profundus (sequence similarity ~ 96%). A comparison of the 16S rRNA sequence similarity of our organisms with that of C. hydrogenophilus and C. profundus is illustrated in Table 1, which shows noticeable differences between these organisms. Two organisms with a sequence similarity lower than 98% are considered different species, although further evidence, both at the physiological and genetic level, is usually required for microbial classification, according to internationally accepted conventions (Boone, et al. 2001).
Discussion and Conclusions
The mineralogy of deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimneys is determined mainly by the temperature, chemical composition and flux rate of the end member fluid (Tivey 1995). The chimney mineral composition determines its porosity, which in turn affects the steep thermal and chemical (oxygen, nutrients) gradients within the walls. The availability of redox couples for microbial processes depends largely on these gradients, which therefore influence the distribution of microorganisms within the chimney walls. Caminibacter strain TB-1 seems to be well adapted to live in the active chimney walls: the vent fluids enriched with molecular hydrogen provide its energy source, and it uses nitrate from the bottom seawater as an electron acceptor. Its optimal growth conditions, with a temperature of 55°C, slightly acidic pH, and a salt concentration lower than that of seawater, reflect conditions that may be found within the chimney walls where the hot, reduced hydrothermal fluids mix with the frigid, oxygenated seawater. The energy metabolism of isolate TB-1, namely the reduction of nitrate to ammonium, suggests that nitrogen is conserved in the vent ecosystem and it is recycled within the vent microbial communities (e.g., by reoxidation of ammonium to nitrite by ammonia oxidizing organisms). The relative abundance of the Caminibacter species in geothemal environments awaits more thorough assessment. However, available studies suggest that these organisms could play a critical role in vent ecology. In principle, the ammonium produced by these organisms through nitrate respiration could supply a nitrogen source to other vent inhabitants, as well as an electron donor to chemolithoautotrophic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria. In either case, nitrate-ammonifying organisms may play a pivotal role in the cycling of nitrogen at deep-sea hydrothermal vents.
Further efforts towards the characterization of strain TB-1 will continue to define the parameters of its survival, and the optima (with respect to temperature, salinity, pH, nutrient concentration) at which it thrives. Overall, the data presented in this paper suggest that isolate TB-1 represents a novel species within the newly described genus Caminibacter.
We thank the crew of R/V Atlantis, and the crew and pilots of the Deep-Submergence Vehicle Alvin for their skilled operations at sea. We also thank Valentin Starovoytov for assistance with electron microscopy. This work was supported by a grant from the N. J. Agricultural and Experimental Station to C. Vetriani.
Alain, K., Olagnon, M., Desbruyeres, D., Page, A., Barbier, G., Juniper, S. K., Querellou, J. and Cambon-Bonavita, M. A. (2002a). Phylogenetic characterization of the bacterial assemblage associated with mucous. secretions of the hydrothermal vent polychaete Paralvinella palmiformis. Fems Microbiology Ecology 42:463-476.
Alain, K., Querellou, J., Lesongeur, F., Pignet, P., Crassous, P., Raguenes, G., Cueff, V. and Cambon- Bonavita, M. A. (2002b). Caminibacter hydrogeniphilus gen. nov., sp nov., a novel thermophilic, hydrogen-oxidizing bacterium isolated from an East Pacific Rise hydrothermal vent. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 52:1317-1323.
Blochl, E., Rachel, R., Burggraf, S., Hafenbradl, D., Jannasch, H. W. and Stetter, K. O. (1997). Pyrolobus fumarii, gen. and sp. nov., represents a novel group of archaea, extending the upper temperature limit for life to 113 degrees C. Extremophiles 1:14-21.
Boone, D. R., Castenholz, R. W. and Garrity, G. M. (2001). Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, 2nd edn. ed. Springer, New York.
Huber, H., Diller, S., Horn, C. and Rachel, R. (2002). Thermovibrio ruber gen. nov., sp. nov., an extremely thermophilic, chemolithoautotrophic, nitrate-reducing bacterium that forms a deep branch within the phylum Aquificae. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 52:1859-1865.
Longnecker, K. and Reysenbach, A. L. (2001). Expansion of the geographic distribution of a novel lineage of epsilon-Proteobacteria to a hydrothermal vent site on the Southern East Pacific Rise. Fems Microbiology Ecology 35:287-293.
Lopez-Garcia, P., Duperron, S., Philippot, P., Foriel, J., Susini, J. and Moreira, D. (2003). Bacterial diversity in hydrothermal sediment and epsilonproteobacterial dominance in experimental microcolonizers at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Environ Microbiol 5:961-976.
Miroshnichenko, M. L., L'Haridon, S., Schumann, P., Spring, S., Bonch-Osmolovskaya, E. A., Jeanthon, C. and Stackebrandt, E. (2004). Caminibacter profundus sp. nov., a novel thermophile of Nautiliales ord. nov. within the class 'Epsilonproteobacteria', isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 54:41-45.
Tivey, M. K. (1995). The influence of hydrothermal fluid composition and advection rates on black smoker chimney mineralogy: insights from modeling transport and reaction. Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta 59:1933-1949.
Vetriani, C., Speck, M. D., Ellor, S. V., Lutz, R. A. and Starovoytov, V. (2004). Thermovibrio ammoniificans sp. nov., a thermophilic, chemolithotrophic, nitrate ammonifying bacterium from deep-sea hydrothermal vents. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 54:175-181.
Table 1. Comparison of sequence similarity among all known members of the genus Caminibacter
Copyright 2003 by Vetriani.
Current URL: http://rutgersscholar.rutgers.edu/volume06/eev/eev.htm


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The Chapel of Grace and the magnificent baroque buildings around Kapellplatz square provide the atmospheric backdrop for Altötting's traditional Christkindlmarkt. Highlights include the traditional Advent concerts with choirs and orchestras from Upper Bavaria and Salzburg, the grand Christmas concert with Salzburg's Domsingknaben boys' choir (8 December) and the exhibition of Nativity scenes (a tradition dating back 400 years) in and outside churches and in the town hall. There are also old Bavarian carols, a 'European Christmas' with the Bad Tölz boys' choir and a New Year's celebration with fireworks on the chapel square.
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The Hitachi Z-5300 is an atomic absorption spectrometer with polarised Zeeman background correction. It is inexpensive to run and requires a minimum of setting up. This analyser provides single element determination with good precision and accuracy. Typical determinations are calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium in water samples and soil extractions.
Two Skalar San++ colorimetric auto-analyser allow the determination of nitrite, total oxidised nitrogen, ammonia and phosphate to sub-ppm levels in natural waters and a range of extracts, along with other determinands (such as silica and aluminium) if required.
The Analytik Jena Multi N/C 2100 and 2100C combustion analysers are suitable for the determination of carbon (total, total inorganic and non-purgeable organic carbon) in aqueous samples to ppm levels.
The Elementar vario MICRO cube is suitable for the routine determination of carbon and nitrogen in solid samples such as soil and plant material; it is also possible to determine hydrogen and sulphur. Analytical range is typically from 100 ppm to percent levels.
This instrument is an Agilent 7890A, equipped for injection of gas samples from a wide range of sample containers, but routinely from 12 ml pre-evacuated vials. The instrument has a methaniser/flame ionisation detector, and electron capture detector, and is set up to quantify carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide.
This instrument is an Agilent 7890 GC with a flame ionisation detector and a single quadrupole mass spectrometer detector (MSD). The MSD has options for electron ionisation and both positive and negative chemical ionisation. The injector is appropriate for liquid samples. With appropriate column installation and sample preparation this instrument is suitable for identifying and quantifying a wide range of organic analytes, including n-alkanes and other lipids, amino acids, carbohydrates, lignin, phenols, and pesticides.
Pyrolysis is the thermal decomposition of large molecules into smaller ones. Coupled to GC-MS, this allows analysis of the constituent parts of large molecules that could not be analysed by GC-MS if they were intact. Little sample preparation is required for pyrolysis-gc-ms, as the sample is typically introduced as a solid. Modern pyrolysis systems also allow temperature ramping. This allows samples to be heated to e.g. 200°C to remove volatile compounds, then e.g. 400°C to remove semi-volatiles, before actual pyrolysis of the remaining non-volatile compounds takes place at 600°C+. This means that sample preparation required for analysis of either the volatile or the non-volatile component of complex starting materials is minimal and that both can be analysed from a single sample.
The Dionex ICS-3000 chromatograph is currently set up for measuring a range of anions (normally at ppm levels) in natural waters and aqueous soil extracts. The microbore system is fitted with a 100 position temperature-controlled autosampler, eluent generator, quaternary pump, temperature-controlled column compartment and conductivity and UV detectors. Typical determinations are chloride, nitrate and sulphate in water. The system is capable of being set up for other determinands including low molecular weight organic acids.
The Thermo Scientific iCAP7600 ICP-OES, equipped with a 240-position Cetac auto-sampler, is a simultaneous analyser with the capability to view in axial or radial mode. It provides fairly rapid multi-elemental analysis of a range of materials from low ppb to percent levels. It is typically used to measure alkali metals and transition metals in water samples and soil extracts.
The School has two Jasco V-630 double beam spectrophotometers with the ability to measure at wavelengths between 190 and 1100 nm. Standard applications include: scanning fixed wavelength, time course, quantitation, validation and kinetics. The instruments are excellent for basic applications such as teaching and simple quality assurance, and can be used with a range of ambient and temperature-controlled cell holders as well as the micro cell holders and automation accessories. In Geography the spectrophotometers are used predominantly to assess water colour as a proxy for dissolved organic carbon.
If you cannot find the equipment you require in the School of Geography or School of Earth and Environment try searching the N8 Shared Research Inventory and the UK HE Research Equipment databases.
This 'weather in a tank' equipment is set up to demonstrate Coriolis effects on wind-driven ocean currents. Using paper dots and trace markers surface and currents at depth can be visualised, clearly demonstrating Ekman pumping or suction, depending on the set up of the rotating fans. This aids our students' understanding about the dynamics of a fluid on a rotating sphere and how that dynamics helps to shape the climate of the Earth. The kit could be easily adapted to incorporate differential heating with the placement of ice in a metal cylinder in the middle of the tank.
Miniature flume tanks that can be used for simulating overland flow, channel flow, and subsurface flow (the latter in porous media such as sands). The tanks can also be used for hardware modelling experiments to simulate delta formation in shallow seas or lakes.
The Astell front loading benchtop autoclave, with programmable controller, can be used for the extraction of total nitrogen and total phosphorus in water samples. The LTE 160H-R, large capacity 120 L floor standing autoclave is used for the destruction of material in accordance with the DEFRA Plant Health Licence to Import, Move and Keep Prohibited Soil for Chemical and Physical Analysis.
The School has a range of top pan balances with the capability of measuring up to 5 kg and analytical balances for measuring up to 220 g for teaching and research.
The MM 301 and MM 400 mixer mills are capable of the fine grinding of small amounts of sample to a final fineness of less than 5 µm. They also assist in the mixing and homogenisation of powders and suspensions.
This containment facility protects the operator from the exposure to fine dust when preparing soil and plant material for chemical and physical analysis, ensuring compliance with DEFRA guidelines for the Plant Health Licence to Import, Move and Keep Prohibited Soil for Chemical and Physical Analysis.
The School has two large 3 L capacity centrifuge capable of speeds up to 4600 rpm. Adaptors are available to accommodate 15 mL and 50 mL centrifuge tubes. The operator can preset individual programs, including acceleration/deceleration curves.
The Retsch SM 100 is a powerful cutting mill that is particularly suitable for size reduction of soft, medium-hard, elastic or fibrous materials.
The laboratories are equipped with four Sartorius arium® deionised water units, each providing Type I and Type II water. The deionised water units on level 9 are fitted with UV lamps and Total Organic Carbon sensors (TOC) to provide the best quality water for carbon determinations. Each system is fitted with an under bench bag tank for the storage of large quantities of purified water.
The School has a Miele G7883 large capacity dishwasher with various attachments. Separate programs include variable operating temperatures for glass, plastics and mixed loads. A final rinse cycle is carried out with Type II deionised water.
The laboratories have been fitted with ten general purpose fume cupboards across the two laboratory floors and a specialised fume cupboard for work with perchloric and hydrofluoric acid.
Muffle furnaces for ashing samples, performing fusions and decontaminating glassware and filter papers. Each of the furnaces is sited under extraction systems to remove harmful vapor. The furnaces can be booked up to three days in advance using the diary in front of each furnace.
The School has range of heating devices including water baths, sand baths, hotplates, rotary evaporators and digestion systems.
The School has two 600 L floor standing incubators capable of being set to between -10 °C and + 50 °C fitted with adjustable shelves. Bookings for the floor-standing incubators are made using the School of Geography's booking system on the Intranet. There is also a small bench top incubator capable of being set in a temperature range of +5 °C and + 50 °C (the set point temperature must exceed the ambient temperature).
The School has a Gerhardt Turbotherm12-position macro digestion system and a Vapodest distillation unit, used mainly by undergraduates for the preparation of samples for Kjeldahl nitrogen determination.
Several large-capacity free standing and bench top ovens are available for drying samples at temperaturesbetween 40 and 220 °C, and a steriliser oven for applications requiring temperatures up to 300 °C. The water laboratory is also equipped with a drying/warming cabinet suitable for glassware and instrumentation..
There are several bench top and hand-held pH meters fitted with general purpose electrodes suitable for use with soil and water (specialist pH electrodes are available if required). For field portable meters, please contact the Field Store.
There are two modern Gerhardt Laboshake reciprocal shakers fitted with a selection of attachments and support bars, along with a Gallenkamp orbital shaker. Although the Gallenkamp shaker is old, it has recently been refurbished and can be adapted to accommodate various differently-sized containers with the help of the workshop.
The ASL sonicating auto-sampler was acquired by the School for reducing the size of suspended sediment particles to allow carbon determination in aqueous suspension by combustion analysis. More recently, it has been used to facilitate solvent extraction of biomarkers in peat samples.
The Hach DR2010 and Odyssey portable bench top spectrophotometers are capable of measuring at wavelengths between 400 and 900 nm.
The Hach 2100A turbidimeter is a laboratory nephelometer calibrated for measuring turbidity in colorless liquids. It is suitable for a broad range of turbidity measurements with ranges of 0-0.2, 0-1.0, 0-10, 0-100 and 0-1000 Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU).
The Soil Laboratory is equipped with apparatus to determine particle size classification by gravimetric pipette method and bouyoucos hydrometer. These methods are based on the Stokes' Law (settling velocities).
An Eijkelkamp 25-place closed system laboratory permeameter has recently been acquired, enabling the measurement of the saturated permeability of undisturbed soil samples in sample rings (both 53 and 60mm diameter). The closed system ensures a consistent temperature and water quality and also allows different matrix solutions to be used.
The Beckman-Coulter LS230 laser diffraction particle size analyser is an instrument for characterising the particle size distribution of a sample. The analyser can routinely determine the grain size of particles between 0.4 mm and 2 mm in diameter in aqueous suspension, and has an additional detector system (PIDS) to measure particles from 0.04 mm to 0.4 mm in diameter.
There is a collection of stainless steel and brass 10 cm and 20 cm diameter sieves with mesh sizes ranging from 63 µm to 31.5 mm, along with a sieve shaker with attachments for wet and dry sieving.
The Lintab6 tree ring measurement station is a robust and precise measurement table for accurate measurement of tree-ring width from increment cores, stem disks and other wooden samples. Equipped with a high quality stereo microscope it has a measurement precision of 1/100 mm. The measurement table connects to TSAP-Win software, and is very easy to use. It has built in features to allow on-screen editing of ring width data, cross-dating of ring width series, chronology building and detrending of ring width curves, and exchange of ring width series to other formats.
(Further information on the Lintab and TSAP win can be found here: http://www.rinntech.de/content/view/16/47/lang,english/)
The core microtome allows for the preparation of high quality tree core surfaces. It is especially useful for species with difficult wood anatomy and results in high quality core surface with open wood cells and vessels. Further information on the core microtome developed by WSL can be found here: http://www.wsl.ch/info/mitarbeitende/gaertner/Microtomes_EN
Bruno Barçante Ladvocat Cintra preparing samples for dendrochronological analysis using the core microtome.
Most environmental studies on stable isotope ratios in tree rings use cellulose. As the manual chemical extraction can be very labour intensive, batch extraction methods are preferred for the handling of large numbers of samples. In our laboratory we use the batch-wise extraction method of the Potsdam Dendro, allowing for the simultaneous extraction of large numbers of samples. The set
-up features various drainage modules (made from Teflon) in which funnels with sintered glass discs are fitted. Extraction with vacuum pump allows for simultaneous extraction of chemicals from all funnels. For further information on this system see: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S112578651000069X
Located on level 8 of the Garstang Building, looking out onto the corner of Chancellor's Court, the microscope lab is equipped with a range of high powered and low powered microscopes for use in teaching and research. The lab has been fitted with benches of different heights to accommodate the user's preferences and a large sink with flexible drench hose for washing samples. Microscopes in use for teaching: Leica CME, Olympus CH and Brunel BMZ, Brunel SP-150. Microscopes used for research: Leica S6D, DMLS, DM2000 and S6E.
The high power microscopes are used for plant macrofossil, mollusc, charcoal tephra and testate amoeba identification and counting, whilst the low powered stereomicroscopes are used for the identification of invertebrates and plant macrofossils.
Elizabeth Watson, Chartell Bateman and Dr Ivan Savov (l-r) in Sweden using a Russian corer to collect sediment core samples for extraction and tephra analysis.
Shard of tephra (volcanic ash) which was deposited onto a peatland in northern Ireland following the eruption of the Hekla volcano, Iceland in AD 1510. Image from a scanning electron microscope.
The level 9 Analytical Laboratory provides a facility for testing water samples, soil extracts/digests and plant extracts/digests. Instruments include: Inductively Coupled Plasma – Optical Emission Spectrophotometer, Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer for general elemental analysis; a combustion analyser for the determination of carbon and nitrogen in solid samples; two combustion analysers for the determination of carbon in liquids; acontinuous flow auto-analysers for the determination nitrate, nitrite, ammonia and phosphorus and an Ion Chromatograph for the routine determination of anions.
This is a dedicated balance room with specialist balance benches, currently equipped with a 5-figure semi-microbalance and two 6-figure micro-balances.
Dedicated cold rooms are available for storing samples at 4 °C. Each of these large (8.8 x 2.4 x 2.4 m wdh) cold rooms is fitted with adjustable shelving and a small amount of bench space. The level 8 cold room is dedicated soil samples and soil/sediment cores whilst the level 9 cold room is dedicated to water samples. The level 9 cold room is also fitted with a large sink and flexible drench hose for washing.
The generously sized (6.2 x 2.4 x 2.4 m wdh) walk-in environmental room is fitted with fully programmable control between 0 °C and + 30 °C and 10 and 95 % relative humidity, including a height adjustable table, 2 x IP rated double power sockets and a rig to suspend specialist lighting. The Environmental Room can be booked using the School of Geography's booking system on the intranet.
The large walk-in store is located to the rear of the Garstang Building and is capable of storing large quantities of solvents and chemical waste prior to safe disposal.
The large (4.5 x 4.5 x 2.4 m wdh walk-in) freezer -20 °C is fitted with adjustable shelving, bench space and 2 x IP-rated double sockets.
Located to the rear of the Garstang Building the gas store is fitted with manifold systems to supply the the instrumentation and preparation equipment.
A Filotron Plant Growth Chamber provides controlled growing conditions of temperature and relative humidity in a 24 hour period with independent selection of photoperiods. A full range of temperature, humidity and light levels including "dusk/dawn" effects can be simulated. Bookings for this equipment are made using the School of Geography's booking system on the intranet.
This laboratory has been designed to support undergraduate and Masters level student education. It is also used for dissertation projects, open day sessions and laboratory classes for up to 20 students. A wide range of modern equipment is available to facilitate the preparation of samples for numerous determinations: ovens, balances, shaking tables, incubators, plant growth chamber, furnaces etc. Glass partition walls between the R&D Laboratory and the adjacent Technical Team Office allow the laboratory technicians to effectively support and oversee student projects, ensuring that H&S guidelines and Good Laboratory Practice is followed.
To book the laboratory please contact the Laboratory Manager.
This lab is equipped with preparation equipment to process soil samples from the field for chemical and physical determinations.
Located on level 8 in the Garstang Building, within the Soil Laboratory, the Soil Preparation Laboratory provides a dedicated space to safely grind and sieve samples in preparation for analysis. Following DEFRA guidelines, overhead extraction units are available to remove dust particles from samples collected from within the European Union (EU) countries and a microbiological safety cabinet is available for the preparation of soil samples from non-EU countries. A large drying rack is available for air drying samples.
Secure storage is available for the storage of non-EU material as part of the terms and conditions for Faculty's the DEFRA Licence to Import, Move and Keep Prohibited Soil for Chemical and Physical Analysis. The soil store in located in the Level 5 Roger Stevens hanger.
The tree ring laboratory is equipped with two Leica stereomicroscopes, a lintab6 tree ring measurement station, a core microtome, several sanding machines and an Epson 6000XL scanner for creating high-resolution tree ring images. A range of manual increment borers is available, and there is equipment for simultaneous extraction of cellulose from a large number of samples of wood material.
Simultaneous batch extractions of wood cellulose for 274 samples. During this stage tannins and resins are released by washing with sodium hydroxide.
Isobel Jasper using the Lintab6 tree ring measurement station to analyse tree-ring widths, from species at various altitudes within the Matukituki Valley, New Zealand as part of the New Zealand field trip.
The Water Laboratory is located on level 9 in the Garstang Building, this is where the majority of preparations are carried out for analysis using the instrumentation in the Analytical Laboratory. Equipment provided in this laboratory is used for the analysis of Suspended Solids, Particulate Organic Carbon and UV/Vis spectrophotometers for the determination of water colour.
In two of the labs (8.06 Soil Laboratory and 9.10 Water Laboratory - one on each floor), there are large sinks for washing and draining large pieces of equipment. Each sink measures 800 x 850 mm and is equipped with a flexible drench hose.


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Enhanced situational awareness to improve maritime safety in the Baltic
Coordinator: Heidi Kuusniemi, Finnish Geospatial Research Institute, Kirkkonummi
Share of the BONUS funding: EUR 374 573
Duration: 2 years, 1.3.2014-28.2.2016
Summaries of annual reports:
BONUS ESABALT final report
BONUS ESABALT year 1 report
The BONUS ESABALT project is a feasibility study of an integrated system for enhancing maritime safety, which incorporates the latest technological advances in positioning, e-Navigation, Earth observation systems, and multi-channel cooperative communications. The most novel part of the BONUS ESABALT concept, however, is a focus on user-driven crowdsourcing techniques for information gathering and integration. The system will consist of a situational awareness solution for real-time maritime traffic monitoring via utilizing various positioning technologies; an observation system of the marine environment relevant to transportation and accidents including assessing the sea ice, oil spread, waves, wind etc.; and a methodology for context-aware maritime communication with cooperative, multi-channel capabilities. Three associated services will also be developed on top the integrated solution including intelligent marine navigation and routing services, efficient emergency response, and environmental monitoring and reporting with emphasis on cross-border functionality. Real-time traffic situations will be detected with satellite and terrestrial navigation sensors, while the state of the sea will be identified with images from Earth observation satellites, local vessel sensors, fixed sensor stations and deployable sensor stations. The project will define an intelligent, novel, user-driven solution and associated services for enhancing the maritime safety in the whole Baltic area.
Keywords: Maritime safety, e-navigation, crowdsourcing, positioning technologies, Earth observation
Partners: Finland, Poland, Sweden
Introductory article: see page 5 of BONUS in Brief May 2014
For more information visit BONUS ESABALT's website.


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No matter what happened in the game, Ed Cooley won the war of words with Dave Leitao on Friday night.
Both coaches wore live microphones for the Fox Sports 1 telecast matching Providence and DePaul. Cooley was clearly more vociferous and colorful than Leitao from the opening tip.
Cooley had plenty to say to his team and his coaches even before the game began. With the players in the locker room he said "if we go zone, we're going to ice the ball screens," before he hit some specifics.
"Never ending talking- inspire each other. That has to carry over to the floor. Enjoy the process," he told the group.
He then grabbed sophomore Alpha Diallo, who apparently barks at the refs a bit and said "Alpha remember, nothing to the officials."
As he prepared to take the floor, Cooley admitted "I'm nervous with this (microphone) on. Just keep reminding me it's on."
Just before the Friars left the huddle to begin the game, Cooley told his team "lets enjoy the journey," and then asked `who's better than us?'
The Friars answered, in unison, 'Nobody.'
As the game began, Cooley's words were filled with play calls that the opponent would love to hear. He also continually turned to his assistant coaches and barked assorted critiques like "our five men are being really lazy. That's why we're taking them out," referring to big men Nate Watson and Kalif Young.
During one timeout, Cooley turned to the officials and said "watch them grabbing the net. There's three of you guys out there. You can't miss that."
When he felt the refs missed a traveling call, he asked official Jeff Clark to take notice. Clark said he'd watch but the coach quickly responded, "that's great but you've already been to jail after you've robbed the bank. And then you say sorry."
Cooley's best line came when Diallo began bleeding after a drive to the hoop and no foul was called. Cooley barked to the officials "he doesn't bleed on purpose, unless he's a vampire."
He then turned to Leitao and said `Dave, the vampires are out. Blood everywhere."


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20 July 2017
China Sourcing Update: Energy Costs (Jun 2017)
Crude prices fluctuate during mid-June to mid-July
In line with the movement of global crude prices, China's crude prices fluctuated around low levels during mid-June to mid-July. For example, after droppingfromUS$43.0per barrel on 13 June to a seven-month low of US$39.4per barrel on 22 June, the Daqing2 crude price picked up toUS$44.1per barrel on 5 July before falling again to US$41.2per barrel on 11July (see exhibit 1).
The plunge in global oil prices during mid-to late June was due largely to investors' concerns that the oil market would remain over-supplied for longer than expected, as both the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) and the US reported an increase in their crude output. According to the OPEC Monthly Oil Market Report published on 13 June, crude production by OPEC member countries rose by 336,000 barrels per day in May to 32.14 million barrels per day. Meanwhile, US production of crude oil expanded to a 22-month high of 9.35million barrels per day in the week ending 16 June, according to the US Energy Information Administration(EIA).
Global crude prices rebounded during late June to early July as investors went bargain-hunting and market concerns about the global supply glut of crude oil temporarily eased after it was reported that both the crude production and gasoline inventories in the US fell in the week ending 23June.
However, global oil prices dropped again during late June to early July after reports surfaced that oil exports by OPEC member countries climbed for a second consecutive month in June, and that US crude output rose to 9.338million barrels per day in the week ending 30June.
Looking ahead, we expect global oil prices to fluctuate around the current low levels in the foreseeable future as it is still doubtful as to whether the OPEC-led output cut can significantly mitigate the global oil supply glut amid a rising oil production in the US.
To view the full article, please go to page top to download the PDF version.


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Please see terms and conditions for restrictions on use of Citywire's Fund Manager database.
Ernst Glanzmann
About Ernst Glanzmann
Ernst Glanzmann is co-fund manager of the Julius Baer Japan Stock Fund. He joined GAM Group in October 1990, where he managed two equity funds with a focus on Japan and as an analyst for Japanese equities. Prior to this, he completed a training programme at the securities and derivatives departments (front and back office) of various reputable banks in Zurich, London and the United States. He completed a three-year banking apprenticeship at Bernerlandbank. He is based in Zurich.


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Emma and Richie's Perfect Dewey Beach Wedding Venue
This time around, it wasn't the bride who reached out to Elevee Events for help, it was the Mother Of The Bride!
Since she is a good friend of mine and a local entrepreneur, I was more than happy to help her with her task: assisting in the planning of her daughter's wedding while she and her fiancé finished their senior year at West Point. Talk about a busy family!
I got to meet the handsome groom 14 months in advance of the wedding. We took advantage of Richie's free time to search for the perfect Dewey Beach wedding venue. The groom and his future mother-in-law took a ton of pictures for the bride, but their first impressions were equally as important. Upon walking into Ivy – our 5th and final location for the day – mom and the groom were sold. That is, assuming the bride was on board.
Emma took one look at the photos and heard her fiancé explain the venue, and immediately approved. And not a moment too soon; West Point graduation day was fast approaching, and the happy couple was thrilled to spend their big day celebrating! Their wedding day became a a commemoration of not only the bride and groom, but of their closest friends' graduation, and possibly one of the last times they'd see everyone before they were all deployed to their future assignments and new jobs.
I planned the wedding with late night emails to the bride and groom, calls from mom when she wasn't running her businesses, and lots of to-do lists sent to the busy couple. Two weeks before the big day, we were still tying up loose ends. Fortunately, thanks to years of experience, those loose ends were tied up fast and the day was executed without a single flaw.
Our planning couldn't have been more perfect; the amazing weather led to some amazing sunset photos!
The Team:
event planning & design – elevee events
ceremony, reception location, bar & catering – Ivy
tent & lighting – Coastal Tented Events
lines – Dover Rent all Tents & Events
photography – Tiffany Calddwell
dj –Icon Dj
cake – Carolina Sugar Fairy
transportation – Jolly Trolley
flowers – Bayberry
Click here to plan your Dewey Beach wedding with Elevee Events.
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Same 2: What's in a Name?
Interview by Marie Chung
Following from Aero 164's interview, Same 2 shares a little more of the Ins and Outs of graffiti culture. For Same 2, graffiti exists strictly outside societal norms – the true graffiti artist has to begin with illegal pieces before they gain their reputation in the graffiti world. Illegal or not however, Same 2 explains that graffiti is an art form in itself and its creative practices are part of a global community of artists.
What is the difference between a graffiti artist and street artist?
Graffiti is about letters, for me it ain't about passing any message, it's about doing fresh letters, trying to improve styles and colours. The rest ain't graffiti for me. When you start drawing with a paint brushes or using white paste and posters, it ain't graffiti anymore.
Do you have any memorable pieces that were major influences on your work?
The SAKE roller piece on the silos of the old malting plant in St-Henri. I passed by it about once a week when I was a young kid. It's really visible from the highway. Even back then it impressed me, back then it was very mystifying. After I would come to appreciate it for other reasons. It's the definition of a good "hit" for me.
It has prime placement, it can be seen from very far, it's bold and in your face. In other words, you can't really pass on that stretch of the highway without noticing it.
Why did you start graffiti?
I just liked the "you're not supposed to do it" aspect of it. I was 15, looking for cheap thrills. The whole cliché. It was fun going out at night, climbing out the window, painting all night with friends, drinking beers and smoking joints, coming back home, getting away with it and getting that "mission accomplished feeling".
It's also great when you pass by your pieces on the street that you haven't seen in awhile. It happened to me today at the bus stop, it was a tag that I hadn't seen since 8 years ago.
Can you explain the rule of not tagging over someone else's piece?
It's mostly that you don't go over someone who is older, who has been graphing longer, who is more respected. It is disrespectful. If someone better than me does that to me, I wouldn't mind because he is more of a veteran. It's like an unspoken of hierarchy. You're place is determined by how long have you been painting, which crew you represent, how good are you skill wise, and some "politics".
Are you familiar with the graffiti community?
Yeah, if you paint for a while you'll just start bumping into more and more writers at walls, expos, rap shows, etc. You begin to get to know everyone and you see them everyday. The community ain't that big. If you go to a show, you'd see about half of the writers there. We have an event called Under Pressure where you see everybody, it goes for three days and is behind a bar called Foufounes Electriques on Rue St. Catherine. The whole street is closed, there are DJs and scratching competitions. This year is its 20thanniversary. There are not that many legal walls, so when you practice with people on those walls, you start seeing those people.
Do you strictly stay on legal walls?
I do a bit of both. I have done some legal pieces but I like to go find the occasional spot in the middle of nowhere. Even if nobody is going to see it, I like the idea that it will stay there. I like exploring as well. My crew did a tour and explored the whole countryside and did huge pieces in the middle of nowhere. Not the usual graffiti vacation let say.
Does your crew classify their work an art form?
The fact that it is illegal does not deny the fact that it there is a creative process behind it. There is a certain amount of preparation that is required; sketching, picking colours, deciding whether we do a background, characters, where to put the piece, coordinating with the schedules and dramas of 3,4,5,8 other people.
Usually we start with the letters using a pencil and form the outline and then you use colours. If I am with other people, we in the crew usually like to paint murals. We have a lot of Marvel fans in the crew so we have done Ironman, Avengers, Transformers and anything comic book like ninja turtles and ghost busters. Sometimes we focus on colours and that determines the work itself. Other times when we are lazy, we call it Pizza Productions because we use whatever colours we want and it becomes purely a painting process.
I believe our pieces are artistic but there are some people who do it purely for destruction because that's their thrill.
Do you agree with that?
It's always been a counterculture, that's not me but I understand the ones who want to bomb and go all city (to have your stuff everywhere in every neighbourhood). We think about the extensions, flow of it, building letters and trying new ways to redo letters. I've been redoing some for 8 years. I still have every book I ever drew in, and you can see the evolution – that's what I like about it. But for some people it is not about that, they enjoy doing hand style tags, with bubble letters and street style burning. There is nothing complicated about it and it is readable. A good bomber does it on a street level with a simplified piece.
What is the general perception in Montreal at the moment?
It's good. Street art festivals have helped with street artists gaining a positive public opinion – the graff scene does benefit from this. Artists like the guys at A'shop, are a perfect example. 15 years ago, not even artists of their level would have thought of working with many of their numerous clients. It also helps in the way that it's not that people don't want to have these kind of murals all over the city. The uncontrolled, under the nose of law aspect to graff that is just put up without notice sort of say, is what's hard to swallow for them. It's a question of them getting used to seeing more and more visual art over time, to maybe have a more evolved opinion about it, versus what they have heard on TV.
Would you prefer more legal spaces for graffiti art?
No not necessarily. There are enough walls for that. I would prefer more commission walls for artists of a certain level. They often give you the opportunity to paint more elaborate piece in spots you wouldn't necessarily be able to if you had to do it in a hurry.
Do you think then that the words illegal and legal are useless for graffiti? Should we just have commission walls?
No. Graffiti being illegal is the foundation of it. I don't really like painting legal walls anymore, your piece get toyed almost instantly, (scribbled over by often young, inexperienced writers with no skills and no style – the graff world equivalent of a noob). I prefer a wall in the middle of nowhere than a legal wall.
Doesn't the word 'illegal' make it more negatively portrayed, but you prefer to keep that word?
Yes. Part of it is about doing something you are not supposed to. That is the big part of the thrill, you can't say you are a graff writer if you've never did some kind of illegal at some point.
How would you challenge conservative perspectives then if it is strictly illegal?
I wouldn't, people with that kinda mindset, even if they had it explained to them in detail, they probably won't understand the "why" of it all.
There are two branches to graf. You either do bombing which is about tags, bubble letters and being the most seen. Then there are pieces that are more creative, the more colour, the more intricate, and the more creative as possible. There will never be a possible discussion between those two. The bombers are about saying 'fuck you' to society.
What do you think is the purpose to your work?
For me, it's all about aesthetics. I don't do graf for anything else than for the fun of it. It's the creative outlet in which I try not to take too seriously and just do what I want to, there are some pieces where I apply a more thought out creative process. J'me casse pas le bicycle avec ça.
There is no political message. I just want to develop my style, push it and do creative letters. I did a whole European mini tour with my crew this summer. You meet so many people because of it, you meet people from different age groups and from all over the world, who wouldn't come together elsewhere. We are all here because of graf. If you take what everybody does in their lives, they are all so different and we wouldn't have met. Any time we want to crash at each other's places wherever we are in the world, we can do that. No problem.
Is it possible to unite art with vandalism or the criminal with creative? The Law divides graffiti art from 'real' art and consequently denies its liberal expression in the public space. Aero 164 and Same 2 remind us that graffiti art constitutes its own culture with its own unique cultural practices. Like any other culture that has members who share a similar religion, race or nationality, graffiti artists ask to be respected as a community that practices a particular form of art. Whether the public eye sees their work as illegal or vandalism is not their concern. It is more important that society recognizes it as art – an art form that will persist as it has since its birth in hip hop culture. Graffiti will continue to feature in the urban landscape on trains, side alleys and rooftops, and its artistic form will remain in the eyes of the beholder.


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text: Robert Engle "Zeke" Dailey, 88, of Inwood, W.Va., died Friday, July 27, 2012, at Envoy of Winchester, Winchester, Va. The family will receive friends Saturday, Aug. 11, from 2 to 3 p.m. at Brown Funeral Home. A memorial service will be Aug. 11 at 3 p.m. at the funeral home with the Rev. Lloyd McCanna officiating. Burial will be private.


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Dilemma in yellow silk : Emperors of London Series, Book 5. / Lynne Connolly.
Electronic resources
Series InformationEmperors of London.
Record details
- ISBN: 9781616505738 (electronic bk)
- Physical Description: 1 online resource.
- Publisher: New York : Lyrical Press, 2016.
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Ever ready to do the right thing, The Emperors of London act bravely-and when it comes to matters of the heart, impetuously... Despite her cover as the daughter of the land steward for Lord Malton, Marcus Aurelius, spirited Viola Gates is tied by birth to the treacherous Jacobite legacy. Not that this keeps her from falling for the dashing Lord from afar. Despite his staid demeanor, Marcus is devastatingly handsome-and hopelessly beyond her reach. Then Viola's father is mortally wounded and her secret identity revealed, sending her straight into danger's path-and Marcus's arms... For years, he'd only known her as a wild child, the tempting-and forbidden-daughter of his trusted steward. But when Viola's life is threatened, Marcus must act as duty-and his barely contained passion-dictates. Ferrying the bold beauty on an eventful journey to safer quarters, he offers her the protection of his name. Their tempestuous union might succeed in vanquishing their enemies, but will the chivalrous lord and his unsuitable wife surrender to the power of love? "Lynne Connolly writes Georgian romances with a deft touch. Her characters amuse, entertain and reach into your heart."-Desiree Holt "Plots, deviousness and passion galore...a truly enjoyable read."-Fresh Fiction on Temptation Has Green Eyes
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Thinkingreally thinkingabout house prices Steve Keen University of Western Sydney Debunking Economics www.debtdeflation.com/blogs www.debunkingeconomics.com
What drives house prices? Conventional case: –Population pressure drives house prices Booming population Sluggish dwelling construction Demand exceeds supplyprices will rise My case –Money pressure drives house prices Booming credit drives prices up Stagnant credit will drive prices down Checking the numbers:
House Prices and Population Population Change vs House Price Change Volatile prices, not much variation in population; Lets zoom in… Sometimes correlated Sometimes not Overall correlation coefficient quite low: 0.21 –(versus maximum possible of 1.0) But this is just demand side; what about supply side?
?? House Prices and Population Density Population Per Dwelling Change vs House Price Change More volatility in population density, but something strange: Housing grew faster than population? –Isnt supply sticky? Density falling while prices rising? –Lets zoom in… Supply flow has exceeded population flow –Except for 2006-2010 Correlation lower when supply also considered: 0.1 versus already low 0.21 But maybe this time is different?
House Prices and Population Density Yes, this time is differentits worse… Correlation now large and negative (-0.5) Huh? Rising population density means falling house prices? Noit means population pressure doesnt determine house prices What does then? –Money pressure does People dont buy houses –People with mortgages do…
Money makes the world go round… A little thinking: where do mortgages come from? –Conventional economists think from savings Savers money lent to borrowers Therefore (mortgage) debt doesnt matter –Saver can spend less –Borrower can spend more –Overall, no change in spending power –Therefore private debt has no impact on economy E.g., Nobel Prize winner Paul Krugman: –the overall level of debt makes no difference … one person's liability is another person's asset. (Krugman 2010, p. 3) –Theyre wrong In our banking system, loans create spending power
Money makes the world go round… Vice President of New York Fed put it this way in 1969: –In the real world, banks extend credit, creating deposits in the process, and look for the reserves later (Holmes 1969, p. 73) Ignored by conventional (Neoclassical) economists –Which is why they didnt see the GFC coming Essential part of my approach –Which is why I did see it coming Impact on house prices: –Rising house prices need accelerating debt The logic: –Aggregate demand = Income + Change in Debt –Change in debt plays crucial role in macroeconomics and asset bubbles…
Accelerating Debt Makes House Prices Rise Aggregate Demand = Aggregate Supply + Change in Debt –In symbols, AD = AS + Debt Greek Delta ( ) stands for Change in Spent on both goods & services and assets –AD = AS + Debt = AS + Net Asset Sales (NAS) –NAS = Price, times Fraction Sold, times Quantity In symbols, NAS = P A. A.Q A –Since level of demand determines prices Change in demand cause change in prices Rising house prices require accelerating debt: – AD = GDP + Debt = GDP + (P A. A.Q A ) So change in house prices should be correlated with accelerating private debtespecially mortgage debt…
Accelerating Debt Makes House Prices Rise Is there a correlation? Mortgage Impulse(Acceleration Mortgage Debt)/GDP Correlation = 0.42 –Twice the level of the rising population causes rising house prices argument –Four times the level of rising population density argument Accelerating debt also leads house price changes –Acceleration of mortgage debt now tells us where prices will go in 2-4 months time…
Accelerating Debt Makes House Prices Rise Accelerating mortgage debt leads house price change: In contrast, Population density useless as leading indicator Correlation falls when lead considered Upshot: to know what house prices will do in next 2-4 months, look at accelerating of mortgage debt now –(Lag has fallen in more recent data)
Decelerating Debt Makes House Prices Fall Mortgage debt is decelerating:Recent house price boom caused by First Home Vendors Boost Turned decelerating mortgage debt in 2008 into accelerating debt We sidestepped GFC by recreating housing bubble –But Australias different, isnt it?
Decelerating Debt Makes House Prices Fall Yes, China apart, its worse… Bigger mortgage bubble than USA: Australian households now more indebted than Americans
Responsible lending ??? Australian banks financed a bigger bubble than did USA
Not a bubble??? A bigger bubble with further to fall…
For more background (if you can cope!) My blog –www.debtdeflation.com/blogswww.debtdeflation.com/blogs My book (out in September) Whatll happen to the banks? Our banks more exposed than US
Tony Hayek House prices always rise?
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Sunday, December 5, 2010
Inspiration fromTim's ChristmasTags-days 3 and 4
I do not have lots of the materials for day 3 and 4 so I jumped in and combined the inspiration from the tutorials. Sorry my camera is not seeing the bird with the strong metallic red as IRL. I attached a piece of Ranger's sheet adhesive to the back of the metal before using Tim's die for the bird. I had embossed some fun texture on it's body and accented with Ranger's white enamel. The base is also metal. Stamped snowflakes with Pearl dabber paint. No tissue paper tape here so the flower was made with alcohol ink on vellum. I heated the red ribbon to add some curl.
8 comments:
Your T!m tags are very creative and look wonderful. Happy creating...ReplyDelete
Ooooo it looks lovely :DReplyDelete
Julie xx
This is totally fab, love it. Annette xReplyDelete
Love your version it's great with the metal work on it:)ReplyDelete
Thanks for sharing at the splinter group
xoxo Sioux
What a beautiful and very clever interpretation of Tims tag, loving that little metallic birdie - thanks for sharing xxxReplyDelete
Wwooooww Love the glimmers and the glitz on our fabulous Tag, thanks for joining the DT at the Simon Says Stamp and Show blog and hopefully you will join in on the next challenge. Hugs Terry xxxxReplyDelete
Just love your blingy tag. Gorgeous!ReplyDelete
- AnonymousDecember 5, 2010 at 4:37 PM
WOWZERS JAN this is GORGEOUS! Totally Love it!ReplyDelete
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Retail shop 114 for lease LC-0007
This Prime Ground Floor Retail Shops located on the corner of the busy Hoddle Street and Gipps Street in Abbotsford.
This retail shop represents a fantastic opportunity to acquire a prime shop investment just of the bustling Hoddle Street, less than 2km from the Melbourne CBD.
• Large and open plan with excellent natural light
• One car park per property
• Largely pre-sold apartment building currently under construction
• Includes a secure carpark on title
• Great exposure from the Collingwood Train Station.
• The perfect opportunity for an owner-occupier or investor to enter s...
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In American culture, Thanksgiving Eve is marked as the "biggest party day of the year".
For those 21 and over, this means that the local bars will be jam packed; packed with some people you haven't seen in ages and maybe some you never want to see again! In a time of recognizing our good fortune and good friends, a toast gives recognition to good CHEER!
What do you toast? Tradition would have it be a toast to the good fortune that there is something "wet" in your cup! Let's stick with tradition!
No matter, if you are the "Designated Driver" or the "Local Lush", and you want to give a few words before raising your glass, here are a few to remember:
1. Blessed is the season that engages the whole world in a conspiracy of love.
― Hamilton Wright Mabie
2. May you have warmth in your igloo, oil in your lamp, and peace in your heart.
― Inuit proverb
3. May all your troubles last as long as your New Year's resolutions.
― Joey Adams
4. May all your joys be true joys, and all your pain Champagne.
― Anonymous
5. Here's to holly and ivy hanging up, and to something wet in every cup.
― Ogden Nash
6. If you can't be merry at Christmas, then you can drive the rest of us home when we are!
― Mark Bromberg
7. Here's to us that are here, to you that are there, and the rest of us everywhere.
― Rudyard Kipling
8. In the New Year, may your right hand always be stretched out in friendship, and never in want.
― Irish toast
9. Be always at war with your vices, at peace with your neighbors, and let each new year find you a better man.
― Benjamin Franklin
10. As you slide down the banisters of life, may the splinters never point the wrong way.
― Anonymous
This season, be sure to check out our Thanksgiving Food and Spirits Guide to help get you ready for turkey day, and our HOLIDAY Guide to prepare you for when the jolly old fat man repels down your chimney!
Happy holidays!


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Too true
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best anti frizz hair products for curly hair Secrets
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