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STAT1 is overexpressed in tumors selected for radioresistance and confers protection from radiation in transduced sensitive cells
Contributed by Bernard Roizman, December 15, 2003
Nu61, a radiation-resistant human tumor xenograft, was selected from a parental radiosensitive tumor SCC-61 by eight serial cycles of passage in athymic nude mice and in vivo irradiation. Replicate DNA array experiments identified 52 genes differentially expressed in nu61 tumors compared with SCC-61 tumors. Of these, 19 genes were in the IFN-signaling pathway and moreover, 25 of the 52 genes were inducible by IFN in the nu61 cell line. Among the genes involved in IFN signaling, STAT1α and STAT1β were the most highly overexpressed in nu61 compared to SCC-61. STAT1α and STAT1β cDNAs were cloned and stably transfected into SCC-61 tumor cells. Clones of SCC-61 tumor cells transfected with vectors expressing STAT1α and STAT1β demonstrated radioprotection after exposure to 3 Gy (P < 0.038). The results indicate that radioresistance acquired during radiotherapy treatment may account for some treatment failures and demonstrate an association of acquired tumor radioresistance with up-regulation of components of the IFN-related signaling pathway.
Curative treatment of malignant tumors with ionizing radiation (IR) was introduced ≈80 years ago (1). During ensuing years, the failure to cure tumors by radiation therapy has been ascribed to intrinsic tumor cell radioresistance and tumor microenvironmental factors such as hypoxia, which favor tumor cell survival after IR (1, 2). Basic principals of signal transduction and DNA repair after IR have been investigated in simple genetic model systems and in cells derived from radiosensitive patients with genetic disorders such as Ataxia telangiectasia (3-5). Although these investigations have elucidated important basic principles and pathways of the response of eukaryotic cells to radiation damage, these studies have had little impact on improving clinical radiotherapy. There are several potential explanations for the difficulty in translating these findings to radiotherapy. (i) IR is delivered in multiple doses that are relatively small (100-300 cGy/day) compared with the larger single doses used in investigations of mechanisms of DNA repair and checkpoint control. (ii) Cells in an organized tissue or tumor respond differently to IR than cells in single cell suspension in vitro (6-9). To determine the mechanisms underlying resistance to IR in vivo, it is essential to compare genes differentially expressed from isogenic radiosensitive and radioresistant tumors. We selected radioresistant cells after sequential irradiation of tumors resulting from implantation of radiosensitive tumor cells. The key, totally unexpected, finding was that IR-resistant tumors overexpress a significant number of genes related to IFN pathways or inducible by IFN. Comparative analysis of these genes revealed that STAT1 transcription factor involved in the IFN signaling is overexpressed in the radioresistant tumor. Transfection of the isoforms of STAT1, STAT1α and STAT1β, conferred radioresistance on the recipient radiosensitive SCC-61 cells. These data implicate the IFN-signaling pathway and, specifically, isoforms of STAT1 as mediators of acquired tumor radioresistance.
Materials and Methods
Cell and Viruses. Human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma line SCC-61, the serial tumor explants, and the selected cell line nu61-8-4000 were grown in DMEM/F-12 (1:1) (GIBCO)/20% FBS (Intergen, Purchase, NY)/1% penicillin-streptomycin/0.4 μg/ml hydrocortisone at 37°C and 7% CO2. R3616 is a recombinant virus derived by genetic engineering of herpes simplex virus 1 strain F [HSV-1(F)]. The mutant virus lacks both copies of the γ134.5 gene (10). Virus stocks were made and titered in Vero cells.
Selection of Radioresistant SCC-61 Tumors. A total of 107 SCC-61 cells were injected into the right hind limb of female athymic nude mice (Frederick Cancer Research Center, Frederick, MD). Tumors were grown to 250 mm3 and irradiated at 5Gy by using a Pantak X-ray generator operating at 150 Kv and 25 mA with a dose rate of 192 cGy/min. Seven days later, the tumors were excised, minced, and explanted in 100-mm3 tissue culture dishes. Explants were incubated at 37°C, 7% CO2, and 100% humidity in culture media (see above). Contaminating fibroblast cells were removed by incubation with EDTA and rinsing. After four serial passages in vitro, the amplified cells were pooled and implanted into athymic nude mice as described above. Cycle was repeated eight times. The total dose of ionizing radiation was 4,000 cGy. The cell line derived from the final passage through nude mice was designated nu61-8-4000, hereafter called nu61.
In Vivo Radiation Experiments. In vivo radiation experiments were done as described elsewhere (11).
Measurements of Virus Replication in Tumors. SCC-61 and nu61 xenografts were generated as described above and allowed to grow to a volume of 150-200 mm3. At that time, 107 plaque-forming units (pfu) of the HSV-1 recombinant virus R3616 were injected intratumorally. The tumors were harvested 72 h after infection, homogenized, freeze-thawed, sonicated, and plated on monolayers of Vero cells. The results represent the average of two experiments with a total of eight sample tumors for each cell line.
DNA Array Data Analysis. All experiments were performed with Afffymetrix U133 DNA chips, carrying probes for ≈22,000 human genes. Data were acquired and normalized (scaled) with the mas 5.0 software and exported into Microsoft excel for the further transformations. Our analysis was based on the pairwise comparison of replicated arrays. We used multistep filtration of data. First, we removed the data for which the signal intensity was called absent by the mas 5.0 based on the comparison of perfect match with mismatched probes. We next applied t tests for the selection of genes significantly different in nu61 relative to SCC-61 tumors. As a cutoff level, we used a P value ≤0.05. Second, we used receiver operating characteristic (ROC)-analysis for intensity-based filtration, to remove low-intensity signals as described in ref. 12. Third, we filtered the data by ratios by measuring standard deviations for the reference sets. Reference sets (same-to-same hybridizations) were based on the comparison of the hybridizations with parallel samples. Ratios, corresponding to ±2 SD (95.5% stringency) and ±3 SD (99.7% stringency) of the reference sets, varied depending on experiment (9). A graphic representation of this strategy is shown in Fig. 1.
Cloning of STAT1α and STAT1β was based on the full-size cDNA clones, obtained from Invitrogen (IMAGE clone ID 2452685, GenBank accession no. AI923499) and ATCC (IMAGE clone ID 3627218, GenBank accession no. BC002704, respectively). All clones were sequence verified. Synthetic AttB (13, 14) were annealed and cloned into MluI/SpeI-digested pIRES-Hyg3 (Clontech) to generate pAttb. Stat1α was released by using EcoRV and cloned into NaeI-digested pAttb to produce pAttbStat1α. The STAT1β coding sequence was released by using BamHI and BglII and cloned into BamHI-digested pIres-Hyg3 to produce pStat1-Hyg3-4. The STAT1β coding sequence was then transferred from pStat-Hyg3-4 into pAttb-Hyg3 by using AflII and BsiWI to produce pAttbStat1β. Resulted plasmids were sequence verified. pAttBStat1α, pAttBStat1β or pAttB were cotransfected into SCC-61 with pCMV-INT, kindly provided by Michele Calos (Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA). Cells were selected in the Hyg-containing media, and selected monoclones were further propagated for experiments. As the control, we used pAttB cotransfected with pCMV-INT as described above. Viability of clones after irradiation at 3 and 10 Gy was determined by the MTS assay, as described elsewhere (15).
Transient Transfection. For transient transfections, we used pAttBStat1α, pAttBStat1β, or pAttB-empty vector. Cells were treated with the TransFast reagent (Promega), using a charge ratio of 1:1 (1 μg of DNA plus 3 μl of TransFast reagent), in the presence of pAttBStat1α, pAttBStat1β, or pAttB plasmids. Cells were incubated for1hwiththe transfection complexes, complete media was then added, and incubation was continued for 24 h before irradiation with 3 Gy. Surviving cells were scored by the Trypan Blue exclusion assay 24 h after irradiation (16). Data were presented as percent of surviving cells, where 100% corresponded to the unirradiated control for each transfectant.
Western Blots. Total cellular protein was extracted in RIPA buffer with protease inhibitors added (1× PBS/1% Nonidet P-40/0.5% sodium deoxycholate/0.1% SDS/1 mM Na3VO4/2 μg/ml aprotinin/1 mM PMSF). Proteins were separated on SDS/7.5% PAGE gels and transferred to nitrocellulose membranes. Stat1α and -β were detected with the anti-Stat1 p84/p91 (E-23) antibody (Santa Cruz Biotechnology).
Selection of Radioresistant Tumors. We selected a radioresistant variant (nu61) of the relatively radiosensitive head and neck cancer cell line, SCC-61 (17), by injection of tumor cells into nude mice. Tumors were exposed to 5 Gy and excised, and tumor and stromal cells were separated in vitro and reinjected to form tumors. The cycle of irradiation and reexcision was repeated eight times. After eight cycles and a cumulative total of 4,000 cGy of in vivo irradiation, the tumor cells were excised and established as a cell line designated nu61-8-4000 (nu61). For quantitative estimation, we determined the time it took for the tumors to increase 1.5-fold (or 50%) in relative tumor volume after six 5-Gy irradiations with each dose delivered daily. As illustrated in Fig. 2, whereas the parent SCC-61 tumors required 19 days to reach a volume 1.5-fold greater than the starting volume, the nu61 tumors required only 8.5 days. Therefore, the estimated difference in the radiation induced growth delay was reduced ≈2.2-fold. Moreover, the doubling time for the nonirradiated nu61 tumors was 8.5 days compared to 14.6 days for the SCC-61 tumors (data not shown). The decrease in radiation induced growth delay and accelerated growth of nu61 tumors reflects acquisition of radioresistance.
Genes in the IFN-Signaling Pathway Are Differentially Expressed in nu61 Tumors. Identification of the genes differentially expressed in nu61 relative to SCC-61 tumors was done as follows. In the first experiment, we profiled RNAs pooled from three animals for each array. In the second independent experiment, we profiled RNA from a single animal for each array. In each experiment, three arrays were used for each experimental point. At the 95.5% stringency (mean ± 2 SD, see Fig. 1), 276 genes were differentially expressed between SCC-61 and nu61 in the first experiment, 119 genes were differentially expressed in the second experiment, and 52 genes were differentially expressed in both experiments. These genes are presented in Table 1. Investigation of the list of these 52 genes (see Table 1) showed that 19 genes are known to be components of the IFN inducible pathway, including isoforms of 2′,5′-oligoadenylate synthetase and MHC class I (18, 19). To confirm the association of genes, differentially expressed in nu61 with IFN-inducible genes, we exposed nu61 tumor cell line for 5 h to IFNα, -β, and -γ (50, 50, and 5 ng/ml, respectively, corresponding to the IC50 for each in nu61). After IFN exposure, we identified 343 responding genes (see Materials and Methods). Of this number, 25 genes overlap with the 52 genes listed in Table 1. These genes include IRF7, genes conferring protection from double-stranded RNA and viruses (OAS1, OAS3, and MX1), and genes in the IFN-signaling pathway (Stat1α and Stat1β). Microarray data were confirmed by quantitative RT-PCR (see Table 1).
Functional Competence of the IFN-Inducible System in nu61. Xeno-grafts of nu61 or SCC-61 tumors growing in athymic nude mice were each inoculated with the R3616 mutant of HSV-1(F). The tumors were harvested 3 days after inoculation and processed as described in Materials and Methods. The recovery of infectious virus from SCC-61 and nu61 tumors was 2.0 × 105 ± 1.5 × 105 and 0.5 × 104 ± 2.8 × 104, respectively. Significantly (P = 0.001, as estimated by Mann-Whitney test; see ref. 20) more infectious virus was recovered from SCC-61 than nu61. In light of the heightened sensitivity of this mutant to IFN, the restricted proliferation of R3616 in nu61 cells could reflect activation of the IFN pathway in these tumors as compared to SCC-61 tumors.
STAT1 as Potential Mediator of Radioresistance in nu61 Tumors. The results of the microarray analyses indicate that STAT1 is the most highly up-regulated gene among the genes in the IFN-signaling pathway listed in Table 1. Stat1 is an upstream mediator of IFN signaling. The question arose whether Stat1 was the sole upstream mediator of IFN signaling up-regulated in these studies. To answer this question, we compared the ratios of Stat1 expression in nu61 relative to SCC-61 with the ratios of other genes involved in IFN signaling contained in the DNA array database of the first experiment even if they were not up-regulated as defined by our criteria. Fig. 3 demonstrates that, for nu61, Stat1β is the most highly differentially expressed gene in the IFN-signaling pathway. We further investigated the effects of irradiation on SCC-61 tumor cells stably transfected with pAttBStat1α, pAttBStat1β, and pAttB as described in Materials and Methods. Fig. 4A shows protein expression of Stat1α and Stat1β in selected stably transfected clones. Fig. 4B demonstrates that stable transfectants of SCC-61 by STAT1 expression vectors show an increase in radioresistance compared with pAttB (empty vector) transfectants as measured by MTS viability assay (see Materials and Methods). For the Stat1β1 clone, the surviving fraction increased by 32.8% (P = 0.00377) after exposure to 3 Gy and 21.3% after 10 Gy (P = 0.020). For the Stat1β2 clone, the increase in survival was 24.6% (P = 0.03815) after 3 Gy and 22.1% (P = 0.050) after 10 Gy. For the Stat1α16 clone, the increase in survival after 3 Gy was 13.9%, (P = 0.00431) and 23.1% (P = 0.017) after 10 Gy. The results indicate that both α and β isoforms of STAT1 protect SCC-61 cells from ionizing radiation-mediated death. Because stable transfectants are clonal lines that may have acquired secondary mutations during the selection process, SCC-61 cells were exposed to 3 Gy 24 h after transient transfection with the same expression vectors, encoding Stat1α and Stat1β as noted above. The surviving cells were counted by using the Trypan Blue exclusion assay. As shown in Fig. 4C , transient transfection with pAttBStat1α led to a 1.55-fold increase (P = 0.00013) in survival. Transfection with pAttBStat1β led to a 2.2-fold increase (P = 0.00223) in survival (radioprotection). Thus, the results of transient and stable transfection experiments demonstrate that the isoforms of STAT 1 confer enhanced survival of tumor cells after radiation.
The salient features of this report and their significance are as follows.
(i) The emergence of tumors after radiotherapy has been attributed to repopulation of tumors with cells surviving irradiation. The conditions of the tumor microenvironment that favor tumor cell survival after IR include hypoxia and secretion of γ radiation protective cytokines and growth factors that promote the growth and survival of tumor tissue (2, 21, 22). Also, a number of candidate genes have been implicated in the response of eukaryotic cells to IR. These include a number of cell cycle, checkpoint, and DNA repair genes as well as mediators of apoptosis such as p53, Bax, Bcl-2, etc. (23-26). Expression or repression of these genes is associated with cell survival or death in simple model systems but shed no light on intercellular events in in situ tumors or clinical outcome of radiotherapy. An important yet unanswered question in radiotherapy is whether radioresistant tumor cells exist de novo or whether they develop during a course of fractionated radiotherapy. The studies described in this report were designed to develop a system in which many of the questions regarding the resistance of tumors to IR in situ can be answered at a molecular level. We report the isolation of an ionizing radiation-resistant tumor by serial passage of tumor cells in mice coupled with irradiation of the tumors in situ. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the isolation of a radiation-resistant tumor by multiple exposures to IR of a sensitive parental tumor in situ. The derivation of such tumors opens the way for genetic analysis of radiation resistance in situ. Moreover, our results support the hypothesis that resistance to ionizing radiation may be selected after fractionated radiation of tumors, a common practice in clinical radiotherapy.
(ii) Comparison of gene expression of radioresistant and radiosensitive tumors in situ led to the identification of 52 genes whose transcription was significantly up-regulated in radioresistant tumors in two independent experiments. Of these, 25 genes were induced by interferons in the nu61 cell line and 19 are known components of IFN-inducible pathways (see Table 1). These results led to the association of overexpression of the IFN pathway and a radioresistant phenotype. These results are supported by previous reports that exposure to IFN enhances cell survival after radiation (27-29).
(iii) To test the functional competence of the IFN-inducible system, we inoculated the tumors with a highly attenuated, IFN-sensitive HSV-1 mutant R3616 lacking both copies of the γ134.5 genes (30). The basis of attenuation of the R3616 mutant is its inability to block the effects of the activated IFN-signaling pathway (31, 32). In knockout mice lacking components of the pathway, R3616 becomes as virulent as its wild-type parent (33). The results indicated that the R3616 mutant replicated significantly better in the SCC-61 tumors than in the nu61 tumors. The results indicate a dissociation of the effects of IFN on tumor growth from the effects of the IFN pathway on viral replication
(iv) STAT1 is an upstream mediator of IFN-signaling. As noted in Fig. 3, STAT1 is the most highly expressed gene in the IFN-signaling pathway in nu61 compared with SCC-61 tumors among related genes presented on the U133A arrays. Our experiments with stably and transiently transfected SCC-61 showed that both isoforms of STAT1 (α and β) increased radioresistance of transfected cells (see Fig. 4 B and C ). STAT1 expression is associated with a tumor suppressor and proapoptotic functions in some experimental systems (34). STAT proteins, including STAT1, are multifunctional and associated with diverse cellular functions (35). For example, STAT1 overexpression has been demonstrated in several human cancers, including head and neck cancer (36). STAT1 protein has also been shown to be overexpressed during lung tumor progression (37). Intriguingly, STAT1 is induced by radiation in association with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) (38). The EGFR-signaling pathway has been associated with tumor radio-resistance. We propose that isoforms of STAT1 in some cellular contexts may transduce survival/growth signals that enhance tumor survival after x-irradiation under some conditions.
Here we directly compare the expression of cellular genes in radiosensitive and radioresistant tumors in situ. The availability of such tumor lines provides a means for analyses of the acquired tumor phenotype at the molecular level. Results from these experiments may affect the delivery of radiotherapy. For example, if radioresistant tumor cells evolve during therapy, then a few large doses may be a more favorable delivery schedule than the multiple smaller doses currently used. Also, specific molecular targets in addition to DNA repair/checkpoint genes are identified by these experiments. However, much remains to be done to assess the impact of the individual genes identified in this report on the development of resistance to radiotherapy.
We are grateful to Dr. Samuel Hellman (Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, The University of Chicago, Chicago) for his fruitful discussion of the manuscript. These studies were aided by National Cancer Institute Grants CA71933 and CA78766 and the U.S. Public Health Service.
↵ ‡ To whom correspondence should be addressed at: Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, University of Chicago, 5758 South Maryland Avenue, MC 9006, Chicago, IL 60637. E-mail: rrw{at}rover.uchicago.edu.
Abbreviations: IR, ionizing radiation; HSV, herpes simplex virus.
- Copyright © 2004, The National Academy of Sciences
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text: Measurements of the gas transfer rate of CO2 between lake water and the atmosphere present a critical problem for the understanding of lake ecosystem carbon balances and landscape carbon budgets. We present calculations of the gas transfer rate of CO2 from direct measurements of the CO2 flux using an eddy covariance system and concurrent measurements of the concentration of CO2 in the surface water in a lake in boreal zone of northern Sweden. The measured gas transfer rate was different, and in general larger than, rates obtained with the most commonly used models for prediction of the gas transfer rate in lakes. The normalized gas transfer rate (k600EC) was well predicted from the wind speed at 10 m height if data were bin classed into wind classes of 1 m/s for winds above 1 m/s. Unbinned data were also correlated to wind speed but also to water temperature, water temperature/air temperature ratio and to incoming photosynthetic active radiation (PAR). These relationships could reflect effects of both physico-chemical reactions and biological activity.


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Eugene, Oregon on Track to Double Solar Installations This Year
In Eugene, Oregon, solar installations have been on the rise for several years–54 systems installed in 2011, up from 29 the year before and only 3 four years before that. But in 2012, it seems this northwestern city is on track to boost even higher, at least if The Resource Innovation Group (TRIG) has its way. By making it easier for consumers to take the plunge into photovoltaic power, the nonprofit's volunteer-driven, community project Solarize Eugene hopes to see the city double solar installations this year.
"The program is modeled after similar successful projects that have enabled other Oregon communities to increase their solar installations by 200% to 500%, despite the recession," says TRIG. "[Our] staff will work directly with volunteers to make this solar volume-purchasing project a success."
As part of their commitment to boosting participation in Eugene, Solarize Eugene will give an $0.10/watt discount to customers who sign up before May 1, and what's more, the city of Eugene has offered a $100 discount in permit fees to the first 25 who sign up.
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Thirty homeowners have already signed up for solar installations as part of The Solarize Eugene campaign, which ends June 15. The systems are under warranty for 20 years but may be able to last up to 50.
For more information about this initiative, visit SolarizeEugene.info.
(Image source: Solarize Eugene)


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Professor Douglas Bruster is faculty coordinator of the Office of Distinguished and Postgraduate Scholarships. He received his MA and PhD from Harvard University and teaches in the Department of English. He advises students on such post-baccalaureate and distinguished scholarships as the Rhodes, Marshall, Truman, Schwarzman, Knight-Hennessy, and Beinecke.
His regularly scheduled office hours are in FAC 18A on M, W 1-3. Please email in advance to confirm an appointment.
Dr. Anh-Thu Ngo is Assistant Director of the Office of Distinguished and Postgraduate Scholarships. She received her PhD in Social Anthropology from Harvard University. She has taught undergraduates in media anthropology, global public health, and analytic writing. She advises on such scholarships as the Boren, Ford, NSF GRFP, Pickering, and Soros.
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I have randomly received the a webpage with text stating that my "account has been suspended due to a past due balance. If you received this message in error contact customer service..." I have been able to access the internet, but have received this page at least twice in the last few days. My account is paid as it is on auto bill with my credit card. I have called, but I cannot sit on hold for an extended duration while I work during normal business hours. Please help --- this is aggravating.


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Home > LCLR > Vol. 1 > Iss. 1 (1988)
Volume 1, Issue 1 (1988)
Prefatory Material
Feature Articles
Alternative Dispute Resolution and Consumer Protection: An "Odd-Couple" Thriving in the Offices of State Attorneys General
John M. Cooley
A New Consumer Remedy: Product Recall
Frank M. Covey Jr. and Bruce H. Schoumacher
Recent Legislative Activity
Recent Cases
Mississippi Required by Federal Law to Pass on Share of Cost of Constructing Nuclear Power Plant to Retail Ratepayers
Lisa A. Fues
Landlord Violated the Fair Housing Act by Using a Racial Quota Plan to Maintain Integrated Housing
Stephanie Ferst
United States Court of Appeals Determines That General Motors' Braking System Was Not Proven Defective
Peggy Healy
Federally Insured State Chartered Minnesota Banks May Charge 21.75 Percent Interest on Agricultural Loans Without Violating State Usury Laws
John Joyce
Disposal of Toxic Chemicals Held to be an Abnormally Dangerous Activity Mandating Strict Liability
Debbie Williams


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There is no doubt about it, sketch certainly has the kind of je ne sais quoi necessary to distinguish itself from pedestrian afternoon teas. The deliciously tactile pink and gold interior of The Gallery contrives a sense of having taken up residence inside a giant clam shell, for instance.
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sketch really is well worth a visit if you are looking for a decadent afternoon tea that is fun, foodie and fabulous!
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GN Mud Cleaning Unit At No Dig Down Under Australia
GN Solids Control show mud cleaning unit or separate mud recycling equipment at No Dig Down Under every time since year 2011 at Brisbane city . This exhibition is mainly design for trenchless industry with drilling rig supplier , mud pump supplier , mud cleaning unit . All the supplier of the trenchless technology will be show here and that's the reason why GN Solids Control will like show equipment every time at Australia .
No Dig Down Under Exhibition Info
Exhibition Name : No – Dig Down Under Exhibition
Exhibition Time : Sep 8 – 11 , 2015
Address : Gold Coast Convention and Exhibition Centre .
Contact Person : Sophia Zhao , firstname.lastname@example.com
Stand No. : No. 51 , 18 square meters
GN Mud Cleaning Unit Specification On Show
Model Of GN mud cleaning unit GNMS- 200G with 200 GPM mud flow capacity for max by 40 mesh shaker screen and 4 x 4 inch desilter cone on a mini double deck shale shaker . The GNYS752D is a double deck shale shaker , the top deck is a single deck with one pc shaker screen , the bottom deck is a 2 pc shaker screen with wedge type installation . One set 11kw GNSB4x3A-12J centrifugal pump for feeding desilter cone on double deck shale shaker for second phase cleaning at 20 micron separation . The another set of 11KW centrifugal pump working as a mixing pump together with mixing hopper to reach mixing application . The tank size 4000mm x 2000 x 1300 mm for a very compact design to hold mud for recycling and mixing .
Other than GNMS- 200G model , GN Solids Control supply different models of mud cleaning unit from 200 GPM to 1000 GPM with different size of mud tank capacity . Please visit GN website for more information .


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My four year old daughter was the one who insisted we rise early enough to watch the sun come up over the ocean's horizon. Thank goodness because it was a stunner. She was really tired, we had stayed up late the night before packing for our return trip to another home. But she sweetly let me pick up her sleepy self and carry her to the car for the two minute drive to the beach.
There was beauty everywhere, a few people with a common purpose ... a couple of men waiting on the shore with fishing nets, some waiting in boats on the horizon, a small group of women waiting together on a beach blanket listening to inspirational music and the crash of waves on the shore. Every person waiting expectantly, solemnly, for first light on this particular Sunday.
Once the sun came up everyone respectfully moved into the day ... fishing nets were thrown into the sea, boats moved out to deeper waters, and the women rose and formed a circle of prayer, each taking her turn in the center while her sisters spoke love all around her.
C.S. Lewis said, "I believe in Christ like I believe in the sun, not because I can see it, but by it I can see everything else." So true. We were there to see the sun rise, which it did beautifully, but we saw love in everything it illuminated.
Choose a Category


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Last Updated
02 April 2020
source DHA Website
"Ladies and gentlemen, welcome and thank you for attending our weekly media briefing following the change in the executive as announced by President Jacob Zuma this past Sunday.We look forward to these regular interactions with yourselves with a view to briefing you on the implementation of government's programme of action as we enter the second phase of radical transformation of our economy and thus help move South Africa forward.
At the outset of my briefing, let me reiterate some fundamental principles that should continue to guide the Department of Home Affairs.
My view is that the Department needs to continue working hard to ensure that every South African receives good quality service in terms of the critical documentation they need from birth to age of maturity; throughout all the stages of their lives. We need to ensure that we clean up and protect our National Population Register.
Critically, we need public servants who are ethical, have integrity and can be trusted. We need to continue to tighten the capacity of the state by modernizing Home Affairs and providing quality professionals to service our people at our frontline offices.
We must continue to protect our children through the work of the Film and Publications Board. Similarly, I continue to be inspired by how we have, over time, modernized the Government Printing Works (GPW) to enable it to issue secure, credible and high value documentations to South Africans. Plans are afoot to ensure that GPW develops further capabilities in the production of Smart ID cards.
In this regard, all of our officials must be prepared for the hard work that lies ahead as we move towards a hands-on activist and collective leadership that we will provide and they must be ready to play their own part in pursuit of that objective.
We need to continue ensuring the effective and efficient management of migration in the interest of the security of the country while ensuring that it contributes to economic development and prosperity of the country.
Turning to the subject of today's media briefing, the Immigration Regulations, I am happy to announce that the Immigration Regulations of 2014 came into effect on 26 May 2014. Effectively, this marked the commencement of the Immigration Amendment Acts of 2007 and 2011 and the new Immigration Regulations, 2014.
You will recall that the Draft Regulations were published in the Government Gazette on 14 February 2014 for public comment. The closing date for public comment was 28 February 2014 but was extended to 07 March 2014 to allow for more submissions.
Following this public consultation process, we are happy to announce the following amendmentsto the immigration regulations:
We take this opportunity to thank members of the public who took time to respond to the request for public comments during the drafting and finalization of the Regulations"
Minister Malusi Gigaba
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text: Lightning Hunter Posted December 20, 2011 Whenever I open Doom2.wad with XWE (for viewing purposes), the iWAD file is instantly modified without me doing ANYTHING. Then when I load Doom2 using Doomsday - it shows the Final Doom TNT menu, textures, and more - instead of the Doom2 menu. I then have to replace Doom2.wad with the original to fix it. So basically, every time I double click the file (which automatically opens with XWE), I have to fix the iWAD by replacing it with the original. It's almost like XWE is set to merge some Final Doom stuff with Doom2.wad when I open it. Why is it doing this? I'm using Windows XP. Edit: It appears that XWE does this with any WAD file that I open, and not just Doom2.wad. This is a great way to screw up WAD files for poor, innocent, unsuspecting Doomers that don't back up their stuff. It's a good thing I have copies of everything. 0 Share this post Link to post


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Accession Number : AD0475680
Title : SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF TOTAL OXIDES OF NITROGEN BY FERROUS SULFATE REACTION.
Descriptive Note : Test rept.,
Corporate Author : FRANKFORD ARSENAL PHILADELPHIA PA QUALITY ASSURANCE DIRECTORATE
Personal Author(s) : Norwitz,George
Report Date : NOV 1965
Pagination or Media Count : 30
Abstract : An accurate and rapid method is proposed for the determination of total oxides of nitrogen in gases from initiators and other explosive devices. Total oxides of nitrogen include nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, nitrogen trioxide, nitrogen tetroxide and nitrogen pentoxide. It is frequently customary to determine the total of these oxides because of the similarity in their toxicity, mode of formation, and the ease with which they are converted to each other in equilibrium reactions. In the proposed method the oxides are treated with air and are absorbed into sulfuric acid (10 to 3). Ferrous sulfate reagent is then added and the pink color is measured. It is not necessary that the air oxidize nitric oxide completely. It is shown that nitrate and nitrite give the same color with the ferrous sulfate reagent. The method was checked by a technique using a modified Hamilton syringe, together with a special gas bulb and laboratory cylinders of nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide. (Author)
Descriptors : (*NITROGEN COMPOUNDS, CHEMICAL ANALYSIS), (*COLORIMETRY, OXIDES), GASES, EXPLOSIVES INITIATORS, MEASUREMENT, DIOXIDES, TETROXIDES, SOLVENTS, SULFURIC ACID, IRON COMPOUNDS, SULFATES, REACTION KINETICS, CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM, COMPLEX COMPOUNDS, NITRATES, NITRITES, RECOVERY, RELIABILITY, INTERFERENCE, HYDROGEN COMPOUNDS, SULFIDES
Subject Categories : INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Distribution Statement : APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE


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Article originally posted at Canadian GreenTech
There's no turning back the clock on the clean energy economy transition taking place in the US, according to a new report from the Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC). The paper notes more than 20% of the US population lives in a state that has a goal of generating at least 50% of its energy from renewable sources.
Accelerating into a Clean Energy Future notes the US is accelerating away from fossil fuels into a clean energy future.
"The trend, obvious for more than a decade, is a combined product of state and federal policy harmonized with potent economic forces. Coal-fired generation dropped to historic lows this year, producing only one-third of our electricity, while renewable energy generation reached record highs, with more than one-eighth of America's electricity generated from solar panels, wind turbines, and other renewable resources," states the report.
Smarter energy use in homes, buildings, and appliances reduces the need for dirty fuels and allows utilities to avoid building polluting power plants, lowering customer bills and emissions…
See the entire article.


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Department of Computer Science organised a Design Project Exhibition cum competition (EXPOSER'18). EXPOSER'18 was Technically Affiliated by IEEE-PES Chapter and CSI Ghaziabad Chapter and Sponsored by ABESEC Startup Labs (ASL) and held on 15th November 2018.
61 Teams consisting 180 + students participated
Mr. Naveen Gupta, Manager NXP Solutions, Gurugram, Mr. Neetendra Singh, Trainer cum Entrepreneur, Noida and Mr. Ashutosh Pratap Yadav from Oyo Technology Ltd., Delhi.
were distinguished External jury for the show


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Agent Profile: Chad Kershner
CR (Chad) Kershner has been visiting Baja California since the early 90´s. After spending the last few years studying sociology and foreign languages, he seized the opportunity for a change, and moved to Los Cabos, in Baja California Sur. Originally from Basin, Wyoming, Chad is looking forward to improving his Spanish language skills and working in the Los Cabos real estate market. In addition to such professional pursuits, he is taking up new pastimes, including hiking, ATV riding, snorkeling, and the critically important development of his suntan.
Chad brings to Los Cabos Sotheby's International Realty a commitment to exceptional service in helping his clients find the lifestyle of their dreams and the creation of irreplaceable memories that can be made in Baja California.
Contact Chad, Sotheby's Int'l Realty at (624) 155-1785. ,


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What Is Botnet? Detection And Prevention Of Botnets.
What is a Botnet?
A botnet is a group of hacked devices (Like Computers And Androids) under the control of a black hat hacker. Each individual device in a botnet known as a bot. Bots are also known as "zombie computers" because they work under remote direction without their owner's knowledge. The attackers that control botnets are referred to as "bot herders" or "botmasters."
The most usual applications for botnets include email spam campaigns, denial-of-service attacks (DDoS Attacks), spreading adware/spyware, and data theft (especially financial information, online identities, and user logins). A botnet attack starts with bot recruitment. Bot herders usually recruit bots by spreading botnet viruses, worms, or other malware; it is also possible to use web browser hacking to infect computers with bot malware.
Once a computer has been infected with a botnet virus it will connect back to the bot herder's command and control (C&C) server. From here the attacker is able to communicate with the bot and controlling the bot. When the botnet grows to its required size, the bot herder can exploit the botnet to carry out attacks (stealing information, overloading servers, click fraud, sending spam, etc).
Example: Zeus Botnets
Zeus is a Trojan horse for Windows that was developed to steal bank information using botnets. First Zeus Botnet discovered in 2007, Zeus grow through email, downloads, and online messaging to users across the globe. Zeus botnets used millions of zombie computers to perform keystroke logging and form grabbing attacks that targeted bank data, account logins, and private user data. The information gathered by Zeus botnets has been used in thousands of cases of online identity theft, credit card theft, and more.
In October 2010, the FBI disclosed that it had detected an international cybercrime ring that had used Zeus botnets to steal over $70 million dollars from bank accounts in the United States. This spurred an FBI crackdown on the Zeus Trojan and Zeus botnets that led to the arrest of over 100 cyber-criminals.
In March 2012, Microsoft announced that they had taken over and shut down most of the control-and-command servers that were being used by Zeus botnets. According to Microsoft, all but three C&C domains had been taken down in the effort (formally referred to as Operation b71). While Microsoft wasn't able to eliminate every C&C server, their efforts are expected to slow or stop many of the cyber-criminals that were using Zeus botnets.
Botnet Detection and Prevention
Botnet detection can be difficult, as bots are designed to work without users' knowledge. However, there are some ordinary signs that a computer may be infected with a botnet (listed below). While these symptoms are usually indicative of bot infections, some can also be symptoms of malware infections or network issues and should not be taken as a sure sign that a computer is infected with a bot.
- IRC traffic (botnets and bot herders use IRC for communications)
- Connection attempts with known C&C (control-and-command) servers
- Various machines on a network making identical DNS requests
- High outgoing SMTP traffic (as a result of sending spam)
- Unexpected popups (as a result of click fraud activity)
- High CPU usage/Slow computing
- Spikes in traffic, especially Port 6667 (used for IRC), Port 25 (used in email spamming), and Port 1080 (used by proxy servers)
- Outbound messages (email, social media, instant messages, etc) that weren't sent by the user
- Problems with Internet access
There are some measures that users can take to prevent botnet virus infection. Since bot infections normally spread via malware, many of these measures actually focus on preventing malware infections. Recommended practices for botnet prevention include:
- Network baselining: Network performance and activity should be monitored so that irregular network behavior is apparent.
- Software patches: All software should be kept up-to-date with security patches.
- Vigilance: Users should be trained to refrain from activity that puts them at risk of bot infections or other malware. This includes opening emails or messages, downloading attachments, or clicking links from untrusted or unfamiliar sources.
- Anti-Botnet tools: Anti-botnet tools provide botnet detection to augment preventative efforts by finding and blocking bot viruses before infection occurs. Most programs also offer features such as scanning for bot infections and botnet removal as well. Firewalls and antivirus software typically include normal tools for botnet detection, prevention, and elimination. Tools like Network Intrusion Detection Systems (NIDS), rootkit detection packages, network sniffers, and specialized anti-bot programs can be used to provide more sophisticated botnet detection/prevention/removal.
Botnet Elimination
Botnet detection is purposeless without having botnet elimination ability. Once a bot has been detected in a computer it should be eliminated as quickly as possible using security software with botnet removal/elimination functionality. Once the process of botnet elimination/removal is complete, it is important to remain proactive in botnet detection and prevention efforts.
Botnet elimination can go beyond merely eliminating a bot virus from an infected system. On a larger scale, botnet elimination usually requires shutting down the C&C server that is used to control the botnet. This is typically done when an organization is looking to shut down an entire botnet rather than treat bot infections. Microsoft's campaign against the Zeus botnet is a good example of large-scale botnet removal.
Note: If You like Our Articles And Posts Then Please Follow Our Blog For Reading Our Latest Tech Articles. Thanks...
What Is Botnet? Detection And Prevention Of Botnets. Reviewed by Technowap on August 01, 2019 Rating:


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Very soon we will release further information that should be a good guide for every client, especially from Kicksktarter. Today, we have put together the most common questions and will provide some answers.
1) Is Woolet Extreme delaying our shipments? What will Woolet Extreme look like? When can we order Woolet Extreme?
In the last few days, Woolet Extreme has caused many questions. Some of you wanted to know its dimensions, functions and so on. Please forgive us for not providing satisfactory information, but for now it's simply impossible. The reason is that we have to manage all the challenges with the standard Woolet and campaign gadgets to deliver it on time. Woolet Extreme is a totally different product and a huge challenge, which we want to solve. If there any new information, be assured that backers will be the first to hear about it. For sure, this won't be the reason for any further delay.
2) I'm moving home after June. What should I do? Where can I edit the address?
The editing option in the survey is still open and we will let you know when it will be closed. You can easily change your address. We suggest using the new address, because it's better that the package waits for you than fails to turn up.
3) Where can I order Woolet?
At this moment we offer Woolet through Sneakpick and the Polish platform Designersko. Orders will be shipped after we manage those from Kickstarter.
4) Can I change the "woof woof" sound?
In the final version of the gadget you will be able to choose which sound to play from various options.
5) Is it true that Woolet cannot be charged by pressure? Do I have to order Woolet wireless charging?
Yes, it's true. We tried hard, but unfortunately there is not an option to charge Woolet by pressure or heat. The only option is to use the wireless charging pad.


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If you are looking for Pharmacy tutors for College Level in Delhi, LearnPick can help. We have a large number of experienced teachers and instructors, who can help you taking classes and lessons for Pharmacy tutors for College Level. Both one to one and group class options are available near your place or online. View the profiles of the teachers and trainers detailing their qualification, expertise, teaching techniques, hourly rates and availability. Post your requirement for free and find an excellent tutor.
Fees: INR 500/hr
Distance 18.3 km from Delhi
P A have 2 years of teaching experience
I am m. pharm graduate who worked as assistant professor in college for 2 academic years. presently i am tutoring one student in pharmacy subject.
I explain the topics to students and give notes and sometimes use smart class
Fees: INR 400/hr
Distance 341.1 km from Delhi
Neha C have 2 years of teaching experience
I am pharmacy graduate with medical background. i have keen interest in science. i am humble, kind and disciplined towards students and their studies too. thanks
I prefer to teach with notes & material prepared by me.I explain things with help of flow charts, diagrams & pictorial representations to make it easy to remember.
Fees: INR 350/hr
Distance 10.2 km from Delhi
I am a qualified m.pharma (pharmacology) with 6months research experience at csir laboratory in pharmacogenomoics. though i don't have any teaching experience but i would like to provide effective guidance to pharmacology/science students and guide them through their studies by providing online tuition.
I will strive towards enriching the learning environment through incorporation of a variety of teaching and learning strategies and methods. My motive is to instill in students, all important skills required especially in context to the subject. I always try to actively engage students through various learning activities.
Fees: INR 1000/hr
Distance 1326.9 km from Delhi
Lalita have 5 years of teaching experience
I have done m.pharm in pharmaceutical chemistry, i have been teaching mathematics, english, biology, science to the students of class i - v of all boards and mathematics, chemistry, zoology, biology to the students of class vi - x of all boards since last five years. i also teach chemistry, zoology, bengali, anatomy to the students of class xi - xii of all boards and chemistry, pharmacy to the college students of science stream. my teaching style is unique it is beneficial for boards as well as competitive examination.
I plan the lessons as per the student's ability to cop up and and moreover upon their needs. My teaching technique is student friendly and easy to understand which helps student understand it better. Weekly tests will be conducted to know the student's performance.
Fees: INR 600/hr
Distance 63.6 km from Delhi
B.Pharma, B.Sc
Chandra P have 1 year of teaching experience
I have degree in b.pharma and b.sc. beside it i qualified gate exam, bank specialist officer, bank po exam. currently, i am preparing for civil service exam. i have been teaching physics, chemistry, biology, social studies, history, accountancy, chemistry, computer to the students of class vi - x of all boards and chemistry, zoology, biology, anatomy to the students of class xi - xii of all boards since last year. i also teach chemistry, zoology, pharmacy, ba subjects to the college students of various streams and data structures, data science, dbms to the students of technical courses. my teaching style is unique it is beneficial for boards as well as competitive examination like neet, b.ed tuition, mpsc.
Firstly go through syllabus of particular topic ,with the help of diagram if possible to explain concept of given topic,doubt clearing sessions, previous years question papers practices and finally test of topics should be conducted.
Fees: INR 700/hr
Distance 24 km from Delhi
Ph.D, M.Sc
Dr. V have 10 years of teaching experience
I have excellent command on medical subjects and taking regular classes both at home and online (national and international student). i am having about 10 years of teaching experience in basic and professional biology streams related to medical (mbbs/md) and pharmacy. professional knowledge of competitive exams such as medical entrances (at ug and pg level), all professional courses. excellent communication skill (english language), a good understanding of concepts, ability to motivate, passion for gaining and sharing knowledge. international (usa and other countries) students also welcome.
Teaching and knowledge sharing is always my hobby and interest. My main focus is to teach student from basic to advance so that it builds a good knowledge and solid platform. I am very creative and often use presentations, stories, videos, etc. To make a better understanding of subject. I give personalized attention to students for understanding basics in an easy way and motivate them to remove their exam fear. I keep scheduled test series to make a student study on a regular basis. It helps the students to be ready for exams, and revisions become easier for them. Interacting with people is one of my hobbies, and positive attitude & pro-active working styles are the salient features of my personality. I have been actively participating in various national & international research conferences and authored a number of research papers. I have conducted several interactive workshops for the benefit of students in general and honor of reviewing research papers for International Journal.
Fees: INR 500/hr
Distance 18.6 km from Delhi
B.Sc (Biotechnology, Microbiology, Chemistry)
Vivek K have 5 years of teaching experience
Student will feel my teaching by himself/herself.
As per the syllabus and examination pattern
Distance 21.7 km from Delhi
Naveen S have 6 years of teaching experience
I have almost 2 years of teaching experience as a private tutor. having completed my m.pharma in pharmaceutics from shri guru ram rai institute of technology and science in 2015 i prefer teaching pharma subjects to students of college level.
According to me an effective teaching style engages students in the learning process and helps them develop critical thinking skills. I teach my students to ask questions and develop skills to find answers and solutions through exploration as it is ideal to teach pharma subjects.
Distance 19 km from Delhi
B.Pharm, M. Pharm , Ph.D
I am ph.d in pharmaceutical chemistry. i am interested to share the knowledge that i hold. i wish to do it through private tutoring. i will be teaching pharma subjects to students at college level.
I will encourage all of my students to know what they are learning, why we are learning it and how it applies to the world beyond the classroom. I will design a tutoring program that will be tailored to the students' individual needs. I will then use the best methods to meet those needs.
Fees: INR 800/hr
Distance 28.7 km from Delhi
I've no formal tutoring experience, but i've been conducting lectures on a regular basis in my bachelor's and master's for the juniors. so i have a great command over language and rich knowledge of what exactly needs to be taught to get the best out of the people.
Fees: INR 800/hr
Distance 24.3 km from Delhi
Biswa J have 4 years of teaching experience
Presently working as a senior pharmacovigilance associate. previously working as a lecturer in bangalore. having approximately 4 years of teaching in academic institutions.
I have been teaching organic, medicinal chemistry, biochemistry and physiology since 2011 (Coaching center + Academic institution). For XI, XII my favorite subject for teaching is chemistry. Love to initiate my teaching with the basic concept of the subject to the students.
Fees: INR 500/hr
Distance 11.2 km from Delhi
Ketan K have 2 years of teaching experience
I have teaching experience of two year from new concept academy sirsa haryana specialization biology
Simple and hard working
Fees: INR 200/hr
Distance 34.8 km from Delhi
Deepanshu R have 2 years of teaching experience
I am an intern at i. t. s dental college, i am experienced and work hard to make the students understand. my main motive is to clear the base of the student.
I used to relate the things with day to day life. I makes the thing simpler to make students understand the topic.
Fees: INR 800/hr
Distance 18.2 km from Delhi
Anil S have 1 year of teaching experience
I have experience of teaching computer science at an institution. i taught to nursing institution and health assistant for 1 year.
SIS ( systemic interactive session) where student can take part and interact.
Fees: INR 1500/hr
Distance 6.9 km from Delhi
Satish have 3 years of teaching experience
I have chemical engineering, presently working with german mnc as a senior process engineer and having 3 years of teaching experience as well
Fees: INR 600/hr
Distance 15.1 km from Delhi
B.Pharma, MBA/PGDM
Rekha N have 3 years of teaching experience
I have an experience of 3 years in training the field force as a part of the product management team working in domestic and international pharmaceutical marketing.
Fees: INR 300/hr
Distance 10.2 km from Delhi
No experience, fresher. i have compled b.pharm from pharmacy college azamgarh in june 2019
Fees: INR 500/hr
Distance 13.7 km from Delhi
Qaraan K have 2 years of teaching experience
I m not going to define myself, let you wonder about it.
Main component in teaching is Communication & interaction with students.
Fees: INR 600/hr
Distance 19 km from Delhi
Ruchi S have 3 years of teaching experience
I am a researcher by profession working in pharmaceutical product development. i have worked as an assistant professor in a pharmacy college for a year. i have prior experience of teaching class 6-12 students , as well as pharmacy students.
Available for both online and offline tutoring. My basic approach involves making students understand the basic concept and then apply it to real life examples. I use audio visuals and presentations as and when required and provide personalized notes.
Fees: INR 350/hr
Distance 23.8 km from Delhi
Shabnum have 2 years of teaching experience
I have an experience in teaching. i have completed my masters in pharmacy from jamia hamdard


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€115.99 for a Twin Pack of Ultimate Zero Gravity Chairs in 6 Colours
- Stylish and functional
- Fully reclines, supporting your back and raising your lower legs with ease
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- Guaranteed for 12-months
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- When you've bought a voucher we'll provide you with a redemption link.
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Education Encryption: Laptop Encryption Beats Locked Rooms, Shows University Of South Carolina Data Breach.
The use of laptop encryption in higher education, especially by faculty and staff, seems like a no-brainer to me. After all, such computers are full of personal information, not only of the devices' owners themselves but also of the student body (they still use SSNs as student IDs, don't they?).
While the Department of Education may not openly require the use of encryption software, it's always a good idea. Even if you think that your computer is properly protected behind locked doors. Why? As the University of South Carolina shows us, doors can be busted.
Breach Affects 6,000 Students
According to databreaches.net and a breach notification letter posted at abccolumbia.com, the physics and astronomy departments at the University of South Carolina experienced a data breach when a laptop was stolen from a locked room. The data breach affected 6,000 students who were enrolled in physics and astronomy classes at SC between January 2010 and today.
The breached data involved full names, SSNs, and other personally identifiable information. While disk encryption for student data was not employed, password recovery was used (which is tantamount to applying leaches to a massive melanoma – in other words, less than useless) and the laptop was stored in a locked room.
Considering the type of information that was being stored in that room, however, it surprises me (well, maybe it doesn't. I've heard of worse, actually) that these were the only things between a sensitive data and a burglar. One wonders: if the Department of Education also had a policy of issuing monetary fines – like the Department of Health and Human Services, which can impose a penalty of up to $1 million – for preventable data breaches, would the University of South Carolina relied only on a door for their security needs?
You know what's really surprising, though? That in the past three years, 6,000 students were enrolled in physics and astronomy courses. (And, personally, this is music to my ears.)
School Disk Encryption
Many universities and small colleges have undergone the process of replacing student ID numbers with something other than SSNs. This is a great first step towards data security. After all, you can't have a data breach on what you don't collect.
However, personal information encompasses more than SSNs alone. A student's grades, for example, are also subject to protection. Naturally, these scores have to be linked to some form of identifier, be it a first and last name, a student ID number, or whatever.
In fact, that such information has to be linked to an identifier means that the potential for a data breach is always there. Not using proper protection, then, is an invitation for future data breaches.
Related Articles and Sites:


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If the Futurum Insights Community was a good start but you are either curious about our other services, or would like to dip your toe in our pool of premium memberships without breaking the bank, Futurum Q⁴ might be the upgrade you are looking for.
Designed to bridge the gap between our free community membership and our more robust premium advisory memberships, Futurum Q⁴ is ideal for line of business managers, tech and business journalists, small business owners, and executives looking for just enough insights and information to stay ahead of the game.
Futurum Q⁴ builds on all of the benefits of our Futurum Insights Community membership by also adding:


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Sadie Doesn't Want Her Brother to Grow Up (Original)
How sweet! What parent can't relate to this? We never consider that older kids might just feel the same way about baby brothers or sisters growing up.
Video brought to you by the humorous, fun-loving, awesome people at A-1 Auto Unlock who think that just because you lock your keys out of your car and need a locksmith doesn't mean you don't need to laugh once in a while.
Share your favorite funny video with us at Facebook.com/a1autounlock and maybe we'll post it here to share with our fans.


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Why Choose Grabloader?
Grab Hire, Recycled Aggregates & Topsoil Delivered in Slough
Grabloader is one of the premier grab hire and aggregate companies operating throughout Slough. Over the past 20 years, we've built up a reputation for offering reliable waste removal, quality recycled aggregates and topsoil.
Waste Collection From Slough With Short Notice
When you're planning a building or landscaping project, the last thing you want to spend unnecessary time on is waste removals and collection. Rather than spend a fortune on multiple skips and the appropriate permits, grab hire trucks, however, are a much more efficient and convenient option. With every collection, we operate a 'only pay for we what take away' policy, so whether you have a half skip or multiple skips worth, we can collect it all. Plus, we can schedule a waste collection with just 24-48 hours notice.
A single grab truck can carry the equivalent of 3 skips, providing you with a cost-effective way to dispose of waste. We know waste comes in all shapes and sizes, so our trucks are capable of carrying everything from inert, green waste, horse manure and even mixed rubbish loads.
All of the waste we collect is taken to our processing sites, which is only 30 minutes from Slough, to be recycled into a range of aggregate materials. At Grabloader, we are proud to say that we recycle up to 95% of the waste that we collect, ensuring minimal environmental impact.
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We produce our own range of aggregates including crushed concrete, sand, ballast and drainage shingles, all of which we produce at our Moores Farm site. These materials can be purchased to use in a variety of building projects, so your waste can become someone else's construction material. Our crushed concrete is a great material for car parks, driveways and roads.
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At our recycling sites, we also screen and deliver our very own high-quality topsoil to customers in Slough. Our topsoil is screened at a variety of sizes, so it can be suitable for a number of different purposes. One of our bestselling certified topsoil is great for new planting borders and lawns. We also stock a conditioning soil, which is mixed with peat-free soil conditioner, that is ideal for plant and vegetable growth.
Get in Touch
All of our topsoil and recycled aggregates are available by the bag, tonne or load and be collected from our local quarry. Alternatively, we can arrange a delivery directly to you in Slough. To arrange your waste removal or order some aggregates and topsoil, simply contact our friendly and helpful team on 01753 709 706. Alternatively, use our online contact form and we'll be in touch shortly.
Contact Us
Closest Quarry Location
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Telephone: 01753 709 706
Email: email@example.com
Office Opening Times
Mon - Fri: 8am - 5:30pm
Sat: 8am - 12pm


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Performing arts students from Macclesfield College are preparing to take centre stage at Macclesfield's Barnaby Festival next month when they perform their original drama, 'Trouble in Paradise'.
Macclesfield College in-house theatre company Muse (run by the college's students) has written, directed, choreographed, produced and staged 'Trouble in Paradise'.
The production is set to have its premiere at Macclesfield United Reformed Church on Tuesday 19th June at 7pm.
An immersive theatre experience, that invites the audience to become part of the story, the Trouble in Paradise drama begins in the 1980s with Jennifer, a female journalist.
It then takes the audience on a journey with the protagonist as she discovers family secrets that turn out to be much darker than she'd anticipated.
Bringing Jennifer's great aunt Betty back to life through her diary, the story takes the audience back to the 1920s and, as past and present collide, both Jennifer and the audience realise what a fateful discovery her great aunt's scribblings really were.
The show will have three performances on Tuesday 19th, Thursday 21st and Friday 22nd June and tickets are priced at £10 each.
(Update: Friday now sold out)
Student Katie Fisher commented: "We are really excited about the Trouble in Paradise production because it has involved all the skills students have been gaining across Macclesfield College's Performing Arts courses and collaboratively we have created a script, performance and audience experience that we think brings something really fresh and thought-provoking to the Macclesfield Barnaby Festival."
Katie added: "We want the audience to genuinely feel part of the show so we're inviting them to come to the performance in 1920s dress if they want to, making it even more of an experiential evening."
Rehearsals for the show are well-underway and are going well, with the students feeling so confident that they are already sharing pictures from the rehearsal rooms on the Muse Theatre Company Facebook page.
Sarah Bacon, Macclesfield College's course leader for performing and production arts, said: "The Barnaby Festival can trace its roots back to the 13th century when Macclesfield was granted its borough charter and, in its current form since 2010, it aims to inspire and encourage creativity.
"That's exactly the ethos we have for our performing arts students and this production demonstrates how they are learning both the creative skills to develop something original and exciting and the practical skills they need to deliver their concept in a professional and engaging way.
"The students' efforts have put them side by side on the festival programme with the likes of Will Self and Arthur Smith. It will be a great experience for them and I cannot wait for opening night on 19th June."
Tickets for Trouble in Paradise are available through the Barnaby Festival ticket office.
Visit www.barnabyfestival.org.uk/programme2018 for further information.


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St. Thomas police trial ends with three acquittals
It felt like the Crown's ship was sinking fast.
After St. Thomas police Const. Daniel Spicer, 37, had finished what sounded like the most accurate account of what happened when he and a surveillance team arrested the wrong man, including a description of how one officer punched and another kicked Jamie Clarke, 36, there was a startling turn at Spicer's Ontario Court trial.
Before Spicer was acquitted late Friday, his defence lawyer, Frances Brennan, told Justice Ronald Minard the Crown was conceding that the officers who mistakenly believed Clarke was violent jewelry store robber Wallace Piercey, 41, really did have reasonable and probable grounds to arrest him.
The other shocker was that Spicer, the last of three officers charged with assault causing bodily harm after charges were dismissed against the other two Thursday, was only liable on a count of simple assault.
That charge wasn't because Spicer was the first one to go into the rear of a cab on Nadine Street in London and yank Clarke out of the back seat.
It was because there was some evidence that Spicer, who was wearing plain clothes and driving an unmarked silver pickup truck at the time, hadn't identified himself as a police officer and told Clarke he was under arrest when he opened the rear passenger door.
Crown counsel Jason Nicol insisted to Minard that was the Crown's position all along and
they had charged Spicer with the more serious count to put him on notice that he could be convicted of any included offence under the law.
Minard looked over his reading glasses with that same incredulous gaze he had on Thursday when Nicol argued there was enough evidence to continue the prosecution of constables Frank Boyes, 36, and Sean James, 37, for the joint charge.
"Why in the world was this officer charged with assault causing bodily harm?" Minard said. He wondered out loud, if this was the Crown's position all along, why was no one told about the position until the conclusion of the case.
Spicer laid out precisely his movements in the 20 to 40 seconds it took to handcuff Clarke after the officers had cornered the cab they believed was carrying Piercey, the suspect they dearly wanted for the violent robbery Feb. 2, 2016.
Spicer said he drove up beside the cab, jumped out and made a split-second decision to pull the man they believed was Piercey out of the back of the car.
He said he yelled, "Police. Get out. Get out," opened the door and grabbed Clarke by his coat. In one movement, he had him on his stomach on the ground.
Spicer said his focus was "to get the male out of the cab as quickly as possible."
Spicer knelt down with one knee on Clarke's back, trying to get control of his right arm. Clarke had his arm bent and locked. Spicer said he yelled at him to stop resisting.
Const. Jacob Fischer, who with Const. Matthew Lobsinger testified earlier that he never saw any kicks or punches during the arrest, was on the other side of Clarke, trying to control his left arm.
Boyes, who was closer to Clarke's head, was helping Spicer. Spicer's cuffs were put on Clarke's left arm, but Spicer and Boyes still couldn't get control of the right arm.
"At this point I see Const. Boyes throw a punch to the right side of Mr. Clarke's face," Spicer said.
Clarke then was kicked in the upper right side of either his head or shoulder. "Once the kick came in, I saw it was Const. James," Spicer said.
Spicer got the cuffs on and told Clarke he was under arrest for robbery. Clarke replied, "What robbery?"
Clarke said he wasn't Piercey. He was lifted up and James confirmed they had the wrong suspect.
"I felt terrible," Spicer said.
"I have a lot of integrity in my job and I felt terrible I arrested the wrong person."


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May 13-15, 2015
2015 Health Care Law Update & Annual Meeting
Event Detail
May 13-15, 2015
Pine Mountain, GA
Larry Gage and Adam Biegel participated in this conference hosted by the Georgia Academy of Healthcare Attorneys (GAHA).
Larry was a featured speaker during the session "Public Hospitals Under ACA."
Adam was a featured speaker during the session "Hospital Consolidations: Antitrust Considerations."
May 13-15, 2015
The Lodge & Spa at Callaway Gardens / Pine Mountain, GA
Meet The Speakers
Senior Counsel
Phone: 202.239.3614
Email: email@example.com
Phone: 202.239.3692
Email: email@example.com
Media Contacts


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Head of the laboratory
The experts
Adam D─Öbski, PhD DSc, Eng.
Janusz Pstru┼ø, PhD, Eng.
Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science Polish Academy of Sciences
ul. Reymont 25, 30-059 Krakow
phone: (48) 12 295 28 98, fax: (48) 12 295 28 04
e-mail: Adres poczty elektronicznej jest chroniony przed robotami spamującymi. W przeglądarce musi być włączona obsługa JavaScript, żeby go zobaczyć. , website: http://www.imim.pl
Dilatometric measurement of solid and sintered materials (procedure no. P/19/IB-21)
Hydrogen sorption in solid materials (procedure no. P/19/IB-22)
Optical dilatometer Misura® 3 FLEX-ODLT
Device for gas sorption (IMI HTP) Hiden Isochema
Description of the equipment
1. Dilatometric measurements of solid and sintered materials.
The optical dilatometer Misura® 3 FLEX-ODLT is designed for non-contact dilatometric measurements of very high accuracy. It is possible to register changes in the length of the tested samples as a result of temperature changes (both heating and cooling process) as a function of time, therefore determine the thermal expansion coefficient of investigated samples. Moreover, the optical dilatometer Misura® 3 FLEX-ODLT enables non-contact bending measurements.
The device is calibrated with the use of NIST certificated references sample material "SRM 738 Stainless Steel" (https://www-s.nist.gov/srmors/certificates/738.pdf) at an accredited range of temperature (20-507 ÔùªC).
The dilatometric tests allow for:
Technical parameters of the optical dilatometer Misura® 3 FLEX-ODLT
2. Hydrogen sorption in solid materials
The Hiden Isochema sorption measurement system allows for automatic isothermal absorption and desorption of hydrogen and other gases in both solid and powder samples using Sievert's method. It is possible to test samples in the temperature range from -196 ÔùïC to 500 ÔùïC in the pressure range up to 200 bar. Based on obtained results from hydrogen isothermal absorption and desorption cycles (presented as a mass or atomic percentage as a function of time) the enthalpy of formation and decomposition of tested materials can be determined. In addition, this device cooperates with a mass spectrometer and allows to perform the temperature programmable desorption (TPD). It is also possible to lead the sample into the reactor in a protective gas atmosphere (dedicated to reactive materials).
Performance parameters of the hydrogen sorption measurement apparatus Hiden Isochema:
Preparation of samples for investigation in the L-8 laboratory.
The way samples are taken and delivered for analysis is the responsibility of the Customer. The Customer shall be advised to take samples so as to be representative of a given batch of material.
- Dilatometric tests:
Samples for dilatometric testing should be of sufficient length (50 mm). The surface of the test samples shall be smooth and clean. The parallelism of the test surfaces shall be maintained.
- Hydrogen sorption test:
The shape and form of samples for sorption testing are determined individually with the customer. Maximum test sample size: roller 10 mm long and ¤å 6 mm or powder.
The ones who are interested in carrying out the experiments by using the presented above methods should contact:
Head of the laboratory L-8:
Adam D─Öbski PhD DSc, Eng.
tel: 12 295 28 14
e-mail: Adres poczty elektronicznej jest chroniony przed robotami spamującymi. W przeglądarce musi być włączona obsługa JavaScript, żeby go zobaczyć.


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Virtualisation has been in use for several decades. Some of the earliest references that have been obtained are dated from 1964 (Varian, 1997) and formed part of the operating system of IBM CP-40 for the S/360 mainframe.
Many of the reasons and principles of the early IBM "pseudo machines" such as separation of user environments and OS backwards compatibility are still of particular importance in today. As an example, Microsoft provides backward compatibility by including "XP Mode" with Windows 7 to "reduce possible operational downtime by extending the life of existing software" (Microsoft, 2011). XP Mode is a virtual machine "appliance" with an XP operating system.
The concept of operating system backwards compatibility can be expanded beyond purely software and into the realms of hardware. Hardware emulation allows software intended for a specific hardware platform to function on completely different hardware. Early examples are "games console emulators", where computers such as the Z80 based Sinclair ZX range from the very early 1980s were emulated on 6502 based Acorn and consequently Mac, DOS and several Windows variants (Scherrer, 2011). Although there is an apparently eternal interest in "retrospective gaming", the original motivators for these emulators were purely commercial from user community: to extend the life of game software purchased for a system that very quickly became obsolete.
Emulation can also be used to reduce development time and cross-system expertise. Many programs intended for Windows can be executed directly on Linux systems using "compatibility layer" technologies such as Wine (WineHQ, 2011). If wine is available, any ".exe" programs started in a Linux environment first invoke Wine. The benefit to the software producer is that they do not need to write two sets of code, or employ two separate programmers. The result is reduced costs in production and maintenance, faster time to market and a significantly wider marketplace. The terms "emulation" and "virtualisation" are frequently used interchangeably, and any difference between the two is marginal. If there is a distinction, then it is that the host hardware is emulated whilst the guest is virtualised.


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Showing 1-10 of 10
By: ANON.:
Price: £4.00
Publisher: London: Fontana Books, 1972.:
Seller ID: 7662
1st Fontana ed. "This translation in contemporary language has been produced by The Bible Societies". Pp. 2/213. B/w drawings throughout + 2 maps. Spotting and toning to pages. P/b. G. View more info
By: ANON.:
Price: £15.00
Publisher: Rattlesden: Kevin Mayhew, 1989.:
Seller ID: 32219
1st ed. "Here is a new way to sing the Psalms. For each Sunday there is choice of two settings which share a common, tuneful Response for the people. The First is in traditional chant style, while the second is set like a song with the same melody for each verse." 25.5cms x17.5cms. Pp.125, words and music throughout. Pbk, slight sunning to rear cover near spine. VG. View more info
By: BRITISH AND FOREIGN BIBLE SOCIETY.
Price: £5.00
Publisher: Swindon: British and Foreign Bible Society, 1991. 0564081159:
Seller ID: 40046
"Contains entirely new and original settings of 74 psalms by well-known composers of contemporary Christian music....Another important feature of this collection is that it contains a variety of ways to sing the Psalms - most can be sung straight through by everyone, but there are many where the verses are sung by a soloist or group with the congregation joining in with the refrain; others can be used with intruments and soloists." Unpaginated, words and melody notation. Paperback. VG. View more info
Price: £40.00
Publisher: London: Novello and Company Limited, 1926.:
Seller ID: 41092
In Accordance with the Parellelisms of Hebrew Poetry and Designed to Conduce to a Natural and Expressive Rendering of the Words on the Part of both the Choir and Congregation. Pp.xxvi/545, inscribed by the co-editor (John Brook) to half-title page. Purple cloth, gilt title to front and spine, spine and rear board sunned. Good. View more info
By: FOUR FRIENDS.:
Price: £28.00
Publisher: London: Macmillan and Co., 1871.:
Seller ID: 31578
2nd edition. Students edition - "being an edition with briefer notes of the Psalms Chronologically Arranged by Four Friends." Pp.12/272/4(ads), occasional light spotting. Brown cloth, gilt title to spine, some edge wear and minor bumps to corners. G+. View more info
By: HARRIS, Rendel.:
Price: £15.00
Publisher: London: James Nisbet,1909.:
Seller ID: 2042
1st ed. Pp.10/66,inscrip. to fep, endpapers toned and minor spotting to prelims. Cream cloth, spine darkened, gilt title to front and spine. G+. View more info
Price: £5.00
Publisher: London: Novello & Co. nd.:
Seller ID: 21273
Edited and printed for chanting upon the principles of natural speech-rhythm. Consist of a Preface in three sections: On the Principles of Pointing; II. Practical Chanting; III. Notes on the Public Use of the Psalter in Service(by Cosmo Ebor and H. Scott Holland). Followed by The Canticles and Hymns. Pp.15/13. Paperback. G. View more info
Price: £12.00
Publisher: London: Geoffrey Cumberlege, Oxford University Press, 1949.:
Seller ID: 26115
1st ed. ".. a historical survey of Scottish Psalmody wih special reference to the 1650 Psalter." Pp. 23/234, frontis, 13 b/w illustrations, inscrip. and toning to fep. Red cloth, gilt title and minor sunning to spine. G+. View more info
By: WARREN, Norman.
Price: £14.00
Publisher: London: HarperCollins, 1994. 055104005X:
Seller ID: 41843
Music and text. 25cms x 19.5cms. "Contains 97 Responsorial Psalms (one for every Sunday in a two-year cycle), and also includes 10 settings of the Canticles from The Alternative Service Book 1980. The musical settings incluce both chanted Psalms and others in a more free-flowing style. Unpaginated. Red cloth, gitlt title to front and spine. VG. View more info
By: WHITEMAN, Yvonne. (Editor).
Price: £10.00
Publisher: London: Frances Lincoln Ltd., 2000. 0711216002:
Seller ID: 15327
1st ed. This edition reproduces a selection of the most memorable Psalms, in the language of the glorious King James translation. Each extract is accompanied by a detail of a painting from masters including Giotto, Ghirlandaio, Rembrandt and Michelangelo. Pp. 77, 32 illustrations, illustrated endpapers. Blue cloth, gilt title to spine, illustrated dustwrapper. F/F. View more info


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Country Bulgaria
Language English
Shipments temporarily suspended. Pre-order
Shipments temporarily suspended. Pre-order
Rashid was born in Cairo in 1958. He studied architecture in Canada and in the United States, before opening his New York Asymptote Studio in 1988. He holds various teaches posts worldwide, and with his studio has designed a vast range of works that place him well ahead of his peers in the field of digital design. His projects span from experimental spatial installations to digital architecture. His most innovative works include two multi-dimensional and interactive architectural environments, i.e. the New York Stock Exchange Virtual Trading Floor and the Guggenheim Virtual Museum.


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Last Updated on
By default turn on all sounds on your Samsung galaxy Note 9 and other devices. You can see different sounds & vibration settings on Note 9 such as Notification sound, touch sound, screen lock sound, vibration pattern, keyboard sound, Dialing keypad tones, keyboard vibration and more. In this tutorial, I'll show complete process to disable keyboard sound on Galaxy Note 9 Oreo 8.1.
By default enable keyboard sound on galaxy Note 9. You can find keyboard sound under sound and vibration settings. Also change vibration pattern on Note 9 using this settings. Follow below given step by step complete guide to disable keyboard sound on Galaxy Note 9.
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How to enable or disable keyboard sound on Galaxy Note 9
When turn on keyboard sound on your Samsung Note 9, play sounds when you tap keys on the Samsung keyboard.
Step 1: Swipe down notification panel and tap Settings gear icon
Step 2: Tap Sounds and vibration
In Samsung galaxy Note 9 sounds and vibration settings, you can see sound mode, system sound, keyboard sound, Do not disturb, Dolby Atmos and more.
Step 3: Scroll down up to key-tap feedback section
Here you can see dialing keypad tones, keyboard sound and keyboard vibration settings. By default turn on all keypad sounds in your Samsung galaxy Note 9.
Dialing keypad tones
Play tones when you tap keys on the dialing keypad.
Keyboard sound
When type on your Samsung keyboard or other keyboard you use in your device, play sound automatically.
Keyboard Vibration
Vibrate when the Samsung keyboard is tapped.
Step 4: Turn off toggle "Keyboard sound"
By default also turn on system sounds on galaxy Note 9 including touch sounds, screen lock sounds, charging sounds and vibration feedback. You can disable it using above given settings in your Note 9.
How to change vibration pattern on Galaxy Note 9
Step 1: Swipe down notification shade and tap Settings gear icon
Step 2: Tap Sounds and vibration settings
Step 3: Scroll down up to see vibration pattern and tap on it
By default vibration pattern set as basic call as on your Samsung galaxy Note 9 and other devices.
Step 4: Choose from Basic call/Heartbeat/Ticktock/Zig-Zig-Zig/Waltz
You can also change vibration intensity, use volume keys for media, vibrate while ringing, set custom ringtone, notification sound and other settings using this galaxy Note 9 sounds & vibration settings.
Do you still have question about disable keyboard sound on Galaxy Note 9? If you have any question, tell us in below comment box. Stay and connect with us for latest updates.


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Today is 28/03/2020
There aren't any anniversary celebrations of members of our community today, but you can add your own anniversary celebrations to your profile information.
Upcoming Celebrations
There aren't any anniversary celebrations of members of our community in the next 7 days.
There aren't many better hobbies to make you smarter than thinking. Think of it as Exercising Your Mind ("AKA Thinking").Take 30m at the end of every day to find somewhere quiet and think. You are probably thinking that this suggestion sounds somewhat silly- afterall, don't we all think all the time?
But focused thinking without distraction is wildly different from the kind of thinking you do all day long.
Every morning in Africa, a gazelle wakes up, it knows it must outrun the fastest lion or it will be killed.
Every morning in Africa, a lion wakes up. It knows it must run faster than the slowest gazelle, or it will starve.
It doesn't matter whether you're the lion or a gazelle. When the sun comes up, you'd better be running.
Read the inspiring "tomato story" below and it may change your way of thinking. For me, I will choose to keep the email account even if I plan to sell tomatoes.


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If you ever parked your car at the airport, you would definitely have thought that "Why Airport Parking is Expensive?". Securing a safe parking space where your car will rest for days during when you'll be enjoying your trip seems a dream, and the completion of this dream falls quite heavy on your pocket. So, why is it?
What Decides the Charges of Parking?
Parking charges are decided on demand base. Pricing variates as per on the basis of comfort, security and distance from the terminal. Peak demand for these three factors increases parking rates.
What are the Options for Airport Parking?
There are multiple options for airport parking and travelers opt the parking type that best complements their needs and budget. Have a look at each parking type:
Short-Term Parking
Short-Term Parking offer lets you park your car in a parking lot that's quite closer to the terminal. They are easy and comfortable but expensive to avail. Short-term parking lots suit those who just a drop-off and pick-up the passengers. Parking car for overnight in a short-term parking lot will cost you a substantial amount.
Daily Parking
Daily parking lots are expensive but not much than those of short-term parking lots. These parking lots are located at a shorter distance from the airport terminal. If you are parking your car in a daily-type parking lot, then you sometimes need to catch a shuttle bus to reach the terminal.
Long-Term Parking
These are also sometimes referred to as Satellite Parking Lots. They normally are situated very far from the airport terminals. After parking, you have to take a shuttle bus to the airport. These parking lots do not cost much and are ideal for those who wish to leave their cars for many days in the parking lot.
Valet Parking
Valet parking, also called on-airport parking, is expensive but too luxurious! Parking charges increase with the passage of time. Not all valet-type parking lots avail overnight parking offer.
Off-Airport Parking
These are private parking lots. They offer multiple unique offers and many offer their own shuttle bus. Mostly, they are situated near to the airport terminals.
If you are planning a trip, then don't forget to secure your beloved car in your absence. Book the safest parking lot via Airport Parking Cheap Deals, because we offer the cheapest and convenient parking with unbeatable service. We boastfully provide parking services in almost all major UK airports.
Our Parking Services
We serve our beloved clients with Meet and Greet, On-Airport, and Park and Ride parking types. Let's have a quick view of these types:
Meet and Greet Parking-Get your car parked in a secure parking lot via an experienced chauffeur.
On-Airport Parking-Avail space for your car in a parking lot that is closest to the airport.
Park and Ride Parking-Park your car in a secure parking lot and get a shuttle bus to reach the airport.
For more detail, you can visit our website. Have a happy journey throughout!