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The determination of the chimpanzee genome sequence provides a means to study both structural and functional aspects of the evolution of the human genome. Here we compare humans and chimpanzees with respect to differences in expression levels and protein-coding sequences for genes active in brain, heart, liver, kidney, and testis. We find that the patterns of differences in gene expression and gene sequences are markedly similar. In particular, there is a gradation of selective constraints among the tissues so that the brain shows the least differences between the species whereas liver shows the most. Furthermore, expression levels as well as amino acid sequences of genes active in more tissues have diverged less between the species than have genes active in fewer tissues. In general, these patterns are consistent with a model of neutral evolution with negative selection. However, for X-chromosomal genes expressed in testis, patterns suggestive of positive selection on sequence changes as well as expression changes are seen. Furthermore, although genes expressed in the brain have changed less than have genes expressed in other tissues, in agreement with previous work we find that genes active in brain have accumulated more changes on the human than on the chimpanzee lineage.
In some behavioral and cognitive traits, humans have changed dramatically since their evolutionary divergence from a common ancestor shared with chimpanzees (1, 2). It seems reasonable to assume that a number of these changes were driven by positive Darwinian selection. However, although positive selection has been demonstrated for several human genes (3-5), the overall patterns of evolution of chimpanzee and human genes are consistent with selective neutrality (6). It has long been argued that changes in gene expression may provide an additional and crucial perspective on the evolutionary differences between humans and chimpanzees (7), but relevant data to address this issue have only recently started to become available (8). On a more general level, data from yeast, fruit flies, humans, and mice have been used to argue that regulatory evolution and protein evolution act independently of each other and thus that they are "decoupled" (9, 10). However, other results seem to contradict this assertion (11-14). The chimpanzee and human genome sequences now provide the opportunity to address these questions by studying the evolution of gene expression, as well as of the DNA sequences of the genes expressed in various tissues in two closely related mammals. To this end, we have measured gene expression in five different tissues in six humans and five chimpanzees. We find that gene sequences and gene expression evolve in qualitatively similar manners, suggesting that the evolutionary forces that act on them are similar in effect and nature. Through analyses of evolutionary patterns at both levels, it is possible to identify groups of genes that violate neutral expectations and may have been positively selected.
Using probes on Affymetrix U133plus2 arrays that target sequences that are identical between the human and the chimpanzee genomes (15), we analyzed the expression for 51,460 probe sets (∼21,000 genes) in heart, kidney, liver, testis, and prefrontal cortex of the brain from six humans and five chimpanzees (table S1). In each tissue, we measured the extent of differences in gene expression between and within species as an average squared difference in normalized expression across all probe sets with detectable gene expression (table S2). Figure 1 schematically illustrates the results. Two major findings stand out. First, gene expression patterns differ less between humans and chimpanzees in the brain than in the other tissues (bootstrap test, P < 0.0001). Second, the ratio of expression divergence between species to diversity within species is higher in testis than in any other tissue (5.6 versus 1.8 to 2.5, P < 0.0001). Consequently, 32% of the probe sets detected in testis show significant expression differences between humans and chimpanzees, whereas ∼8% do so in brain, heart, kidney, and liver (fig. S1). It is conceivable that the patterns of transcriptome divergence and diversity observed among the five tissues are mainly due to differences between tissue-specific genes, i.e., those expressed in one single tissue. Alternatively, the patterns could be due to differences also in genes that are expressed in several tissues. To distinguish between these two alternatives, we analyzed probe sets detected in all five tissues, and probe sets specific to one tissue, separately. We find that both groups of genes show similar patterns of evolution (fig. S2). In particular, brain shows fewer differences than other tissues and testis shows an excess of divergence relative to diversity (table S3). Thus, the different expression patterns observed among tissues are due to effects that a tissue exerts not only on genes expressed in that tissue but also on genes expressed in that as well as in many other tissues. A further noteworthy finding is that ubiquitously expressed genes differ less among individuals within a species as well as between species than do genes expressed in single tissues (table S3; fig. S2).
Next, we analyzed the evolution of protein-coding DNA sequences of genes for which expression was detected in at least one tissue (15). As an estimate of the protein divergence of each gene, we used the number of non-synonymous nucleotide substitutions per non-synonymous site (Ka), normalized to the number of substitutions per site in interspersed repeats in a 250-kbp window around the center of each gene (Ki) (6, 15). In general, low Ka/Ki ratios indicate stronger purifying selection acting on amino acid substitutions, whereas higher ratios indicate fewer constraints or possibly an enrichment of amino acid substitutions by positive selection [for a review, see (16)]. In agreement with previous work (17-20), we find that brain-specific genes show Ka/Ki ratios that are significantly lower than those of other tissue-specific genes (Mann-Whitney U-test, P < 10-6) (Fig. 2A) and that ubiquitously expressed genes show lower Ka/Ki ratios than genes expressed in single tissues (Mann-Whitney U-test, P < 10-6) (table S4).
When the divergence of gene expression is similarly analyzed with respect to tissues (Fig. 2B), the results show that for both sequence and expression divergence, brain shows the least differences and liver the most, with testis, heart, and kidney at intermediate levels. Consequently, the higher the expression divergence in a tissue, the higher the protein divergence (Pearson's r = 0.94, P < 0.05) (Fig. 2C). Parallel patterns can also be seen with respect to the breadth of expression, i.e., the number of tissues in which a gene is expressed. Genes expressed in only one tissue show the highest expression and sequence divergence, and genes expressed in all five tissues the lowest divergence. This parallelism between expression divergence and protein divergence is also seen when analyzed on a gene-by-gene basis (R2 = 0.0011, P < 10-6), implying that similar factors influence protein and expression divergence. Two such factors are the tissues in which a gene is expressed and its expression breadth. Both factors influence expression divergence (multiway analysis of variance R2 = 0.075, P < 10-6) and protein divergence (R2 = 0.071, P < 10-6). If we correct for the influence of these factors, the relation between expression and protein divergence becomes much weaker but remains significant (R2 = 0.00019, P < 0.05). This is not surprising, given that we do not consider other factors that may affect both expression and sequence divergence, such as protein-protein interactions (21, 22). The weak relation between expression and sequence divergence is likely due to the inherently large measurement errors of expression data. In addition, it may indicate that some evolutionary forces affect gene expression and protein divergence differentially.
We also analyzed the relation between expression divergence and sequence divergence in putative core promoters (Kp), defined as a 1500-bp region upstream and ≤500-bp region downstream of the transcriptional start (15). Kp as well as the ratio Kp/Ki are significantly correlated with expression divergence (R2 = 0.001, P < 10-6 and R2 = 0.0004, P < 10-3, respectively) (table S4). Given that genetic differences in promoters are more likely to directly cause differences in expression levels than differences in coding regions, these correlations may seem surprisingly weak. However, many or most sites in these promoter regions are likely not relevant for transcriptional activity (median Kp/Ki = 0.82 versus 0.15 for Ka/Ki) and the relevant transcription start sites might not be identified for all tissues. Much more work is necessary to elucidate the relation between the evolution of promoter sequences and expression levels.
Our analyses show that each tissue is associated with a certain level of evolutionary constraints acting on the genes expressed in it—for instance, brain imposes more constraints than liver. These constraints add up across tissues so that genes expressed in many tissues are subject to more constraints than are genes expressed in few tissues. The signatures of these constraints are seen both at the level of DNA sequence differences and at the level of expression differences. We have recently suggested that the evolution of gene expression patterns largely conforms to the predictions of a neutral model of evolution (23), i.e., that most expression differences observed within and between species are selectively neutral or nearly neutral. Because most evolutionary changes in nucleotide sequences conform to a neutral theory (24), the parallelism between sequence evolution and expression evolution observed here supports the notion that most evolutionary changes in gene expression are similarly selectively neutral or nearly neutral (23). A consequence of the neutral hypothesis is that the extent of expression differences found between species is largely determined by the time since they shared a common ancestor and the extent of negative selection in a particular tissue [see also (14)]. Our observation that brain, heart, kidney, and liver have similar ratios of expression divergence between species to diversity within species (Fig. 1, table S2) is compatible with a model in which gene expression changes are a function of time. The divergence to diversity ratios are smaller than would be expected if time were the sole factor influencing gene expression. A probable explanation for this is that experimental and environmental variation contributes proportionally more to interindividual differences than to divergence. Because deviations from neutral expectations can indicate the action of positive selection, we next attempted to identify such deviations in gene expression patterns, and—in a subsequent step—to corroborate such indications with observations at the DNA sequence level whenever suitable DNA sequence data were available.
It was recently proposed that a high ratio of gene expression divergence between species to gene expression diversity within species may indicate the action of positive selection (23, 25, 26). This is analogous to tests proposed for quantitative traits (27) and akin to tests that compare between- and within-species differences at functional sites to infer positive selection (28). However, because realistic evolutionary models for neutral expression changes are not yet available and because environmental factors have a considerable influence on gene expression diversity, a high ratio of divergence to diversity represents an indication rather than proof of positive selection. As seen above, testis differs from other organs studied in that the ratio of expression divergence to diversity is higher (Fig. 1). If the cellular composition of testicles differed between humans and chimpanzees more than it does for other tissues, this observation could be explained by only a few genetic differences between the species. However, although human and chimpanzee testicles differ in size, there is no evidence that the cellular composition of this organ differs between the species (29). Another possibility is that the genetic component of the expression diversity in testis is not lower than expected from the expression divergence, but that gene expression patterns in testis have a smaller environmental (i.e., nongenetic) component. In that case, we would expect genes expressed in testis to be subject to as much constraint as genes expressed in tissues such as liver or heart that have a comparable expression divergence. The property of being expressed in testis should then have a similar effect on diversity levels in other tissues as the property of being expressed in, for example, liver. However, we find that among the five tissues, expression in testis is associated with the highest number of significant reductions in diversity in tissues other than testis, whereas expression in liver is associated with the highest number of significant increases of diversity in tissues other than liver (fig. S3) (15). This suggests that strong selective constraints on genes, rather than low environmental influence, account for the low extent of expression diversity in testis. Thus, the higher ratio of gene expression divergence to diversity in testis as compared with the other tissues is indeed indicative of positive selection. Unfortunately, this pattern cannot be corroborated at the DNA sequence level because human DNA sequence diversity data collected in an unbiased way are not yet available. However, we can test predictions about the chromosomal distribution of instances of positive selection in genes active in testis. If a substantial fraction of such positively selected variants are genetically recessive, we would expect differently expressed genes to be enriched on the X chromosome, where they could exert their full effect in males (30). Therefore, we investigated if genes with expression differences between humans and chimpanzees are unevenly distributed among chromosomes. In testis, genes on the X chromosome show a significant excess of expression differences when compared to the other chromosomes (binomial test corrected for multiple testing, P < 10-5), whereas in the other tissues we find no significant differences among chromosomes (Fig. 3). To test if this pattern also exists at the DNA sequence level, we investigated the DNA sequence divergence of genes expressed in different tissues with respect to chromosomal location (fig. S4). For genes expressed in brain, heart, kidney, and liver, neither the autosomes nor the X differ from each other with respect to Ka/Ki. In contrast, among genes expressed in testis, those located on the X have significantly higher Ka/Ki ratios than those located on the autosomes (Mann-Whitney U-test, P < 0.0005) (table S5). Thus, genes expressed in testis—especially those located on the X—tend to accumulate expression changes as well as sequence changes that may have been positively selected. This is compatible with the observation that genes involved in reproduction tend to evolve under positive selection [examples in apes include (31) and (32)]. At the organismal level, this may correlate with mating strategies in different ape species (33).
Next, we examined whether differences in gene expression are equally distributed along the human and chimpanzee lineages. Because suitable data from outgroup species are lacking for most tissues, we estimated the amount of expression changes along the human and chimpanzee lineages using the observation that up-regulations of gene expression are of bigger amplitude but less numerous than are down-regulations (34). Consequently, if more gene expression changes happened on one of the two lineages, the result would be a skewed distribution of gene expression differences observed between the species [fig. S5 and (15)]. The distributions are positively and significantly skewed for brain, heart, liver, and testis (table S6), suggesting that more gene expression changes occurred on the human evolutionary lineage than on the chimpanzee lineage. In magnitude, this acceleration of gene expression change is largest in brain, and significantly larger than in any of the other tissues (P < 0.05) except heart (P = 0.10). This is in agreement with previous work that found a larger acceleration of gene expression changes on the human relative to the chimpanzee lineage in brain than in liver when using an orangutan as an outgroup (35-37). Thus, although gene expression is more constrained in brain than in other tissues, it has changed relatively more on the human lineage.
To investigate if such a pattern is seen also at the amino acid sequence level, we inferred how many amino acid changes occurred on the human and chimpanzee lineage, respectively, using alignments of orthologous genes from human, chimpanzee, mouse, and rat (6). For genes expressed specifically in heart, kidney, liver, and testis, the ratios of the numbers of changes on the human and chimpanzee lineages vary between 0.79 and 1.04, whereas for all genes the ratio is 1.12 (Table 1). By contrast, for genes expressed in brain, the ratio of human-specific to chimpanzee-specific amino acid changes is 1.40, higher, though not significantly (P = 0.08), than for genes not expressed in brain and higher than for genes expressed in any other single tissue (P < 0.05). This finding is in agreement with recent work showing a faster evolution on the human lineage for a set of genes involved in brain function and development (38). Thus, the acceleration seen for gene expression is corroborated on the sequence level for brain but not for other tissues. Such an acceleration on the human lineage could be caused by a relaxation of selective constraints on both the structure and expression of brain proteins during human evolution. A more compelling alternative is that the acceleration is caused by positive selection that changed the functions of genes expressed in the brains of humans more than in the brains of chimpanzees. However, further work elucidating the phenotypic effect of genetic changes on the human lineage is necessary to establish this.
|Amino acids
|All genes
In summary, we find that the patterns of evolutionary change in gene expression are largely compatible with a neutral model, in which different levels of constraints acting in different tissues add up for single genes. These evolutionary constraints act in a similar manner on the coding regions of DNA sequences and thus lead to parallel patterns in expression and sequence evolution. In contrast to the overall picture of selective neutrality, two examples of putative positive selection stand out. First, testis shows an excess of expression differences between species and an enrichment of both expression and amino acid sequence differences on the X chromosome. Second, the brain, although under more constraints than the other tissues, has an excess of gene expression and amino acid changes on the human lineage compared to other tissues. This suggests that evolutionary changes at both the level of gene regulation and the level of protein sequence have played crucial roles in the evolution of certain organ systems, such as those involved in cognition or male reproduction. Consequently, the modest number of sequence differences in genes between humans and chimpanzees cannot be taken as evidence that regulatory changes would necessarily be more important than structural protein changes during human evolution (7). Rather, both types of changes are likely to have acted in concert.
Supporting Online Material
Materials and Methods
Figs. S1 to S6
Tables S1 to S8
References and Notes


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E! Series Focuses on 'Cosmopolitan' Mag Staffers
E! announced four unscripted series projects focused on the cable net's strengths of pop culture and celebrity. They are docuseries Cosmo Life, a behind-the-scenes look at the lives of young staffers at the famed women's magazine; The Abbey Diaries, which chronicles the lives of staffers at Hollywood's venerable gay bar; Famously Married, about the glamorous lifestyles of young women and their wealthy older husbands in Los Angeles; and WAGS: Miami, a spin-off of WAGS (Wives And Girlfriends Of Sports Stars).
"E! is known for buzzy unscripted programming, and these four new series will continue to boost our lineup with content that reflects and drives pop culture today," said Jeff Olde, executive VP, programming & development, E! "On the heels of a strong first quarter, we will continue to build momentum by delivering more of the stories our audience loves, anchored by larger-than-life personalities, in over-the-top worlds."
E!'s unscripted strategy is anchored by Keeping Up With the Kardashians, which returned for its 12th season May 1.

subset: commoncrawl


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How many parties, receptions and events have you attended that went flat after thirty minutes? I am sure you have experienced this first hand. Why use a professional DJ? This article discusses the major reasons to hire StreaminsoundsDJ.com for you next occasion.
1. A professional DJ can read the crowd.
A professional wedding DJ has the experience and training necessary to read the crowd at your Tennessee wedding reception. This means that he or she can pick and choose the genre and tempo of music played to either excite or calm your wedding guests, all at the most appropriate moments. This makes for a consistently upbeat feel at your reception, giving guests the impression that the evening never hits a lull. Rather, they'll be constantly guessing at what's around the corner next. A professional DJ will know when to take requests, how to weave interactive elements throughout the evening flawlessly, and will realize the importance of "playing to the crowd" by either keeping them on their toes or stimulating a relaxing, conversational feel to the evening.
2. He or she will know the top music.
Not only does this give the professional DJ an edge when guests walk up with requests (sometimes without knowing the song titles!), but it also lets him or her know what songs will be best to play – and when. This includes during the various stages of your reception, such as cocktail hour, dinner, and even the dance portion of the evening. The professional will know not only when to play what, but he or she also will be practiced at transitioning the evening in such a way that guests hardly know a shift has happened in events!
3. As Master of Ceremonies, you'll get professional announcements.
This is a big deal for any wedding reception, for multiple reasons. Since a hired professional will not have any personal attachment to you , he or she will be tactful and completely outside of any family drama or issues that may go on around your wedding. This gives you an expertly directed wedding reception that never calls attention to "touchy" subjects or relationships. It also saves you from a long slew of potentially embarrassing stories being told by a family member or friend as your introduction to the party, when all you want to do is dance!
4. A professional DJ can help you plan the order of events for the best flow in your reception timeline.
So much about guests' interest in your wedding reception hinges on your timeline. Are things moving too quickly? Too slowly? A professional will be able to help you optimize your timeline for the best and most comfortable flow for your guests, from the entrance and first dance to your grand exit.
A professional will be able to adapt quickly to necessary changes in your timeline when the unexpected occurs too, like late guests or even a late bridal party. The professional DJ will be able to adapt to those changes with poise, while still keeping everything at a comfortable pace for guests so they hardly know the timeline ever got a little off-track.


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Bothwell Exchange
Bothwell Exchange, a full city block in the heart of Glasgow's City Centre consists of two high quality Grade A office developments, including 122 Waterloo Street and 177 Bothwell Street.
The first phase, 122 Waterloo Street provides 155,000sq ft of Grade A office, which was pre-let to Morgan Stanley. The development was successfully completed and handed over in December 2017.
177 Bothwell Street, the second and final phase is a circa 304,000sq ft Grade A office. Enabling works have begun, with construction scheduled to commence Q4 2018.
177 Bothwell Street is the first development in Scotland to be accredited with a Platinum WiredScore Certification, assuring future occupiers with the best connectivity available.
For further information on the proposed development please contact:
Stephen Lewis
Managing Director
HFD Property Group Limited
01698 503600 / [email protected]
Matt Bellshaw
Property Director
HFD Property Group Limited
01698 503600 / [email protected]


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YOUR LOYALTY DISCOUNT HAS INCREASED TO 10% Ends 02.04.20 T&C's APPLY
YOUR LOYALTY DISCOUNT HAS INCREASED TO 10% Ends 02.04.20 T&C's APPLY
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Get rid of chafing in the water for good thanks to the intense comfort and thermal insulation provided by the Orca Women's Openwater RS1 Sleeveless wetsuit. The key to this is the sumptuous lining featuring within, luxuriously soft to the touch with the neck area reducing friction for less chance of painful rubbing against the skin. That thermal insulation is perfect for outdoor swimming too, light enough and working with enough buoyancy to ensure that your position in the water remains unchanged.
Boosting performance further is the SCS coating used on the neoprene fabric. This works hard to reduce friction across the surface to increase speed and allow unrestricted movement as you tear forward through the water. Yamamoto's Hydrolite 39-cell panels in key areas are wonderfully flexible for a real sense of freedom and they also make transitions quick, ideal for giving you every advantage in your next tri event, with a sleeveless construction making it even easier to get in and out of.
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Monday, April 30 – Lunch Popcorn Chicken or Shrimp Poppers & Smiles
Lunch Supervisors – Mrs. Baker and Mr. Aurich
9:00 – Chapel – Pastor Snow
Chapel Tech – Hailey, Sophia, Alex, Gifty, Katelyn
P6 – Crusader Council
4:00 Boys V & B Golf (Ridges at Sand Creek) Dismiss After P6
4:00 B & C Baseball vs NYA at Mayer Community Center (DH)
4:00 Varsity Baseball vs NYA @ New Germany Town Baseball Field
4:00 – Softball B Squad (DH) Lindstrom Park New Germany Dismiss 2:30
5:30 – 7:00 – Boys Basketball Practice
On Tuesday, May 1 we are celebrating College Day!
Seniors should wear the college shirt for where they will be attending in the fall.
All other students wear any college shirt of your choice!
Have fun advertising your college choice!
Take Special Note :
Tuesday, May 1 – PERIOD ORDER: 1,2,3,4,5,7,6
Thursday, May 3 – PERIOD ORDER: 1,2,7,4,5,6,3
Juniors: Good morning and happy Prom week. We will need assistance on Thursday of this week to help decorate our Fine Arts Center for Grand March. We will be starting at 3:00pm. If you are able to lend a hand, it would be much appreciated. It does take a lot of hands and a lot of time to make this a special event.
Seniors – please ask your parent to fill out the Financial Assistance sheet that was sent in the mail last week. This is asking for the amount of financial assistance you are getting from the colleges you applied at. These are due, tomorrow May 1. Thank you.
Seniors, if your parents are looking for additional graduation invitations they have arrived. They can be purchased in the office for a $1.25 apiece.


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On a Saturday where the sun finally peeked out, I felt like a sailor in the pants that Brandon hates the most and one of my favorite stripey shirts. can you really enough stripes in your closet or am I the only one obsessed? A happy day that definitely involved ice cream. Stripes, kids, husband, and ice cream, perfect.
Monthly Archives: April 2014
told you it was blue #styleteacher
you can't go wrong #styleteacher
This winter is officially the most miserable winter I have ever experienced. It may be March but it is still so cold and there is still snow and they are still saying more snow to come. No more cold! o what do you do? well you put on your favorite blue button down, I have become slightly obsessed which new posts will soon show, I am in love with my blue shirts. I have several of them, all perfect in their won way, although my newest boyfriend version from Gap beats them all I think. A post coming soon dedicated just to that. The thing is with blue button downs, you can wear them with anything, really, and they look great and you look pulled together. Don't believe me? I will prove it to you as I wear my blue button downs as much as possible this spring and summer, don't say I didn't warn you.


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We're committed to reducing sodium in all our foods and beverages, and our current 2020 objective is to reduce the sodium we add to our products by 10%.
We want to help individuals and families meet the World Health Organization (WHO) recommendation on salt consumption, which is 5g per day for healthy adults.
In the United States, for example, we've engaged with the government to support salt targets for all food companies, a move commended by the American Heart Association (AHA).
Between 2005 and 2011, we reduced the salt used in our recipes by 12'500 tons. We then committed to reducing sodium levels by 10% from 2013 to 2016, focusing on our more challenging products.
By the end of 2016, we'd reduced sodium by 10.5% (2,700 tonnes) in our foods and beverages.
We aim to reduce salt in our foods so that people don't feel the need to add it themselves, or choose saltier alternatives. Nestlé products should always deliver good nutrition and a great taste.
Find out more
- Read more about our commitment to further reduce sugar, salt and fat
- Read more about our nutrition commitments
- Read more about our Policy on Sodium (Salt) (pdf, 2Mb)


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2015 Revere SHT31RE
Length: 31'
Weight: 9246lbs
Sleeps: 4
Slide Out: 1
Odometer: kms
Fuel Type:
Stock ID:
2015 Shasta Revere 31′ tag trailer. Sleeps 4. Front bedroom with 2 closets and private access to bathroom. Middle kitchen with L shape counter top and free standing table & chair set. Rear living room with 22 chairs and coach that sleeps 2. Large window across back and living room skylight. Power awning and outside shower.
❮❮❮ Go Back to the Pre-Owned RV Listings


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On Google Maps, there's a line in the middle of the Pacific Ocean. What does it mean and why does it have such an odd shape?
5Have you searched for the date line? If it is that, it has this strange shape because some countries wanted to be the first to meet the new milenium. – Willeke♦ Sep 18 '16 at 13:37
49It is the part that keep the Earth spherical. If you separate the two parts, the Earth becomes flat again. – Taladris Sep 18 '16 at 13:42
19@JonathanReez being unaware of the date line has messed up travel plans for more than one person I know. It's also a travel experience to have 2 July 12ths or not have a September 1st. – Kate Gregory Sep 18 '16 at 13:49
6Plenty questions about the international date line would certainly be on topic due to such confusions, and many other reasons, but not this one. This is a cartography question and not a travel question. – hippietrail Sep 18 '16 at 18:08
That is the International Date Line. It's roughly on the 180 meridian. It would, as you can imagine, be very challenging for different sides of an island to be on different days, so it originally jiggled around islands. The 180 meridian crosses land in just three places: very far north, very far south, and the island of Taveuni in Fiji. (My blog entry includes pictures of the sign on the meridian.) It is also a challenge for different islands in the same country to be on different days, which causes more jiggling.
Recently, Samoa decided it wanted to be on the same side as New Zealand and Australia, rather than the same side as American Samoa. This caused more jiggling.
5Related to your last sentence, the most popular question on Mi Yodeya: judaism.stackexchange.com/q/12760/1713 – Daniel Sep 18 '16 at 15:43
1The International Date Line has no meaning outside of territorial waters. However, it is drawn due north/south at an appropriate longitude. – CSM Sep 18 '16 at 16:35


text: Información en Español abajo. Tuesday, May 23 7:00 p.m. Common Good Cafe (Downstairs at the University Temple United Methodist Church) 1415 NE 43rd St. Seattle, WA 98105 RSVP on Facebook Sponsored by NWDC Resistance/Resistencia al NWDC, the Seattle International Socialist Organization, and Social Equality Educators Stop her and all deportations and detentions! […] May 23: Justice for Cynthia!/¡Justicia para Cynthia!17 May, 2017 in ISO Events tagged deportations / hunger strike / immigrants rights / international socialist organization / marxism / northwest detention center / nwdc resistance / socialism by pugetsoundsocialistsadmin


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Dining Table Made From Sapele
I was commissioned to build this table for a very special couple that I met while picking up supplies for another project. They knew what they wanted a plank board style table with breadboard ends, but were uncertain about the species of wood. I set an appointment with them and proceeded to show them the benefits and beauty of Sapele. After a 107 hours of wet sanding with danish oil my customers were impressed with not only the craftsmanship but exquisite finish and colors that this wood reveals.
Dimensions: 75 inches x 45 inches x 30


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Adventures in Strange Lands
In 1954 I was working in Greenland at an Air Force base called Sondre Stromfjord. Built during World War II it was given the code designator "BLUIE WEST EIGHT or BW-8" The base was about a hundred miles up a long, deep fjord on the western (Baffin Bay) side of Greenland. The airstrip itself was on a long, flat rock at the bottom of the fjord with the river from the glacier running along one side. The glacier face was about a mile farther up the fjord from the airbase.
One day a trio of us engineers decided to follow the river up to the glacier face. Here the river of ice melt coming out from under the glacier was a very broad but shallow stream anywhere from a 2 ft deep torrent to a hundred foot wide, 2 inch deep trickle through a field of 6 inch boulders. In some places there were huge boulders which probably hadn't moved in a thousand years.
Their surfaces were sculpted and carved into waves and potholes. All it took was a pebble or two spinning around in the current for, say, a hundred years and all of a sudden you had a pothole big enough for a man to hide in.
We worked our way slowly from boulder to gravel deposit marveling at how well the flow had so neatly sorted the surface into sand piles, half inch pebbles, 1 inch pebbles, 2 inch rocks, etc. Then we were on ice, maybe a foot or two thick with the river surging beneath us. We followed this ice path for maybe a quarter mile and came upon this amazing structure, a glacier cave.
It looked like a huge bubble of ice, frozen in time, some 12 feet high and maybe 25 feet across. We just had to find out what was inside! We attacked one large crack with the ice axes we all carried and soon one of the Airmen (I don't remember names) squeezed inside.
He took my picture as I crawled, head first, through our entry hole.
The inside of the glacier cave was huge. About 2 inches of river water covered most of the floor.
An ice covered rock stood in the middle. The surface water wasn't moving and under the surface water was a solid ice floor. Walls were 2 ft thick and everything seemed rather solid and stable. The only hint of trouble was the drum, drum of the glacier river as it flowed violently along under the floor.
A few days later I revisited the glacier cave with some other men. It was gone!
The ice floor we had stood on was now a raging torrent of glacier melt. What if??? What if we had been inside when it collapsed? Did we cause the collapse by relieving the inside air pressure when we made our entry hole? Was this a common event? I never saw another in the two years I was in the Arctic.
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text:
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Funding for regional NSW infrastructure
Last Updated: 08 November 2019
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There will be a temporary pause on new applications effective 14 July 2019 while a review of this program is undertaken.
What do you get?
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Find out more about the eligibility criteria at Growing Local Economies.
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Find out more about how to apply at Growing Local Economies.


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text:
If public resource such as water supply or electricity alters its quality by how much money we pay, what would it be like? In Korea, we are currently paying the same amount of money on the same supplies we use. That is, there is no limit on how much we decide to use the water supply or electricity. These are public goods, or resources, which are commodities or services that are provided without profit to all members of a society, either by the government, a private individual or an organization. After a certain period, we pay for the supplies we have used according to the amount used. Surely the quality of water or electricity would not be different by the money we pay. However, network service is a service that is provided to all the people equally without profit, hence a public resource, but it is now in danger of being provided with different quality by how much money we pay.
On the 14th of December, the Federal Communications Commission's (FCC) decision ruled out net neutrality from the information society by law and thereby legalized the inequality on arranging the Internet access quality by the amount of money consumers pay.
All Bits are Created Equal
The term "net neutrality" was coined by Tim Wu, a professor at Columbia law school. According to professor Wu, net neutrality is a principle that the Internet Service Providers (ISP) should treat all data on the Internet the same, and not discriminate or charge differently by user, content, website, platform, application, type of attached equipment, or method of communication. For instance, under the principle, the ISP ought not to intentionally block, slow down or charge money for specific websites and online content.
As net neutrality guarantees an even opportunity on information acquisition, the concept can be seen as a fundamental right. Since the quality of Internet depends on its' speed, the FCC's decision on grading the Internet would greatly damage the quality the network users experience. Net neutrality has been considered as a basic right in the information society. Access to network services should not be ordered according to the users' payments since it is a public good. If someone is provided with a comparatively faster service, others would have to use slower Internet. It is unjust to favor those who have paid additional fee to others. What is the difference between someone holding all the property of a resource such as water and making people pay for it? The sudden change of the network service from a public good to a private property is almost bewildering. But why, does this right of net neutrality stand against the government's will?
The Dissenters
First of all, the ones who support the eradication of net neutrality insist on the immorality of large content providers such as tax evasion or violation of law. They state that it is unreasonable of the content providers like Apple and Google to accumulate so much capital by plucking out on the users, while perpetrating moral deeds. People who support the abolition of net neutrality in Korea also name Naver as one of the corporations that trigger much harm to the market by excessly intervening without any regulations by the fact that they are just a common carrier.
Furthermore, some people argue that when the Internet service is left as a public good, tragedy of commons can occur because of the neutrality public goods have, meaning that everyone can have same access to the service whenever they want equally. Tragedy of commons is an economic term for a situation within a shared resource system where individual users acting on their self-interest may deplete or spoil that resource through their collective action. For example, people who worry about tragedy of the commons frequently say trucks or loaded cars should pay more road tax than sedans because loaded cars tend to give more burden to the road than sedans. To prevent tragedy of the commons, possessors of trucks or loaded cars can pay more for the road, thereby taking the responsibility of the roads. The opposers of net neutrality match this example to where the contents which have bigger traffic while providing on the network service should pay more fee. They say that if Internet service is regarded a common resource, people would overuse it, so that it would cause overloads which could harm all the population using the Internet. However, the consumers of the contents have had no problem in using and consuming the contents provided by large contents providers until now, during which the technology and network services have been developed in an unprecedented rate. It makes this claim merely dissenters' grudge on the contents providers.
Neutrality Doomed
As net neutrality is abolished, the ISPs such as AT&T, Verizon, and Comcast can now selectively provide different services fast and slow. For instance, they can make services of Google, Facebook, or Instagram's networking speed slower or even shut out the network service completely and compel the providers to pay more to use the service.
Contents providers including the above-mentioned will be greatly harmed if the ISPs grab the right to handle the whole network. They might have to submit to the network getting slower, or may have to pay, perhaps a lot, to use a stabilized network service. This can lead to more nuisance, a condition under which the ISPs can give preference to their own service traffic and by that boost up their own supplied contents. The ISPs would discriminate the large contents providers on their own, making them pay more for the additional traffic they should be using under the name of justice. This would lead to profound hardship for the smaller and middle-sized contents providers which could hardly pay for the considerable traffic bills.
This apprehension that suddenly got into all sizes of contents providers would notably affect the smaller contents providers. The networking speed difference between large and rich contents providers and the ones that could not pay for more traffic could be extreme.
To see the circumstances in Korea, they say the voice of the ISPs would become vociferous, holding with the United States' decision on net neutrality. As in the past, the ISPs have been raging about Kakaotalk, the most widely used messenger application now in Korea. They insisted that the traffic of Kakaotalk overloads the network service, so they should pay for it. These issues have also been raised in Samsung's smart TV application and Youtube, indicating that net neutrality issues between the ISP and contents providers could be generated in Korea, too. And if it goes as it did in the United States, the consequence would be the same.
Troublesomes to be Dealt with
The abolition of net neutrality utterly harms people's right to access to information, and unjustfully gives the ISPs the autonomy to differentiate the contents providers without objective standards. Moreover, the major social issues that are surfacing after the FCC's decision are that contents would get into a richer-gets-richer and poorer-gets-poorer cycle. That is to say, the contents would be monitorized by the mainstream contents providers' contents. Other than the actual unjustity of the decision, the hazard exists that the large contents providers would be given the right to monopolize since they would be one of the few organizations that would be able to pay such large amount of money to get the network going on. Rookies and newcomers would have a harder time getting through the stream of contents, perhaps mainly ruled by the largest contents providers.
Twitter has been buzzing with hashtags, "#NetNeutrality." Thousands of Internet users are opposing the government's decision and are urging to withdraw it. Netflix, Twitter, Airbnb, Dropbox and many other Internet corporations have also joined in the protest, and even offline demonstrations have been observed. However, the government with the FCC looks real firm, and consumers are expressing concern that the power of capital is much bigger, and even the network usage needs us to pay more for it. Intolerably, now that we should pay more for a network to reach our place due to the concern that the Internet would be overly consumed, we should now be thinking onto which range would it be that we can handle by money.
By Jang Moon-Kyong (Int'l&Social Reporter)


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FS#11664 - Workaround for usb random failures on amsv2.
Opened by amaury pouly (pamaury) - Sunday, 10 October 2010, 16:51 GMT
Last edited by Rafaël Carré (funman) - Tuesday, 13 December 2011, 20:45 GMT
This patch is a possible workaround the usb random failures on amsv2 (mainly clip+).
The test procedure is as follow:
1) Apply the first patch [as3525v2-enable-usb] (to svn head)
2) Try to plug/unplug the player several times (10 or 20 times or even more if you want) and note how many times it fails to work (no mass storage device detected, doesn't mount)
3) Apply the second patch [as3525v2-usb] (to svn head)
4) Repeat step 2)
The expected result is >0 failures in 2) and 0 failures in 4).
All amsv2 devices are interesting:
- fuzev2 to check regression
- clip+ to check improvement
Comments on the patch are welcome.
Tuesday, 13 December 2011, 20:45 GMT
Reason for closing: Out of Date
Additional comments about closing: USB is now enabled.
If there are still bugs they should probably discussed somewhere else.
With the first patch it fails sometimes (as expected).
With the second, doesn't fail as much but three times it "froze", as in it's stuck in main menu (which is weird) or the "usb cable screen". The menu cannot be navigated. Kernel says "device not accepting address 19, error -32". The player (and its USB, too) is then unusable until I power off the player forcefully (holding power button for a while). Rockbox wasn't fully dead though. The display shuts down after a while and a button click lights it again (when unplugged).
[256687.316571] usb 2-1.3.1: new low speed USB device using ehci_hcd and address 19
[256687.391694] usb 2-1.3.1: device descriptor read/64, error -32
[256687.556558] usb 2-1.3.1: device descriptor read/64, error -32
[256687.730427] usb 2-1.3.1: new low speed USB device using ehci_hcd and address 20
[256687.805363] usb 2-1.3.1: device descriptor read/64, error -32
[256687.981411] usb 2-1.3.1: device descriptor read/64, error -32
[256688.155370] usb 2-1.3.1: new low speed USB device using ehci_hcd and address 21
[256688.557108] usb 2-1.3.1: device not accepting address 21, error -32
[256688.630555] usb 2-1.3.1: new low speed USB device using ehci_hcd and address 22
[256689.033079] usb 2-1.3.1: device not accepting address 22, error -32
[256689.033460] hub 2-1.3:1.0: unable to enumerate USB device on port 1
On some plug-in attempts it says "low speed", on some "high speed", I'm confused.
Can't reproduce it reliably. It doesn't happen very often.
Without patch: fails most of the times.
With patch: 100% working :-D Plugged in/out at least ten times, I didn't experience any lockup and the player always got recognized. Had a glitch where it said that the device connected in 1.1 mode, but OF does that too sometimes, I suspect a dodgy cable.
but it doesn't work for me, at the moment of plugin in the USB cable in the Computer (Host: Win7) I get:
usb-drv: wrong architecture (0)
Would it be possible to post a diff file were the needed changes in config/SansaFuzeV2.h are also included?
I attached a modified version of the diff for fuzev2 but I can't test it myself. Hope it helps.
Great patch! Under normal circumstances USB works perfectly. However, if I use 'charge mode' (ie hold select while plugging in) the host (Ubuntu 10.10) then gives a kernel error every time I plug the player in until I reboot the PC. The bootloader also fails to build for me, with the same errors as above.
[22791.125982] ehci_hcd 0000:00:1a.7: port 4 reset error -110
[22791.141985] ehci_hcd 0000:00:1a.7: port 4 reset error -110
[22791.141992] hub 1-0:1.0: hub_port_status failed (err = -32)
The point of the patch is not to eliminate all kernel errors because it's impossible to do it this way. The point of this patch is to achieve a working state every time you plug the device, even if the device goes through an unstable state and kernel emits errors. In your case, my question is: after these errors, is the device eventually working or not as a mass storage ?
Second patch works consistently, however my WinXP SP3 box sometimes gives a message saying I should connect to a High-Speed USB port. I get no such message using the OF.
I did get a panic, something about the USB driver waiting for an ACK when something else happened. I haven't reproduced it.
I have an old box running Ubuntu 10.04, I'll try to test on it tomorrow.
I can reproduce the USB 1.1 issue most of the times with the following procedure:
1. turn the fuze2 on, connect to the host (win7) -> USB 2.0
2. disconnect
3. connect again to the host -> USB 1.1
4. disconnecting and connecting without shutting down the fuze gives me after the first time always USB 1.1
5. shutdown and turn the fuze on (reboot)
6. connect to the host -> USB 2.0
It also happend a very few times (aprox. 1 in 15 reboots) that I can connect and disconnect without rebooting the fuze and still getting USB 2.0 everytime.
On Linux I get consistent USB 2.0 High Speed connections.
Note that my Linux box has a USB PCI card inserted with USB 2.0 ports. The build-in controller is only 1.1.
On Linux I also get consistent high speed connections. I didn't check with window (nor XP nor Seven) but apparently Windows is screwing up with usb one more time.
What about USB HID mode?
but we did that already.
im new and im deprate to get this fixed
I have no idea if HID is working but I think during my last try it didn't work.
Not ideal test conditions: I tested 2) on a machine properly, 20 insertion attempts, one failure. A handful (~25%?) of USB 1 negotiations.
Unfortunately after that the machine I was using died.
Since then I've used d) for a few weeks, no problems whatsoever across several computers. At least 20 attempts.
The patch appeared to build successfully, but when I plugged in my Clip+, it failed to mount (Ubuntu 10.10 is the host OS) and the disk access light stayed on. Eventually I took a chance and disconnected the Clip+, but the disk icon remained on, and it was stuck on the USB screen. I had to force a power off, and am now scanning with fsck.vfat for filesystem damage. (There was no microSD inserted.)
Also attached is my kernel log from the time of the testing.
With USB enabled by this patch on my ClipV2, I still have recurring apparent filesystem corruption that goes away when I replug or reboot the player without fixing the detected corruption.
The pattern of corruption exposed over USB (single-byte corruption with the values 0x7d, 0x7e, 0xfd, or 0xfe, always appearing after pairs of valid 0x7d,0x7e or 0xfd,0xfe bytes) seems to point into USB's general direction: My googling indicates that at least 0x7d,0x7e are used as escape bytes in some low-level part of USB signaling.
ETA: before
Just out of curiosity you could add:
if (usb_state == USB_EXTRACTED)
to the beginning of the USB_TRANSFER_COMPLETION case in usb_thread() in usb.c, with 29154 in place of course.
just checking i put it in the right place??
#ifdef HAVE_USBSTACK
case USB_TRANSFER_COMPLETION:
if (usb_state == USB_EXTRACTED)
(struct usb_transfer_completion_event_data*)ev.data);
#endif /* HAVE_USBSTACK */
one thing i forgot to mention previously and it's just happened again after re-applying 29154 and that is it's resetting USB mode in the OF back to "auto detect" when it was on MSC previously.
I tried to check if the driver exit function is called from an improper place for sleeping calls and didn't find anything so far. :\
Doing the disconnect is required but a couple other things might be needed as far as powering off the OTG. One thing you didn't mention is, besides 29154, has anything changed as far as connect reliablilty because for me on the fuze it never fails anymore except when XP starts leaking resources after lots of connect cycles, which happens with everything.
@anyone who knows: From where does knowledge of the other bits come in PCGCCTL? Bit 0 is all I find in the 6400 docs.
One check: replace the sleep with udelay(1000000/20) which also works on fuze (sort of a klude fix if it works, but perhaps informative).
ETA: oh, and maybe post a copy of your setting config?
ETA: Something with using the wait-for-interrupt instruction at that particular time maybe. ???
Instead of sleep() or udelay() try:
long tick = current_tick + HZ/20;
while (TIME_BEFORE(current_tick, tick))
If that works still works well, it strongly indicates an issue with sleeping the CPU core at that particular moment (which indicates a problem in general). If it doesn't work, something else is going on.
usb-drv: disconnect
i also saw this on another attempt
Undefined instruction at 3008D594
Where is 3008D594 in your build? Could you attach the .map for that one?
ETA: try r29205 as is - there was a serious problem of double init
i just tried r29205 and i got the little sound as if a usb device had been connected and an "installing drivers" notification. but then i got a windows dialog to say it had failed.
Feb 4 09:24:36 machine kernel: [97521.845204] sd 17:0:0:0: [sdb] Unhandled sense code
Feb 4 09:24:36 machine kernel: [97521.845209] sd 17:0:0:0: [sdb] Result: hostbyte=DID_OK driverbyte=DRIVER_SENSE
Feb 4 09:24:36 machine kernel: [97521.845213] sd 17:0:0:0: [sdb] Sense Key : Medium Error [current]
Feb 4 09:24:36 machine kernel: [97521.845218] sd 17:0:0:0: [sdb] Add. Sense: Unrecovered read error
Feb 4 09:24:36 machine kernel: [97521.845222] sd 17:0:0:0: [sdb] CDB: Read(10): 28 00 00 eb ef f8 00 00 01 00
Feb 4 09:24:36 machine kernel: [97521.845230] end_request: I/O error, dev sdb, sector 15462392
Feb 4 09:24:36 machine kernel: [97521.845234] Buffer I/O error on device sdb, logical block 1932799
And fsck.vfat says:
# fsck.vfat /dev/sdb
dosfsck 3.0.9, 31 Jan 2010, FAT32, LFN
Read 32 bytes at 7901134848:Input/output error
When I tried reenabling the USB hard-reset code in the workaround patch posted above (I've been successfully running without the hard-reset code for some time now), I also saw crashes similar Marc's.
All this does not occur with r29146 (or with the OF). I don't have time for a proper bisect at this moment, but will post my results when I do find the time.
I've noticed some weird depenedency between the FM and the USB. The FM register screen shows strange values while USB is connected even though radio is not enabled. The i2c code in tuner_init locks at boot as well if the cable is inserted.
BTW, wasn't that commit quite awhile ago in RB time? You hadn't updated?
It's made with the build in the build directory with the main binary, called rockbox.map.
However, not crashing might have brought it to sanity and is actually a step in the right direction.
I'm up for getting a v2 clip but I can't just buy it since I don't know what I'm getting and I already have v1. I could explore ideas in minutes or hours that otherwise take days or weeks of interrogation and testing.
Data abort
at 30049FD8
FSR 0x8
(domain 0, fault 8)
address 0xE59F38D4
i've attached the .map (hopefully). if you want the .map from any other build just give me a shout. (i'm assuming it changes on every update/modification???)
I doubt that V1 clips are still being sold. But if you want to increase the likelihood of getting a V2 Clip, you could go for the 4GB version. AFAIK there never was a 4GB ClipV1, and the 4GB version is only marginally more expensive than the 2GB one. Cheers!
1) Fresh turn on in rockbox, connect usb cable to windows 7 machine -> usb 2.0 connection
2) disconnect usb cable
3) Reconnect usb cable -> usb 1.1 connection ('this device could perform faster' message from windows)
I have a fuze v2 running r29143 with this patch along with the
(it has the 4 with a circle, denoting the speed i believe)
C08G Japan
sorry for the two posts, I couldnt edit...
2) http://www.rockbox.org/tracker/task/11870#comment39128 - test_sd.patch
3) http://www.rockbox.org/tracker/task/12001 - 0001-Enable-Rockbox-USB-for-ClipV2.patch
my device: fuzev2 AMSv2 Varient 0
I am on windows 7 x64, usb 2.0 works after unplugging/replugging (no usb 1.1 issues)
8gb microsd card (works at 'boot' of rockbox)
as far as i can tell everything works! hope this helps someone
r29644 with just the as3525v2-enable-usb.diff patch (changed properly to enable USB on fuze2) works like a charm.
I can plug and unplug and replug as much as I want without rebooting rockbox and no USB 1.1 issues.
Booting rockbox with a 8GB microsd card inserted and inserting, removing, reinserting it during USB mode also works without any issues as well.
As host I am running a 32bit Windows 7.
Also dfkt over at ABI states, that it doesn't work at all for him with r28830 for clip+.
I did the same compile for my Fuze V2 and there it works perfectly!
Out of interest, I also compiled it with the second patch (as3525v2-usb.diff), which caused the device to freeze whenever USB was plugged in.
Running latest SVN with no additional patches.
The Fuze still boots into the OF, however, when plugged in after poweroff (though I suspect this is a simple bootloader setting and unrelated to the issue).
To confirm, USB2.0 mounting and file transfers works 100% of the time on SVN head Sansa Fuze v2 on both Linux and Windows 7 (unpatched, besides the patch to enable the USB stack in the first place).
with as3525v2-enable-usb
- On Linux everything was fine
- On Win7the device was not recognized the very first time in Windows and the Fuze froze on the USB connected screen. All other times were OK. The only weird thing is that the SD card always shows up before internal memory (respectively drives E: and F:)
with as3525v2-usb
on both Linux and Win7 the Sansa crashes as soon as the USB cable is pugged in:
Data abort at 300051F24 FSR 0x8 (domain 0, fault 8) address 0x8B000034
1) plugging the Fuze will briefly show the USB plug on the screen then go back to what it was displaying before. At that point you cannot read/write from the device but it will charge over the USB. You need to restart the Fuze to be able to read/write files.
2) the Fuze freezes
Is there anything that can be done when those happens to give some feedback to fix it?
in the hope that it will fix all the problems, I tried to rewrite the driver use the slave (aka PIO) mode of the controller. Since this driver doesn't use DMA at all, all the suspicious corruption bugs should be fixed. I provide here a patch against the trunk which also enables HID because it works with my Clip+. All comments are welcome especially since this is more or less a complete rewrite.
Thanks for contributing the PIO-mode driver! This has great potential to get AMSv2 USB going. :)
I've been trying your patch on my Clip+ with two Linux hosts (with different kernel version), with mixed results. I get various read errors and resets. Sometimes, the host is unable to enumerate the USB devices. In three successive attempts to connect the Clip+ to the host (without rebooting in between), the HID worked two times, and the storage only one time. In each case, it took quite some time for the host to detect the USB devices.
(I've attached the Linux-kernel output from the three sessions.)
Another observation: On my Clip+'s display, Rockbox's USB-jack logo was shifted vertically into the yellow display area, presumably to make space for the USB-keypad mode line, which looked odd.
clip v2:
original "sansaclipv2.h" patch to enable usb on it's own does not work. adding the 2nd patch from the 1st post and this modification by MikeS works fine: http://www.rockbox.org/tracker/task/11664#comment38418
new pio patch does not work at all. device not recognised by windows 7.
neither of the first 2 patches work. the 2nd patch corrupted some files and i had to run chkdsk to fix it.
new pio patch does not work at all. device not recognised by windows 7. tried multiple times with and without micro SDHC card.
(I took a shot at fixing it, but ultimately couldn't.)
Tested with a Fuze v2 with r29944, the only weird thing is that the MicroSD appears first instead of the internal memory
(Sorry for the english, it's not my native language)
It works really well with the Fuze v2 and Windows 7 64bit. I can plug/unplug continuously without any problems.
The only issue I see is if the Fuze v2 is turned OFF when plugging into USB or into a charger, the Fuze turns on and goes into the official firmware. OH NO!
With the Fuze v1 turned off, when plugging into USB or a charging cord, the Fuze v1 turns on and goes into the Rockbox firmware correctly. If I forget to turn on the fuze before plugging it in, I get to sit through a very long database refresh and a bunch of files are made I don't want. Hopefully this last thing can eventually be fixed.
So, the PIO mode patch for USB is almost perfect - at least for Windows 7 64bit. Thank you for making this work amaury pouly and thanks to thegr8brain for the custom build. Is the PIO mode patch good enough yet to fold into the official builds?
Just not to see the [censored] OF and its [censored] auto folders ever again.
Pamaury, we all are extremely grateful for your countless efforts, you're the man, hats off.
My main machine is Ubuntu so I don't mind.
Seems to me the problem seems to be Windows host machines ?
earlier in the thread, MikeS posted this hack: http://www.rockbox.org/tracker/task/11664#comment38418 which i needed to get my clip v2 running. but now my clip+ won't run without this either which is making me think it's my pc that needs this fix and not the players. of course i'm speculating - i know nuffin. :D
I could have a try on fuzev2 but i am very lazy :)
If the fuzev2 OF init code is the same I can try on fuzev2 (I only have linux though)
@Marc: what? you still need that ridiculous hack on another device? very odd.
what surprised me most is how quick it is. my clip v2 always took anything between a few and 10 seconds or more to initialise but this is instantaneous. it works very well for me. i did have one failure after many successive connection attempts but using the "troubleshoot" option found under "devices and printers" on the windows 7 start menu resolved it by re-scanning for drivers.
which patches did you apply exacty? Which Patches are you referring to when talking about 1st and 2nd patch.. you meant the patches for pio and then pmu?
I ask because I'd like to see my clip+ running in USB mode too :)
when i get home later i can put up my complete diff if you want.
There was some talk on IRC that a bugfix was done in the USB driver that the AMSv2 USB driver is based on, let me check if this bugfix also applies to the AMSv2 USB driver.
- linux with and without sd inserted
- windows (xp and 7) with and without sd inserted
here's mine: all it consists of is the original patch from the opening post and this "kludge" as MikeS put it... http://www.rockbox.org/tracker/task/11664#comment38418
the patch also contains the code to enable the clip v2 as i own both.
However with Marcs diff on ubuntu all 3 are slow to connect and the clip zip has the most problems being the slowest to be read.
So it looks to me like the problem is in firmware/target/arm/as3525/usb-drv-as3525.c.
All tests conducted with Sansa Fuzev2, Clip+ 8gb and Clip Zip 8gb with 32gb Micro SD.
In Linux with Marcs patch, as soon as I connect the Clip+ to USB, the kernel starts spitting out this:
[1731019.646396] hub 2-1:1.0: unable to enumerate USB device on port 2
[1731019.885791] usb 2-1.2: new high speed USB device number 14 using ehci_hcd
continuously increasing the USB device number with or without 32gb sd card.
Added funmans 64byte buffer patch, but go the same result.
I seem like the USB stack is disconnection just to reconnect afterwards -
My Clip zip had some problems but after a few connects on a USB 1.1 port it seems to connect all the time now either on 1.1 or 2.0 usb ports. With or without SD Card.
The Clip+ is strange I can sometimes get it connected to XP, Everytime on Ubuntu. On XP tho when connection works it skips two drive letters i.e. Will Connect as H and M (J and K are taken) but it skips I and L to give the external sd card a letter. In this case L. Or sometimes External will get H and internal will get Maybe not related but thought I should mention it.
So I'm not sure which patches are in there. I even made svn-clean.
(Fuze2 r31161 and just the as3525v2-enable-usb.diff patch changed properly to enable USB on fuze2)
As for the Clip+ and Clip Zip the hunt goes on.
On my laptop, my Fuze V2 is recognized successfully by Win7 x64, and drivers install fine (I tried this several times). However, neither the SD card nor the internal memory of the Fuze mount...at least, not for a few minutes. The old build of rockbox I was using (now 8 months old) worked fine. But I think there is something screwy with my machine, because my e280 v1, which has never had any problems connecting to USB, runs into the same 'wait a few minutes' situation. Accessing diskmgmt.msc or My Computer during time causes both of them to hang, both with the e280 and the Fuze.
Interestingly, when I hand-off the device to Lubuntu running in a VirtualBox VM, both the Fuze and the e280 are recognized instantly. I'm not really sure what to make of this or how to fix this very odd volume management issue, considering...
I don't get it though - I have clearly experienced a regression here, from 29xxx builds (at least on this one host, my laptop). Has that much really changed in the usb stack?


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The twofold nature of the mind
Previously we looked at past life regression and how it is used to help overcome some of the bodily aches, pains and niggles that we take for granted and we have also looked into the Hindu belief of the duality of existence i.e. the believe that the human body is divided into two components, the tangible component or the body which perishes with time and the intangible component or the soul which exists for the duration of time or for the duration of the universe.
It is now important to understand the twofold nature of the human mind and why we cannot or rather, are unable to access repressed memories or memories from a previous existence without some type or form of help or assistance like hypnosis, which, as I have pointed out earlier, can be dangerous or the more subtle practice of yoga which will eventually lead us to spiritual meditation.
The mind as we know it is divided into two components the conscious mind or the temporal or corporeal mind so called because it is overly concerned with fulfilling the needs of the five sense and the subconscious mind or the vast depository that stores all the information with regards to our past and present existence and according to some scholars also aids us with clairvoyant or precognitive dreams and visions.
The conscious mind operates from the time we are born or from when we take on a new existence to the time we die or our soul leaves the body. It registers everything that we see or do while we are awake and influences a majority of our decisions. Most of us live or operate under its influence.
While we are awake the conscious mind tightly binds the subconscious mind, so much so, that it is impossible for us to have access to the subconscious mind. In addition to that our own habits, for example excessive drinking or smoking, tampers with the chemical balance of the mind or sometimes alters it to the point that we become addicted and this further impedes the workings of the subconscious mind.
We won't be wrong in saying that when we are awake the conscious mind supplants or supersedes the workings of the subconscious mind.
The only time that we can have access to the subconscious mind which has stored all the data from our past existence, regardless of how many lives we have led, is when the conscious mind is asleep.
When a hypnotist puts his subject to sleep, like we see on the television or during stage shows, he or she is in reality putting the conscious mind to sleep so that he or she can have access to the subconscious mind and help cure the patient of any pain, niggles or illnesses he or she may have suffered as a result of any accident, injury or illness that may have occurred in the past.
However because the hypnotist can only put the conscious mind to sleep and has no control over the subconscious mind, what surfaces, for example an alternate personality that suddenly comes to life when the subject is under hypnosis or in other cases the hypnotist triggers a sudden illness that the subject succumbed to in a past life - there is no telling what could happen - the only option open to the hypnotist is to gather as much information as possible and somehow try and make sense of what's happening.
In most instances, it is almost impossible to make sense of these things, especially in cases of alternate personalities, despite the clarity of the memories that surface.
It is difficult, for a third party to have any form of control over another person's subconscious mind and in those circumstances the only avenue open to the hypnotist is to wake the subject up and let the conscious mind reassert itself.
The hypnotist can forget about what transpired during the hypnosis session and choose not to tell the subject but the subconscious mind once it's been released from the shackles that bind it will seek to resurface and will often do so in dreams or in flashes of images that sometimes appear out of nowhere and disappear just as quickly.
Therefore, most hypnotists will tell the subject what transpired during a hypnosis session to safe the subject from the trauma of trying to make sense of things when those memories do suddenly resurface.
Therefore, most hypnotists will tell the subject what transpired during a hypnosis session to safe the subject from the trauma of trying to make sense of things when those memories do suddenly resurface.
Hence the safest option for anyone who wants to access their memories from a past life is to delve into spiritual meditation and gradually build the bridge between the conscious mind and the subconscious mind. There are no guarantees that it will work but it is a lot safer than hypnosis.
Copyright © 2019 by Kathiresan Ramachanderam


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- Chairman & Chief Executive Officer Activities: C. Signoretto
- Finance & Risk: F. Metrangolo
- Human Resources: A. Luppi
- Information & Communication Technology: E. Fabrizio
- Legal Assistance: N. Maisano
- Compliance Trading Monitoring & Support: S. Germani
- Global Trading Gas: F. Magnani
- Global Trading LNG: A. Della Zoppa
- Global Trading Power and Emission: F. Giunti
Our Channels
Your business, our energy
Produtcs and solutions for business and customers Italy and abroad
Get around town easily
Live the city with Eni's car-sharing service
Corporate structure
Organigramma attività Oil
Chief Executive Officer Activities: G. Ricci
Global Trading Oil: S. Ballista
The members of the Board of Directors are:
- Cristian SIGNORETTO, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer Gas, LNG and Power Activities
- Giuseppe RICCI, Chief Executive Officer Oil Activities
- Donatella Anna RANCO, Director
- Claudia VIGNATI, Director
- Ciro Antonio PAGANO, Director
- Marcello PERRA Director
The members of the Board of Statutory Auditors are:
- Tiziano ONESTI, Chairman
- Giulia DE MARTINO, Standing statutory auditor
- Mauro IANIRO, Standing statutory auditor
- Augusto MATIZ, Substitute statutory auditor
- Francesca PARENTE, Substitute statutory auditor
The members of the Supervisory Body pursuant to Legislative Decree 231/2001 are:
- Raffaele Giovanni RIZZI (Chairman)
- Giorgio GINI
- Laura FERRANDO
ETS in numbers
- Oversaw the trading of 63.4 million tons of crude oil and 16.4 million tons of refined and semi-finished products*
- Shipped around 28 million tons of crude oil and around 20 million tons of petroleum products and petrochemicals. Time charter vessels used for the transport of 7 million tons of crude oil and 12 million tons of petroleum products
- Traded oil and gas derivatives mainly for hedging purposes
- Optimised Eni's portfolio flexibility through Asset Backed Trading activities, operating on international gas hubs for a total of 17 billion cubic metres (physical volumes)
- Carried out hedging activities for Eni (Flow) gas portfolio exposures on European (hub) liquid markets for total physical volumes of approximately 54 billion cubic metres
- Performed proprietary trading operations for 57 billion cubic metres of physical gas
- Marketed around 2 billion cubic metres of LNG
- Sold about 1 billion cubic metres of gas to commercial and industrial customers (UK)
*source Financial Statement 2017
Integrated operations on commodity market
ETS is engaged in:
- the marketing of international production of crude oil and petroleum products;
- the procurement of international supplies of crude oil, semi-finished and refined products for the Eni Group and the marketing of semi-finished and refined products for the cargo market;
- the use of portfolio flexibility in Asset Backed Hedging activities;
- trading operations, on both physical and financial energy commodity markets (crude oil, petroleum products, gas, power and CO2 emissions);
- the provision of services for the management of commodity price risk to the divisions and companies of the Eni Group
- the trading of CO2 certificates to meet the needs of Eni Group companies;
- the management of maritime transport services for crude oil, petroleum and chemical products, both directly and on behalf of other Eni operating units, on both international and domestic markets, and ensuring the quality of the vessels used.
Vetting: vessel assessment and inspections
Fleet assessment (selection and authorisation)
- Wherever possible, assessments are made on the basis of direct physical inspections conducted by the ETS team. Assessments have a maximum validity of 12 months.
- In the absence of a physical inspection of a ship by an ETS inspector, assessment and selection activities can be carried out on the basis of information provided by the SIRE (Ship Inspection Report) system and other sources available to ETS.
- Every time the process requires the downloading of reports from the SIRE system, a ship inspection report must be available on the OCIMF (Oil Companies International Marine Forum) database and no more than six months must have passed since the inspection.
- During the assessment, careful monitoring is made of the following areas: compliance with ETS' Minimum Selection Criteria (MSC), non-compliance with SIRE, PSC (Port State Controls) and flag state, a profile of the ship's age, the results of TMSA (Tanker Management Self Assessment), the accident log and previous reports.
Ship inspections
- ETS inspections are carried out only on the basis of the SIRE system and by around one hundred SIRE inspectors accredited by the OCIMF for the inspection of oil, gas and petrochemical tankers, supported by two inspection companies under service contracts with ETS.
- Inspections are scheduled on the basis of formal requests form the ships' operators and confirmed when ETS has an interest in conducting these inspections.
- Confirmed inspections are carried out in compliance with the current OCIMF Vessel Inspection Questionnaire (VIQ) with the aim, among other things, of verifying compliance with the minimum selection criteria of Eni Trading & Shipping S.p.A. The final report is uploaded to the OCIMF - SIRE database and sent to the ship's operator for comment.
Review of the technical management of ships
- ETS adheres to the TMSA programme and supports ship operators who actively participate in the system.
- Management reviews are conducted using a formal internal process, in which TMSA compliance is part of the assessment, to examine the quality of the ship operators whose vessels are regularly under contract to ETS or are frequently used for spot trading.
- If a management review is not available for other operators, an assessment is carried out on the basis of their previous records and the most recent TMSA but updated within the previous twelve months.
Assessment of the accident log
- ETS encourages operators of tankers to submit reports of significant events that occur in their fleets.
- This is followed by a formal internal process to review the reports, supporting selection and authorisation activities so as to reduce delays.
- The precision and timeliness of the report is noted during the procedure to assess ship operators.
Model 231
Legislative Decree 231 of 8 June 2001 states that companies may adopt models of organisation, management and control to prevent crimes connected to relationships with the public administration. In view of this, the Board meeting of Eni Trading & Shipping on 5 February 2008 approved its Model 231 for the first time, subsequently amending it to take into account the main changes in the organisational and legal framework.


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Tomatoes and Beyond: Biotech Promises
There are a number of biotechnology applications that will broadly affect all food processing industries. These include the production of natural ingredients produced by microorganisms and food safety applications.
* Natural ingredients. In the next decade, there will be a variety of new natural food ingredients produced by microbial fermentation for use by all sectors of the food-processing industry. In addition to the microbially-produced nutritive additives (amino acids, vitamins), flavor enhancers (MSG), stabilizers (xanthan gum), sweeteners (aspartame), and preservatives already produced by fermentation, the food processor will be able to select natural ingredients which add functionality, enhance nutritional quality, extend shelf life, improve convenience, or ensure safety. These will include omega-3-fatty acids and natural coloring agents (betacarotene) produced by algal cultures. Ingredients produced by bacteria will include flavors, enzymes, and biopolymers for use as a source of soluble fiber in the diet, for instance. The genes for sweet plant proteins will be cloned for the production of non-caloric sweeteners. Bacterial production of salty peptides will provide a non-sodium-based alternative for seasoning processed foods. Natural antioxidants, sulfite and nitrite replacers, natural preservatives, and non-caloric fat substitutes will all be produced by microbial fermentation.
* Food Safety Applications. Microbial pathogens continue to plague the food supply and food processors are expected to eliminate the danger of these organisms from processed food products. DNA probe and monoclonal antibody-based systems will revolutionize analysis of raw materials, ingredients, and finished products for the presence of pathogenic and spoilage organisms, bacterial and fungal toxins, chemical contaminants (herbicides, pesticides, heavy metals), and biological contaminants (hormones, enzymes). These methods will be greatly simplified so they can be performed in the field, at the processing plant, or in the home, utilizing "dipstick" technology. In addition, "biosensors" will be developed to monitor the freshness of chilled meat, detect bacterial contamination in milk, the hydrolysis of milk proteins, and temperature abuse of refrigerated foods. Biosensors will provide effective and economical means for monitoring food production, packaging, transportation, and storage.
In addition to these broad-ranged applications, key biotechnology breakthroughs are predicted to have an impact in specific segments of the food industry. For example:
* The Dairy industry. There will be genetic improvement of dairy starter cultures. Dairy starter cultures are used for the production of fermented dairy products including cheese, yogurt, butter, buttermilk, and sour cream. Current techniques for constructing cultures rely on mutation and selection that are imprecise, uncontrollable, and time-consuming. The cloning of gene transfer systems developed in the 1980s will be used to construct strains with improved metabolic properties, which will provide systems for selecting well-characterized traits, conferring precise and easy-to-monitor biochemical capabilities. This will have an impact on several aspects of dairy fermentation, including production economics, shelf life, safety, and nutritional content.
Milk, or antibodies isolated from colostrum or milk, from cows immunized against various oral and gastrointestinal pathogens could be used to protect humans, particularly infants and immuno-compromised individuals, from infection by these pathogens. …


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3D Systems Corporation (NYSE:DDD) Q4 2019 Earnings Conference Call - Final Transcript
Feb 26, 2020 • 04:30 pm ET
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Greetings and welcome to the 3D Systems Conference Call to discuss the results of Fourth Quarter and Full Year 2019. My name is Kevin and I'll facilitate the audio portion of today's interactive broadcast. At this time, all participants are in a listen-only mode. A question-and-answer session will follow the formal presentation. [Operator Instructions]. As a reminder, this conference is being recorded. It's now my pleasure to introduce your host, Melanie Solomon, Investor Relations. Please go ahead.
Melanie Solomon
Good afternoon and welcome to 3D Systems Conference Call. With me on the call are Vyomesh Joshi, our President and Chief Executive Officer; Todd Booth, Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer; and Andrew Johnson, Executive Vice President and Chief Legal Officer. The webcast portion of this call contains a slide presentation that we will refer to during the call. Those following along on the phone who wish to access the slide portion of this presentation may do so on the Investor Relations section of our website. Participants who would like to ask questions at the end of the session related to matters discussed in this conference call should call in using the number provided on this slide and in the press release that we issued today. For those who have accessed the streaming portion of the webcast, please be aware that there may be a few seconds delay and that you will not be able to post questions via the web.
The following discussion and responses to your questions reflect management's views as of today only and will include forward-looking statements as described on this slide. Actual results may differ materially. Additional information about factors that could potentially impact our financial results is included in today's press release and our filings with the SEC, including our most recent annual report on Form 10-K and quarterly reports on Form 10-Q. During this call, we will discuss certain non-GAAP financial measures. In our press release and slides accompanying this webcast, which are both available on our Investor Relations website, you will find additional disclosures regarding these non-GAAP measures including reconciliations of these measures with comparable GAAP measures. Finally, unless otherwise stated, all comparisons in this call will be against our results for the comparable period of 2018. Now, I'm pleased to turn the call over to Vyomesh Joshi, our CEO. VJ?
Vyomesh I. Joshi
Thanks, Melanie. Good afternoon everyone. In 2016, I shared my vision and strategy for how 3D Systems would make 3D production real. It would require customer collaboration and innovation with experience and expertise of our people as driving force. We demonstrated last fall at Formnext in Germany how our digital manufacturing solution strategy has come alive with customers realizing the benefits of our production solutions across a range of industries including healthcare, dental, aerospace, automotive, and durable goods. Our company has a unique ability to architect solutions specific to customers needs through a combination of breakthrough materials, hardware platforms, software and professional services creating a path forward to integrating additive into traditional production environments.


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Our picks for the week include Tales of the Cocktail, Beatles Fest, Stones Fest, and "Female Trouble."
Friday: Alexandra Scott, 2 p.m., Old U.S. Mint: The Old U.S. Mint has a regular program of local music in its third floor theater, and Alexandra Scott plays it Friday afternoon. As I Love You So Much Always shows, Scott brings subtle, slightly whimsical thoughts to fully emotional life and animates them with smart, distinctive vocals that routinely mark her songs as hers and only hers. Also on Friday: Rotary Downs, Lagniappe Brass Band, 10 p.m., d.b.a.; Quintron and Miss Pussycat, F.R., Planchettes, Bill Mountain, DJ Gris Gris, 10 p.m., Siberia (tickets); George Porter Jr. & the Runnin' Pardners, 10 p.m., The Maple Leaf Bar; Dinola, The Counts, The Stops, 10 p.m., Circle Bar
Saturday: June Squared, 8:30 p.m., Chickie Wah Wah: Funk guitarist June Yamagishi reunites with guitarist June Victory for a night of Mardi Gras Indian funk. Also on Saturday: New Orleans Beatles Festival, 8 p.m., House of Blues (tickets); Ballzack with Odoms, Peanut Buddy and Jerry, 10 p.m., One Eyed Jacks (tickets); Wu-Tang Clan Tribute w/ Quest, DJ E.F. Cuttin, 10 p.m., The Howlin' Wolf (tickets); Lost Bayou Ramblers, Kid Carsons, Brian Hyken & Wanderlust, 10 p.m., Tipitina's (tickets); Hazy Ray, Porch 40, Startisan, 8 p.m., House of Blues' Parish (tickets)
Sunday: Hot 8 Brass Band, 10 p.m., The Howlin' Wolf's Den: Health problems have prevented Bennie Pete from traveling with the Hot 8 for road gigs for a while now, but this week the band announced that they now prevent him from performing at all. The band has learned to work without Pete when necessary, but it's still sad and we hope for the best for him and his health. (tickets) Also on Sunday: Troy Marks EP release party, The Morning Life, 8 p.m., House of Blues (tickets)
Tuesday: New Edition, 7:30 p.m., Saenger Theatre: It's a slightly strange spectacle to see grown men sing songs that seemed a little lightweight when they were in their teens, much less do the choreography. But they commit themselves, so the songs are good natured fun, and Johnny Gill's voice remains in particularly good shape. When the group played Essence last year, Bobby Brown's charisma was undeniable, but he also spent his energy early in the set and seemed gassed and sweaty by the end. (tickets)
Wednesday: Iska Dhaaf, ghostboxing champion featuring members of The Public, 9 p.m., The Howlin' Wolf's Den: The Seattle-based duo keeps its sound buttoned down with insistent rhythms and hints of surf twang in the guitar to give the songs flavor. (tickets)
Other Stuff
- The People Say Project explores the intersection of culture and money, and it will have its 3rd Annual Backyard Cut Session Saturday from 6 p.m. to midnight and 4636 S. Saratoga, the home of Project member Brian Boyles. He spins regularly at Handsome Willy's and will be joined by DJs Maxmillion, Rik Ducci, RQ Away, Yamin, and Justin Thomas for a night of old school DJ'ing with actual vinyl.
- Photographer Skip Bolen has opened a new vintage shop and gallery on St. Claude Avenue, LA46, and it will have its grand opening party Saturday starting at 8 with music from Laugh in the Dark.
- The OUTakes Film Festival takes place all weekend, and Saturday night at 10 it will screen John Waters' Female Trouble at The Old Firehouse. Waters' films from that era are best seen with an audience, where the calculated, antic outrageousness can be shared. (Tickets)
- LadyPartsJustice.com will host its official launch party Tuesday startting at 6:45 p.m. at Indywood (628 Elysian Fields Ave.) in New Orleans. Similar parties will take place around the country as the site attempts to energize the fight for women's reproductive rights. The night will include music by Margie Perez and politics and livestreamed performances by Holly Miranda, Sally Kohn, Goldie Taylor, Leah Bonnema & the Babeland Vulva, and more. The night will be hosted nationally by Lizz Winstead, and is BYOB.
- Tales of the Cocktail starts Wednesday, taking a deep dive into the world of cocktails--the science, the sociology, the lore, and the business behind making good drinks.
- The Best Fest Presents now do a few all-star tributes to classic artists every quarter around the country, and Thursday night they'll bring their troupe to Tipitina's for Stones Fest, a night of Rolling Stone songs benefitting Sweet Relief Musicians Fund and Tipitina's Foundation. Confirmed guests include Ann Wilson of Heart, Jason Sudeikis, George Porter Jr., John McCauley of Deer Tick, Jess Wolfe & Holly Laessig of Lucius, Wilco's Pat Sansone & Glenn Kotche, and many more. (For more, go here)