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By Mairead Mcardle • National Review
Federal Communications Commission chairman Ajit Pai said Friday that some advocates of net neutrality saw a political advantage in fomenting fear about the policy's end.
Pai joined Charles Cooke of National Review at the National Review Institute's 2019 Ideas Summit to discuss how the agency's role has changed from its founding in the 1930s to today.
"Net neutrality" is a "very seductive marketing slogan," Pai said. But "ultimately what it means is government regulation of the Internet."
"As to the question of why people are upset, I'll be candid. I think it's because a lot of people saw a political advantage in fomenting a lot of fear," he continued, recalling the doom-and-gloom warnings of critics who warned that Pai's rollback of Obama-era net-neutrality regulations would be the "end of the Internet as we know it."
"Last time I checked, you can still hate-tweet your favorite FCC chairman," he quipped.
by John-Michael Seibler • The Daily Signal
For four years, Carl and Janice Duffner of St. Peters, Missouri, have been fighting the city's enforcement of a mandate to grow turf grass in their yard despite Janice Duffner's grass pollen allergy.
Now facing potential cumulative penalties of more than 20 years in prison and $180,000 in fines, the Duffners' case is pending before the 8th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals, where they are arguing that the mandate to cover half of their lawn in allergens violates their state and federal constitutional rights.
Whatever comes of those claims, the city's enforcement action may violate Duffner's rights under the Americans with Disabilities Act.
In Title II of the Americans with Disabilities Act, Congress barred state and local government entities from discriminating against individuals with certain disabilities through any services and activities, including the enforcement of an ordinance.
According to the Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America, the law "protects people with asthma and allergies even if reactions or attacks happen only when triggered. The Americans With Disabilities Act can help to create an environment where patients can avoid their triggers." Fortunately for the Duffners, that extends to the place where people most want and expect to escape their "triggers"—in their own home. Continue reading
By Terry Jones • Investor's Business Daily
Cutting Rules: Baseball season is winding down and, as it does, so is another grueling annual event: The U.S. government's fiscal year. But this year, with just two months to go, something remarkable is happening: Regulations are being slashed at a record rate.
A new report by the American Action Forum (AAF) says that not only is President Trump meeting his deregulation goals, he's exceeding them — in some cases, by a large amount.
"Collectively, executive agencies subject to regulatory budget remain on pace to double the administration's overall saving goal," wrote the AAF's Dan Bosch. "On an individual basis, 12 of 22 agencies have already met or surpassed their savings target."
"The Department of Labor enjoys the largest total savings of covered agencies with $417.2 million," Bosch wrote. "The Department of Health and Human Services comes in second in savings … at Continue reading
By Betsy McCaughey • Real Clear Politics
Rank and file government workers won big over union bosses Wednesday, when the U.S. Supreme Court ruled 5-4 in favor of Mark Janus, an Illinois state worker who refused to join the American Federation of State, County, and Municipal Employees. The court struck down an Illinois law that allowed the union to deduct fees from Janus's paycheck despite his refusal to join.
The Janus ruling smashes laws in 22 states — including New York, Connecticut, New Jersey and California — that compel nonmembers to support unions. Until now, if you wanted a government job in these states, you had to pay up. But now firefighters, teachers and other public employees won't have to fork over a penny to a union if they choose not to join. For the average worker who opts out, it will mean hundreds of dollars more in take-home pay a year.
More in workers' pockets, less in union coffers. Nationwide, unions are expected to forfeit Continue reading
By Steve Kurtz • Fox News
A $45 monthly fee could end up costing big labor billions. Public unions are getting nervous, while those who don't like how they operate are claiming the free lunch may be over soon.
An explosive case regarding government employees and the First Amendment that the Supreme Court will hear on Feb. 26 could redefine the relationship between public unions and workers.
Petitioner Mark Janus works at the Illinois Department of Healthcare and Family Services and didn't like that a certain amount was deducted from his paycheck — he didn't believe he should be forced to pay union dues or fees just to be allowed to work for the state. He didn't agree with the 1.3 million-member AFSCME union's politics, and so believed, under the First Amendment, he couldn't be forced to contribute.
In his court filing, Janus quotes Thomas Jefferson, who said to "compel a man to furnish contribution of Continue reading
By James L. Buckley • National Review
The following speech was delivered on January 27 in Old Saybrook, Conn., as an address to the William F. Buckley Jr. Program at Yale upon the inauguration of the James L. Buckley Award for Public Service.
Until the summer of 1965, I had lived a totally contented, interesting, and highly private life. Although I have always been interested in questions of public policy, I had never, ever given any thought to public service. Then something wholly unexpected occurred. I received a telephone call from brother Bill in which he informed me that he had decided to run for the office of mayor of New York City and, furthermore, that I was to serve as his campaign manager.
I told Bill that that last was preposterous: I was far too busy with my own work and, furthermore, I knew absolutely nothing about politics or the conduct of political campaigns. Bill, though, could be very persuasive. He explained, among other things, that as he could not possibly win, he didn't expect the race to take very much of his time. Therefore, it would take even less of mine.
And that is how the leaders of New York's Conservative party came to learn of my existence; and three years later, when hunting around to fill a gap, they persuaded me to run as a pro forma candidate for the U.S. Senate. As it would be an unwinnable race against a popular liberal incumbent, they assured me it would require little effort on my part. As it happens, it took a great deal of it, but I did surprisingly well. So, two years later, yielding to a Continue reading
By Michael Tanner • National Review
The Western world can breathe easy. British prime minister Theresa May has solved one of the great crises of our time: She has appointed a Minister of Loneliness. Tracey Crouch, who is currently the Tory undersecretary for Sports and Civil Society, will be charged with leading a government-wide effort to "develop a strategy" for ending "loneliness and social isolation" among adults.
It is easy to have a laugh at the expense of the Brits, of course, although just last year President Obama's surgeon general, Dr. Vivek Murthy, wrote an article for the Harvard Business Review arguing that the societal problem of loneliness needs more attention from business and government. But there is something bigger at work here. There is now a general belief, one increasingly shared by politicians and voters of both parties, that every problem, large or small, can only be solved by the government.
The Declaration of Independence says that governments are instituted among men to secure our unalienable rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. Today, too many people see government as the solution to whatever ails us.
Obesity a problem? We need the government to regulate what we eat. Wages too low? The government should set them. Are people doing things that you think are immoral? Continue reading
By Steve Eder • New York Times
ALTAMONT, N.Y. — For eight weeks every fall, Indian Ladder Farms, a fifth generation
family operation near Albany, kicks into peak season.
The farm sells homemade apple pies, fresh cider and warm doughnuts. Schoolchildren arrive by the busload to learn about growing apples. And as customers pick fruit from trees, workers fill bins with apples, destined for the farm's shop and grocery stores.
This fall, amid the rush of commerce — the apple harvest season accounts for about half of Indian Ladder's annual revenue — federal investigators showed up. They wanted to check the farm's compliance with migrant labor rules and the Fair Labor Standards Act, which sets pay and other requirements for workers.
Suddenly, the small office staff turned its focus away from making money to
placating a government regulator.
The investigators arrived on a Friday in late September and interviewed the
farm's management and a group of laborers from Jamaica, who have special work
visas. The investigators hand delivered a notice and said they would be back the
following week, when they asked to have 22 types of records available. The
request included vehicle registrations, insurance documents and time sheets —
reams of paper in all.
Scott Pruitt, the administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency is taking the lead on this, but expect it to spread to other agencies, including the DOJ. It's a good start, but there are other problems in the lawfare arena that need to be addressed to ease tensions and restore order to the legal system.
Consider the attacks on Big Oil, which started with a novel legal theory that presupposed the U.S. oil and gas industry deliberately conspired for several decades to deceive the public about climate change.
That theory became an allegation which, when backed by several of the attorneys general of more than a dozen states, turned into litigation that threatens to set a number of dangerous legal precedents while undermining the nation's economic vitality.
by Ali Meyer • The Free Beacon
Waiting times for medically necessary health care services under Canada's single-payer system have hit a record high, according to a report from the Fraser Institute.
Sen. Bernie Sanders (I., Vt.) has touted Canada's single-payer system, saying it is a model the United States should follow. He introduced a "Medicare for All" plan this past September.
"The issue that has got to be studied is how does it happen that here in Canada they provide quality care to all people, and I don't think there is any debate that the quality of care here is as good or better than the United States, and they do it for half the cost," Sanders said.
Sen. Elizabeth Warren (D., Mass.) cosponsored Sanders's bill, saying she believes the measure will bring high-quality and low-cost care to Americans. Sen. Kirsten Gillibrand (D., N.Y.) wrote a provision in Sanders's bill allowing Americans to buy into a public plan during the transition to single-payer.
The Fraser Institute found that patients under Canada's single-payer system this year waited an average of 10.9 weeks—roughly two-and-a-half months—from the time they had a consultation with a specialist to the time at which they received treatment. Physicians consider 7.2 weeks to be a clinically reasonable wait time. Continue reading
by Mary Katharine Ham • The Federalist
In Arizona, an act of charity became a possibly criminal act when a state board took issue with a cosmetology student giving free haircuts to local homeless people.
Juan Carlos Montesdeoca is a Tucson cosmetology student who used to be homeless. He organized a Haircuts for the Homeless event along with other classmates in a local park in January, offering barber services and manicures for people who hadn't had such treatment in years. But an anonymous complaint to state officials for practicing this rogue styling without a license led to an investigation by the State Board of Cosmetology.
Republican Gov. Doug Ducey sent a letter to the board Wednesday asking them to stop the investigation, calling Montesdeoca's "an act of charity that we should be celebrating." Continue reading
by Bill McMorris • Washington Free Beacon
A federal judge in Texas could strike down another of the Obama administration's most controversial labor rules.
Judge Amos L. Mazzant from the Eastern District of Texas will rule Tuesday on the Department of Labor's new overtime regulations. Those regulations would force employers to pay overtime to any white collar worker making less than $913 per week–about $47,000 per year—double the previous threshold of $455. The rule also includes an escalator provision that automatically raises the threshold every three years, similar to how some minimum wage provisions are designed to adjust for inflation.
More than 20 states and dozens of companies and industry trade groups have filed suit to block the regulations from taking effect. Continue reading
by Senator Ted Cruz • The Daily Signal
The incredible ingenuity of the American people invented the internet—one of the most transformational technologies in human history. But even though we created and paid for the internet, we did not keep it for ourselves; we shared it for the benefit of all humanity. That spirit of freedom and generosity is the very essence of our great nation.
Since the internet's inception, the United States government has played a critical role in supervising the core internet functions that allow websites to interface with the internet. If any other country had created the internet, this power could have been used to deny internet access to websites that were deemed politically undesirable, unpopular, threatening, or disfavored by the ruling elite.
But not here in the United States. The internet is an oasis of freedom today because of our First Amendment, which is unparalleled in the protection it affords free speech. So long as the U.S. government is involved in internet governance, it cannot deny any website internet access on account of the ideas it espouses. Continue reading
by Peter Roff • U.S. News
The armchair constitutionalists who have lately been about the business of trying to nullify the decision of the United States Supreme Court in the Citizens United case are so full of ardor for their cause they are no longer thinking clearly.
They believe passionately to the point of distraction that money is a singularly corruptive influence on the American political process – as long as it is corporate money which, to them, means it comes from General Motors, Microsoft, Goldman-Sachs and other really big repositories of wealth.
There's so much wrong with this thinking that there isn't enough bandwidth available on the internet to explain the errors in one place. Suffice it to say, their passion for the subject has led them in directions that threaten the constitutional integrity of the American system. Continue reading
by Elizabeth Harrington • Washington Free Beacon
The cost to taxpayers for just nine executive orders signed by President Barack Obama is $31 billion, according to a new report.
The American Action Forum found that Obama's "pen and phone" strategy of going around Congress has incurred major costs for Americans for reasons including the delay of provisions in Obamacare and imposing new gun control measures. The group analyzed the most expensive executive orders and administrative action taken by the president for its analysis.
"'I've got a pen and I've got a phone … I can use that pen to sign executive orders and take executive actions and administrative actions that move the ball.' That was President Obama in 2014 pledging to use executive action to implement his policy priorities," writes Sam Batkins, director of regulatory policy at the American Action Forum, a center-right policy institute. "The American people elected Republican majorities in both the House and the Senate and President Obama responded through regulation, rather than working with Congress on legislation." Continue reading


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- By Kate Bradshaw
- February 12, 2019
We are looking for an experienced, energetic and motivated Clinical Coordinator to join our dental team in Noosa.
Reporting to the Practice Manager, the successful candidate will have experience in a similar role and be responsible to lead, facilitate and guide the clinical team in the practice.
Why work for us?
- Opportunity to take the next step in your career;
- Build a career and step up the ladder in the dental industry;
- Work with experienced dentists to enhance your skills and knowledge;
- Excellent WH&S culture – we want to keep you safe in the workplace;
- Up to 40% off your dentist bill to improve your own smile;
- Network with many dental professionals throughout our organization.
We are looking for someone who:
- Has extensive clinical experience in the dental industry.
- Can be a role model for dental assistants – you will lead by example;
- Coach the clinical team i.e. dental assistants and trainees;
- Maintain clinical compliance;
- Deliver formal and informal staff education and training sessions;
- Assist with equipment stock-take and ordering;
- Communicate effectively and can work in a team or autonomously.
The successful candidate must have the following:
- Certificate III or higher in Dental Assisting;
- Available Monday – Friday, evenings and Saturdays if required;
- D4W patient software experience is desired but not necessary.
Applications can be submitted by using the 'Apply' button below. We kindly request you provide evidence of your Hepatitis B status within your application.
Please also note shortlisted applicants may be required to provide further serological and immunisation evidence and participate in a clinical trial to be further considered for the role.
For more information please contact Rachel on (07) 47201300 for a confidential discussion about the role.

subset: commoncrawl


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IBM Collaboration Solutions is one of hot certifications in IBM. To earn this pop IBM Collaboration Solutions certification, you need to pass one or some of the following exams, and you can check each of them. All of IBM Collaboration Solutions certification exams questions are the latest and valid for you to pass the tests. We update them frequently according to the changes of test centers. Want to pass required exams successfully and get IBM Collaboration Solutions certifed? Our latest questions can help you achieve this goal in a short time.
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text: Key environmental issues in relation to car washes are emissions to water and air, noise and generation of waste. Wastewater discharges contain substances from used cleaning agents, the road surface and from the car itself, and neighboursneighbors of car washes may be disturbed by unpleasant odoursodors and noise. This report provides an overview of the car wash industry in the Nordic countries and environmental impacts associated with car washes. Different systems for wastewater treatment are thoroughly described and information about associated investment costs is given. Risk factors related to discharges are listed and measures for minimizing risks. Advice is given regarding operation and maintenance. Recommendations are also included for wastewater treatment in relation to different sizes of car washes. The purpose of this report is to provide the industry, environmental authorities and consultants with a guide to the state-of-the-art of techniques that can be applied to reduce environmental impacts caused by car washes. The report was financed by the Nordic Council of Ministers' Working Group on Products and Waste through the Nordic Working Group on Best Available Techniques.


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Combined Use of Airborne Lidar and DBInSAR Data to Estimate LAI in Temperate Mixed Forests
Peduzzi, Alicia
Wynne, Randolph H.
Thomas, Valerie A.
Nelson, Ross F.
Reis, James J.
Sanford, Mark
MetadataShow full item record
The objective of this study was to determine whether leaf area index (LAI) in temperate mixed forests is best estimated using multiple-return airborne laser scanning (lidar) data or dual-band, single-pass interferometric synthetic aperture radar data (from GeoSAR) alone, or both in combination. In situ measurements of LAI were made using the LiCor LAI-2000 Plant Canopy Analyzer on 61 plots (21 hardwood, 36 pine, 4 mixed pine hardwood; stand age ranging from 12-164 years; mean height ranging from 0.4 to 41.2 m) in the Appomattox-Buckingham State Forest, Virginia, USA. Lidar distributional metrics were calculated for all returns and for ten one meter deep crown density slices (a new metric), five above and five below the mode of the vegetation returns for each plot. GeoSAR metrics were calculated from the X-band backscatter coefficients (four looks) as well as both X- and P-band interferometric heights and magnitudes for each plot. Lidar metrics alone explained 69% of the variability in LAI, while GeoSAR metrics alone explained 52%. However, combining the lidar and GeoSAR metrics increased the R2 to 0.77 with a CV-RMSE of 0.42. This study indicates the clear potential for X-band backscatter and interferometric height (both now available from spaceborne sensors), when combined with small-footprint lidar data, to improve LAI estimation in temperate mixed forests.


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Bethesda has been kicking ass and taking names, and with Doom: Eternal on the horizon nothing is likely going to stop that hot-streak. During their E3 2019 presentation, they revealed a brand new story trailer for the game along with revealing new gameplay footage for both single player and Battlemode their new multiplayer mode.
The footage looks just as slick as the last installment and I'm sure will keep fans on their toes.
They also announced that Doom: Eternal is set for release on November 22nd.
Raze Hell. DOOM Eternal launches on 11.22.19. Watch the all-new Story Trailer for DOOM Eternal, the much-anticipated sequel to DOOM (2016). DOOM Eternal puts you in control of the DOOM Slayer as you blow apart new and classic demons with powerful weapons in unbelievable and never-before-seen worlds. Experience the ultimate combination of speed and power as you rip and tear your way across dimensions with the next leap in push-forward, first-person combat.
Introducing BATTLEMODE, DOOM Eternal's brand-new 2 versus 1 multiplayer experience built from the ground up at id Software. A fully-armed DOOM Slayer faces off against two player-controlled demons, duking it out over three rounds of intense first-person combat. See the teaser trailer now and stay tuned for more information about the exciting new game mode at QuakeCon 2019.


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If you work at a desk you have likely experienced mid back pain. This pain can range anywhere from a sense of "tiredness" between your shoulder blades to numbness and/or tingling that radiates away from your spine. Unfortunately, many activities of everyday life lead to slumping and a forward shoulder position. Think about how much time you spend at a computer, driving or sitting on couch. All of these things lead to a forward slumping mid back and tight shoulders.
There are activities that we can do to reverse these trends including stretching, strengthening and postural exercises. Recent studies in physical therapy literature have shown improvement in patient's pain and mobility in the neck, mid-back and shoulders after manual therapy for the mid back. From my experience, thoracic manipulations can bring some of the fastest relief of any manual therapy techniques.
In addition to manual therapy and exercises there are many self management techniques that can help:
Quick Tips
1: Stand up often. For every hour that you sit, you should stand up and move for 2-5 minutes.
2: Be aware of you posture. Just being conscious of pulling your shoulder blades back during the day is the first step to making postural changes.
3: Be aware of your desk ergonomics. Your computer screen should be at eye level and not off to either side to minimize stress on the spine.
4: When you are exercising make sure to spend as much time strengthening your back muscles as you do your chest.
Mid back pain is a diagnosis that we see great success with in the clinic. However, if left untreated this lingering pain can be interfere with your daily activities and decrease your quality of life. Also, patients who seek help while the pain is relatively new tend to see faster results.
Feel free to contact Siskiyou Physical Therapy if you have any questions or would like to schedule an appointment. We regularly help patients decrease or eliminate their thoracic pain quickly and our patients love it.
Jon Hill, DPT, Licensed Physical Therapist with Siskiyou Physical Therapy
If you like this post or have a question. Comment below.


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S.C.I. valves are very well known as a quality manufacturer of cast and ductile iron valve products ranging in size from DN25 through to DN3200mm. They manufacture valve products exclusively which allows full concentration in providing a quality, purpose built and tested product. S.C.I. can supply any recognized international standard valve and also build valves to customer specifications. Siam Cast Iron Works is a fully accredited ISO.9001 establishment and company policy is to rigidly comply to all aspects of this standard.


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Light Engine
The invention describes a Light engine (1,2,3,4,5) comprising a chamber (6) with at least one aperture (7) and a number of LED elements (13) positioned inside this chamber, where effectively all inner surfaces of the chamber (6) are realized as high-reflective surfaces (20) which are essentially non-absorbing towards light within a desired wavelength region
Latest KONINKLIJKE PHILIPS ELECTRONICS, N.V. Patents:
- System and method for extracting physiological information from remotely detected electromagnetic radiation
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This invention relates to a light engine comprising a chamber with at least one aperture and a number of LED elements positioned inside this chamber.
A general need exists for highly intense and highly luminous localised light sources for the purpose of, for example, coupling this light into one or into a plurality of optical fibres, thereby allowing the light to be transported away from a single light source to several remote locations, e.g. to a number of automotive headlights/taillights etc., or, for example, for emitting a concentrated very bright light beam directly into the outside world or into some embodiment of a light guide or into a collimating element for the purpose of shaping and/or collimating the emitted light beam according to certain desired specifications. An example is a light engine comprising an intense single light source, for example a HID lamp. With secondary optics, usually comprising at least a parabolic mirror and a collimating lens, the light from the light source is projected and focused onto an optical fibre array, which allows for light transport. Examples of the latter include a display backlight and an automotive headlight. In recent years, because of some well-known advantages of LED light sources when compared with traditional light sources, interest in the use of LED light sources instead of traditional light sources has grown considerably.
During the past decade, the technology concerning the design and manufacture of LEDs, particularly solid-state inorganic LEDs, has rapidly improved up to the point where inorganic white-light emitting LEDs can now be manufactured at an efficiency of just over 40 lm/Watt. This clearly surpasses that of traditional white incandescent lamps (16 lm/Watt at best) and most halogen lamps (30-35 lm/Watt at best). The lumen output from a single LED die has now increased to well beyond 100 lm and it is expected that in a few years it should be possible to achieve an efficiency of 75 lumens/Watt at an input power of 2.7 Watt per LED die, thus producing 200 lumen/LED. On the other hand, the limited luminous output per LED die still presents a hurdle to be overcome on the way to a general application of LEDs for lightning purposes in the foreseeable future. General lighting sources must produce luminous fluxes within the range of 500-1000 lumens for domestic use, and 1000-3000 lumens for occupational use, i.e. the current output of ordinary incandescent and fluorescent lighting sources. This can only be accomplished with LEDs when the light output from up to a few dozen LED dies is combined within a single fixture, giving a so-called light engine. In itself this should not be a problem, however, it starts to be a problem when a high-brightness light source is required, because, for instance, the emitted light from all LEDs combined has to be collimated with the aid of a small-sized compact collimating element. A well-known example of the latter is an automotive headlamp. Here, one commonly makes use of H7 halogen lamps (55 W input power) which emit some 1500 lumens. These lumens are emitted at a brightness of about 30 Mcd/m2. In case of using a Xenon HID lamp, the achieved brightness increases to about 80 Mcd/m2. In contrast, when a single 1 mm2 LED die is made to emit 50 lumens of white light, which is about the best that can be achieved with the technology currently available, the brightness of a single die is only 8 Mcd/m2, still a few times below that of a halogen lamp and an order of magnitude below the brightness of a conventional HID lamp. The situation significantly worsens when multiple LED dies are required, due to the necessary spacing between adjacent dies.
One example of a LED light engine (also called 'light generator'), capable of combining the light output from various LED dies together to achieve a single concentrated (collimated) beam of emitted light, is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,402,347. Therein, individual LED elements are mounted on a back plate, each of them equipped with a collimating dome. An adjacent aligned Fresnel lens allows for the projection of the individual LED light beams onto a single output element, for example an optical light guide. A main problem of this system is the large light loss, which may amount up to about 60% due to reflections from the various optical interfaces. Other disadvantages of this light engine are its bulk, and the required precision alignment of the secondary optics, raising the cost for such a light engine. As yet, the size and cost of such a LED light engine far exceeds that of an ordinary high-intensity light source.
Therefore, an object of the present invention is to provide a LED-based light engine which is easier and cheaper to produce, which is of compact dimensions, and which shows a better performance than known LED-based light engines.
To this end, the present invention provides a light engine comprising a chamber with at least one aperture and a number of LED elements positioned inside this chamber, where, effectively, all inside surfaces of the chamber are realized as high-reflective, preferably diffuse-reflective (also called 'white-reflective'), surfaces which are essentially non-absorbing towards light within a desired wavelength region, particularly the visible region, the UV region, and/or the infrared region. The term 'high-reflective' is to be understood as a reflectivity approaching 100%, preferably ≧95%, more preferably ≧98%.
If, according to the invention, all inside surfaces which are not occupied by a LED element—including the surface area between the LED elements—are highly reflective, then essentially all light emitted by the LED elements will leave the chamber through the aperture, perhaps after multiple, possibly numerous, reflections. Such a phenomenon of multiple reflection of the light inside the chamber is known as 'internal light recycling'. In such a construction, every internal chamber surface is effectively an emissive surface, whether it emits light itself, as is the case with the surface of a LED element, or reflects light. The light engine according to the invention does not comprise the internal secondary optics from prior art light engines, and is therefore more economical to manufacture. If desirable, the light engine according to the invention can be provided with external secondary optics, preferably provided near the light engine aperture, for the purpose of shaping and/or collimating the emitted light beam from the light engine.
In a chamber designed in this way, constructed as a 'integrating sphere' or so-called 'Ulbricht sphere', by far the greatest part of the light emitted by the LEDs within the chamber will indeed exit the chamber through the aperture. Evidently, the efficiency of the entire light engine ultimately depends on the attained reflectivity of the inside surfaces of the chamber. Although the reflectivity of the inside surfaces is unlikely to reach exactly 100%, this limit can still be reasonably well approached. That an exceptionally good performance can be attained with a light engine according to the present invention is demonstrated in the following, whereby the values ultimately attained will always depend on the exact construction parameters of the light engine, such as the LED packing density within the chamber, the reflectivity of the LEDs, and the size of the aperture opening in relation to the total inner surface area of the light engine that is exposed to light. The exact construction parameters should therefore be chosen to suit the desired application.
In the following, it is assumed that the LEDs are solid-state inorganic LED dies, since these are currently available with sufficient luminous intensity. Nevertheless, any other electro-luminescent elements can be used, for example, laser diodes, other types of semiconductor light emitting elements or organic LEDs, as long as these deliver sufficient performance. Therefore, the term 'LED' in the following is to be regarded as a synonym for any type of appropriate electro-luminescent element.
The dependent claims and the subsequent description disclose particularly advantageous embodiments and features of the invention.
The reflectivity of the inside surfaces can be achieved in basically any manner. It is only critical that the reflectivity be sufficiently high, preferably ≧98%. Preferably, the highly-reflective surfaces may be realized by distributing a diffuse reflective material over the inside surface of the chamber walls. For example, the inside surfaces can be coated with an appropriate material in the form of a particle/binder coating of sufficient thickness.
In a particularly preferred embodiment of the invention, the diffuse-reflective material is enclosed between the inside surface of the chamber walls, and a covering plate which is transparent in at least the desired wavelength region. The diffuse reflective material is thus 'sandwiched' between the inside surfaces of the chamber walls and the transparent covering plate. This construction permits use of a diffuse reflective material such as a reflective dry powder, preferably a free-flowing powder. Suitable reflective white powder may comprise inorganic particles such as Al2O3, YBO3, BaSO4, TiO2, Ca-pyrophosphate, Ca-halophosphate, MgO, or mixtures of these particles. The absence of any organic binder material increases the reflectivity of the powder particles and avoids gradual discolouration over time. Use of Ca-pyrophosphate at an average particle diameter of 5-15 μm is particularly recommended because of its cheapness and ready availability, chemical purity, resistance to high temperatures (>1000° C.), its ability to behave as a free-flowing powder when mixed with approximately 1% w/w Alon-C nanoparticles (i.e. Al203 nanoparticles, Degussa GmbH, Germany) which is useful for enabling an easy filling of the relatively narrow space between the inside surfaces of the chamber and the covering plate with dry powder particles, and its proven non-absorbing characteristics towards visible light after annealing at 900° C. With Ca-pyrophosphate powder, the reflective powder layers should preferably have a thickness of at least 2 mm in order to accomplish a reflectivity of at least 98-99%.
In order to attain a greatest possible efficiency as regards converting the input power into light, it is necessary that as much as possible of the light generated inside the LED elements actually exits the LEDs into the chamber interior. This is not without problems, owing to the internal reflections arising at the boundary layer between the LED die surface and the surroundings. Therefore, in a preferred embodiment of the invention, the light engine comprises outcoupling means for enhancing outcoupling of the light emitted by the LED elements into the chamber.
The outcoupling means might comprise transparent domes, made, for example, from a silicone resin and/or some organic polymeric material, each of which is optically connected to a light emitting surface of an associated LED element. Preferably, the domes protrude through holes in a covering plate, when such a covering plate is used for covering the chamber wall on which the LED elements and/or LED device bodies are mounted, and for covering/sandwiching a diffuse-reflective white material. The presence of such transparent domes around the LED elements promotes light outcoupling from the LED dies. On the other hand, their presence may adversely affect the efficiency with which the internal light recycling inside the light engine chamber can be realised. Depending on the LED characteristics and the wavelengths involved, light absorption might take place at the bottom of the domes inside or directly adjacent to the associated LED elements. Furthermore, a highly-reflective coating on the inside of the light engine is present only on the inside wall surface areas located in between the domes, the domes having a significantly larger cross-section than the cross-section of the associated LED dies themselves.
Therefore, in an alternative embodiment, the LED domes are simply omitted. The white-reflective coatings can then be applied in between the LED die elements and will cover a substantially larger fraction of the inside wall surface area when compared with the situation in which domes are used. As light outcoupling from bare LED dies is intrinsically less efficient, the exposed LED die surfaces are preferably covered with a transparent scattering coating layer that is in optical contact with the die, or a microstructure is applied directly to the LED die surfaces. These latter measures promote light outcoupling from the LED dies.
In a most preferred embodiment, the transparent covering plate which covers the reflective material also covers the LED elements, and the outcoupling means comprises a number of transparent outcoupling elements, each of which extends from a light emitting surface of an associated LED element to the transparent covering plate. Thereby, the optical transparent outcoupling elements may itself form part of the covering plate.
The transparent outcoupling elements preferably have a cross section which is wider at an interface between the outcoupling element and the transparent covering plate than at an interface between the outcoupling element and the associated LED element. For example, the transparent outcoupling elements may have a conical, parabolic, or pyramidal form featuring a cross-section that widens in the direction facing away from the associated LED elements. Such a form ensures that the transparent outcoupling element not only helps to out-couple the light generated in the LED die and to conduct it, like a light conductor, through the transparent covering plate into the inside of the chamber, but also helps to act as a collimator for the LED, limiting the emission angle of the LED.
Essentially, any LED element can be used, for example LED dies that are coated with a light converting substance (usually called fluorescent or just 'phosphor' coating). The phosphor coating of such LEDs ensures that at least a part of the light emitted by the LED at a certain wavelength is converted into a different wavelength, so that, overall, light is emitted with a desired wavelength characteristic, i.e. a certain colour. An optical interference layer may be arranged between the LED die and the phosphor coating on the LED die surface serving to promote the transmission of the light generated inside the LED die into the phosphor layer and to diminish the transmission of phosphor-converted light from the phosphor layer into the LED die.
In case phosphor conversion LEDs are used, the light converting substance—such as phosphor particles—can be distributed either on or in the reflective material, for example the white reflective powder, which is distributed either as a particle/binder coating over the inside surfaces of the chamber walls or which is sandwiched as a binder-free dry powder layer between the inside surfaces of the chamber walls and a transparent covering plate. This is not only easier and cheaper from a processing/packing point of view, but also offers a strategy which counteracts phosphor saturation phenomena and should help to raise the lumen output from the dies. Incorporating the phosphors in the diffuse reflective white powder through e.g. a simple mixing of the dry powders, simplifies the manufacture of the LED elements and avoids phosphor saturation at high light intensities since a larger amount of phosphor can then be spread across a relatively large surface area. The amount and positioning of the phosphors in the diffuse-reflective white powder layer or the diffuse-reflective particle/binder coating can be optimized such that a suitable colour point is obtained. In this case, phosphor-free LED elements can also be used.
Additionally or alternatively, LED elements of differing wavelength characteristics, e.g. red, green, blue can be used, positioned as desired within the light engine. The issue of adequate colour mixing is automatically solved when a light engine according to the invention is utilised, since the individual LED dies cannot directly be observed from the outside and internal colour mixing is taken care of by the internal light recycling process.
The aperture can consist basically of a simple opening in the chamber wall. The effect of the aperture parameters on the performance of the light engine will be discussed in detail later. A light conductor element can be arranged near, in, or on the aperture, for example an optical fibre or similar, in which the light, generated in the light engine, is caught. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, a beam-forming element is arranged in or near the aperture. A light collimating element, e.g. in the form of a lens, a conical element, a pyramidal element, or a parabolic element, is particularly preferred. The light exiting through the aperture is collimated within a defined emission angle and/or is shaped within a defined spatial/angular light intensity distribution pattern by such a collimating element.
To minimise light losses through internal reflections at the various optical interfaces existing within the light engine, for instance the interfaces between the chamber interior and the transparent covering plate and/or between the chamber interior and the outcoupling means and/or between the chamber interior and the collimating element disposed at the light engine aperture, and/or between the chamber interior and the LED die surfaces, the chamber is preferably filled with a material which has a refractive index that approaches or, more preferably, matches the refractive index of the transparent covering plate and/or of the outcoupling means and/or of the collimating element and/or of the LED elements, and which therefore reduces or even eliminates the 'optically visibility' of the various optical interfaces with respect to visible light and/or with respect to the light generated inside and emitted from the LED dies.
This material may be an organic medium such as a transparent liquid, particularly an oil, or a solid resin, particularly a silicone resin, possessing the desired (matching) refractive index, and which is preferably substantially non-absorbing with respect to visible light and/or with respect to the light generated inside and emitted from the LED dies. This measure also minimises Fresnel reflections from the optical element positioned at the aperture of the light engine when the filling material inside the cavity is in optical contact with the said optical element. A preferred embodiment is obtained when the material is a liquid material that is also used for the front-end cooling of the LED elements. Preferably, the liquid material is then pumped around as a fluid between the light engine cavity and some additional external cooling device in order to increase the cooling effect of the fluid.
The light engine according to the invention can be used for any LED luminaire application, characterised in that the luminaire possesses a light output aperture of restricted-area, with a light output beam of adjustable brightness and colour, from where the light can be transported to several remote locations, particularly in automotive light systems such as automotive headlamps. The brightness of the emitted light output beam can be conveniently adjusted by altering the electrical power delivered to individual LED elements inside the light engine. The colour of the emitted light output beam can also be adjusted by altering the electrical power delivered to individual LED elements under the circumstance that LED elements of differing wavelength characteristics are present inside the light engine, e.g. red, green, and blue LED elements.
Other objects and features of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed descriptions considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. It is to be understood, however, that the drawings are designed solely for the purposes of illustration and not as a definition of the limits of the invention. In the drawings, wherein like reference characters denote the same elements throughout:
- the fraction T of the internally generated light that is emitted (transmitted) from the light engine;
- the brightness ratio B denoting the brightness of the emitted light beam from the aperture of the light engine normalised with respect to the brightness of an individual LED element;
- a quality parameter Q.
The dimensions of the objects in the figures have been chosen for the sake of clarity and do not necessarily reflect the actual relative dimensions.
The light engine 1 comprises a chamber 6, constructed, for example, in a rectangular or cylindrical manner. An opening or aperture 7 of surface area Aexit is located at the top of the chamber 6 and connects to a collimating element 8. LED elements 13 are positioned on the inside wall 10 of the chamber 6 at a certain distance from each other, i.e. in a particular grid, along the mantle and on the inside surface opposite the aperture 7. These LED elements 13 are connected via outcoupling elements 15 to a transparent covering plate 11.
This transparent covering plate 11 is positioned in the chamber 6 at a certain distance to the inside wall of the chamber 6. All walls 10 of the chamber 6, including the top side with the aperture 7, are covered by the transparent covering plate 11. The gap between the transparent covering plate 11 and the inside surfaces of the walls 10 of the chamber 6 is filled with a diffuse reflective white powder. Suitable candidates for the reflective white powder are Al203, TiO2, YBO3, BaSO4, Ca-pyrophosphate, Ca-halophosphate, or MgO. Suitable materials for the transparent covering plate 11 include PMMA (polymethyl-methacrylate), PC (polycarbonate), resinous silicone compounds, and glass. This construction ensures that all inside surfaces 20 of the chamber 6, not occupied by a LED die, are highly reflective.
The construction of the walls can be seen in detail in
The distance between the transparent covering plate 11 and the inside surface of the non-transparent outer wall 10 of the chamber 6, i.e. the thickness of the diffuse reflective powder layer 12, is preferably about 2-3 mm. The powder layer 12 provides the highly reflective surfaces 20 of the chamber 6, which enable internal light recycling. A collimating element 8 is arranged on the aperture 7, and is made from, for instance, transparent plastic material, and receives light that is emitted from the aperture 7 of the light engine 1. The shape of the collimating element 8 is chosen such that substantially no light is emitted from the exit surface of the collimating element 8 at an angle greater than the collimation half angle θC measured with respect to the propagation direction of the emitted light beam.
In order to improve the light outcoupling from the transparent covering plate 11 into the inside of the chamber 6, and to simplify the coupling of the light from the chamber 6 into the collimating element 8, the interior 9 of the entire chamber 6 is filled with a solid or liquid medium 22 which has a refractive index approaching or, more preferably, matching that of the transparent covering plate 11 and possibly also that of the collimating element 8. Unwanted light-loss inducing reflections at the boundary interfaces between the covering plate 11 and the medium 22, and at the interface between the collimating element 8 and the medium 22 are thereby avoided or at least diminished. In case the medium 22 is a liquid medium, the liquid can also be utilised for front-end LED cooling purposes, for instance by pumping the liquid medium 22 between the chamber 9 and an external cooling device.
A further example construction of a light engine 2 is shown in
A further embodiment of a light engine 3 according to the present invention is shown in
In all cases shown in the
The different examples show that the chamber 6 can basically have any kind of external geometry. Furthermore, it must be stressed that the aperture 7 does not necessarily have to be a circular opening in a side wall and that it is not necessarily provided with an optical element 8. Any side wall, preferably of relatively small dimensions, can be simply left out of the construction, giving an aperture 7. This is shown by the cylindrical chamber 6 of the simplified schematic in
The exact construction parameters such as chamber geometry, number of LED elements in the chamber, size of aperture etc., depend on constraints such as the maximum size of the light engine, and the desired output parameters. The following therefore describes how the attainable output parameters depend on the construction parameters of the light engine:
Consider the light engine box depicted in
The transmitted fraction T of the internally produced light that escapes via the aperture exit port 7 into the outside world follows from the series:
which, with the 'aperture fraction'
is equivalent to
Thereby, Rav denotes the averaged internal reflectivity Rav of the non-exit part of the light engine's inner wall surface according to
denotes the fraction of the internally reflecting light engine surface area Aengine−Aexit that is covered with LED elements 13.
The above equations do not assume any specific shape of the internal light engine wall. On the other hand, the series expansion in Equation (1) only holds for small aperture fractions f. In the extreme case of a light engine comprising a single flat light-emitting surface, one has a maximum f=0.5 and, by definition, T=1 since no reflecting surfaces are in the way of the emitting light sources. In this case, Equation (1) erroneously predicts a T<1 but the error is still not substantial as long as Rav>0.90, which can readily be accomplished.
For realistic light engines, an upper limit f≈0.3-0.4 should preferably be maintained, but the concept of a light engine according to the invention is obviously more interesting for much smaller values of f. For example a light engine embodied as a square cube that is open on only one of its six sides possesses an aperture fraction f=0.17. Smaller values for the aperture fraction f can be easily obtained by making the cube more rectangular while keeping only one of its two small sides open. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the aperture fraction f should be ≦0.15, more preferably ≦0.1. For example, a light engine 1 according to
In case RLED=Rwall=Rav=1, no light losses are present and one obtains T=1 according to Equation (1) for any arbitrarily small aperture fraction f. This would theoretically allow the creation of extremely high brightness levels when f→0. In reality, however, this is impossible since optical light losses can never be fully avoided.
It is therefore also of interest to derive an equation for the obtainable brightness at the aperture exit port 7 of the light engine 1 as a function of the system parameters. The brightness ratio B, denoting the brightness Bexit at the aperture exit port 7 (assuming that no collimating element 8 is present) normalised with respect to the brightness level BLED of an individual LED die element 13, follows from
which is valid when both the LED dies 13 and the aperture exit port 7 emit non-collimated light (i.e. Lambertian light with θc=90°).
In addition, it is instructive to derive a relation for a second brightness ratio L(θc), also called 'brightness concentration factor' in the following, with
which denotes the ratio of the brightness Bexit(θc) of the light-emitting exit surface (which may be the projected light-emitting exit surface Acol of the collimating element 8) to the screen-averaged brightness Bscreen(θc) of an imaginary flat screen of surface area Ascreen=Aengine−Aexit whereupon LED elements 13 are mounted at a packing density θLED. Here, light is assumed to be emitted as a collimated beam that is angularly bounded within a collimation half-angle θc with respect to the propagation direction of the beam. For non-collimated light, one has θc=90°.
Knowledge of the brightness concentration factor L(θc) indicates whether or not a net light concentration has been achieved by packing NLED dies together inside a light engine 1 at a surface packing density θLED in comparison with the simpler situation wherein the NLED dies are simply mounted on a flat light emitting screen at the same surface packing density. A value L(θc)>1 indicates a relative light (brightness) concentration and a value L(θc)<1 indicates a relative light (brightness) dilution. Evidently, a value of L(θc) as large as is practically possible, and certainly higher than 1, is generally desirable.
In case the light engine 1 is made to emit 2D-collimated light, as shown in
and thus indicates an inevitable enlargement of the emitting surface Acol at decreasing θc.
The screen-averaged brightness level Bscreen(θc) relates to BLED(θc) according to
Bscreen(θc)=θLEDBLED(θc) (6)
In the embodiment of the light engine 1 according to
θLED≦sin2(θc) (7)
on the flat mounting screen is satisfied. The screen surface area Ascreen can then be taken to be independent of θc.
From the above, and bearing in mind that Bexit in Equation (4) denotes the brightness Bcol at the light output surface of the collimating element 8 mounted on the aperture opening 7 of the light engine 1 as soon as θc<90°, it follows that L(θc) can be obtained from:
For the special case θc=90° (Lambertian light)
It is clear from
with Rav given by Equation (2).
However, Q does not strongly depend on the aperture fraction f near f=fopt. In case a high T is more important than a high B (for example when a general lighting application is concerned), one is advised to choose a value f>fopt. The reverse is true when a high B is more important than a high T.
It is evident that, at least for θc=60° (general lighting applications), use of a light engine according to the invention allows a significant brightness concentration to be accomplished with a numerical value up to a factor 5 at 80% lumen output (i.e. T=0.8). Also, higher light concentration factors L are achievable by reducing the aperture fraction f but at the cost of a reduced lumen efficiency.
Taking for granted that Rwall and RLED are always chosen as high as practically possible, it is primarily the packing density θLED of the LED elements on the inner wall that affects the performance as a function of the aperture fraction f. A compromise will always have to be sought between brightness on the one hand and lumen efficiency on the other hand. Also the total required lumen output must be considered, whereby the size of the light engine is directly proportional to the total lumen output.
In case a high lumen efficiency is most important, it is advisable to choose the aperture fraction f≈0.10−0.12 at a low θLED≈0.01. This allows for T≈0.8 and B≈0.07 which, at θc=90°, is still seven times brighter than the screen-averaged brightness of the mounting wall. The brightness concentration factor L(θc) decreases at decreasing θc but remains substantial down θc=40°.
In case a high brightness is most important, it is advisable to choose a higher LED packing density θLED≈0.05, or even more if practicable. To raise the maximum attainable LED packing density, cooling of the LED elements should be provided, for example, by means of a matching refractive index cooling liquid as proposed above. At f≈0.1, one has a smaller T=0.65 but a higher brightness ratio B=0.3, which, at θc≈=90°, is still six times brighter than the screen-averaged brightness B=θLED of the mounting wall. The brightness can be further increased by decreasing the aperture fraction f down to, for example, f=0.05. At f≈0.1, the quality parameter Q significantly improves at increasing θLED. To obtain most benefit from the light engine according to the invention, it is therefore of great interest to increase θLED up to levels at and beyond θLED=0.10
Although the present invention has been disclosed in the form of preferred embodiments and variations thereon, it will be understood that numerous additional modifications and variations could be made thereto without departing from the scope of the invention. For the sake of clarity, it is also to be understood that the use of "a" or "an" throughout this application does not exclude a plurality, and "comprising" does not exclude other steps or elements.
1. Light engine (1, 2, 3, 4, 5) comprising a chamber (6) with at least one aperture (7) and a number of LED elements (13) positioned inside this chamber, where effectively all inner surfaces of the chamber (6) are realized as high-reflective surfaces (20) which are essentially non-absorbing towards light within a desired wavelength region.
2. A light engine according to claim 1, comprising outcoupling means (15, 15′, 16, 17, 19) for enhancing outcoupling of the light emitted by the LED elements (13) into the chamber (6).
3. A light engine according to claim 1, where the high-reflective surfaces (20) are realized by a diffuse-reflective material (12, 18) distributed over the inside surface of the chamber walls (10, 10′).
4. A light engine according to claim 3, where the diffuse-reflective material (12) is enclosed between a transparent covering plate (11, 11′) and the inside surface of the chamber walls (10, 10′).
5. A light engine according to claim 3, where the diffuse-reflective material (12) comprises a reflective dry powder (12).
6. A light engine according to claim 4, where the transparent covering plate (11) covers the LED elements (13), and the outcoupling means (15, 15′) comprise a number of transparent outcoupling elements (15, 15′) each of which extends from a light emitting surface of an associated LED element (13) to the transparent covering plate (11).
7. A light engine according to claim 6, where the transparent outcoupling elements (15) have a cross section which is wider at an interface between the outcoupling element (15) and the transparent covering plate (11) than at an interface between the outcoupling element (15) and the associated LED element (13).
8. A light engine according to claim 1, where the outcoupling means (19) comprise transparent domes (19) each of which is optically connected to a light emitting surface of an associated LED element.
9. A light engine according to claim 8, where the domes (19) protrude through holes (22) in a covering plate (11′, 21) covering the chamber wall (10) on which the LED elements are mounted.
10. A light engine according to claim 3, where the reflective material (12) distributed over the inside surface of the chamber walls (10, 10′) comprises a light converting substance.
11. A light engine according to claim 1 where LED elements of different wavelength characteristics are positioned inside the chamber.
12. A light engine according to claim 1 comprising a light collimating element (8) positioned at the aperture (7) of the chamber (6).
13. A light engine according to claim 1, where the chamber (6) is filled with a material (22) which has a refractive index that approaches or, preferably, matches the refractive index of the transparent covering plate (11, 11′) and/or of the outcoupling means (15, 15′, 19) and/or of the collimating element (8) and/or of the LED elements (13).
14. A light engine according to claim 13, where the material (22) is a liquid material that is also used for the front-end cooling of the LED elements (13).
15. A light engine according to claim 1, where an aperture fraction (f) defined by the ratio of a surface area (Aexit) of the aperture (7) to a total interior surface area (Aengine) of the light engine ((1, 2, 3, 4, 5), which includes the surface area (Aexit) of the aperture (7), is preferably ≦0.15, more preferably ≦0.1.
16. Automotive light system enclosing a light engine (1, 2, 3, 4, 5) according to claim 1.
Type: Application
Filed: Aug 2, 2005
Publication Date: Apr 24, 2008
Patent Grant number: 7722211
Applicant: KONINKLIJKE PHILIPS ELECTRONICS, N.V. (EINDHOVEN)
Inventors: Johan Marra (Eindhoven), Hans Van Sprang (Waalre)
Application Number: 11/573,051
International Classification: F21V 7/22 (20060101); B60Q 1/00 (20060101); F21V 29/00 (20060101);


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Orchard Meadow at Tree Tops ParkNr Holywell, Flintshire These details were last updated on 4th September 2019
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July 1, 2010, 12:08 PM Eastern Standard Time
TORONTO, Canada—(BUSINESS WIRE)—Eyelit Inc., a manufacturing software provider for visibility, control, and coordination of manufacturing operations for the aerospace & defense, discrete electronics, semiconductor, and photovoltaic (solar) industries, announced today that CEA-Leti, the French nanoelectronics Research & Development plant, has purchased Eyelit's manufacturing software suite ―including Eyelit MES, SPC, Asset Management, Quality Management and SYSTEMA's Equipment Integration Suite― to support semiconductor and MEMS production in its facilities in Grenoble, France.
CEA-Leti chose Eyelit's partner, SYSTEMA GmbH, to develop and deliver solutions that enable the seamless integration of Eyelit's Manufacturing Execution System (MES) and Statistical Processing Control (SPC) with SYSTEMA's Equipment Integration Framework, for a highly integrated Manufacturing Execution and Automation System.
"We wanted a solution that we felt could handle our production volumes and provide a flexible data model for our facilities. We were also looking for a modular system to which we could easily add features, such as SPC and equipment management, without time-consuming customizations. It was also important for us to have an experienced European integrator with the capabilities of SYSTEMA. We've worked with and reviewed other solutions and concluded that Eyelit was the best solution," said Elke Chollet, MES project manager at CEA-Leti.
"Working in close cooperation with Eyelit, SYSTEMA GmbH is looking forward to providing CEA-Leti with a highly integrated manufacturing solution for its semiconductor and MEMS factories in Grenoble, France. Our business domain expertise and proven system solutions for the semiconductor and PV industry, coupled with Eyelit's industry-leading MES, will be a key differentiator for our customers' quest in driving down manufacturing costs, without compromising quality, flexibility, and speed," said Manfred Austen, SYSTEMA's Chief Executive Officer.
"CEA-Leti is known for its technology innovation in many areas. It combines R&D as well as 24/7 production in 300mm and 200mm front-end processing, back-end processing, MEMS processing, and solar and OLED technologies. CEA-Leti selected Eyelit and SYSTEMA after a detailed and rigorous selection process. With CEA-Leti's complex and diverse processing technologies, it is further validation of the flexibility and capability of Eyelit's solution," stated Dan Estrada, Eyelit's Vice-President of Sales and Business Development.
About Eyelit Inc. (www.eyelit.com)
Eyelit Inc. is the leader in Manufacturing Execution and Quality Management (MES and QMS) solutions for visibility, control, and coordination of manufacturing operations for the aerospace & defense, electronics, semiconductor, and solar industries. Eyelit uniquely delivers a broad set of manufacturing solutions, including Asset Management (Semi E10, SEMI PV2-0709), Factory Integration (Automation), Manufacturing Execution (MES), Supply Chain Management, Quality Management (CAPA/OCAP/SPC/APC/RMA), and Business Process Management, that enables its customers to rapidly and cost-effectively optimize production and company processes.
With exceptional customer service, Eyelit has time and again proven that superior innovative technology can increase efficiency and value. More than 40 leading companies, including Ascent Solar, austriamicrosystems, Calisolar, Deutsche Solar, FLIR Systems, Freescale Semiconductor, Innovalight, Nemotek, Sematech, Solyndra, Tower Semiconductor, Umicore, and VTI Technologies, rely on Eyelit as a trusted software partner.
About SYSTEMA GmbH (www.systemagmbh.de)
SYSTEMA GmbH is a recognized leader in manufacturing system integration for the semiconductor and PV industry. Our innovative products and services enable our customers to quickly and cost effectively integrate, automate and optimize their production systems from Equipment Integration to Manufacturing Execution System to Enterprise Resource Planning. SYSTEMA'S product and service portfolio are built within a Service Oriented Architecture, using industry standard and Open Source technology stacks. Our solutions have a proven track record to significantly reduce IT's total cost of ownership, manufacturing operating cost, and help avoid capital expenditure while maintaining the system flexibility required in today's ever changing business environment. SYSTEMA customers such as Global Foundries, Hewlett Packard, Solyndra, Infineon, Siltronics, BOSCH, and Deutsche Solar, span the globe and are technology leaders within their fields. SYSTEMA GmbH is headquartered in Dresden, Germany with offices and partners in the USA and Asia.
About CEA-Leti (www.leti.fr)
CEA is a French research and technology organization, with activities in three main areas: energy, technologies for information and healthcare, and defence and security. Within CEA, the Laboratory for Electronics & Information Technology (CEA-Leti) works with companies in order to increase their competitiveness through technological innovation and transfers. Leti is focused on micro and nanotechnologies and their applications, from wireless devices and systems, to biology and healthcare or photonics. Nanoelectronics and microsystems (MEMS) are at the core of its activities. As a major player in the MINATEC(R) excellence center, Leti operates 8,000-m2, state-of-the-art clean rooms, on 24/7 mode, on 200mm and 300mm wafer standards. With 1,200 employees, Leti trains more than 150 Ph.D. students and hosts 200 assignees from partner companies. Strongly committed to the creation of value for the industry, Leti puts a strong emphasis on intellectual property and owns more than 1,400 patent families. For more information, visit www.leti.fr.
Eyelit Inc.
Colleen McArdle
Tel: +1 905 502 6184


text: This enchanting suite elegantly combines luxury and cosiness. The grand entrance and sitting area lead onto a picturesque bedroom followed by a cosy dedicated lounge. Plush and princely, (or princessy) this suite feels like a haven away from it all. Located at the peaceful rear of the Empyre on the first floor, you can enjoy a treetop country town view of Castlemaine.


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Halloween 2009 has finally arrived. Hopefully by now you have some idea of what your costume is, whether it's balloon boy, Billy Mays, Patrick Swayze, Kanye with a Hennessy bottle, the Geico money stack with eyes, or zombie Michael Jackson (alright, maybe that's a little too soon). Or maybe pop culture costumes aren't for you? Then the classics are always a safe bet. If you're a guy, it's usually a pirate/vampire/zombie/mummy/beer keg/sports star/superhero. If you're a girl it's usually a sexy _, where the blank is any occupation ever.
Regardless of your costume, there's bound to be a plethora of Halloween parties this weekend. Where there are parties, there is music. Here are some good remixes from Chromeo, Passion Pit, Wiz Khalifa, Empire of the Sun, & Death from Above 1979 that will be great for this weekend. Enjoy.
[audio:remix-friday-6/Chromeo - Destination Overdrive (DFA Remix).mp3]
[audio:remix-friday-6/11 Romantic Rights (Dahlback Remix).mp3]
[audio:remix-friday-6/Passion Pit - Little Secrets (Jack Beats Remix).mp3]
[audio:remix-friday-6/02 Blood On Our Hands (Justice Remix.mp3]
[audio:remix-friday-6/Wiz Khalifa - Wiz Khalifa Vs. Empire of the Sun.mp3]
[audio:remix-friday-6/Passion Pit - Sleepyhead (Starsmith Remix ft. Ellie Goulding).mp3]


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You probably already know that prohibition — as a matter of its very nature of enormous untaxed profits, shame, and pushing things into the dark — corrupts many government officials: elected officials, appointees, and regular hires. Yes, there are multitudes of smiling faces with their white teeth, their shiny badges, polished boots, law degrees, MBAs, journalism degrees, plaques on their walls from all sorts of organizations, multitudes of them are regularly paid off by gangs and cartels (and others with incentives to see prohibition continue). But they hide it well.
However, this little essay and collection of questions will focus on an even more insidious problem prohibition causes: infiltration. Infiltrators are much like their name sounds, "traitors." They fall squarely in the Prohibitionist spectrum of Men (and Women) of Lawlessness.
What is infiltration? Infiltration is similar to these other concepts: sleeper cells, double agents, under cover agents, moles, spies, wolves in sheep's clothing, etc… Infiltration is when a person (or group of people) pass all the background checks, vetting, swearing of allegiance, shooting "bad guys," and all that other stuff they must do to prove their loyalty, but in reality they are working for the gangs and cartels.
You might think that finding out such information would be easy, just check their bank accounts, check their phone records, check their acquaintances, follow them on vacation, make them swear allegiance at every opportunity, make them pee in cups with other people watching them, check their family backgrounds, eavesdrop on their conversations, torture them to try to force them to talk, etc…
But the fact is that most of them escape detection. Why?! The answers are fairly simple. For one, they tow the party line like troopers: condemn drugs, condemn drug users, condemn traffickers, speak out publicly vehemently against all the aforementioned, that way they blend in like all the other deceived people who promote prohibition. (Whom they consider complete suckers for going along with it. "Ahh, the enormous profits of the underground black market; just waiting for me once I retire and don't have to pretend to like these donkey butts any more.")
Secondly, they escape detection because many of them are not paid regularly by their partners/bosses in the gangs or cartels. They already make boatloads of money through their obscenely high paying jobs on the public dole. So they patiently await their promised huge sums once they leave the employment of the U.S. (and others) government.
However, there are a few catches. You see, while some think there is "honor among thieves," there really isn't. Because you know the Infiltrators are saying to themselves, "if the gangs/cartels/bankers/cops/treament center owners/etc… snitch on me, I will deny it, or if I must, I will tattle on them, and I have WAY MORE dirt on them than they have on me. So I will keep them in check by having more dirt on them than they have on me. And I will keep on acting like I am a perfect agent/cop/politician/etc…"
But the people who own the Infiltrators are saying to themselves, "__so_and_so__ is serving her/his purpose, and us, well. S/he keeps on promoting Drug Prohibition and Drug War like it's a religion! But you know that it sure is going to be hard for us to part with all that money we promised her/him. I have a feeling s/he might have to die, maybe in the line of duty, but maybe in an accident in the bathroom or kitchen, the two most dangerous places on earth, you know."
So the Infiltrators keep on being the pawns in the game and playing society for fools. They wear their badges and promote Drug Prohibition, saying how bad drugs are. They work undercover and somehow manage to make sure their boss' rivals are caught, but their own organizations' underlings elude them (most of the time). They pass out anti-marijuana pamphlets at malls while in uniform. They anchor TV broadcasts or even own networks outright. They donate money to their churches, they volunteer their time in a variety of causes, all so they can appear to not be owned by the gangs and cartels they expect a handsome retirement from (in addition to what they expect from society's tax payers). They rage at me for exposing them. They egg on their workmates to get me for supposedly casting a shadow over the "good work" they do.
But what their co-workers need to realize is that it's prohibition which casts a shadow. Prohibition — by its very nature —pushes things from the light in to the dark.
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Many operators who have Generator Base Station sites have either considered or implemented 'Hybris' sites to reduce fuel consumption and increase Generator life. Giving the Generator a break is good practice and allows periods of quiet, as well as time for Generator maintenance.
Advanced operators are now looking at how much run time they can squeeze from their batteries, vs fuel consumption and battery wear/ replacement. Finding the optimal Battery/ Generator run time is different for every site and dependent on Equipment Load, Temperature, AC, Rectifiers, Cabling a lot of other factors.
Lead Crystal batteries 12V Front Terminal and 2V Single Cell batteries have been designed to deliver the maximum power for the longest period of time, with the highest depth of discharge and greatest heat resilience, to allow Operators to concentrate on running the site. Run your batteries, don't let your batteries run you!
- Consider multiple cycles per day
- High DOD, up to 80%
- Cycle between 10% DOD and 70% DOD
- No equalisation Cycles every 20 cycles
- No Gassing – Can be installed in existing shelter
- High performance 12V – outperforms most 2V's
Most Grid connected sites will have some form of Battery Back Up to keep the Base Station running even in the event of a power cut. In some countries, the power can be a little, unstable! In other's, it's difficult to remember the last time the power went off!
Lead Crystal® Batteries cope well with all scenarios. With an 18yr float application design life and a high temperature resilience, Operator's can make the decision between optimal Base Station temperature and fuel saving, without having to worry about damaging batteries.
In bad grid applications, Lead Crystal® Battery Technology will be there when you need it. In one application in Pakistan, we learned of 6-10 outages per day – something that will trouble even the best GEL battery, but with partial state of charge use, Zero volt 100% DOD protection AND high temperature resilience, there's now a viable and OPEX reducing solution.
- Long Float Life – 18yr design
- Only 23% life reduction at 40°C
- No cooling required – AC saving
- Partial State of Charge use
- 100% DOD cycling
- Zero Volt recovery
- More Cycles
- Heat Resilience
- Fast Charge
Pure Solar or 'Offgrid' Base Station sites are becoming more common as Operators look for ways to power sites without Grid connection or without Diesel Generators. Surprisingly, even in a region where there is an abundance of sun, Solar sites are still quite difficult to correctly size, manage and maintain. How many days autonomy? What is the optimum DOD? Should the batteries be cooled? What about the increased load of the cooling?
Lead Crystal® Batteries includes a range of Deep Cycle 2V batteries that do not require cooling and last significantly longer than the best of class OPZV/ GEL batteries we have compared against.
- True Deep Cycle – with 600+ Cycles at 100% DOD
- Deep Cycle – with 1250+ Cycles at 40°C, 80% DOD
- High Temperature Resilience
- Zero Volt recovery
- Slow start charging – in tune with solar cycle
- Fast charging – Over rate PV for faster charge. up to 0.3C for up to 90%
Heat Resilience
In our region, the heat of summer has a significant drain on traditional Pure Lead Batteries. For Lead Acid/ GEL/ AGM, heat can cause battery life loss of 50% for every 8°C above 25°C – compared to just 12.25% for Lead Crystal Batteries. When calculating the damage heat does to the batteries, you have to take into account the average temperatures for the region if you don't have AC in your base stations, or the cost of cooling if you do. Our TCO modeller will show the effects of turning your AC down or having no AC on different types of battery.
Depth of Discharge
How many cycles will the battery deliver at what depth of discharge? When you're comparing batteries, a good starting point is how many cycles each make of battery will do at say, 50% DOD. This number is usually stated at 20°C or 25°C. Remember, that's OK if your Base Station is cooled, but you must reduce the number of cycles dependent on temperature – or perhaps you can calculate the effects of no A.C. and saving money?
The number of cycles supported will also allow you to decide if you want to cycle the batteries once, twice or perhaps three times a day, with smaller cycles prolonging the battery life or deeper cycles providing the optimum generator load and fuel efficiency.
Lead Crystal batteries typically perform at about 2X the cycles of Lead Acid/ GEL/ AGM at 25°C. In fact, Lead Crystal will usually deliver more cycles at 40°C than competitors do at 25°C – allowing you to choose between longer life between swap outs and turning off your AC – or both!
From calculations we have made while supporting Operators in the region, switching a Base Station AC to a higher setting, cycling to 60% DOD twice a day and adding the benefit of 93% charge efficiency can save a massive 30% or 16lt of generator fuel per day per site. That's $8 per day – or $3,000 per year!
With Battery theft an increasing problem in the region, we have developed a range of solutions for Battery Theft prevention and Theft Management. When categorising battery theft, you must understand what is driving the theft. Is it opportunistic? Is it for personal power requirements? Perhaps it's more to do with the value of Lead? When Battery thieves target a Base Station site, intent on getting the batteries out, the damage they can do is far in excess of the value of the batteries, often damaging shelters and equipment.
There are a number of steps that can be used to help in the fight against battery theft including:
- Utilising heavy, 2V batteries – these require lifting equipment to move and will deter almost all but organised crime.
- Installing Battery Safes / Tethering Equipment
- Branding or producing batteries with markings unique to the Operator
- Invisible markings (UV/ RFID)
- Tracking
Lead Crystal Batteries has a number of theft reduction/ security options. Contact us for further details.


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How to Brush Your Teeth and Floss With Braces
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Dealing with Plaque Around Your BracesTake Care of Your GumsBrushing With BracesFlossing With BracesPlan Regular CheckupsHow to Take Care of Your Child's Braces
If you or someone in your family wears braces, take heart. Before you know it, you'll be flashing a confident smile if you keep these few things in mind.
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While wearing braces, you might consider using the sensitive mode of your Oral-B Electric Toothbrush. The sensitive mode oscillates at a lower speed for extra care and comfort along the gum line—and around the brackets and orthodontic wires.
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Using an Oral-B Electric Toothbrush makes this routine easy.
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Parents: Do the flossing for younger children who lack the coordination to thread the floss under the main wire of their braces.
Seeing your orthodontist for checkups and adjustments is essential. He or she can repair broken pieces, answer general questions, and address any irregularities such as cavities or every meal or snack if you wear braces. And some dentists recommend a fluoride mouthwash to help control plaque buildup in the places that are tough to reach with a toothbrush.
Do you have a child with braces? The following points will help make your child's daily brushing routine effective:
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text: Today was an exciting day! I was playing with Jonathan on his playmat and he was in such a good mood. I decided to flip him onto his stomach to give him some tummy time. Shortly after he was on his belly, he flipped right over onto his back again. I couldn't believe it! He hadn't shown any signs of being close to rolling over so I wasn't expecting it at all. Luckily, he was willing to immediately do it again so I could record it. Check out the video. It was awesome! :)


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My village is a place where living with self-reliance is important. There the villagers are making their food by themselves and their house, furniture and tools also. So there is a blacksmith, carpenters and farmers and they make farming tools, wooden items and produce foods so that the villagers can be self-reliant. There are many children and they play games like hide and seek and hunting rabbits. Children make the village cheerful. When a new baby is coming to the village villagers plant one tree and hold a festival. And this village has an Assembly which has old and wise people. They talk about the village's health and future or problems. I want to make something in the village. So, I want to make iron tools in the blacksmith's workshop. Because I want to make useful objects which can be used for a long time and is strong for village.
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Sun Mar XIV
Went to the test again, and got the autographs of Martin Sneddon, Geoff Howarth and Gary Troup. I don't think Aussies like giving autographs somehow.
I remember getting Troup's autograph, this time on my scorecard. At the time he seemed huge, towering over me and with a bristling moustache to boot. I had already filled in the scorecard and as he signed next to his name he commented "Caught Border bowled Alderman – shocking" before chuckling.
The comment about the Australians was really directed at one player, their fast bowler Terry Alderman, who had rather rudely pushed his way past Grant and I as we tried to approach him. After all, their greatest player had signed my hat the day before, so it was rather unfair to tar them all with the same brush. That said, I never liked Alderman after that day and still feel a slight sense of resentment towards him even now.
Geoff Howarth was the New Zealand captain. There was a rumour that he was the stepfather of a boy in our class, Aaron Sunderland. Whether he was or not I never found out. Sunderland was a decent enough schoolboy cricketer and a bright lad who was later 'promoted' to the top form in our year, so may just have been making up – or at least failing to deny – the story to suit his own ends.


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Update your baby's wardrobe with the latest in fashion trends with our finely curated collection. Clothes that are versatile and comfortable and that will make a perfect addition to their wardrobe. Fashioned using premium quality fabric, this cotton shorts with drawstring will keep your boy at ease all day.
Brand - Tots
Type - Shorts
Material - Cotton
Length - Short
Occasion - Casual wear
Fit - Regular fit
Wash Care Instructions:
Gentle wash
Do not bleach
Wash dark colors separately


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Nakd Banana Bread is also:
Suitable for vegans
Wheat free
Free from added sugar
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One of your 5 a day!
Deliciously simple! Made with Dates (37%), Bananas (23%), Oats (20%), Walnuts (8%), Raisins (7%), Apple Juice concentrate (3%), Rice Flour, Cinnamon, Nutmeg and a hint of natural flavouring
Allergy Information: may contain traces of soya, peanuts and other nuts.
Contains only the naturally occurring, unrefined sugars found within fruit.
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NEVER been there, NOT done that, got the SAME OLD T-shirt
How many people do you know who are always jetting off on exotic holidays, then posting selfies against the backdrop of amazing mountains, beautiful beaches and sumptuous sunsets? It makes you sick when the only vitamin D you get is from your giant plasma TV screen as you watch your latest box set while munching on takeaways ordered on a mobile app.
What's the shame in that? Who cares? When these bores try to impress you with their latest expedition, strike back with this NEVER been there, NOT done that, got the SAME OLD T-shirt.
T-shirt features
- Unisex t-shirt
- 100% cotton
- Seamless twin needle collar
- Taped neck and shoulders
- Twin needle sleeves and hem
- Tubular body
- Weight 85 gsm
- Printed using 100% biodegradable, water-based organic inks
- Prints are safe for children and infants, and 100% toxin-free
Printing & delivery
We aim to get your custom T-shirt to you within 7 working days and often it will arrive faster than this. Printing will take 2-4 working days and delivery by Royal Mail First Class another 1-3 working days. We work to get your T-shirt in your hands as fast as we can and keep you informed by email of when we are printing (processing) your T-shirt and despatching it.
Delivery costs (including VAT) are £2.99 for one item or £3.99 for more than one item.
Please note that as your T-shirt is custom printed for you when you place your order, it cannot be cancelled or returned.
If the goods sent to you do not match your order – for example, if the T-shirt you receive is a different size to that which you ordered – or if goods are faulty in any way, we will provide a replacement or refund once we have confirmed their condition.
However, we are confident you will be delighted with your T-shirt.


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Tana Mongeau backtracks comment that Jake Paul wedding was "for content"
1 August 2019, 16:32 | Updated: 1 August 2019, 16:43
Tana Mongeau explained comments about her wedding to Jake Paul being "for content and for fun".
Tana Mongeau and Jake Paul were "married" on Sunday 28 July and the drama didn't end with the pricey ceremony. A fight broke out at the festivities, people who paid to watch the $50 livestream demanded refunds, and the latest episode of Tana Turns 21 raised eyebrows when Tana revealed that the wedding was "for fun and for content."
READ MORE: Every wild moment from Jake Paul and Tana Mongeau's wedding
In the latest episode of her MTV reality show, we see Tana discussing her upcoming nuptials with Jake Paul. Unfortunately her comments from the episode left fans with even more questions than before.
Now, Tana is speaking out and clarifying her comments about the wedding being for "content".
i understand ppls frustration with this sound bite from the show & it's the last thing i wanna talk about right now but obviously i just uploaded an 8 minute youtube video on how much i love Jake & am not tryna look like that much of a sociopath hahahahahaha i filmed those https://t.co/DHi4icQLJD— Tana Paul (@tanamongeau) August 1, 2019
"i understand ppls frustration with this sound bite from the show & it's the last thing i wanna talk about right now but obviously i just uploaded an 8 minute youtube video on how much i love Jake & am not tryna look like that much of a sociopath," Tana explained on Twitter.
Tana clarified that the comment was from "a long time ago" and "pulled out of context". She also said that she truly loves Jake.
confessionals for the show A LONG TIME AGO! the "for fun and content" sound bite was from a very long sentence lmao and was a little salty to see it pulled out of context.. i understand though that MTV has their own creative & that these episodes are airing very late, especially— Tana Paul (@tanamongeau) August 1, 2019
in timing with the wedding. i'm not trippin. i know that things have moved so fast, are unconventional, and confusing but i love jake. i truly do, in the weirdest fucking way. every second of this rollercoaster ride has been so fun & crazy. i hate that it'll probably always come— Tana Paul (@tanamongeau) August 1, 2019
with owing people some explanation especially with so many things coming out like the show (which is quite behind)... but i know that's kinda the life we signed up for. idk. i'll fuck off.— Tana Paul (@tanamongeau) August 1, 2019
Jake and Tana have faced "fake relationship" claims since they first revealed they were a couple back in April. However, Tana has maintained that she Jake are in fact the real deal.
Whatever is going on with these two, we're sure we'll be getting a Tana Mongeau storytime on it very soon.