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The nights when Moses plays at Borgia's Palace are always amazing. All the big names in Clint City turn up to hear him play, especially when Jose Star is part of the line-up, accompanying him with his crooning melodies. It's even been known for Daqun to take part in the show, making the audience tremble in their seats with his "sadocupunture" act, while the other members of the troupe take advantage of the distraction to rob them blind. So, to emerge from one of these evenings unscathed, there's nothing like having a body-guard like Ward hg…
Get these characters in the shop's packs
ghelas - Friday 06/07/2012, 01:41
Titan - E X C A L I B U R
@Tititoro: I think it's a significant but definitely not insurmountable advantage. Look at it this way: 7 power vs 6 power gets 1 more attack per pill invested. So you would have a +12 attack advantage at a whopping 12 pills.
If that's unfair by your standards, then any card with a 12 attack manip bonus and 7 power should not exist at all, because it gets the same advantage against many 7-powered cards at just 1 pill.
I get that some people in this game have a strong preference towards certain clans... But I never know how to react when people complain that their favorite super-well-rounded clan needs to have one minor weakness "fixed." (On a somewhat related note, I'm pretty sure UR could make a fortune if they sold "Free Arno" t-shirts!)
@ghelas, in type extended, it's not extreme, but in elo, 6 power is enough for them to stand fair ground through their bonus. When this bonus is cancelled, all you are left with is a 6 powered impact. Now of course, there are exceptions, like anita, whom has dr and soa as a weakness, plus that courage is a way to easily target it, but adding stable 7 and 8 powers could be a bit excessive. For example, cutie stands very good chances against buckler, leviatonn can wipe out suzie or anita, and so on... But anita and suzie can fight.
It might not seem so bad, but many 4*'s have 6 power. Suzie is just about the only one that does not. If they get a higher powered assortment of 3/2*'s, our only deffense against rescue is soa... Which very easily could be countered by ghoub or glosh. Trust me, an 8 powered 2* with one of the strongest bonus jn the game is going to be dangerous... Unless if a big backlash... Just my opinion...
Gikun - Friday 06/07/2012, 11:11
Imperator - DL's Knights
Lol, everybody talking about rescue, please stop spamming dude...
Thoazol - Friday 06/07/2012, 22:20
Moderator - Wise Men Distracted
Well to be fair, there wasn't much to discuss on the release itself. Jose Star, Daqun and Ward Hg are all pretty basic cards. And Moses mostly introduced Support: -opp life. That's it. None of them is outstanding, none of them downright sucks (Even Ward Hg has 8 power and pill recovery going for him; and Daqun *is* still an 8 powered poison with defeat insurance.) And then the discussion derailed from the mention of changing Katrina to an 8 power. And as we all know, it's a very hard subject for Rescue fans to have such a low base power.
Also, Skeelz Ld being a 3*. I told you so.
Gikun - Saturday 07/07/2012, 08:43
Imperator - DL's Knights
Lol, thoazol. I know but, isn't a little bit out of topic ? and they continue it along...
Poison Ivy89 - Thursday 12/07/2012, 18:11
Veteran - Open Casket
New cards tomorrow. Predictions are bangers, berserk, and frozn
Thoazol - Thursday 12/07/2012, 19:34
Moderator - Wise Men Distracted
Given it's Friday the 13th, a Nightmare would be fitting to the theme. Or a black panther for the Jungo. Or a goth for.. Any clan.


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What Now?
This story appears in the June 2001 issue of Entrepreneur. Subscribe »
The recent boom years were good while they lasted. Making money was easy: Just strap your fortune to the overall economy, and ride the rocket to riches. And just because Alan Greenspan took the punchbowl away, that doesn't mean the party has to end for entrepreneurs.
"The opportunity for fast growth, profits and accumulation of wealth is still possible," says Nina McLemore, chair of the National Foundation for Women Business Owners and president of Regent Capital Partners LP in New York City.
However, you shouldn't expect to grow your business in overfarmed fields. Yes, some of you will still be able find venture capital, but you are the exotic breeds. If entrepreneurs want to achieve 20 to 30 percent annual growth, most of them will have to find a new way.
The old business model relied on large capital inputs to offset high fixed costs, says Elizabeth Gatewood, the Jack M. Gill chair of entrepreneurship at Indiana University, Bloomington's Kelly School of Business. "If the VC spigot is turned off," she notes, "you've got to look to a different model: lower fixed costs, higher variable costs."
If that approach sounds vaguely familiar, it's because businesses worked this way before, oh, 1995. Back to the basics is the new mantra. And one cornerstone of the old-time strategy for building a business is the alliance. But before you go pulling out your college economics textbooks for a refresher course on running a business, recognize that the Internet revolution made drastic changes in all our familiar business concepts-including the partnership.
Thinking Big
First off, recognize who controls today's market. There are still plenty of opportunities to form alliances with smaller businesses (more on that later), but corporate America looms much larger than it has in recent years.
"The companies that were going to be done in by the dotcoms are calling the shots in this marketplace," says John Rymer, founder of Upstream Consulting, an Emeryville, California, business strategy consulting firm. "If you're going to sell, that's who you'll sell to."
Despite their market power, these giants need your entrepreneurial pep. "Large companies are under tremendous pressure for growth, which is in direct contrast with pressure for immediate financial numbers," says Mark Rice, director of the Severino Center for Technological Entrepreneurship at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Troy, New York.
The CEOs of large companies have felt these demands since the late 1980s, but the 1990s boom made it easier to achieve growth. Now they need small companies to help them grow without dramatically increasing costs.
Corporate America sees entrepreneurs as a fairly inexpensive source of new products and services that it can resell, according to Rice. They also represent a way to quickly put out new products that might otherwise languish in the R&D labs. Corporate CFOs often prefer a revenue stream from licenses for spun-off technologies to lower returns on sunk investments. And, of course, you may be able to take over a service-warehousing products or designing packaging, for example-that isn't part of a larger company's core business.
In turn, you'll find such alliances attractive now because the boom years left corporate America's balance sheets in relatively great shape, despite the current profit crunch. "You can have partnerships with companies where they provide vendor financing or sale of equity," says Todd Dagres, a general partner at Battery Ventures LP in Wellesley, Massachusetts, and senior lecturer at M.I.T.'s Sloan School of Management. "Some suppliers are willing to help their customers. That money is not easy to get, but it's another way to top off the tank."
Funds from partnerships don't just come in the form of direct investment, says Steve Spinelli, director of the Arthur M. Blank Center for Entrepreneurship at Babson College in Wellesley, Massachusetts. "You can get a lease or 180-day terms," he says. "That's cash flow of a strategic nature."
Harsh Realities
Here's where things get tough, however. In the short term, you're going to have to work hard, because corporations are turning inward right now to sort out their own operations while the economy is in a funk. In other words, it's difficult to get attention when people are worried about how to slash a department's budget or about getting laid off. They may also be picking up the slack as colleagues depart. "Everybody has to answer to shareholders, so a lot of people have been focusing internally and ignoring outside activities," says Jack Lowden, vice president for equity groups at the Association for Corporate Growth.
Once you manage to establish contact, you'll still face the intense job of managing the relationship. These days, large firms have multiple partnerships. What is a bet-the-farm project for you might be a once-a-week consideration for your partner. "You have to go in with your eyes open," says Larraine Segil, author of Intelligent Business Alliances (Times Books). "You'll have to do all the work."
One area where you'll have to put in some extra effort is your computer systems. Spinelli notes that the Web continues to be critical in corporate decision-making. "They're looking for a fully enabled Web value chain," he says. "So the more nimble companies are asking where they can make changes to add value."
Providing the goods and services isn't enough. Systems have to be adapted to your partner's information needs. Your father's business probably never had to worry about adopting electronic data interchange or learning XML. Yours very well may.
Alternate Routes
Be warned: Some companies may consider you too small. Rather than force the issue, try an end run, suggests Rymer. Many firms have long-standing outsourcing agreements with various companies. When you can't crack the main account, think about becoming a subcontractor for one of those established partners. That way you'll have someone to act as an agent between you and the large corporation.
This multitiered partnering system works down the food chain, too. Although alliances between entrepreneurs have been around for ages, the economy is much more diverse than before. Thousands of companies in business today didn't even exist five years ago. Plus, millions of laid-off executives have become free agents rather than return to the corporate fold. Each of these players represents a potential partner down the line.
"Opportunities to grow by partnering with smaller companies are different, but just as compelling," says Rice. The main benefit of smaller alliances is motivation. Both you and your partner will likely move much quicker than a big company.
Spinelli has invested in one example of a company using this approach. TenCorp, a Needham, Massachusetts, computer networking firm, is expanding beyond New England by partnering with smaller tech firms-many with about $1 million in annual sales.
Because TenCorp targets mainly schools and small businesses, it needs the expertise of local computer specialists who know the local players. TenCorp provides its partners with discounts on equipment and expertise in various technologies. "They've reached down in the food chain rather than up, but it gives them dramatically bigger growth," Spinelli says.
So how is this different from a 1930s wholesaler doing business with small grocery stores in a region? Today, technology plays as important a role in these partnerships as it does with bigger firms. TenCorp has developed an extranet that allows its partners to tie directly into its systems to check product deliveries and scheduling.
Get Personal
Of course, partnerships are no cure-all. "Over 60 percent of alliances fail," says Segil. She lays the blame on too much attention paid to the business aspects of the deal and neglecting softer issues: "As you go along, the business concerns decrease, and the personal issues increase."
But schmoozing is what running your own firm is all about, right? This new environment requires that you work with the big kahuna as well as the smaller fish. You have to be adaptable and able to swallow your ego if your dreams of partnering with a Fortune 500 firm fade into working with a five-person shop down the street. Think strategically about the role you can play in partnerships with both bigger and smaller companies. Your systems have to be alliance-ready.
Sounds like a challenge any entrepreneur would relish-as long as it keeps the party rolling.
|That's not all, folks! Here are even more
tactics you need for success in 2001:
THINK GLOBALLY:Vincent S. Daniels, director of the international MBA program at Florida International University in Miami, says to look overseas for opportunities to grow your company. "Globalization is going to be the driving force for the next decade or so," he says.
"Franchising is the biggest area internationally," says Mike Cosgrove of the University of Dallas. "The U.S. is franchised out, but much of the world is not-including India and Latin America."
DESIGNATED HITTERS:Stop beating yourself to a pulp every day-find someone to share the burden of running your company. Cosgrove notes an increasing number of talented, wealthy executives want to run small companies. Taking advantage of this talent pool may give you the expertise necessary to take your company to the next level. If someone else can do the job better, the best move for you and your company may be to excuse yourself from day-to-day operations.
Chris Sandlund is Entrepreneur's "Management Buzz" columnist.

subset: commoncrawl


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Current Student
Welcome to the College of Arts and Sciences, current students! Our pledge to you is that we will work hard to help you discover and focus your passion, so you can let your inquisitiveness run wild. Here are some great resources to help you get started.Let curiosity move you.


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A little test For those of us soon to meet their maker:
http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/ ... rsion5.swf
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motoman wrote:Very strange, my original link works, someone (I blame Greenbean) must have spilled coffee over it.
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Occasionally I stumble upon a vignette and my mind takes a photograph. I want those photos to stay in my heart forever (and a day). I love it when my kids are being kids, when nature abounds in all its glory, or even when I see the chippy picket fence down the street. Usually my camera isn't in hand or I hesitate too long to run and grab it, but as hard as it feels sometimes, I am learning to appreciate the moment. We snap so many photos within our lives, no more precious film to waste to help us determine if the picture is actually worth it. Everything is a picture now! When I upload pictures it is hard to even delete the outtakes, sometimes even years later they are greatly appreciated.
I remember seeing this picture and thinking "Oh Henry..." (That really is a worn out phrase around here.) I didn't even doubt that one is one for the cutting room floor. Luckily I kept it and can hopefully save it for his wedding :)
I print some pictures, but gone are the days when I carefully wrote the location and date on each one and put it in an album. Now here I am in 2016 with an occasional printed picture and thousands sitting in hard drives, memory cards, back up websites. But my favorite will always be the pictures in my heart. Hope you are making summer memories today.


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Big Turnout for PSC's Discover 09 Open House
PITTSBURGH, January 29, 2009 - With a turnout of 131 people, including students and teachers from local universities, governmental organizations and others interested in computational science, the Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center's Discover 09 Open House met its goal of introducing high-performance computing to a wide regional audience.
"There were many contacts made and much information shared," said Cheryl Begandy, PSC manager of outreach. PSC exhibits showed graphical results from many fields of research, including storm forecasting, earthquake soil vibration and realistic cellular modeling, and provided information on PSC's education and outreach programs.
Guests included students and faculty from Clarion University, Duquesne University, Robert Morris University, West Virginia University, Carnegie Mellon and the University of Pittsburgh. Teachers and administrators from local school districts including North hills, Chartiers Valley and Pittsburgh learned about various K-12 progams that PSC offers.
PSC Staff speak with Danial Lentz (center), principal of the Pittsburgh Science and Technology Academy,
and other guests during Discover 09 Open House.
Inset: Marcela Madrid (left) speaks with a University of Pittsburgh student about her HIV research.


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VANCOUVER — With the third overall pick in the 2013 NFL draft, the Miami Dolphins selected Dion Jordan, a defensive end from the Oregon Ducks who might be an answer to a growing question: How can teams cope with the new wave of option quarterbacks entering the pro game?
Athletic QBs -- Colin Kaepernick of the 49ers, Cam Newton of the Panthers, Robert Griffin III of the Redskins, etc. -- require dramatic changes in the defences that cope with them. Football is a game of move and counter-move. Thus, coordinators are looking for defenders with sweet feet and the physical tools to slow the tide of Kaepernicks, Newtons and Griffins washing over the league and turning the NFL game into barn-burning contests.
Is Boseko Lokombo one of them?
The senior linebacker from Oregon believes he is.
"Maybe my production isn't as high as a lot of people would want, but I'm a first-round type guy," Boseko told The Vancouver Sun." I could be top five, even No. 1. The sky's the limit."
Understand, the graduate of WJ Mouat secondary school in Abbotsford is not talking about "top five" in Monday's Canadian Football League draft. He's projecting to next year's graduation, at Radio City Music Hall in New York, where he expects to get the obligatory "Welcome, bro" hug from NFL commissioner Roger Goddell as a first rounder in the 2014 draft.
Lokombo has been the top-ranked player in two of the three draft rankings put out by the CFL since last September, even though he still has his senior year at Oregon left. He will likely go early Monday anyway, yet there will be a good layer of uncertainty behind the pick. He could end up being an O. J. Atogwe (2004) or a Danny Watkins (2010), two first-round picks by the B.C. Lions the CFL team probably will never see. Both got drafted by NFL teams a year after the Lions claimed them.
While he remains "curious" about the CFL draft, and regards Canada as a fallback option, Lokombo wants to be part of the defensive revolution in the NFL precipitated by the changing offensive styles.
"People who recognize my skill say I have the ability to play with the best, and the NFL is the best league," Lokombo said. "It's where I want to end up. Of course, anything can happen, and injuries are out of your control. If something should happen, and it doesn't work out, the CFL is always there."
For all the notoriety Oregon's high-octane offence received in Chip Kelly's system, who could blame the defence for feeling a little left out?
The fact is, last season was historically one of the Pac-12 power's best on defence, and people noticed. Jordan was drafted in the first round by the Dolphins, inside linebacker Kiko Alonso went in the second round to the Bills, middle linebacker Michael Clay was signed by the Dolphins and defensive tackle Isaac Remington by the Eagles.
With Clay and Alonso gone, that leaves Lokombo as the sole returning starter in Oregon's linebacking corps. Entering his fourth year, he wants to take his game to another level in 2013. He's also hoping for a slight change in defensive philosophy at Oregon that might boost his draft status.
Under Kelly (now the head coach in Philadelphia), the Ducks rotated defenders to keep them fresh and the tempo high, much like a hockey team.
But splitting snaps doesn't translate to big tackle or sack numbers. Jordan, for instance, had five sacks as a premier edge rusher last season -- though the pro game is not always about individual stats but the ability to affect and limit the passing/running game.
"Dion had five sacks, yet he still went third overall," Lokombo said. "That inspires and motivates me to be even better. I have to stay injury-free, play smart and increase my production. I wasn't playing every down last year, and it's one thing I hope will change so my numbers won't hurt my draft stock. I want to have a breakout year and go from there."
So, is Lokombo the type of NFL prospect who will be in demand, the way the game is evolving?
"I think Bo has all the fundamentals, skill set and smarts to succeed in the CFL," said draft guru Kent Ridley, of Ridley Scouting Services. "I'm not as convinced that he'll be as ideal in the NFL. Bo ran a 4.88 during his third year at Oregon when they did winter timing. I've been more lukewarm on Bo than some others."
Other draftniks counter by pointing out Lokombo's NFL size (6'3, 225), power, instincts and credible speed (more typically in the 4.5-4.7 range). They suggest that whatever CFL team drafts him will have to make peace with the gamble, since he could be another Atogwe.
NFL stud or future CFL star?
The answer is still a year away.
• Predicting 2013 CFL Draft Top 10
1. Hamilton — Linden Gaydosh, DE, Calgary — Peace River farm boy is popular choice for first overall.
2. Winnipeg — Ben D'Aguilar, DE/LB, McMaster — Will make better transition to CFL coming off the edge.
3. Montreal — Matt Sewell, OT, McMaster — Team that lines up five non-imports on O-line can't overlook this guy.
4. Saskatchewan — Andy Mulumba, DE, Eastern Michigan — Perhaps he falls because of Green Bay's interest.
5. Montreal — Bo Lokombo, LB, Oregon — A gamble, since Lokombo is a solid prospect eligible for 2014 NFL draft.
6. B.C. — Corey Watman, OG, Eastern Michigan — Watman and Matt Norman could play together in B.C. for a long time.
7. Calgary — Brent Urban, DT, Virginia — At 6'7", 290, Mississauga, Ont. native is a 2013 version of Doug Brown.
8. Toronto — Jesse Joseph, DE, Connecticut — Quebec native was first true freshman to start on defence in Huskies' history.
9. Ottawa — Brander Craighead, OT, UTEP — Ottawa region product has started 23 of past 24 games for the Miners.
10. Edmonton — Hunter Steward, OT, Liberty — Went from rotational D-lineman to OL where he made 11 starts at LT in 2012.
Rankings and comments by Kent Ridley of Ridley Scouting Services.


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MEDIA LENS: Correcting for the distorted vision of the corporate media July 23, 2007
The first truth of American foreign policy is that it is formulated to maximise corporate profits and state power. The second truth is that it is perennially sold to the public as a mission to spread freedom, democracy and human rights. The third truth is that the first two truths apply regardless of whether the Republicans or Democrats hold power.
But this cannot be true. After all, America led the 1999 Nato campaign to stop "the Serbian genocide machine" in Kosovo, as the Guardian observed in April of that year. (Peter Preston and Patrick Wintour, 'War in the Balkans,' The Guardian, April 4, 1999)
Although the word genocide is rarely used now that the basic facts have become undeniable, Kosovo continues to be almost universally acclaimed as an example of "humanitarian intervention". Indeed it is used as circumstantial evidence for the purity of US-UK motives in Iraq. In reviewing the "legacy" of Tony Blair, Polly Toynbee wrote:
"Abroad, Blairism was a noble ideal of liberal interventionism: sheer force of moral argument brought a reluctant US to the rescue of Kosovo and the downfall of genocidal Milosevic." (Toynbee, 'Regrets? Too few to mention any in particular,' The Guardian, May 11, 2007)
Jonathan Freedland commented of Blair:
"He led the Nato alliance into what was hailed as the first humanitarian war, the military action aimed at saving Muslim lives from Serb aggression in Kosovo in 1999." (Freedland, 'The Blair years: A contrarian and a magician,' The Guardian, May 11, 2007)
Notice that Freedland subtly affirmed in the second half of the sentence what he reported as merely "hailed as" true in the first half.
Johann Hari wrote in the Independent:
"In 1997, with fears that the violence would begin again, Blair had a naive, noble desire to stop Serbian ultranationalism in its bloody tracks." (Hari, 'Blair's legacy lies in the Baghdad morgue,' The Independent, May 14, 2007)
'Bambi' Blair, then, was a well-intentioned innocent abroad. Hari felt able to write this eight years, and many hundreds of thousands of deaths, after Andrew Marr wrote at the height of the Kosovo war of Blair: "I am constantly impressed, but also mildly alarmed, by his utter lack of cynicism." (Marr, 'Hail to the chief. Sorry, Bill, but this time we're talking about Tony,' The Observer, May 16, 1999)
Yasmin Alibhai-Brown wrote more recently:
"Robin Cook promulgated the ideals of an ethical foreign policy and we intervened nobly in Sierra Leone, Bosnia and Kosovo." (Alibhai-Brown, 'Blair's failed promise to Britain's blacks,' The Independent, May 14, 2007)
"Who is this 'we' exactly that you're talking about?" as Harold Pinter has asked so well. Is it, perhaps, an elite journalist special forces unit? David Aaronovitch explained in the Independent:
"Would I fight, or (more realistically) would I countenance the possibility that members of my family might die [for Kosovar Albanians]?"
His answer: "I think so." (Aaronovitch, 'My country needs me,' The Independent, April 6, 1999)
The technical term for this kind of writing is: 'independent liberal journalism.'
Keith Waterhouse responded a little unkindly in the Daily Mail:
"David, baby, you are too old, too fat and too silly to be allowed to handle a gun, as you well know. Throwing Lion bars to the refugees would be about your mark.
"On the other hand, we don't want to lose you but we think you ought to go.
"I would personally buy the tin helmet and fly him over Kosovo in a hired helicopter if I thought the beggar would jump." (Waterhouse, 'Fighting talk,' Daily Mail, April 8, 1999)
By contrast, John Norris, director of communications during the Kosovo war for deputy Secretary of State Strobe Talbott - a leading figure in State Department and Pentagon planning for the war - commented on the real motives. Presenting the position of the Clinton administration, Norris wrote in his book, Collision Course: "it was Yugoslavia's resistance to the broader trends of political and economic reform – not the plight of Kosovar Albanians – that best explains NATO's war". (Norris, Collision Course: NATO, Russia, and Kosovo, Praeger, 2005, p.xiii)
Strobe Talbott noted in his foreword that "thanks to John Norris," anyone interested in the war in Kosovo "will know... how events looked and felt at the time to those of us who were involved".
"Hence," Noam Chomsky writes, "Norris's evaluation is of particular significance for determining the motivation for the war." (Chomsky, Failed States, Hamish Hamilton, 2006, chap. 2, n 34)
The Balkans writer Neil Clark had earlier pointed out: "The rump Yugoslavia... was the last economy in central-southern Europe to be uncolonised by western capital. 'Socially owned enterprises', the form of worker self-management pioneered under Tito, still predominated. Yugoslavia had publicly owned petroleum, mining, car and tobacco industries, and 75% of industry was state or socially owned." (Clark, 'The spoils of another war,' The Guardian, September 21, 2004;http://www.guardian.co.uk/Kosovo/Story/0,2763,1309165,00.html)
In the Nato bombing campaign, state-owned companies - rather than military sites - were specifically targeted. Nato only destroyed 14 tanks, but 372 industrial facilities were hit - including the Zastava car plant at Kragujevac. "Not one foreign or privately owned factory was bombed," Clark noted. (Ibid)
The media consensus on the humanitarian nature of the war, then, is a fraud. Indeed, in reality, Nato's bombing campaign dramatically increased the scale of atrocities against Kosovar civilians, as Nato commanders predicted ahead of their assault.
Unsurprisingly, Norris's words do not exist for the liberal media - they have not been mentioned in any UK newspaper.
This all accords well with the three truths of US policy described above.
British Foreign Policy - Always A New Dawn
The first truth of British foreign policy is that it is also formulated to serve elite power. The second truth is that it is rooted in unwavering support for US policy, including participation in attacks on defenceless Third World targets - the reason London, not Stockholm, has been subject to September 11-style suicide attacks.
The third truth is that this foreign policy is always sold in a way that echoes US claims of humanitarian intent, so lending a veneer of international legitimacy and support. It is of course very much easier for a "coalition" to claim to be expressing "the will of the international community" than it is for a rogue superpower acting alone.
The fourth truth is that these truths apply regardless of whether Labour or Conservatives hold power.
Finally, because the collision between the reality and appearance of policy becomes increasingly obvious over time, the fifth truth is that a change of British government is always said to herald a change to a more moral foreign policy. This transformed policy is always said to be driven by idealistic new minds acting out of revulsion at past 'mistakes' - the slate can thus be wiped clean and media gullibility rebooted to the default setting.
Thus, as Tony Blair took office in 1997, his new foreign secretary, Robin Cook, promised a new, ethical approach:
"We will not permit the sale of arms to regimes that might use them for internal repression or international aggression." (Quoted, Ian Black, 'Cook gives ethics priority,' The Guardian, May 13, 1997)
This would be part of New Labour's determination to do nothing less than "put human rights at the heart of our foreign policy," Cook claimed. (Ibid)
Liberal cheerleaders queued up to celebrate the revolution. In the New Statesman in 1999, John Lloyd looked back on "one of the boldest initiatives taken by a major state to shift foreign policy on to new tracks". (Lloyd, 'Mandarins, guns and morals,' New Statesman, October 25, 1999)
The Guardian's Hugo Young wrote of Blair: "the grandeur of his ambition shouldn't be underestimated. He wants to create a world none of us have known, where the laws of political gravity are overturned." (Young, 'Everybody is one of us in Blair's world,' The Guardian, May 27, 1997) This in "the age when ideology has surrendered entirely to 'values'." (Young, 'After the Blair deluge, reality steps forward,' The Guardian, June 17, 1997)
Even after claims of an ethical foreign policy were made ridiculous by Blair's wars of aggression, the myth was simply too important to be ditched. Following Robin Cook's death in August 2005, former culture secretary Chris Smith wrote in the Independent of Cook's foreign policy:
"It represented a brave attempt to cast our country's relations with the rest of the world in a moral light." (Smith, 'Robin Cook: 1946-2005, The House of Commons was his true home,' The Independent, August 8, 2005)
As the piles of corpses expanded in Iraq, Labour MP Denis MacShane wrote in the New Statesman:
"As foreign secretary, he [Cook] rescued British foreign policy from the dead waters of failed Tory cynicism." (MacShane, 'More loyal than left: Robin Cook: a tribute,' New Statesman, August 15, 2005)
Two years later, of course, much of the British public perceives Blair and his government as utterly discredited - and, by extension, the Labour party that allowed him to remain in place while he cut a bloody swathe through the Iraqi people.
Many in the corporate media are also only too aware that their credibility has been shredded by their earlier adulation of Blair, by their failure to challenge even the most obvious government deceptions ahead of the war, and by their cheerleading of the war before the catastrophe became undeniable. It is not hard to understand why the political-media system has a shared interest in declaring a new, ethical beginning.
Gordon Brown's Brave New World
In Gordon Brown's inaugural Downing Street speech, the new man claimed: "I have listened and I have learned from the British people." (http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/politics/article1996727.ece, June 28, 2007)
Brown, it seems, will bring about "change" by sweeping away "the old politics," promising "a new spirit of public service to make our nation what it can be".
Perhaps this 'New' New Labour could be marketed as New Labour Plus.
Echoing John Lloyd in 1999, former government adviser, David Clark, wrote in the Guardian last week:
"Only the most implacable critics of the government could fail to appreciate the shift in foreign policy since Tony Blair left office three weeks ago. This was always going to be a difficult and controversial process." (Clark, 'Britain must take the lead in Iraq - by getting out first,' The Guardian, July 16, 2007
On the BBC's Sunday AM programme, new British foreign secretary David Miliband, echoing Robin Cook, declared that the goal was for British foreign policy to be "a force for good in the world". Asked if this meant Britain would distance itself from US policy, Miliband instantly reversed the claimed priorities, insisting that the alliance with the US was vital for Britain's "national interest". (Sunday AM, BBC 1, July 15, 2007) In other words, Miliband is playing the traditional "double game" - the claimed emphasis will be on "doing good", while policy will be rooted in the muscular realpolitik of "national interest". In 1937, anarchist writer Rudolf Rocker explained the meaning of the favoured patriotic term:
"We speak of national interests, national capital, national spheres of interest, national honour, and national spirit; but we forget that behind all this there are hidden merely the selfish interests of power-loving politicians and money-loving business men for whom the nation is a convenient cover to hide their personal greed and their schemes for political power from the eyes of the world." (Rocker, Culture and Nationalism, Michael E. Coughlan, 1978, p.253)
The same unavoidable clash between appearance and reality is repeated across the press. An editorial in the Guardian observed that "in a fundamental way... the New Labour strategy that [Brown] helped create will not change".
The editors then necessarily muddied the issue, pointing to a "sense that something significant has shifted" and asserting that Brown's arrival marks a "renewal" and "the drama of a new cabinet with a changed agenda". (Leader, 'Brown arrives: The old and the new,' The Guardian, June 28, 2007)
Senior Guardian journalists were quick to reinforce this vital aspect of propaganda. The Guardian's political editor, Patrick Wintour, wrote of Brown's intention to "rebalance Mr Blair's foreign policy", with the introduction of "new faces and plans to heal old wounds" aimed towards "restoring trust in politics". (Wintour, 'Brown's first day,' The Guardian, June 29, 2007)
Exactly the same, of course, was declared of Robin Cook's rebalancing of unethical Tory policy - with all doubters dismissed as miserable cynics. The title of a June 1997 article by Neil Ascherson in the Independent read: "After 18 years of national egoism, the world has a chance to like us again." (Ascherson, The Independent, June 7, 1997)
Guardian assistant editor, Michael White, welcomed "a smiling Gordon Brown" and the "unexpected echoes of that other new beginning" in May 1997 when Blair strode towards Downing Street before wild throngs of Labour Party activists. (White, 'The accession,' The Guardian, June 28, 2007)
In truth there was nothing "unexpected" about claims of another "new beginning". Despite being up to his neck in the Iraq bloodbath, Brown has to claim to represent the fresh start, new direction and clean slate that he clearly is not.
An Independent editorial claimed Brown was "breaking with the Blair years". (Leader, 'Things can only get better???,' The Independent, June 28, 2007)
By contrast, John Pilger was all but alone in noting the "tsunami of unction" that "engulfed the departure of Blair and the elevation of Brown". (John Pilger, 'These are Brown's bombs too,' New Statesman, July 5, 2007;http://www.newstatesman.com/200707050024)
Pilger put Blair's departure - treated by the media almost as a state occasion - into painfully accurate perspective: "those MPs who stood and gave him a standing ovation finally certified parliament as a place of minimal consequence to British democracy". (Ibid)
Historian Mark Curtis has commented:
"Brown has been four-square behind Blair on foreign policy, including, of course, Iraq, which he has financed as Chancellor and publicly defended when required."
Curtis also points to Brown's "total support and defence of big business" describing it as "quite extraordinary and perhaps unprecedented in the postwar years," adding:
"Virtually every speech for the last ten years has been a reassurance to business that Labour is on its side and a defence of 'free trade' and ensuring climates around the world favourable for British foreign investment, along with ongoing commitments to low corporation taxes and cutting business regulation. Brown is the ultimate liberalisation theologist and every one of his policies has pushed in this direction." (Curtis, interview, 'The future of British foreign policy,' ukwatch.net, May 7, 2007;http://www.ukwatch.net/article/the_future_of_british_foreign_policy)
This is not allowed to matter in the combined media-political attempt to wash the blood of Iraq from their hands. And what will be the result if they are allowed to succeed?
This was made clear enough last week by the Guardian's Jonathan Freedland who, as though appearing in some recurring bad dream, warned, yet again, of "a very real threat: Iran". He added:
"Nowhere is the Iranian peril assessed more closely than in Israel, which would, after all, be target number one for any Iranian bomb." (Freedland, 'This flurry of Middle East activity is the product of a very real threat: Iran,' The Guardian, July 18, 2007)
With the policy goals and the interests shaping them unchanged, with the "necessary illusions" of power unchanged, with the bottom-line of state-corporate greed unchanged, the lies and killing are certain to continue.
The novelist James Joyce commented on the endlessly repeating cycle of human tragedy: "History is a nightmare from which I am trying to awake."
There is no choice - it is up to us as individuals to wake up. That's all there is. But what does this mean? It means we must not allow ourselves to yet again be deceived. In the absence of serious investigation or evidence, we must not believe something merely on the grounds that it is pleasant and comforting. We must not assume that the world really is under some benign 'new management'. Instead we must take personal responsibility and work for real change rooted in genuine compassion for others.
Mass killing does not originate in great drama. Ten years ago, when journalists were so eagerly hailing Blair's "new dawn", nothing very terrible happened. People went along with it, agreed with it - they felt they had played a virtuous role in promoting positive change, experiencing their optimism as a healthy, life-affirming thing. They were doubtless relieved that they could leave it to this new, more "ethical" group of politicians to sort out the problems of the world so that they could 'get on with their lives'.
And yet these responses were crucial links in a causal chain that has since resulted in the deaths of perhaps one million Iraqi people.
Please visit the Media Lens website:www.medialens.org


text:
Passion Is Passion
We interrupt this Angels blog to discuss…football? Well, it was Super Bowl Sunday after all. I am not a big football fan. I have nothing against it at all. I understand the rules. I appreciate the strategies, it just doesn't hold my attention for more than a game or two a year. I don't even have a specific team I root for casually. And yet, every year, I enjoy the Super Bowl, especially if Seth and I are invited to a Super Bowl party. I'd say this is strange but, judging from the hype and the overflowing parking lot at our local Costco, a lot of folks who don't normally follow football climb on board the band wagon for the big game.
This year my boss threw a Super Bowl party and invited the whole department along with our spouses and significant others. Pretty cool boss, yes? Anyway, I wound up rooting for the Packers because it's more fun if you actually root for someone, the majority of party goers were Packers Fans, I do not like Ben Roethlisberger and it's been longer since the Packers won – the usual kind of silly reasons a non-fan uses in such situations to avoid actually saying eni meni mini mo.
Here's the thing though, and it happens every year, even when the game just isn't all that fantastic – neither team is my team and the game isn't even my sport, but I still get swept up in the passion and the cheering. It's an any port in a storm response really. It's February. I haven't cheered for a baseball game in three months and now I find myself in a room full of passionate sports fans. I know it's only a temporary substitute but it's impossible not to get caught up in the joy of a shared fan experience even though, for me, it's only a borrowed fan experience. Passion is passion after all and, while I do not share a passion for football, I think all sports fans can appreciate one another's passion.
Thinking about this for the blog also made me realize both how much I enjoy the shared fan experience and how little I get of it, even during a typical baseball season. Seth and I usually watch Angels games at home, which is a lot of fun but certainly lacks a big cheering crowd. Going to 16 games in 2010 was unusual and something we may or may not be able to repeat in 2011 – I got some ticket steals last year and friends with season seats handed us the tickets a fair bit. Apparently, I need to find a good Angels bar to watch a couple of games at this year.


text:
Commonwealth Edison will roll out an energy initiative plan it says will save northern Illinois energy consumers $155 million.
Commonwealth Edison will roll out an energy initiative plan it says will save northern Illinois energy consumers $155 million.
The electric utility's executives will detail the plan, mandated by a recently enacted state law, during a special meeting of the Illinois Commerce Commission tonight.
The cornerstone of ComEd's plan: Electric consumers must use more efficient light bulbs and appliances.
"The light bulb is big," said Anne Pramaggiore, a ComEd executive vice president. "Lighting is one of the big target areas if you want to reduce electric usage and reduce your bill."
ComEd will reduce its total energy output by 2 percent by 2015, under its plan. The estimated savings for customers, $155 million, would occur over that period.
ComEd will step up sales, through retailers, of discounted energy-efficient light bulbs to customers, Pramaggiore said.
She said ComEd also will facilitate an appliance-recycling program, encouraging consumers to acquire more efficient appliances. ComEd also will help multiunit buildings install more energy-efficient fixtures.
The ICC, chaired by former Rockford Mayor Charles Box, will meet at 7 p.m. in the city's Council Chambers, 425 E. State St.
Staff writer Aaron Chambers may be reached at 217-782-2959 or firstname.lastname@example.com.
View Larger Map


text:
Latest gifts & ribbons:
We will soon be experincing some down time. I am sorrry about this. A hard drive is failing and need to be replaced.
If everything goes as it should the downtime should be no more than 2-3 hours.
Do as I say. Not as I do.
Thanks for the up-date William
If you take your time to do the research FIRST, you can successfully set-up and keep ANY type of aquarium with ease.
"Not using a quarantine tank is like playing Russian roulette. Nobody wins the game, some people just get to play longer than others." - Anthony Calfo
Fishless Cycle Cycling with Fish Marine Aquarium Info [URL="http://saltwater.aquaticcommunity.com/"]
How will I survive?
I do not know. But better a few hours than a complete and total data wipe ;-)
(and dont worry, there are backups, but they are allways a few days old)
thank you for the heads up William.
><((((º> ><((((º> ><((((º> ><((((º>
My Tank Channel:
Originally Posted by William
A hard drive is failing and need to be replaced.
Even in paradise, hard drives fail? ...that's just so wrong. Please put in a better hard drive THIS time.
I know..an SSD would solve everything! I hear they're indestructible as long as you don't drop them............
glad to see us back up and running... i missed this place
5.0 Gallon Tank = planted with jungle val
Back in business again
Thanks for all the hard work William !!!
yes. thanks for all the hard work!
EDIT: forget this next paragraph!!! right after I posted this, they appeared LOL.
Looks like I lost the list of all the thread I was following in my user CP section. will those come back? if not, not a biggie.
30 g FW planted:corys, female ABNP, blue angel, harleys, zebra danios, rummies,
15 g FW planted:2 male guppies, neons, pygmy corys, clown pleco, 4 types of shrimp, assassin snails
90 Gal Journal: http://bit.ly/1vC7gVX
fishless cycling: http://bit.ly/1DARf3T
fish in cycling: http://bit.ly/1ILvcfp
2-3 hours downtime will give me time to wash my windows before winter.
Cycling With Fish? The Fishless Cycle
Goldfish Growth Expectancy
Forum Rules


text:
Difference between revisions of "2013 Group 3 Project"
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= Current Model for Behaviour during Mitosis =
= Current Model for Behaviour during Mitosis =
[[File:Microtubule_formation_around_the_golgi_during_mitosis.jpg|left|thumb|Microtubule Formation Throughout the Phases of Mitosis|300px]]
[[File:Microtubule_formation_around_the_golgi_during_mitosis.jpg|left|thumb|Microtubule Formation Throughout the Phases of Mitosis|300px]]
Fragmentation of the Golgi
In both animal and plant cells, cytokinesis is the final stage of mitosis, which describes the division of the cell membrane into two separate and independent new cells. It is known that part of the driving mechanism of this process are vesicles formed by the Golgi apparatus<ref name="PMID15695096"><pubmed>15695096</pubmed></ref>. These formed vesicles travel along microtubules of the cytoplasm to the centre of the cell and assist in the cleaving of the cell membrane. Within plant cells, the vesicles travel along the phragmoplast, which forms at the beginning of mitosis and begins the creation of a cell plate.
In both animal and plant cells, cytokinesis is the final stage of mitosis, which describes the division of the cell membrane into two separate and independent new cells. It is known that part of the driving mechanism of this process are vesicles formed by the Golgi apparatus<ref name="PMID15695096"><pubmed>15695096</pubmed></ref>. These formed vesicles travel along microtubules of the cytoplasm to the centre of the cell and assist in the cleaving of the cell membrane. Within plant cells, the vesicles travel along the phragmoplast, which forms at the beginning of mitosis and begins the creation of a cell plate.
Revision as of 16:01, 16 May 2013
2013 Projects: Group 1 | Group 2 | Group 3 | Group 4 | Group 5 | Group 6 | Group 7
- 2 Introduction
- 3 Structure
- 4 Function
- 5 History
- 6 Morphology and Molecular Mechannisms
- 7 Current Model for Behaviour during Mitosis
- 8 Limitations of Current Models
- 9 Areas of Future Research
- 10 Useful Links
- 11 Glossary
- 12 References
The Golgi Apparatus discovered in 1897 by physician Camillo Golgi is a vital cellular organelle which is found in almost all eukaryotic cells. It is found in the cytoplasm and facilitates the formation and direction of membrane bound vesicles, mainly formed from proteins directed from the rough endoplasmic reticulum before they reach the plasma membrane. The Golgi is capable of regulating cellular transport and secretion depending on the volume and density of the vesicles and their contents. Structurally, it consists of a series of stacked components of cisternae and has two identified faces- a cis face and a trans face. [1]
The Golgi apparatus is a relatively large, membrane-bound organelle and thus one of the easiest cell structures to study in detail [2]. The organelle is located nearby the cell nucleus and is closely associated with the endoplasmic reticulum. By observing via metallic impregnation, it can be seen through phase contrast microscopy that the Golgi has a convoluted, dense and "ill-formed" morphology [3]. Initial studies have shown that the organelle has great variance in its form dependent on the type of cell it is in as well as the state of activity that the cell is in. There are roughly around 40-100 Golgi apparatus 'stacks' within a mammalian cell [4].
Overall, the Golgi apparatus is made of 4-8 flattened, membrane-bound sacs that are stacked upon one another [5]. These are known as cisternae. The Golgi also includes associated nearby vesicles. Each cisterna primarily contains products from the endoplasmic reticulum, which enter the Golgi at the cis face – the end that is closest to the ER and accepts incoming vesicles [6]. The cis face is where new cisternae are formed. The products eventually pass through two more functional regions (medial Golgi and endo Golgi networks) and then are exported via outgoing vesicles at the trans face of the organelle. The trans face is where formed proteins are sent off and is the face furthest away from the ER. There is a constant and relatively consistent distance kept between cisternae of the Golgi apparatus [5].
Golgi apparatus is considered to be essential membrane-bound organelle in eukaryotic cells that sums all plant, animal and fungi life [7]. It's physical structure is a composition of dozens of flattened cristernae that has been brought together and flattened with fenestrated rims. Golgi has a primary function of modifying and packaging proteins and lipids into several transport carriers to be able to send them to their proper locations. Proteins such as secretory or trans-membrane proteins are delivered from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the cis-Golgi network. Consequently, the Golgi act as a series of transportation canal where cargo molecules travel via different Golgi cristernae where residential enzymes modify and post-transitionally process them. Different modification involve different processes such as proteolysis, phosphorylation, glycosylation and sulfation [8]. Different cargo molecules move in different manner in the Golgi stack [9]. One such manner is through cisternal maturation where the cargo remains steady inside the cisternae, eventually forming a new functional cisternae at the cis-side. Coat Protein (COPI) is a complex protein that function by coating the vesicles transporting proteins from the cis end of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)and golgi compartmets. COPI in the Golgi apparatus will be responsible for the process of delivering the Golgi enzymes necessary for maturation of the newly synthesized cisternae that contains the cargo [10] [11] [12].
As an alternative, COPI is a usueful protein that facilitates transportation of different proteins between cisternae however it does not affect the resident enzymes since they reside in a relatively stable cisternal compartments [13] [14]. Cargo molecules may flow through the transient tubular connections between adjacent cisternae [15] or by fast partitioning between different lipid domains [16]. Golgi body also have a region where cargo molecules are being segregated and sorted out and transported to their appropriate destination, such region is called trans-Golgi network. It transports cargo proteins into the wider area destinations of the cell (in and out of cells)such as the plasma membrane and endosomal-lysosomal systems.It also contribute to the process of protein trafficking which is essentialin cell polarity [17] and the process of controlling the cell cycle [18]. Studies suggested that there is a strong link between cell trafficking and its effect to cell growth and the homeostasis of cell cycle.
|The organelle was first described by Camillo Golgi. It was observed via treatment of tissue with potassium dichromate and osmic acid followed by silver nitrate[19]. He termed the organelle 'appareil reticulaire interne' (internal reticular apparatus) and documented his findings in 'Arhives Italliennes de Biol 1898'.
|Up to 1950s
|The term 'Golgi apparatus' was coined in 1910, and its first appearance in scientific literature was in 1913[2]. The organelle was beginning to be observed in many animal cells and from this, SR Cajal concluded that it was a common component in all living cells. However, some French cytologists denied the presence of a Golgi apparatus, claiming it to be an artefact.
|With electron microscopy becoming more and more accessible, Dalton and Felix were able to demonstrate that certain structures observed under the electron microscope matched Golgi and Cajal's description of the 'appareil reticulaire interne'[20]. Vacuoles and cisternae could now also be observed.
|G Farquhar and G Palade recognised 3 key features to the Golgi apparatus through 20 years of research (published 1981 Journal of Cell Biology 91) [21]
• It is divided into compartments
|Studies conducted by J Rothmann et. al. (published as J Rothmann, 1996, Protein Sci, 5) supported the vesicular transport hypothesis. This was done via viral proteins marking vesicle membranes.
|Up to 1990s
|It was believed that all organelles, including the Golgi Apparatus never disappeared during mitosis but remained intact or in a fragmented state which would then be distributed between the two daughter cells. Thus, the two models of organelle partitioning were proposed. [22]
|After the 1990s
|The theory that organelle identity remained (via either models of division) were challenged due to new imaging techniques allowing in vivo studies of intracellular compartments during cell division[23]. These studies suggest that the Golgi apparatus, along with the nuclear envelope are reabsorbed into the ER, and hence disappears during mitosis[24].
Models of Division
Within the category of animal cells, there are several methods of division used by organelles to ensure the proper partitioning of cellular content into daughter cells.
1.) The Stochastic Strategy, determined by the law of probabilities is adopted by organelles which are dispersed and numerous. This accuracy of this method of separation relies of the equal dispersion of organelles throughout the cytoplasm.[25]
2.) An alternate strategy for cell division is the Ordered Partitioning Strategy. Unlike the former this method is highly regulated and organised. It is structured around the theory of mitotic spindles. This method ensures a high degree of accuracy particularly for low number organelles. In general, most membrane bound organelles use both methods through the process of cell division, however some organelles depend on one method more heavily.[26]
There is still much to be uncovered regarding the mitotic division of the Golgi. There are several steps in the process which remain obscure and controversial. Researchers have proposing various models for cell division. However, a general consensus can be seen in three major stages in its partitioning:
- Disassembly/Fragmentation
- Division
- Re-assembly
Morphology and Molecular Mechannisms
Prior to Cell Division
The Golgi apparatus in mammalian interphase cells is composed of flattened, membrane-bound structures approximately 1µm long, named Golgi cisternae. Between two and five cisternae align in a parallel fashion forming a Golgi stack[27]. At the onset of mitosis, the Golgi stacks take a polarized position around the cell nucleus and centrosome in a cis-trans fashion. The cisternae of same polarity belonging to two adjacent stacks are connected by thin tububules, forming the Golgi Ribbons [28]
Towards the end on interphase at G2/M of the cell cycle the Golgi ribbons begin to disassemble and assume a peri-nuclear arrangement around the nucleus. Micro-tubules are known to assist in this structural organization[29].
Unlinking the Golgi ribbon
This process emerge from Interphase to early G2 (prophase). It unlinks the golgi ribbon by detaching the cell's tubular connections between the cell's stacks [29]. In this process the ribbon may be converted into stacks depending on the protein enzymes such as MAP(Mitogen-activated protein) kinase and MEK1 (MAP ERK [Extracellular signal-regulated kinases] kinase 1) [30]. Study shows that the presence of MEK1 in cell division causes ribbon unlinking by reacting with ERK2 that also reacts with GRASP55 (Golgi reassembly stacking protein of 55kD) via the process of mitotic phosphorylation [31]. However, this can be a delicate process because if it reacted with the nonphosphorylatable GRASP55 which is a mutant form of GRASP55, it could interfere the ribbon unlinking especially in the late G2 [32]. Similarly, GRASP65 serve the role in severing the ribbon and connects the bridge in progression from G2 into M-phase [33]. There are also other proteins besides these kinases that serve an essential role in ribbon unlinking like the membrane fission protein CtBP1/BARS (C-Terminal Binding Protein 1/beta-adrenergic receptors) [34]. If BARS is non functional because of any defection or inhibition, it would prevent the golgi's ability to detach severe the ribbon and consequently affecting the G2/M transition during interphase [35].
During Cell Division
Here, fragmentation of the Golgi stacks continue until hundreds of Golgi stacks and vesicles are formed.At this stage the Golgi is a heterogeneous collection of tubular networks, short tubules, and vesicles, termed mitotic clusters.[36] These rudimentary building blocks are organised around the templates of spindle poles and a microtubule network. Research indicates that peaking levels of cdc2 kinase activity triggers much of the structural changes seen in the disassembly process.[37] This indicates that there is a possible correlation between kinase activity and structural fragmentation/assembly.[38]
Vesiculation and Unstacking
This process involves the cisternae. After the successful conversion of the Golgi ribbon into stacks via protein kinases and membrane fission protein, the cisternae will undergo into the process of vesiculation which is made possible by the COPI-dependent vesicle formation [39] [40]. The process occurs instantly and synchronously in early mitosis. Consequently, this gives an effect of fast transformation of Golgi into vesicular and tubular membranes. Such process occurs due to the imbalance of membrane budding and fusion in mitosis [41] [42]. During interphase, the cis-cisternae contains the COPI vesicles that has been captured and secured by giantin,p115 (protein115) interactive proteins and GM130 (Golgi matrix protein) via giantin-p115-GM130 tethering complex before the membrane fusion [43].
Metaphase & Anaphase
The clusters formed in prophase adopt a ring-like formation around each centrosome, which are partitioned according to associated spindle poles and a sister chromatids. The division of the Golgi clusters are balanced due to the arrangement of spindle poles and structural support of the microtubules. This method of division should ultimately allow for the accurate partitioning of the Golgi into the resulting daughter cells.[44]
Telophase & Cytokinises
In the final steps of cell division the Golgi stacks begin to combine and re-position themselves at either side of the mid body and at each daughter cell centrosome. Ultimately they slowly begin to merge and reform into Golgi Apparatus.[45]
Current Model for Behaviour during Mitosis
During mitosis, the Golgi can undergoes one of two courses, depending on whether it is from an animal cell or a plant or yeast cell. In animal cells, it completely disintegrates and separates. The cisternae stacks come apart and move away from one another [46]. However in plant or yeast cells, the Golgi remains together. It is just before cytokinesis (during telophase) that the parts of the Golgi reassemble and from an intact organelle (in plant cell mitosis).
- The Golgi-ER Transport model
Despite being one of the earliest organelles to be identified and studied, there are still grey areas concerning the division of the Golgi Apparatus. Some existing models of division for the Golgi suggest that it interacts with the endoplasmic reticulum during several points throughout cell division. This is due to their structural similarities during the interphase stage of mitosis in mammalian cells. Both consist of interconnect membrane networks and studies have found that both Golgi and ER proteins can be found together in bound vesicles. An experiment conducted by Jesch SA et. al. compares the distribution of the two organelles during interphase using innumnoflourecence microscopy, velocity gradient fractionation and density gradient fractionation. They concluded that the Golgi and the ER do not combine and furthermore that mitotic cells are unable to facilitate the fusion of the two.[47] This theory suggests that during the dis-assembly process the Golgi fragments are recycled into the ER. As the ER and GA are very closely associated in cell activity it is fair to hypothesis that there is a connection throughout cell division. To accurately test this hypothesis David T. Shima et al developed strategy using mSar1p (dominant interfering mutant of GTPase) micro-injection to determine if there is an accumulation of mitotic Golgi fragments in the ER. Their results yielding evidence that did not support their expectations. The mSar1p did not produce an accumulation at the ER. This could be explained by the use of an alternate pathway, one that is mSar1p-independent. This theory does not substantially explain the mechanism for dis-assembly of the Golgi.
- Mitotic Fragmentation of the Golgi Ribbon
It was once theorized that the Golgi apparatus could be formed de novo within daughter and mitotic cells. It has since been discovered that in animal cells, the organelle cannot be synthesised de novo and thus, must divide when a cell divides [48]. Through cytochemical and immunofluorescence light microscopy, it has been shown that the Golgi would undergo breakdown early on in mitosis, giving rise to many Golgi fragments [49]. These fragments (in the form of small tubules and vesicles) would be dispersed throughout the cytoplasm at random. The partitioned Golgi would segregate into even groups and end up in the daughter cells to serve as a template to new Golgi apparatuses[50]. However, experimental evidence presented by David T. Shima et al highlights several behaviors exhibited by the mitotic Golgi contradicted the notion of random distribution facilitated by fragmentation. Specifically, the process was determined as being highly regulated and be segregating into defined time intervals. For example, one mechanism would be activated and terminated before the next event in partitioning could occurs.
In both animal and plant cells, cytokinesis is the final stage of mitosis, which describes the division of the cell membrane into two separate and independent new cells. It is known that part of the driving mechanism of this process are vesicles formed by the Golgi apparatus[51]. These formed vesicles travel along microtubules of the cytoplasm to the centre of the cell and assist in the cleaving of the cell membrane. Within plant cells, the vesicles travel along the phragmoplast, which forms at the beginning of mitosis and begins the creation of a cell plate.
Limitations of Current Models
A key problem with this line of reasoning is that micro- injection of the identical Sar1p mutant protein (GDP- or GTP- bound form) in interphase cells leads to the fragmentation of the Golgi apparatus into vesicles and tubules very similar to those comprising the MGCs.
This suggests that in itself cessation of transport from the ER is a detrimental factor for the maintenance of the Golgi apparatus and is independent of the localization of Golgi enzymes. One possibility is the requirement for a factor that needs to be transported to a downstream location to regulate maintenance/reassembly of the Golgi apparatus is accumulated in the ER. It is perhaps therefore not possible for normal Golgi reassembly to occur at the end of the mitosis in cells micro-injected with Sar1p DN .
The recycling of Golgi enzymes to the ER observed during interphase could take place to a certain extent during mitosis. More sensitive electron microscopy methods need to be developed to detect endogenous and transfected and epitope-tagged proteins that are expressed at low levels. These enzymes, when present in the ER, could indeed be partitioned in an ER-dependent manner, while others Golgi components, the structural Golgi proteins (see the Introduction), could be partitioned with the MGCs.
Areas of Future Research
- Mechanisms for the redistribution of Golgi clusters in structural dis-assembly during mitosis
- Microtubules are known to play a large role in the partitioning in the Golgi, however there many obscure areas regarding the specific relationship between the two. Studies have shown that there is a hindrance of structural organisation of the Golgi occurs once microtubule disrupting drugs such as nocodazole are introduced into the cells. Further research could clearly identify the role of microtubules and determine whether the relationship is direct or secondary element of regulation.[52]
- Research is currently delving into the involvement of the Golgi apparatus in cell death and thus, the use of its pathways in the treatment of cancer [53]. Inducing cell death within neoplastic tissue is imperative in cancer therapy as both a treatment as well as an indication of the progression of tumor growth and efficacy of treatments.
In current times, a number of pathways and cell processes have been identified and targeted as a way of treating cancer. However, recent studies have revealed the involvement of the ER-Golgi compartment in the apoptosis of cells[54]. Proteins that are involved in the homeostasis of the Golgi and ER have been noted and may be used in the development of therapeutic drugs. Further studies are required to implement drugs that may activate signalling pathways of the Golgi apparatus to create suicide programming of neoplastic tissue.
Useful Links
Golgi Apparatus Maintains Its Organization Independent of the Endoplasmic Reticulum
Partitioning of the Golgi Apparatus during Mitosis in Living HeLa Cells
GA - Golgi Apparatus
ER - Endoplasmic Reticulum, an organelle closely situated with the nucleus and Golgi apparatus, responsible for protein synthesis.
Endocytosis - The process of cell absorption of molecules via engulfment
Exocytosis - The secretion of internally synthesised molecules from of a cell to the external environment via vesicles
Microtubules -
Spindles -
- ↑ <pubmed>PMC2106267</pubmed>
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 <pubmed>9865849</pubmed>
- ↑ HW BEAMS, RG KESSEL - The Golgi Apparatus: Structure And Function. International Review of Cytology Vol. 23 1968
- ↑ <pubmed>18385516</pubmed>
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 <pubmed>19866649</pubmed>
- ↑ Krieger M, Scott MP, Matsudaira PT, Lodish HF, Darnell JE. Lawrence Z, Kaiser C, Arnold B. Molecular cell biology (5th edn ed.). 2004 New York: W.H. Freeman and CO
- ↑ <pubmed>21646379</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>6286754</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>19948493</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>9875853</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>16699524</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>16699523</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>9244307</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>12893530</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>15502824</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>18555781</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>16212495</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>18555781</pubmed>
- ↑ Tixier-Vidal A - The History of the Golgi apparatus. From structure to concepts. Biology of the Cell, Volume 90, Number 1, January 1998 , pp. 106-107(2)8
- ↑ <pubmed>13304901</pubmed>
- ↑ Tixier-Vidal A - The History of the Golgi apparatus. From structure to concepts. Biology of the Cell, Volume 90, Number 1, January 1998 , pp. 106-107(2)8
- ↑ Nunnari, J. and Walter, P., 1996, Regulation of organelle biogenesis. Cell., 94, 389-394.
- ↑ <pubmed>12851069</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>12851069</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>PMC6343284</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>PMC2132765</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>12851069</pubmed>
- ↑ Rambourg, A. and Clermont, Y., 1997, Three-dimensional structure of the Golgi apparatus in mammalian cells. In The Golgi Apparatus , E. G. Berger and J. Roth, eds. (Birkhauser). pp.37-61.
- ↑ 29.0 29.1 <pubmed>17689238</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>9458043</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>11408587</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>18434598</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>12015985</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>15232108</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>17431394</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>3428259</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>1327755</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>PMC1692508</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>8163545</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>20083603</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>8352593</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>9753325</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>9490716</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>PMC2132765</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>PMC2132765</pubmed>
- ↑ Otegui, M.S., Mastronarde, D.N., Kang, B.H., Bednarek, S.Y., and Staehelin, L.A. "Three-dimensional analysis of syncytial-type cell plates during endosperm cellularization visualized by high resolution electron tomography." Plant Cell 13, 2033-2051 (2001)
- ↑ <pubmed>PMC25291</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>519753</pubmed>
- ↑ John M.Lucocq and Graham Warren. Fragmentation and partitioning of the Golgi apparatus during mitosis in HeLa cells. The EMBO Journal vol.6 no. 11 pp. 3239 -3246, 1987
- ↑ <pubmed>12851069</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>15695096</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>PMC2132765</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>19595459</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>11715037</pubmed>
2013 Projects: Group 1 | Group 2 | Group 3 | Group 4 | Group 5 | Group 6 | Group 7
- Dr Mark Hill 2013, UNSW Embryology ISBN: 978 0 7334 2609 4 - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G


text:
AgLetter: November 2006
Third quarter farmland values were unchanged from those of the second quarter of 2006, and the year-over-year increase slowed to 7 percent for "good" agricultural land in the Seventh Federal Reserve District. The survey results, based on the responses of 241 agricultural bankers as of October 1, 2006, provided evidence of cooling after two years of double-digit gains in farmland values. About a quarter of the respondents expected land values to increase in the fourth quarter of 2006 (71 percent forecasted stable values).


text:
|editKushina Uzumaki [1][2]
|うずまきクシナ Uzumaki Kushina
|Volume #42, Naruto Chapter #382
|Naruto Shippūden Episode #128
|Naruto Shippūden the Movie: The Lost Tower
|Naruto Shippūden: Ultimate Ninja Impact
|Naruto Shippūden: UNSG anime cutscenes
|Appears in
|Anime, Manga, Game, Movie
|Voice Actors
|July 10
|Blood type
|Tailed Beast
|Kurama (Forms)
|Ninja Registration
Kushina Uzumaki (うずまきクシナ, Uzumaki Kushina) was a Konohagakure kunoichi who originated from Uzushiogakure's Uzumaki clan and the second jinchūriki of Kurama, the Nine-Tailed Demon Fox.[4]
Born into the famed Uzumaki clan of Uzushiogakure, Kushina lived most of her youth being caught-up in war, making her seek for a daily "peace". At a young age she was sent to Konoha and enrolled in the Academy.
Wanting to make a strong first impression, she proclaimed to her class that she would be the first female Hokage. The other kids laughed at her statement, and began calling her Tomato (トマト) because of her then-round face and fiery red hair. This prompted her to lash out and pummel the kids who teased her. This, in addition to her red hair flowing wildly around her, earned her the nickname of Red Hot-Blooded Habanero (赤い血潮のハバネロ, Akai Chishio no Habanero, Viz: Red-Hot Habanero).
Kushina was eventually told why she had to leave her home of Uzushio and go to Konoha; because of her special chakra, she was to be the next jinchūriki of the Nine-Tailed Demon Fox. Kushina was terrified by the idea, but she was comforted by the Nine-Tails' then-current jinchūriki, Mito Uzumaki. Before the transfer was performed, Mito told Kushina that love was the only way to tame the Nine-Tails and overcome its hate. The love of Minato helped her do so.
At some point in time, Kushina was kidnapped by Kumogakure ninja who wanted to make use of her special chakra[5] in order to gain control of the Nine-Tails.[6] As they escorted her to Kumo, she secretly plucked and left behind strands of her red hair to mark her trail in the hopes that someone would find her. Minato Namikaze, one of her former classmates that Kushina believed to be a wimp, was the only one to pick up on this. After rescuing her, he informed her that he had always admired her red hair. Since Minato proved himself to be anything but a "wimp" and liked the one thing she hated about herself, Kushina fell in love with him, now considering her red hair as the "red thread of fate" (運命の赤い糸, unmei no akai ito) that had brought them together.
As she grew up, Kushina became renowned for her beauty and unique ninjutsu style, including the fūinjutsu of her clan.[7] At some point, Kushina married Minato and they conceived a son. During her ten-month jinchūriki-influenced pregnancy, they decided to name him "Naruto" after the main character of Jiraiya's first book. When Jiraiya asked if they were sure, stating that it was a name he had just came up with whilst eating a bowl of ramen one day, Kushina said that it was a beautiful name. They even approved of Jiraiya to be Naruto's godfather.[8] Kushina also hoped that her son and her best friend Mikoto Uchiha's youngest son Sasuke would become friends in the future.
Because the seal keeping the Nine-Tails within Kushina's body would be at its weakest during childbirth, special arrangements were made. Kushina would leave the village in secret and give birth in a remote location. Minato would help maintain the seal and ANBU would guard the area. Soon after Naruto was born they were found by Tobi. Tobi killed all of the ANBU, Biwako, Taji, and took the newborn baby Naruto hostage, threatening to kill him as well. Minato was able to take Naruto back, but this gave Tobi the chance to escape with Kushina. Wishing to use the Nine-Tails to destroy Konoha, Tobi released it from Kushina's body. Since the longevity and vitality inherent to the Uzumaki clan allowed her to survive the extraction, though greatly weakened by experience, Tobi tried to have the Nine-Tails finish Kushina off. She was saved by Minato and brought to Naruto, who she stayed with while Minato went to help in the village's defence.
To stop the Nine-Tails' attack, Minato was forced to bring it to Kushina and Naruto's location, and both of them to its. While still weakened, Kushina used her diminished chakra to restrain the Nine-Tails. Despite knowing the trauma would kill her in her current state, Kushina volunteered to have the Nine-Tails sealed back into her body so that it would die with her. Doing so would also save the lives of Minato and Naruto; her thanks to them for giving her such a happy life. Minato suggested using the Dead Demon Consuming Seal on the Nine-Tails and sealing the rest of it into Naruto instead.
As this would also mean Minato's death, and consequently give Naruto a horrible and lonely life, Kushina naturally objected. Minato convinced her that it was for the best, and that doing this would also allow Kushina to see Naruto when he was older. When the Nine-Tails realised their intentions, it tried to kill Naruto, but both Minato and Kushina used their bodies to shield him. As Minato performed the sealing, and already at the point of death, Kushina told Naruto how much she loved him and gave him her best advice for the future; her final act in this world was to fill her son with as much of her love as possible. Minato then sealed the rest of their remaining chakra into Naruto, ending their lives.
Her family name was then given to Naruto by the Third Hokage, in hopes that nobody else would discover the connection between Naruto and Minato.
According to Jiraiya, Kushina was talkative and a tomboyish girl. Tsunade noted that much of Naruto's personality, as well as his ninjutsu style were inherited from her.[9] Kushina also had a verbal tic: when flustered or excited, she would end her sentences with "(da)ttebane" ((だ)ってばね), a trait she hoped (unsuccessfully) she wouldn't pass down to Naruto (who ends his with "(da)ttebayo").[10] As an adult, Kushina was shown to be very level-headed and cheerful. Despite her calm and kind demeanour, she still retained her quick temper from childhood and occasionally lashed out violently at others if they angered her. She also was very fearless, as her friend Mikoto was slightly surprised when Kushina showed anxiety over labour pains. She loved her husband and newborn son very deeply and was not afraid to sacrifice her life to stop the Nine-Tails even throwing herself between the beast and her son when it tried to attack him.
Tsunade pointed out that Kushina was a woman well-known for her beauty.[9] She had a slender, but feminine build, fair skin, blue eyes, long bright red hair — a common trait amongst the members of the Uzumaki clan — with strands that framed both sides of her face and a black clip that parts her hair to the left. As an adult, she generally wore the same outfit consisting of a high-collared, sleeveless blouse under a long, loose-fitting dress. The blouses have been depicted in slate blue as well as white/blue while the dresses have ranged from tan to green. She also wore a dark blue band on her left wrist and pale purple standard shinobi sandals. In her childhood, she had a round face which, with her red hair, made her look like a tomato. Her attire was a yellow kimono with a short-sleeved mesh shirt with a green obi dark blue shorts and brown standard shinobi sandals. In her adolescence, she wore a short-sleeved, tan kimono-like blouse with a dark embroidered border, held closed with a black coloured obi, a dark skirt and stockings that stopped at her thighs along with the village's forehead protector and brown sandals.
Though she stated that she was never originally any good in using ninjutsu, Kushina apparently became famous for her strong-willed spirit and her unique style of ninjutsu. In her childhood, she showed deceptive strength and also to be a fierce barehanded fighter, able to swing around and pummel several kids "half to death" for teasing her.[3] Kushina also possessed an unusual and special form of chakra, which made her well-suited for becoming the Nine-Tails' jinchūriki. She was able to produce chakra chains from her body with which she could restrain others. The chains were strong enough to hold down the Nine-Tails.[11] She could also form a barrier in conjunction with these chains.
As a member of the Uzumaki clan, she was blessed with an exceptionally long potential lifespan and a life-force so strong that she survived the extraction of a tailed beast minutes after giving birth, though she was left severely weakened. She also had great skill and knowledge of advanced fūinjutsu, which she would teach to Minato.[12]
Part II
Confining the Jinchūriki Arc
Sixteen years after having the Nine-Tails sealed into his body, Naruto finally tried to gain control of the beast. When he was almost overwhelmed by the Nine-Tails' hatred, Kushina appeared before him. Naruto initially believed that she was the Nine-Tails in disguise, so she hits him in the head. She then apologised for her short-temper, telling Naruto that she hoped that wasn't a trait he inherited from her. Picking up on this and realising Kushina was his mother, Naruto started to cry and embraced her. His happiness halted the Nine-Tails' spreading influence and Kushina used her chakra chains to restrain the Nine-Tails and give them a chance to talk. As the chains emerged the Nine-Tails was surprised after recognising her chakra.
As they speak, Naruto compliments Kushina on her looks and expressed envy for the fact that he had not inherited her hair-colour as well. Kushina was glad to hear this, as it meant Naruto took after Minato by admiring her hair. Though embarrassed when asked on the subject, Kushina told Naruto how she met Minato and how they fell in love. She told Naruto that she loved him too, which gave him the resolve to try and tame the Nine-Tails again. Kushina used her chakra chains to help him and Naruto ultimately succeeded. She congratulated him and said that she could now join Minato, making Naruto somewhat visibly saddened that she had to go.
With her remaining time she told him about the Nine-Tails' attack on Konoha and how the beast came to be sealed within him. After her story was done she apologised for placing such a burden on him. Naruto replied that it didn't matter, for even though she and Minato weren't there to show their child love, he knew that they had loved him long before the Nine-Tails was sealed into him; thus, he didn't blame her and Minato for anything and was happy to be their son. Overjoyed, Kushina tearfully hugged Naruto, and thanked him for letting her and Minato be his parents, before she completely faded away to be with Minato in the afterlife.
- When first introduced in the anime, her eyes were depicted as violet-blue in colour and her hair was portrayed as a deep plum colour. This was corrected however, in subsequent episodes.
- Kushina was a good cook, as Minato preferred her cooking the most.
- As Kushina was nicknamed for a red pepper and Minato was famed as the "Yellow Flash", Naruto's appropriate self-styled title of "Orange Hokage" refers to the fact that the colour orange is a mixture of red and yellow.
- On the cover of Naruto chapter 503, Kushina's hair resembles Kurama's tails.
- She is the only known jinchūriki to have survived the extraction of a tailed beast. This was due to her clan's vitality which she inherited.[13]
- Jiraiya's recollection of Kushina while she was pregnant appeared during the end credits of the movie Naruto Shippūden 4: The Lost Tower.
- According to the Third Databook:
- Kushina's hobbies were pulling pranks and chatting.
- Kushina's favourite food was salt ramen, while she disliked coffee and anything bitter.
- Kushina didn't want to fight anyone in particular.
- Kushina's favourite phrase was "Don't give up until the very end" (最後まで諦めない, Saigo made akiramenai).
- Kushina mentions that her hair became her own "red thread of fate".[14] The red string of fate, also referred to as the 'red thread of destiny', 'red thread of fate', and other variants, is an East Asian belief originating from Chinese legend and is also used in Japanese legend. According to this myth, the gods tie an invisible red string around the ankles of men and women who are destined to be soul mates and will one day marry each other. Often, in Japanese culture, it is thought to be tied around the little finger. The two people connected by the red thread are destined lovers, regardless of time, place or circumstances. This magical cord may stretch or tangle, but never break. This myth is similar to the Western concept of soul-mates or a twin flame.
- In the Naruto character popularity polls, Kushina was ranked as the 21st most popular character in the 7th.
- (As a child, when asked what her dream for the future was) "I'm gonna be the first female Hokage!" (「女性で初めての火影になってやる!」, "Josei de hajimete no Hokage ni natte yaru!")[15]
- (To Jiraiya) "Naruto, it's a beautiful name." (「ナルト、素敵な名前です」, "Naruto, suteki na namae desu")[16]
- (To Minato while dying) "Don't look so sad… Minato. I'm… I'm happy. Happy that you loved me. Happy that it's… our son's… birthday. Like… If I try to imagine surviving and the three of us… living together… I can't think of anything… beyond 'I'd be so happy.' If I had any regrets… It would be that I won't see Naruto grow up."
- (To Naruto) "That time, I saw Minato as an amazingly splendid ninja. He made me believe he could fulfil my dreams, and above all, he changed me… This ordinary red hair I hated so much had brought me the person of my destiny… It became the 'red thread of fate'. Ever since, I liked my own hair and… most of all, I loved Minato." (「その時のミナトはとても立派な忍者に見えた、夢を叶える人だと思わせたくれた、そして何より彼は私を変えた…この大キライだったただの赤い髪は私の中で運命の人を連れてきてくれた…"運命の赤い糸"になってくれた。それ以来自分の髪を好きになった…そして何よりミナトを大好きになった」, Sono toki no Minato wa totemo rippana ninja ni mieta, yume o kanaeru hito dato omowasete kureta, soshite nani yori kare wa watashi o kaeta… Kono daikirai datta tada no akai kami wa watashi no naka de unmei no hito o tsurete kite kureta… "Unmei no akai ito" ni natte kureta. Sore irai jibun no kami o suki ni natta… soshite nani yori Minato o daisuki ni natta.)[14]
- (To Naruto) "There are some important words I want to tell, only to the men who compliment my hair… Naruto…will you hear them? I love you" (私の髪を褒めてくれた男にだけ私から贈る大切な言葉があるの…ナルト…受け取ってくれる? アナタを愛してる」, "Watashi no kami o homete kureta otoko ni dake watashi kara okuru taisetsuna kotoba ga aru no… Naruto… uketotte kureru? Anata o aishiteru.")[17]
- (To Naruto) "Thank you for letting me be your mother, and for letting Minato be your father. Thank you for being our son. Thank you… Thank you!"[18]
- (Final words to baby Naruto) "Naruto… you're going to experience a lot of pain and suffering. Remember who you are! Find a goal… a dream… and don't stop trying until it comes true. There's… there's so much more that I want to say… to teach you… I want to stay with you… I love you."[19]
- (To Kurama) "Neither of us have any sort of luck, do we? You keep the world at bay… but I keep you at bay."[20]
- ↑ Third Databook, pages 22-23
- ↑ Fourth Databook, pages 26-27
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Naruto chapter 498, page 12
- ↑ Naruto chapter 500, page 2
- ↑ Naruto chapter 498, page 14
- ↑ Naruto chapter 542, page 12
- ↑ Naruto chapter 367, page 12
- ↑ Naruto chapter 382, pages 10-11
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Naruto chapter 367, page 12
- ↑ Naruto chapter 498, pages 2-3
- ↑ Naruto chapter 503, pages 13-14
- ↑ Naruto chapter 500, page 3
- ↑ Naruto chapter 501, page 12
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 Naruto chapter 498, page 16
- ↑ Naruto chapter 498, page 11
- ↑ Naruto chapter 382, page 10
- ↑ Naruto chapter 498, pages 16–17
- ↑ Naruto chapter 504, pages 16–17
- ↑ Naruto chapter 504, page 13
- ↑ Naruto chapter 568, page 8


text:
Council Regulation (EU) 356/2010, as implemented by the Somalia (Restrictive Measures) (Guernsey) Ordinance, 2012, the Somalia (Restrictive Measures) (Alderney) Ordinance, 2012 and the Somalia (Restrictive Measures) (Sark) Ordinance, 2012, has been amended by Council Implementing Regulation (EU) 2018/413.
The Implementing Regulation is available here:
Council Implementing Regulation (EU) 2018/413
The effect of the amendment, which is automatically effective in the Bailiwick, is to add two persons to the list of persons and entities subject to restrictive measures.
All businesses must check whether they maintain any accounts or otherwise have any kind of relationship with any natural or legal person, entity or body designated under the legislation referred to above and must treat any funds, other assets or economic resources
- directly or indirectly belonging to, owned, held or controlled by them, whether wholly or jointly, or
- derived from any funds or economic resources directly or indirectly belonging to, owned, held or controlled by them, whether wholly or jointly, or
- belonging to individuals or entities acting on their behalf or at their direction, whether wholly or jointly
as frozen with immediate effect if this is not already the case. Businesses must report any findings to the Policy and Resources Committee immediately.
Businesses must also refrain from making any funds or economic resources available directly or indirectly, wholly or jointly, to or for the benefit of
- any designated person, entity or body
- any entity directly or indirectly owned or controlled by a designated person, entity or body, whether wholly or jointly
- any individuals or entities acting on behalf or at the direction of a designated person, entity or body, whether wholly or jointly
other than in respect of transactions that come within a permitted derogation as determined by the Policy and Resources Committee.
The information referred to above is required by the Policy and Resources Committee in the exercise of its powers under the Schedule to each of the Ordinances listed above.
Any information or queries should be sent to [email protected] with the subject line "Somalia".
Further information on the effect of asset freezes and related issues including licences is available on the States of Guernsey website at http://www.gov.gg/sanctions


text:
Jan Willemsz (d. 1580)
Jan Willemsz (Willems) (Wilhems), of Roermond (also said to be of Kleve), a revolutionary Anabaptist, "in whom Jan van Leyden seemed to have returned," as Kühler writes. His headquarters were near Wesel, Germany, but he was also active in the eastern part of the Netherlands. In 1574 he was arrested and imprisoned at Wesel. By bribing the jailer, he was able to lead his followers even while in prison, for a period of five years. On 12 March 1580 he was put to death at Wesel by burning at the stake. With him the Münsterites and Batenburgers died out. Charles de Nielles, the Reformed minister at Wesel, in 1695 published a French translation of Obbe Philips' Bekentenisse at Leiden, adding an account of Jan Willemsz' career in order to alert the government against "the pernicious doctrines of the Anabaptists."
Cramer, Samuel and Fredrik Pijper. Bibliotheca Reformatoria Neerlandica. The Hague: M. Nijhoff, 1903-1914: VII, 66, note, 101.
Doopsgezinde Bijdragen (1900): 200.
Kühler, Wilhelmus Johannes. Geschiedenis der Nederlandsche Doopsgezinden in de Zestiende Eeuw. Haarlem: H.D. Tjeenk Willink, 1932: 208-211.
|Nanne van der Zijpp
|Date Published
Cite This Article
MLA style
Zijpp, Nanne van der. "Jan Willemsz (d. 1580)." Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. 1957. Web. 29 Sep 2020. https://gameo.org/index.php?title=Jan_Willemsz_(d._1580)&oldid=127848.
APA style
Zijpp, Nanne van der. (1957). Jan Willemsz (d. 1580). Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. Retrieved 29 September 2020, from https://gameo.org/index.php?title=Jan_Willemsz_(d._1580)&oldid=127848.
Adapted by permission of Herald Press, Harrisonburg, Virginia, from Mennonite Encyclopedia, Vol. 2, p. 85. All rights reserved.
©1996-2020 by the Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. All rights reserved.


text:
Making light work of the dark
The start of eclipse season for Mars Express. This animation shows the unavoidable passages of the spacecraft through the shadow of Mars, which cut off the sunlight from the orbiter's solar arrays, used to provide electrical power.
This creates a nervous time for engineers at the European Space Operations Centre (ESOC) in Darmstadt, Germany. Mars Express, however, is making light of this challenging part of the mission.
Mars Express orbits the Red Planet in a fixed direction that never changes. As Mars follows its own orbit around the Sun, there are times when Mars Express will be forced into the planet's shadow. When this happens, the spacecraft must rely on battery power alone to keep it alive.
"So far things are going very well," says John Reddy of ESA's Mars Express project team. It is viewpoint shared by Rudolf Schmidt, Mars Express Project Manager. He says, "We have a graph predicting what will happen and, so far, the spacecraft has returned data that match our calculations."
Mars Express completes one orbit of Mars every 7.5 hours. On 12 February 2004, the spacecraft experienced its first expected eclipse. That one lasted for only a few minutes but, as the days go by, the periods of darkness will rise to a full hour and a half early in March. After this, although the duration of the eclipses will slowly decrease, they will continue for about 150 days.
Away from sunlight, the spacecraft gets very cold and so it must be heated, draining the power reserves. When the spacecraft re-emerges, controllers on Earth must align it to recharge the batteries, otherwise all power could be lost during the next eclipse and critical damage could occur.
Everything must be meticulously planned in advance and the spacecraft carefully programmed with the necessary manoeuvres.
ESOC is in contact with Mars Express for just eight hours every day and so everything must be meticulously planned in advance and the spacecraft carefully programmed with the necessary manoeuvres.
And what of science during this testing time? At first, it was placed on hold so that the health of the spacecraft could be paramount. Now, with added confidence, science operations are beginning to be performed again. "It is our intention to perform as much safe science as we can during this period," says Reddy.
Although Mars Express will experience other eclipse seasons during its mission, they are not likely to be as trying as this one.


text:
It is appropriate that in the month in which we celebrate fathers, the pop culture world should bring us a little art movie called In the Family.
Lauded by critics as the most engaging film you'll probably never see, the premise is very now. In the American heartland, a widowed father with a six-year-old son named Cody recovers from the loss of his wife and finds a new love, who happens to not only be Asian, but a man. Cody loves his new dad, and things are good for the reconstituted family until the widower is killed in a car crash, and an ugly custody battle ensues. It's a movie subtly infused with the issues of gay marriage, race, sexuality and, most of all, the evolution of the family unit.
In short, a perfect reflection of what it means to be a modern-day father.
Which is to say, not easy. Not that it ever has been, whether pop was a foraging Stone Age caveman or a Middle Ages crusader or a hard-working pioneer farmer or a nattily suited Mad Men-era insurance salesman or a 21st-century gay man embracing parenthood.
You don't need to be a dad to know that being a dad has always been a tricky — and morphing — business, one-part anthropological imperative, one part cultural pressure, and all parts responsibility.
One need only backtrack a half-century for a prime example of the ongoing seismic shift, to a simpler time when Father Knows Best and My Three Sons depicted the singular pursuit of the average middle-class dad. Go to work, support the family, pace outside the delivery room, remain mostly removed from child-rearing and child-nurturing, load up the station wagon for the annual summer vacation, and tell the wife how pretty she is on the way to the neighbour's cocktail party. Everything else? Pretty much left to the stay-at-home mom.
And then along came Gloria Steinem and a demographic quake so profound that all gender-defining bets were off the kitchen table. Women began to control their own sexuality. They joined the workforce by the millions. They supported themselves, often without benefit of a spouse. They were marrying, and having children, much later in life, and they often ended up raising their sons and daughters in no-dad households.
Suddenly dads, and future dads, found themselves stripped of their historical identity, no longer always the chief breadwinner, but quickstepping to the beat of a bewildering relationship where both spouses earned a paycheque and where he was expected to shoulder his share of the child-rearing, including the 3 a.m. diaper change and the household chores, while still being the manly man.
Like any cultural shift, the change in modern-day fatherhood has been well-documented and dissected. Talk shows, newspaper articles, magazine essays, websites and, of course, mountains of books have been dedicated to the new dad and what it means to father in a world where the ground has suddenly shifted beneath your feet, when the biological versus emotional imperatives that once defined fatherhood have morphed into a battle between embracing your feminine side without sacrificing the societal expectations that come with ownership of the Y chromosome.
Not surprisingly, it has been a somewhat rocky road for fathers caught in the modern-day vortex.
Pop culture, as is often the case, has been especially unkind to fathers, often depicting them as deadbeat buffoons who don't know what's going on in their own homes, who can't handle a screwdriver, who desert their children, who let their offspring disrespectfully treat them like walking ATMs, whose wives are dismissive and sarcastic about everything from their sexual prowess to their earning skills.
The reality is somewhat more heartening. Having come through the revolution, today's dads are much more involved with their children. Paternity leave has become a workplace standard, and the new hands-on fatherhood starts with cutting the umbilical cord in the delivery room.
Dads today, like moms, are rewriting the history of what it means to parent. No longer is it jarring to see a dad in the playground, or escorting junior to school or swimming lessons, or walking down the street with a newborn strapped to his chest in a Snugli. No more is the phrase "stay-at-home dad" considered a cultural anomaly, and many dads today aren't just bringing home the bacon, they're cooking it, too.
And perhaps to make up for lost time, grandfathers are also getting in on the act, often spending far more time with their grandchildren than they ever would, or could, with their own children.
The evolution will continue, of course, as each new generation defines what it means to be a father. The good news is that the kids are the lucky beneficiaries of all this new-found emancipation, and that's all that really matters.