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Save The Marriage
Perhaps the most obvious source of information about a person is self-report data (S-data)—the information a person reveals. Clearly , individuals may not always provide accurate information about themselves for a variety of reasons, such as the desire to present themselves in a positive light. Nevertheless, the journals that publish the latest research in personality reveal that self-report is the most common method for measuring personality.
Self-Report Data (S-Data)
Self-report data can be obtained through a variety of means, including interviews that pose questions to a person, periodic reports by a person to record the events as they happen, and questionnaires. The questionnaire method, in which individuals respond to a series of items that request information about themselves, is by far the most commonly used self-report assessment procedure.
There are good reasons for using self-report. The most obvious reason is that individuals have access to a wealth of information about themselves that is inaccessible to anyone else. Individuals can report about their feelings, emotions, desires, beliefs, and private experiences. They can report about their self-esteem, as well as their perceptions of the esteem in which others hold them. They can report about their innermost fears and fantasies. They can report about how they relate to others and how others relate to them. And they can report about immediate and long-term goals. Because of this potential wealth of information, self-report is an indispensable source of personality data.
Self-report can take a variety of forms, ranging from open-ended "fill in th blanks" to forced-choice true-or -false questions. Sometimes these are referred to as unstructured (open-ended, such as "T ell me about the parties you like the most") and structured ("I like loud and crowded parties"—answer "true" or "false") personality tests. A prime example of the open-ended form of self-report is called the Twenty Statements Test (see A Closer Look on the next page for more information). In this test, a participant receives a sheet of paper that is essentially blank, except for the words "I am" repeated 20 times. There is a space after each of these partial statements, and participants
A Closer Look
The Twenty Statements Test (TST) was published by a pair of sociologists. Manford Kuhn and Thomas McPartland were interested in attitudes people had toward themselves. In 1954, they published the "Who am I?" test. This test asked the participant to simply answer this question by completing the phrase
McPartland developed a way of scoring the test that involved analyzing the content of the person's responses. In addition, the order of each response was thought to be significant (e.g., something mentioned earlier might be more important to the self-definition than something mentioned later).
Psychologists quickly learned of this test, even though it was published in the American Sociological Review, a journal psychologists typically don't read, and began using it in their research. Because the test involved having the participants come up with 20 statements about themselves, it quickly became known in the psychological literature as the Twenty Statements Test.
In the first decade of use by psychologists, the TST was applied mainly to clinical and personality research questions. For example, one study used the TST to see if the self-concepts of persons in "unadjusted" marriages differed from the self-concepts of persons in "well-adjusted" marriages (Buerkle, 1960). Results showed that the persons in adjusted marriages tended to mention their partner, their marriage, and their family more often in their self-definitions than the persons in unadjusted marriages. This finding implies that part of a successful marriage is incorporating the marriage role into one's definition of oneself, so that self-concept includes one's spouse, marital relationship, and family.
In the 1970s, researchers turned a more critical eye on the TST. It is an open-ended questionnaire, so people with low verbal ability do not complete it as quickly or as thoroughly as persons with high verbal ability, leading the test scores to be biased by intelligence differences in participants (Nudelman, 1973). However, if people are given enough time to complete the 20 questions—at least 15 minutes—then it appears that the intelligence bias is eliminated. All in all, the TST survived this decade of questioning and emerged as a measure that the field deemed useful for assessing how people defined themselves.
In the 1980s, the TST was used in the study of timely personality topics, such as the influence of gender and other social roles in people's self-definitions. For example, one study compared married and single women (Gigy, 1980). Married women tended to respond to the "Who am I?" question by mentioning relationships (I am a mother, I am a wife), acquired roles in family life (I am the one who feeds the children), and household activities (I am the one who buys groceries). Clearly, marriage can mean a large change in self-concept, and studies such as this one document the link between social roles and the ways in which individuals see themselves.
There has been a trend toward using culture and ethnicity in self-definitions (Bochner, 1994). This coin cides with the sharp increase in interest in cross-cultural research. One example of a cross-cultural study using the TST is a study that compares people from Kenya with people from the United States. Several groups were compared on the percentage of responses that included references to social group categories (e.g., I am a member of the local school board or I am a player on the local softball team). U.S. college students mentioned social groups in their self-definitions 12 percent of the time. In Kenya, university students mentioned social groups 17 percent of the time. However, for traditional rural Kenyan citizens, results were quite different. Massai tribespersons in Kenya mentioned social groups 80 percent of the time in their responses, and Samburu tribesper-sons mentioned social groups 84 percent of the time in their TST responses (Ma & Schoeneman, 1997). Results such as these show how the culture in which we are raised may have a strong influence on how we view ourselves and what we consider to be important in defining our identity and in answering the question "Who am I?" The Twenty Statements Test is a useful way to measure how people define themselves and to learn what is important to a person's self-understanding. The TST has proven especially effective at identifying the most important components of a person's identity—the ingredients that provide a person with a sense of self-esteem, meaning in life, and sense of belonging in the world of other people (Vignoles, Regalia, Manzi, Golledge, & Scabini, 2006).
are asked to complete them. For example, a person might say , in this order: I am a woman; I am 19 years old; I am shy; I am intelligent; I am someone who likes quiet nights at home; I am introverted; and so on. Personality instruments that use open-ended formats require coding schemes for classifying the responses they obtain. In other words, psychologists must devise a way to score or interpret the participant' s open-ended responses. For example, to get an idea of how outgoing the woman in our example is, the psychologist might count how many statements refer to social characteristics.
More common than open-ended questionnaires are structured personality questionnaires, in which the response options are provided. The simplest form of the structured self-report questionnaire involves a series of trait-descriptive adjectives, such as active, ambitious, anxious, arr ogant, artistic, gener ous, gr egarious, gr eedy, good-natured, xenophobic, and zany. Individuals are asked to indicate whether or not each adjective describes them. The simplest format for presenting these terms is a checklist, such as the Adjective Check List (ACL) (Gough, 1980). In completing the ACL, the individuals merely place a check beside adjectives that they feel accurately describe them and leave blank items that don' t describe them. A more complex method involves requesting participants to indicate in numerical form the degree to which each trait term characterizes them, say on a 7-point rating scale of 1 (least characteristic) to 7 (most characteristic). This is called a Likert rating scale (after the person who invented it), and it is simply a way for someone to express with numbers the degree to which a particular trait describes him or her . A typical Likert rating scale looks like this:
Least characteristic Most characteristic
Most commonly, a personality scale consists of summing the scores on a series of individual rating scales. A personality scale for activity level, for example, might consist of summing up scores from rating scales on energetic, active, and vigorous.
DIRECTIONS: This list contains a series of adjectives. Please read them quickly and put an X in the box beside each one you consider to be self-descriptive. Try to be honest and accurate.
absent-minded active adaptable adventurous affected affectionate soft-hearted cheerful civilized clear-thinking clever coarse cold touchy dependent despondent determined dignified discreet disorderly zany
More common than adjective checklists, however , are self-report questionnaires in the form of statements. Examples of widely used self-report inventories are the NEO Personality Inventory (Costa & McCrae, 1989) and the California Psychological
Inventory (CPI) (Gough, 1957/1987). Sample items from the CPI are I enjoy social gatherings just to be with people; I looked up to my father as an ideal man; a person needs to "show off' a little now and then; I have a very str ong desire to be a success in the world; I am very slow in making up my mind . Participants read each statement and then indicate on an answer sheet whether they agree with the statement and feel that it is true of them or disagree with the statement and feel that it is false about them. Sample items from the NEO Personality Inventory are I like most people I meet; I laugh easily; I often get disgusted with people I have to deal with . Participants indicate the degree to which they agree the item describes them using a 1 to 5 Likert scale, with 1 anchored with the phrase strongly disagree and 5 anchored with strongly agree.
Pick a personality characteristic you would like to measure. Start by writing down a clear definition of that characteristic. For example, you might choose such characteristics as friendly, conscientious, anxious, or narcissistic. Then write a short questionnaire, about five items long, to measure this characteristic. Your items can be statements or adjectives, and they can be open-ended, true-false, or on a Likert response scale. Then give your questionnaire to other people. How easy was it to write items? Do you think your measure accurately assesses the trait?
Self-report measures, like all methods, have limitations and weaknesses. For the self-report method to be effective, respondents must be both willing and able to answer the questions put to them. Yet people are not always honest, especially when asked about unconventional experiences, such as unusual desires, unconventional sex practices, and undesirable traits. Some people may lack accurate self-knowledge. Because of these limitations, personality psychologists often use sources of data that do not rely on the honesty or insight of the participant. One of those sources is observers.
Experience sampling—a new wrinkle in self-report. A relatively new source of data in personality research is called experience sampling (e.g., Hormuth, 1986; Larsen, 1989). In this method, people answer some questions, perhaps about their moods or physical symptoms, every day for several weeks or longer. People are usually contacted electronically (paged) one or more times a day at random intervals to complete the measures. In one study, 74 college students reported on their moods every day for 84 consecutive days (Larsen & Kasimatis, 1990). The investigators were interested in discovering the links between the day of the week and mood. Not surprisingly, they found a strong weekly cycle in the moods of the college students, with positive moods peaking on Friday and Saturday and negative moods peaking on Tuesday and Wednesday (Monday was not the worst day of the week). The introverts turned out to have a much more regular weekly mood cycle than extraverts. That is, the moods of the introverts were more predictable from this 7-day rhythm than the moods of the extraverts. This difference was probably due to the fact that extraverts are less likely to wait for the
Application (Continued )
weekend to do things that put them in a good mood—partying, socializing, or going out for a special meal with friends. Extraverts typically avoid routine in their daily lives, and introverts typically lead more predictable lives.
Although experience sampling uses self-report as the data source, it differs from more traditional self-report methods in being able to detect patterns of behavior over time. Thus, experience sampling provides information not readily available using questionnaires taken at just one point in time. It's an excellent method, for example, for obtaining information about how a person's self-esteem may go up and down over time, or how a person reacts to the stress of life day after day.
Observer-Report Data (O-Data)
In everyday life, we form impressions and make evaluations of others with whom we come into contact. For each individual, there are typically dozens of observers who form impressions. Our friends, families, teachers, and casual acquaintances are all potential sources of information about our personalities. Observer-report data (O-data) capitalize on these sources and provide tools for gathering information about a person's personality.
Observer reports of fer both advantages and disadvantages as sources of personality data. One advantage is that observers may have access to information not attainable through other sources. For example, observers can report about the impressions a person makes on others, his or her social reputation, whether interactions with others are smooth or full of strife, and the person' s relative status within the group hierarchy .
A second advantage of observer -reports is that multiple observers can be used to assess each individual, whereas in self-report only one person provides information. The use of multiple observers allows investigators to evaluate the degree of agreement among observers—also known as inter-rater reliability. Furthermore, statistical procedures, such as averaging the assessments of multiple observers, have the advantage of reducing the idiosyncratic features and biases of single observers. Typically, a more valid and reliable assessment of personality can be achieved when multiple observers are used.
A key decision point that researchers face when using observers is how to select them. Personality researchers have developed two strategies. One strategy is to use professional personality assessors who do not know the participant in advance. The other strategy is to use individuals who actually know the tar get participants. We will discuss each strategy in turn.
One setting in which professional observers are used is the Institute for Personality and Social Research (IPSR) at the University of California at Berkeley. Participants go to the institute for periods of time ranging from one to five days, so that a wide vari ety of in-depth personality assessments can take place. Participants are invited to go to the IPSR as part of
specific studies. For example, one study contacted a set of architects who were judge by their peers to be highly creative, as part of a study to determine the personality predictors of creativity . Another study looked at novelists judged to be creative. A third assessed graduate students in an MBA program to determine the personality predictors of success in business. During studies at the IPSR, trained personality assessors observe the participants in a variety of contexts. Subsequently , each observer provides an independent personality description of the participants.
A second strategy for obtaining observational data is to use individuals who actually know the tar get participants. For example, close friends, spouses, mothers, and roommates have all been used to provide personality data on participants (e.g., Buss, 1984; Ozer & Buss, 1991). The use of observers who have existing relationships with the participant has advantages and disadvantages when compared with professional assessors. One advantage is that such observers are in a better position to observe the tar get's natural behavior . In the relatively public context of an IPSR assessment, in contrast, professional observers cannot witness the more private actions of a person and must settle for observing his or her public persona. A spouse or close friend has access to privileged information often inaccessible through other sources.
A second advantage of using intimate observers is that multiple social personalities can be assessed (Craik, 1986). Each one of us displays dif ferent sides of ourselves to different people—we may be kind to our friends, ruthless to our enemies, loving toward a spouse, and conflicted toward our parents. Our manifest personali ties, in other words, vary from one social setting to another , depending on the nature of relationships we have with other individuals. The use of multiple observers provides a method for assessing the many aspects of an individual' s personality.
Although there are advantages in using intimate observers in personality assessment, there are also drawbacks. Because intimate observers have relationships with the tar get person, they may be biased in certain ways. A participant's mother, for example, may overlook the negative and emphasize the positive features of her child.
In addition to deciding what type of observers to use, personality researchers must determine whether the observation occurs in a natural or an artificial setting. In naturalistic observation, observers witness and record events that occur in the normal course of the lives of their participants. For example, a child might be followed throughout an entire day, or an observer may sit in a participant' s home. In contrast, observation can take place in contrived or artificial settings, such as occur at the IPSR. Experimenters ca instruct participants to perform a task, such as participation in a group discussion, and then observe how individuals behave in these constructed settings. For example, psychologists John Gottman and Robert Levenson have had married couples go to their laboratory and discuss a topic on which they disagree. The psychologists then observe the couple have a small ar gument. The way in which a couple conducts an ar gument can predict the likelihood that the couple will remain together or get divorced (Gottman, 1994). Even the facial expressions displayed during these laboratory conflicts predic subsequent marital outcomes (Gottman, Levenson, & Woodin, 2001).
Naturalistic observation offers researchers the advantage of being able to secure information in the realistic context of a person' s everyday life, but at the cost of not being able to control the events and behavioral samples witnessed. Observation in experimenter-generated situations has the advantage of controlling conditions and eliciting the relevant behavior . But this advantage comes at a cost—sacrificing the real ism of everyday life.
In summary, there are many dimensions along which O-data dif fer, and personality researchers must take these into account. Decisions about whether to use (1) professional assessors or intimate observers and (2) a naturalistic or an artificia setting for observation must be made on the basis of the specific purposes of the per sonality study. The strengths and weaknesses of the options must be evaluated with the goals of the investigation in mind. No single method is ideally suited for all assessment purposes.
Test Data (T-Data)
Beyond self-report and observer -report data sources, a third common source of personality-relevant information comes from standardized tests— test data (T -data). In these measures, participants are placed in a standardized testing situation. The idea is to see if dif ferent people react dif ferently to an identical situation. The situation is designed to elicit behaviors that serve as indicators of personality variables (Block, 1977). An interesting example is the bridge-building test found in Henry Murray' s (1948) classic book The Assessment of Men. In this test, the person being assessed is given two assistants and a collection of wood, rope, and tools, and he or she has the task of building a bridge over a small creek. The person being assessed cannot do the work him- or herself but must instruct the two assistants on how to build the bridge. Unbeknownst to the person being assessed, the two assistants are role-playing: one is acting dim-witted and has trouble understanding instructions; the other is a "know-it-all," who has his or her own ideas about how the bridge should be built and often contradicts the person being assessed. These two "helpers" actually are there to frustrate the person being assessed. While the person being assessed thinks he or she is being observed on leadership skills, the person is actually being evaluated on tolerance of frustration and performance under adversity .
One fascinating example of the use of T-data is Edwin Megargee's (1969) study on manifestations of dominance. Megargee wanted to devise a laboratory test situation in which he could examine the ef fect of dominance on leadership. Toward this end, he first administered the California Psychological Inventory Dominance scale t a large group of men and women who might serve as potential research participants. He then selected only those men and women who scored either very high or very low on dominance. On completion of this selection procedure, Megar gee took pairs of individuals into the laboratory , in each case pairing a high-dominant participant with a low-dominant participant. He created four conditions: (1) a high-dominant man with a low-dominant man; (2) a high-dominant woman with a low-dominant woman; (3) a high-dominant man with a low-dominant woman; and (4) a high-dominant woman with a low-dominant man.
Megargee then presented each pair with a lar ge box containing many red, yellow, and green nuts, bolts, and levers. Participants were told that the purpose of the study was to explore the relationship between personality and leadership under stress. Each pair of participants was to work as a team of troubleshooters to repair the box as fast as possible—by removing nuts and bolts with certain colors and replacing them with other colors. The participants were told that one person from the team had to be the leader, a position which entailed giving instructions to his or her partner . The second person was to be the follower, who had to go inside the box and carry out the menial tasks requested by the leader . The experimenter then told the participants that it was up to them to decide who would be the leader and who would be the follower.
The key variable of interest for Megargee was who would become the leader and who would become the follower, so he simply recorded the percentage of highdominant participants within each condition who became leaders. He found that 75 percent of the high-dominant men and 70 percent of the high-dominant women took the leadership role in the same-sex pairs. When highdominant men were paired with low-dominant women, however, 90 percent of the men became leaders. But the most startling result occurred when the woman was high in dominance and the man was low in dominance. In this condition, only 20 percent of the high-dominant women assumed the leadership role.
From these laboratory findings alone, one migh conclude that the dominant women in this condition were suppressing their dominance, or that the men in this condition, despite being low in dominance, felt compelled to assume a traditional sex role by taking char ge. It turns out, however, that neither of these conclusions was supported. Megargee happened to have tape-recorded the conversations within each pair of participants while they were deciding who would be the leader . When he analyzed these tapes, he made a startling finding: the high-dominant women wer appointing their low-dominant partners to the leadership position. In fact, the highdominant women actually made the final decision about the roles 91 percent of th time. This finding suggests that women are expressing their dominance in a dif ferent manner than the men in the mixed-sex condition.
Megargee's study highlights several key points about laboratory studies. First, it shows that it is possible to set up conditions to reveal key indicators of personality. Second, it suggests that laboratory experimenters should be sensitive to manifestations of personality that occur in incidental parts of the experiment, such as the discussions between the participants. And, third, there are often interesting links between S-data obtained through questionnaires and T-data obtained through controlled testing conditions. Such links enhance the validity of both the questionnaire and the laboratory test of dominance.
Like all data sources, T-data have limitations. First, some participants might try to guess what trait is being measured and then alter their responses to create a specific impression of themselves. A second challenge is the dif ficulty in verifying tha the research participants define the testing situation in the same manner as the exper imenter. An experiment designed to test for "obedience to authority" might be misinterpreted as a test for "intelligence," perhaps raising anxiety in ways that distort subsequent responses. Failure to confirm the correspondence between the conception of experimenters and those of participants may introduce error .
A third caution in the use of T-data is that these situations are inherently interpersonal, and a researcher may inadvertently influence how the participant behave. A researcher with an outgoing and friendly personality , for example, may elicit more cooperation from participants than a cold or aloof experimenter (see Kintz, Delprato, Mettee, Parsons, & Schappe, 1965). The choice of who runs the experiment, in short, including the personality and demeanor of the experimenter , may inadvertently introduce effects that skew the obtained results.
Despite these limitations, T-data remain a valuable and irreplaceable source of personality information. Procedures used to obtain T-data can be designed to elicit
behavior that would be dif ficult to observe in everyday life. They allow investigators to control the context and to eliminate extraneous sources of influence. And they enable experimenters to test specific hypothese by exerting control over the variables that are presumed to have causal influence. For these reasons, T-data procedures remain an indispensable set of tools for the personality researcher .
Personality psychologists have been enterprising in adapting technological innovations for the study of personality . An example of researcher ingenuity is the use of the "actometer" to assess personality dif ferences in activity or ener gy level. The actome-ter is essentially a modified self-winding watch, which can be strapped to the arm or legs of participants (typically , children). Movement activates the winding mechanism, registering the person's activity on the hands of the dial. Of course, day-to-day and even hour -to-hour fluctuations in mood, physiolog , and setting limit the usefulness of any single sample of activity level. However , several samples of activity level can be recorded on dif ferent days to generate composite scores, reflecting, for eac person, whether he or she is hyperactive, normally active, or sedentary (Buss, Block, & Block, 1980).
In one study, preschool children ages 3 and 4 wore actometers on the wrist of the nonfavored hand for approximately two hours (Buss et al., 1980). The dial of each actometer was covered with tape, so that the children would not be distracted. Indeed, in pretesting, the children who could observe the dial became preoccupied with it—sitting in one spot, shaking the device back and forth—a practice that interfered with the usefulness of the measure. The experimenters had to be careful to eliminate data if a child removed the watch during the session or if illness or rainy weather limited the range within which a child' s activity level could be expressed. Several separate recording sessions were held, and the actometer readings were aggregated, in order to obtain a more reliable index of each child' s activity level.
The experimenters then sought answers to three questions: (1) Does activity level measured with the actometer yield the same results as activity level measured through observation? (2) To what extent is activity level stable over time? (3) Do activity level measurements using this mechanical recording device relate to observer-based judgments of personality functioning? To answer these questions, the children's teachers provided observer evaluations using the children' s version of the California Q-Sort—an instrument designed to produce a wide-ranging description of children's personality characteristics (Block & Block, 1980). Examples of items on the Q-Sort are is a talkative individual; behaves in a giving way toward others; is basically submissive; is guileful and deceitful, manipulative, opportunistic; has a high ener gy level. These observations were made when the children were 3, 4, and 7 years old, whereas the actometer measures were recorded at ages 3 and 4.
It turns out that there was a strong correspondence between actometer measures of activity level and the observer-based measures. Activity level also turns out to be moderately stable over time. For example, actometer measures at age 3 showed a moderate correspondence with actometer measures at age 4. Is there any relationship between actometer measurements of activity level and observer -based judgments of personality? The highly active children, as assessed with the actome-ter, were judged by their teachers to be vital, ener getic, and active. In addition, the highly active children were judged to be restless and fidgety—all attributes that ar more or less indicative of hyperactivity . Of particular interest is that the active children were also seen by teachers as uninhibited, assertive, competitive, aggressive physically and verbally , attention-getting, and manipulative of others. Thus, actometer-based activity scores are linked to other personality characteristics, traits that have important consequences for social interaction.
In sum, some aspects of personality can be assessed through mechanical recording devices, such as the actometer . These forms of T-data have several advantages and disadvantages. Their main advantage is that they provide a mechanical means of assessing personality, one that is not hampered by the biases that might be introduced when a human observer is involved. A second advantage is that they can be obtained in relatively naturalistic settings—such as a children's playground. Their primary disadvantage is that relatively few personality dispositions lend themselves readily to being assessed by mechanical devices. There are no mechanical devices, for example, to directly measure introversion or conscientiousness. Nonetheless, mechanical devices can serve as powerful sources of personality data in the domains in which they can be used. Perhaps future technological advances will expand the range of personality traits amenable to mechanical assessment.
A critical source of personality data enjoying a resur gence of interest is physiological measurement. Physiological measures can provide information about a person' s level of arousal, a person' s reactivity to various stimuli, and the speed at which a person takes in new information—all potential indicators of personality . Sensors can be placed on dif ferent parts of a person' s body, for example, to measure sympathetic nervous system activity , blood pressure, heart rate, and muscle contraction. Brain waves, such as reactivity to stimuli, also can be assessed. And even physiological changes associated with sexual arousal can be measured via instruments such as a penile strain gauge (Geer & Head, 1990) or a vaginal bloodflow mete .
In Chapter 7 we go into some detail on physiological measures. For our purposes here—in examining alternative ways of measuring personality—we will look at only one example of using physiological data as a source of personality information. Psychologist Christopher Patrick (1994, 2005) has been studying psychopaths, particularly men in prison who have committed serious crimes against other people, particularly violent crimes. One theory about psychopaths is that they do not have the normal fear or anxiety response that most people have. Things that might make most people anxious may not make the psychopath anxious. To test this idea, Dr . Patrick used a technique called the "eyeblink startle reflex," which had previously been use in studies of fear .
When we are startled, as when a loud noise occurs, we exhibit the startle reflex, which consists of blinking our eyes, lowering our chin toward the chest
and inhaling suddenly. If we are already anxious for some reason, we will exhibit the startle reflex faster than when we are feeling normal. It makes adaptive sens that we will be prepared to have a faster defensive startle if we are already in a fearful or anxious state. You can demonstrate this by showing persons pictures of frightening or unpleasant scenes, such as a snake, a vicious dog, or spiders, which most people find make them a little anxious. If they are startled while looking a these scenes, they will exhibit a faster eyeblink startle response than when they are looking at nonfeared objects, such as a house, a tree, or a table. Interestingly , Patrick found that psychopaths, who were in prison for violent crimes, did not exhibit the faster eyeblink response while viewing the anxiety-producing photographs, suggesting that they were not feeling the same level of fearfulness or anxiety as normal participants viewing these objects. Perhaps psychopaths commit their crimes because they don't have the normal level of anxiety or guilt that prevents most of us from doing anything wrong. This is a good example of how physiological measures can be used to examine and understand various personality characteristics.
A more recent physiological data source comes from functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), a technique used to identify the areas of the brain that "light up" when performing certain tasks such as verbal problems or spatial navigation problems. It works by gauging the amount of oxygen that is brought to particular places in the brain. When a certain part of the brain is highly activated, it draws lar ge amounts of blood. The oxygen carried by the blood accumulates in that region of the brain. The fMRI is able to detect concentrations of iron carried by the oxygen contained in the red blood cells and thus determine the part of the brain that is used in performing certain tasks. The colorful images that emer ge from fMRI brain scans are often quite dramatic.
In principle, fMRI provides a physiological data source that can be linked with personality dispositions, intelligence, or psychopathology . In practice, however , the method has limitations on what it reveals. Since fMRI must compare the "activated" state with a "resting" state, it becomes critical to know what the resting state really is. If men's resting state turns more to sports and women' s resting state turns more to social interactions, for example, it is possible that a comparison of a task such as looking at faces to the resting state would suggest that men and women are performing the task dif ferently, when in fact the dif ference is due entirely to a sex dif ference in the resting state (Kosslyn & Rosenber g, 2004).
One of the key benefits of physiological data is that it is di ficult for partici pants to fake responses, particularly on measures of arousal or reflexive responses such as the eyeblink startle reflex. Nonetheless, physiological recording procedure share most of the same limitations as other laboratory test data. In particular, recording is typically constrained by a relatively artificial laboratory situation, and th accuracy of the recording hinges on whether the participants construe the situation in the manner that the experimenter wants them to construe it.
Another type of T-data are projective techniques, in which the person is given a standard stimulus and asked what he or she sees. The most famous projec-tive technique for assessing personality is the set of inkblots developed by Hermann Rorschach. However ,
there are others—for example, the hand technique, in which the person is given pictures of hands and is asked to make up a story about what the hands just did and what they are going to do next. The hallmark of any projective technique is that the person is presented with an ambiguous stimulus, such as an inkblot or a picture of a hand. The person is then asked to impose structure on this stimulus by describing what he or she sees—for example, what is in the inkblot or what the hand has just done. The idea behind projective techniques is that what the person sees in the stimulus is directly related to what is on his or her mind. What the person sees in the stimulus is interpreted to reveal something about his or her personality . Presumably, the person "projects" his or her concerns, conflicts, traits, and ways of seeing or deal ing with the world onto the ambiguous stimulus.
Projective techniques are considered T-data because all persons are presented with a standard testing situation, all are given the same instructions, and the test situation elicits behaviors that are thought to reveal personality .
To the psychologist interpreting a person' s responses to the inkblots, the content of those responses is important. Someone with a "dependent personality ," for example, might produce a high frequency of responses such as food, food providers, passively being fed, nurturers, oral activity , passivity, helplessness, and "baby talk" (Bornstein, 2005). In addition to content, the psychologist is interested in how the perceptions are formed. For example, one participant might focus on the lines dividing the ink from the white area, whereas another might focus only on the ink. In sum, all projective measures present the participant with ambiguous stimuli, asking him or her to provide structure by interpreting, drawing, or telling a story about the stimuli. Psychologists who advocate projective measures ar gue that they are useful for getting at wishes, desires, fantasies, and conflicts that the participants themselves may b unaware of and, so, could not report on a questionnaire. Others are critical of pro-jectives, questioning their validity and reliability as accurate measures of personality (Wood et al., 1996).
Life-Outcome Data (L-Data)
Life-outcome data (L-data) refers to information that can be gleaned from the events, activities, and outcomes in a person' s life that are available to public scrutiny . For example, marriages and divorces are a matter of public record. Personality psychologists can sometimes secure information about the clubs a person joins; how many speeding tickets a person has received; and whether he or she owns a handgun. Whether a person gets arrested for a violent or white-collar crime is a matter of public record. Success at one's job, whether one is upwardly or downwardly mobile, and the creative products one produces, such as books published and music recorded, are often important outcomes in a person's life. These can all serve as important sources of information about personality .
Personality psychologists often use S-data and O-data to predict L-data. An example that illustrates how O-data can be used to predict important life events is provided by Avshalom Caspi and his colleagues (Caspi, Elder , & Bem, 1987). Based on clinical interviews with mothers of children ages 8, 9, and 10, these researchers created two personality scales to measure ill-temperedness. One scale was based on the severity of temper tantrums; it noted physical behaviors such as biting, kicking, striking, and throwing things, and verbal expressions such as swearing, screaming, and shouting. The other scale assessed the frequency of these temper tantrums. Caspi and his colleagues summed these two scales to create a single measure of temper tantrums. This measure represents O-data, since it is based on the mothers' actual observations. Then, in adulthood, when the participants were 30 to 40 years old, the researchers gathered information about life outcomes, such as education, work, marriage, and parenthood. They then examined whether the personality characteristic of ill-temperedness, measured in childhood as O-data, predicted significant life outcome two to three decades later , measured as L-data.
The results proved to be remarkable. For the men, early temper tantrums were linked with many negative outcomes in adult life. The men who had exhibited temper tantrums in childhood achieved significantly lower rank in their military service. They tended to have erratic work lives—changing jobs more frequently and experiencing more unemployment than those who had not been judged to be ill-tempered as children. Furthermore, such men were less likely than their even-tempered counterparts to have a satisfying marriage. Fully 46 percent of the ill-tempered men were divorced by age 40, whereas only 22 percent of the men in the low temper -tantrum category were divorced by the age of 40.
For the women, early temper tantrums did not have a bearing on their work lives, in contrast to the men. However , the women who had had temper tantrums as children tended to marry men who were
significantly lower than themselves in occupational status; fully 40 percent of th women who had showed temper tantrums as children "married down," compared with only 24 percent of the women who had been even-tempered as children. As with the men, childhood temper tantrums were linked with frequency of divorce for the women. Roughly 26 percent of the women who had had childhood tantrums were divorced by age 40, whereas only 12 percent of the even-tempered women were divorced by that age.
In addition to empirical studies, such as those that predict later divorce from childhood personality, life-outcome data are used in real ways that af fect our everyday lives. Our driving records, including speeding tickets and traf fic accidents, ar used by insurance companies to determine how much we pay for car insurance. Our histories of credit card usage are sometimes tracked by businesses to determine our behavioral preferences, which influence the advertisements we get sent. And more recently, advertisers sometimes track the websites we visit and use e-mail "spam" and pop-up advertisements based on our patterns of Internet surfing. Thus, driving records, credit card usage, and patterns of Internet usage have become modern sources of L-data. Do you think we can predict these patterns of publicly traceable data from personality variables, such as impulsivity (more driving accidents), status striving (credit card purchase of prestige possessions), and sex drive (more frequent visiting of pornography websites)? Future studies of L-data will shortly answer these questions.
In sum, L-data can serve as an important source of real-life information about personality. Personality characteristics measured early in life are often linked to important life outcomes several decades later . In this sense, life outcomes, such as work, marriage, and divorce, are, in part, manifestations of personality . Nonetheless, it must be recognized that life outcomes are caused by a variety of factors, including one' s sex, race, and ethnicity and the opportunities to which one happens to be exposed. Personality characteristics represent only one set of causes of these life outcomes.
Think of a personality characteristic that you find interesting. For example, you might consider such characteristics as activity level, risk taking, temper, or cooperativeness. Using the four main data sources, think of ways that you might gather information on this characteristic. Give specific examples of how you could assess this characteristic using S-, O-, T-, and L-data as sources of information on people's level of this characteristic. Be specific in providing examples of how and what you might do to assess your chosen personality characteristic.
Now that we have outlined the basic data sources, it is useful to take a step back and consider two broader issues in personality assessment. The first issue involves usin two or more data sources within a single personality study . What are the links among the various sources of personality data? The second issue involves the fallibility of personality measurement and how the use of multiple data sources can correct some of the problems associated with single data sources.
A key issue that personality psychologists must address is how closely the finding obtained from one data source correspond to findings from another data source. If for example, a person rates herself as dominant, do observers, such as her friends and spouse, also view her as dominant? Do findings obtained from mechanical recordin devices, such as an actometer , correspond to data obtained from observer reports or self-reports of activity level?
Depending on the personality variable under consideration, agreement across data sources tends to range from low to moderate. Ozer and Buss (1991) examined the relationships between self-report and spouse-report for eight dimensions of personality . They found that the degree of agreement varied depending on the particular trait and on the observability of the trait. Traits such as extraversion showed moderate agreement across data sources. The trait of "calculating," on the other hand, showed low self-spouse agreement. Traits that are easily observable (such as extraversion) show a higher degree of self-observer agreement than do traits (such as calculating) that are difficult to observe and require inferences about internal mental states
One of the central advantages of using multiple measures is that each measure has unique idiosyncrasies that have nothing to do with the underlying construct of interest. By using multiple measures from various data sources, researchers are able to average out these idiosyncrasies and home in on the key variable under study .
A major issue in evaluating linkages among the sources of personality data is whether the sources are viewed as alternative measures of the same construct or as assessments of dif ferent phenomena. A person self-reporting about her relative dominance, for example, has access to a wealth of information—namely , her interactions with dozens of other people in her social environment. Any particular observer—a close friend, for example—has access to only a limited and selective sample of relevant behavior. Thus, if the friend rates the woman as highly dominant, whereas the woman rates herself as only moderately dominant, the disagreement may be due entirely to the dif ferent behavioral samples on which each person is basing his or her ratings. Thus, lack of agreement does not necessarily signify an error of measurement (although it certainly might). It may instead signify that observers are basing their conclusions on dif ferent behavioral samples.
In summary, the interpretation of links among the sources of personality data depends heavily on the research question being posed. Strong agreement between two sources of data leads researchers to be confident that their alternative measures ar tapping into the same personality phenomenon, as proves to be the case with extraversion and activity level. Lack of strong agreement, on the other hand, may mean that the dif ferent data sources are assessing dif ferent phenomena, or it may indicate that one or more data sources are fallible or have problems—an issue to which we will now turn.
Each data source has its own problems and pitfalls that limit its utility . This is true of all methods in science. Even so-called objective scientific instruments, such as tel escopes, are less than perfect because minor flaws, such as a slight warping in th lens, may introduce errors into the observations. The fallible nature of scientific mea sures is no less true in personality research.
One powerful strategy of personality assessment, therefore, is to examine results that transcend data sources—a procedure sometimes referred to as triangulation. If a particular effect is found—for example, the influence of dominance on the assumptio of leadership—does the ef fect occur when dominance is measured with self-report as well as with observer -reports? If extraverts are more easily driven to boredom than are introverts, does this show up when boredom is assessed with physiological recording devices (e.g., brain waves suggesting the person is almost asleep) as well as via self-report?
Throughout this book, as we discuss the empirical findings that have accumu lated within each domain of personality , we will pay special attention to findings tha transcend the limitations of single-data-source assessment. If the same results are found with two or more data sources, then researchers can have greater confidence i the credibility of those findings
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Guest Post
Steer Clear of these Five Innovation Killers
By Steven L. Blue
Innovation is difficult to come by. It is a fleeting concept that eludes most companies. In fact, experts say the odds of a new product idea reaching full commercialization are less than four percent. That said, innovation is difficult, but not impossible. Chances are, if your organization is struggling to innovate, you're doing one or more of the following:
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3. You don't give people the time to innovate. Employees are going to naturally default to the tasks at hand: making the widgets. After all, they get paid to make the widgets. They are comfortable making the widgets. Unless you give them permission to do otherwise, that is all they will do. I tell my employees that I expect 20 percent of their time to be spent on innovation. And I hire extra people so the widgets still get made.
4. Your organization doesn't give people a place to innovate. At my company, we built a place specifically for innovation. Our employees named it the Creation Station. Everyone is welcome to gather there whenever they want to collaborate in the pursuit of new products or processes. Some people will tell you such a space is a waste of money and it has no return on investment (ROI), but I can tell you that our Creation Station has returned orders of magnitude in ROI with new products and improved internal processes. Other critics may say that building such a space only gives employees the excuse to goof off there. To that I respond, "It sounds like you have the wrong employees. Get the right ones."
5. You don't take risks to innovate. The world of innovation is murky and uncertain. You must give people permission to fail. I tell CEOs all the time: Don't take risks; take big risks. Little risks have puny returns. Little risks don't motivate people to do extraordinary things. Get comfortable with being uncomfortable. Take the big risks and encourage your employees to do the same. And if they take a risk and fail, celebrate! Reinforce the "risk is a good thing" philosophy because that is the only way true innovation will happen.
Steven L. Blue is the president & CEO of Miller Ingenuity.


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Watch || All Blacks v Tonga Rugby Live HD
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One person was taken to the hospital after rear-ending a tow truck north of Ryan Tuesday morning.
It happened on Highway 13 at the intersection of D-42 shortly before 10:30 am. The Iowa State Patrol says a tow truck pulling a disabled straight truck was stopped waiting to turn left when it was rear-ended by a car.
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text: Ed the Trader Thursday, 12/29/16 12:24:22 PM Re: None Post # of 57608 THE RISE AND FALL OF DNA IN 2014 In 2014, Eric Fowler was the CEO of DNA Brands, Inc. Fowler executed several actions to intentionally sabotage the company. For instance, there was the debacle where Fowler publicly claimed that DNA had a new distribution agreement with the Trenton Coca-Cola Bottling Company. This was completely false. http://finance.yahoo.com/news/dna-brands-retracts-previously-released-230852159.html Fowler also sunk most of the company's funding into the purchase of excess inventory, and he claimed that he had enough new distribution agreements to warrant the additional purchase of inventory. This was also false, and it left the company with too much inventory and insufficient funding to advertise their products. This set the stage for the complete breakdown of the company until it became completely dormant. Shortly after these events, Fowler resigned from DNA, and Melvin Leiner took over as Interim CEO. Leiner appeared to do the best that he could with what he had left to use. However, the damage had already been done, and the business imploded. Once the energy drinks were pulled from the market, the remaining inventory in DNA's warehouse was liquidated at a loss to Big Lots. Big Lots discount retail stores in several locations around the country sold that remaining inventory for 50 cents per can. By the end of 2015, Leiner himself described DNA as a dormant business. In February of 2016, Adrian McKenzie took over control of DNA Brands, Inc. as the new and current CEO. Although I now believe that DNAX is a good stock to buy and hold, this information instructs about how DNA previously failed to capitalize on an amazing opportunity back in 2014 shortly before the energy drinks were pulled completely from the market. To avoid a failure as the reboot of the energy drink business gets underway, it is vital that the current management not repeat the same mistake in 2017 of ignoring marketing and advertising of the products once they re-enter the retail market. Fortunately, McKenzie has indicated that he has already consulted with a capable advertising company to handle the advertising during the reboot of the energy drink business. However, shareholders should remain vigilant to insure that history is not repeated. These links to my posts back in 2014 provide detailed information that every prospective inventor should read before purchasing DNAX stock. You should take the time to read them and learn: DNA Energy has saturated the Dallas/Fort Worth Metroplex market Wednesday, 08/06/14 03:13:58 PM http://investorshub.advfn.com/boards/read_msg.aspx?message_id=105043539 DNA ENERGY NO LONGER AVAILABLE IN DALLAS/FORT WORTH METROPLEX Friday, 09/19/14 10:16:03 PM http://investorshub.advfn.com/boards/read_msg.aspx?message_id=106452661 WHY DNAX IS A BAD CHOICE TO PURCHASE Tuesday, 10/21/14 02:28:43 PM http://investorshub.advfn.com/boards/read_msg.aspx?message_id=107405839


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Oral Cancer Screening
This year, nearly 10,000 people will die of oral cancer. This disease is appallingly quiet and often asymptomatic until it progresses into a more advanced stage of the disease, making early detection vital for survival. Because the symptoms of oral cancer can be so difficult to detect, getting routine dental exams is extremely important to ensure that this disease is caught early. Here at Wendy Sanger DMD Cosmetic + Family Dentistry, not only are we dedicated to protecting your teeth and gums from tooth decay and gum disease, we will also thoroughly screen your mouth to check for early signs of oral cancer and, if detected, see that you get the life-saving treatment that you deserve.
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Running apps such as OhMiBod, CrazyTicket and Roll The Dice is also incredibly easy on Chaturbate.
You can also select up to 3 chat bots that will make your life a lot easier, automating thanking viewers for tips, automoderating and more.
While I feel like software support is slightly lacking on the broadcasting side of things, Manycams is the only thing I've found working. Overall Chaturbate is incredibly simple and will allow any model to go live at the click of a button.
Earn a passive income
Chaturbate offers models a couple of features that will allow them to make passive income. Models can create and upload photo sets and videos to sell for money. It's very common for models to put a Chaturbate Referral link in their description or link sidebar.
If you don't want to go out of your way to create new videos you can record your broadcasts and sell them or edit them into a video.
As a smaller model you may not make sure much from these features, however as you grow you'll see more and more money come from these channels.
Models also have the opportunity to setup memberships. Although as I said, smaller models will not make a whole lot from these features.
Support is great for beginner models
As a beginner model you'll probably have a number of questions that you may not be able to find the answer to anywhere on the internet. You'll end up having to email the chaturbate support. Thankfully the support is absolutely outstanding and 99% of the time you'll have a response within 24 hours.
Chaturbate can be quick to ban a model or suspend their payments if they break the Terms Of Service or their identification expires. It's incredibly important you pay attention to any emails or notifications you get from Chaturbate if you want a successful working relationship with the site.
It's incredibly important you read the Terms Of Service before you go live. You don't want to get banned before you even start earning. Chaturbate has a vimeo channel with lots of useful content whether you're a beginner model or one with a little more experience.
Chaturbate is a great place to start
No matter which cam site you sign up to, it's in their best interest to help you earn money. Chaturbate offers an insane amount of content and great support which will help you start earning from the second you hit broadcast.
The website is incredibly user friendly which is great. You don't need to be computer literate to use this website.
While competition is high, thanks to the vast amount of traffic and various different navigation options you'll find yourself growing pretty quickly on Chaturbate.
The possibilities really are endless on this site. If you have a great broadcast quality and put effort into your streams I'm almost certain you'll have a great time on the site.


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Lime Tree Farm is an eco-friendly farm set in the delightful Blue Mountains 3,400 feet above sea level. Run by an affable couple Rodger and Tifony Bolton, visiting their farm is like visiting the home of friends where the air is cool and crisp, the views divine, the tranquility just what the doctor ordered and
Tag: Coffee
Jamaica's Tourism Linkages Network through the Ministry of Tourism is on to something big with this one. The inaugural Jamaica Blue Mountain Coffee Festival is a three-day weekend affair with the main event taking place on Saturday March 24 at the cool historic military training centre of Newcastle in the Blue & John Crow Mountains National


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Lumbar spondylosis is a degenerative disease of the lumbar spine. It occurs due to narrowing of the space between the lumbar vertebrae and features with back pain. Lumbar spondylosis may also include numerous neurological symptoms. This disease predominantly affects older people, particularly people above forty years of age. Degeneration of lumbar vertebrae typically leads to moving of one vertebra over the other. Misplacement of the affected vertebrae finally results in contracting of the spinal canal. This leads to compression of the spinal nerves and the occurrence of symptoms.
Causes of Lumbar Spondylosis
A variety of factors contribute to lumbar spondylosis. Physical injury of this region of the spine and lifting of heavy objects are only two possible causes of lumbar spondylosis. Some people are genetically predisposed to this condition. Lumbar spondylosis is also frequent among obese people and those who spend many hours sitting.
Symptoms of Lumbar Spondylosis
Mild cases of lumbar spondylosis may be asymptomatic. Still, in many patients there is sciatic pain which drives them to see their doctors. The patients most commonly complain about stiffness of the lumbar spine which is the most intensive in the morning.
In advanced stage of the disease when the space between discs in the lumbar spine becomes narrowed one may complain about numbness and tingling sensations in lower extremities. Furthermore, there is a pain which is either localized to lumbar spine or it radiates towards legs. In extreme cases the patients lose control over bladder and may even develop more severe neurological problems.
Diagnosis and Treatment for Lumbar Spondylosis
The doctors can set the diagnosis with the assistance of X-ray of the spine. Neurological examination points to the damage caused by degeneration of the lumbar spine. Neurological examination also points to the presence and extent of damage caused to the spinal nerves. The treatment for lumbar spondylosis varies according to the severity of the disease and patient's age. This particularly refers to certain treatment modalities such as surgery.
Mild cases of lumbar spondylosis are treated with medications and physical therapy. Physical therapy increases flexibility of the spine and strengthens spinal muscles.
Extreme cases of lumbar spondylosis are treated surgically. Not all patients are suitable candidates for surgical repair. Namely, those who are very old and those suffering from serious medical conditions cannot be operated.
Patients are also advised to change their habits in order to relieve the pain. They are supposed to lose weight if they are obese and even make drastic changes such as change of profession. This particularly refers to people who are engaged in lifting of heavy objects. Additional help may be obtained from a corset or brace.


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The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a sovereign state in Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the country includes the island of Great Britain—a term also applied loosely to refer to the whole country—the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland and many smaller islands.
Gaming: British Style
Gambling or Gaming is legalized in the United Kingdom. There are four (4) states with gambling facilities in the United Kingdom which have 153 legal gambling facilities available in total. The largest concentration of gaming facilities among the member states of the United Kingdom is England, with 132 gambling facilities, 1,644 table games, and 2,230 gaming, slot, and video poker machines.
The largest gambling city in United Kingdom is London, England with 26 gambling centers, 469 table games, and 265 gaming, slot, and video poker machines. The largest casino in the entire United Kingdom is Stanley Star City, which is located in Birmingham, England. Stanley Star City has 40 table games, 6 poker tables, 200 gaming and video poker machines.
A Growing Industry Sector
The United Kingdom casino and gaming industry has seen much activity lately, as casinos become popular tourist destinations. Reportedly, 13 new mega casino resorts are up for approval and development in 13 different regions within the country, these include Cardiff, Coventry, Glasgow, Middlesbrough, Newcastle, Salford and Sunderland.
Gambling Laws in the UK
Gambling in the United Kingdom is regulated by the Gambling Commission on behalf of the government's Department for Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS) under the Gambling Act 2005. This Act of Parliament significantly updated the UK's gambling laws, including the introduction of a new structure of protections for children and vulnerable adults, as well as bringing the burgeoning Internet gaming sector within British regulation for the first time.
In addition to gaming in casino establishments, gambling in the United Kingdom is also allowed and regulated by law according to the following types: Lotteries (private), Bingo, Betting on sports, National Lottery, Health Lottery, Postcode Lottery, Scratchcards, and Online Casino Gaming.


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The Joy of Light Designer Matches Chain Blue on Embossed Matte 4" Collectible Matchbox
- Approx Size: 4.5 x 2.5 x 1
- High gloss finish, double-lined and color coordinated tray
- Full Striker on side
- 45-50 matchsticks that have been paraffin dipped to ensure a longer burn time
- Great idea for your own home use, or as a special gift or hostess present
PickPerfect.com is being merged in to our OpenSky.com web store. For any customer services inquiries please email our support team directly at [email protected]
Where is my order?
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You will have received an email letting you know that your order has shipped. It will include the carrier (USPS, UPS, FedEx) and tracking number of your package. The time it takes for a package to ship can vary widely depending on the merchant and type of product. You can email our support team directly at [email protected]
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You can return or exchange eligible items up to 14 days from the date your order was delivered as long as products are in resalable condition. Items must be in their original condition (unused, unwashed and undamaged) with all the packaging intact.
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3 Lawn Care Tips For Your Backyard BBQ
Hosting a BBQ is one of the most affordable ways to get a group of friends and family together. Since many people opt to host BBQ dinners in their backyard, having a well-manicured lawn is essential. Your lawn serves as a reflection of you, and you want to ensure that you put your best foot forward this BBQ season.
Here are three lawn care tips that you can use to ensure your lawn looks great throughout the summer grilling season.
1. Get rid of weeds early.
You need to look for weeds that have infiltrated your lawn well in advance of your next backyard BBQ. Weeds are not only unsightly, but they can steal valuable water and nutrient resources from your lawn.
If you plan to use a chemical weed killer to prune those pesky weeds from your backyard, you should keep in mind that it can take between 14 and 28 days for necrosis to completely set in. Having a landscaping company apply chemical weed killers a couple of weeks before your backyard BBQ ensures that weeds will have time to die completely before your guests arrive.
2. Treat urine spots.
Most dog owners enjoy letting their pooch spend some time outdoors. Unfortunately, the high nitrogen content in a dog's urine can wreak havoc on your lawn. If you notice that your lawn is showing signs of spotting caused by dog urine, contacting a landscape professional can help you treat these spots before your next backyard BBQ.
Urine spots that show signs of growth stimulation (the grass in these spots is greener than the rest of your lawn) could indicate a nitrogen deficiency in the rest of your lawn. A landscape professional can apply a nitrogen-rich fertilizer to help urine-stimulated growth spots blend. If too much nitrogen has caused the urine spots to turn brown, the turf in these spots can be removed and replaced with fresh sod before it's time to host your next BBQ.
3. Don't water until after your event.
Adding water to your lawn before a backyard BBQ could be disastrous. Not only will a soggy lawn post a threat to the integrity of your guests' shoes, but wet lawns are more susceptible to damage from lawn chairs and picnic tables.
Keeping the soil beneath your grass dry until after your BBQ has ended will allow you to maintain the structural integrity of your lawn throughout the summer grilling season.
Take the time to ensure your lawn is ready for a backyard BBQ by working with a landscape professional to get your yard looking its best. To learn more, contact a landscaping company like Heritage Lawn & Landscape LLC.


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Home Loans for Bad Credit
When you apply for a home loan, your credit history plays a very important role. If you happen to have low or bad credit, your ability to gain a mortgage will be compromised and your interest rate is subject to the lender's discretion. This is because lenders will see negative financial history as a risk factor and would think that you will be more likely than someone else to default on the loan. With a struggling economy and an increase amount of foreclosures, obtaining a loan is already very difficult and the available interest rates will fluctuate based on market factors.
Despite that you can still obtain a loan (even with bad credit) by taking some good advice that may result in an improved credit score. With some good planning, this may get you to a point where you are able to show prospective lenders that you are not a huge risk. For you, this means a better interest rate, and lower cost of borrowing and generally less stress! Here is how you can achieve that:
Credit Report
Your credit report needs to be highly accurate and free of any inconsistencies and errors. If you see any mistakes, you might want to send in the relevant documents to clear out those mistakes with your credit company. Typically you will want to give yourself about six months of time to ensure that you are able to iron out any concerns.
If you have bad credit, you might have to pay a higher interest on your loan to counter this issue. Make sure you are prepared for either this or an ARM which consists of changing interest rates.
Steady Income
You should be able to show your creditors that you have a steady income which will be enough for your monthly mortgage payments. This will increase your chances for a mortgage despite bad credit. Generally speaking, there is specific paperwork that you can put together in advance to save you and your loan officer some time while shopping for the best loan quote.
Other Debt
A greater debt to income ratio will give you a tougher time in qualifying for a mortgage, especially if you have bad credit. Therefore, make sure that you pay all of your credit card balances and all the other loans before seeking a mortgage. If all your current debt is paid off, you will increase your chances of getting a loan, despite bad credit. Essentially, showing a history of financial responsibility is what you are doing here.
Down Payment
If you increase your down payment considerably, the lenders will automatically start having more faith in you. This is because you will come off as a serious investor who would not want to lose their house under any circumstance. It will also show how good you are at saving money and that you are open to more risk in the transaction. A high down payment will often get you a lower interest rate and should reduce your overall cost of borrowing.
Negative Items
If you have a valid explanation for all the negative items in your credit report, then you should write those down and prepare for that potentially awkward but important conversation. For instance, health problems or a recent divorce are understandable reasons for why you may have been unable to pay off certain bills.
Government Programs
There are certain government programs which have far more flexible payment options and credit requirements. Consider those choices for your next loan as there may be something that appeals to you or is best suited for your unique situation.
If a friend or a relative with a good credit score can co-sign your loan, then that will be a great advantage for you. However, do keep in mind that they will be responsible in case you default so be sure that you are setting yourself up for success.
Do you have any further questions regarding applying for home loans despite having bad credit? If you do then Get Started here to speak with our experts and get a no obligation quote today. A one-to-one conversation is the best way to get serious about your next home purchase and we will be more than happy to answer any of the questions you might have.


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This glitz-and-glamour-packed read of Spotlight by Ivana Fox (£18.99, Orion) tells the story of talent show star Madison, and runaway bride / wannabe fashion-designer Jess. Both hoping to make it big in New York, their lives collide when they meet the gorgeous and powerful Beau Silverman - only to find out he isn't all he seems. Fast-paced, sexy and exciting, this is the perfect read to get you in the mood for summer.


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Showtime Green-Lights The United States of Tara
Showtime picked up 12 episodes of The United States of Tara, a half-hour comedy starring Toni Collette.
Juno writer Diablo Cody wrote the pilot and will serve as a writer and executive producer on the series going forward.
The series follows a wife and mother who suffers from disassociative identity (multiple personality) disorder and how her family copes with having to deal with a whole new person any given day.
"Showtime is known as the home of several shows featuring flawed main characters, and we welcome Tara -- and all her alternate personalities -- to the fold," Showtime president Robert Greenblatt said in announcing the pickup. "What a pleasure to watch Diablo Cody and Toni Collette work together -- a combination of inspired writing and acting that raises this show from just a curiosity to a compelling examination of a modern family."


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Extent of cooperation:
With the Motol University Hospital, we cooperate in the fields of pediatrics. We send our child patients there when we require an X-Ray examination. We also cooperate with the hospital in terms of orthopedic care.
Where to park?
The standard parking fee upon entry to the hospital is 30 CZK for each new ½ hour. FN Motol provides better rates during these time slots:
- Time slot I: When visiting between 06:00 until 16:00 and in case your visit is shorter than 1 hour (60 minutes), the parking is free of charge.
- Time slot II: When visiting between 16:00 until 21:00 and in case your visit is shorter than 3 hours (180 minutes), the parking is free of charge.
- Time slot III: When visiting between 21:00 until 06:00 and in case your visit is shorter than 5 hours (300 minutes), the parking is free of charge.
- When a patients is admitted for treatment at the LSPP (emergency service) – i.e. an emergency service which is operating between 17:00 and 07:30 and without interruption during weekends and state holidays, they will not be charged a parking fee after they show a receipt for having paid a regulatory fee of 90 CZK for the emergency service.
In case you spend more time in the allocated time zones for free parking, the fee is calculated based on your entry time and the exit time, i.e. at a rate of 30 CZK for 30 minutes. You cannot transfer the allowed times from one zone to the other.
Further information about the parking facilities as the grounds can be found on the FN Motol website.
Closest public transport stops:
You can reach the Nemocnice Motol stop as follows:
- Take metro line A
- Take metro line B – bus number 167 from the Anděl bus stop
- Take metro line B – bus numbers 179 from Nové Butovice bus stop
- From Hlavní nádraží by taking tram number 9, getting off at Anděl and changing to bus number 167
- Night bus number 502