text:
By: Shreepal Singh
Abolition of 'Untouchability' in India
15 Feb 2015 1 Comment
in Contemporary India Tags: ABOLITION OF 'UNTOUCHABILITY' IN INDIA, Caste-ism in India, Jai Shankar Agarwala, Untouchability in India
By: Jai Shankar Agarwala (Advocate, Supreme Court)
Related material:
Social Justice – Right to be equal in society
Social Justice: Historical Origin
Social Justice: National Dilemma
Social Justice: Lessons for Modern India
"Untouchability" in India was officially abolished by Article 17 of the Constitution of India which came into force on 26th January 1950. At 65, Indian Republic is still groping with this problem while 80% of her people continue to practise untouchability in some form or other. According to official data a 16.6% of the 1.25b population comprise the untouchable castes called Dalits who live in ghettos and are subjected to humiliations and atrocities of the worst kind despite protective laws. This article attempts to answer why the Indian Republic is a dismal failure in this front? It also argues that 'untouchability' which is a symptom of the malaise of Casteism cannot be eradicated without the abolition of the Caste-system itself afflicting Indian Society.
Key words: Hinduism, Caste-system, Dalits, untouchability, Apartheid, law, Constitution of India, Abolition, affirmative action plan.
It is absolutely imperative to abolish the caste system as expeditiously as possible for smooth functioning of rule of law and democracy in our country. 1
—Justices Dalveer Bhandari and A. K. Patnaik2
The makers of the Constitution of India had wanted India to be a modern welfare State with noble ideals of justice, liberty, equality and fraternity with egalitarian values as epitomized in the Preamble to the Constitution of India. India now, is in the Sixty-fifth year of the Republic3.
Yet, according to the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB), a crime is committed against a Dalit 4 by a non-Dalit every sixteen minutes; every day, more than four untouchable women are raped by touchable; every week, thirteen Dalits are murdered and six Dalits are kidnapped.5 In 2012 alone, the year of the Delhi gang-rape and murder, 1,576 Dalit women were raped and 651 Dalits were murdered. In 2013, the number of Dalit women raped rose to 2073 showing a steep rise of 31.5% and 676 Dalits were murdered showing a rise of 3.8%.6 These figures speak only of those crimes that are reported. Many times more must have gone unreported in social conditions of the prevailing realities in India.
A legal ban against caste discrimination and untouchability was first introduced in British India under the Caste Disabilities Removal Act XXI of 1850; 17 years after the abolition of slavery by the British in 1933.7 Later, the Government of India Act 1935 extended special protections to the Scheduled Castes (SCs).8 Between 1943 and 1950, 17 laws were enacted by different Indian States to end caste-based disabilities. However, no national legislation was passed until the Untouchability (Offences) Act,1955 which was amended in 1976 to make its provisions more stringent and renamed the Act as the Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955(PCR Act). To deal with the atrocities committed against SCs, another law—the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989(POA Act)—came into effect in January 1990.9 Despite this legislation and the establishment of special commissions to monitor its working, caste discrimination and caste based crimes continue to thrive throughout India and show no signs of decline! In fact, they show a steady rising trend!10
The provision for abolition of untouchability finds place in Article 17 of Part III of the Constitution relating to the chapter on fundamental rights of citizens of India which reads as hereunder:
17. Abolition of untouchability.— "Untouchability" is abolished and its practice in any form is forbidden. The enforcement of any disability arising out of "Untouchability" shall be an offence punishable in accordance with law.11`
The above Article of the Constitution of India appears to be an attempt to cure the symptom of a disease rather than the disease itself! Perhaps, the makers of the constitution of India viewed "untouchability" in India as something akin to slavery in the 19th century America where it was abolished in 1865 by the 13th amendment of the Constitution whereupon all the slaves were set free by the legal act of Abolition. United Kingdom's Slavery Abolition Act 1833 had already abolished slavery throughout the British Empire. But the practice of untouchability in India was and is quite distinct and different from the 'slavery' of the then United States or of the UK before their respective Acts of abolition. It should be understood that the "slavery" in the United States existed because it had the sanction of law in many of their States until 1865. So by law it could be undone and abolished. Likewise, in the UK also "slavery" existed because of the laws that enforced it before the abolition in 1833.So was the case with Apartheid in South Africa– it was backed by laws that enforced it in that country until by law it was abolished in 1995 after a protracted struggle by the people. 12
By contrast, the untouchability in India was not sanctioned by law at the time the Constitution of India came into effect nor is it backed by law as a command of the Sovereign today although it might have social roots in the religious practices, as codified in the Manu-smriti,13 of the people of this land in the distant past. It could not therefore be simply wished away by the said pious declaration of the Constitution in Article 17.
The untouchability in India is the offshoot of the caste-system, a kind of rigid endogamous social stratification or graded social segregation, taking many shades and forms, and is an inseparable part of the religious practices of the people known as Hindus, a word that originates from Persian hindu,14 with an in-built inequality in the system itself. There are now about five thousand castes in India each claim its distinct status in the social hierarchy and each practising grades of untouchabilty in relation to other castes considered inferior to it. The Dalits or the untouchable castes, also called outcastes by the caste-Hindus, are at the bottom of the ladder and naturally, they bear the brunt of the system most. But, they too are divided in myriad (about 1,500) castes and sub-castes and do practise untouchability of some sort against each other according to their own notions of superiority or inferiority within themselves. In other words, barring a few at the top of the ladder, most are both a victim and a tormentor of this social evil in some form or other. Even among the Brahmins, supposedly the highest caste, women are rendered untouchables for four days in a month during their menstrual cycle. Curiously enough, the oppressed from above tend to be more oppressive below.15
Untouchability is therefore, the symptom of the disease of caste-system afflicting mainly the Hindus in India. Casteism is the degenerate form of the original four-fold varna divisions of society made by the ancient Hinduism— something akin to the four-fold division of society made and enforced by multiple laws during the Apartheid regime in South Africa by the National Party from 1948 to 1995 in the last century. The Apartheid regime divided the society based on colour as: 'blacks', 'whites', 'coloured' and 'Indian'. 16 The word varna in Sanskrit also means colour. But the ancient Indian chaturvarna – Brahman, Kshatriya, Vaisya and Shudra—were probably based on qualities and occupations.17 The ancient Chaturvarna is the precursor of the present caste-system in our country. Unlike Apartheid, it is not enforced by laws. It is rooted in the religion, religious scriptures and practices of the Hindus. Rarely in the past was it enforced by the Sovereign? Yet, in effect, it is more pernicious than Apartheid in that it could not be abolished by law alone. The practice is dehumanising and repugnant to modern humanism. It is an insult to the dignity of the human person. Gandhi termed it as a 'curse of Hinduism' and on October 26, 1927, in his speech to Adi-Dravidas, Calicut, expressed the hope: "I have therefore no doubt whatsoever in my mind that the time is soon coming when these disabilities will disappear in their entirety. And I have no doubt also that if these disabilities do not disappear by some act of sacrifice and repentance on the part of the Hindus, Hinduism itself will disappear."18 Contrary to his hopes, Casteism has even penetrated other religious communities living in India now like an infectious disease. 19 It has almost become a pan-Indian phenomenon transcending all religious communities living in the subcontinent. India is a fractured nation—each caste resembling a nation by itself. Untouchability is the outward manifestation of the social evil of this all-pervasive casteism in the country.
Logically, 'untouchability' therefore, cannot be abolished without the abolition of the 'caste' itself that begets it. The social identity of caste is clearly in conflict with the concept of 'equality'—a Fundamental Right– that permeates the whole body of our Constitution. Article 15 of the Constitution prohibits discrimination by the State on the ground of caste among others. But it does not prohibit citizens from practising casteism.20 A caste Brahmin and a caste Mahar cannot be socially equals so long as their castes are not abolished. This is why, Dr B.R. Ambedkar had passionately argued for the annihilation of caste in our society21. Indisputably, we need to de-caste and humanize ourselves as a step towards achieving the goal of a 'just society'22 in accordance with the ideals of our Constitution.
In retrospect, it appears that the makers of the Constitution of India, instead of abolition of 'untouchability' which did not exist in law, ought to have abolished 'caste' that existed in law in the following manner:
"17. Abolition of caste. —'Caste' is abolished and the practice of casteism in any form is forbidden. The enforcement of any disability arising out of caste-system shall be an offence punishable in accordance with law."23
[Provided that nothing shall prevent the State from taking affirmative action for upliftment of the depressed classes identified on the basis of objective criteria which may include 'caste']
After the bloody experience of the Revolt of 1857, the Britishers could not muster the courage to do so.24 Independent India could! By incorporating this Article in the Constitution backed by a strong law for punishment of the perpetrators of casteism we could have made a radical move forward on the way to the social liberation of Indian people chained by the age-old shackles of 'caste'—an irrational identity that grants a privilege or a disgrace on individuals and communities they do not earn on merit but is bestowed upon them by the accident of their birth—a remnant of the archaic feudal past.
How to change it?
A. Ramaiah 25 of the Tata Institute of Social Sciences (TISS) in his well-researched essay26 on the subject has suggested three ways under the head Towards pragmatic solutions. These, according to him, are: a) legal means; b) educating the oppressive caste Hindus and c) separate settlement. Let us attempt to examine the each of these three solutions:
a) Legal means
In the first place, he argues that the powerful laws such as PCR Act and POA Act remain largely ineffective due to the fact that most of the officials in charge of implementing these laws by and large belong to the very castes—the caste Hindus that violate these laws. As such, taking the cue from the steps taken to deal with women related issues, he advises appointing of more number of officials from the SC and ST27 communities at various levels particularly in those special police stations and courts entrusted with the task of ensuring justice to the caste victims.
Secondly, he advises that most of the caste related crimes are committed at village or town levels where the Superintendent of Police (SP) 28of the District is likely to be more concerned with the maintaining of Law and Order relating to non-Dalits, he may not be as earnest for the Dalit related crimes and as such the task of maintaining the confidential report the District SP should be entrusted to a superior officer belonging to the SC or ST community.
Needless to point out that both the above measures under the head "legal means" are administrative in nature and their implementation is subject to the availability of sufficient personnel within the frame of the present recruitment policy in the services followed by the Government. Even if capable of implementation, these administrative reforms are likely to improve marginally the recording and investigation of more such cases without affecting the rate of conviction. Stringent laws have not been proved to be of any deterrent effect on the number of ever rising graph of caste related crimes in India so far29. The suggestions do not take into account the root-cause of the growing caste-conflict and fail to address the core issue i.e. the annihilation of caste without which a democratic polity as envisaged by our Constitution will continue to remain a pipe dream at least within the foreseeable future.
However, efficacy of law as an instrument of social engineering is no longer disputed. There are instances of age-old inhuman practices associated with Hinduism that could be completely eradicated through the instrumentality of Law in the past. The abolition of the practice of widow-burning (Suttee) in Bengal in 1829 through the instrumentality of law can be cited as a case on the point.30
In order to achieve a caste-less society some radical legal reforms will be needed; not merely some administrative reforms to oversee the effective implementation of the existing laws which are still inadequate.
As a first step towards that goal—the very 'caste-system' as a social institution must go. This can be legally achieved by amending the Constitution in the manner argued above. Even wanting to know about one's caste should be made penal offence.
Secondly, the concept of compensatory justice should be introduced in our criminal law to enable the trial courts to impose a very heavy penalty on the perpetrators of all crimes in addition to the punishments provided under the Indian Penal Code. The amounts so imposed should be made payable to the victims of the crimes. The latest among the special Acts viz. POA Act provides for such payments to the victims but needs to be re-examined as to its adequacy.
Thirdly, for the speedy trial of caste-based crimes, a Special Fast Track Court should be established in every district presided over by a judge belonging to SC/ST categories. It must also be ensured that the Public Prosecutors for these courts should also belong to these categories. 31
b) Educating the oppressive caste Hindus
In this part, the author emphasises the need for educating all oppressors—Brahmins and non-Brahmins alike—rather than focussing only on the oppressed if, in the words of the author, 'the ever increasing crimes against Dalits is to be stopped'. While observing that the 'Brahmins and the backward castes in rural areas are in urgent need of being enlightened' he omits to give any road-map how the said ideal of universal 'enlightenment' can possibly be achieved! In making this observation, the author seems to have ignored all empirical and historical evidence to the contrary and appears to have accepted the idealistic view that 'moral transformation' of the caste-Hindus as oppressors can be brought about by education of both the oppressed and the oppressors. This view fails to answer why in the two and half millennia of India's known history, the moral preachers from the Buddha to Gandhi have failed to bring about any significant change in the Indian society?32 Why did the Bhudan movement 33 spearheaded by the noted Gandhian Vinoba Bhave end up a miserable failure? Or, why the author considers unreliable the observation of Dr B.R. Ambedkar to the effect that 'when reason comes into conflict with vested interests, it fails'? There is no evidence in History of a privileged class voluntarily relinquishing their privileges on moral grounds alone in the absence of a protracted class-struggle by the unprivileged classes. The isolated individual examples of not using the surnames by some Brahmin scholars of elitist two institutions such as Jawaharlal Nehru University(JNU) and Tata Institute of Social Sciences(TISS) in India are merely conscientious exceptions that only go on to prove the rule asserted by Ambedkar and not disprove it.
c) Separate settlement
The author, in this part, supports the view advocated by Dr B. R. Ambedkar in the All India Depressed Classes Conference held on July 18, 1942 at Nagpur, for "separate and independent settlement for untouchables" in order to end caste discrimination and violence against the Dalits. He observes: "In short, it may be concluded that the enmity between Dalits and caste Hindus particularly in rural India is so stark that it becomes virtually impossible to hope that the caste Hindus could be educated to treat Dalits as fellow human beings and fellow citizens of India". This conclusion by the author contradicts his suggestion in the forgoing paragraph (b), the validity of which as a 'pragmatic solution' is rejected here by the author himself. Now, how far the advice of "separate settlement" as advocated by Dr. B. R. Ambedkar is a 'pragmatic solution' as argued by the author remains to be examined in the light of past experience.
In South Africa, during the Apartheid regimes in between 1948 and 1995, a policy of separate settlement of non-whites in accordance with their colour was followed with disastrous results. It did not help the integration of the society; far less help reduce the racial prejudice. Apartheid was outlawed in 1995 when this policy came to an end. In the north-east India where we can see ethnic enmity between different scheduled tribes settled in wholly different villages; sometimes the entire villages are put to fire making them all the more vulnerable to the large-scale violence by the dominant tribes. Besides, the proposition ignores the fact of existing caste segregations within the SCs inter se that does not permit of homogeneous integrity within themselves. In the backdrop of past experiences, Dr Ambedkar's idea of 'separate settlement' for Dalits too does not appear to be a pragmatic solution nor is it likely to register any advance towards the objective of annihilation of caste. 34
Road-map for affirmative Action:
Before we attempt to work out a road-map of affirmative action to liberate the oppressed humanity we call Scheduled Castes(SCs) of India, we need to understand clearly the nature of the social institution of 'caste' found in Indian society, particularly among the Hindus, Buddhists and Sikhs. According to the Census figure of 2011, 16.6% of Indian population comprise the SCs. There are 1,108 listed castes in the Scheduled Castes Order of 1950 in India. The common element in these castes is that they are considered untouchables by the rest of the people; are generally forced to live in separate ghettos or Bustees outside the village and are mostly engaged in menial jobs. These people presently occupy our concern.
Caste is a form of social stratification characterized by endogamy, hereditary transmission of a lifestyle which often includes an occupation, ritual status in a hierarchy and customary social interaction and exclusion based on cultural notions of purity and pollution. 35COD defines caste as 'each of the hereditary classes of Hindu society, distinguished by relative degrees of ritual purity or pollution and social status.'36 In a sense, caste can be viewed as a congealed form of class. The chief distinction between the two relates to mobility. 'Class is mobile caste and caste is immobile class'.37The chaturvarna or the four-fold original division of ancient Hindu society has given rise to the present thousands of castes within each varna over thousands of years by a process of multiplication somewhat similar to mitosis followed by the living organisms.38
However, the SCs are outside these chaturvarna and therefore, are considered outcastes or the fifth varna with the stigma of untouchability and suffer from social exclusion from the caste-Hindu-fold. As already stated, they comprise 16.6% of the Indian population whom we may term Special Target Group (STG) for the purpose of our present study.
Method of identification of the STG:
1. Identification by occupation:
To say the first thing first, since any road-map for affirmative action to this disadvantaged section of society must be directed towards the goal of total annihilation of caste within a time-frame, it goes without saying that 'caste' must be discarded as a criterion for identification of these groups. To find alternative more objective criteria for the purpose is not difficult. We know already that every member-caste of the SCs is identifiable with a particular occupation/occupations. It is not only possible but also rational that, instead of compiling a Schedule of Castes as was done by the British Colonial Government in 1935, we compile a Schedule of Occupations that includes all the traditional occupations in which these communities are engaged for livelihood. This will do away with the need for using the caste identity for their surnames that needs to be annihilated.
2. Absence of ownership of any property:
It is well known that these sections of the people have never been permitted to own lands, property or wealth by the dominant castes of the Hindu society. They have been generally forced to live in separate ghettos outside the village or in Bustees outside the urban towns. The absence of any ownership of property can be another identifiable criterion for the STG.
3. Non-accessibility to English education:
These people have been traditionally denied access to indigenous educational institutions by the teaching community which was the monopoly of the Brahmins. As such, they are mostly illiterate and vulnerable to economic and social exploitation. English medium education being an expensive private enterprise in India, they have absolutely no access to English medium education. This point assumes special significance in the Indian social context where the command of both spoken and written English language is widely considered the barometer for measurement of a person's education. Non-access to the English medium schooling can also serve a good indicator for this group.
Having completed the task of identification on objective criteria as aforesaid and before we embark on attempting to formulate a plan of affirmative action by the State aimed at removal of disabilities arising out of caste and other disadvantages it will be pertinent to note the observations of Dr Rammanohar Lohia39 as regards the characteristics of Indian Ruling class:
"Every country possesses a ruling class, but neither country nor age has ever known a ruling class so immobile and so firmly entrenched in position of power as that in India. Three characteristics distinguish India's ruling classes: (1) high-caste, (2) English education, (3) wealth. The combination of any two of these three factors makes a person belong to the ruling classes. One might have thought that wealth and education would be economic and cultural-social factors and, therefore, highly mobile phenomena. But that is not so. The presence of the third factor of high-caste freezes the whole situation into an impossible immobility, for over 90% of country's ruling classes belong to the high castes, and most of them possess both of the other characteristics of wealth and English education, while some possess only one or the other."40
This was in October 1959. The validity of his statement is too visible to require any empirical proof even today but possibly in the reverse order now in the backdrop of advances from feudalism to capitalism in the last half century. 'Wealth' appears to be more deterministic of the acquisition of the other two. The dynamics of social change identified as Sanskritization and Westernization by M.N. Srinivas are also set in motion by the fact of acquisition of wealth at some stage by some means or other.41 Inter-state migration of labour necessitated by capitalistic growth is also challenging the supremacy of caste among the privileges identified by Dr Lohia as characteristics of the ruling classes in India. For, a changed locale provides relatively more favourable conditions for acquisition of wealth by overcoming the disabilities arising from caste.
A positive and result-oriented plan of affirmative action for the STG must then include the following:
1. The most pernicious, the most immobile, the most irrational, and the most inhuman identity of caste has to be abolished by law by a constitutional amendment to remove the social disability arising out of caste; abolition will set in motion the process of annihilation.
2. The entirety of the children of this16.6% population of this group must be provided guaranteed access to English medium schools with boarding facilities at state expense; Darwin's theory of evolution and the fact of common belonging of all humanity irrespective of race to the species of homo sapiens must form part of the curricula in all schools.42
3. Every state government should be required to implement speedy land reforms. All surplus lands so vested in the state must get settled in favour of each such family in joint names of husband and wife;
4. Without disturbing the present percentage of reservation in all the State sectors generally, a provision for 100% reservation in jobs listed in a Schedule prepared specially for the purpose must be made applicable by law in both the public and private sectors.
5. A sub-plan to guarantee a decent housing, access to running water and electricity, sanitation, medical care, cultural activities and sports must be made in favour of this target group. Reservation should also be provided at the entry level in sports. The financial allocation as per the population ratio is patently unjust. This disadvantaged group must get a higher, at least double their population ratio, in accordance with the principles of redistributive justice.
The aforesaid five-point action plan, if implemented and enforced honestly, the Sphinx43 of untouchability seated firmly on Indian soil for centuries would soon come to realise that its time was over and would fly away.
It is never too late. Nowhere in the world have we seen the apartheid of the most pernicious kind we are compelled to suffer with agony in India in this century. It must make any civilized person hang his head in shame. 44
Abolition of 'caste' by law will be beginning of the process of annihilation of caste in society. In the meantime, we also need to drop the use of surnames that carry any indication of caste voluntarily. 45 The practice of using caste surnames must stand outlawed to expedite the process of annihilation of caste.46
1. Quoted from the judgment in Criminal Appeal No. 686 of 2002 delivered on 04/12/2009, reported in AIR 2010 SC 1738.
2. Justices Dalveer Bhandari and A. K. Patnaik of the Supreme Court of India are the authors of the above judgment.
3. The Preamble to the Constitution of India reads: "WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a SOVEREIGN SOCIALIST SECULAR DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC and to secure to all its citizens: JUSTICE, social, economic and political; LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship; EQUALITY of status and of opportunity; and to promote among them all FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the Nation; IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY this twenty-sixth day of November,1949, do HEREBY ADOPT, ENACT, AND GIVE TO OURSELVES THIS CONSTITUTION." But the Constitution of India came into force with effect from 26.01.1950 when India became a Republic.
4. 'Dalit' is the current word for the Scheduled Castes identified by the British under the Act of 1935. It has replaced the word 'Harijan' meaning the 'Sons of God' coined by Gandhi after it got discredited over time.
5. Roy, Arundhati, from her "The Doctor and the Saint" 2014.
6. Figures quoted from the Compendium of National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB), 2013, published in June 2014.
7. Slavery was abolished in the British Empire in 1933 by an Act of British Parliament.
8. The Government of India Act, 1935, the precursor to the Constitution of India, first used the term 'Scheduled Castes' to identify the depressed classes among Hindus.
9. The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act 1989 came into effect from 30th January, 1990.
10. The official data as published by NCRB since 1991 show an overall continuity of rising trend of caste related crimes against the Dalits.
11. The Constitution of India, Article 17; Untouchabilty was never lawful nor was it enforceable by law. As such, the pious declaration under this Article was superfluous and was of little effect in practice. Untouchability is still practiced by the 80% of the population with impunity in India despite the constitutional prohibition.
12. Apartheid in South Africa was finally buried in the dust-bin of history with the coming into power of Nelson Mandela through the general elections in1995.
13. Manu-smriti, an ancient text written in Sanskrit by the sage Manu, also known as the Code of Manu is the most hated ancient Hindu scripture by the Dalits and women in India. It is dated sometime around 5th century BCE. But, it does not speak of castes as we find in India today. It speaks of varna or classes based on occupation and qualities but is indisputably very unkind to the Shudras , that is, working class and women generally.
14. The word hindu is of Persian origin. They called the people living east of the river Indus as Hindu unable pronounce 'S' of the Sanskrit name of the holy river Sindhu. The origin is well documented in the OED vol. VII p.244, 2nd ed. No Indian religious text has been found to use the word for the religion practised by the people of India. It has been termed 'Dharma' in Sanskrit and Dhamma in Pali the language of Buddhist records.
15. Documented in: Ramaiah A. Journal of Law and Conflict resolution vol. 3(9), pp 151-168, Nov. 2011, titled: Growing crimes against dalits in India despite special laws: relevance of Ambedkar's demand for 'separate settlement'.
16. Apartheid in South Africa was akin to the four-fold varna system of ancient India but was based on colour and ethnicity and was enforced by law.
17. Although the Sanskrit word Varna means colour, none of the ancient tests of the Hindus speak of four-fold division of society as based on skin colour or by birth. They have explicitly spelt out that the divisions were based on qualities suitable for four different occupations. Perhaps, it turned hereditary in later period and came to be ascribed by birth. See, The Geeta; Sloka 13: Chaturvarnyam maya sristam gun-karma-vibhaga-sha: it speaks of varna based on qualities and occupations only.
18. Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi, vol.35, pp 189, reprint 1994;
19. The Indian State of Kerala has separate church for 'Dalit Christians'.
20. Article 12 of the Constitution of India makes the chapter applicable to 'State' only.
21. Ambedkar, B.R. Annihilation of Caste 1936.
22. The phrase 'Just Society; was first used by John Stuart Mill and later popularised by the Canadian Prime Minister, Pierre Trudeau in 1968 as his vision.
23. It is a model draft proposed for abolition of caste constitutionally.
24. See the proclamation of Queen Victoria of 1958;
25. Author of the book titled: Laws for Dalit Rights and Dignity, 2007.
26. Documented by Ramiah, A., ibid;
27. Scheduled Tribes (ST) is a separate category under the Constitution;
28. DSP is the abbreviation for Deputy Superintendent of Police who are many in a District and are subordinate officers under the Superintendent of Police (SP) of the District.
29. The NCRB data show a rising trend of crimes;
30. The practice of Suttee was abolished by legislation and eradicated completely in Bengal during the Governor-General-ship of Lord William Bentinck;
31. The role of Public Prosecutor is vital in a criminal trial in India.
32. From the Buddha (500BC) to Gandhi (1948) there have been a long chain of moral preachers without any significant effect on the institution;
33. Vinoba Bhave was a Gandhian who led a movement in 1950s for 'change of heart' of the landlords to persuade them to voluntarily transfer their land-holdings to the land-less without significant success.
34. It is doubtful if Dr Ambedkar would have considered it a safe and pragmatic solution today in the light of the experiences of last half a century.
35. Beteille, Andre, Caste, Class and Power, 1965;
36. Concise Oxford Dictionary.
37. Lohia, Dr Rammanohar, Collected Works of Dr Rammanohar Lohia edited by Mastram Kapoor, vol-2, p-141, Class and caste, 1st ed. 2011;
38. This refers to mitosis a biological mechanism of reproduction by cell division;
39. India's well-known socialist leader and political thinker;
40. Quoted from " A note on India's Ruling class" —Ram Manohar Lohia, 1959, Collected Works of Dr Rammanohar Lohia, Edited by Mastram Kapoor, vol.2, p.302, 1st ed.2011; ibid.
41. Compulsory education of Darwin's Theory of Evolution is likely to demolish the mythical origin of the varna theory of Hinduism: the earliest application to the formal division into four social classes (without using the term varna) appears in the late Rigvedic Purusha Sukta (RV 10.90.11–12), which has the Brahman, Rajanya (instead of Kshatriya), Vaishya and Shudra classes emerging from the mouth, arms, thighs and feet of the primordial giant Purusha respectively.
42. Srinivas M.N.; Social Change in Modern India, 1972.
43. In Greek mythology, a sphinx is represented as a monster with a head of a woman, the body of a lioness, the wings of an eagle, and a serpent–headed tail; Oedipus made her fly away by solving her riddle.
44. Untouchability is more pernicious than Apartheid in that the former has religious sanctity embedded in the caste system practised by the Hindus and is therefore, more difficult to eradicate than Apartheid which was only a fiction created by law.
45. E.V. Ramaswami, popularly known as Periyar, was a south Indian social activist and leader who started movement for dropping the use of caste distinctive surnames and dropped his own surname' Naicker' in 1929 with a view to eradication of caste system in India.
46. The phrase 'annihilation of caste' is first used by Dr B. R. Ambedkar as the title of his book Annihilation of Caste , 1936.


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Nice comments from Aapo Kukko in Finland [ unfortunately link won't work].
The Commando editor recently sent me a Finnish collection of Ramsey's Raiders-
excellent production with good printing quality. I've just finished a Raiders story
and will be shortly starting the very last episode of the series [ No, I don't know
what happens yet]

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Current Series
Stand Alone Sermons
Because Jesus Lives
Good Friday
Lament: Lent 2015
Trio - The Meaning of the Cross
He Cares, We Care
Trio - The Holy Spirit
Trio - Advent 2014
The Reason We Sing
Dear Friends,
Join us this Advent season as we take one phrase from a famous Christmas carol and discover, biblically, how this phrase captures a biblical truth.
Week 1 -
"O Come, O Come, Emmanuel"
key phrase: "Rod of Jesse, free thine own from Satan's tyranny"
Scripture Text: I John 3:7-8
Sermon Title: Jesus Came to Go to War
Week 2 -
"O Come, All Ye Faithful"
key phrase: "Word of the Father, now in flesh appearing"
Scripture Text: John 1:1-14
Sermon Title: Jesus Came As the Word
Week 3 -
"What Child Is This?"
key phrase: "the silent Word is pleading . . . let loving hearts enthrone him
Scripture Text: II Cor. 5:18-20
Sermon Title: Jesus Came So We Could Be Reconciled
Week 4 -
"Joy to the World"
key phrase: "far as the curse is found"
Scripture Text: Romans 8:18-25
Sermon Title: Jesus Came to Remove the Curse


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Off the Street Club
Roles: Still Photographer, Concept
Agency: Havas Worldwide Chicago
I worked on a series of campaigns leading up to and for a gala fundraiser for the Off the Street Club in Chicago. This club services children in one of Chicago's most dangerous neighborhoods, West Garfield Park, and provides a sanctuary for kids to be safe and have fun.
I felt as though the rhetoric around kids living in violent communities is often one that's presented as sad, depressing, and hopeless. I wanted to do something different. I pitched a series of images that would instead emanate hope, joy, and strength. In addition, I interviewed each of the kids and asked them about their dreams, their role models, favorite books, etc. I heard stories of their uncle's signature ribs, their aunt they look up to who serves in the military, and one 5 year old girl's energetic explanation of a shoe/nail/firecracker store she hopes to open someday. I was blown away by the thoughtfulness, maturity, and creativity of their answers.
In addition, I shot some separate images to be used in a window wrap display at the fundraiser.
"Camp Havas"
I lit these Moonrise Kingdom/Wes Anderson inspired portraits for part of the campaign entitled, "Camp Havas." Interns camped in the lobby of the building and live streamed silly activities in order to push the online fundraising campaign. These images appeared in AdWeek.
"Art Is: Everywhere"
Leading up to the event, I shot/lit fun photos of Havas employees posing with customizable signs to promote the event on social media. I shot over 100 employees and turned the images around within 2 hours.
I also lit and shot the step and repeat photos at the actual event.


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How Often Visits to the Dentist Is Important To Your Overall Health
Thousands of people these days suffer from dental conditions like periodontal or gum disease, and they don't even know that they have it. The reason they have this conditions and know nothing about them is because they don't think going to the dentist is that important and even when they have appointments they never make it. The dentist recommendation is that you should have your teeth checked at list two times in one year and it depends if you don't have any issues. After your dentist appointment make sure you ask when your next date will be and make sure you attend. Most times we go to the dentist because we are in pain but the truth is we should go if when we think we are doing okay. If you don't take care of your oral health it will start affecting the rest of the body. Let's discuss the advantages of taking care of your oral health.
The state of your oral health changes the way your digestive system works. The teeth and saliva are the ones that aid the first stem of digestion which happens in the mouth. When your teeth are in poor conditions it makes it impossible for your teeth to eat the food. So it is essential that you visit a dentist so your teeth can be in right conditions.
When you have bacterial breeding in your mouth it does not stay their it enter the rest of the body into the bloodstream. With regular visit to the dentist you will be able to stop bacterial from breeding in your mouth and later moving to other parts of your body and causing diseases. Issues like heart diseases, stroke, blocked arteries and endocarditis are some of the conditions that are associated wit poor oral health. This kind of situations are not only experienced by people who have severe oral problems it's even for those with minor ones.
When you have issues with your oral health it is better if it is dealt with in the early stages because if not it becomes more difficult and painful to treat. For example if you are suffering from gum disease and it is noticed and treated in the early stages it will be effortless unlike if it has stayed for long it will be difficult and painful. It is better to go and see a dentist even when you think you are okay so they can examine you and treat any problems that may develop. This is the reason you should make the visits to the dentist regular without postponing. The rest of your body will be more healthy when you become committed to going for your regular dental checkups since your mouth will be okay.


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'Spotlight' on ELS Units! With over 100 Units of Study to choose from in the Early Learning Success curriculum, I thought it would be helpful to put a 'Spotlight' on Units of Study that are perfect for the season or month. Each 'spotlight' unit will also have a special price of $6.00 for the month! The 'spotlight' Unit for November is Animals in Winter.
Try an activity from this Unit by clicking on Preparing for Winter
Travel to a warmer climate for a couple of months …..
Find many things to do that keep us inside …..
Bundle up in layers of warm clothes, coats and hats, and drink warm beverages……
These are three ways that humans deal with colder weather – leave, stay inside, bundle up!
Animals do pretty much the same thing as people when the weather turns colder – they leave for warmer areas: migrate; they stay inside: hibernate; or they change their habits – grow thicker coats and eat different foods: adapt. Animal behaviors have evolved over many, many years in order for each species to survive. Learning how animals have changed and adapted to changes in their habitat provides information for scientists, ecologists and environmentalists that will help the human race be able to change and survive changes.
Children that are inquisitive about how things work in their world are using higher level thinking and critical analysis skills to solve problems. Through hands-on activities, children:
• See how polar bears (and other arctic animals) adapt by hiding the in 'snow'
• Feel cozy when 'hibernating' in a cave
• Practice math skills in 'geese migrating' activity
Knowing how the animals in our world are doing helps us understand how WE are doing. If an animal species is failing because of environmental changes, we should be aware of what that will do to the human race. Every living creature is important and connected to each other!


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Crafted with Conscience
Radical Peace in Aigüestortes
We spent a day with photographer Roman Yñán hiking in Aigüestortes National Park, across a wild landscape of frozen lakes and snowy peaks in the Catalan Pyrenees at 1.900 mts above sea level.
As cars are not allowed in the park, 4WD taxis drove us up near the frozen Sant Maurici lake. The white of the snow unified the whole landscape, while the Encantats peak in the background, seemed mingle with the sky. A beautiful journey to a radical peaceful atmosphere, just 3 hours away from Barcelona.
Our Traceability Map of AW19 collection
All our garments are produced by responsible manufacturing partners to whom we work with side-by-side on a daily basis.
We do not outsource, we know who makes our clothes.
Within this map, we want to share the location of our partners of each step of the garment process for our Autumn-Winter 2019 collection.
Transparency is the future.


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Website Creation Process in detail
The Manifest
My main purpose when I create your website is to make you happy, and for that I understand that you want to:
1. Connect possible clients to your business through your website, and for this to happen your visitors need to:
- Find your website easily > So I make your website as visible as possible to search engines such as Google, using correct SEO (Search Engine Optimisation) on each page
- Download your website quickly > So I make your website fast to download by creating small files, optimising images, reducing the number of files and using less plugins
- See your website correctly in their devices > So I make your website to show correctly in all devices: Desktops, Laptops, Tablets and Mobiles
- Use your website easily > So I make your website easy to navigate, easy to interact and accessible, using consistency and correct human usability
2. Manage your website by yourself without my intervention, and for this to happen you need to be able to:
- Update your website easily > So I use a system called WordPress which is very easy to use, so you can maintain the website using its Admin area very easily
- Grow your website easily in the future > So I generate a very clean, well structured and standard code for the future web developer
The Website
WordPress: I use a system called WordPress to create your website which is used by more than 50% of websites worldwide, so there is a lot of help out there. I will make sure that you understand and learn all the relevant WordPress features or by helping myself or by giving you online sources.
Admin Area: Wordpress has a built in content management system called Admin area that you can easily use to manage all your website sections:
- Contents: You can manage the contents (text copy and images) for all your pages, blog posts and blog comments (if you decide to have a blog in your website) and media assets
- Functionalities: Depending on what you want to achieve with your website, we may need to use some third party WordPress plugins, if so I will try to find them free for you but in some cases we will need to buy them and you will be responsible for this extra cost. You will also need to learn how to use them, although I can help here by pointing you in the right direction
- Structure and Design: We can use a WordPress theme created by myself OR we can find a third party WordPress theme that has all what you want, if so I will try to find this theme free for you but in some cases we will need to buy it and you will be responsible for this extra cost
The Theme
1. My theme: This Theme uses Bootstrap framework and Progressive enhancement (Mobile first) and it is very robust, that is, it works in any scenario, and has been very well tested over time for Google SEO, speed Performance, device Responsiveness and human Usability, also uses a very clean code and has been created to make your updates very easy using the WordPress Admin area. I will make this theme bespoke to meet all your requirements
- Structure:
- Header on top (same for all pages):
- Logo (that acts as link to home page)
- Navigation (will collapse on mobile devices)
- Contents in the middle (different for each page)
- Banner: All pages can have the same banner o different banners or no banners at all
- Columns (will collapse to 1 column for mobile devices):
- Left column (wider) for main contents
- Right column (narrower) for secondary contents
- Footer at the bottom (same for all pages):
- Left links to less important pages
- Right links to socials and web designer
- Header on top (same for all pages):
- Design: The design is minimal because is based on focusing mainly in your contents, that is: banners, images, text and videos. I can change colours, font types, font sizes, backgrounds and images. I will customise this Theme to make it bespoke to meet all your requirements
2. Third party theme: If you want to use a third party Theme, is important that you know this:
- Changes: Depending on the Theme that you choose I can be quite tied up, so I don't know how much I will be able to change until I see the Theme
- Optimisation: I cannot assure the degree of Google SEO, speed Performance, device Responsiveness and human Usability, all depends of the Theme itself
The Process
- About me: I am good, efficient, responsive, reliable, very organized and fast. I listen to your needs and I am with you during the whole process helping you and focusing in making you and your clients happy
- About you, the client: I use Agile development in where I involve you, the client, in all the process of: Discover > Plan > Build > Review. There will be times in where you will ask me to do something that goes against my principles (see the first section: The Manifest)… if that happens I will let you know the possible negative costs for Google SEO, speed Performance, device Responsiveness and human Usability, so you can make your own decisions, but ultimately I will do as you say… : – )
- The project: I create a robust website that works on all scenarios: devices, platforms and browsers. I follow web standards so your website will be future proof. My job is not finished until you are completely satisfied with the final product. I will always be here in the future if you need me, for minor future changes it will be free of charge.
- Going live: Once we go live I will test your website in several online services to optimise your website for Google SEO, speed Performance, device Responsiveness and human Usability and I will connect your Website to all Google free services:
- Google Search Console: Submit and verify your website, Crawl sitemap and robots, Target country
- Google Analytics: Connect your website to Analytics, Industry category, Test real time feed
- Google my Business: Create an account to show in the Browser right knowledge panel
You can go back to the Website Creation » or to the Online Shop Creation »


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Animal Control By-law
To provide for the licensing and regulation of certain animals within the Township of Brock
ATV (Off-Road Vehicles) By-law
Permitting and regulating the operation of off-road vehicles upon highways under the jurisdiction of the Township of Brock
Billiards By-law (Consolidated Version)
Licensing and regulating Billiard, Pool and Bagatelle Tables within the Township of Brock.
Building By-law
To provide for the administration and enforcement of the Building Code Act
Burn By-law
To regulate the setting of fires in the open air in the Township of Brock
Campground By-law
To regulate the design, licensing and operation of campgrounds within the Township of Brock for camping vehicles and camping tents of all variations
Council Code of Conduct
To establish a code of conduct for the Members of Council
Development Charges By-law
Respecting Development Charges for the Township of Brock
Doggie Day Care By-law
- To establish provisions for the licensing and regulation of Doggie Day Cares
- By-law Number 2022-2006-PP (pdf)
Exotic Animals (Consolidated Version)
To prohibit and regulate the keeping of certain animals
Establishing a Fire Department
To establish a Fire Department regulating By-law for the Township of Brock.
Fees By-law
To impose fees for services and activities provided or done by or on behalf of the Township of Brock and for the use of municipal property
Fences Around Pools & Hot Tubs (Consolidated Version)
To regulate and require owners of privately owned outdoor swimming pools or hot tubs to erect and maintain fences and gates around such pools
Fence By-law
To regulate fence construction
Fill By-law
To regulate the removal of topsoil, the placing or dumping of fill and the alteration of the grade of land in area of the Township of Brock
Firearms By-law
To regulate the use of firearms
Fireworks By-law
To regulate the sale and discharge of fireworks
Interim Control By-law
To prohibit the establishment of Cannabis Production and Processing Facilities for a period of twelve (12) months to allow for further research and consultation.
Kennel By-law
To provide for the licensing and regulation of breeding and boarding kennels
Limousine By-law
To provide for the licensing, regulating and governing of limousine drivers and owners
Noise By-law
To regulate noise
Parks By-law
To regulate and control the use of parks and park buildings under the jurisdiction of the Township of Brock
Planning Fees (Consolidated Version)
To prescribe a tariff of fees for the processing of applications made in respect of planning maters
Procedural By-law
To regulate the proceedings of Council
Procurement By-law
To define the procurement policies and procedures for the Township of Brock
Refreshment Vehicles By-law
Licensing, regulating and governing vehicles from which refreshment are sold for consumption by the public
Sale of Land By-law
To adopt a procedure governing the sale of real property
Sign By-law
To regulate election signs
Site Plan Control Area
To establish a site plan control arena
Snowmobile By-law
Regulating, governing and prohibited the operation of motorized snow vehicles
Taxicabs By-law (Consolidated Version)
To provide for the licensing, regulating and governing of taxicab drivers and owners
Traffic By-law
To regulate vehicular traffic on highways, fire routes, private and municipal property, and to prohibit the injuring or fouling of highways and bridges, and the obstruction of ditches and culverts
Wrecking Yards By-law
Licencing, regulating, and governing of motor vehicle wrecking yards in the Township of Brock
Zoning By-law
The comprehensive Zoning By-law applies to all lands within the Township of Brock.


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Boo! (this might be a good idea tho)
Re-using your deaths to complete a level
While working on the game, we added corpses to mark the places where the player died (you keep respawning in the same level until you complete it). Then we told ourselves that it would be nice to interract with theses bodies. Like jumping on floating bodies to get pass an acid lake. It means that you need to die a certain number of times and it will impact your score but you get rid of the obstacle.
I don't want to make it mandatory to complete a level, but I think it is nice to have alternative ways to achieving your goal. What do you think about this "feature" ?
Log in with itch.io to leave a comment.


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In protest of the Chief Election Commissioner's announcement that Constituent Assembly (CA) polls on June 20 was not possible, Maoist combatants in Chitwan and Nawalparasi came out of their cantonments yesterday. In Chitwan, Maoist combatants of third division main cantonment in Shaktikhor, came out of their camps to protest the postponing of CA polls. According to 'Abiral', Maoists' spokesperson of the camp, some 4,000 combatants participated in protest programs. However, 2,000 combatants stayed back to guard the camp, he said. Likewise, combatants of neighboring satellite camps of Dinesh-Ramji and Kalyan-Anish Memorial brigade also took out similar protest rallies. The joint rallies passed through the market places of Jutpani, Chainpur, Birendranagar and Pithuwa VDCs before converging in a corner meet. "We came without our party's prior consent," said commander Bibidh, adding, "We will be forced to leave the camps if the problems worsen." (more here)Pic by Binod Tripathi
In blatant breach of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement to which they are a party, Maoists have started opening offices under their United Revolutionary People's Council (URPC), a body parallel to local state institutions, in Lekhnath Municipality of Kaski. Despite their party's decision to scrap all units of their parallel government, Maoist cadres have reactivated opening such offices in different wards of the municipality. According to local cadres, their party (including Maoist Ministers) has directed them to launch a nationwide campaign for opening such council offices. They also said the party's central committee has directed them to open "parallel offices" at par with government offices at district, municipality and village levels. In the photo above, Biswo Prakash Baral, member of the city committee of the Maoist in Lekhnath Municipality of Kaski district, puts a signboard in their office on Ward number 4 of the municipality. Maoist area No-4 in-charge of the municipality "Darshan" said, "We will be opening ward, municipality and district level offices much the same as the government. We plan to open our offices adjoining government offices." Pic by Ishwori Neupane Continue reading CA Election Uncertainty: Maoist Reaction


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For a correct sharing of the contents on Facebook, you necessarily need to set the Open Graph tags.
Otherwise, a wrong content could be possibly shared.
To avoid this issue, set the defaut contents in the "Facebook OpenGraph Meta Defaults" section and they will be automatically shared in case of any issue about the Open Graphs associated to the page.


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Who needs Botox when there are incredible, natural options for tightening and toning the soft tissues of the face and neck area? This all-natural beauty care product is an ultra-aoft exfoliant for use several times a week or an excellent once a week treatment especially for normal to oily skin type. It is made with only three ingredients, so it is gentle enough for every other day use. Contains French green clay, purified water, and lavender essential oil. That's all!!
Available in a 4 or 9 ounce jar.
Followed with our Eye Serum, you will find this formula really makes a difference in softening fine lines on the face, neck and chest.


text: We Offer a Full Range of HVAC Products to Meet All Your Home Comfort Needs Whether it's heating or cooling, B & G HVAC in Marshalltown has every HVAC product you could need for your home. Each of our products are resilient, innovative and energy efficient, so you can experience a comfortable home throughout every season. No matter what your heating and cooling needs are, we can take care of it. Browse each category to discover more about individual products. We are happy to help with any of your HVAC needs. Just give us a call at 641-323-1210 or schedule an appointment online to meet with one of our experienced professionals. Lennox Furnaces Our highly energy efficient heating products will keep your home warm all winter. Our PreciseComfort and variable speed technology will allow you to experience an evenly heated home without the loud noises of traditional furnaces. Learn More Lennox Air Conditioners You want to stay cool in the hottest months of the year without paying massive utility bills. With Lennox air conditioners, available from B & G HVAC in Marshalltown, you'll be able to choose from energy efficient cooling products that will quietly cool your space and help you save money on utility expenses. Learn More Lennox Heat Pumps Heat pumps will help your home stay the ideal temperature in hot or cold weather. These HVAC products work hard to help heat your home in the winter and cool it in warmer weather. Like our other heating and cooling products, it'll work softly and efficiently to maintain the ideal temperature all year. Learn More Lennox Comfort Controls No matter if you're at home all day or leaving Marshalltown for the weekend, comfort controls will ensure your home is kept at the temperature you want it. At B & G HVAC, we offer a variety of thermostats and zoning systems to effectively warm and cool your home at all times. Learn More Lennox Indoor Air Quality Systems The healthiest HVAC products in Marshalltown can be found just around the corner at B & G HVAC. Our indoor air quality systems present solutions to improve the quality of the air in your home, balance humidity levels and reduce harmful organisms like bacteria and mold. Learn More Lennox Packaged Systems Excellent performance, reliability and energy efficient heating and cooling. What else could you want in a packaged system? From quality to technology, our equipment at B & G HVAC is the total package to meet your homes HVAC needs. Learn More Lennox Air Handlers At B & G HVAC in Marshalltown, our HVAC products - including air handlers - aren't just top-of-the-line in energy efficiency. They're also some of the quietest systems you can purchase. These air handlers feature variable speed technology to provide optimum comfort for your home. Learn More Lennox Boilers Another category in our energy efficient heating products, Lennox gas and oil-fired boilers circulate warm water or steam through your heating system to offer ideal comfort throughout the colder months. Learn More Lennox Garage Heaters Purchasing a garage heater can increase the value of your home in more ways than one. They'll help you improve your vehicles life, and with extra heat, you'll have extra space to do the hobbies you love throughout the year not just when the weathers nice. Our garage heaters effectively heat almost any size garage no matter the temperature outside. Learn More Lennox Mini-Split Systems Our mini-split systems circulate air quickly but without wasting energy. These efficient HVAC products are ideal for any Marshalltown area homes where only certain rooms need to be heated or cooled. Learn More Lennox Solar Solutions How nice would it be to harness natural energy from the sun to heat or cool your home? With our Lennox solar products, you'll get the same great comfort and spend just a fraction - if anything at all - on monthly utility bills over time. Learn More Lennox Energy Efficient HVAC Products We offer a collection of energy efficient HVAC products from whole-home comfort systems to individual units. Our team can show you the most important ratings to look for to discover efficiency ratings. Learn More Lennox Ultimate Comfort System If youre trying to find some of the best HVAC products available in Marshalltown, look no further than the Ultimate Comfort System. This excellent system combines innovative Lennox® technologies with our premier heating and cooling products to produce high energy efficiency and perfect comfort for your home. Learn More


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Enterprise small cell and shared spectrum, powerful weapons against the MNO model
"Shared spectrum will trigger new "challengers" to the MNOs…"
The rise of shared spectrum and protocols like LAA and MulteFire, will lead to a whole raft of new threats to existing cellular operators.
The rising popularity of enterprise small cells will mean that by 2022, enterprise units will account for almost half of all small cell deployments, up from 7% in 2014. The installed base will reach 14.8m in 2022, up from 185,000 in 2014 and owners who invest in enterprise small cells will operate a financial grip on the market in the 2020 time frame.
There will be a rise in the importance of unlicensed spectrum driving enterprise and vertical small cells to scale with LTE-LAA roll-outs starting in 2018 and the more disruptive MulteFire running about 9-12 months behind. By 2020 these two will account for 25% of all new deployments.
Enterprise small cells, particularly those operating in unlicensed spectrum, could be the undoing of Mobile Network Operators, relegating them to "utility" commoditization, and falling revenues, as both license free spectrum and shared spectrum ideas, are taken up aggressively by newcomers.
In "Small Cells and Shared Spectrum: Powerful Weapons Against the MNO Model" there are clues that MNOs who have been so far averse to sharing resources, will become urgently driven by densification initiatives.
By 2018 the desire to keep costs down will show in MNO's willingness to finally work with third parties. These third parties, as a result, will be able to build out their own networks. Small cells were conceived as a way to improve the mobile operator business model, but they may now become weapons for challengers to MNOs, particularly broadband players with established backhaul such as Cable operators.
Established MNOs have so far been slow to embrace network sharing. Now they may lose the initiative in favour of neutral hosts, cable operators and private network operators. These can harness a combination of enterprise small cells and unlicensed spectrum, to build their own localized networks which will target much of the highest value usage.
Arenas, transport hubs, enterprises and municipalities will be the natural targets for densification, but a new kind of MVNO is likely to emerge, with their own small cell assets in one particular geography.
Vendors large and small are developing 'network in a box' offerings which can be deployed quickly for temporary requirements, or can support a self-contained network, with full mobile core and RAN functionality, on a localized piece of equipment. This might be a small cell or a local server. Quortus and Core Network Dynamics, two specialists in this field, have both demonstrated virtual packet cores on cheap processing boxes.
Larger players like Nokia are developing platforms to support private and enterprise service providers, and the large vendors increasingly look poised to cut out the MNO where they can monetize the industrial users directly.
Regionally, there will be different patterns of deployment, though the Asia-Pacific region will be the powerhouse throughout the period accounting for 55% of unit deployments in 2022, maintaining a similar share throughout the period. The highest CAGR rates will be seen in Africa, at just over 100%, and CALA, at 86%, but starting from a very low base. This is the moment when the MNO risks being forced back to being simply a utility, as electricity generation or railway networks were before them.
For more information contact:
Chloe Spring (Marketing Manager): [email protected]
Office Phone: +44 (0)1179 257019
Annual subscription to RAN Research:
Subscribing to RAN Research includes 6 more forecasts a year, covering Small cells, the structure of 5G, Optimization and SON, Macro Layer RAN, Cloud RAN and Mobile Edge Computing.


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Mumbai: Mumbai cricketer Hiken Shah who was suspended today following allegations of 'corrupt aproach' has spoken out in his defence. The cricketer said that he approached his colleagues as a 'cricket entusiast' and not with any intention of fixing matches.
Speaking at a press conference he said, "I agree that I have approached other cricketers but there was no intention of doing anything wrong. Why am I being singled out? I thought being a 'cricket enthusiast' was good enough reason to approach anyone."
BCCI however is not buying that reply. In a statement to the media, BCCI has said that N Srinivasan is not the BCCI President anymore and now we actually have an Anti-Corruption Code in place.
However, sources within the BCCI on conditions of anonymity say that Mr. Hiken Shah tried undercutting some officials which is why action was taken against him. There are unwritten rules of fixing that Mr. Shah is probably not aware of.
Meanwhile, ex-cricketer and reality dance show participant Shreesanth had a few words of advice for Hiken Shah. He said, "I too have been accused of spot fixing but on the positive side it gave me a lot of publicity. I got a lot of movie offers, marriage offers and even participated in a dance reality show. In fact the best years of my life happened after the spot fixing allegation was leveled against me. So make the most of the publicity you are getting. Look at Azhar bhai, they are making a movie on him now."


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Arrose Engineering was founded by two brothers, David and Paul Taylor in 1995 with the aim to supply the market with turned parts, machined components and assemblies. The company was named in honour of their mother, Rose, who had recently passed away at an early age. The company started in a single unit in the Calder Valley, and shortly after its inception became the sole ownership of David Taylor.
The company has since proven successful in the turned parts market and has expanded continuously. Employing a highly skilled and competent workforce has ensured an almost non-existent reject rate. Arrose now produce their parts over 2 buildings and have a comprehensive but expanding range of machinery.


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From Clues to Cues: How Cues Evolve Out of the Shaping Process
Cues evolve out of the shaping process, or rather, the most meaningful and useful cues that you choose should evolve out of the process of shaping behavior. This core insight helps Alexandra Kurland be very thoughtful about her selection of cues. To understand why, remember that the conventional wisdom and practice are that a behavior is "put on cue" after your learner can perform it reliably, accurately, and so on. While that convention is highly useful, it hides a powerful reality. Cues—information that helps an animal learn what earns reinforcement—are often being communicated to your learner unintentionally in the process of shaping behavior.
Here's a simple example: When Alexandra clicks and reinforces her horse for putting his ears forward, where is she looking? Inevitably, at his ears. In contrast, when Alexandra wants her horse to back up, where is she looking? Inevitably, at his chest.
The horse will pick up on these differences naturally and try to use them as clues in the puzzle of working out what will earn reinforcement. Alexandra can use this knowledge to intentionally amplify the informational value of the clue. In fact, if she chooses eye direction to cue the behavior (rather than, say, a hand cue), she simplifies and amplifies the learning. On the other hand, if Alexandra is unaware of where her gaze falls, her horse must spend time and energy to sort out the information conflict. It's as if Alexandra had to learn that you greeting her with a big, broad smile at ClickerExpo does not mean that you are happy to see her. She could eventually learn that, but it wouldn't be easy.
In this presentation, we look in detail at how it works—cues evolving out of the shaping process—and how the method will help you improve your training efficiency and the quality of your learner's training.
How do you spot the clues that your learner is using so that you can turn them into deliberate cues? How do you use the learner's keen observation skills to your advantage to help you:
- develop good stimulus control over individual behaviors?
- transfer your cues to performance cues?
- become subtler and light in your cues?
- build complex sequences of behavior?
Watch this Session to learn how to turn your clues into cues and help your animal learn.


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Putting the G into gorgeous, this blue-eyed prince will have girls at his fingers tips the moment he enters the building. Maybe you'd prefer Harley's rugged look, donning the cowboy boots to take you for a wild ride.
- Mechanic
- L.A. Cop
- Fireman
- Officer
- Cowboy
- Arabian prince


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Your hotel might provide a superior service, competitive packages, desired convenience, or even a niche travel experience. While you might provide the type of stay guests are searching for, you certainly aren't the only one. So how do you differentiate your property? It's an age-old question, and one that many brands still get wrong. While your in-depth knowledge of your business may prompt you to focus on what you do best, making an emotional connection is what drives most purchasing decisions.
Most Customers See No Difference Between You and Your Competition
While you may feel passionately about the quality and service you have to provide, studies show that 86% of consumers see no real difference between most brands, therefore they don't see the need to pay for the difference. For example, a consumer might pay more for Nike, but why pay more for your hotel package? Especially if a competitor is offering something similar, or the exact same thing, for less? These types of questions are the ones that keep hoteliers up at night.
Making an Emotional Connection Will Help to Differentiate Your Property
Emotions help us connect with one another, and inspire us to act. When we come across a story that's exciting or cool, we want to share it with our friends immediately. When we come across a story that is motivational or touching, it stays with us. There is a story of a doorman at a luxury hotel many years ago who was assisting a family with their bags leaving the property via a cab to head to the airport. As the cab left the driveway, he noticed that the little girl had dropped her stuffed bear on the ground. Without hesitation, the doorman informed his colleagues that he was hailing the next cab to go after them, stuffed toy in hand. He met them at the airport and delivered the toy to the little girl. This emotional connection with the brand via the doorman is worth paying more, because you "get" your guest and you are willing to do whatever is necessary to create that emotional bond.
Focusing on Demographics Within Your Demographic
You are sure to invest handsomely in defining your key demographics. Once identified, it is time to leverage technology to drill in a bit deeper, so that you can market to the demographics within your demographic. For example, Millennials searching for a weekend getaway may be one of your key demographics—but which percentage are searching for a luxury vacay, budget vacay, last-minute trip, or a trip with at least one months' notice? These are just a small handful of additional data points, which you can leverage to create personalized, engaging, and emotional marketing campaign.
Personalized Marketing Creates Emotional Connections
If you are still struggling with the concept of emotional marketing, think of it more in terms of personalized marketing. The idea is to put yourself in your customer's shoes, and determine what solutions they need to be solved, how you can improve their stay in your hotel, how much faster and easier your travel app will make their travels. However, you must do this without stating the obvious, but instead by showing what it looks like in action. Turn your marketing into a story, so they can see themselves playing the lead. For example, a commercial that shows a business traveler hungry at the end of a long day of meetings. Instead of roaming around for a local restaurant, she can log in to her hotel travel app, review the menu, and have room service waiting in her by the time she gets back to her hotel. You could show her lounging in her plush robe, watching a movie, and eating her delicious meal—finally relaxing in your hotel.
Visually Engaging Creative
One of the fantastic things about marketing your hotel property is the many ways you can promote it. From in-app marketing, social media marketing, email marketing, video ads, and written content—you can reach and engage your audience-base in more ways now than ever. While a lot of thought must be put into the text or script, you must not underestimate the conversion value of your visuals. Whether booking a car, hotel, flight, tour, or travel package—conversion rates rise when consumers can see how fun, cool, convenient, or better their travels will be if they download your app, or book directly with you.
The best way to succeed with emotional marketing, is to test different campaigns. If possible, find a way to feed your guest data into a marketing funnel for the "demographic within the demographic", as mentioned above. Then create a variety of stories and online content for each of your marketing funnels. While the more expensive marketing segments may need to be a bit more generic, such as your commercials, still tell a visual emotionally-engaging story. Continue to track ROI and conversions of which plans convert. This will help give you insights into the emotional engagement your consumers connect with and help you maximize results.
Are you using emotional marketing as part of your hotel marketing strategy? If so, please share what's working and what isn't @AlanEYoung.


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Vision Statement: Tell the story of the Lower Cape Fear through interactive and educational exhibits, creating exciting and interesting summer courses for children as well as adult education lectures and trips that will give our patron a strong initiative to learn more and to instill an appreciation of maritime history and culture for all people. The museum also strives to reach out to the public, parochial, home, and other private schools to meet their needs by concentrating on their curriculum standards and incorporating the cultural and natural history of the area in a cohesive way.
The Education Department has something for all ages!
Click here for our full program calendar
Summer programs for 4-17 year olds can be found here
Do you have a home school student(s) or looking to schedule a field trip/outreach? Click here for more information.


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8 Tips to Protect Yourself
1. Be Aware of Drug Interactions
Cannabis may interact with several medications and can cause drowsiness. Therefore, be sure to discuss with your healthcare professional about any medications and herbal products that you are currently taking.
2. Choose Vaporizing Over Smoking
If youve determined that inhalation is right for you, always use a vaporizer to minimize exposure to harmful compounds and minimize risks of long-term use.
3. Know Where it Comes From
Always use Cannabis from a licensed producer to avoid contaminants such as molds, residues, pesticides, and carcinogenic solvents.
4. Discuss Your Progress
Once youve discovered the right product and dose for you, and your symptoms improve, be sure to speak with your healthcare professional about your next steps. Discuss your options in reducing or discontinuing previous medications by replacing them with Cannabis for the same symptom or condition. If your condition has worsened since starting taking Cannabis, you should stop and notify your authorizing healthcare professional.
5. Do Not Mix Cannabis and Alcohol
Do not consume Cannabis and alcohol at the same time. When combined, their effects may magnify each others, causing discomfort and inebriation.
6. Do Not Drive
If you are ever in doubt as to your impairment level, you should not drive or operate machinery.*
7. Store Your Products Responsibly
Be sure to store your Cannabis products where they cannot be accessed by children or pets. Also, make sure to label and securely store any food products containing Cannabis.
8. Know the Law in Regards to Travelling With Cannabis.
It is only legal to travel with medical Cannabis within Canada. For more information, click here.
*Note: These recommendations are generalized information provided to educate consumers with respect to impaired driving. However, consumers metabolize Cannabis at varying rates, and factors such as newness to Cannabis or mixing with alcohol will impact effects. These recommendations are guidelines only, and there is no certainty that following these recommendations will ensure that you pass roadside tests or are not impaired. At all times, if you are in doubt as to your impairment level, you should not drive or operate machinery.


text: Yasmine Dabbous, PhD, is a communication, culture and art academic and consultant. Involved at the intersection of three fields, she has produced a number of peer-reviewed publications, book chapters, and conference papers. She teaches investigative journalism at the Lebanese American University and the American University of Beirut. Dabbous is also the founder of, and lead designer for, Kinship Stories and Odd Concept. Dabbous has been a member and officer of the ARIJ Board since 2011, and has chaired it since December 2015.


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We are often asked, "How do we choose our Mystery Shoppers??"
We understand that it's a little disheartening to receive a rejection for the shop that you've applied for. Believe us when we say that we'd love to NEVER EVER turn anyone down. The reality though is that the shopper selection is primarily driven by the specs we receive from the client.
That said, as a philosophy redquanta believes in transparency. So here goes; our key selection criteria.
The profile of the shopper has to match the target group that the client specifies. Therefore, ensuring that your profile on our Shopper website (including the Extended Shopper Profile) is complete and up-to-date would greatly improve your chances of getting assigned.
Sometimes we require mothers with children below the age of 3 yrs; other times we may require working individuals with a valid passport and often, the target group could easily apply to a larger, broader shopper mass.
All shoppers who have ever done an audit with us get a rating depending on quality & accuracy of the report. So on a 10-point scale, a 9-10 is an excellent rating; while an 8 would be a good and a 7 would be average and so on and so forth.
Timely submission, accuracy, absence of grammatical errors and contradictions, concise crisp observations and relevant comments will ensure a top rating.
We have two blogs dedicated to 'comment writing'; feel free to read them when you can.
We work on very tight deadlines, hence the sooner the shop gets audited, the better it is for all concerned. Therefore, we always prefer someone who is willing to do the shop as soon as possible.
First come, First Serve
Keeping fair play in mind and all things being equal, the shopper that applies first gets assigned.
New Shoppers
For every assignment, a certain percentage of shoppers have to be 'first-timers'; accordingly, a new shopper will generally be given priority over someone who has already audited that client or shop before.


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|AXAS Shares Outstanding History Table
|Below is a table of the AXAS shares outstanding history going back to 3/12/2010:
Also see: AXAS Market Cap History
AXAS YTD Return
|AXAS Shares Outstanding History Table
|Below is a table of the AXAS shares outstanding history going back to 3/12/2010:
Also see: AXAS Market Cap History
AXAS YTD Return
|AXAS Shares Outstanding History Chart
Mouse over chart for data details
|AXAS Stock Price Chart
|About Abraxas Petroleum Corp.
| Abraxas Petroleum is an independent energy company primarily engaged in the acquisition, exploration, development and production of oil and gas. Co.'s oil and gas assets are located in the Permian/Delaware Basin, the Rocky Mountain, and South Texas. Co.'s properties in the Permian/Delaware Basin region are located in two sub-basins, the Delaware Basin and the Eastern Shelf. Co.'s properties in the Rocky Mountain region are primarily located in the Williston Basin of North Dakota and Montana. Co.'s properties in the South Texas region are located along the Edwards trend in DeWitt and Lavaca Counties, TX and the Eagle Ford shale and the Austin Chalk in Atascosa and McMullen Counties, TX. We show 40 historical shares outstanding datapoints in our coverage of AXAS's shares outstanding history.
Understanding the changing numbers of AXAS shares outstanding — and comprehending the concept of differing number of shares outstanding in general comparing companies like AXAS versus peers — is critical for investors. Many "beginner" or "novice" investors will look at one stock trading at a price of $10 per share and another trading at a price of $20 per share and think the latter company is worth twice as much. Of course, that is a completely meaningless comparison without also knowing how many shares outstanding there are for each of the two companies. Furthermore, via issuance of new shares over time, or the repurchase of existing shares, the number of shares outstanding can fluctuate over the course of history. With this page we aim to empower investors researching AXAS by allowing them to research AXAS shares outstanding history as well as any other stock in our coverage universe.
|AXAS Current Stock Quote
Get Free SEC filing alerts for AXAS:
AXAS SEC Filing Email Alerts Service
|Featured Slideshows
10 ETFs With Stocks That Insiders Are Buying
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|Video: Shares Outstanding Importance
|AXAS Share Performance
|Shares Outstanding Peers
|Abraxas Petroleum (AXAS) is categorized under the Energy sector; to help you further research historical shares outstanding numbers, below are some other companies in the same sector:
BAS Shares Outstanding History


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Unicorns and cannonballs, palaces and piers, trumpets towers and tenements, wide oceans full of tears...
Thursday, June 25, 2009
Irrationality in economics and housing
Of course, this rationality is not true, and the optimality begs the question of what or who a given free market outcomes favours. And whether we, as a society, want - 0r know - all of the ramifications of a particular outcome. This is one reason we legislate.
In economics as in all human endeavours, there is a frequently-hidden lack of rationality in human behaviour. With some experience with economics, it becomes apparent that 'free markets' lie at the intersection of rational determinism and irrational human psychology. Those at the libertarian end of the spectrum who favour removing the shackles of legislation are often ignorant of, or concealing, the full implications of such action.
Ross Gittens, the Sydney Morning Herald's Economics Editor, is fond of exposing the oddities of economic outcomes due to human behaviour. His latest commentary pertains to the effects of the government's First Home Owners Grants. On the face of it, the grants might sound laudible: with a housing market that is increasingly beyond the reach of new owners, taxpayers subsidise new entrants; and at the moment the economic stimulation would be a good thing.
However. The grants have been entrenched since 2000, well before the economy needed stimulating. Although they are now being treated as stimulation, the nett effect in this sense is that removing the grant would depress activity. Yet it has also been claimed that a cost to the government of $200m has blown out property prices by $3b.
Gittens argues the case that the raw appeal of free money has been responsible for a good number of the new housing entrants. His point is that this housing activity has been greatly exacerbated by the psychological effect of touting the grant as a 'limited offer' (which it currently is) of 'free money' - so grab it now. As a result, so many new players at entry level have been driven up the price of an entry-level home by more than the value of the grant. He suggests the best action is to wait for the grant to finish, and buy in when prices fall by more than the grant's value.
Of course, the other side of the coin is the creation of a property bubble that can induce a lot of defaults by people who have over-committed and whose situation then changes (usually through the reduced income of unemployment). This may well coincide with falling house prices once the grant comes off - and higher interest rates kicking in. This potentially risks affecting any economic recovery - making it much weaker and slower, or collapse altogether. Yes, interest rates are at their lowest since 1968. But the average Sydney house price in number of years of average earnings has shot up to nine times average annual income - more than the seven times average of the US and UK when their property bubbles burst (see here). It was three times the average annual earnings from the 1950s through the 1970s, which gives an idea why housing was more affordable for previous generations.
Gittens also gives as example a limited-time offer of $1m superannuation contributions being made tax-free, which induced people to borrow to take advantage of the tax windfall, only to see the investment crash by a far greater amount (than the tax benefit) when the sharemarket crashed. He reports advice - a general truism - not to get so carried away as to buy assets that weren't needed, nor take on more debt than could be handled. In these times of uncertainty, due caution helps.
2 comments:
• We have just added your latest post "Irrationality in economics and housing" to our Directory of Grant Programs . You can check the inclusion of the post here . We are delighted to invite you to submit all your future posts to the directory for getting a huge base of visitors to your website and gaining a valuable backlink to your site.
Warm Regards
Project Grant Team
- Thursday, 25 June 2009 at 20:20:00 GMT+10
- S Simmonds said...
Well... okay...
I let this comment publish because it is so odd it stumps me.
That web site seems to be nothing more than an aggregator of blog postings that includes the word 'grant'. Maybe there's some slight remuneration for adding content to that site. However, the site gives no identification or raison d'etre.
The poster of my content identifies themselves there as Wilmer, and here as martha. Martha has a most peculiar blog (you can follow the trail to it if you feel so moved), which seems to be somewhere between random words, a senseless mashup, and a poor auto-translate into English.
Any explanations welcome. Otherwise, I'd have to assume it's an attempt to attract traffic for ads...
- Friday, 26 June 2009 at 11:27:00 GMT+10


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Neal's Yard Remedies is passionate about beauty and believes beauty products should be natural, not synthetic. They also believe in nature, honesty and transparency.
The skin is the body's largest organ, and an active barrier between our bodies and the environment. It's well known that what you put on your skin ends up in your body – just think of nicotine patches. That's why it's really important to know exactly what's in the products you use on your skin.
Neal's Yard products are natural and organic and they don't contain any parabens, petroleum, mineral oils or synthetic fragrances. The organic ingredients are sourced ethically, sustainably and have been certified by the UK's leading organic authority the Soil Association for over 20 years.
I have used Neals' Yard products for years and aside from them being lovely to use, one of the main reasons I'm a big fan is because they are certified by Cruelty-Free International, which guarantees these items have not been tested on animals, and meets the Humane Cosmetics Standard for cosmetics, toiletries and personal care. Find out more here.
As a Neal's Yard Remedies independent consultant, I sell a small selection of skincare and essential oils from my treatment room available for you to purchase when you come for a treatment. Alternatively, you can visit my online shop here.


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Sunfire Color Changing Slime Pigment Powder
Poof balls are not so different from foam cubes. This is another easy way to make crunchy slime with a lot of texture. Try different size poofs to get the texture you want. Since they are light, stretching the slime will still be able to hold them in place without weighing your concoction down. Vary the colors of the balls to make it even more appealing to the eyes. Be sure to start with less poof balls than what you need and then keep adding them in because it will be very difficult to remove them later.
Crimson Red Flakes Slime Color
I normally hate the color orange, and the only reason why I got this was because I was going to mix it with a few things and experiment. But, all on it's own, this color is lovely! Like shiny Navel oranges, or a sunset. Needless to say, I haven't mixed it with anything else. 🙂
When you buy slime for the first time in its natural form, you might find its smell unpleasant. Although it's dependent on your ingredients, the scent is usually a plastic and glue fragrance, if you can imagine what that would smell like. Not particularly pleasant. Although note that some would describe the smell as soapy and actually prefer it. If you're sensitive to smells, you may dislike playing with slime that produces a scent you aren't fond of. In order to enjoy your experience with slime, you will need to scent it up. There's a variety of scents that are popular among slime including bubblegum, chocolate, strawberry, cotton candy, peppermint and coconut, among others. These scents are produced by essential oils and will blend easily with slime.