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Solaris 10 System Administration Part I
My Solaris 10 System Administration Part I notes.
- 1 Credits
- 2 Solaris 10 OS Directory Hierarchy
- 2.1 File systems
- 2.2 File components
- 2.3 Identifying file types
- 3 Local disk devices
- 3.1 physical disk components
- 3.2 logical disk components
- 3.3 disk labels & partition tables
- 3.4 x86/x64 partitions & slices
- 3.5 disk naming conventions
- 3.6 IDE & SATA disk device names
- 3.7 Solaris OS device naming conventions
- 3.8 listing device names
- 3.9 reconfiguring devices
- 3.10 partitioning hard disk
- 3.11 using format utility to create fdisk partitions
- 3.12 EFI Label & VTOC Label comparison
- 3.13 EFI Disk Label Restrictions
- 3.14 Viewing the VTOC
- 3.15 Replacing SPARC or x86/x64 VTOC on disk
- 3.16 x86/x64 VTOC info & Solaris fdisk partitions
- 3.17 Replace fdisk partition tables on x86/x64 systems
- 4 Extended Volume Table of Contents
- 5 Interface Configurations
- 5.1 View MAC address
- 5.2 IP address
- 5.3 Ping
- 5.4 Trace utility
- 5.5 capture & inspecting network packets
- 5.6 Configure IPv4 interfaces at boot time
- 5.7 Changing System Host Name
- 5.8 sys-unconfig command
- 6 Managing Solaris OS Unix File System (UFS)
- 6.1 Solaris OS file systems
- 6.2 disk-based file systems
- 6.3 Distributed File Systems
- 6.4 Pseudo File Systems
- 6.5 Creating new ufs file system
- 6.6 partition tables & reserved space
- 6.7 ufs file system structures
- 6.8 x
My main source of information came from Oracle System Administration of Solaris 10 Part I from Oracle University (excellent training) & Solaris 10 man pages.
Solaris 10 OS Directory Hierarchy
File systems
Unix File System (UFS) is the default file system
Directory starts with root directory (/)
Solaris 10 OS includes alternate file system called zettabyte file system (ZFS)
Logically all directories fall below root directory (/)
Physically directories can be located on one or spread over multiple file systems
<insert graphics to show this>
Refer to filesystem man page for more information on file system organization.
$ man -s 5 filesystem
Important directories
|root of file system
|symbolic link to /usr/bin & location for binary files of standard system commands
|primary directory for logical device names & contents of directory are symbolic links to device files in /devices directory
|directory holds host-specific config files & databases for system administration
|default directory for commonly shared file systems (like user home directories)
|default directory or mount point for user home directories
Important in-memory system directories
|directory for temporary files (cleared during boot sequence)
Subdirectories of note under /dev
|block disk devices
|file descriptors
|logical volume management metadisk drives
|pseudo terminal devices
|raw disk devices
|raw magnetic devices
|serial devices
Important subdirectories under /etc
|config info for accounting system
|config info for cron utility
|default info for various programs
|config files for network services
|scripts for starting & stopping services
|config info for printer subsystem
|config info for mail subsystem
|config file for NFS server logging
|config info for optional packages
|legacy scripts that are executed when entering or leaving a specific run level
|controls files for Role Based Access Control & security privileges
|default shell initialization files for new users
|Service Management Facility database & log files
Important subdirectories of /usr
|standard system commands
|C-compilation programs & libraries
|demo programs & data
|Java Desktop System (JDS) software directory or mount point
|Header files
|directory contains Java technology programs & libraries
|loadable kernel modules not generally required during boot process
|architecture-dependent databases, libraries, & binaries that are not invoked directly by user
|config info for optional packages
|sys admin coomands
|symbolic link to /var/spool directory
Important subdirectories of /var
|log files for syslog, system accounting, etc
|crash dump storage
|spool files storage
|Service Management Facility control files and logs
|long term storage of temp files (survives reboot)
File components
Generally a file name is associated with an inode & an inode provides access to data blocks.
<insert figure of relationship>
file names
File names are objects frequently used to manage files. A file must have a name that is associated with an inode.
Inodes are objects that Solaris OS uses to maintain info about a file. In general an inode contains:
- file info = file owner, permissions, & size
- pointers to data blocks associated with file content
inodes are numbered & each file system contains its own inode list
At UFS creation a new inode list is created
data blocks
data blocks are units of disk space that store data
Regular files, directories, & symbolic links make use of data blocks
Device files do not hold data therefore do not use data blocks
ZFS uses the following data structures: dnode data structure: the data structure contains pointers to data blocks znode data structure: this data structure contains info about file (owner, permissions, & size)
Dnode & znode data structures are called metadata & stored dynamically by ZFS. ZFS implements ZFS POSIX layer (ZPL) which is a primary interface for ZFS. ZPL allows commands you use with UFS to work with ZFS. ZFS emulates UFS inode number mechanism
Identifying file types
Solaris has four main file types:
|regular or ordinary files
|store one or more types of data
|store one or more types of data
|symbolic links
|store one or more types of data
|device files
|does not store data
Use ls command with -l option to distinguish different file types
The first character of each line indicates file type
<insert image of ls -l output with dictionary>
|regular files
|symbolic links
|block-special device files
|character-special device files
Examples on v240:
# cd /etc # ls -l total 650 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 14 May 3 15:34 TIMEZONE -> ./default/init drwxr-xr-x 6 root other 512 May 3 16:15 X11 drwxr-xr-x 2 adm adm 512 May 3 16:19 acct -rw-r--r-- 1 root sys 253 Aug 6 2010 aggregation.conf lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 14 May 3 16:03 aliases -> ./mail/aliases drwxr-xr-x 7 root bin 512 May 3 16:11 apache drwxr-xr-x 2 root bin 512 May 3 15:54 apache2 *****output truncated*****
# pwd /devices/pci@1c,600000/scsi@2 # ls -l total 8 drwxr-xr-x 2 root sys 512 May 3 16:25 sd@0,0 brw-r----- 1 root sys 32, 0 Jul 7 13:54 sd@0,0:a crw-r----- 1 root sys 32, 0 Jul 14 16:50 sd@0,0:a,raw
directories only store information on file name to inode number relationships
A directory contains data for files that are logically located within directory
Regular files
Most common file types found in Solaris are regular files. Regular files can store different types of data including ASCII text or binary data.
Symbolic links
a symbolic link is a file that points to another file & contain only one type of data
a symbolic link contains the path name of the file to which it points & the file can be located on other file systems
the size of a symbolic link always matches the number of characters in the path name it contains
after the '->' there are 19 characters & the 19 before May is the file size.
# ls -l /etc/prtvtoc lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 19 May 3 15:34 prtvtoc -> ../usr/sbin/prtvtoc
symbolic links can point to regular files, directories, other symbolic links, & device files.
symbolic links can be absolute or relative path names
ln command
ln command with -s option creates a symbolic link
<insert example of creating symbolic link>
<insert picture of relationship between link & file>
device files
device file provides access to a device
When using long listing on file the size field is populated by two numbers separated by comma
The two numbers are called major & minor device numbers
major device # identifies the specific device driver required to access device minor device # identifies specific unit of the type that the device driver controls
Long listing:
bash-3.00$ ls -l | grep pci drwxr-xr-x 4 root sys 512 May 3 16:25 pci@1c,600000 crw------- 1 root sys 109, 767 Jul 14 16:50 pci@1c,600000:devctl crw------- 1 root sys 109, 764 Jul 14 16:50 pci@1c,600000:intr crw------- 1 root sys 109, 765 Jul 14 16:50 pci@1c,600000:reg drwxr-xr-x 5 root sys 512 May 3 16:25 pci@1d,700000 crw------- 1 root sys 109, 1023 Jul 14 16:50 pci@1d,700000:devctl crw------- 1 root sys 109, 1020 Jul 14 16:50 pci@1d,700000:intr crw------- 1 root sys 109, 1021 Jul 14 16:50 pci@1d,700000:reg drwxr-xr-x 6 root sys 512 May 3 16:25 pci@1e,600000 crw------- 1 root sys 109, 511 Jul 14 16:50 pci@1e,600000:devctl crw------- 1 root sys 109, 508 Jul 14 16:50 pci@1e,600000:intr crw------- 1 root sys 109, 509 Jul 14 16:50 pci@1e,600000:reg drwxr-xr-x 4 root sys 512 May 3 16:25 pci@1f,700000 crw------- 1 root sys 109, 255 Jul 14 16:50 pci@1f,700000:devctl crw------- 1 root sys 109, 252 Jul 14 16:50 pci@1f,700000:intr crw------- 1 root sys 109, 253 Jul 14 16:50 pci@1f,700000:reg
File pci@1c,600000:devctl refers to major device # 109 & minor device # 767
You can also use the
file command:
bash-3.00$ file pci@1c,600000:devctl pci@1c,600000:devctl: character special (109/767)
devfsadm command to create new device files
A relationship exists between device file & device it controls. Major & minor device #s contained in inode establish relationship
<image showing relationship from above example>
Verify device driver is available as kernel module:
bash-3.00# modinfo -w | grep -w scsi 22 1313a40 122a8 - 1 scsi (SCSI Bus Utility Routines) bash-3.00# modinfo -c | grep -w scsi 22 1 scsi LOADED/INSTALLED bash-3.00# modinfo -w | grep -w iscsi 96 7b600000 328c8 279 1 iscsi (Sun iSCSI Initiator v20100714-0) bash-3.00# modinfo -c | grep -w iscsi 96 1 iscsi LOADED/INSTALLED
device files are categorized as character-special [character or raw devices] or block-special devices [block devices]
device files in each category interact with devices differently
character-special device files
File type of "c" is character-special device file & data is accessed as a data stream
crw------- 1 root sys 109, 767 Jul 14 16:50 pci@1c,600000:devctl
Result of
file command:
bash-3.00# file pci@1c,600000:devctl pci@1c,600000:devctl: character special (109/767)
block-special device files
File type of "b" is a block-special device file & for disk devices, block-special device files call for I/O operations based on a defined block size
Block size depends on particular device file
<example of long listing of block file>
data transferred between process & block-special device is first stored in kernel-managed memory-based cache
block devices allow random seeks to be performed [character devices do not]
hard links
hard link is association between file name & an inode
inode keeps count # of file names associated with it (hard links)
output of long listing will show link count or total # of hard links to a file
bash-3.00# ls -l mnttab -r--r--r-- 5 root root 1539 Jul 7 13:55 mnttab
/etc/mnttab file has 5 link counts or hard links [between file permissions & owner]
creating new hard links
ln command creates new hard links to regular files
$ ln file5 file6 $ ln file5 file7 $ ln file7 file8 $ ls -il total 64868 54 -rw------- 1 paul labnet 555969 May 6 13:52 file.7z 55 -rw-r--r-- 1 paul labnet 53 May 6 13:23 file1.gz 39 -rw-r--r-- 1 paul labnet 739704 May 6 13:42 file2.gz 41 -rw-r--r-- 1 paul labnet 0 May 5 12:35 file3 50 -rw-r--r-- 1 paul labnet 3976616 May 6 13:37 file4 52 -rw-r--r-- 4 paul labnet 3976541 May 6 13:43 file5 52 -rw-r--r-- 4 paul labnet 3976541 May 6 13:43 file6 52 -rw-r--r-- 4 paul labnet 3976541 May 6 13:43 file7 52 -rw-r--r-- 4 paul labnet 3976541 May 6 13:43 file8 53 -rw-r--r-- 1 paul labnet 11934208 May 6 13:48 filetar.tar 42 drwxr-xr-x 2 paul labnet 512 May 5 12:45 subdir1 $
ln command created files 6-8. Now files 5-8 refer to same inode [52]. Notice link count is now 4 for each of the files. You must use -i option with
ls command to view inodes
Use find command with -inum option to find files with same inode
$ find . -inum 52 ./file6 ./file7 ./file5 ./file8
<insert image showing file name to inode association>
deleting hard links
delete files normally & link count will decrease automatically
$ rm file8 $ ls -li total 57076 54 -rw------- 1 paul labnet 555969 May 6 13:52 file.7z 55 -rw-r--r-- 1 paul labnet 53 May 6 13:23 file1.gz 39 -rw-r--r-- 1 paul labnet 739704 May 6 13:42 file2.gz 41 -rw-r--r-- 1 paul labnet 0 May 5 12:35 file3 50 -rw-r--r-- 1 paul labnet 3976616 May 6 13:37 file4 52 -rw-r--r-- 3 paul labnet 3976541 May 6 13:43 file5 52 -rw-r--r-- 3 paul labnet 3976541 May 6 13:43 file6 52 -rw-r--r-- 3 paul labnet 3976541 May 6 13:43 file7 53 -rw-r--r-- 1 paul labnet 11934208 May 6 13:48 filetar.tar 42 drwxr-xr-x 2 paul labnet 512 May 5 12:45 subdir1 $
Once all files with same inode are deleted the inode will be deleted
Find files that match inode on same file system
# ls -l /etc/init.d/apache -rwxr--r-- 6 root sys 2452 Jun 23 2010 /etc/init.d/apache
/etc/init.d/apache file has a 6 link count
# ls -i /etc/init.d/apache 2955 /etc/init.d/apache
/etc/init.d/apache inode is 2955
# find /etc -inum 2955 -exec ls -i {} \; 2955 /etc/init.d/apache 2955 /etc/rc0.d/K16apache 2955 /etc/rc1.d/K16apache 2955 /etc/rc2.d/K16apache 2955 /etc/rc3.d/S50apache 2955 /etc/rcS.d/K16apache
find command with -inum option allows you to search by inode. Now I know which files are pointing to same location as /etc/init.d/apache
Local disk devices
disk device has physical & logical components
physical disk components
See other sites for more details on physical disk components.
components include spindle, platters, heads, head actuator arm
logical disk components
sector - smallest addressable unit on a platter, one sector can hold 512 bytes of data
track - series of sectors positioned end-to-end in a circular path, # of sectors per track varies due to size of tracks
cylinder - a stack of concentric tracks
<insert pic>
a disk platter [physical component] is divided into sectors, tracks, & cylinders [logical components]
disks present a fixed number of sectors per track to the Solaris OS even though # of sectors is different per track
disk labels & partition tables
disk slices are groups of cylinders used to organize data
typically, administrators will use slices to organize data by function so a slice may store user's home directories, binaries, swap space, or system files
a beginning & ending cylinder define each slice
- of cylinders determines the size of a slice
A disk label is a defined area of disk space used to store information about disk controller, geometry, & slices
A disk label also contains a partition table which holds partition, cylinder, & slice information
Label a disk = write slice info to disk [label a disk after changes are made]
Solaris 10 supports two disk labels
- Sun Microsystems, Inc (SMI) disk label
- SPARC-based Solaris OS
- SPARC volume table of contents (VTOC) label for disks (SMI VTOC)
- supports disks <1 terabyte in size
- resides in 1st sector of disk on SPARC
- includes partition table which enables you to define 0-7 disk partitions (slices)
- slice 2 represents entire disk
- slice 2 maintains important data regarding entire disk, like total # cylinders, size of total disk
- Must be used for SPARC-based & Solaris x86/x64-based systems boot disks
- Solaris x86/x64-based systems maintain two partition tables on each disk
- 1st sector contains a fixed disk (fdisk) partition table
- 2nd sector contains partition table with slice info within Solaris fdisk partition
- fdisk partition defines up to four fdisk partitions
- extensible firmware interface (EFI) disk label
- supports disks >1 terabyte in size on 64-bit kernel
- supports virtual disk volumes
- partition table defines 0-9 disk partitions (slices)
- compatible with UFS & can create UFS >1 terabyte
- Solaris OS systems do not currently boot from disks using EFI labels
<insert some pics of physical disks>
x86/x64 partitions & slices
recommended that you use fdisk menu & format utility to create or modify fdisk partition table
2nd sector of Solaris fdisk partition contains a partition table that defines slices within Solaris fdisk partition, the label that contains this partition table is known as x84/x64 VTOC
using format utility Solaris fdisk partition can be divided into ten slices [0-9]. Slices 0-7 are used for the same purposes as SPARC SMI labels. Slice 2 represents entire disk drive. Slice 8 & 9 are used for purposes relating to x86/x64 hardware
format utility automatically creates slice 8 & 9 when x86/x64 VTOC is defined within Solaris fdisk partition. slice 8 is always required, slice 9 exists, unassigned, on SCSI or Fibre-Channel disks. format utility prevents modifying slices 8 & 9
Solaris OS systems on x86/x64 platforms create device files to support 16 slices for each disk [0-15]. format utility limits to slices 0-7. Solaris x86/x64 systems also create device files that represent four possible fdisk partitions
slice 8 is boot slice by default & contains GRUB stage1 program in sector 0, the Solaris disk label & VTOC in sectors 1 & 2, & GRUB stage2 program beginning at sector 50. Slice 8 occupies the 1st cylinder [0] of Solaris fdisk partition
IDE/SATA disk drives slice 9 is tagged alternates slice. If slice 9 is defined it occupies 2nd & 3rd cylinder [1-2] of Solaris fdisk partition & contains blocks used to store bad block info
disk naming conventions
disk device names identify a series of components that together specify a particular disk device
<insert image of naming convention>
Disk device name format: controller, target, disk (or LUN), fdisk partition, & slice that a particular disk device uses
disk device names represent full name of a slice or fdisk partition
Controller #: identifies host bus adapter (HBA), HBA controls command & data communication between system & disk unit, [system <-HBA-> disk unit], #s are assigned sequentially
Target #: identifies a unique hardware address assigned to SCSI target controller of a disk, tape, or optical drive. IDE & SATA drives typically do not use target #s (some do), Fibre-Channel attached disks may use World Wide Name (WWN) instead of a target #
Disk #: unique identifier for each disk per controller # & target # pair. also known as logical unit number (LUN)
fdisk partition #: number ranging from p0 to p4, number p0 represents whole physical disk, device names that include p# are only found on x86/x64 systems
slice #: a # ranging from s0-s7 on SPARC systems & s0-s15 on x86/x64 systems
SCSI disk device names
SCSI specification allows multiple disks to one target controller
- In some cases, SCSI disk & target controller are combined into one physical unit
- also known as embedded SCSI configuration
- disk # is always set to d0 with embedded SCSI disks
<insert pic of embedded SCSI & regular configurations>
iSCSI disk devices
Solaris 10 8/07 release included support for iSCSI target devices
The targets can be disk or tape
systems with dedicated arrays can now export replicated storage with ZFS or UFS
iscsitadm command to set up & manage iSCSI target devices
iscsiadm command to identify iSCSI targets, which will discover & use iSCSI target devices
IDE & SATA disk device names
IDE & SATA disks do not use target controllers
device names for IDE & SATA disks have controller #, disk #, & slice (fdisk partition) #
Example: c#d#s#
<insert image showing overview>
Ultra 10 systems are different & use a target # to represent identify of disks on primary & secondary IDE buses
- t0 = master device on primary IDE bus
- t1 = slave device on primary IDE bus
- t2 = master device on secondary IDE bus
- t3 = slave device on secondary IDE bus
<insert image example>
Solaris OS device naming conventions
Solaris OS uses three different types of names depending on how the device is being referenced
- logical device names
- physical device names
- instance names
logical device names
logical device names are symbolic links to physical device names in /devices directory
logical devices are primarily used when entering commands on command line
all logical device names are in /dev directory
logical device names contain controller #, target # (if required), disk #, & [slice or fdisk partition #]
every disk has entries in /dev/dsk & /dev/rdsk directories
/dev/dsk is for block disk devices
/dev/rdsk is for character disk devices
physical device names
uniquely identifies physical location of hardware devices on system
physical device names are located in /devices directory
physical device name contains hardware information, separated by slashes, that represent the path through the system's physical device tree to the device
symbolic links in /dev/dsk & /dev/rdsk point to physical device files, use ls -l
use ls -lL
The use of
ls command with -L option will, if file is a symbolic link, evaluate the file info & file type of the file or directory that the symbolic link references, rather than those of the link itself. However, the name of the link is displayed, rather than the referenced file or directory.
# ls -l /dev/dsk/c1t1d0s0 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 43 May 3 16:19 /dev/dsk/c1t1d0s0 -> ../../devices/pci@1c,600000/scsi@2/sd@1,0:a # ls -lL /dev/dsk/c1t1d0s0 brw-r----- 1 root sys 32, 8 Jul 14 16:50 /dev/dsk/c1t1d0s0
<insert pic of sample device tree>
Two categories of device trees include devices recognized by hardware at boot time & known by Solaris OS kernel [managed by software controls available to Solaris OS.
If no device file exists for a powered-on & connected physical device then Solaris OS kernel doesn't recognize the device in its device tree
Top directory in hierarchy is called root node of the device tree. The bus nexus nodes & leaf nodes below root object have device drivers associated to them
A device driver is software that communicates with physical device & device driver must be available to Solaris OS kernel so system can use device
During system initialization the Solaris OS kernel identifies physical location of a device. The kernel relates a node with an address [nodename@address] which is the physical device name
<insert pic of example>
instance names
instance names are shortened names for a physical device
instance names are abbreviated names assigned by the Solaris OS kernel for each system device
instance names are usually used to display on console or in /var/adm/messages log file
Example instance names:
- sd# = SCSI disk name & # is the number, such that sd1 would be 2nd SCSI disk device
- cmdk# = common disk driver is the disk name & # is the number, such that cmdk0 would be first SATA disk device
- dad# = direct access device name & # is the number, such that dad1 would be 2nd IDE disk device
- ata# = Advanced Technology Attachment (ATA) is disk name & # is the number, such that ata0 would be first
- qfe# = quad fast ethernet & # is the number, such that qfe2 is 3rd interface on quad fast ethernet device
listing device names
Some ways in Solaris OS to list system devices:
- /etc/path_to_inst file
- prtconf command
- format utility
/etc/path_to_inst file
Solaris system maps physical name <-> instance name in /etc/path_to_inst file
Solaris kernel uses the names in file to identify every possible device
- file is read only at boot time
- maintained by kernel
Example file from v240:
# cat /etc/path_to_inst # # Caution! This file contains critical kernel state # "/iscsi" 0 "iscsi" "/pseudo" 0 "pseudo" "/scsi_vhci" 0 "scsi_vhci" "/options" 0 "options" "/ramdisk-root" 0 "ramdisk" "/pci@1f,700000" 0 "pcisch" "/pci@1f,700000/network@2" 0 "bge" "/pci@1f,700000/network@2,1" 1 "bge" "/pci@1e,600000" 1 "pcisch" "/pci@1e,600000/isa@7" 0 "ebus" "/pci@1e,600000/isa@7/power@0,800" 0 "power" "/pci@1e,600000/isa@7/rmc-comm@0,3e8" 0 "rmc_comm" "/pci@1e,600000/isa@7/i2c@0,320" 0 "pcf8584" "/pci@1e,600000/isa@7/i2c@0,320/motherboard-fru-prom@0,a2" 0 "seeprom" "/pci@1e,600000/isa@7/i2c@0,320/chassis-fru-prom@0,a8" 1 "seeprom" "/pci@1e,600000/isa@7/i2c@0,320/power-supply-fru-prom@0,b0" 2 "seeprom" "/pci@1e,600000/isa@7/i2c@0,320/power-supply-fru-prom@0,a4" 3 "seeprom" "/pci@1e,600000/isa@7/i2c@0,320/dimm-spd@0,b6" 4 "seeprom" "/pci@1e,600000/isa@7/i2c@0,320/dimm-spd@0,b8" 5 "seeprom" "/pci@1e,600000/isa@7/i2c@0,320/dimm-spd@0,ba" 6 "seeprom" "/pci@1e,600000/isa@7/i2c@0,320/dimm-spd@0,bc" 7 "seeprom" "/pci@1e,600000/isa@7/i2c@0,320/dimm-spd@0,c6" 8 "seeprom" "/pci@1e,600000/isa@7/i2c@0,320/dimm-spd@0,c8" 9 "seeprom" "/pci@1e,600000/isa@7/i2c@0,320/dimm-spd@0,ca" 10 "seeprom" "/pci@1e,600000/isa@7/i2c@0,320/dimm-spd@0,cc" 11 "seeprom" "/pci@1e,600000/isa@7/i2c@0,320/nvram@0,50" 12 "seeprom" "/pci@1e,600000/isa@7/i2c@0,320/gpio@0,44" 0 "pca9556" "/pci@1e,600000/isa@7/i2c@0,320/gpio@0,46" 1 "pca9556" "/pci@1e,600000/isa@7/i2c@0,320/gpio@0,4a" 2 "pca9556" "/pci@1e,600000/isa@7/i2c@0,320/gpio@0,68" 3 "pca9556" "/pci@1e,600000/isa@7/i2c@0,320/gpio@0,88" 4 "pca9556" "/pci@1e,600000/isa@7/i2c@0,320/gpio@0,70" 5 "pca9556" "/pci@1e,600000/isa@7/serial@0,3f8" 0 "su" "/pci@1e,600000/isa@7/serial@0,2e8" 1 "su" "/pci@1e,600000/pmu@6" 0 "pmubus" "/pci@1e,600000/pmu@6/gpio@80000000" 0 "pmugpio" "/pci@1e,600000/pmu@6/i2c@0,0" 0 "smbus" "/pci@1e,600000/usb@a" 0 "ohci" "/pci@1e,600000/ide@d" 0 "uata" "/pci@1e,600000/ide@d/sd@0,0" 3 "sd" "/memory-controller@0,0" 0 "mc-us3i" "/memory-controller@1,0" 1 "mc-us3i" "/pci@1c,600000" 2 "pcisch" "/pci@1c,600000/scsi@2" 0 "glm" "/pci@1c,600000/scsi@2/sd@0,0" 0 "sd" "/pci@1c,600000/scsi@2/sd@1,0" 1 "sd" "/pci@1c,600000/scsi@2/sd@2,0" 2 "sd" "/pci@1c,600000/scsi@2/sd@3,0" 4 "sd" "/pci@1c,600000/scsi@2,1" 1 "glm" "/pci@1d,700000" 3 "pcisch" "/pci@1d,700000/network@2" 2 "bge" "/pci@1d,700000/network@2,1" 3 "bge" "/pci@1d,700000/pci@1" 0 "pci_pci" "/pci@1d,700000/pci@1/pci@0" 1 "pci_pci" "/pci@1d,700000/pci@1/pci@0/network@0" 0 "ce" "/pci@1d,700000/pci@1/pci@0/network@1" 1 "ce" "/pci@1d,700000/pci@1/pci@4" 2 "pci_pci" "/pci@1d,700000/pci@1/pci@4/network@2" 2 "ce" "/pci@1d,700000/pci@1/pci@4/network@3" 3 "ce" #
Instance names correlate values in the last two fields, for example an entry for SCSI disk 3 on Sun v240 from file is "/pci@1c,600000/scsi@2/sd@2,0" 2 "sd"
this line & sd2 identify the same device
physical device path /pci@1c,600000/scsi@2/sd@2,0 identifies the path through the device tree to the device
different systems have different physical device names
prtconf command
- use prtconf command to display system configuration info
- prtconf lists all possible instances of devices (whether attached or not)
- use
prtconf | grep -v notto list only attached devices on system
example prtconf output on Sun v240:
# prtconf | grep -v not System Configuration: Sun Microsystems sun4u Memory size: 8192 Megabytes System Peripherals (Software Nodes): SUNW,Sun-Fire-V240 scsi_vhci, instance #0 options, instance #0 memory-controller, instance #0 memory-controller, instance #1 pci, instance #0 network, instance #0 network, instance #1 pci, instance #1 isa, instance #0 i2c, instance #0 motherboard-fru-prom, instance #0 chassis-fru-prom, instance #1 power-supply-fru-prom, instance #2 power-supply-fru-prom, instance #3 dimm-spd, instance #4 dimm-spd, instance #5 dimm-spd, instance #6 dimm-spd, instance #7 dimm-spd, instance #8 dimm-spd, instance #9 dimm-spd, instance #10 dimm-spd, instance #11 nvram, instance #12 gpio, instance #0 gpio, instance #1 gpio, instance #2 gpio, instance #3 gpio, instance #4 gpio, instance #5 power, instance #0 serial, instance #0 serial, instance #1 rmc-comm, instance #0 pmu, instance #0 i2c, instance #0 gpio, instance #0 usb, instance #0 ide, instance #0 sd, instance #3 pci, instance #2 scsi, instance #0 sd, instance #0 sd, instance #1 sd, instance #2 sd, instance #4 scsi, instance #1 pci, instance #3 network, instance #2 network, instance #3 pci, instance #0 pci, instance #1 network, instance #0 network, instance #1 pci, instance #2 network, instance #2 network, instance #3 iscsi, instance #0 pseudo, instance #0 #
format utility
use format utility to display both logical & physical device names for all currently available disks
Example from Sun v240
# format Searching for disks...done AVAILABLE DISK SELECTIONS: 0. c1t0d0 <SUN72G cyl 14087 alt 2 hd 24 sec 424> /pci@1c,600000/scsi@2/sd@0,0 1. c1t1d0 <SUN72G cyl 14087 alt 2 hd 24 sec 424> /pci@1c,600000/scsi@2/sd@1,0 2. c1t2d0 <SUN72G cyl 14087 alt 2 hd 24 sec 424> /pci@1c,600000/scsi@2/sd@2,0 3. c1t3d0 <SUN72G cyl 14087 alt 2 hd 24 sec 424> /pci@1c,600000/scsi@2/sd@3,0 Specify disk (enter its number):
prtdiag command
use prtdiag command to display system configuration & system info
reconfiguring devices
Solaris system can recognize devices that were just added by using various methods, including a reconfiguration boot, or devfsadm command
reconfiguration boot
reconfiguration boot process adds new device entries to /etc/path_to_inst file & symbolic links & device files to /dev & /devices directories
Example of a reconfiguration boot:
- create /reconfigure file, this file causes system to check for presence of newly installed devices at next boot/power on
- # touch /reconfigure
- shutdown system (reboot if device is already installed)
- install new device
- power on & boot system
- log in to system & use prtconf command to verify newly installed device
Note: On SPARC-based systems you can invoke a manual reconfiguration boot with open boot PROM (OBP) level command "boot -r". On x86/x64 systems use GRUB & edit kernel command associated with desired boot selection & add "-r" option then boot system
use devfsadm command
devfsadm command attempts to load every driver in the system & attach all possible device instances
For new devices devfsadm will:
- create physical device files in /devices directory
- create symbolic links in /dev directory
- manage entries in /etc/path_to_inst file
use devfsadm -c option to limit devfsadm to a particular device class
devfsadm -c device_class [-c device_class1 -c device_class2 etc]
values for device_class include disk, tape, port, audio, & pseudo
use devfsadm -i option to limit devfsadm to the name of a specific driver
devfsadm -i driver_name
example: devfsadm -i sd limits devfsadm to those disks supported by the sd driver
Include -v option to devfsadm to display verbose output of changes to device tree
Run cleanup routines to remove unreferenced symbolic links & device files for devices no longer attached to system by using devfsadm -C [capital C]
partitioning hard disk
use format utility to configure disk partitions & slices
X86/x64 systems require additional step to create a Solaris fdsik partition before you can create slices within that partition. SPARC systems do not use fdisk partitions
Solaris OS will perform disk partition as part of installation process
disk partitioning
Using format utility to create fdisk partitions or slices
- identify correct disk
- x86/x64 systems use fdisk menu in format utility to create fdisk partitions & save fdisk partition table to disk
- use partition menu in format utility to divide disk or Solaris fdisk partitions into slices
- label disk or Solaris fdisk partition
disk management
Slices are defined by an offset & a size, expressed in whole cylinders. On SPARC systems the offset is the distance from cylinder 0. On x86/x64 systems slice offsets are specified from 1st cylinder of Solaris fdisk partition
<insert pic & text details showing example>
On x86/x64 systems the format utility shows 1st cylinder of Solaris fdisk partition as cylinder 0
IDE/SATA disks in x86/x64 systems slice 8 occupies cylinder 0 & slice 9 cylinder 1 & 2.
Slice 8 & 9 are reserved so format utility does not allow changes to slice 8 & 9.
First available cylinder for additional slice definitions is cylinder 3.
Slice 2 starts at cylinder 0 & ends on last available cylinder of Solaris fdisk partition.
<insert pic of x86/x64 slice example>
identifying wasted disk space
when any cylinders are not allocated to any disk slice disk space is wasted
<insert pic showing unallocated cylinders>
once identified wasted space may be assigned to a slice
identifying overlapping disk slices
overlapping disk slices occur when cylinders are allocated to more than one disk slice
<insert pic of overlapping disk slices>
only format utility modify command warns of overlapping slices
Note: changing size of slices will make existing data inaccessible, backup or copy data to another location before resizing slices or changing partitions
format utility & disk partition table
format utility allows modification of two partition tables on disk:
- fdisk partition table
- Solaris OS partition tables (SPARC VTOC & x86/x64 VTOC)
fdisk partition tables
fdisk partition table defines up to four fdisk partitions on a disk
Solaris OS systems on x86/x64 platforms use fdisk partition table to determine parts of disk reserved for different operating systems & identify boot partition
Only x86/x64 systems use fdisk partition tables (fdisk menu from format utility)
Solaris OS partition tables
VTOC define slices that Solaris OS will use on a disk. use partition menu in format utility to view, modify, & save partition tables (VTOC)
- SPARC systems read VTOC from 1st sector of disk
- x86/x64 systems read VTOC from 2nd sector of Solaris fdisk partition
partition menu in format utility describes writing the VTOC as labeling the disk. Labeling means saving slice info into VTOC. Failure to label disk or Solaris fdisk partition after making changes the slice info changes will be lost
format utility works with /etc/format.dat file which is read when format utility is run
/etc/format.dat file is a table of available disk types & a set of predefined partition tables that can be used to partition a disk quickly
partition menu uses term partition exclusively instead of slice so the term partition & slice are identical
<insert image to show relationship between VTOC, memory, & /etc/format.dat>
save function in format utility
- writes partition table info into ./format.dat by default
- to save to /etc/format.dat specify absolute path or run format utility within /etc directory & accept default file name
- by default Solaris OS format.dat file exists in /etc directory
using format utility
type format at command prompt & use menu-driven choices to perform various format activites
Example of format:
# format Searching for disks...done AVAILABLE DISK SELECTIONS: 0. c1t0d0 <SUN72G cyl 14087 alt 2 hd 24 sec 424> /pci@1c,600000/scsi@2/sd@0,0 1. c1t1d0 <SUN72G cyl 14087 alt 2 hd 24 sec 424> /pci@1c,600000/scsi@2/sd@1,0 2. c1t2d0 <SUN72G cyl 14087 alt 2 hd 24 sec 424> /pci@1c,600000/scsi@2/sd@2,0 3. c1t3d0 <SUN72G cyl 14087 alt 2 hd 24 sec 424> /pci@1c,600000/scsi@2/sd@3,0 Specify disk (enter its number): 0 selecting c1t0d0 [disk formatted] Warning: Current Disk has mounted partitions. /dev/dsk/c1t0d0s0 is currently mounted on /. Please see umount(1M). /dev/dsk/c1t0d0s1 is currently mounted on /usr/openwin. Please see umount(1M). /dev/dsk/c1t0d0s3 is currently mounted on /var. Please see umount(1M). /dev/dsk/c1t0d0s4 is currently used by swap. Please see swap(1M). /dev/dsk/c1t0d0s5 is currently mounted on /opt. Please see umount(1M). /dev/dsk/c1t0d0s6 is currently mounted on /usr. Please see umount(1M). /dev/dsk/c1t0d0s7 is currently mounted on /export/home. Please see umount(1M). FORMAT MENU: disk - select a disk type - select (define) a disk type partition - select (define) a partition table current - describe the current disk format - format and analyze the disk repair - repair a defective sector label - write label to the disk analyze - surface analysis defect - defect list management backup - search for backup labels verify - read and display labels save - save new disk/partition definitions inquiry - show vendor, product and revision volname - set 8-character volume name !<cmd> - execute <cmd>, then return quit format>
<insert example of using format utility to setup disk>
using format utility to create fdisk partitions
- Only x86/x64 systems require fdisk partitions [at least one on each disk]
- fdisk menu allows creation of up to four disk partitions
- only one Solaris OS fdisk partition can exist on a disk
<insert example of using format utility to setup fdisk partitions>
EFI Label & VTOC Label comparison
EFI & Volume Table of Contents (VTOC) differences:
- EFI supports disk sizes >1 TB
- EFI provides usable slices 0-6 (2 is not special)
- EFI label is typically 34 (0-33) sectors so partitions start at sector 34
- No cylinder, head, or sector info is stored in EFI label
- sizes are reported as blocks
- info that was stored in alternate cylinder areas (last two cylinders on disk) is now stored in slice 8
EFI Disk Label Restrictions
- cannot boot from disk with an EFI disk label
- cannot use fdisk command on disk with EFI label on >1 terabyte disks
- EFI specification prohibits overlapping slices
- EFI disk label provides info about disk or partition sizes in sectors & blocks
- format command save option is not supported (no format.dat file)
- format command backup option not applicable
Viewing the VTOC
- format command verify option
- prtvtoc command from CLI
Replacing SPARC or x86/x64 VTOC on disk
- use prtvtoc command to save VTOC info to a file
- use fmthard command to replace SPARC or x86/x64 VTOC
- prtvtoc & fmthard commands read & write VTOC on disks & do not modify fidsk partitions
# prtvtoc /dev/rdsk/c1t0d0s2 * /dev/rdsk/c1t0d0s2 partition map * * Dimensions: * 512 bytes/sector * 424 sectors/track * 24 tracks/cylinder * 10176 sectors/cylinder * 14089 cylinders * 14087 accessible cylinders * * Flags: * 1: unmountable * 10: read-only * * Unallocated space: * First Sector Last * Sector Count Sector * 0 4100928 4100927 * * First Sector Last * Partition Tag Flags Sector Count Sector Mount Directory 0 2 00 4100928 24005184 28106111 / 1 4 00 28106112 10247232 38353343 /usr/openwin 2 5 00 0 143349312 143349311 3 7 00 38353344 2818752 41172095 /var 4 3 01 0 4100928 4100927 5 0 00 41172096 10247232 51419327 /opt 6 4 00 51419328 10003008 61422335 /usr 7 8 00 61422336 81926976 143349311 /export/home # prtvtoc /dev/rdsk/c1t0d0s2 > /var/tmp/c1t0d0s2.vtoc # ls /var/tmp c1t0d0s2.vtoc # cat /var/tmp/c1t0d0s2.vtoc * /dev/rdsk/c1t0d0s2 partition map * * Dimensions: * 512 bytes/sector * 424 sectors/track * 24 tracks/cylinder * 10176 sectors/cylinder * 14089 cylinders * 14087 accessible cylinders * * Flags: * 1: unmountable * 10: read-only * * Unallocated space: * First Sector Last * Sector Count Sector * 0 4100928 4100927 * * First Sector Last * Partition Tag Flags Sector Count Sector Mount Directory 0 2 00 4100928 24005184 28106111 / 1 4 00 28106112 10247232 38353343 /usr/openwin 2 5 00 0 143349312 143349311 3 7 00 38353344 2818752 41172095 /var 4 3 01 0 4100928 4100927 5 0 00 41172096 10247232 51419327 /opt 6 4 00 51419328 10003008 61422335 /usr 7 8 00 61422336 81926976 143349311 /export/home # fmthard -s /var/tmp/c1t0d0s2.vtoc /dev/rdsk/c1t0d0s2 fmthard: New volume table of contents now in place. # prtvtoc /dev/rdsk/c1t0d0s2 * /dev/rdsk/c1t0d0s2 partition map * * Dimensions: * 512 bytes/sector * 424 sectors/track * 24 tracks/cylinder * 10176 sectors/cylinder * 14089 cylinders * 14087 accessible cylinders * * Flags: * 1: unmountable * 10: read-only * * Unallocated space: * First Sector Last * Sector Count Sector * 0 4100928 4100927 * * First Sector Last * Partition Tag Flags Sector Count Sector Mount Directory 0 2 00 4100928 24005184 28106111 / 1 4 00 28106112 10247232 38353343 /usr/openwin 2 5 00 0 143349312 143349311 3 7 00 38353344 2818752 41172095 /var 4 3 01 0 4100928 4100927 5 0 00 41172096 10247232 51419327 /opt 6 4 00 51419328 10003008 61422335 /usr 7 8 00 61422336 81926976 143349311 /export/home #
x86/x64 VTOC info & Solaris fdisk partitions
On x86/x64 systems Solaris fdisk partition must much size in VTOC. If the info doesn't match fmthard reports an error.
To fix:
- Use partition menu in format utility to adjust slices in Solaris fdisk partition
- Use fdisk menu in format utility to adjust fdisk partition to match size defined in prtvtoc output. Use fmthard to write x86/x64 VTOC info to disk
- Use fdisk command to replace the fdisk partition table with save fdisk partition info, use fmthard to write the x86/x64 VTOC info to disk
Replace fdisk partition tables on x86/x64 systems
fdisk command enables user to:
- view & modify fdisk partition tables on disk
- save fdisk partition table to file
- replace fdisk partition table on disk with file of saved partition table info
view fdisk partition table
- fdisk -W - /dev/rdsk/[disk name]
fdisk commands lists disk geometry, all possible partition types & their corresponding ID values, & current defined fdisk partitions
Save fdisk partition table info to a file
- fdisk -W [file to save partition table info] /dev/rdsk/[specify fdisk partition 0 of correct disk]
Replace fdisk partition table on disk with save info
- fdisk -F [file of partition table info] /dev/rdsk/[specify fdisk partition 0 of correct disk]
-F option will zero out VTOC on Solaris partition if fdisk partition table changes
Extended Volume Table of Contents
prior to Solaris 10 10/09 release the Sun disk label limited the size of bootable disk to <1 TB. Now <2 TB is supported with 64--bit Solaris kernel
Extended VTOC feature is available after standard installation of Solaris 10 10/09
No support for >1 TB disks on Solaris 32-bit kernel
Prior to Solaris 10 10/09 Extensible Firmware Interface (EFI) label was always used for a >1 TB disk
VTOC label is extended to any size disk, but addressable space in VTOC is limited to <2 TB
Features of the new Extended VTOC
- fdisk utility works on >1 TB disks on x86 systems, Up to 2 TB partitions in Master Boot Record (MBR) for non-EFI partition types.
- format -e utility is used to label a disk of any size with VTOC label. Addressable space is limited to 2 TB
- when fdisk utility is run on >2 TB disk a warning message is displayed indicating that a non-EFI partition >2 TB cannot be created
Extended VTOC Requirements & Dependencies
- Supported by x86 (64-bit) & SPARC & utilizes the Newboot feature
- Works with target & HBA drivers that support disks >1 TB
- DAD & IDE on SPARC & PCMCIA on x86 systems do not support disks >1 TB
Interface Configurations
network commands such as ifconfig, ping, & snoop control & monitor functionality of network interfaces
View MAC address
- use ifconfig -a command as root user
- On SPARC system that hasn't booted use boot programmable read-only memory (PROM) banner command. At ok prompt type banner
# ifconfig -a lo0: flags=2001000849<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING,MULTICAST,IPv4,VIRTUAL> mtu 8232 index 1 inet 127.0.0.1 netmask ff000000 bge0: flags=1004843<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST,DHCP,IPv4> mtu 1500 index 2 inet 192.168.1.55 netmask ffffff00 broadcast 192.168.1.255 ether 0:3:ba:a5:e2:eb # exit $ ifconfig -a ksh: ifconfig: not found $
IP address
- use ifconfig -a command
- shows interface as up or down
- Change interface state
- use ifconfig command format # ifconfig [interface name] [up|down]
- confirm basic IP connectivity over network by using ICMP ECHO_REQUEST.
- use ping command format # ping [domain name|IP address]
for ping command to succeed conditions must be true on both systems:
- interface must be plumbed
- interface must be properly onfigured
- interface must be up
- interface must be physically connected
- interface must have valid routes configured
Trace utility
- use traceroute command to trace the route that IP packet follows to another IP host
capture & inspecting network packets
use snoop utility to capture & inspect network packetsm
format # snoop [host name|IP address] [host name|IP address]
use Control-C to exit snoop utility
use option -a to enable audible clicks
Example of enabling audible clicks for all network traffic related to DHCP:
- snoop -a dhcp
Additional snoop options
|summary output
|snoop -o filename
|save captured packets in filename
|snoop -i filename
|displays packets previously saved to file
|snoop -i filename -v
|file output to verbose mode
|snoop -i filename -V
|file output to summary verbose mode
|snoop -i filename -x offset
|displays packet data in hexadecimal & ASCII format
|snoop -d device
|receives packets from a network interface specified by device
Configure IPv4 interfaces at boot time
files & services that impact IP interfaces:
- svc:/network/physical:default service
- /etc/hostname.xxn file
- /etc/inet/hosts
- /etc/inet/ipnodes
svc:/network/physical:default service
- service calls /lib/svc/method/net-physical method script, a startup script
- script uses ifconfig utility to configure each interface with IP information
- script searches for files called hostname.xxn in the /etc directory where xx is an interface type and n is the instance of the interface
- each .xxn file found the script uses ifconfig command with plumb option to make the kernel ready to talk to this type of interface
- script then configures the named interface using other options to the ifconfig command
/etc/hostname.xxn file
- file contains information that configures named interface
|First e1000g (Intel PRO/1000 Gigabit family device driver) Ethernet interface in the system
|First bge (Broadcom Gigabit Ethernet device driver) Ethernet interface in the system
|First qfe (Quad Fast-Ethernet device driver) Ethernet interface in system
|First nge (Nvidia Gigabit Ethernet driver) Ethernet interface in the system
- The /etc/hostname.bge0 file contains host name or IP address of system that contains the bge0 interface.
- the host name contained in the file must exist in the /etc/inet/hosts file so that it can be resolved to an IP address at boot time
- You can edit /etc/hostname.bge0 file to contain either host name or IP address from /etc/inet/hosts file
NOTE In this example the Solaris machine uses DHCP without defined host so host is unknown.
root@unknown # ls -l /etc/hostname.bge0 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1 May 17 10:30 /etc/hostname.bge0 root@unknown # cat /etc/hostname.bge0 root@unknown # more /etc/inet/hosts # # Internet host table # 127.0.0.1 localhost loghost 192.168.1.10 unknown # Added by DHCP root@unknown # ifconfig -a lo0: flags=2001000849<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING,MULTICAST,IPv4,VIRTUAL> mtu 8232 index 1 inet 127.0.0.1 netmask ff000000 bge0: flags=1004843<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST,DHCP,IPv4> mtu 1500 index 2 inet 192.168.1.10 netmask ffffff00 broadcast 192.168.1.255 ether 0:14:4f:47:bf:9e root@unknown #
- a file that associates the IP addresses of hosts with their names
- you can use file with, or instead of, other hosts databases, including DNS, NIS hosts map, & the NIS+ hosts table
- programs use library interfaces to access info in the file
- file contains at least the loopback & host info
- format for each line: [IP Address] [host name] [aliases/nicknames - optional field]
/etc/ipnodes file
- symbolic link to /etc/inet/hosts file
- associates names of nodes with IP addresses
- can be used in conjunction with, instead of, other ipnodes databases, including DNS, NIS ipnodes map, & LDAP
- IP addresses can be defined in ipnodes or hosts file
- ipnodes file is searched first then hosts file
Changing System Host Name
- host name is contained in four files on system
- all must be modified & system rebooted to successfully change system's host name
- four files:
- /etc/nodename
- /etc/hostname.xxn
- /etc/inet/hosts
- /var/crash if crash dump is enabled on system
use uname -S command to temporarily change host name
edit /etc/nodename file
Each Solaris OS has a canonical name, which is the official name used when referring to a system. the system name is the same as host name associated with IP address of the primary network interface, for example, hostname.bge0
change canonical name by editing the /etc/nodename file & reboot system
if interface is managed by DHCP or remote procedure call (RPC) bootparams protocols, the /etc/nodename file is not used
My example using DHCP /etc/nodename file doesn't exist:
# more /etc/nodename /etc/nodename: No such file or directory #
/etc/hostname.xxn file
- host names are text strings up to 24 characters
- alphabetic characters, numbers, hyphen, period are allowed in host name
- periods are allowed only to delimit components of domain style names
- first character must be alphabetic character
- last character cannot be hyphen or period
- not case sensitive (unless NIS naming service is used, uppercase characters in names have been known to cause problems with NIS)
- A hash (#) indicates the beginning of a command
sys-unconfig command
use sys-unconfig command to undo a system configuration & restore to unconfigured state so you can reconfigure
sys-unconfig commands does:
- save /etc/inet/hosts file to /etc/inet/hosts.saved
- if /etc/vfstab file contains NFS mount entries file is saved to /etc/vfstab.orig file
- restores default /etc/inet/hosts file
- removes default host name in /etc/hostname.xxn file for all configured interfaces
- removes default domain name in /etc/defaultdomain file
- removes the time zone to PST8PDT in /etc/TIMEZONE file
- resets naming services to local files
- removes the /etc/inet/netmasks file
- remotes the /etc/defaultrouter file
- removes password set for root user in /etc/shadow file
- removes /etc/.rootkey file for NIS+
- executes all system configuration applications (applications are defined by prior use of sysidconfig -a command)
- removes /etc/resolv.conf file for DNS clients
- disables LDAP by removing:
- /var/ldap/ldap_client_cache file
- /var/ldap/ldap_client_file file
- /var/ldap/ldap_client_cred file
- /var/ldap/cachemgr.log file
- regenerate keys for sshd
when sys-unconfig command is finish the system is shutdown
can only be run as root user
when system is powered on a configuration script prompts you to configure system info
sys-unconfig command is not available on diskless client
Managing Solaris OS Unix File System (UFS)
Solaris OS file systems
file system is a collection of files & directories that make up a structured set of info
Solaris OS supports three different types of file systems:
- disk-based file systems
- distributed file systems
- pseudo file systems
disk-based file systems
disk-based file systems are found on hard disks, CD-ROMS, diskettes, DVDs, Blue-Rays
Some examples of disk-based file systems:
- usf - Unix File System
- hsfs - High Sierra Format
- pcfs - PC File System
- udfs - Universal Disk Format
- ZFS - Zettabyte File System
Distributed File Systems
distributed file systems provide network access to file system resources
- NFS - Network File System
Pseudo File Systems
pseudo file systems are memory based
Some examples of pseudo file systems:
- tmpfs - Temporary File System
- swapfs - swap file system is used by kernel to manage swap space on disks
- fdfs - file descriptor file system provides explicit names for opening files by using file descriptors in /dev/fd directory
- procfs - process file system contains list of active processes from /proc directory, ps command uses information from /proc
- lofs - loopback file system provides access to existing files using alternate pathnames
- mntfs - mount file system provides read-only info from the kernel about locally mounted file systems
- objfs - kernel object file system, used by kernel to store details relating to modules currently loaded by kernel, used for the /system/object directory
- devfs - device file system is used to manage the namespace of all devices on system, file system is used for the /devices directory
- ctfs - contract file system is associated with /system/contract directory. Used by Service Management Facility (SMF) to track the processes which compose a service
mount command with -p or -v options displays file system types currently in use
Creating new ufs file system
user views ufs differently than Solaris OS. user views file system as collection of files & directories, to Solaris OS the file system appears as a collection of control structures & data blocks that occupy space defined by a partition
Solaris OS stores data in a logical file hierarchy often consisting of several file systems, file hierarchy is referred to as Solaris directory hierarchy
The ufs file system must be created on disk before being used by Solaris OS
Solaris systems typically use multiple ufs file systems to store directories & files
- using mount -p command shows the root (/) & /var directories as ufs & / directory on c0t0d0s0 & /var directory on c0t0d0s5.
# mount -p | grep ufs /dev/dsk/c0t0d0s0 - / ufs - no rw,intr,largefiles,logging,xattr,onerror=panic /dev/dsk/c0t0d0s5 - /var ufs - no rw,intr,largefiles,logging,xattr,onerror=panic #
utilize the format utility to view partition tables:
Part Tag Flag Cylinders Size Blocks 0 root wm 1719 - 11168 10.74GB (9450/0/0) 22528800 1 swap wu 0 - 1718 1.95GB (1719/0/0) 4098096 2 backup wm 0 - 65532 74.50GB (65533/0/0) 156230672 3 unassigned wm 0 0 (0/0/0) 0 4 unassigned wm 0 0 (0/0/0) 0 5 var wm 11169 - 16323 5.86GB (5155/0/0) 12289520 6 unassigned wm 0 0 (0/0/0) 0 7 unassigned wm 0 0 (0/0/0) 0
partition tables & reserved space
to create ufs in Solaris system space must be available on disk & that space must be defined in a partition
- disk labels record the locations & boundaries of disk slicees
- the label that contains slice definitions is also known as volume table of contents (VTOC)
- on SPARC systems VTOC is located in sector 0 on disk
- on x86/x64 systems VTOC is located in second sector of the Solaris fdisk partition. on x86/x64 systems slice 8 occupies the first cylinder of Solaris fdisk partition, & protects x86/x64 VTOC
Solaris OS file systems do not use the following sectors of the slices in which they reside:
- sector 0 - reserved for VTOC on SPARC systems, if if a ufs file system on a SPARC system occupies a slice that starts on first disk cylinder, this sector would contain the SPARC VTOC. Every ufs on SPARC & x86/x64 systems skip sector 0
- sector 1 - 15 - these sectors are reserved for bootstrap program (bootblk) used by SPARC systems. only a slice that contains a file system from which a SPARC system boots would contain a bootstrap program in these sectors. Every ufs on SPARC & x86/x64 systems skip sector 1 - 15.
Solaris OS ufs structures begin at sector 16 of the slice that holds the file system on both SPARC & x86/x64 systems.
ufs file system structures
primary superblock
The primary superblock resides in the 16 disk sectors (sectors 16 to 31 relative to first sector on slice) that follow the space reserved for a SPARC boot block.
superblock is a table of info that describes the file system which includes:
- # of data blocks
- # of cylinder groups
- size of a data block & fragment
- description of hardware, derived from the label
- name of the mount point
- file system state flag, flags are:
- clean
- stable
- active
- logging
- unknown
backup superblocks
when file system is created a backup copy of the superblock is created beginning at sector 32 & an additional backup is created at the beginning of each cylinder group. The replication protects the critical data in the superblock against catastrophic loss
cylinder groups
each file system is divided into cylinder groups with a minimum default size of 16 cylinders per group
cylinder groups improve disk access & ufs constantly optimizes disk performance by moving file's data into a single cylinder group, large sized files > one cylinder are stored in multiple cylinders
cylinder group blocks
cylinder group block is a table in each cylinder group that describes the cylinder group, including:
- # of inodes
- # of data blocks in cylinder group
- # of directories
- free blocks, inodes, & fragments in cylinder group
- free block map
- used inode map
<insert diagram that shows Solaris OS ufs structure>
usf inode
inode contains the following info about a file
- type of file & access modes
- user identification (UID) & group identification (GID) numbers of the file's owner & group
- size of the file
- link count
- time the file was last accessed & modified & the inode changed
- total # of data blocks used by or allocated to the file
- two types of pointers: direct pointers & indirect pointers
<insert visual depiction of inode>
direct pointers
inside inode there are 12 direct pointers, which contain addresses for the file's first 12 data blocks. the 12 direct pointers can each reference 8-Kbye data blocks for a file that is up to 96Kbytes
indirect pointers
three types of indirect pointers are within an inode are:
- single indirect pointer - refers to a file system block that contains pointers to data blocks. this file system block contains 2048 additional addresses of 8-Kbyte data blocks, which can point to an additional 16 Mbytes of data
- double indirect pointer - refers to a file system block that contains single indirect pointers, each indirect pointer refers to a file system block that contains the data block pointers, double indirect pointers point to an additional 32 Gbytes of data
- triple indirect pointer - can reference up to an additional 64 Tbytes of data
data blocks
- remaining space allocated to ufs file system holds data blocks
- data blocks are allocated, by default, in 8-Kbyte logical block sizes
- blocks are further divided into 1-Kbyte fragments
- for a regular file, data blocks contains the contents of the file
- for a directory, data blocks contain entries that associate the inode numbers & the file names of the files & directories contained in that directory
- blocks not being used as files, directories, indirect address blocks, or storage blocks are marked as free in cylinder group map
- cylinder group map also keeps track of fragments to prevent disk performance degradation
fragmentation is a method to allocate disk space efficiently, files less than 96 Kbytes in size are stored using fragmentation
by default, data blocks can be divided into eight fragments of 1024 bytes each. fragments store files & pieces of files smaller than 8192 bytes. for files larger than 96 Kbytes, fragments are never allocated & full blocks are exclusively used
<insert graphic showing 1024 byte fragment in a data block of 8192 bytes>
if a file contained in a fragment grows & requires more space, it is allocated to one or more additional fragments in the same data block
<insert graphic showing two 3KB files in 1 8KB data block>
ufs does not allow fragments from same file to be stored in different data blocks
using new ufs command
- to use a disk to store directories & files a file system must be created on the partition the system wants to use
- as root user use newfs command to create ufs file system on a disk
- newfs command is a user friendly front end to the mkfs command, which is used to create file systems
- newfs command is in /usr/sbin directory
- existing data on a disk partition will be lost once ufs is created
Create partition
# format Searching for disks...done AVAILABLE DISK SELECTIONS: 0. c1t0d0 <SUN72G cyl 14087 alt 2 hd 24 sec 424> /pci@1c,600000/scsi@2/sd@0,0 1. c1t1d0 <SUN72G cyl 14087 alt 2 hd 24 sec 424> /pci@1c,600000/scsi@2/sd@1,0 2. c1t2d0 <SUN72G cyl 14087 alt 2 hd 24 sec 424> /pci@1c,600000/scsi@2/sd@2,0 3. c1t3d0 <SUN72G cyl 14087 alt 2 hd 24 sec 424> /pci@1c,600000/scsi@2/sd@3,0 Specify disk (enter its number): 3 selecting c1t3d0 [disk formatted] FORMAT MENU: disk - select a disk type - select (define) a disk type partition - select (define) a partition table current - describe the current disk format - format and analyze the disk repair - repair a defective sector label - write label to the disk analyze - surface analysis defect - defect list management backup - search for backup labels verify - read and display labels save - save new disk/partition definitions inquiry - show vendor, product and revision volname - set 8-character volume name !<cmd> - execute <cmd>, then return quit format> partition PARTITION MENU: 0 - change `0' partition 1 - change `1' partition 2 - change `2' partition 3 - change `3' partition 4 - change `4' partition 5 - change `5' partition 6 - change `6' partition 7 - change `7' partition select - select a predefined table modify - modify a predefined partition table name - name the current table print - display the current table label - write partition map and label to the disk !<cmd> - execute <cmd>, then return quit partition> modify Select partitioning base: 0. Current partition table (anon) 1. All Free Hog Choose base (enter number) [0]? 0 Part Tag Flag Cylinders Size Blocks 0 unassigned wm 0 - 2060 10.00GB (2061/0/0) 20972736 1 unassigned wm 2061 - 3091 5.00GB (1031/0/0) 10491456 2 backup wu 0 - 14086 68.35GB (14087/0/0) 143349312 3 - wu 3092 - 5152 10.00GB (2061/0/0) 20972736 4 - wu 5153 - 7213 10.00GB (2061/0/0) 20972736 5 unassigned wm 7214 - 9274 10.00GB (2061/0/0) 20972736 6 unassigned wm 9275 - 9964 3.35GB (690/0/0) 7021440 7 unassigned wm 9965 - 14086 20.00GB (4122/0/0) 41945472 Do you wish to continue creating a new partition table based on above table[yes]? yes Free Hog partition[6]? Enter size of partition '0' [20972736b, 2061c, 10240.59mb, 10.00gb]: 10gb Enter size of partition '1' [10491456b, 1031c, 5122.78mb, 5.00gb]: 5gb Enter size of partition '3' [20972736b, 2061c, 10240.59mb, 10.00gb]: 5gb Enter size of partition '4' [20972736b, 2061c, 10240.59mb, 10.00gb]: 5gb Enter size of partition '5' [20972736b, 2061c, 10240.59mb, 10.00gb]: 5gb Enter size of partition '7' [41945472b, 4122c, 20481.19mb, 20.00gb]: 5gb Part Tag Flag Cylinders Size Blocks 0 unassigned wm 0 - 2060 10.00GB (2061/0/0) 20972736 1 unassigned wm 2061 - 3091 5.00GB (1031/0/0) 10491456 2 backup wu 0 - 14086 68.35GB (14087/0/0) 143349312 3 - wu 3092 - 4122 5.00GB (1031/0/0) 10491456 4 - wu 4123 - 5153 5.00GB (1031/0/0) 10491456 5 unassigned wm 5154 - 6184 5.00GB (1031/0/0) 10491456 6 unassigned wm 6185 - 13055 33.34GB (6871/0/0) 69919296 7 unassigned wm 13056 - 14086 5.00GB (1031/0/0) 10491456 Okay to make this the current partition table[yes]? yes Enter table name (remember quotes): "anon" Ready to label disk, continue? y partition> quit FORMAT MENU: disk - select a disk type - select (define) a disk type partition - select (define) a partition table current - describe the current disk format - format and analyze the disk repair - repair a defective sector label - write label to the disk analyze - surface analysis defect - defect list management backup - search for backup labels verify - read and display labels save - save new disk/partition definitions inquiry - show vendor, product and revision volname - set 8-character volume name !<cmd> - execute <cmd>, then return quit format> save Saving new disk and partition definitions Enter file name["./format.dat"]: ./format-c1t30s0.dat format> quit
Create ufs
# newfs /dev/rdsk/c1t3d0s0 newfs: construct a new file system /dev/rdsk/c1t3d0s0: (y/n)? y Warning: 2880 sector(s) in last cylinder unallocated /dev/rdsk/c1t3d0s0: 20972736 sectors in 3414 cylinders of 48 tracks, 128 sectors 10240.6MB in 214 cyl groups (16 c/g, 48.00MB/g, 5824 i/g) super-block backups (for fsck -F ufs -o b=#) at: 32, 98464, 196896, 295328, 393760, 492192, 590624, 689056, 787488, 885920, 20055584, 20154016, 20252448, 20350880, 20449312, 20547744, 20646176, 20744608, 20843040, 20941472 #
ufs command outputs basic disk geometry & ufs created on slice 0 (c1t3d0s0), the beginning sector locations of backup superblocks also displayed
nfs -i command is used to specify density of the number of bytes per inode in file system
Determine number of bytes per inode (nbpi) with mkfs -m command:
# mkfs -m /dev/rdsk/c1t3d0s0 mkfs -F ufs -o nsect=128,ntrack=48,bsize=8192,fragsize=1024,cgsize=16,free=1,rps=167,nbpi=8155,opt=t,apc=0,gap=0,nrpos=8,maxcontig=128,mtb=n /dev/rdsk/c1t3d0s0 20972736 #
repeat process for each partition and slice that needs a new file system
reserve free space =
# newfs -m 2 /dev/dsk/c1t3d0s0 newfs: construct a new file system /dev/rdsk/c1t3d0s0: (y/n)? y Warning: 2880 sector(s) in last cylinder unallocated /dev/rdsk/c1t3d0s0: 20972736 sectors in 3414 cylinders of 48 tracks, 128 sectors 10240.6MB in 214 cyl groups (16 c/g, 48.00MB/g, 5824 i/g) super-block backups (for fsck -F ufs -o b=#) at: 32, 98464, 196896, 295328, 393760, 492192, 590624, 689056, 787488, 885920, 20055584, 20154016, 20252448, 20350880, 20449312, 20547744, 20646176, 20744608, 20843040, 20941472
fstyp command
show minimum free size with fstyp & -v option
# fstyp -v /dev/dsk/c1t3d0s0 | grep minfree minfree 2% maxbpg 2048 optim time # fstyp -v /dev/rdsk/c1t3d0s0 | head ufs magic 11954 format dynamic time Wed Oct 5 15:57:18 2011 sblkno 16 cblkno 24 iblkno 32 dblkno 760 sbsize 2048 cgsize 8192 cgoffset 64 cgmask 0xffffffc0 ncg 214 size 10486368 blocks 10327132 bsize 8192 shift 13 mask 0xffffe000 fsize 1024 shift 10 mask 0xfffffc00 frag 8 shift 3 fsbtodb 1 minfree 2% maxbpg 2048 optim time maxcontig 128 rotdelay 0ms rps 167 #
show minimum free size with fstyp & -v option
# fstyp -v /dev/rdsk/c1t3d0s0 | head ufs magic 11954 format dynamic time Wed Oct 5 15:57:18 2011 sblkno 16 cblkno 24 iblkno 32 dblkno 760 sbsize 2048 cgsize 8192 cgoffset 64 cgmask 0xffffffc0 ncg 214 size 10486368 blocks 10327132 bsize 8192 shift 13 mask 0xffffe000 fsize 1024 shift 10 mask 0xfffffc00 frag 8 shift 3 fsbtodb 1 minfree 2% maxbpg 2048 optim time maxcontig 128 rotdelay 0ms rps 167 #
changing minimum free size
# tunefs -m 1 /dev/rdsk/c1t3d0s0 minimum percentage of free space changes from 2% to 1% # fstyp -v /dev/dsk/c1t3d0s0 | grep minfree minfree 1% maxbpg 2048 optim time #


text:
Imagine a place where you can enjoy both the serene environment and the flourishing economy of your district. A place where you and your family can have the perfect life together, discover each other's potentials, explore opportunities together and learn the unlearned things. Imagine yourself in the center of commerce and industry of the South, where shopping malls and other commercial establishments are just a stone's throw away from your home. Imagine yourself immersed in a country side living, away from the bustling streets and neon lights of the Metro, where only you can feel the coolness of the breeze, the calmness and tranquility of the place and hear the chirping bird that's like music to your ears. You need not to imagine anymore, because what you visualize will soon be materialized.
Stateland Inc., one of the leaders in property development and real estate innovations and the owner and developer of esteemed and highly urbanized communities in the South, brings its clients and stakeholders another one of a kind community in the first class and industrial city of Dasmariñas in Cavite. Washington Place, located along the Aguinaldo Highway, is the newest, master-planned community in the South. With its 40 hectares and modern contemporary style units in the making, Washington Place is a perfect place for stylish families like yours.
Perfect house for a perfect you…
People work for a living. They aim to have stable jobs in order to support the needs of their families. And one way of securing your family's future is by providing them houses, which will eventually be your home and your comfort zones in any situations. For most families, investing in a house and lot is the best option they could make. Having a place to call your own is very satisfying, most especially if it's the product of your hard-earned money. But of course, owning a house is a meticulous process and there are several factors that you have to keep in mind. We do not want to waste our earnings into something that will eventually be of no use to us in the future. Better yet, we have to be reminded by these things.
1. Your location, yes, it matters most. Is your house near the business district and commercial establishments? Are there any neighboring schools, universities, public markets, shopping malls, churches among others? Is your place accessible to the national highway and main roads? Many of us might have forgotten that location is an essential factor in choosing one's abode. It is but one of the determining factor if you have made the right choice of moving in, since many of us wouldn't want to be bothered by any circumstances that can hamper our easy travel and convenient living like heavy traffic, inaccessibility to any vehicular mode and flooding. An ideal community should be at the center of everything else that you needed—be it a shopping mall for your family's leisure time, restaurants for fine and convenient dining or schools and university's for your child's better learning. And don't also forget that a minutes-away location to some of the finest tourist places in the Philippines is also a plus factor for you to choose a house and community.
2. Appeal, looks and the aesthetics of your house and community, another vital factor. Who would want to live in a community where chaos prevails and systems for a better living becomes an odd thing? Sure enough, a community without proper water and electricity and security services wouldn't be so inviting to you. We also want to give our children the freedom to enjoy and embrace their childhood, have them experience carefree living and share memories and experiences with you or with their closest friends. We cannot do this in a secluded community wherein you cannot let your child play alone because of the fear of your child being in danger. Everyone dreams of not just having a house, but a stylish and durable house complete with all the functional rooms and necessities fit for you and your family. A perfect house and community allows you and your family to break free, grow, and experiment on new things in life. It makes you a better person and shows the individuality of taste and design of each person. A tranquil environment with picturesque and lush green scenery adds vitality, comfort and beauty to your everyday living.
3. Be practical. A price is often your top most concern. More often than not, when people purchase something, the first thing that you have to ask is "how much". By knowing this, you can ponder on a lot of things. "Will it be deemed beneficial to me and my family?", "Is worth the price?", "Will my investments grow if I purchase this?", and the endless list of question goes on. People nowadays are practical and pragmatic; they want to get the best of what they have purchased. And yes, owning a house and lot is not an exemption to this.
An Ideal Sanctuary for every deserving Filipino people…
With all these things that matter, Stateland Inc. makes no compromising. The newly developed Washington Place gives you and your family the best things life can offer. Its accessibility to the main roads, national highways, and several commercial establishments will make travelling and living more convenient and less hassle-free. You can opt to live in a city far from being polluted and noisy, while also being in the center of business and commerce. Washington Place also let you be the designer of your own homes! The seven model units of WP are all designed for each buyer's individual taste for design and style. With floor areas ranging from 36 square meters up to 103 square meters, families have intimate spaces between them to enjoy each other's company. While inside the vicinity, homeowners can also enjoy the lifestyle and recreational activities and opportunities with the varied amenities. Children can play all day long during weekends in the Children's playground and children's wading pool. Ate's and Kuya's can practice their athletic abilities in the tennis court and covered and outdoor basketball courts. Daddy's can enjoy his rest day in the Golf Putting Green and Giant-sized chess board area. Families can enjoy quality time together in the swimming pool or have some break in the giant-sized snakes and ladders board area. Every homeowner can also enjoy the clubhouse and multi-purpose halls designed for the need of every family. Washington Place is also equipped with a landscaped main entrance with commercial guard house, and wide open spaces. Prices do not compromise the quality of each Washington Place houses. At a very low and affordable house rates, every family can now own their dream houses. WP limits your budget in owning a house, but it does not limit you from having a life of your own, with your loved ones, in a brand new community.
Every Filipino family deserves a worth-while living in their own land. Washington Place is the reflection of every dreams turned into reality. With its perfect ambiance, tranquil environment, suitable location and affordable prices, one can easily say that finally, they're home.
For more information about the newly-developed Washington Place, visit http://www.stateland.com.ph or our official Facebook page, http://www.facebook.com/StatelandInc, or call the Marketing group at 242-7614.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
$299.00 $589.00
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text:
What Is Corporate Tax?
A corporate tax is a levy placed on a firm's profit by the government. The money collected from corporate taxes is used for a nation's source of income. A firm's operating earnings are calculated by deducting expenses including the cost of goods sold (COGS) and depreciation from revenues. Then, tax rates are applied to generate a legal obligation the business owes the government. Rules surrounding corporate taxation vary greatly worldwide, but they must be voted upon and approved by a country's government to be enacted. Some areas are considered tax heavens, like Jersey, and are heavily prized by corporations.
Corporate Tax
Corporate Tax Explained
U.S. corporate tax returns are typically due March 15. Corporations may request a six-month extension so that their corporate tax returns are due in September. Installment payment due dates for estimated tax returns occur in the middle of April, June, September, and December. Corporate taxes are reported on Form 1120 for U.S. corporations. If the corporation has more than $10 million in assets, it must file online.
Federal Corporate Tax Rate
The federal corporate tax rate in the United States is currently 21%. This was put into law under the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA) under President Donald Trump and went into effect as of 2018. The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA) reduced the U.S. corporate income tax rate from a maximum of 35% to a flat rate of 21%
Key Takeaways
- Corporate taxes are collected by the government as a source of income.
- Taxes are based on operating earnings after expenses have been deducted.
- The corporate tax rate in the United States is currently at a flat rate of 21%. Before the Trump tax reforms of 2017, the corporate tax rate was 35%.
- A company can register as an S corporation to avoid double taxation. An S corporation does not pay corporate tax as the income passes through to business owners who are taxed through their individual tax returns.
Corporate Tax Deductions
Corporations are permitted to reduce taxable income by certain necessary and ordinary business expenditures. All current expenses required for the operation of the business are fully tax-deductible. Investments and real estate purchased for the intent of generating income for the business are also deductible. A corporation can deduct employee salaries, health benefits, tuition reimbursement, and bonuses. In addition, a corporation can reduce its taxable income by deducting insurance premiums, travel expenses, bad debts, interest payments, sales taxes, fuel taxes, and excise taxes. Tax preparation fees, legal services, bookkeeping, and advertising costs are also used to reduce business income.
Double Taxation and S Corporations
A central issue relating to corporate taxation is the concept of double taxation. Certain corporations are taxed on the taxable income of the company. If this net income is distributed to shareholders, these individuals are forced to pay individual income taxes on the dividends received. Instead, a business may register as an S corporation and have all income pass-through to business owners. An S corporation does not pay corporate tax as all taxes are paid through individual tax returns.
Advantages of Corporate Taxation
Paying corporate taxes can be more beneficial for business owners than paying additional individual income tax. Corporate tax returns deduct medical insurance for families as well as fringe benefits including retirement plans and tax-deferred trusts. It is easier for a corporation to deduct losses. A corporation may deduct the entire amount of losses while a sole proprietor must provide evidence regarding the intent to earn a profit before the losses can be deducted. Finally, profit earned by a corporation may be left within the corporation allowing for tax planning and potential future tax advantages.


text:
471 – A peep into the truth
Chapter 471: A peep into the truth!
Often, the truth didn't matter, and it was more important to know what the intention the person that was speaking had.
For example, now. Although countless people were speculating the reliability of what Song Gudu had said, and whether it was true or false, for them, what they first had to consider was why would Song Gudu say something like that; what was he trying to achieve?
"It was a fight between a Dragon and Phoenix?"
"Are there really dragons in the world? As well as a divine Phoenix?"
"But I've never heard anyone talk about it before? However, what Old immortal Song said must be true——"——
The civilians had all been forced down the mountain by the Flying Feather Army, and those that could stay at the Square of Mist Mountain or the observatory platform were either civil or military the Flying Feather army, the elites of the Monitor division or the white robed swordsmen of Still water sword school.
This was after all the home of Still water sword school, and where their school was located.
Having witnessed Still water old immortal Mu Dingyi's death, they were in grief, indignant and heartbroken. All were staring at Li Muyang with a piercing glare.
It was only because now the Still water sword school was now without a leader, and a new wave had rose before the previous had subsided that they have not had time to jump out to avenge Old immortal. After Little Prince Chu Xun had jumped out, his eyes were gouged out and then the Eye of the Starry Song Gudu had appeared——
This made many people of the Still water sword school have this thought: What bad crimes did Li Muyang commit in his past life? Why do people all over the world want to kill him?
If they had known about this earlier, their Master Mu Yubai and Old immortal would have no reason to go and fight with him? As long as they waited quietly for a few days, wouldn't he be killed by someone else?
The people present were experienced and knowledgeable, but after hearing what Song Gudu had said, they all broke into discussion.
Of course, they lowered their voices to the lowest pitch possible because of Song Gudu's status. Those who wanted to keep a good relationship with Song Gudu would speak loudly, hoping that Song Gudu know that they were on his side.
"A battle between a Dragon and Phoenix?" Lu Xingkong's face was still entirely devoid of expression. "It is my first time hearing this. However, it has been so many years since that matter, it would be difficult to find evidence now. Therefore, what State minister said must be right. After all, it is impossible for State minster to be wrong."
Song Gudu understood what Lu Xingkong meant by 'what State minister said must be right', no one dared to refute what he said anyway.
However, this was the most ridiculous rebuttal.
Song Gudu's mood was not in the slightest affected by Lu Xingkong's rude words. Lifting his finger to point to the square where Li Muyang was he said in a loud voice: "Who said that there is no evidence? He is the best proof of the strange spectacle that day. You want to know if there was a fight between a dragon and Phoenix that day, you just need to prove whether Gongzi Muyang is a dragon or not——The birth of Gongzi Muyang and the various arrangements of the Lu family, isn't it suspicious?"
Lu Xingkong sneered. "At the end of the day, State minister just wants to kill Li Muyang. In other words, you want to kill a genius, but want to keep the face of the Song family, so you made up this excuse——What I want to say is that, has State Minister been cultivating for too long? Thus you are not accustomed to having contact with people. Your ability to make up a story had also greatly worsened. To say that a genius youngster is part of a race that had disappeared for tens of thousands of years, do you really think anyone would believe this? Do you think your way of handling this matter can block the criticism of the world?"
"Whether it is true or not, we will know after a test. Just now the 'Dragon Slayer Song' recited by the Taoist priests of the Imperial Astronomical Bureau did not make him expose his true form. Why not let me give it a try——If he is a dragon, then that proves Little Prince did not lie. Then Defense minister will have to compensate him for gouging out his eyes. If Gongzi Muyang is not a dragon, then it will still have a healing effect on him. Although the 'Dragon Slayer Song' is not as orthodox as the one recited by the Taoist priests of the Imperial Astronomical Bureau, its healing effects would not be inferior in the slightest. This, I have a little confidence in."
Song Gudu turned to look at West Wind Emperor Chu Xianda, asking, "What does Your Majesty think?"
"This——I naturally have no problem with it." Chu Xianda looked at Song Gudu who was wrapped in a grey robe, gazing at his clear but extremely deep eyes, and found that he could not refuse and had to say yes.
"What if I don't agree?" Lu Xingkong interrupted in a cold voice.
"I don't understand, it clearly is a good thing for everyone, why would Defense minister disagree?" Cui Xichen looked furious, as though he had been insulted. "Elder Song has made his words so clear. If Li Muyang is a dragon, then, needless to say, everyone knows what to do. One who is not part of my race will be different. Anybody has the right to punish him. But if Li Muyang is not a dragon, then it will have a healing effect on him——Under the Starry Sky, how many people would have the good fortune of having Elder Song recite to him the 'Dragon Slayer Song'?"
"Soldiers can be killed but not humiliated." Lu Xingkong's voice was calm, but his tone of voice was unprecedentedly resolute. "The first time when someone said that Li Muyang is a dragon, I already allowed the old Taoist priests of the Imperial Astronomical Bureau to do the test. Now, someone is saying that Li Muyang is a dragon and he has to take a test again——If it doesn't work this time, then what if a third person jumps out to say that Li Muyang is a dragon again, or a fourth person jumps out to say that Li Muyang is a dragon. Are you going to make him go through all the tests? Repeated rumours become a fact, the voice of people is something to fear. If that happens all the people of Tiandu will think that Li Muyang is a dragon——Even if Li Muyang recovers, how can he establish a foothold in the Tiandu after this event?"
"That's not right." Cui Xichen refuted. He and Lu Xingkong were old rivals, thus he naturally would not let go of the chance to drop a stone at him. "It is precisely because some people say that Li Muyang is a dragon that we have to help him with injustice. Moreover, we can assure that, after Elder Song had conducted the test, no one will ever come forward to accuse Li Muyang of being a dragon again, nor would he have to do any more tests——Is the character of Elder Song not worthy of everyone's trust?"
"Exactly. Elder Song is the backbone of the country, how would he tell lies?"
"Since Elder Song suspects that Li Muyang is a dragon, we also have this suspicion——if Elder Song is personally going to conduct the test, who would dare to talk rubbish?"
"Defense Minister, let Old Immortal Song have a try, after all, Li Muyang has nothing to lose——"
The civilian court officials also spoke out one after another, and those who favoured the Cui family and Song family also made clear their stance.
Even if the Generals of the Lu family wanted to chime in, they were powerless and weak. More importantly, they were arranged to sit down below with Lu Qingming, and were being intercepted by the Monitor Division. There was no way they could get close to the center of the Imperial power.
Lu Xingkong did not listen.
He was not even willing to respond to the statements of those who had ulterior motives.
Lu Xingkong lifted his right hand into the air.
Rumbling—— —
A white bolt of lightning appeared across the sky.
The lightning ripped through the black clouds, and then through the snow that were incessantly falling down in the sky, and landed rapidly on Lu Xingkong's hand.
Heavenly Emperor Spear!
"Come, armour."
Following a violent bellow, the Heavenly Emperor armour, which was handed down from his ancestors, similarly fell from the sky.
Following burst of 'kacha' sounds, the set of white armour had tightly covered Lu Xingkong's body, except for his eyes. His whole body was almost covered by the white scales of the Heavenly Emperor armour. '
"Lu Xingkong, have you gone crazy? Do you know what you're doing?"
"Escort, quick escort——protect Your Majesty——"
"Lu Xingkong, quickly lay down your weapons and surrender, or you are commiting the crime of rebellion——"
Song Gudu stared at Lu Xingkong with a thoughtful expression on his face. "Just want to do a little test, why would Xingkong respond so fiercely? Don't tell me——you already knew something since long ago? Just what are you hiding?"
"I know State minister has just stepped past the Starry sky and entered the realm of Astral projection. I also happened to be learning a new type of spear technique——" Lu Xingkong pointed the long spear straight at Song Gudu. "I want to practice it with State minister."
"What are you hiding?" Song Gudu still fixed a calm gaze at Lu Xingkong even if the spear was pointing right at his face. "Or, you have long known that the strange scene that day was a fight between a Dragon and Phoenix, so you hurriedly sent Li Muyang and his family to Jiangnan?"
"Please excuse me for being rude." Lu Xingkong uttered, a blaze of red light erupted from the spear, and a purple flame was seen blazing above.
"You already knew that Li Muyang is a dragon, you were the first to know that Li Muyang is a dragon——" Song Gudu yelled. "When he was born, you already knew about the identity of Li Muyang. In order to protect him, you sent him away that night——otherwise, who would send a woman who had just given birth and a seriously ill baby all the way to Jiangnan?"
"Not only did you know that Li Muyang is a dragon——"
The flame grew fiercer and fierce, and the purple glow burst out, shrouding the entire observatory platform.
Civil court official retreated back, while Generals and soldiers drew their sword.
The West Wind Emperor Chu Xianda, under the escort of Li Fu and other people, left the observatory platform, fleeing to a distant place.
The Flying Feather Army drew back repeatedly, while the Monitor Division was the last line of defense.
"You also know——"
Powerful qi had been stored up on the Heaven Emperor spear; its fighting force had reached its peak.
"Li Muyang is your grandson——"
A loud boom resounded across the mountains, drowning Song Gudu's low voice, and drowning all the sounds above Mist Mountain.
The sky shattered and the earth cracked, Mist Mountain quaking incessantly.


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When designing queries, it is common to add conditions to filter results and get exactly what you want from the database. In OutSystems, this is done by adding Filters to Aggregates, as follows:
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No 1 usually argue with all the idea that everything is simpler with development. The more items you are able to run automatically with software, the greater off you may be. It enables you time to do what you do ideal, that is really running your company rather of merely marketing it. Internet advertising is not any different, and there are numerous kinds of software that will assist you to achieve your goals in less time.
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Posted: 2014-09-29 in Press Releases
MEDIA RELEASE 29 September 2014
Australian health technology platform wins top award in Silicon Valley
Murdoch Childrens Research Institute and Melbourne-based digital health company, Curve Tomorrow, have taken out first place at in the Launch! session at the Annual Fall Health 2.0 conference in Silicon Valley, California.
It is the first time an Australian organisation has won the Health 2.0 Launch! Session.
The winning technology, SONNY Movement, is an assessment and rehabilitation platform targeted at children with brain injury and movement disorders. SONNY Movement aims to improve accessibility to healthcare and health outcomes for children, while also streamlining assessment.
SONNY Movement incorporates the latest technology and trends including gesture control, cloud and social gaming, allowing the efficient automated capture of more accurate movement measurements, helping inform the most appropriate rehabilitation program.
Murdoch Childrens researcher, Jane Galvin, says being able to assess children using SONNY movement allows for a more streamlined, accurate and efficient process while also being fun and engaging for the kids.
"A therapist will be able to log onto the system and see what tasks are working for the child and what areas the child needs to develop. Setting achievable milestones may sound like a small thing, but for children who are recovering from an illness or accident, accomplishing small milestones throughout their recovery can make all the difference and keep them motivated."
Mohinder Jaimangal, a Director of Curve Tomorrow, explained that SONNY Movement provides a gamified experience using 3D cameras to improve engagement and accuracy in rehabilitation.
"The 3D camera allows us to analyse movement of the child remotely in real time. By recording these movements as they happen we can collect accurate data that aids their rehabilitation" Mohinder said "Sonny presents a unique opportunity to really change the lives of millions of children around the world".
The Health 2.0 conference brings together the best minds in the digital health industry. The Launch! session announces the very latest innovations in health technology with 10 companies presenting their technology in 3.5-minute demos. Previous Launch! winners include Castlight Health, Basis, and OM*Signal; all have gone on to receive significant investment.
Media contact:
Simone Myers, Murdoch Childrens – firstname.lastname@example.com (03) 8341 6433 or 0407 852 335
Available for interview:
Researcher, Jane Galvin
Curve Tomorrow, Director, Sanji Kanagalingam, 0468 785 690 and Mohinder Jaimangal


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History of the Sheriff's Office- Click photo for more information
Sheriff Blaise Smith is a U.S. Army Combat Veteran having served in the Vietnam War. Sheriff Smith has 47 years of experience in Law Enforcement, as a Reserve Officer, Part Time Officer, and Full Time POST Certified Officer. He retired from St. Mary Parish Sheriff's Office in December of 1994 at the rank of Chief Inspector. He served in Chitimacha Tribal Police Department, working up to the Chief of Police. Sheriff Smith also held a Federal Commission through the Department of Interior for the Bureau of Indian Affairs.
Sheriff Blaise Smith is resident of Centerville, Louisiana. He is married to Karen McGoff and they have six children, fifteen grandchildren, and two great-grandchildren.
Sheriff Blaise Smith was sworn in as Sheriff of St. Mary Parish on Tuesday, December 18, 2018.


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You have to admit that when you watched Episode 1 and saw Obi-Wan Kenobi slice Darth Maul into half that you thought "What a waste of a kick-ass villain!"
Clearly George Lucas agrees because the guy was cut in half but he was still able to crawl his way back out of a pit. Through sheer hatred - and because a lightsaber strike is cauterizing - Darth Maul found his way to another planet where he would spent a full TWELVE years fixing himself and becoming a horrifying spider creature.
Driven insane with hatred, Darth Maul would eventually be rescued by his brother, Savage Opress, returned to his home planet of Dathomir, healed, given a new cybernetic body and join his brother on a rampage across the universe.
Darth Maul's blister card simply says that "Darth Maul is healed by Mother Talzin." The rest of the blister card promotes the "Fighterpods.com" game and the fact that Darth Maul's lightsaber can spin.
Darth Maul's fractured, hate filled mind was indeed healed by Mother Talzin after he was "recovered" by Savage Opress. Savage would then become Darth Maul's apprentice - The fact that Savage was never as powerful as Darth Maul actually haunted Savage Opress till his death - following the Sith Rule of Two.
Darth Maul's infamy would later earn him the name "Demon in the Light" and his rampage led to him kicking Obi-Wan Kenobi's butt more than once and the death of Jedi Council Member Adi Gallia.
Maul would eventually claim the life of the Mandalorian Nightwatch leader Pre Vizsla. Maul would also claim Pre Vizla's infamous Darksaber.
His current fate following his defeat at the hands of Darth Sidious and the death of his brother, Savage Opress remains to be seen.
What's to like about the 2013 Clone Wars Darth Maul?
Conceptually, he's a cool character to have. Especially since - let's face it, we do miss him after Episode 1. Prior to Episode 1 a double bladed lightsaber was something most Star Wars fanatics - including myself - would not have even conceptualized. I'm sure we all grew wide eyed with shock when Darth Maul ignited his second blade.
Now imagine Darth Maul's spinning lightsaber and high-flying acrobatics then replace his feet with steel claw-like talons that can rend flesh and bone! Look at how meacing those feet are! He was bad enough before, he's even deadlier now.
Aside from the detailing and menacing look of his new lower body - just realized that yeah, I'd be really pissed too if I lost my manhood - I'm also particularly happy about the fact that Darth Maul's Lightsaber can be split so that he can fight Jar'Kai style - with two blades:
And Darth Maul's facial sculpt is incredible:
Very Black Swan actually.
Very Black Swan actually.
The very poor articulation. It really is disappointing that in today's day and age. What with the release of the wonderful Star Wars Vintage line, that figures like this are still being released.
Let's go from top to bottom: Darth Maul's head is not on a ball joint, it's just on a swivel joint; His upper arms and elbows are finely articulated and his forearms can swivel, but his hands cannot, so no, despite the photo on the back of the blister card, he actually has difficulty holding his lightsaber with both arms; His torso DOES NOT SWIVEL!!! despite the fact that Darth Maul has a wonderful area for a torso swivel - you'd think he can, in fact it's the first thing I tried when I opened him, but no; And to add insult to injury, Darth Maul cannot even move his legs forward and back. What you see in the pictures here is an illusion. Darth Maul cannot move his legs forward and back, but he can spread his legs and his back-cantered legs can be positioned forward and back, happily his claws can be made to adjust to whatever angle his legs are in.
So you can see I'm terribly, terribly disappointed.
And that swiveling lightsaber looks like crap:
I can't seem to find the Clone Wars Darth Maul on Amazon and I also know that this is actually a reissue - though I can't seem to find that either. I purchased him from Toy Kingdom here in Manila at the retail price of PhP 699.75 (Roughly US$ 17). Darth Maul's true redeeming value? The fact that he looks great with his brother Savage Opress.