text:
The six-cylinder version of BMW's 6-series Gran Coupe is offered with a price tag of $76,895 (inclusive of shipping charges). BMW of North America will start selling this model this summer. Its global debut will be this March at the Geneva Motor Show while it will be seen at the New York auto show this April.
Powering the 2013 640i Gran Coupe is a turbocharged 3.0-liter inline six-cylinder that has a rating of around 315 hp and 330 lb-ft of torque. Later this year, BMW will introduce the 650i Gran Coupe, which comes with a turbocharged 4.4-liter V8 that delivers around 445 hp and 480 lb-ft of torque.
In addition, BMW will present an xDrive all-wheel-drive version of the 650i Gran Coupe. The pricing details for this model will be revealed at a later date. The Gran Coupe is a four-door version of the 6-series coupe but is a bit longer.
Its revisions compared to the two-door 6-series consist of a longer roof structure, shorter front doors, bigger B-pillars and the use of front-hinged rear doors. However, all four doors are frameless in order to maintain its coupelike style. The 6-series Gran Coupe is 197.1 inches long, 74.6 inches wide, and 54.8 inches tall. This means that compared to the 6-series coupe, it has the same width but it is 4.4 inches longer, and is higher by slightly more an inch.
But even if it is linked stylistically to BMW's upmarket two-door models, it is built on an altered platform that has a 4.5-inch longer wheelbase at 116.9 inches – making it nearly the same as the 5-series sedan. The interior boasts ample seating for four adults by utilizing its added length and height.
Its rear seat offers a third three-point belt to accommodate as many as five occupants. BMW refers to this layout as 4+1. Visibility is improved as its front and rear seats are mounted a bit higher than in the 6-series coupe and convertible. Its trunk space measures 16.2 cubic feet or about 2.1 cubic feet smaller than in the 5-series sedan.
BMW's 6-Series Gran Coupe is a representation of unusual synergy and extraordinary aesthetics, boasting dynamics that is typical of a Coupe and a functional versatility that you normally get from a four-door vehicle. The 6-Series Gran Coupe has a length of 5,007 millimeters, a width of 1,894 millimeters, and a height of 1,392 millimeters.
It has proportions that are unmistakably BMW, from its long bonnet with bold contours, to its set-back passenger compartment, to its elegant extended wheelbase, which measures 2,968 millimeters. The 6-Series Gran Coupe has undoubtedly set new standards in aesthetic design for 4-door vehicles, as seen in the car's low height and in its flat roofline, which flows smoothly into the rear end.
Chrome elements that are unique to the BMW Gran Coupe can be seen at the front, separating the air intake and the fog lights, as well as underlining the car's look of firm resolve. Moreover, the car has dual Xenon round headlights that feature 3D LED rings, creating a functional and unique light architecture for night-time driving. It also has optional Adaptive LED Headlights, which make the light rings slightly flat at its top and bottom. Additionally, high beam and low beam are created by the LED units, which are positioned on horizontal ribs across each light ring and which project light on the reflectors that face them.
Looking at the car's side profile, you will see its impressive and graceful lines. The recessed passenger compartment looks low and smoothly stretched due to the window silhouette extending deep into the car's C-pillar. Moreover, the frameless door windows are a distinctive characteristic of a sporty Coupe. The elongated side windows also optimize the incidence of light, enhancing the sense of interior spaciousness. There's also the characteristic Hofmeister kink, which flows into the C-pillar and encompasses the embossed "Gran Coupe" sign behind the glass rear windows' lower corners.
You will also see and experience the car's powerful and dynamic elegance in its visually low center of gravity, as well as in its V-shaped rear lines. Yet another distinctive 6-Series Gran Coupe design feature is a third brake light, which stretches along the whole width of the car's rear window and which forms the top edge of the car.


text:
The Salvation Army's Men's Social Service Center
Japan territory in Koutou(Kinsi-cho)
Post Office Code:130-0012
Salvation Army's Kinsi-cho Building 1F
4-11-3 Taihei, Sumida-ku, Tokyo
[Working time:Every Tue/Thu/Fri A.M.9:00-P.M.4:00]
"Language-Japanese Only"
We open every Saturday: from 10:00 P.M. to 3:00 P.M.
(There has no praking. Please come by bus or train.)
This store has no sections of "Furniture and Electricity".

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Hooray for Captain Underpants!
Join us as we celebrate our favorite superhero - Captain Underpants - as he gears up for his first feature film! Games, crafts, and fun await as we enjoy some "laffs" and save the day. Tra-la-laaa!
Registration begins May 6, and space is limited.
Children under 8 years old must be accompanied by an adult.


text:
Monthly Archives: June 2018
OW-POTG-Pharah Fires Away
I think the title here speaks for itself… -FF
OW-POTG-Junkrat the Interruptor
This one is just great. You want to ult? Yeah, Mikey says no. -FF
HS-Kobalds Continued (Paladin Run 5)
Been a little bit since I continued one of these. The first match went pretty quickly so we may as well try to go for another, right? Right. Upgrading the hero power on paladin seemed to be the right way … Continue reading
WoW-PvP-Warsong Gulch
Yay! It's Warsong! Probably Redflare and my favorite BG. Come join us, sit back, and relax. -FF
WoW-PvP-Arathi Basin
I must say, I love the BG bonus honor weeks. I think my favorite thing on this one is that they kept leaving healers out in the open at the bases so we then couldn't actually be effective healers. After … Continue reading
WoW – PvP – Twin Peaks
Here we go into the field! Mae and I manage to catch up to our flag carrier and then start the escort without any trouble… until we then charge right into the melee. -FF
WoW – PvP – Temple of Kotmogu
Playing with Redflare with Superman sitting next to me using my laptop, I turned off the camera to just dive right in. Don't mind me, I'll just stand back here on the ledge and heal for a bit before jumping … Continue reading


text:
McDonald's Coupons
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- Smoking Allowed: No
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McDonald's is a American restaurant. It's located at 206 W Jefferson Blvd in Fort Wayne, IN 46802.
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There are bunch of places near McDonald's giving great discounts.
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- You gotta go there for the American
- The staff at McDonald's is so friendly
- The freshest cheapest American in Fort Wayne.


text:
Lewes woman dies in four-car crash on Del. 1 Saturday afternoon
Here's how the state's beaches stack up based on water quality advisories, which signify potentially unsafe levels of fecal bacteria. Delaware News Journal
A 23-year-old Lewes woman died Saturday afternoon in a pileup crash involving four cars on Del. 1 north just south of Dewey Beach, according to Delaware State Police.
The crash forced all lanes of traffic to close on Del. 1 north for about three hours, closing around 12 p.m. and reopening shortly after 3 p.m.
UPDATE: Police identify Lewes woman who died in four-vehicle crash on Del. 1 Saturday
The crash happened on Coastal Highway (Del. 1) near Keybox Road. The fours cars involved in the crash were traveling in the left lane in slow-moving stop and go traffic, police said.
The Lewes woman was moving fast toward stopped traffic and, for reasons unknown to police, ran into the back of the car ahead of her. The car ahead of her then collided with the next car in the line of traffic and that car ran into the car in front of it, police said.
All of the cars remained in the left lane or pushed into the shoulder, police said.
The Lewes woman was transported to Beebe Hospital where she was pronounced dead, police said.
Police said the Lewes woman was not properly restrained. All of the other drivers were.
Two of the drivers, a 52-year-old woman from Millville and a 44-year-old woman from Ocean View were also transported to Beebe Hospital, police said.
Police said the Ocean View woman was treated for minor injuries and released. The Millville woman is being treated for non-life threatening injuries, police said.
The other driver, a 50-year old woman from Greenbelt, Maryland, and her two adult passengers refused medical treatment at the scene, police said.
During the closure, DelDOT directed drivers to Del. 26 west through Millsboro to work around the accident. Delays of nearly an hour amassed according to DelDOT.
Contact Brandon Holveck at firstname.lastname@example.com or at (302) 324-2267.


text:
2009-06-04 09:17:52 8 Comments
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
int i = 0;
i = i++ + ++i;
printf("%d\n", i); // 3
i = 1;
i = (i++);
printf("%d\n", i); // 2 Should be 1, no ?
volatile int u = 0;
u = u++ + ++u;
printf("%d\n", u); // 1
u = 1;
u = (u++);
printf("%d\n", u); // 2 Should also be one, no ?
register int v = 0;
v = v++ + ++v;
printf("%d\n", v); // 3 (Should be the same as u ?)
int w = 0;
printf("%d %d\n", ++w, w); // shouldn't this print 1 1
int x[2] = { 5, 8 }, y = 0;
x[y] = y ++;
printf("%d %d\n", x[0], x[1]); // shouldn't this print 0 8? or 5 0?
14 comments
@Steve Summit 2015-06-18 11:55:45
Another way of answering this, rather than getting bogged down in arcane details of sequence points and undefined behavior, is simply to ask, what are they supposed to mean? What was the programmer trying to do?
The first fragment asked about,
i = i++ + ++i, is pretty clearly insane in my book. No one would ever write it in a real program, it's not obvious what it does, there's no conceivable algorithm someone could have been trying to code that would have resulted in this particular contrived sequence of operations. And since it's not obvious to you and me what it's supposed to do, it's fine in my book if the compiler can't figure out what it's supposed to do, either.
The second fragment,
i = i++, is a little easier to understand. Someone is clearly trying to increment i, and assign the result back to i. But there are a couple ways of doing this in C. The most basic way to add 1 to i, and assign the result back to i, is the same in almost any programming language:
i = i + 1
C, of course, has a handy shortcut:
This means, "add 1 to i, and assign the result back to i". So if we construct a hodgepodge of the two, by writing
i = i++
what we're really saying is "add 1 to i, and assign the result back to i, and assign the result back to i". We're confused, so it doesn't bother me too much if the compiler gets confused, too.
Realistically, the only time these crazy expressions get written is when people are using them as artificial examples of how ++ is supposed to work. And of course it is important to understand how ++ works. But one practical rule for using ++ is, "If it's not obvious what an expression using ++ means, don't write it."
We used to spend countless hours on comp.lang.c discussing expressions like these and why they're undefined. Two of my longer answers, that try to really explain why, are archived on the web:
- Why doesn't the Standard define what these do?
- Doesn't operator precedence determine the order of evaluation?
See also question 3.8 and the rest of the questions in section 3 of the C FAQ list.
@supercat 2015-06-30 16:14:39
A rather nasty gotcha with regard to Undefined Behavior is that while it used to be safe on 99.9% of compilers to use
*p=(*q)++; to mean
if (p!=q) *p=(*q)++; else *p= __ARBITRARY_VALUE; that is no longer the case. Hyper-modern C would require writing something like the latter formulation (though there's no standard way of indicating code doesn't care what's in
*p) to achieve the level of efficiency compilers used to provide with the former (the
else clause is necessary in order to let the compiler optimize out the
if which some newer compilers would require).
@Steve Summit 2019-09-23 18:26:18
@supercat I now believe that any compiler that's "smart" enough to perform that sort of optimization must also be smart enough to peek at
assert statements, so that the programmer can precede the line in question with a simple
assert(p != q). (Of course, taking that course would also require rewriting
<assert.h> to not delete assertions outright in non-debug versions, but rather, turn them into something like
__builtin_assert_disabled() that the compiler proper can see, and then not emit code for.)
Often this question is linked as a duplicate of questions related to code like
printf("%d %d\n", i, i++);
printf("%d %d\n", ++i, i++);
or similar variants.
While this is also undefined behaviour as stated already, there are subtle differences when
printf() is involved when comparing to a statement such as:
x = i++ + i++;
In the following statement:
printf("%d %d\n", ++i, i++);
the order of evaluation of arguments in
printf() is unspecified. That means, expressions
i++ and
++i could be evaluated in any order. C11 standard has some relevant descriptions on this:
Annex J, unspecified behaviours
The order in which the function designator, arguments, and subexpressions within the arguments are evaluated in a function call (184.108.40.206).
3.4.4, unspecified behavior
Use of an unspecified value, or other behavior where this International Standard provides two or more possibilities and imposes no further requirements on which is chosen in any instance.
EXAMPLE An example of unspecified behavior is the order in which the arguments to a function are evaluated.
The unspecified behaviour itself is NOT an issue. Consider this example:
printf("%d %d\n", ++x, y++);
This too has unspecified behaviour because the order of evaluation of
++x and
y++ is unspecified. But it's perfectly legal and valid statement. There's no undefined behaviour in this statement. Because the modifications (
++x and
y++) are done to distinct objects.
What renders the following statement
printf("%d %d\n", ++i, i++);
as undefined behaviour is the fact that these two expressions modify the same object
i without an intervening sequence point.
Another detail is that the comma involved in the printf() call is a separator, not the comma operator.
This is an important distinction because the comma operator does introduce a sequence point between the evaluation of their operands, which makes the following legal:
int i = 5;
int j;
j = (++i, i++); // No undefined behaviour here because the comma operator
// introduces a sequence point between '++i' and 'i++'
printf("i=%d j=%d\n",i, j); // prints: i=7 j=6
The comma operator evaluates its operands left-to-right and yields only the value of the last operand. So in
j = (++i, i++);,
++i increments
i to
6 and
i++ yields old value of
i (
6) which is assigned to
j. Then
i becomes
7 due to post-increment.
So if the comma in the function call were to be a comma operator then
printf("%d %d\n", ++i, i++);
will not be a problem. But it invokes undefined behaviour because the comma here is a separator.
For those who are new to undefined behaviour would benefit from reading What Every C Programmer Should Know About Undefined Behavior to understand the concept and many other variants of undefined behaviour in C.
This post: Undefined, unspecified and implementation-defined behavior is also relevant.
@kavadias 2018-10-17 20:20:57
This sequence
int a = 10, b = 20, c = 30; printf("a=%d b=%d c=%d\n", (a = a + b + c), (b = b + b), (c = c + c)); appears to give stable behavior (right-to-left argument evaluation in gcc v7.3.0; result "a=110 b=40 c=60"). Is it because the assignments are considered as 'full-statements' and thus introduce a sequence point? Shouldn't that result in left-to-right argument/statement evaluation? Or, is it just manifestation of undefined behavior?
@kavadias That printf statement involves undefined behaviour, for the same reason explained above. You are writing
b and
c in 3rd & 4th arguments respectively and reading in 2nd argument. But there's no sequence between these expressions (2nd, 3rd, & 4th args). gcc/clang has an option
-Wsequence-point which can help find these, too.
@Antti Haapala 2017-03-26 14:58:07
While the syntax of the expressions like
a = a++ or
a++ + a++ is legal, the behaviour of these constructs is undefined because a shall in C standard is not obeyed. C99 6.5p2:
- Between the previous and next sequence point an object shall have its stored value modified at most once by the evaluation of an expression. [72] Furthermore, the prior value shall be read only to determine the value to be stored [73]
With footnote 73 further clarifying that
This paragraph renders undefined statement expressions such as
i = ++i + 1; a[i++] = i;
while allowing
i = i + 1; a[i] = i;
The various sequence points are listed in Annex C of C11 (and C99):
The following are the sequence points described in 184.108.40.206:
- Between the evaluations of the function designator and actual arguments in a function call and the actual call. (188.8.131.52).
- Between the evaluations of the first and second operands of the following operators: logical AND && (6.5.13); logical OR || (6.5.14); comma , (6.5.17).
- Between the evaluations of the first operand of the conditional ? : operator and whichever of the second and third operands is evaluated (6.5.15).
- The end of a full declarator: declarators (6.7.6);
- Between the evaluation of a full expression and the next full expression to be evaluated. The following are full expressions: an initializer that is not part of a compound literal (6.7.9); the expression in an expression statement (6.8.3); the controlling expression of a selection statement (if or switch) (6.8.4); the controlling expression of a while or do statement (6.8.5); each of the (optional) expressions of a for statement (18.104.22.168); the (optional) expression in a return statement (220.127.116.11).
- Immediately before a library function returns (7.1.4).
- After the actions associated with each formatted input/output function conversion specifier (7.21.6, 7.29.2).
- Immediately before and immediately after each call to a comparison function, and also between any call to a comparison function and any movement of the objects passed as arguments to that call (7.22.5).
The wording of the same paragraph in C11 is:
- If a side effect on a scalar object is unsequenced relative to either a different side effect on the same scalar object or a value computation using the value of the same scalar object, the behavior is undefined. If there are multiple allowable orderings of the subexpressions of an expression, the behavior is undefined if such an unsequenced side effect occurs in any of the orderings.84)
You can detect such errors in a program by for example using a recent version of GCC with
-Wall and
-Werror, and then GCC will outright refuse to compile your program. The following is the output of gcc (Ubuntu 6.2.0-5ubuntu12) 6.2.0 20161005:
% gcc plusplus.c -Wall -Werror -pedantic
plusplus.c: In function 'main':
plusplus.c:6:6: error: operation on 'i' may be undefined [-Werror=sequence-point]
i = i++ + ++i;
plusplus.c:6:6: error: operation on 'i' may be undefined [-Werror=sequence-point]
plusplus.c:10:6: error: operation on 'i' may be undefined [-Werror=sequence-point]
i = (i++);
plusplus.c:14:6: error: operation on 'u' may be undefined [-Werror=sequence-point]
u = u++ + ++u;
plusplus.c:14:6: error: operation on 'u' may be undefined [-Werror=sequence-point]
plusplus.c:18:6: error: operation on 'u' may be undefined [-Werror=sequence-point]
u = (u++);
plusplus.c:22:6: error: operation on 'v' may be undefined [-Werror=sequence-point]
v = v++ + ++v;
plusplus.c:22:6: error: operation on 'v' may be undefined [-Werror=sequence-point]
cc1: all warnings being treated as errors
The important part is to know what a sequence point is -- and what is a sequence point and what isn't. For example the comma operator is a sequence point, so
j = (i ++, ++ i);
is well-defined, and will increment
i by one, yielding the old value, discard that value; then at comma operator, settle the side effects; and then increment
i by one, and the resulting value becomes the value of the expression - i.e. this is just a contrived way to write
j = (i += 2) which is yet again a "clever" way to write
i += 2;
j = i;
However, the
, in function argument lists is not a comma operator, and there is no sequence point between evaluations of distinct arguments; instead their evaluations are unsequenced with regard to each other; so the function call
int i = 0;
printf("%d %d\n", i++, ++i, i);
has undefined behaviour because there is no sequence point between the evaluations of
i++ and
++i in function arguments, and the value of
i is therefore modified twice, by both
i++ and
++i, between the previous and the next sequence point.
@Steve Summit 2018-08-16 11:54:35
Your question was probably not, "Why are these constructs undefined behavior in C?". Your question was probably, "Why did this code (using
++) not give me the value I expected?", and someone marked your question as a duplicate, and sent you here.
This answer tries to answer that question: why did your code not give you the answer you expected, and how can you learn to recognize (and avoid) expressions that will not work as expected.
I assume you've heard the basic definition of C's
++ and
-- operators by now, and how the prefix form
++x differs from the postfix form
x++. But these operators are hard to think about, so to make sure you understood, perhaps you wrote a tiny little test program involving something like
int x = 5;
printf("%d %d %d\n", x, ++x, x++);
But, to your surprise, this program did not help you understand -- it printed some strange, unexpected, inexplicable output, suggesting that maybe
++ does something completely different, not at all what you thought it did.
Or, perhaps you're looking at a hard-to-understand expression like
int x = 5;
x = x++ + ++x;
printf("%d\n", x);
Perhaps someone gave you that code as a puzzle. This code also makes no sense, especially if you run it -- and if you compile and run it under two different compilers, you're likely to get two different answers! What's up with that? Which answer is correct? (And the answer is that both of them are, or neither of them are.)
As you've heard by now, all of these expressions are undefined, which means that the C language makes no guarantee about what they'll do. This is a strange and surprising result, because you probably thought that any program you could write, as long as it compiled and ran, would generate a unique, well-defined output. But in the case of undefined behavior, that's not so.
What makes an expression undefined? Are expressions involving
++ and
-- always undefined? Of course not: these are useful operators, and if you use them properly, they're perfectly well-defined.
For the expressions we're talking about what makes them undefined is when there's too much going on at once, when we're not sure what order things will happen in, but when the order matters to the result we get.
Let's go back to the two examples I've used in this answer. When I wrote
printf("%d %d %d\n", x, ++x, x++);
the question is, before calling
printf, does the compiler compute the value of
x first, or
x++, or maybe
++x? But it turns out we don't know. There's no rule in C which says that the arguments to a function get evaluated left-to-right, or right-to-left, or in some other order. So we can't say whether the compiler will do
x first, then
++x, then
x++, or
x++ then
++x then
x, or some other order. But the order clearly matters, because depending on which order the compiler uses, we'll clearly get different results printed by
What about this crazy expression?
x = x++ + ++x;
The problem with this expression is that it contains three different attempts to modify the value of x: (1) the
x++ part tries to add 1 to x, store the new value in
x, and return the old value of
x; (2) the
++x part tries to add 1 to x, store the new value in
x, and return the new value of
x; and (3) the
x = part tries to assign the sum of the other two back to x. Which of those three attempted assignments will "win"? Which of the three values will actually get assigned to
x? Again, and perhaps surprisingly, there's no rule in C to tell us.
You might imagine that precedence or associativity or left-to-right evaluation tells you what order things happen in, but they do not. You may not believe me, but please take my word for it, and I'll say it again: precedence and associativity do not determine every aspect of the evaluation order of an expression in C. In particular, if within one expression there are multiple different spots where we try to assign a new value to something like
x, precedence and associativity do not tell us which of those attempts happens first, or last, or anything.
So with all that background and introduction out of the way, if you want to make sure that all your programs are well-defined, which expressions can you write, and which ones can you not write?
These expressions are all fine:
y = x++;
z = x++ + y++;
x = x + 1;
x = a[i++];
x = a[i++] + b[j++];
x[i++] = a[j++] + b[k++];
x = *p++;
x = *p++ + *q++;
These expressions are all undefined:
x = x++;
x = x++ + ++x;
y = x + x++;
a[i] = i++;
a[i++] = i;
printf("%d %d %d\n", x, ++x, x++);
And the last question is, how can you tell which expressions are well-defined, and which expressions are undefined?
As I said earlier, the undefined expressions are the ones where there's too much going at once, where you can't be sure what order things happen in, and where the order matters:
- If there's one variable that's getting modified (assigned to) in two or more different places, how do you know which modification happens first?
- If there's a variable that's getting modified in one place, and having its value used in another place, how do you know whether it uses the old value or the new value?
As an example of #1, in the expression
x = x++ + ++x;
there are three attempts to modify `x.
As an example of #2, in the expression
y = x + x++;
we both use the value of
x, and modify it.
So that's the answer: make sure that in any expression you write, each variable is modified at most once, and if a variable is modified, you don't also attempt to use the value of that variable somewhere else.
@alinsoar 2017-10-13 13:58:04
A good explanation about what happens in this kind of computation is provided in the document n1188 from the ISO W14 site.
I explain the ideas.
The main rule from the standard ISO 9899 that applies in this situation is 6.5p2.
Between the previous and next sequence point an object shall have its stored value modified at most once by the evaluation of an expression. Furthermore, the prior value shall be read only to determine the value to be stored.
The sequence points in an expression like
i=i++ are before
i= and after
In the paper that I quoted above it is explained that you can figure out the program as being formed by small boxes, each box containing the instructions between 2 consecutive sequence points. The sequence points are defined in annex C of the standard, in the case of
i=i++ there are 2 sequence points that delimit a full-expression. Such an expression is syntactically equivalent with an entry of
expression-statement in the Backus-Naur form of the grammar (a grammar is provided in annex A of the Standard).
So the order of instructions inside a box has no clear order.
can be interpreted as
tmp = i
i = tmp
or as
tmp = i
i = tmp
because both all these forms to interpret the code
i=i++ are valid and because both generate different answers, the behavior is undefined.
So a sequence point can be seen by the beginning and the end of each box that composes the program [the boxes are atomic units in C] and inside a box the order of instructions is not defined in all cases. Changing that order one can change the result sometimes.
Other good source for explaining such ambiguities are the entries from c-faq site (also published as a book) , namely here and here and here .
@haccks 2017-11-24 07:00:15
How this answer added new to the existing answers? Also the explanations for
i=i++ is very similar to this answer.
@alinsoar 2017-11-24 12:14:44
@haccks I did not read the other answers. I wanted to explain in my own language what I learned from the mentioned document from the official site of ISO 9899 open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/docs/n1188.pdf
@supercat 2012-12-05 18:30:27
While it is unlikely that any compilers and processors would actually do so, it would be legal, under the C standard, for the compiler to implement "i++" with the sequence:
In a single operation, read `i` and lock it to prevent access until further notice
Compute (1+read_value)
In a single operation, unlock `i` and store the computed value
While I don't think any processors support the hardware to allow such a thing to be done efficiently, one can easily imagine situations where such behavior would make multi-threaded code easier (e.g. it would guarantee that if two threads try to perform the above sequence simultaneously,
i would get incremented by two) and it's not totally inconceivable that some future processor might provide a feature something like that.
If the compiler were to write
i++ as indicated above (legal under the standard) and were to intersperse the above instructions throughout the evaluation of the overall expression (also legal), and if it didn't happen to notice that one of the other instructions happened to access
i, it would be possible (and legal) for the compiler to generate a sequence of instructions that would deadlock. To be sure, a compiler would almost certainly detect the problem in the case where the same variable
i is used in both places, but if a routine accepts references to two pointers
p and
q, and uses
(*p) and
(*q) in the above expression (rather than using
i twice) the compiler would not be required to recognize or avoid the deadlock that would occur if the same object's address were passed for both
p and
@Muhammad Annaqeeb 2017-06-10 22:56:26
The reason is that the program is running undefined behavior. The problem lies in the evaluation order, because there is no sequence points required according to C++98 standard ( no operations is sequenced before or after another according to C++11 terminology).
However if you stick to one compiler, you will find the behavior persistent, as long as you don't add function calls or pointers, which would make the behavior more messy.
So first the GCC: Using Nuwen MinGW 15 GCC 7.1 you will get:
#include<stdio.h> int main(int argc, char ** argv) { int i = 0; i = i++ + ++i; printf("%d\n", i); // 2 i = 1; i = (i++); printf("%d\n", i); //1 volatile int u = 0; u = u++ + ++u; printf("%d\n", u); // 2 u = 1; u = (u++); printf("%d\n", u); //1 register int v = 0; v = v++ + ++v; printf("%d\n", v); //2
How does GCC work? it evaluates sub expressions at a left to right order for the right hand side (RHS) , then assigns the value to the left hand side (LHS) . This is exactly how Java and C# behave and define their standards. (Yes, the equivalent software in Java and C# has defined behaviors). It evaluate each sub expression one by one in the RHS Statement in a left to right order; for each sub expression: the ++c (pre-increment) is evaluated first then the value c is used for the operation, then the post increment c++).
according to GCC C++: Operators
In GCC C++, the precedence of the operators controls the order in which the individual operators are evaluated
the equivalent code in defined behavior C++ as GCC understands:
int main(int argc, char ** argv)
int i = 0;
//i = i++ + ++i;
int r;
printf("%d\n", i); // 2
i = 1;
//i = (i++);
printf("%d\n", i); // 1
volatile int u = 0;
//u = u++ + ++u;
printf("%d\n", u); // 2
u = 1;
//u = (u++);
printf("%d\n", u); // 1
register int v = 0;
//v = v++ + ++v;
printf("%d\n", v); //2
Then we go to Visual Studio. Visual Studio 2015, you get:
int main(int argc, char ** argv)
int i = 0;
i = i++ + ++i;
printf("%d\n", i); // 3
i = 1;
i = (i++);
printf("%d\n", i); // 2
volatile int u = 0;
u = u++ + ++u;
printf("%d\n", u); // 3
u = 1;
u = (u++);
printf("%d\n", u); // 2
register int v = 0;
v = v++ + ++v;
printf("%d\n", v); // 3
How does visual studio work, it takes another approach, it evaluates all pre-increments expressions in first pass, then uses variables values in the operations in second pass, assign from RHS to LHS in third pass, then at last pass it evaluates all the post-increment expressions in one pass.
So the equivalent in defined behavior C++ as Visual C++ understands:
int main(int argc, char ** argv)
int r;
int i = 0;
//i = i++ + ++i;
r = i + i;
i = r;
printf("%d\n", i); // 3
i = 1;
//i = (i++);
r = i;
i = r;
printf("%d\n", i); // 2
volatile int u = 0;
//u = u++ + ++u;
r = u + u;
u = r;
printf("%d\n", u); // 3
u = 1;
//u = (u++);
r = u;
u = r;
printf("%d\n", u); // 2
register int v = 0;
//v = v++ + ++v;
r = v + v;
v = r;
printf("%d\n", v); // 3
as Visual Studio documentation states at Precedence and Order of Evaluation:
Where several operators appear together, they have equal precedence and are evaluated according to their associativity. The operators in the table are described in the sections beginning with Postfix Operators.
@Antti Haapala 2017-10-21 10:46:50
I've edited the question to add the UB in evaluation of function arguments, as this question is often used as a duplicate for that. (The last example)
@haccks 2015-06-27 00:27:48
Most of the answers here quoted from C standard emphasizing that the behavior of these constructs are undefined. To understand why the behavior of these constructs are undefined, let's understand these terms first in the light of C11 standard:
Sequenced: (22.214.171.124)
Given any two evaluations
B, if
Ais sequenced before
B, then the execution of
Ashall precede the execution of
Ais not sequenced before or after
B, then
Bare unsequenced.
Evaluations can be one of two things:
- value computations, which work out the result of an expression; and
- side effects, which are modifications of objects.
Sequence Point:
The presence of a sequence point between the evaluation of expressions
Bimplies that every value computation and side effect associated with
Ais sequenced before every value computation and side effect associated with
Now coming to the question, for the expressions like
int i = 1;
i = i++;
standard says that:
6.5 Expressions:
If a side effect on a scalar object is unsequenced relative to either a different side effect on the same scalar object or a value computation using the value of the same scalar object, the behavior is undefined. [...]
Therefore, the above expression invokes UB because two side effects on the same object
i is unsequenced relative to each other. That means it is not sequenced whether the side effect by assignment to
i will be done before or after the side effect by
Depending on whether assignment occurs before or after the increment, different results will be produced and that's the one of the case of undefined behavior.
Lets rename the
i at left of assignment be
il and at the right of assignment (in the expression
i++) be
ir, then the expression be like
il = ir++ // Note that suffix l and r are used for the sake of clarity.
// Both il and ir represents the same object.
An important point regarding Postfix
++ operator is that:
just because the
++comes after the variable does not mean that the increment happens late. The increment can happen as early as the compiler likes as long as the compiler ensures that the original value is used.
It means the expression
il = ir++ could be evaluated either as
temp = ir; // i = 1
ir = ir + 1; // i = 2 side effect by ++ before assignment
il = temp; // i = 1 result is 1
temp = ir; // i = 1
il = temp; // i = 1 side effect by assignment before ++
ir = ir + 1; // i = 2 result is 2
resulting in two different results
1 and
2 which depends on the sequence of side effects by assignment and
++ and hence invokes UB.
@unwind 2009-06-04 09:20:59
C has the concept of undefined behavior, i.e. some language constructs are syntactically valid but you can't predict the behavior when the code is run.
As far as I know, the standard doesn't explicitly say why the concept of undefined behavior exists. In my mind, it's simply because the language designers wanted there to be some leeway in the semantics, instead of i.e. requiring that all implementations handle integer overflow in the exact same way, which would very likely impose serious performance costs, they just left the behavior undefined so that if you write code that causes integer overflow, anything can happen.
So, with that in mind, why are these "issues"? The language clearly says that certain things lead to undefined behavior. There is no problem, there is no "should" involved. If the undefined behavior changes when one of the involved variables is declared
volatile, that doesn't prove or change anything. It is undefined; you cannot reason about the behavior.
Your most interesting-looking example, the one with
u = (u++);
is a text-book example of undefined behavior (see Wikipedia's entry on sequence points).
@Richard 2009-06-04 10:57:18
@PiX: Things are undefined for a number of possible reasons. These include: there is no clear "right result", different machine architectures would strongly favour different results, existing practice is not consistent, or beyond the scope of the standard (e.g. what filenames are valid).
Just to confuse everyone, some such examples are now well-defined in C11, e.g.
i = ++i + 1; .
@Antti Haapala 2017-10-21 10:46:00
I've edited the question to add the UB in evaluation of function arguments, as this question is often used as a duplicate for that. (The last example)
@supercat 2017-12-17 23:12:29
Reading the Standard and the published rationale, It's clear why the concept of UB exists. The Standard was never intended to fully describe everything a C implementation must do to be suitable for any particular purpose (see the discussion of the "One Program" rule), but instead relies upon implementors' judgment and desire to produce useful quality implementations. A quality implementation suitable for low-level systems programming will need to define the behavior of actions that wouldn't be needed in high-end number crunching.applications. Rather than try to complicate the Standard...
@supercat 2017-12-17 23:15:59
...by getting into extreme detail about which corner cases are or are not defined, the authors of the Standard recognized that implementors should be better paced to judge which kinds of behaviors will be needed by the kinds of programs they're expected to support. Hyper-modernist compilers pretend that making certain actions UB was intended to imply that no quality program should need them, but the Standard and rationale are inconsistent with such a supposed intent.
@supercat 2018-01-03 18:08:20
@jrh: I wrote that answer before I'd realized how out of hand the hyper-modernist philosophy had gotten. What irks me is the progression from "We don't need to officially recognize this behavior because the platforms where it's needed can support it anyway" to "We can remove this behavior without providing a usable replacement because it was never recognized and thus any code needing it was broken". Many behaviors should have been deprecated long ago in favor of replacements that were in every way better, but that would have required acknowledging their legitimacy.
@pqnet 2018-07-04 13:55:19
Undefined behavior basically allows the compiler to make more assumption about conditions which can only be verified at runtime, e.g. assume that in the expression
*ptr the pointer is valid, because if it is null the program is allowed to do anything and so it is not necessary to add code to the program to check for that condition and ensure a defined behavior.
@David R Tribble 2018-07-31 20:39:04
A the time that C was standardized (1989), many C compilers existed, and each one played by slightly different rules. The primary goal of the ANSI (and later ISO) committee was to codify existing practice. Thus in many cases where multiple compilers disagreed on the "correct" semantic behavior for obviously ambiguous cases (mostly having to do with the evaluation order of expression operators), the committee (wisely) chose to deem such cases as "undefined behavior" or "implementation defined behavior".
@stillanoob 2018-10-13 12:16:01
@unwind For
u=1; u=u++;, is it true that what's undefined is the value of
u after the second statement is executed? I mean, by the rules of sequencing of value evaluation (as opposed to the side-effect evaluation), the expression
u=u++ must be guaranteed to evaluate to
1, right?
@Ilmari Karonen 2019-01-31 15:55:02
@stillanoob: No, because the behavior of any code containing that expression is undefined, meaning that it can do literally anything. It might always evaluate to 42, except on Sundays when the moon is waxing gibbous. It might get stuck in an infinite loop instead of evaluating to anything at all. It might jump to a random location in your code. It might crash the process. It might even make your computer catch fire and make demons fly out of your nose, and the C standard still wouldn't care.
@unwind 2019-04-01 08:42:19
@Rajesh Because the operator
+ is not a sequence point. Please read the Wikipedia page.
@TomOnTime 2015-04-08 03:20:31
In https://stackoverflow.com/questions/29505280/incrementing-array-index-in-c someone asked about a statement like:
int k[] = {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10};
int i = 0;
int num;
num = k[++i+k[++i]] + k[++i];
printf("%d", num);
which prints 7... the OP expected it to print 6.
++i increments aren't guaranteed to all complete before the rest of the calculations. In fact, different compilers will get different results here. In the example you provided, the first 2
++i executed, then the values of
k[] were read, then the last
++i then
num = k[i+1]+k[i+2] + k[i+3];
i += 3
Modern compilers will optimize this very well. In fact, possibly better than the code you originally wrote (assuming it had worked the way you had hoped).
@Nikhil Vidhani 2014-09-11 12:36:41
The C standard says that a variable should only be assigned at most once between two sequence points. A semi-colon for instance is a sequence point.
So every statement of the form:
i = i++;
i = i++ + ++i;
and so on violate that rule. The standard also says that behavior is undefined and not unspecified. Some compilers do detect these and produce some result but this is not per standard.
However, two different variables can be incremented between two sequence points.
while(*src++ = *dst++);
The above is a common coding practice while copying/analysing strings.
@underscore_d 2016-07-19 18:55:58
Of course it doesn't apply to different variables within one expression. It would be a total design failure if it did! All you need in the 2nd example is for both to be incremented between the statement ending and the next one beginning, and that's guaranteed, precisely because of the concept of sequence points at the centre of all this.
@badp 2010-05-24 13:26:05
Just compile and disassemble your line of code, if you are so inclined to know how exactly it is you get what you are getting.
This is what I get on my machine, together with what I think is going on:
$ cat evil.c
void evil(){
int i = 0;
i+= i++ + ++i;
$ gcc evil.c -c -o evil.bin
$ gdb evil.bin
(gdb) disassemble evil
Dump of assembler code for function evil:
0x00000000 <+0>: push %ebp
0x00000001 <+1>: mov %esp,%ebp
0x00000003 <+3>: sub $0x10,%esp
0x00000006 <+6>: movl $0x0,-0x4(%ebp) // i = 0 i = 0
0x0000000d <+13>: addl $0x1,-0x4(%ebp) // i++ i = 1
0x00000011 <+17>: mov -0x4(%ebp),%eax // j = i i = 1 j = 1
0x00000014 <+20>: add %eax,%eax // j += j i = 1 j = 2
0x00000016 <+22>: add %eax,-0x4(%ebp) // i += j i = 3
0x00000019 <+25>: addl $0x1,-0x4(%ebp) // i++ i = 4
0x0000001d <+29>: leave
0x0000001e <+30>: ret
End of assembler dump.
(I... suppose that the 0x00000014 instruction was some kind of compiler optimization?)
@bad_keypoints 2012-09-24 14:11:42
how do i get the machine code? I use Dev C++, and i played around with 'Code Generation' option in compiler settings, but go no extra file output or any console output
@badp 2012-09-24 18:20:05
gcc evil.c -c -o evil.bin and
gdb evil.bin →
disassemble evil, or whatever the Windows equivalents of those are :)
@kchoi 2013-09-20 16:07:50
is -0x4(%ebp) = 4 at the end?
@Shafik Yaghmour 2014-07-01 14:00:21
This answer does not really address the question of
Why are these constructs undefined behavior?.
@badp 2014-07-01 16:27:17
@ShafikYaghmour I'm addressing the questions in the question body ("why am I not getting the results I am getting?"), see the comments in the code. Given that this is undefined behaviour, I can only show how to get the actual assembly he's compiled.
@Shafik Yaghmour 2014-07-01 18:12:59
Perhaps the answer is in there but I think most would not be able to figure it out without some elaboration. Just add some explanatory text and it becomes an answer.
@badp 2014-07-01 23:21:25
@ShafikYaghmour I must admit that the assembly is kinda baffling me; especially the instruction at +20. But why am I trying to make sense of it?
@Kat 2015-07-27 20:32:11
As an aside, it'll be easier to compile to assembly (with
gcc -S evil.c), which is all that's needed here. Assembling then disassembling it is just a roundabout way of doing it.
@Steve Summit 2016-02-16 21:26:07
For the record, if for whatever reason you're wondering what a given construct does -- and especially if there's any suspicion that it might be undefined behavior -- the age-old advice of "just try it with your compiler and see" is potentially quite perilous. You will learn, at best, what it does under this version of your compiler, under these circumstances, today. You will not learn much if anything about what it's guaranteed to do. In general, "just try it with your compiler" leads to nonportable programs that work only with your compiler.
@Shafik Yaghmour 2013-08-15 19:25:21
The behavior can't really be explained because it invokes both unspecified behavior and undefined behavior, so we can not make any general predictions about this code, although if you read Olve Maudal's work such as Deep C and Unspecified and Undefined sometimes you can make good guesses in very specific cases with a specific compiler and environment but please don't do that anywhere near production.
So moving on to unspecified behavior, in draft c99 standard section
6.5 paragraph 3 says(emphasis mine):
The grouping of operators and operands is indicated by the syntax.74) Except as specified later (for the function-call (), &&, ||, ?:, and comma operators), the order of evaluation of subexpressions and the order in which side effects take place are both unspecified.
So when we have a line like this:
i = i++ + ++i;
we do not know whether
i++ or
++i will be evaluated first. This is mainly to give the compiler better options for optimization.
We also have undefined behavior here as well since the program is modifying variables(
u, etc..) more than once between sequence points. From draft standard section
6.5 paragraph 2(emphasis mine):
Between the previous and next sequence point an object shall have its stored value modified at most once by the evaluation of an expression. Furthermore, the prior value shall be read only to determine the value to be stored.
it cites the following code examples as being undefined:
i = ++i + 1;
a[i++] = i;
In all these examples the code is attempting to modify an object more than once in the same sequence point, which will end with the
; in each one of these cases:
i = i++ + ++i;
^ ^ ^
i = (i++);
^ ^
u = u++ + ++u;
^ ^ ^
u = (u++);
^ ^
v = v++ + ++v;
^ ^ ^
Unspecified behavior is defined in the draft c99 standard in section
3.4.4 as:
use of an unspecified value, or other behavior where this International Standard provides two or more possibilities and imposes no further requirements on which is chosen in any instance
and undefined behavior is defined in section
3.4.3 as:
behavior, upon use of a nonportable or erroneous program construct or of erroneous data, for which this International Standard imposes no requirements
and notes that:
Possible undefined behavior ranges from ignoring the situation completely with unpredictable results, to behaving during translation or program execution in a documented manner characteristic of the environment (with or without the issuance of a diagnostic message), to terminating a translation or execution (with the issuance of a diagnostic message).
@Christoph 2009-06-04 09:35:47
I think the relevant parts of the C99 standard are 6.5 Expressions, §2
Between the previous and next sequence point an object shall have its stored value modified at most once by the evaluation of an expression. Furthermore, the prior value shall be read only to determine the value to be stored.
and 6.5.16 Assignment operators, §4:
The order of evaluation of the operands is unspecified. If an attempt is made to modify the result of an assignment operator or to access it after the next sequence point, the behavior is undefined.
@supercat 2011-11-20 21:41:25
Would the above imply that 'i=i=5;" would be Undefined Behavior?
@dhein 2013-09-23 15:39:50
@supercat as far as I know
i=i=5 is also undefined behavior
@supercat 2013-09-23 16:18:26
@Zaibis: The rationale I like to use for most places rule applies that in theory a mutli-processor platform could implement something like
A=B=5; as "Write-lock A; Write-Lock B; Store 5 to A; store 5 to B; Unlock B; Unock A;", and a statement like
C=A+B; as "Read-lock A; Read-lock B; Compute A+B; Unlock A and B; Write-lock C; Store result; Unlock C;". That would ensure that if one thread did
A=B=5; while another did
C=A+B; the latter thread would either see both writes as having taken place or neither. Potentially a useful guarantee. If one thread did
I=I=5;, however, ...
@supercat 2013-09-23 16:19:57
... and the compiler didn't notice that both writes were to the same location (if one or both lvalues involve pointers, that may be hard to determine), the generated code could deadlock. I don't think any real-world implementations implement such locking as part of their normal behavior, but it would be permissible under the standard, and if hardware could implement such behaviors cheaply it might be useful. On today's hardware such behavior would be way too expensive to implement as a default, but that doesn't mean it would always be thus.
@dhein 2013-09-23 16:40:45
@supercat but wouldn't the sequence point access rule of c99 alone be enough to declare it as undefined behavior? So it doesn't matter what technically the hardware could implement?
@supercat 2013-09-23 16:48:53
@Zaibis: Rules which characterize actions as Undefined Behavior aren't supposed to exist merely to allow implementations to behave in hostile fashion. They're supposed to exist to allow implementers to either do something more efficiently or more usefully than would be possible in their absence. To understand why the specs characterize something as UB, it's helpful to identify something useful the rule would allow implementations to do which they otherwise could not.
@dhein 2013-09-23 16:56:34
@supercat I absolutly agree to that what you say about the behavior of undefined behavior(^^). But this doesn't change the point that if something is in the standard listed as UB you can expect, it is well defined just because it would be easy to implement as well defined construct. If the standard says it is UB, then the answer to the question is it UB? is "Yes!", and not "It could... [...]".
@supercat 2013-09-23 17:49:17
@Zaibis: The answer to almost any question of the form "Why is X in language/framework Y Undefined Behavior" is "Because that's what the standard for Y says", but that's hardly enlightening. In most cases, however, what someone asking such a question really wants to know is "Why did the makers of the standard specify that". In most cases, things are specified as UB (rather than partially-specified behaviors) to allow for the possibility of an implementation which might do something unexpected. For example, the spec could have said that
p1=malloc(4); p2=malloc(5); r=p1>p2;...
@supercat 2013-09-23 17:55:26
...may result in
r arbitrarily holding 1 or 0, with no guarantee that the value will relate in any way to future comparisons among the same or different operands. Such a spec (returning an arbitrary 0 or 1) would have allowed an efficient
memmove to be written in portable fashion [if
dest > src, apply a top-down copy, else bottom-up; if the regions don't overlap, either will work so the comparison result wouldn't matter]. I believe the standard says such comparison is UB, however; if every machine could easily--at worst--arbitrarily yield a 0 or 1, there'd be no reason not to say so.
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text: The way light falls on an object has always fascinated me. In paintings and in sculpture, I strive to capture the interesting effect that light plays on the subject. I believe an artists job is to make people notice the things that they see in everyday life but fail to really notice. There is so much subtle beauty in the world, and it is the artists job to make people learn how to see it.


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text:
I've got few festivals coming up this Fall and Winter where I'll be selling items under the name of Wearable Darkness. At most festivals and fairs, tables and booths have banner signs with the maker's or vendor's name on them. I didn't have a banner. A paper banner wouldn't last long. A store made plastic/vinyl doesn't adhere to my shop philosophy of creative reuse when possible. So, I came up with the idea of making a banner out of the FabMo decorator fabric samples.
My goal was to create a banner that was earthy, tribal, textured and unexpected and made with FabMo materials and items I already had (no trips to the store) for no to low cost.
Here's a quick write-up of how I did it. It took me 1.5 days of on and off work to complete. It cost probably about $1-$2 in thread.
I apologize for the poor photo quality. It was 96 degrees outside and inside my apartment the day I made this sign. I took the photos in the shade on my balcony as it was too hot to go out in the sun.
Step 1: Pick Suitable Fabrics for the Banner
Things I considered when picking out fabrics to use for the banner:
- High contrast between the letter fabric and background fabric, so the words would be easy to read.
- Letter fabric that doesn't ravel easily. 100% felted wool would be perfect.
- Colors or patterns that represented Wearable Darkness.
- Two fabrics that coordinate.
- A background piece of fabric big enough for a banner.
The later criteria quickly limited my choices. I finally settled on these two fabrics:
(Sorry, image is missing!)
The dark paisley print is visually representative of Wearable Darkness and the fabric piece almost a yard long. The beige fabric was 80% wool that barely ravels. I would have liked a dark fabric for the letters, but I didn't have any. The beige goes with a color in the paisley design.
Step 2: Make Your Letters
I'm not good at drawing giant letters, so I picked a royalty-free font in Word and made the letters as big as would print on a sheet of paper. I printed out the letters on scrap paper, cut out the letters and made stencils out of them. When picking out a font and making stencils, remember to:
- Use a simple, chunky font, so that you can cut them out and sew around them more easily.
- Make sure that the letters will all fit on your background fabric before cutting out the letters from the letter fabric.
Here are my stencils and a cut out letter:
(Sorry, image is missing!)
Step 3: Sew Letters onto Background Fabric
I used a long ruler to layout the fabric letters straight on the background fabric. I then used some craft spray adhesive I had around to glue the letters down. After drying overnight, most of the letters hadn't stayed glued on. I was hoping not to have to sew them all on.
I pinned the letters down and sewed around them using a zig-zag stitch with heavy, variegated decorative thread. Regular sewing thread looked to wimpy on a sample I tried. The heavy thread looked beefy and tied the letter color into the background colors more.
(Sorry, image is missing!)
Step 4: Hem Banner
Originally, I had planned to just serge the banner raw edges to finish them as two of the edges were already serged on the sample. However, hemming added some weight and structure to the banner. The banner so far:
(Sorry, image is missing!)
Step 5: Create Hanging Tabs
Now, I needed a way to hang the banner. I got the idea to reuse the grommets that were already on some of the fabric samples. I found some brown and beige tone fabric samples with grommets in them that went with the banner fabrics.
(Sorry, image is missing!)
I serged and hemmed fabric grommet tabs. They ended up about 2 inches by 3 inches. They aren't all the same because the grommets were all different distances from the edge of the samples. The exact size doesn't matter to their functionality.
(Sorry, image is missing!)
I sewed the tabs onto the banner background. I put tabs on the bottom edge to add weight and also as a way to secure the sign if every outside on a windy day. Now I can use rope to hang the banner. Or the banner can be pinned to a table or display booth drape. I can braid some rope out of fabric strips in the future. Right now I don't have any scrap fabric strips to braid.
(Sorry, image is missing!)
Step 6: Decorate Banner
I left the centers of the A's solid because I was going to use old buttons for the centers to add dimension to the banner. The buttons looked a bit too small for the banner. The finished banner is about 42″ x 17″. Instead of buttons, I used leftover fabric to make flower centers for the A's.
(Sorry, image is missing!)
I'm happy with my almost zero cost shop banner. It meets all of my original goals. I will probably add more decorative elements to the banner as time goes on.
Tips, Options & Things I'd Do Differently the Second Time Around
Having winged this process as I went along, here's some advice for anyone else looking to make a shop banner from recycled fabric:
- Plan more. I was on a time crunch. Better planning would have made for shorter construction time.
- I would have picked I simpler font, but simple looked really kid-like. I paid the price when having to sew around all those curves.
- Skip the glue part. Go right to sewing on the letters.
- You could use letter machine embroidery appliques instead, if you have them. I didn't want to buy letter appliques. I also didn't want to have to hoop and un-hoop the fabric for all those letters. I think a sign with each letter being a different applique fabric would look really great. It would allow smaller pieces of fabric samples to be used.
- I tried a bunch of different decorative stitches to sew on the letters. They are much slower to sew than a standard zig-zag stitch, and none of them where big enough to be seen from a distance. On fewer and simpler letters, the decorative stitches might be worth it.
- Quilted letters would give the sign more depth. I didn't have much time to work on my sign. If I had to do it over again, I'd quilt the letters with quilt batting between the letters and background material. And bind the edges instead of hemming.
- If you can hand draw your letters, it would be faster and allow bigger letters. I was limited by what would print on a sheet of paper.
- Fabric paint could be used to paint the letters on a fabric banner.
- For paper artists, the wallpaper samples could be used to make a banner.
- Keep you banner light enough so you can hang or pin it to a fabric table cover or back drape.


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- March 20, 2019
- joanna-grant
- News and Press
- 0
Please set your featured image
Agile Lab Up and Running at the Oxford University Centre for Innovation & Enterprise, Begbroke
The "Agile Lab", a shared working facility within the Centre for Innovation & Enterprise at Begbroke (CIE) is now up and running. It comprises an equipped laboratory with bookable bench space and equipment and co-working office space and is available to hire at low rates. The Agile Lab allows its users to develop their scientific ideas into a commercial offering within a successful entrepreneurial environment. This can include:
- Pre-start-ups looking to complete short-term proof of concept experiments required for funding applications
- University researchers undertaking experiments to confirm research impact prior to company incorporation
- Newly formed SMEs developing their pipeline before expansion
Benefits available to users of the Agile Lab include one-to-one support (e.g. assistance with seeking future funding), networking opportunities with businesses on site and access to seminars and workshops. We can also help sourcing access to equipment within the University.
Tenants can also make use of the Materials Science Laboratory providing characterisation and prototyping services.
The Agile Lab is an initiative of the Oxfordshire Innovation Support for Business programme (ISfB) which is part funded by the European Regional Development Fund.
For more information please contact email@example.com


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Volume discounts
discounts for adding items to your order
Go deep between the cheeks and stretch yourself out with the Expander Inflatable Anal Plug. This smooth blow up plug is from the Master Series, masters themselves at kinky fuckery and designers of some of the most creative and amazing BDSM fetish inspired toys.
Its flared base and smooth surface makes it easy to grab on to and insert and remove, especially with a good lubricant. Made with a combination of latex and rubber, the body safe material is compatible with both water and silicone based lubricants. The tapered end inserts easily as does the slim shape, which quickly inflates with a few pumps on the attached pump. When it's the size you want just ride it and enjoy the pumped up length with its super stretched out girth. Should you want to downsize your anal pleasure or completely remove the plug in a smaller size just press the quick release button at the top of the valve.
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click the images to enlarge
The renowned industrial designer Bård Eker has designed the timeless fireplace series FS 90. The series is the first with the surround of lightweight concrete mixed with olivine sand.
Olivine offers high thermal capacity that contributes to the fireplace gives off an even heat over a long time. Largecurved glass door for optimum view of the flames. The result is a fireplace with a slim, round shape.
- Body material - Cast Iron
- Rated Output - 6 kW
- Energy performance certificate - A ....?What is energy performance?Energy labels are designed to inform households how to save money and reduce their carbon footprint.
The rating is based on efficiency (with adjustments applied for sustainability of the fuel type), using less energy is better for the environment.
click for more details
- SIA Ecodesign Ready - No .... ?Ecodesign Ready SchemeThe Ecodesign Ready Scheme is a new landmark in the increasing environmental benefits of wood burning stoves..
Air quality is important to all of us. Even though wood burning stoves are a relatively low source of emissions, the SIA feel it is important to reduce emissions from wood burning stoves even further.
**Most Ecodesign Ready Ready stoves are woodburning only apart from the Charnwood Arc and Skye models which are wood and solid fuel.
Please call us on 01225 891469 if you are unsure which model you require.
click for more details
- Efficiency - 86%
- Airwash - Yes .... ?What is airwash?Airwash is a design feature that uses a specially placed vent or vents to draw in air from the outside to wash over the inside of the glass.
This helps to keep the glass clean, allowing you to enjoy the glow and flames to the full.
- Cleanburn - Yes .... ?What is cleanburn?Cleanburn is a system by which hot air is introduced into the firebox just above the normal height of the fire.
This allows the combustion of unburned hydrocarbons in the smoke stream.
- Approved for smoke controlled areas - No .... ?Smoke control areasUnder the Clean Air Act local authorities may declare the whole or part of the district of the authority to be a smoke control area. It is an offence to emit smoke from a chimney of a building, from a furnace or from any fixed boiler if located in a designated smoke control area.
If you are unsure if you are in a smokeless area
please call us on 01225 891469 or use the link below.
click for locations
- Room vent required - Yes .... *?AirventsIn properties built after 2008 or properties that are likely to be airtight, there must be a permanantly open air vent within the room (venting to outside).
If you have any questions concerning air vents to your room
please call us on 01225 891469
- Flue connection - 150mm
- Maximum log length - 300mm
- Multi-fuel grate - Yes
- Direct air supply - No
- Minimum Hearth Thickness - 12mm
- Boiler option - No
- Painted colour options - Yes
- Weight - 281kg
Measurements (HxWxD):
1570 x 525 x 480 mm


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Michelle Obama Hilariously Breaks Down Why Melania Trump's Inauguration Gift Exchange Appeared So Awkward
The former FLOTUS also explained to Ellen Degeneres how Barack stepped in and saved the day.
A Memphis high school student was named valedictorian of his class and earned $3 million worth of college scholarships, all while homeless.
During his senior year at Raleigh Egypt High School, 17-year-old Tupac Mosley's family was evicted from their home after the death of his father, reported FOX 13.
"After my father passed, [my family] fell behind on bills and we ended up getting evicted from our home Feb. 21 of this year," Mosley told FOX 13. "So, we went to different homes."
Despite facing financial and personal hardship, Mosley was determined to continue working hard and make his dream of attending college a reality. Throughout the difficult situation, Mosley was accepted into 40 colleges and earned the scholarship money while maintaining a 4.3 GPA.
"When I heard that I got $3 million, I was more than elated and excited and astonished that it was that much," Mosley told FOX13.
Mosley told ABC 7 that the director of nonprofit For the Kingdom, which helps urban youth "get away from city life but not from the city" through camps and workshops, gave his family a place to stay.
During his valedictorian speech at the Raleigh Egypt graduation ceremony, Mosley thanked For the Kingdom as well as his teachers and principal.
"I knew that I had to make them proud," Mosley said "I knew that their investment was worth it that and just show them that, yes, everything that you poured into me was worth $3 million and counting."
Mosley plans to attend Tennessee State University in the fall and pursue a degree in electrical engineering.
"Never let your current situation, whatever circumstances you're going through, be a mountain that you can't climb," he said in his speech.
(Photo: FOX17)
The former FLOTUS also explained to Ellen Degeneres how Barack stepped in and saved the day.
"When my teacher asks me a question thinking I'm not paying attention, but I get it right."


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1999 yılında çekilen "Duruşma" adlı sinema filmi İstanbul'un eski semtlerinden birinde yaşayan sade insanlar arasına bomba gibi düşen ilginç bir ...
Dark Harbor1999
Mr. Death: The Rise and Fall of Fred A. Leuchter, Jr.
Mr. Death: The Rise and Fall of Fred A. Leuchter, Jr. is a 1999 documentary film by Errol Morris about execution technician Fred A. Leuchter.
Angela's Ashes1999
Angela's Ashes
Based on the best selling autobiography by Irish expat Frank McCourt, Angela's Ashes follows the experiences of young Frankie and his ...
Galaxy Quest1999
Galaxy Quest
The stars of a 1970s sci-fi show – now scraping a living through re-runs and sci-fi conventions – are beamed aboard an alien ...
Man on the Moon1999
Girl, Interrupted
Set in the changing world of the late 1960s, Susanna Kaysen's prescribed "short rest" from a psychiatrist she had met only once ...
Wicked Ways1999
The Corndog Man1999
Stuart Little1999
The Cider House Rules
Homer is an orphan who was never adopted, becoming the favorite of orphanage director Dr. Larch. Dr. Larch imparts his full medical knowledge on ...
Bicentennial Man1999
Bicentennial Man
Richard Martin buys a gift, a new NDR-114 robot. The product is named Andrew by the youngest of the family's children. "Bicentennial ...
Any Given Sunday1999
Any Given Sunday
A star quarterback gets knocked out of the game and an unknown third stringer is called in to replace him. The unknown gives a stunning ...
No Vacancy1999
Forbidden Sins1999
Forbidden Sins
Shannon Tweed stars as the divorced defense attorney who gets caught in a passionate love affair with an accused murderer.
Ever bought a used car from a dealer before? Want to know what REALLY happens behind the scenes? This movie offers some insight through the eyes ...
Godzilla 20001999
Godzilla 2000
Godzilla saves Tokyo from a flying saucer that transforms into the beast Orga.
The Green Mile1999
Cradle Will Rock1999
Cradle Will Rock
A true story of politics and art in the 1930s USA, centered around a leftist musical drama and attempts to stop its production.
Deuce Bigalow: Male Gigolo
Deuce Bigalow is a less than attractive, down on his luck aquarium cleaner. One day he wrecks the house of a gigolo and needs quick money to ...
Forever Mine1999
Operation Delta Force 4: Deep Fault
When a group of seismologists are taken prison, the forces that be know that there is only one team of rescuers to turn to–the highly elite ...
An epic mosaic of many interrelated characters in search of happiness, forgiveness, and meaning in the San Fernando Valley.


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How do you celebrate Jesus, the Friend of the poor, when at Yuletide a great number of His friends fare even worse on His birthday than at other times?
Banji Oyewale
In a Nigerian State, a crowd of excited citizens at a motor park clusters around a bus revving to take them to a holiday destination for Christmas and New Year celebrations. But a female bomber thinks otherwise. Feigning to be a passenger, she sneaks into their midst and detonates the lethal luggage on her body. She is blown into pieces. Scores of others suffer the same fate. Those who didn't die instantly, will die slowly, maimed, scarred and glued to gory memories of anguish for life. Are they luckier than those who experience prompt dispatch to the great beyond?
New Year: Jonathan hopes for better Nigeria in 2019
Same scene elsewhere: at a busy central market, an explosion rocks shops and sheds, sparking an inferno that kills many of those shopping for Christmas and New Year. Health personnel race the wounded and the dead away in ambulances to medical centres and mortuaries. Global news agency, Reuters, tells the world "there are unknown numbers of casualties" in the tragedy.
Dateline: Geidam, Yobe, December 21, 2014, the Yuletide week. Several people are feared dead and many public buildings torched as suspected Boko Haram insurgents invade a community. It's a blind typhoon-like attack, targeting no one but inflicting death and destruction and disaster on all.
Besides the dead and those dismembered by these assaults, we have a great army of grieving family folk, friends, loved ones, neighbours and a large population of internally displaced persons. Among them are those joining the ranks of orphans, widows and widowers.
But there are other hues of the Christmas blues not heaped on us by the militants of Boko Haram and other men and women angry with society. One is the irreverent conception that Christmas is the season to spend, outspend and revel, the period to show off expensive new apparel, the time to inflict further pain on the poor by hiking the cost of goods and services. Another is to hold parties that are veritable platforms for debauchery that mock the Man whose birth we claim we are celebrating.
The innocent poor and the underprivileged are also unfortunately lured into such gatherings to spend their meager resources on drinks, drugs and women, vices that sap them and leave them more alienated from the joy they seek during the season. They get drunk on wine the way the rich get drunk.
Are the so-called affluent who can afford to buy up the glittering tinsel of Christmas baggage spared its blues? No! They have a similar fate with mixed fortunes despite a fleeting stay on the laps of pleasure. At Christmas they set out on a journey armed with much trust in the power of their wealth to bring them joy. But alas, they don't get it! True joy isn't a product of bribery or immorality or in seasonal indulgency in hedonism. So they end up frustrated in not getting what they desired. Their money disappoints them and they wake from a drunken sleep unfulfilled. In other words, despite all the razzmatazz Christmas and New Year festival throws up, they don't offer the satisfaction they promise. They box us with what has been described as "an unfinished business".
According to the 19th Century American philosopher and psychologist, William James, "There is nothing so fatiguing as an uncompleted task." All we do at Christmas is to spend and overeat and over-drink and get senselessly drunk and flaunt our wealth in the midst of poverty and in the face of those who do not have.
But we should shed the weight of wealth by sharing with the needy. If we don't, Yuletide would always bring its grief in addition to the anguish unleashed on us by Boko Haram and other criminal gangs we have created by our unjust social system.
Let us also make it clear that while we make ourselves sad at Xmas through our excesses we are also causing pain to the Soul of our Lord Jesus Christ. We say we are honoring Him in remembering His advent to the world to save fallen man. This can't be so. How can we adore or pay homage to a Holy Personage through the unholy acts we perpetrate at Xmas?
How do you celebrate Jesus, the Friend of the poor, when at Yuletide a great number of His friends fare even worse on His so-termed birthday than at other times? We give His loved ones crumbs at Yuletide. We make Him grieve when the poor, those He associates with, are denied the earth's goodies because the rich, powerful and influential have cornered all the resources of the society.
This avaricious spirit is contrary to the purpose of God as revealed in the Bible: "…the profit (the wealth, the resources, the supplies, the riches) of the earth is for all: the king himself is served by the field." (Ecclesiastes 5:9).
The Church in our day hasn't helped matters. Its leaders aren't forcefully and sincerely preaching and practising the message that would make the rich reduce their carnal carriage of wealth to balance the socio-economic equation.
Although the two classes are in the temple physically on worship days, their souls are poles apart, both scheming with two eyes opened at prayer time, to outwit each other.
Do we revere the Name of the Lord and what He stands for, with this attitude whether at Christmas at any other time? Of course not!
Rather, we crucify Him the second time as we claim to celebrate His Birth our wanton festivities.
Festivals of December
Ojewale writes from Lagos


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Given 3 numbers A, B and C, Monk wants you to tell him the smallest positive integer K, such that \( A \times K\) is evenly divisible by \(B^C\). In short, you need to tell Monk the smallest K, such that \(K>0\), and \((A \times K) \% (B^C)=0\).
You shall be given multiple test cases in a single input file. For each test case, print the answer on a new line. As the answer could be rather large, print it Modulo \(10^9+7\).
Input Format :
The first line contains a single integer T, denoting the number of test-cases in a single line. Each of the next T lines contains 3 space separated integers, i.e. A, B and C.
Output Format :
For each test case, print the required answer on a new line. As the answer could be rather large, print it Modulo \(10^9+7\).
Constraints :
\( 1 \le T \le 10 \)
\( 1 \le A, B ,C \le 10^{12} \)
For the 1st test in the sample, \(5^2\)=\(25\). The smallest K, such that \(A \times K\) is divisible by \(25\), is \(25\).
As \(2 \times 25\) = \(50\), that is divisible by \(25\).


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Dimitri Tiomkin collection
Cinematic Arts Library
Doheny Memorial Library
University of Southern California
Box 35
Music breakdown sheet, form, filled in the hand of Dimitri Tiomkin [?] 1 page
Conductor parts, photostats.
Original musical sketch of song, "It's a Wonderful Life," lyric by Frederic Herbert, music by Dimitri Tiomkin; also original and carbon typescripts of lyrics to song, 1 p. ea. 4 leaves sketch.
Ozalid copies of song "It's a Wonderful Life."
Original score by Dimitri Tiomkin, in the hand of the arrangers: Nathan G. Scott, David Tamkin, P. A. Marquardt, and unidentified person. (224 leaves?)
Original musical sketches by Dimitri Tiomkin, holograph. Photostat conductor parts; orchestral parts, holograph; choral parts, ozalid.
Original score by Beethoven-Tiomkin, in the hand of the arrangers: Cailliet-Glasser, 15 leaves. [Latter may be from another film.]


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Jeez...you have a lot of money to blow huh? Well! For this much you'll get all previous perks AND I'll write a song JUST for you. I can't make any guarantees that it will be any good - but I'll do my damnedest to make you the best song that I can muster.
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Find Tours:
- Datex
Best Selling Tours in Oslo
Are you having trouble deciding on what tours to do in Oslo? See our Best Selling Tours in Oslo here!
Oslo City Walk
OSLO. 2hrs. Did someone say Oslo Opera House, Akershus Fortress and Norwegian customs? Our Oslo City Walk takes you on a walking tour through the city centre of Oslo, showcasing the main spots of Oslo and topics of Norwegian culture.Upcoming tour 2020-04-18, 14:00
Oslo Must Sees
OSLO. 2.45hrs. Looking to check off the must-see sights of Oslo? Then this is the tour for you. In our very humble opinion, our Oslo Must Sees offers the best of the best, a city centre walking tour and visit to the famous Vigeland Park.Upcoming tour 2020-05-02, 09:30
The Grand Oslo Private Driving Tour
OSLO. 5hrs. Want to see all that Oslo has to offer? Look no further! The Grand Oslo gives you the Viking Ship Museum, Vigeland Park, a photo stop at Holmenkollen Ski Jump and a drive of the city, all in one tour. What more could you want?Upcoming tour 2020-04-15, 09:00
Oslo City & Viking Ship Museum Private Walking Tour
OSLO. 3hrs. In Oslo, the Viking Ship Museum is not to be missed. Nor is the city center! During our Oslo City & Viking Ship Museum Private Walking Tour, we'll pillage and plunder our way through the history of Norway just like the Vikings!Upcoming tour 2020-04-15, 09:00
Oslo Highlights Private Driving Tour
OSLO. 4hrs. What do you get when you combine an inner-city scenic drive, the Viking Ship Museum and Vigeland Park? Oslo's Highlights, of course! Sculptures, Viking history, and Norwegian culture are waiting, so let's get going!Upcoming tour 2020-04-15, 09:00
Maritime Oslo Private Walking Tour
OSLO. 5hrs. As a coastline capital, Oslo and maritime go hand in hand. From Vikings to polar explorers, we'll raid, pillage, and discover the city and the Viking Ship and Fram Museums on our Maritime Oslo Private Walking Tour.Upcoming tour 2020-04-15, 09:00
Oslo City & Vigeland Park Private Walking Tour
OSLO. 3hrs. Do you want the best of Oslo in just the right amount of time? Let us introduce you to our Oslo City & Vigeland Park Private Walking Tour. We promise landmarks, sculptures, culture, customs, history and more!Upcoming tour 2020-04-15, 09:00
OURWAY received the 2014, 2015 & 2016 Certificate of Excellence from TripAdvisor, for outstanding customer reviews/ratings.


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Explore, Experience and be a part of the cultural heritage of Greece
Geo Routes eco & cultural heritage journeys that held under the auspices of the HNC for UNESCO are made for experienced voyagers willing to explore, experience and be a part of the cultural heritage of Greece. Geo Routes aims at highlighting the legends of Greece, facilitating to the intercultural dialogue and contributing to the sustainable development of the local societies by cultural, environmental, educational and experiential activities. To its ownership are also the world class conferences, the Balkans & Black Sea Cooperation Forum and the AgriBusiness Forum.


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Long Ashton Golf Club
Clarken Coombe
Long Ashton
North Somerset
Tel: +44 (0)1275 392229
Founded in 1893 and situated just three miles from Bristol's city centre, Long Ashton is one of the area's premier golf clubs.
Providing a true test of golf for players of all abilities, and complemented by a most welcoming clubhouse and some of the region's best practice facilities, Long Ashton is a fine place to enjoy your golf at any time of the year.
Long Ashton's fine course meanders along the back of a limestone ridge, and offers fine views across the city and the surrounding hills.
Visitors can always be sure of a warm welcome at Long Ashton Golf Club.
We do not have bookable tee times, but with 2 starting points (1st and 11th tees), members and visitors rarely have to wait for more than a couple of matches to get under way.
Please check with the Professional for the latest information on tee reservations for team matches, events and society visits.
We hope you enjoy your visit!


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The holidays are rapidly approaching and you want to make sure that you get great gifts for all of your loved ones! You don't want to be scrambling at the last minute to find the perfect present, so it's good to know what you're getting everyone in advance. So what do you get the beauty fanatic in your life? You know, the sister who is obsessed with fragrant lotions or the cousin who is addicted to nourishing face masks… What should you get them for the holidays? If you're trying to figure it out, never fear. We're here to help! From budget-friendly to pricier products, check out ten skincare gift sets that are currently available at Dermstore!
Click on each photo for more info!
1. Peter Thomas Roth Mask Frenzy, $75
Peter Thomas Roth has become a cult favorite when it comes to face masks. This gift set of six masks is a perfect gift for anyone who loves skincare because it gives them a mask for every skincare concern!
2. SkinCeuticals Age & Eye Defying Regimen, $224
SkinCeuticals is on the forefront of anti-aging technology, so this skincare duo is perfect for anyone who is looking to turn back the clock on aging skin.
3. iS Clinical Vibrant Glow Collection, $165
This gift set from iS Clinical has just about everything you can ask for! From a cleanser to a nourishing serum, you can solve every skincare problem with this kit!
4. First Aid Beauty FAB Beautique, $48
This five-piece First Aid Beauty gift set can cover an entire skincare routine. It even includes a lip balm!
5. FOREO Here & There Holiday Set, $139
FOREO has changed the game when it comes to cleaning your face. This gift set includes their exclusive LUNA cleansing tool along with a mini LUNA!
6. Dr. Dennis Gross Skincare C Me Sparkle Kit, $78
Vitamin C has been proven to nourish skin, protect it from free radicals, and even defy the signs of aging! This Dr. Dennis Gross kit includes various products all containing Vitamin C!
7. Caudalie Ultimate Anti-Aging Trio, $99
This gift set from Caudalie contains three of their best-selling anti-aging products in a beautiful giftbox!
8. Jack Black The Jack of All Trades Kit, $49
Jack Black is currently dominating the men's skincare industry so this Jack of All Trades gift set is perfect for the guy in your life who loves grooming.
9. Elemis Pro-Collagen Perfection, $189
Collagen is essential when it comes to having youthful, radiant skin. This three-piece gift set from Elemis is perfect for anyone looking to take years off their appearance!
10. Erno Laszio Hello Bright Eyes Mask Set, $48
Eye masks are all the rage lately, as they can brighten the skin around your eyes and even smooth crow's feet. This set of 12 from Erno Laszio will make any beauty fanatic very happy!


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Benefits and Welfare Advice Drop-in - Salford UCRC
Opportunity Provider: Salford Unemployed and Community Resource Centre (UCRC)
Salford Unemployed Community Resource Centre operate drop in sessions for welfare benefits every Monday, Tuesday, Thursday & Friday morning from 9am - 11.30am - no need to make an appointment, just drop into our centre.
Advice relating to debt and employment law is by appointment only - please call us on 0161 789 2999 to arrange an appointment.
Based in : Salford
Open to: Salford
Opportunity available: Monday, Tuesday, Thursday & Friday, 9 - 11.30am
Close date: 31st March 2019
Is this opportunity ongoing? Yes
Opportunity Category:
Listing status: Live
Contact details
Telephone: 0161 789 2999
84-86 Liverpool Road
84-86 Liverpool Road
Additional Info


text: I don't know about doubling your sperm count but it does make it taste better according to my girl. I'm talking within that same day as long as you stay away from coffee, onions, red meat. Fresh squeezed orange juice seems to help too. But this thread isn't for that......Kyle.


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Taking packaging to the next level at drupa 2020 | 21-03-2019 |
AIPIA has been asked to take part in an initiative, by Drupa 2020 organisers Messe Dusseldorf, to highlight new printing technologies for the packaging sector. The Touchpoint packaging initiative's main goal is to display how innovative printing technologies, such as printed electronics, or digital security codes, will contribute to the future of packaging.
At a recent steering committee meeting in December 2018, its members, which include AGFA, Danone, Heidelberg, HP, Nestlé, and Siegwerk they identified more than 20 projects that will touch upon key issues such as customisation and personalisation, digitalisation, security and authentication.
The aim is to present concepts and the latest knowledge about new packaging production, finishing technologies and substrates - culminating in prototypes that meet the demands and needs of both consumers and Brand Owners. In addition, the visitor experience will combine physical and non-physical packaging elements via augmented reality, virtual reality and digital workflows.
Whether it is for food, beverages, healthcare, business or home, the motto is to transform packaging, says drupa 2020. Changing demographics, more pressure to consider environmental issues and acceleration in technical innovation, are all shaping a new future for packaging production, it says.
Initially AIPIA has been offered a presentation area at drupa 2020 which still needs to be defined, based on member input. The association is also being offered speaking opportunities in the Touchpoint program as well as at the drupa cube . For these, AIPIA is being asked to provide speakers and best-case presentations from its member network and to man the provided presentation area.
If any AIPIA members are interested in participating in the Touchpoint initiative with the association then they should get in touch with Andrew Manly (email@example.com) initially, so that we can formalize a proposal to drupa 2020 to take full advantage of this opportunity at the world's largest printing event.


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Knowledge in Action
Service to a broader community has always been part of BGSU's long tradition. In President Cartwright's announcement that "Knowledge in Action" would be a focus of activities for the Centennial Celebration, she points out that since its inception as a teacher training school, BGSU has striven to provide "a learning environment in which students use civic and professional knowledge to contribute to a larger community and ultimately grow in personal and social responsibility."
Rex Childers, Enoch Wu, Gwen Evans, Daniel Horn, Dana Nemeth


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So last night I had this idea before I fell asleep. It involves baby socks ;-).
First thing this morning, I went in search of baby socks in the departmental store, and I found some really good quality socks at a bargain! Happy happy… 6 pairs of baby socks, and 5 pairs of adult ladies socks, all for less than $10. They are really nice… these are medium thickness and soft to the touch. I love love love love them.
I realise now that when making softies with socks, the better quality socks you use, the better the softie will turn out. When I first started making socks toys, I used sock I bought a long time ago from thrift markets (just because I like them but I hardly use socks). They were thin and not stretchy enough, and because they were thrifted I had the heart to cut them up (never did I imagine that now I buy socks on purpose just to cut them up !!! Haha…)
Well, this is just a quick post to share my bargain purchase today ;-).
I'll be working on these socks tomorrow, hopefully I have something to share very soon !!
Oh ya… my Spring Fling Challenge is going well (see list on side bar) – over these 2 days, managed to compile some 20 plus items I would like to donate to charity or recycle … YAY!! 🙂


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AVEK Water Agency of Table A Water to Big Rock Creek
- SCH Number
- 2018118253
- Lead Agency
- Antelope Valley-East Kern Water Agency
- Document Title
- AVEK Water Agency of Table A Water to Big Rock Creek
- Document Type
- NOE - Notice of Exemption
- Received
- Posted
- 11/15/2018
- Document Description
- Delivery of up o 2,000 acre-feet of Antelope Valley- east Kern Water Agency's Table A water supply to milepost 366.53 on the East Branch of the California Aqueduct. The delivery structure is adjacent to Big Rock Creek. The recharged water can be later recovered using AVEK's wells for use within its service area.
- Contact Information
Tom Barnes
Antelope Valley-East Kern Water Agency
6450 West Avenue N.
Palmdale, CA 93551
Phone : (661) 943-3201 ext. 205
- Counties
- Los Angeles
- Other Location Info
- City: Antelope Valley, CA Location Specific: Within the local groundwater basin of the Antelope Valley, CA and the Antelope Valley-East Kern Water Agency's service area.
Notice of Exemption
- Exempt Status
- Categorical Exemption
- Type, Section or Code
- 15301 Exst. Facil.
- Reasons for Exemption
- This project is exempt from CEQA pursuant to a Class 1 categorical exemption (CCR S15301), use of existing publicly owned water facilities. It is not expected to have any significant on the environment and/or any other State Water Contractor.
Disclaimer: The document was originally posted before CEQAnet had the capability to host attachments for the public. To obtain the original attachments for this document, please contact the lead agency at the contact information listed above. You may also contact the OPR via email at firstname.lastname@example.com or via phone at (916) 445-0613.


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In 2018, China's major export goods were automatic data processing machines and components, followed by clothes and clothing accessories, mobile telephones, textile, and integrated circuits. Travel and transportation services were among most exported service categories in China in 2017.
With exports amounting to almost 3.2 trillion yuan, the United States was China's top export market in 2018. The European Union came in second with 2.7 trillion yuan worth of exports from China. ASEAN is the third leading trading partner with exports amounting to 2.1 trillion yuan. The three export partners account for nearly half of China's total exports.
China's trade surplus continues to narrow since 2016 indicating that the country can no longer majorly rely on exports to boost its economy, but rather focus on a sustainable balance of trade.


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|Stone: An Ecology of the Inhuman was
published in 2015
The ACLA writes that the Réné Wellek prize:
"recognizes an outstanding book in the discipline of comparative literature; fields may include literary or cultural theory or history, or any other field of comparative literature. The 2017 Wellek Prize will be awarded to a book published during the calendar years 2015 and 2016, and will be awarded at the ACLA annual meeting in 2017 at Utrecht University in Utrecht, the Netherlands."
Stone has been widely reviewed; the prestigious Los Angeles Review of Books writes:
"Stone seeks liveliness in what might be the most mundane of substances. For too long, the lithic has been thought of as cold and inert, the unchanging foil to life's rapid evolution. If our historic engagement with stone is the story of cave painting, toolmaking, and home building, Cohen wants to recover a secret history that moves beyond such utilitarian domination. His version is about collaboration and gregarious commingling between humans and stones. Look closely at ammonite and watch the borderline between the organic and inorganic quietly dissolve. Contemplate a gem to reveal medieval lapidary magic, global trade routes, and the humbling scale of deep time. Cohen zooms out from a pebble to a planet and finds 'a durable link to a dynamic cosmos.'"
You can read the full text of the Los Angeles Review of Books review here. Congratulations Professor Cohen, or as they say in Utrecht, hartelijk gefeliciteerd!