text:
U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/95/D/1406/2005
Communication No. 1406/2005
17 March 2009
human rights committee
|Ninety-fifth session
|16 March - 9 April 2009
Anura Weerawansa
Sri Lanka
|Return Home
The Human Rights Committee, established under
article 28 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights,
Meeting on 17 March 2009,
Having concluded its consideration of communication No. 1406/2005, submitted to the Human Rights Committee by Mr. Anura Weerawansa under the Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights,
Having taken into account all written information made available to it by the author of the communication, and the State party,
Adopts the following:
1. The author of the communication is Mr. Anura Weerawansa, a Sri Lankan citizen, currently under sentence of death in a prison in Sri Lanka [FN1]. He claims to be a victim of violations by the State party of his right to life under article 6 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. The communication also appears to raise issues under article 7; article 10, paragraph 1; and article 14 of the Covenant. He is represented by his brother, Mr. Ron. Pat. Sarath Weerawansa.
[FN1] According to the State party, Sri Lanka has had a moratorium on the death penalty for nearly thirty years. No date for the commencement of the moratorium is provided.
1. 2.1 On 8 March 2002, the author was arrested and his statement was recorded, which he alleges was given under duress. On 4 April 2002, he was charged with the crime of conspiracy to commit the murder of Sujith Prasanna Perera, a customs officer, during the period between 21 and 24 March 2001, and for abetting the second and third accused to commit the murder of the officer on 24 March 2001. He was not allowed any contact with family members while held in custody. He was represented by a lawyer of his own choice from the stage of the preliminary hearing until the appeal.
2. 2.2 The author's trial began on 8 May 2002, and judgement was delivered on 1 October 2002, in which the author was convicted as charged and sentenced to death by hanging. On 24 November 2004, the Supreme Court, composed of five judges, dismissed his appeal and affirmed the author's conviction and sentence. It is not clear whether the author requested a Presidential pardon.
2.3 The author explains that, prior to his conviction, as a customs officer, he had to prosecute cases against government officials, as a result of which he was on an earlier occasion victim of a conspiracy and accused of involvement with the LTTE (Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam) and detained for 8 months in 1996. He was subsequently compensated for unlawful arrest and detention. He claims that his conviction in the current case was also the result of a conspiracy, as he had initiated actions to apprehend a number of "key figures" involved in money laundering.
2.4 According to the author, the judiciary was biased, not impartial and under the influence of the President. The judges of both the first and second instance courts unjustly accepted the evidence of an individual, on which his conviction was largely based, who it was acknowledged was supposed to have been an accomplice to the crime but who had been pardoned. The author claims that after giving evidence at his trial, this witness was immediately re-employed by the customs department, thereby demonstrating the link between him and the authorities. The author provides a detailed report of his own analysis of the evidence at trial, which he claims further demonstrates his claim that he received an unfair trial including: the suppression of witness statements relating to the identity of the motorcycle used during the commission of the crime; contradictions in witness evidence; amendment of the indictment during the trial; failure to summon certain witnesses; failure to make available to the defense certain eye-witness statements; the detention of witnesses for up to 72 hours under the Prevention of Terrorism Act rather than the normal 24 hour period under the Criminal Procedure Act for the purpose, it is implied, of fabricating evidence.
2.5 According to the author, his conditions of detention are inhuman and are contributing to his "mental breakdown". He is incarcerated in a filthy cell, measuring eight by six feet, where he is kept twenty three and a half hours a day with "scanty food". Since the registration of his case before the Committee, the author claims that his brother has received threats from the police and unidentified forces are trying to prevent him from pursuing the present communication.
3.1 The author claims that he was denied a fair trial for the reasons set out in paragraph 2.4 above. He claims that although he was legally represented he suspects that his counsel was under pressure from the executive to "double-cross" him, and he complains that he was not allowed a jury trial.
3.2 The author claims that the offences of which he was convicted were not the "most serious crimes" under article 6, paragraph 2, and that capital punishment by hanging is contrary to the Covenant, as it has been proven that it will take 20 minutes for the person to die. The author claims that the death penalty was reintroduced after the assassination of a Colombo High Court judge, but does not provide the date or further information in this regard. According to newspaper clippings provided by the author, no death sentences had been commuted to life imprisonment since March 1999, which had been the practice since 1977. He also claims that in recent media reports the executive and administrative authorities have referred to plans to execute the author, thus aggravating the deterioration of his mental health.
3.3 The author claims that his conditions of detention also amount to a violation of the Covenant, although he does not specifically invoke article 10.
4.1 On 9 December 2005, the State party contests the admissibility and merits of the communication on the ground of non-substantiation. On the facts, it submits that the author was indicted by the Attorney General on a charge of conspiracy to murder and for aiding and abetting the commission of the murder along with two other accused. Both the author and the deceased were customs officers attached to the Sri Lanka Customs. On 24 March 2001, the deceased died due to close range firearm injuries received on his head and chest. Due to the serious nature of the offence, it was decided to conduct the trial of all the accused before a Bench consisting of three judges of the High Court. All three accused chose their own lawyer to defend them. The prosecution decided to grant pardon to an accomplice, in order to strengthen its case against the accused. The evidence of the accomplice was corroborated by other witnesses on material points. All three accused chose to testify.
4.2 On the basis of an evaluation of all of the evidence, the Court convicted all three accused of the respective charges in their indictment. According to the State party, its law provides that the offence of murder carries a mandatory sentence of death. Conspiracy to murder and abatement of the offence of murder also carry a mandatory death sentence and it was on this basis that the author was sentenced to death upon conviction. On 11 October 2004, the Supreme Court, consisting of five judges, considered the appeal of the three accused. On 24 November 2004, it dismissed the appeals and affirmed the convictions and sentences. The judgement was unanimous. The author was represented by senior counsel in his appeal, all of the arguments made by the accused were considered and reasons were provided by the court for the dismissal of the appeal.
4.3 The State party denies that the author did not have a fair trial due to the President's alleged control over the judiciary and argues that the earlier judgement in the author's favour, in which he was awarded financial compensation following a successful fundamental rights claim, belies his claim that the President controls the judiciary. The State party considers that murder is a "most serious" crime within the terms of the Covenant and is one of the few crimes where the law provides for a mandatory death sentence. In any event, there has been a moratorium on the execution of the death sentence for nearly 30 years.
4.4 The State party submits that at no stage did the author complain about his counsel, neither during the trial, nor during the appeal or thereafter. He chose his own lawyers and if he was dissatisfied with them, he could have retained others. He could also have complained of any improper conduct to the Supreme Court, which has control over disciplinary matters concerning lawyers, or to the Bar Association which is the professional body for lawyers. The State party denies that the author was not allowed to communicate with his family members and claims that he received the same treatment as any other detained person. As to the author's conviction, the State party submits that as demonstrated in the Supreme Court judgement, the evidence of the witness who was granted a conditional pardon was corroborated on the material facts by independent evidence. The State party dismisses as unsubstantiated the claim that the trial and appeal courts were prejudiced and refers to the decisions themselves as evidence that they were unbiased.
4.5 As to the arguments relating to the death penalty, including the method of execution, the State party reiterates that the death penalty is mandatory for murder. However, it argues that there is a statutory right of appeal. Thus, the notes made by the trial judge and the comments of the Attorney General are considered prior to the President considering whether the death sentence should be carried out or whether it should be replaced by an alternative sentence. The State party refers to its moratorium on the death penalty, but argues that in any event the imposition of the death sentence for a serious offence, after a trial by a competent court, by a State party that has not abolished the death penalty, is not a violation of any Covenant rights.
4.6 Finally, the State party reiterates that by ratifying the Optional Protocol, it never intended to recognise the competence of the Committee to consider communications involving decisions handed down by a competent court in Sri Lanka. The government has no control over judicial decisions and a decision of a competent court may only be reviewed by a Superior Court. Any interference by the Government of Sri Lanka with regard to any decision of a competent court would be construed as an interference of the independence of the judiciary, which is guaranteed under the Sri Lankan Constitution.
5. The author provided several responses, dated 18 January, 6 October 2006, and 17 May 2008, and 28 July 2008, to the State party's submission. In these, he reiterates claims previously made on the evaluation of the facts and evidence by the trial court and also provides translations of the trial proceedings, which he claims proves the conspiracy of the executive, administrative and judicial branches of the State party. In particular, he highlights inconsistencies in the main prosecutions' witness evidence which he claims should not have been accepted by the court, including contradictory evidence on the witness's whereabouts prior to murder, and failure to establish that a motor bike had been used for the purposes of the crime.
6.1 Before considering any claim contained in a communication, the Human Rights Committee must, in accordance with rule 93 of its rules of procedure, decide whether or not it is admissible under the Optional Protocol to the Covenant.
6.2 The State party maintains that it never intended by its ratification of the Optional Protocol to recognize the competence of the Committee to consider decisions of its courts. The Committee recalls its General Comment No. 31 on The Nature of the General Legal Obligation imposed on States Parties [FN2]. In particular, paragraph 4, which codifies the Committee's consistent practice, includes the following: "The obligations of the Covenant in general and article 2 in particular are binding on every State Party as a whole. All branches of government (executive, legislative and judicial)... are in a position to engage the responsibility of the State Party. The executive branch that usually represents the State Party internationally, including before the Committee, may not point to the fact that an action incompatible with the provisions of the Covenant was carried out by another branch of government as a means of seeking to relieve the State Party from responsibility for the action and consequent incompatibility." Accordingly, the Committee cannot refrain from proceeding with the issues of admissibility and merits.
[FN2] CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.13
6.3 The Committee notes that a number of the author's allegations relate to the evaluation of facts and evidence by the State party's courts, which appear to raise issues under article 14 of the Covenant. The Committee refers to its jurisprudence [FN3] and reiterates that it is generally for the appellate courts of States parties to the Covenant to evaluate facts and evidence in a particular case, unless it can be ascertained that it was clearly arbitrary or amounted to a denial of justice. The material before the Committee does not reveal that the conduct of the trial suffered from any such defects. Accordingly, the author has not substantiated this part of the communication for purposes of admissible and these claims are thus considered inadmissible pursuant to article 2 of the Optional Protocol.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------[FN3] Communication no. 541/1993, Errol Simms v. Jamaica, Decision adopted on 3 April 2005, para. 6.2.
6.4 As to the claim that the author did not have the option to be tried by a jury, which it would appear raises issues under article 14 of the Covenant, the Committee recalls its jurisprudence that "the Covenant does not confer the right to trial by jury in either civil or criminal proceedings, rather the touchstone is that all judicial proceedings, with or without a jury, comport with the guarantees of fair trial"[FN4]. This claim is therefore inadmissible as incompatible with the provisions of the Covenant, pursuant to article 3 of the Optional Protocol.
[FN4] For example, Communication no, 818/1998, Kavanagh v Ireland (No.1), Views adopted on 4 April 2001 and Communication no. 1239/2004, Wilson v. Australia, Decision adopted on 1 April 2004.
6.5 The Committee considers that the author has failed to substantiate his claim that his lawyers "double-crossed" him, which appears to raise issues under article 14. As argued by the State party and uncontested by the author, the author was represented throughout the proceedings by lawyers he chose himself. He never filed any formal complaint against them during the proceedings themselves and, apart from making a vague claim that they "double-crossed" him, he has not provided any further arguments or substantiation of this claim for the purposes of admissibility. For these reasons, the Committee considers that this claim is inadmissible under article 2 of the Optional Protocol.
6.6 The Committee finds that the other claims relating to: the mandatory nature of the death penalty; the question of whether the crime for which he was convicted was a "most serious crime"; the author's conditions of detention; and his possible mode of any execution are admissible.
7.1 The Human Rights Committee has considered the present communication in light of all the information made available to it by the parties, as provided in article 5, paragraph 1, of the Optional Protocol.
7.2 The Committee notes that the author was convicted of conspiracy to commit murder and of abetting murder, on the basis of which he received a mandatory death sentence. The State party does not contest that the death sentence is mandatory for the offence of which he was convicted, but argues that it has applied a moratorium on the death penalty for nearly 30 years. The Committee recalls its jurisprudence that the automatic and mandatory imposition of the death penalty constitutes an arbitrary deprivation of life, in violation of article 6, paragraph 1, of the Covenant, in circumstances where the death penalty is imposed without any possibility of taking into account the defendant's personal circumstances or the circumstances of the particular offence [FN5]. Thus, while observing the fact that the State party has imposed a moratorium on executions, the Committee finds that the imposition of the death penalty itself, in the circumstances, violated the author's right under article 6, paragraph 1, of the Covenant.
[FN5] Communication No. 806/1998, Thompson v. St. Vincent and The Grenadines, Views adopted on 18 October 2000; Communication No. 845/1998, Kennedy v. Trinidad and Tobago, Views adopted on 26 March 2002; and Communication No. 1077/2002, Carpo v. The Philippines, Views adopted on 28 March 2003.
7.3 In the light of the finding that the death penalty imposed on the author is in violation of article 6 in respect of his right to life, the Committee considers that it is not necessary to address the issue of the method of execution, that may be imposed on the author if the State party were to recommence executions, under article 7 of the Covenant.
7.4 The Committee notes that the State party has not contested the information provided by the author on his deplorable conditions of detention, such as that he is incarcerated in a small and filthy cell, in which he is kept for twenty three and a half hours a day with inadequate food. Nor has the State party contested the claim that these conditions have an effect on the author's physical and mental health. The Committee considers, as it has repeatedly found in respect of similar substantiated claims [FN6], that the author's conditions of detention as described violate his right to be treated with humanity and with respect for the inherent dignity of the human person, and are therefore contrary to article 10, paragraph 1. In the light of this finding in respect of article 10, a provision of the Covenant dealing specifically with the situation of persons deprived of their liberty and encompassing for such persons the elements set out generally in article 7, it is not necessary to separately consider any possible claims arising under article 7 in this regard. [FN7] For these reasons, the Committee finds that the State party has violated article 10, paragraph 1, of the Covenant.
[FN6] For example Communication 908/2000, Xavier Evans v. Trinidad and Tobago, Views adopted on 21 March 2003.
[FN7] Communication No. 818/1998, Sextus v. Trinidad and Tobago, Views adopted on 16 July 2001, paragraph 7.4.
8 The Human Rights Committee, acting under article 5, paragraph 4, of the Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, is of the view that the facts before it reveal violations by the State party of article 6, paragraph 1; and article 10, paragraph 1, of the Covenant.
9. In accordance with article 2, paragraph 3, of the Covenant, the State party is under an obligation to provide the author with an effective and appropriate remedy, including commutation of his death sentence and compensation. As long as the author is in prison, he should be treated with humanity and with respect for the inherent dignity of the human person. The State party is under an obligation to take measures to prevent similar violations in the future.
10. Bearing in mind that, by becoming a party to the Optional Protocol, the State party has recognized the competence of the Committee to determine whether there has been a violation of the Covenant or not and that, pursuant to article 2 of the Covenant, that State party has undertaken to ensure all individuals within its territory or subject to its jurisdiction the rights recognized in the Covenant and to provide an effective and enforceable remedy in case a violation has been established, the Committee wishes to receive from the State party, within 180 days, information about the measures taken to give effect to the Committee's Views. The State party is also requested to publish the Committee's Views.
[Adopted in English, French and Spanish, the English text being the original version. Subsequently to be issued also in Arabic, Chinese and Russian as part of the Committee's annual report to the General Assembly.]
1. I fully concur with the decision by the Human Rights Committee finding violations of article 6, paragraph 1, and article 10, paragraph 1, of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights in the case of Anura Weerawansa v. Sri Lanka, communication No. 1406/2005. The Committee has correctly determined that the established facts reveal violations both of the right of all persons to life and of the right of any person deprived of his or her liberty to humane treatment and due respect.
2. I nonetheless consider, for reasons explained below, that in this case the Committee ought to have concluded that the State Party is also responsible for violations of article 2, paragraph 2, and article 7 of the Covenant.
A. Competence of the Committee to find violations of articles not referred to in the complaint
3. The Committee should not, in the absence of a specific allegation by the author of a communication that one or more articles has been violated, restrict its own competence to find other possible violations of the Covenant that are supported by the established facts. Under the Committee's rules of procedure,[FN8] a requested State can submit statements relating to both the admissibility and the merits of the complaint set forth in the communication; if the adversarial principle in the procedure established by the first Optional Protocol for dealing with individual communications is to be fully respected, neither party should be left without a proper defence.
[FN8] Rule 97.2 [in the Sept 2005 version, at least - tr.]
4. The principle of iura novit curia, universally and uncontroversially followed in general international jurisprudence,[FN9] especially where human rights are concerned, [FN10] gives the Human Rights Committee scope not to restrict itself to the legal claims made in a complaint when the facts disclosed and established in adversarial proceedings clearly reveal the violation of a provision not cited by the complainant. Should this be the case, the Committee ought to document the violation in proper legal form.
[FN9] Permanent Court of International Justice: "Lotus", Judgment No. 9, 1927, P.C.I.J., Series A No. 10.
[FN10] European Court of Human Rights, Handyside Case, Judgment of 7 December 1976, Series A No. 24, para. 41; Inter-American Court of Human Rights, Godínez-Cruz v. Honduras; Series C N, para. 172; Judgment of 20 January 1989.
5. Likewise, to ensure that all the purposes of the Covenant are complied with, the Committee's protective powers authorize it to rule that the State Party found to be at fault must put a stop to all the effects of the violation, guarantee that such a thing will not recur, and make reparation for the damage caused in the particular incident concerned.
B. Violation of article 2, paragraph 2, of the Covenant
6. A State may incur international responsibility, inter alia, through the action or omission of any of its authorities, including, naturally, the legislature, or any other body having legislative authority under the constitution.
7. Article 2, paragraph 2, of the Covenant states: "where not already provided for by existing legislative or other measures, each State Party to the present Covenant undertakes to take the necessary steps, in accordance with its constitutional processes and with the provisions of the present Covenant, to adopt such legislative or other measures as may be necessary to give effect to the rights recognized in the present Covenant." While the obligation laid down in article 2, paragraph 2, is a general one, failure to comply with it may render the State internationally responsible. The provision is a self-executing rule. The Committee has rightly pointed out that: "...the obligations of the Covenant in general and article 2 in particular are binding on every State Party as a whole. All branches of government (executive, legislative and judicial), and other public or governmental authorities, at whatever level - national, regional or local) are in a position to engage the responsibility of the State Party." [FN11]
[FN11] General comment No. 31: The Nature of the General Legal Obligation Imposed on States Parties to the Covenant, adopted at the 2187th meeting on 29 March 2004, para.4.
8. The Committee has also pointed out that "...article 2 is couched in terms of the obligations of State parties towards individuals as the right-holders under the Covenant...". [FN12] The obligations set forth in article 2, paragraph 2, supplement those set forth in paragraphs 1 and 3 of the same article which, to my mind, are independent provisions of equal rank, in no way subordinate one to another. The travaux préparatoires for the Covenant do not admit of any other conclusion, and in keeping with the pro persona postulate, precedence in human rights matters must be given to the broadest interpretation when the issue is one of safeguarding rights, to the narrowest when the issue is that of determining the scope of restrictions, and in any event to an interpretation that makes sense of the rule or provision concerned.
[FN12] Ibid, para. 2.
9. Just as States Parties to the Covenant cannot order action which violates established rights and freedoms, failure to bring their domestic legislation into line with the provisions of the Covenant constitutes, in my estimation, a violation in and of itself of the obligations set out in article 2, paragraph 2, of the Covenant.
10. To maintain that a violation of article 2 of the Covenant cannot be found in the context of an individual complaint is an unacceptable restriction and curtailment of the Committee's own powers of protection under the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the first Optional Protocol thereto.
11. In the present case, furthermore, we have an instance of the actual application, to the detriment of Mr. Anura Weerawansa, of legislation requiring the death penalty for individuals found guilty of the offences of murder, conspiracy to murder or aiding and abetting a murder; this is not only in breach of article 6 of the Covenant, as the Committee has found, but also a violation of article 2, paragraph 2. The legislation itself, irrespective of its application, breaches article 2, paragraph 2, of the Covenant inasmuch as Sri Lanka has not taken the requisite action under its domestic law to give effect to the right covered by article 6 of the Covenant.
C. The mandatory death penalty and its incompatibility with the Covenant
12. The rule making the death penalty mandatory is fundamentally incompatible with the International Covenant as a whole, and some parts of it in particular. When a State Party has a rule making the death penalty mandatory and the penalty is applied, at trial, to one or more individuals, there is to my mind not only a violation of article 6 of the Covenant but also a violation of article 7, which prohibits cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.
13. The thrust of article 6 of the Covenant is the abolition of capital punishment, as the wording of paragraph 6 makes clear. Against this background, the article imposes certain restrictions on countries which have not yet resolved to abolish the death penalty: they must comply with strictly observed and scrutinized procedural standards; they must restrict the application of the death penalty to the most serious crimes, and they must take account of some of the personal circumstances of the individual on trial, which may definitely lead to the sentence or execution of the sentence being set aside. The penal legislation applied to Mr. Anura Weerawansa. requires the death penalty to be applied automatically and generically for the offences of murder, conspiracy to murder and aiding and abetting a murder, disregarding the fact that those offences may indicate different levels of seriousness; it thus prevents the judge or court from taking the circumstances into account in establishing the level of guilt and tailoring the penalty to the individual, since it constrains them to impose the same punishment indiscriminately on what may be very different forms of behaviour. This, by virtue of article 6 of the Covenant, is unacceptable when a human life is at stake and amounts, in the terms of article 6, paragraph 1, to arbitrariness. The penal legislation whose compatibility with the Covenant is under discussion prevents account being taken of personal circumstances or the particular circumstances of the crime, automatically imposing the application of the death penalty across the board on anyone found guilty.
14. Besides this, an individual brought to trial knowing that, if found guilty, the only outcome is that he or she will be sentenced to death experiences suffering which amounts to cruel treatment and is, accordingly, incompatible with article 7 of the Covenant.
D. Consequences of finding a violation of article 2, paragraph 2
15. Far from being a purely academic exercise, the finding of a violation of article 2, paragraph 2, in a specific case has practical consequences in terms of reparation, especially as regards the prevention of any recurrence. The fact that in the present case there is indeed a victim of the application of a legal standard incompatible with the Covenant vitiates any interpretation relating to a possible ruling in abstracto by the Human Rights Committee.
16. The Committee has also pointed out that "article 2 defines the scope of the legal obligations undertaken by States parties to the Covenant. A general obligation is imposed on States parties to respect the Covenant rights and to ensure them to all individuals in their territory and subject to their jurisdiction ..." [FN13] Paragraph 2 of that article assumes all the more importance when one considers that the Committee has stated in a general comment that any reservation to it would be utterly incompatible with the aims and objectives of the Covenant. [FN14]
[FN13] Ibid, para. 3.
[FN14] "Equally, a reservation to the obligation to respect and ensure the rights, and to do so on a non-discriminatory basis (art. 2 (1)) would not be acceptable. Nor may a State reserve an entitlement not to take the necessary steps at the domestic level to give effect to the rights of the Covenant (art. 2 (2)) ... " General comment No. 24, fifty-second session, 1994, para. 9
17. In its general comment No. 31, the Human Rights Committee argues that "where there are inconsistencies between domestic law and the Covenant, article 2 requires that the domestic law or practice be changed to meet the standards imposed by the Covenant's substantive guarantees". [FN15] Correctly interpreted, this implies that a change in domestic practice can be considered only when a rule allows for different possibilities, one or more of which are incompatible with the Covenant while others are not, and the incompatible options are applied in one or more specific instances: then the State can change its practice and apply a different option, one that is compatible with the Covenant. When, on the other hand, a rule offers only one possibility, as in the present case of legislation that establishes a mandatory death penalty, the only course is to rescind the rule itself. And it must be remembered, "the requirement under article 2, paragraph 2, to take steps to give effect to the Covenant rights is unqualified and of immediate effect". [FN16]
[FN15] General comment No. 31, para. 13.
[FN16] Ibid, para. 14.
18. I thus consider that the Committee ought to have concluded:
(a) That the Sri Lankan legislation discussed in this case that makes the death penalty mandatory for the offences of murder, conspiracy to murder and aiding and abetting a murder is itself incompatible with the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.
(b) That the facts of the case reveal a violation of article 2, paragraph 2, of the Covenant and that, the rule requiring the death penalty having been applied to the victim, the violation was committed in relation to articles 6 and 7 of the Covenant, to Mr. Anura Weerawansa's detriment.
(c) That the State must, as a guarantee of non-recurrence, rescind the provision in criminal law stipulating the death penalty for the offences of murder, conspiracy to murder and aiding and abetting a murder that was applied to Mr. Anura Weerawansa, as being incompatible with the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.
[Signed] Fabián Salvioli
[Done in English, French and Spanish, the Spanish text being the original version. Subsequently to be issued in Arabic, Chinese and Russian as part of the Committee's annual report to the General Assembly.]
The text of an individual opinion signed by Committee member Mr. Fabian Omar Salvioli is appended to the present Views.
Made public by decision of the Human Rights Committee.
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I recently had a booth at a local health fair. The theme of our booth revolved around dispelling myths and misunderstandings of various types of fat…coconut oil included. So many of the participants came up to our booth and said "I heard that coconut oil was really healthy" and…Read Answer
Your question is a good one. I think that following a healthy diet and practicing "good-for-you" lifestyle choices takes research, preparation, and time. I have had a plethora of patients that want to lose weight and begin to improve their diet and eating habits. I find that they are…Read Answer
As a registered dietitian, I encourage my clients to check out the nutrition label on the food that they are consuming. Your question makes me think that you have been investigating a few nutrition labels yourself, so…well done! The nutrition label does a good job at breaking down the…Read Answer
Baking can be a great way to provide delicious sweet treats to your family. Unfortunately, many times these foods are filled with sugar and added calories. Do not fear! You can make several substitutions for sugar in order to still have the product taste sweet. I recommend using half of the…Read Answer
Spring and summer can be a very busy time for parents and kids and often times healthy/balanced meals and snacks are hard to come by! First I would recommend making sure the kids are hydrated. Bring lots of water and I have started seeing parents bring large jugs of water infused with…Read Answer
Dairy products like cheese, milk, and yogurt (regardless of the fat content) are excellent sources of calcium, vitamin D and pack a mean protein punch. For years I have been recommending that my patients consume a few servings of dairy a day. To be honest, I generally recommended low fat…Read Answer
Start your April Fools morning off with jiggles and giggles! This prank is so easy to pull off and harmless - all you need is 3 ingredients and a little time. Follow our step-by-step instructions below:Read More
Article by Registered Dietitian Amy Bragagnini, MS, RD, CSO Healthy eating begins with a list (well, at least in this dietitian's opinion). So many people have the best intentions to improve the overall health of their diet…but then they make the mistake of going to the grocery store…Read More


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Monthly Archives: December 2016
Internet, How It Works
We are now living in the 21st century and the entire world is connected with each other by single means of communication. The internet, it's everywhere we see nowadays. We enter a restaurant or are having a tea in some café, coming back home, or staying at work. Our desktop PC's, our laptops, tablets are mobiles, all equipped with this powerful tool. It is truly hard imagining life without it. But how many of us have actually thought about how it reaches us? What are the basic structures and how the internet and its different types are differentiated? In wireless condition or connected by wires. The Internet is somehow reaching us but to reach someplace you need an address.
These addresses can be referred to as the protocols in the internet's language. The protocols of internet users are as follows. The TCP also was known as the transmission control protocol creates small packaging of the internet which later flow and reach their destination. IP, internet protocol is basically the vehicle that collects these packets and transports them. SMTP, simple mail transfer protocol is just what the name suggests is used to send and receive emails. Meanwhile, the FTP, file transfer protocol is also rooted from its word and relates to the downloading of the files from the internet. Since all of the computers use the same language, using these protocols and other protocols that are not mentioned here, the internet reaches us and different features of it are unlocked alongside, giving us the permission to make full use of it.
Importance of Data Security For The Survival Of The Businesses
According to Alen Finch from "the person of interest" that we are living in the era of information, no matter how much military resources you have, the side with more information will always win. So this world is highly prone to data theft. The data of a company is very valuable for their competitors and other enterprises as this data have all the essential information on which that company is prospering. This includes its employees, the complete business plan, mission, vision and goals, past projects, history, future plans, and information about clients, projects, deals and payment information etc. This critical information if a loss of stolen can put the company on the verge of destruction. Now, this is where IT companies came into play and provide the necessary protection to keep the data secured. It is always a good idea to take security measures as this will protect your data, so you will eventually save your time as well as money that you would have spent in recovering it. So, in short, it helps you in minimizing the cost of development and not to mention your precious time. Here are some security measures which we should keep in mind to avoid such incidence.
Always have a strong complex password to the system so that you can avoid any breach.
Always have a reliable official antivirus installed in the system to avoid any unwanted malware.
Always take backups regularly.
Always keep your system from connecting to any unknown gadgets to prevent it from getting into any internal hack.
How to avoid High internet bills
Everyone uses the internet unless you are living under a rock or in a cave. Even internet signals can catch you there as well. Internet usage is increasing every day and so are the bills. Internet bills are directly proportional to the usage. At times we receive an internet bill which is surprisingly high. If we compare it to our usual bill we may find it enormous. And we will unable to find any good reason for this sudden rise in the bill. Below are some reasons by which our internet bill is catered.
Always be aware of your internet package plan. AS we have signed up for different downloading limits with our service providers depending on the package, for instance, some can download a maximum of 60GB or maybe 40GB or sometimes as high as 100GB of data transfer. Most of the websites we surf on the internet are free websites as they don't charge us anything for visiting them. However every time you hit a website you consume some portion of your data like 10-15 kb which is quite negligible.
If you download movies and discographies over the internet then this can cost you bandwidth in GB's so you will soon run out of your allotted bandwidth and your service provider will charge you on your extra usage. Playing play station online will also cost you a lot of bandwidth.
How Internet changed our globe
The world has gone through many phases, many technologies and researches have made this globe a better place to live in. Science played its important role in always trying to make life get easier and better with time. Either it's a wheel, helping us cover a hundred miles in days, or its electricity driving our machines to help in tasks done in hours. Every single invention has helped us to move forward but some of them in those are the ones who changed the face of the world like Newton's laws. The Internet is one of them.
The Internet truly has made our world a different place by not just adding one thing to it but countless, the only limitation is our imagination. And the best thing it has provided me is the mobility and portability. If we spend the time to discuss what in specific then we might not be able to find enough time to do it. Internet has made us connected to the world and read news, have fun with friends by playing online games, talk to people sitting thousands of miles away, make newer friends on the social media networks, for entertainment watch films online, to soothe our soul listen to quality music, if we're unemployed then look out for jobs, read and conduct the researches that are not available to us in other ways, pay for things we buy and also receive payments we work for, having connected with our universities and schools and colleges so that we can study online. Just because of these features, it has brought the world together and equipped us with the abilities that we were looking for earlier and were absent.
Global Medical Fiber Optics Market to hit a new mile stone by 2019 to Reach USD 1,336.1
Fiber optics as we all know has a very wide range of applications and medical industry is one of them. Medical is an industry whose sole purpose is to save lives and serve humanity. Fiber optic cable works on a very simple principle of light signals transport data across the cable. Which is made up of high quality glass, silica and plastic. But in the recent years with the growth in the field of biomedical engineering there has been a remarkable rise in the medical fiber optic applications that includes X-ray imaging, ophthalmic lasers, light therapy, lab and clinical diagnostics, dental head pieces, surgical and diagnostic instrumentation, surgical microscopy and endoscopy. These state of the art new technologies has also brought fortune and generate quite a revenue in the market. With very precise diagnostic and pin point accuracy in targeting the targeted cells and tissues, medical fiber optics has created a demand in the market which in turn generates revenue. According to med gadget "Global medical fiber optics market was valued at USD 863.1 million in 2013 and is expected to grow at a CAGR of 7.6% from 2013 to 2019, to reach an estimated value of USD 1,336.1 million in 2019".
As the world is moving and focusing towards more and more safe health care infrastructure and the exceptionally good results produced by the medical fiber optics, its not a big shot to considering the immense demand in the market.
Fiber Optics, in space
A lot of the things are meant to be created within a specific canvas and their production usually is capped by the canvas they're built in. Art is done on some material, for example, we draw on a paper. Paper is a limit. We drive from one place to the other, distance is the limit. But bigger minds think beyond limits and there is nothing that can actually try to stop their capability to reach heights that are in other ways unreachable.
Most of the things are made in such a way that whenever we imagine them we imagine them to be fitting in nice and perfect in space. A space shuttle is a very good example of it, if we compare them to the busses that take us to from the airport terminal to another, a shuttle seems to be a better sight to have. A company has decided to touch those limits after they were done making world's first zero gravity 3D printer and launching it to the space and into the International Space Station. It became the first 3D printer in the space. There next milestone is somewhat more interesting as they are now trying to concentrate on making the fiber optic in the zero-gravity conditions. To do this there is a co operation taking place with another company that specializes and are known for the quality of their heavy-metal glass fiber. But manufacturing such cable is a problem because the gravity we have here on our planet can disrupt its structure. The company is aiming to achieve the goal because as we speak 43% of the world's population is online and by 2020, this ratio will increase by 5% that is going to be unmanageable with the world's current transmission capabilities.
Ethernet Cables, and what their colors mean
The world has been dominated by the internet and internet and networking's world was dominated by the Ethernet cables, the Ethernet cables are everywhere somewhere you find them in their normal condition and somewhere you find them in a big clan, all tangled and attached with each other supplying the networking solutions from a smaller office to a bigger towns. The Ethernet cables are of different types and are being made better and better with time regardless of the fact that the wireless internet might take over the world sooner. They also come in different colors that often confuse the users as if they're buying the correct type or it has nothing to do with the bomb going off because of the wrong color of the wire chosen.
The question that rises in our minds is that if the cables are all the same then what is the need to give different colors to them? The answer is simple and mentioned perfectly in the bomb example mentioned above. Colors are simply used for the identification, for example if we have an office having different cables it will be really difficult to find out which wire goes where? This is why the colors are used so that you can easily tell the blue wire connects with computer A and the red one is going to be connected to computer B. Very few people know about the purpose and many believe that colors put difference in their quality and their work performance but that is clearly not true.
Difference Between Wireless Networking and Wireless Internet
The internet is reaching us in many forms, shapes and types. And the world is moving into new ages so fast and quick that no one likes to sit at one place, everything is getting mobile from desktop pc's to laptops and from landline phones to cell phones, everything is losing its wire, and the only purpose to make things wireless is to promote portability. The problem is the understanding now, because of so much diversity in the internet, it being in form of edge, 3G, 4G and so many other names. Having confusion is very obvious and all of the providers use this confusion for their advantage. Mixing Wireless networking and Wireless Internet, both are providing internet but as a service very different from each other.
The DSL providers remove the cables from their advertisements giving the consumers a different image of their service, but the world is, like we mentioned earlier, moving to an age where the tablets are taking place of even the laptops now. Wireless internet is definitely the most important part to complete the purpose of such device. DSL and Cable can't give us such freedom they can only give a modem and make the house become a place to use internet wirelessly via WiFi, and this is how they use the term 'wireless'. The wireless internet however is facing its own problems. Because of higher speed and users taking advantage of it, the fair usage policy kicks in and the companies have to put a cap on their data usage. But needless to say, wireless surely is a peak into the future and DSL so far is not able to beat it.
Cloud computing- A beacon of hope for the startups and SME's.
Cloud computing has revolutionized the ever growing and developing field of technology. It is a concept which has application in nearly all felids of the daily life. With every day passing by all of our aspects of life are becoming digital in nature all of our information is stored on silicon chips in binary form. Cloud computing has application in the field of research, military, industries, startups, hospitals, educational institutes, enterprises e.t.c. Its applications has opened a new era of immense development and it is a hope for the startups to make their idea a reality.
It is a type of internet based computing in which the services are provided to a company or client over the internet. In short it is sharing of computer resources without the need of installing any gadgets by just transferring the required service over the internet. So one should not heavily invest on a personal server or purchasing expensive infrastructure i.e. personal devices and gadgets, you can just get the required services by the help of cloud computing. You don't have to go through the hectic job of software licensing and buying programs for your business. And the best part is you just have to pay for it like any other utility bill. It is present everywhere and you can get it if you want to. So like electricity its computational power on demand which is readily available and you can get a connection if you need it.
Category 8 cable: What You Need To Know
The internet is everywhere, it reaches us by different sources and mediums and sometimes they all get so much variation in themselves just to enhance the capability of the usage. Everyone likes things to be fast, and especially when they're fast enough so that they don't have to wait for the things to be done. The user experience for the internet gets onto the next level when speed is increased. Mainly the internet is being provided to us by the cables, but it is going onto the wireless conditions just to enhance the user experience and provide portability, many people in the industry are saying that future is wireless, but the truth is the power and speed cables can give us, they're far more superior even for a comparison.
What makes the internet fast? The answer is, transfer rate. Cables have different abilities to transfer data among them on basis of their build and version and technology. New such cables that are going to be introduced are the Category 8 cables that will have the ability to transfer higher amounts in relatively shorter times. This cable has the ability to supports bandwidths of up to 2GHz and will be used initially in data centers for 25G and 40Gb Ethernet for distances of up to 30 meters (100 feet). The cable has been manufactured by the top quality tools and has been tested correct for the usage. These twisted cables are soon going to make their space within the world of networking enhancing our work ability and promoting speed.


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The search found 510 results in 0.023 seconds.
Flawed forensics and overstated claims make scientific evidence tricky at trial.
Decades of successful integration efforts are at stake when one school district fights over school proximity and school "balancing."
When a Baltimore mom hit her son to keep him away from protests, many applauded her—but the myth of the superstrong Black mother does more harm than good.
Subsidized campus childcare was hard-won and remains very effective, while budget cuts and the privatization of childcare threaten centers across the country.
LGBT educators struggle to balance professionalism and pride in the classroom, splittling, knitting, or quittting, in the words of the authors.
China and the U.S. look to each other's educational systems as they try to balance individualism and collectivism, ability and effort, and grade school and college rigor.
Rebellious collective action is rare, but it can occur when subordinates are severely discontented and other circumstances are favorable. The possibility of rebellion is a check—sometimes the only check—on authoritarian rule. Although mutinies in which crews seized control of their vessels were rare events, they occurred throughout the Age of Sail. To explain the occurrence of this form of high-risk collective action, this article holds that shipboard grievances were the principal cause of mutiny. However, not all grievances are equal in this respect.
Scholars have documented the emergence of apparently race-neutral discourses that serve to entrench racial stratification following the elimination of de jure segregation. These discourses deny the existence of both present-day racism and the contemporary effects of histories of racial oppression. Researchers posit that individuals are socialized into these views, but little empirical attention has been paid to the processes through which such socialization occurs.
Recent scholarship highlights the importance of public discourse for the mobilization and impact of social movements, but it neglects how cultural products may shift discourse and thereby influence mobilization and political outcomes. This study investigates how activism against hydraulic fracturing ("fracking") utilized cultural artifacts to influence public perceptions and effect change. A systematic analysis of Internet search data, social media postings, and newspaper articles allows us to identify how the documentary Gasland reshaped public discourse.
It is well known that family socioeconomic background influences childhood access to opportunities. Educational reforms that introduce new information about school quality may lead to increased inequality if families with more resources are better able to respond. However, these policies can also level the playing field for choice by equalizing disadvantaged families' access to information. This study assesses how a novel accountability system affected family enrollment decisions in the Chicago Public Schools by introducing new test performance information and consequences.


text: Wolfhunter 717 Report post Posted February 12 (edited) 5 hours ago, Jaydee said: You'd think American democracy is on its last legs if you read the US press. The largely liberal media hate the man in the White House more than anyone since Richard Nixon. Well, OK, since the last Republican president. But they really hate this guy." This is just the beginning. The Democratic Party is likely to experience a civil war as moderates support Mike and progressives start to resent the efforts to take down Bernie. CNN is already onside with the old guard and calling him a liar, sexist etc. and Hillary has been fully engaged for a while now too. I see it as a battle between libertarians and socialists.... it comes from not cutting the crazy left adrift at the first sign of madness. As the nominee, Bernie is absolutely unelectable and the old guard knows it. In addition, their inability to read a calendar will result in a steady stream of bad news released at just the right time. All of it self-inflicted IMO. The Democratic party of today is completely unrecognizable to those who previously supported it (just like the liberals). I bet lots of the old guard would rather see 4 more years of Trump than let Bernie take the reins. Edited February 12 by Wolfhunter Quote Share this post Link to post Share on other sites


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Synchronising your double axes charts so that your two or more measures share the same scale is something almost everyone uses at some point. But sometimes, almost randomly, the Synchronise Axis option is greyed out. Why?! And why is it random?
This problem had annoyed me for many a month before I finally decided to try and work out how to fix it. And it turns out it is ridiculously easy to fix.
The Solution
Synchronising your axes comes about when viewing two or more measures on the same graph. The example I'll use is from the Superstore dataset and I am simply viewing SUM(Sales) and SUM(Quantity) over time.
When I click Dual Axis, I get the two overlaid automatically.
Note how the Sales and Quantity tabs in Rows now are joined with a solid edge. So if I wanted to synchronise these axes so that they are based on the same scale, I would usually just right click on the Quantity scale on the right, and select Synchronise Axis. However, it is greyed out.
Luckily the fix is nice and simple. It is greyed out because Sales is of datatype FLOAT (that is, a number with decimal capability), and Quantity is of datatype INTEGER (only whole numbers- which makes sense!).
To fix this, you simply have to get them to match. It would make sense to change Quantity to a FLOAT, rather than Sales to an INTEGER, as you don't want to lose the detail on decimals. So right click on the SUM(Quantity) tab in rows, select Edit In Shelf, and add FLOAT() around it.
Now I am allowed to select Synchronise Axis again.
And this has made it so that my measures share the same scale (not that you would use that option in this case!).
A more efficient way to do this, so that Quantity is stored as a float for all of your worksheets, would be to change the datatype in the Measures menu on the left to be a Number (decimal).


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It is tough to find justification for a 5 per cent intra-day share price fall in half-year results from Advanced Medical Solutions (AMS). Adjusted pre-tax profit rose by over a fifth to £11.5m after better-than-expected constant-currency revenue growth of 8 per cent. But investors scarpered from the stock on results day – as they did at the time of the full-year results – having perhaps taken the opportunity to bank some profits after a 30 per cent one-year share price rise.
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Personalized Grill Sets and Utensils
Grilling and cooking require the right tools in order to prepare your meal to perfection, we not only have your grilling necessities, but we give you the power to personalize your grilling and cooking experience! Enhance your own utensils or give the perfect gift to that special someone in your life. You can express your creativity and customize your kitchen tools to your personal style!
Everyone loves a home cooked meal, but people sometimes forget that the utensils are one of the main components behind all of those delicious meals! Here at ForAllGifts, we offer various utensils ranging from our carving set to our steak knives. Mix together your favorite soup ingredients with our bamboo spoon, or cook a burger on the grill with our engraved spatula. Just think, what could be a better gift for dad then our Grill Lover's Personalized Barbeque Set to make him enjoy cooking even more! Personalize an oven mitt so that the grill master never gets burned! Whatever item you choose, you will not be dissapointed. Every one of our utensil sets comes packaged or boxed so it is ready to be wrapped for that lucky individual. Most importantly, don't forget to personalize your item so you can make a real mark on your kitchen! Now go ahead and start cooking!


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THE SOCIAL CLUB is a two week, full-day, social skills intervention program that teaches students ages entering the 2nd grade to entering the 5th grade with ASD and related disabilities how to be flexible thinkers, problem solvers, and effective perspective takers. Led by a master ASD teacher and a behavior analyst who have presented nationally on their innovative practices for students with ASD. THE SOCIAL CLUB is subsidized for UCF CARD Constituents through fundraising efforts by PALS.
This program is best suited for children with near-age-level language and cognitive skills. Children should also have mastered basic attending skills and be able to function in a group setting with minimal to moderate prompting. The curriculum will be based on Michelle Garcia Winner's Social Thinking® Concept. A modified version of Superflex® curriculum by Stephanie Madrigal and Michelle Garcia Winner, and an emphasis on Social Behavior Mapping©, perspective taking and social problem solving will be used according to age of participates.
Social thinking teaches the thought process behind social interactions. Students with social thinking deficits do not learn by observing others. They must first be taught to understand the "why" or the thinking behind a social rule or concept. Traditional social skills often do not address the "why" that many of our students need. This process helps individuals by teaching them to "think socially" and teaching them how to relate and think of others so they can become competent in social relatedness. Social Thinking is based on the literature and lectures of Michelle Garcia Winner. Learn more about social thinking at www.socialthinking.com.
Please note that these programs are not "child care" or summer respite. These are highly planned and intensive full day intervention programs. Group A will have intensive instruction from 8:30am-12:30pm while Group B will be out in the community working on social skills taught and then after lunch groups will switch. Groups will be formed according to admissions basis, based on ages, needs, and receipt of deposit, so it is recommended that applications be submitted well in advance of deadlines to secure a spot. If the program session of interest has filled to capacity, your child's name will be added to a waiting list.
•Able to speak in sentences and answer questions
•Able to sit at a table activity and share materials with others
•Able to refrain from using aggression as a means to solve problems.
•Desires to interact with other children and develop friendships.
•Does not initiate appropriate social interactions or sustain social interactions
•Has difficulty working in groups
•Does not easily process the meaning of spoken messages
•Does not observe/take into account other's social cues due to limited eye contact
•Has difficulty attending in large groups; needs more direction
•Very literal in interpretation of all materials •Difficulty recognizing and incorporating other person's perspectives
•Difficulty understanding the perspective of characters in literature
•Has difficulty talking about other people's topics of interest
•Makes off topic remarks or over focuses on details or topics of interest
•Attends to details, but misses the underlying concept of assignments, stories or pictures
•Has a good sense of humor, but may miss the subtleties of humor
•May not understand the difference of being laughed at or laughed with
•Doesn't understand when "too much humor" is "too much"
•Is limited in the ability to infer meaning, problem solve and predict academically and socially
Individuals with diagnosis of High Functioning Autism (HFA), Asperger's Syndrome (AS) or Pervasive Developmental Disorder-Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS). The following is a description of a child who would benefit from social thinking skills training


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To book a place on an event you must be logged into the website
If you do not have a BDA website ID, please click here
Akosua Nunoo
020 7563 4590
Email these event details to a friend
Email event
Friday 26 June 2020 | LONDON
Alternative date: Friday 31 Janaury 2020 | LONDON
course is for all members of the dental team who are in a first contact
position at the practice and involved in both face-to-face liaison and
the receiving/making of telephone calls.
High standards
of customer care, exceptional communication and good organisational
skills are fundamental in securing and retaining patients. This course
will equip you with the
necessary skills to project the right
impression, listen effectively and attentively, and cope with situations
under pressure. Ensure your practice stands out from the competition.
Heather Dallas, Managing Director, Dallas Development
Heather spent ten years as a senior training manager at Deloitte before starting Dallas Development in January 2000. As well as running various programmes for the BDA, Heather is also a motivational and inspiring public speaker and personal coach in personal impact and career development. Her specialist areas are management skills, team working, personal impact, train the trainers, presentation skills, life balance and handling conflict. She is a qualified MBTI Practitioner, Belbin Team Roles Consultant, Strengths Deployment Inventory Consultant and NLP Master Practitioner and Integral Eye Movement Technique Practitioner.
4 1/2 hours CPD
The training course meets the edicational criteria set by
the GDC for verifiable CPD and is certified by the British Dental
Course fee £150 per person.This includes refreshments, lunch and all course documentation.
(login/register - see top right of page)
Please note: If you have a GDC number you can use the online system. You do not need to be a BDA member.
If you do not already have a BDA website username and password, fill in this
form and we'll set you up with a temporary username and password.
Full terms and conditions (including cancellation policy)
If you wish to stay overnight during the event please contact
MICE Concierge our appointed hotel booking agency by
email or call 01438 908770.


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4ft and 6ft deep lean to greenhouses
The new Eden Broadway brings the Zero Threshold™ door system to lean to greenhouses. A lean to greenhouse is a great choice for overwintering plants because the sun will warm the wall during the day and that warmth will be released into the greenhouse at night, ensuring an ideal growing environment.
All Broadway models feature wide, lockable double doors for perfect access, together with high eaves it gives plenty of room for plants and people. Wide gutters capture as much rainwater as possible and are easy to keep clean. Available with long pane toughened glass or twin wall polycarbonate, the Eden Broadway also comes with the option of upgrading to green or black finishes. We recommend adding heat activated automatic vent openers to give you flexible and automatically controlled roof ventilation to aid air flow.
When it comes to greenhouses we know what we're talking about. Not sheds summerhouses or conservatories - we simply specialise in greenhouses. For 25 years we have been one of the country's leading greenhouse specialist retailers. And when you want to to talk greenhouses, whether it's before placing an order or after sales, we'll be here for you seven days a week.


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At bigbassbaits.net ...We can make your custom topwater lures just they way you want them.
Sharing Brandon Lester's thoughts on topwater bass fishing.
In order to get an idea of how far you can push topwater fishing, you first need to figure out when it's at its best. Lester said his favorite time to fish topwaters is in the spring, when the water temperature is about 65 degrees. Most years that happens about mid-April on his home lakes. That's when anglers historically go to shallow flats, rig up small, soft-plastic baits and start looking for bedding bass. But he said getting locked into fishing that one way can be a mistake. Other shallow-water cover such as laydowns, docks or grass beds can hold bass that are going on or coming off beds. Topwaters can be a great way to catch those bass, because they can be fished faster, allowing you to cover more water. And many represent vulnerable prey, igniting neutral bass to feed.
1. Rod Size: 7-8 ft Medium/Heavy
2. Reel Size: Spring/Fall 5.2 ratio
Summer/hot 6.3-7.1 ratio
3. Line Size: Main line #50 lb. spiderwire braid
Leader line Clearwater: fluorocarbon 8-17 lb.
*Note: remember fluorocarbon line sinks (sometime you have to use monofiliament to keep your bait off the bottom
All other: Trilene XT mono green 8-20 lb.
Length of Leader: Clearwater : 30 inches to 4 ft.
All other: 1-3 ft.
*Note: If there is grass, you will need to adjust length of leader and sinker size
*Note: Water temperature also determines line/leader/weight size
*Note: Wind/Weather, also determines line/leader/weight size
4. Weight/size and shape: 90% of the time I use 5/8 zoom barrel weight
Note: How deep you are fishing/wind force/water clarity is a BIG factor in
weight/size/shape (examples on the display board)
5. Some of my secrets:
a. I use crankbaits on Carolina rigs 20% of the time. These are great from March through June. *Note: I only use shallow running baits
b. I throw a fluke or minnow plastic bait on Carolina rig especially if the is a heavy amount of shad or when baitfish are done spawning.
c. I use a floater worm or creature bait on Carolina rig especially if there are big rocks, timer, brush and/or grass. The bait is always off the bottom.
d. Once water temperature reaches 75-80 degrees, I throw a big worm (71/2 to 10 inches). The best color everywhere is red shad. *Note: If the lake is 80% spots, I throw a tick worm. The best color in summer is junebug
e. Use a ½ oz. to 1 ½ oz. jig with trailer as the main line weight, followed by small dead ringer (zoom) worm. *Note: Dead ringer should be the same color as jig and trailer.
f. Paint your sinkers: My favorite colors are black, red, greenpumkin
g. Swivels need to correspond with what you are fishing with. ( Diagrams on display board.) For example, if I'm throwing a fluke my swivel is bright silver.
h. Beads: Color also makes a difference as well as sound. Sometimes you need to double up or combine brass bead with a glass one. I use green and red most of the time.
i. Hooks: Always use the smallest hook you can get away with so bait stays off the bottom. All my hooks are black offset.


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Only three games this weekend at Regents Park.
Our excellent U11s drew 1-1 in a game they could easily have netted double figures if their shooting boots had been on, dominating from start to finish, but not quite finding the net when it mattered.
Our U12's carried on their unbeaten run in the 9v9 league, making it 4 wins from 4 with a 6-1 victory. It could have been double digits as all played well as the team charges forward towards the league title.
Finally, our U9s came out 3-2 winners, as their season continues to go from strength to strength under coach Blaine King.
Great photos, as ever, from Kaya Skaanes


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Clash Of Kings Hack No Human Verification Descriptions:
What is the need to Clash Of Kings Hack No Human Verification?
Although this game is all about planning your mastery by being strategic, it is something more than that. There are umpteen resources that you can acquire in the game.
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Hometown: Englewood, NJ/Raleigh, NC
Branch of Service: Marines, 5th Marine Division
Location of Service: Pacific
Question: First of all, tell us about the 5th Marine Division and what the division was like, leading up to Iwo Jima.
George Cattalona: The 5th Marine Division was formed in Camp Pendleton in 1944, and it has a total of approximately 23,000 men at the time, divisions were pretty big at that time. And you have three regiments of infantry, one of artillery, and then all the others, the amphibs and the tanks and airplanes and everything else that makes up the total of 23,000 in all, like that.
Question: And when did you join the division?
George Cattalona: I was in the original starting of it. I was stationed in Quantico, Virginia at the time, and they wanted to form it, so they shipped us out. Quantico, Virginia, at the time, we were in artillery training, and also was the OCS school, as well. So they shipped us out, and the first sergeant came out one day, and told us, while we were all in formation and ready to go, he said, "You fellas are going to make history." And we did.
Question: Tell us about the time leading up to Iwo Jima. What was happening then, when you were getting ready for that particular battle?
George Cattalona: Well, we left Quantico, Virginia, and we took the troop train, the southern route, and we had a diner car with us at the time, but when we hit New Orleans they took the diner car away, and we had to stop and march downtown to a cafeteria and eat supper.
And lo and behold, they had a brewery right next to the train station, and they were giving away beer-by the case, not by the bottle-and guys were carrying one or two cases of beer back to the train. Of course, we had to cross
Texas, and that was two days. So we got through that all right, and we got to Camp Pendleton, and everybody was assigned to a Battery or Battalion. I think it's Regiment, Battalion, Company, or Battery. So that's what happened when we got there, and I was in L Battery, 4th Battalion, 13th Marines.
Question: And when did you get your orders? What did they tell you you were going to be doing?
George Cattalona: They just told us to train. They didn't tell us where we were going or anything else. We had no idea at the time. And we trained there for approximately, I'd say, maybe six months or seven months. And we got aboard trucks and went down to San Diego, got aboard a ship, and we went from San Diego to Hilo, Hawaii-that's the big island.
Question: Ready? Let's pick it up. You were in San Diego. What happened after that?
George Cattalona: We got aboard ship, and we went from San Diego to Hilo, Hawai'i, unescorted. We had no destroyer, battleship, aircraft carrier to guide us out there. We did it in five days, and when we got into Hilo, the captain of the ship came aboard, came on the speaker, and said, "Everybody goes in quarantine for 30 days." One man had spinal meningitis, and at that time of life, that's one of the first things they did, put you in quarantine, because of the possibilities.
We did that. We left the ship, got on trucks, and we went as far as we could. And then from there we had a hike. I don't know how far, but I know we didn't get there until well after midnight. So when we got off the trucks and started to march, the captain said, "We're going to separate the men from the boys." And guess who dropped out first? The captain. He was the first one to drop out, and, I think, the only one. So that was one of the things. We got to our campsite for the next 30 days, and of course we went through the routine of light training, no Howitzers or anything else.
So, after doing that, we went back to our original place we should have been, at Camp Tarawa in Hawai'i. Also, it's also the island that had the volcano that erupted several years ago, and that's where we trained because, mostly of the volcano mountain and everything.
Question: And at this point in time, you still didn't know what was ahead for you?
George Cattalona: No, no, we didn't. The only time we got any inkling of it, I was a forward observer, liaison and I also worked in the computer end-not computers, we didn't have computers back then. We worked in the direction center. That's where the commands are sent down from the forward observer position to the direction center, and from there they put it into yards and height and everything, in order to fire the 105 Howitzers, which we had.
And from there, as time went along, I would say probably in October of '44, we get sort of a map of an island and it's in the shape of, I would say, a country ham, it looked like. And that's basically what Iwo Jima looked like. We saw in the newspaper where the aerial bombardments started 74 days before we landed, which is approximately a little over two months. We saw that in the paper, and we came to the conclusion that's where we were going to go.
Question: So take me up to the day when you made the landing.
George Cattalona: All right. We got aboard ship–I've often tried to think back. We were aboard ship; I was, some of the other people in the Battery were aboard LSTs, but I was aboard an APA. I was aboard ship for 45 days; didn't charge me anything, you know, free ride and everything, so you go.
Question: And at the end of those 45 days, did you end up at Iwo Jima?
George Cattalona: Yes. At the end of the 45 days, we ended up…but also, when we went up topside that morning, it was just a sea of ships out there. They said there were about 800 ships out there, all shapes, sizes that you might need. So we get all ready, and I was going in as liaison, and that is to find a position where the guns are supposed to go. And we had an executive officer of the battery, and so we get aboard the Higgins boat, and you sort of make a circle and go by the man in charge who sends the waves in. He asked about going in and everything else, and he said, "
You go in H plus two," that is, about 11:00 o'clock, we go in. They wanted to get us there for lunch, so that's how we did it. And the other good thing we had, we were dry land. We didn't hit any water. We didn't have to go marching in through the water or anything else.
Question: How do you describe Iwo Jima?
George Cattalona: Iwo Jima was an unusual island because, one of the things very few people realize or know about is that it was also a sulfur island. Of course, the volcano ash was up and down the beach, and that's where we landed. The trouble with that was that it wasn't like our sand at our beaches here in the States. You put your foot down, and you might sink an inch or two. Then you tried to pick that up and take another step. It's sort of tough, because you had no footing like you would on our beaches, or rocks or whatever you want to call it.
And that had two tiers: you went up one tier, then you'd go up another one, and it's all volcanic ash. You always felt like you were taking two steps and dropping back one because of the way you had to climb it. And the other thing was, the general on that island that was defending it, he was smart. He let the first two or three waves get completely on shore, up on the hard part. By the way, there was no vegetation whatsoever on that island. It was all rock, but part of it was a sandy rock, because that's how easy it was for them to dig the tunnels.
They had tunnels galore, and we didn't know that. The intelligence report never mentioned it. They never killed anybody with the aerial bombardment, 74 days, and three days before that, the Navy bombarded it, so it's a total of 77 days and they probably didn't kill a one.
Question: So what did you do once you landed? What happened then?
George Cattalona: Well, we got together and we went towards where the coordinates were on the map that we had, as to where the guns were supposed to be. By doing that, we found the spot we were supposed to be, and whenever the guns came in, which was about four o'clock in the afternoon, we just had to stay around and stay out of the way. We couldn't hide any place, but you just did what you had to do. And, just like everybody, we were doing our job, what we were supposed to do.
Question: Okay. So the weapons arrive around 4:00 p.m. that afternoon. What happens after that?
George Cattalona: Well, all the guns have to be in their position, and they also have to have sort of sighted in–in other words, we have a common post in the back of them, or something like that, and they key them all in with the telescope on the guns. And then what happens is that, when they're loaded, they're loaded with 105 ammunition, and they start firing.
Our guns were firing to the north; the Mount Suribachi was at our back, and that was the main point they had to capture, and they did it in the first four days. They had all kinds of tunnels in there. They even had quarters for the officers to sleep in and everything else–hospital, whatever.
Question: Did you know when they had captured Mount Suribachi?
George Cattalona: Yep. It happened, I think, right around noon time, that I happened to look back towards the mountain, and there was the flag, up on top. I don't remember whether it was the first one or the second one.
Question: How did that make you feel?
George Cattalona: Great. We had nobody at our back after that, which helped a lot.
Question: What happened after that point?
George Cattalona: Well, the first four days, we were in there, doing whatever necessary to keep the guns firing, the ammunition in place, and everything else, and relieving one another and all. On the fourth day, in the afternoon, I got word I was the first forward observer team, and we got the word that we were going up front on the fifth day–or the next day, however you want to look at it. And it was eight of us, and also at the same time, a company forward observer team from M Battery was going to go up, so we joined forces and went up.
As we were going up, I think we must have gotten maybe 200 yards, maybe 250 yards from the Battery, and we were all together, but they were watching us, and the 37–no, probably mortar shell, 81 millimeters, I think it was, or in that category–landed in the midst of us. One dead, ten wounded, five walked away. And I was one.
My left canteen had a slit in it about that long. I had my poncho over my gun belt, and shrapnel went through that, through my legs, and I didn't have a scratch. And, unfortunately, the man that was killed was from our Battery, part of [ph] the team. I, the radio man, and the lieutenant, were the only three left. So we got together and we went where we were supposed to go, just the three of us. And we stayed up there for three days, and somebody relieved us. Then you go back.
On the sixth day, we move up a little bit further, and I was in a foxhole near an old pillbox. I was facing this way, and in the back–I don't know whether it was a hand grenade or a small mortar shell or whatever it might have been–I got a little piece in my left arm, a piece went through my helmet into the liner and flipped my helmet around, and that's the only scratch I got. My guardian angel was working overtime.
Question: How long were you at Iwo Jima?
George Cattalona: How many days? 28 days. The full time. Now, the extra eight days was the mopping-up. We had no business in that. We left on the 29th day, and we went aboard ship and went back to Hilo, Hawai'i.
Question: Was that the worst combat you saw during the war?
George Cattalona: It was the only combat I saw. In fact, the 5th Division was only in one, and that was it.
Question: And how do you describe that to somebody who wasn't there?
George Cattalona: It's hard to describe, because of the way they fought and defended their island, and the way we had to fight, was two different things–way two different things. They had the advantage, because they could see where we were, and we couldn't see them.
And they way they got around the pillboxes is, they'd get the flamethrower and they'd always have a dynamite charge ready; they'd squirt the flamethrower and push them away from the entrance–or what they could see out–and put a dynamite charge there and blow it. Going back to what happened the first time, when the mortar shell hit in the middle of us, the worst part about that was we went into a command post of infantry, and they just had the same thing happen to them.
Out of the corner of my eye, my right eye, there was something over there. And I turned completely that way, and it was a man, a Marine, that was, from the waist up, his body, the only thing you could see from his waist down. His two feet and the rest of him was blown ____. So seeing that, and going through that, it makes you think how lucky you can be, and that's what I was. Like I said, I had the guardian angels working double-time.
Question: How important do you think Iwo Jima was, overall, to World War II?
George Cattalona: I think it was very important. I just… The number of planes that were saved was right around 2,300 planes, and out of that, you saved almost 25,000 airmen. If you can get a hold of some airmen that were running bombs from Guam to Tokyo and ask them how vital it was, you'll find that every one of them was glad to see that island.
During the battle, it was about 35 planes that landed and were saved during the battle. Of course, when everyone landed, they always got a lot of mortar shells, cannons, and everything else.
Oh, I forgot one thing…no, I haven't, I haven't gotten that far. The second time I went up, I went up, we were going up, we increased our personnel. I think we took a couple extras with us, wiremen. We were up on a mound, and I was up there, and the telephone rang. And this happened right after they shelled, the first time, the mound. And somebody said he could hear the small cannon they had, where they were loading it and firing away.
So it was the captain calling, and he said, "Where are you at?" I said, "Captain, I don't know where I'm at, but I'm here." Of course, that was the wrong thing to say. If I was down there where he was at, he probably would have shot me, but I was a good distance away. He didn't have to worry about that–I didn't have to worry about it. And so that was three times I felt like they struck out. So, all in all, we kept going back and forth.
The last time I was up there, I was close to the northern end of it–I would say maybe 100 yards off the northern peak–and I was sitting on a foxhole. And up there, you couldn't dig foxholes, because the rock was too hard and everything else; they used to pick up rocks and make a square. And I was sitting on one of them, and they were firing the artillery, a barrage–that means that every either 50 yards or every 100 yards they would go a little bit further, a little bit further. And a piece of that fragment from our shells hit my left hand on the back. It didn't break the skin or anything, but just hit it. I wish I had picked it up, but I didn't. I didn't care about it.
Question: Looking back today, how do you assess your involvement in Iwo Jima?
George Cattalona: Oh, very proud. Good experience. And you begin to think, the guardian angels"whoever looked after me–and you met a lot of nice people. In fact, we have our 5th Marine Division reunion in Raleigh August 21st through the 26th of '07.
Question: What do you tell small children today?
George Cattalona: What do I tell them?
Question: About why World War II was important, why Iwo Jima was important.
George Cattalona: Well, Iwo Jima was important because it was actually all on Japanese soil, which they claim, and so was Okinawa. In fact, we were supposed to go to Okinawa, but we were shot up so bad, I think with like 40% casualties and everything, or maybe it was higher than that, I don't really remember. And while we were coming back from there, April 1 is when they landed, and we would have been there if we didn't have so many casualties within our outfit or the whole division.
Of course, we were designated to go.
And the other thing about that island. The Japanese have a certain pride about themselves, and it goes back not years, but centuries. You can read your history books and find out all about the samurai, which was very prominent in those days, and they were brutal. They were masters of torture. And the importance of it? It gave us a leg that they didn't like. That's the first time anybody has ever been on their soil, a foreigner, in the way we did it.
And if you think about, with Germany and Japan together, if Germany would have gotten the A-bomb before we did, they wouldn't have cared two cents. They would have bombed the devil out of us, but we were lucky, fortunate, that we got the right combination together and all. In fact, if Japan would have waited three weeks to surrender, we would have been on the high seas, going to them. It was that close, and they knew it.
Question: Where were you when the war ended, and what did you think?
George Cattalona: We were in Hawaii, almost finishing up our training to hit Japan. And in the island of Kyushu, where I think we would have went, they had tunnels they could put a submarine in, and that's no small tunnel–all kinds of tunnels throughout that place. We would have one heck of a time. In fact, they always estimated that there would have been a million casualties on each side, and that's probably 15 or 20 times the number of the people that were killed from the two A-bombs.
And they had to do it, because of the way the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor. Also, what they did in the Philippines with the Death March–and they have never been called to court to answer for those things, never. Why? Who knows. It might have been in their treaty that they signed. I don't know.
Question: What did you think when you heard that the war was over?
George Cattalona: Yelling like the devil. In fact, the sentry that was on duty, even though where we were at, we had guards that would guard our compound and everything, and he yelled at the top of his lungs. I can still hear him.
Question: Anything else that you'd like to add that I haven't asked you about?
George Cattalona: One of the things is that schools today do not talk or teach about World War II, and if they think our country is not right for them, then they should move out and go to the country they would think is better than we are. Freedom is a high price. Not only are men lost, but the money you have to pay out. The children today sometimes don't even know even the word "Iwo Jima".
The other thing is, we were in occupation, and at the time, I was at Nagasaki, and I learned something. They had a circus in town, and I didn't know it. I happened to be walking by, so I went in. They had a dog act, so they would be yelling different names of countries and the dog would go pick up the flag, and he did it religiously. And all of a sudden I hear the word "Nippon, Nippon" and he picked up the Japanese flag. That is the word for Japan in Japanese, is Nippon, and that's how I learned what the name was.


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3 Reasons to Visit a Hand Specialist
What is a hand specialist, and do you need to see one? Many people have asked themselves the same questions – often unaware how specialized hand treatment and surgery can be. If you are experiencing pain, discomfort or general symptoms for common hand ailments like carpal tunnel syndrome, a visit to a Florida hand specialist could be in order.
Here are the three main reasons why:
1) Your primary doctor says so
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After reviewing your symptoms, your primary doctor may recognize that a hand specialist is required. Make sure to follow-up on this recommendation, as a hand specialist has special training and certifications to help them pursue effective and lasting treatment options.
2) You are experiencing persistent pain
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3) Your hand pain or discomfort is interrupting your day-to-day life and work
Everyone has a different threshold for pain, but even the toughest amongst us can experience a situation where pain starts to impact his or her productivity. If decreased range of motion, the inability to hold on to items or general weakness is impacting your work or leisure time, why not find out why – and what you can do about it.
A hand specialist will review your symptoms, ask you questions about your activities and help you get to the bottom of your hand pain.


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"Smokin' and Drinkin'," which features Little Big Town, is the singer's latest single from her album "Platinum." Natalie Hemby wrote the song along with Luke Laird and Shane McAnally. Lambert goes for a slower tempo in a song featuring doctored vocals at the outset. The single version of the song was cut down to 3:50 from its original 5:30.
Lambert already has released "Automatic," "Somethin' Bad" and "Little Red Wagon" as singles from the number one selling album. All three singles went top five on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart with "Somethin' Bad," the song with Carrie Underwood, going to the top.