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Theatre Archives New Zealand
Our Role
Your Role
St Patrick's College Drama and Musical Productions
Roger Hall Papers
Bill Sheat
Dion Kelly, plays
Auckland Music Theatre Company
Canterbury Children's Theatre
Auckland Repertory Theatre
Tracey Collins
Alexander Turnbull Library
Wellington Improvisation Troupe
Laura Irish
Open Book Productions1999 - 2004,
Neal Barber
mmmpop Improv
Hadley Donaldson
Erin Harrington
Catherine Hart
Deb McGuire
2 Dope Teenz
Entertainment Production Services Limited
Prospect Park Productions
Jennifer Lal
The PlayGround Collective
Raymond John Calcutt
Theatre Hawkes Bay
Limelight Theatre Company
Riverlea Theatre & Arts Centre Incorporated
Te Puke Repertory Society
Ellerslie Theatrical Society Incorporated
Riccarton Players Inc
Theatre Hawkes Bay
Porirua Little Theatre Incorporated
The Globe Theatre Dunedin
Granity Players
Canterbury Repertory Society
Bryan Aitken
Otamatea Repertory Theatre Inc
The Princess Margaret Hospital players
Dramatix Theatre Development Trust
Takaka Drama Society Inc
Friends of the Globe Theatre Inc
Shoreside Theatre
Centre Stage Taupo Inc
Nelson Youth Theatre Company
Kathy Watson
Binge Culture
The PlayGround Collective
The Fourth Wall Theatre Company Limited - known as 4th Wall Theatre
Red Leap Theatre
Drama Christi
Otaki Players
Khandallah Arts Theatre Inc
Roger Hall Papers
Mana Little Theatre
Porirua Little Theatre
Wellington District Theatre Federation
Centrepoint Theatre
Nancy McGuire
Brian Turner
Michelle Poole
Michelle Scullion
South Canterbury Drama League Archives
Brian McNeill
Trident Drama Club records
Howick Little Theatre
Lindsay Shelton
Mime International Collection
Sue Dunlop
David O'Donnell
The Edge
Maureen Potter Proscenium Theatre Magic Ltd
Gisborne Operatic Society
Gisborne Unity Theatre
Boon Records
Musical Theatre New Zealand Incorporated
John Broughton Papers
David Hill
Paul Maunder, Amamus Theatre Group, Theatre of the Eighth Day
Jack Roderick
Performing Arts Theatre
Raymond Boyce: Designs and Sketches
BATS Theatre Inc
Stagecraft Theatre
Oamaru Repertory Society
Peter Hambleton
New Zealand Drama School Collection
Samantha Scott
Rosalie Carey Papers
Court Theatre
Showbiz Queenstown
Elizabeth McRae
Constance Scott Kirkcaldie Papers
Miranda Harcourt
Hastings Musical Comedy Company
Marlborough Repertory Theatre archives
Playwrights Association of New Zealand
Gary Langford
Tawa Community Theatre Inc
Oamaru Operatic Society
Laurie Atkinson Collection
Marton Players
Ellerslie Theatrical Society
Downstage Theatre Company
Dennis Smith
Little Theatre Society
Canterbury Repertory Theatre Society Ephemera
Canterbury Repertory Theatre
North Otago Drama League
North Otago Drama Club
North Otago Branch, British Drama League
Community Arts Service
James K. Baxter: Literary and Personal Papers
Dunedin Repertory Society
Friends of the Globe
Robert Lord
Cilla McQueen
Ngaio Marsh
Bruce Mason Tapes
R. A. K. Mason
O. E. Middleton
Otago Theatre Trust
Otago University Dramatic Society
Eileen Soper
Southern Comedy Players
Southern Theatre Trust Board
Stephen Butterworth
John Cowie Reid Papers
Geoff Perry
Christchurch Savage Club
New Zealand Television - Drama Productions
Palmerston North Operatic Society
Dawn Sanders: Administrative Records and Personal Papers
Shakespeare Globe Centre New Zealand
Charles B Andrew
Donald George Alfred Munro Papers
Porirua Little Theatre
Raymond Boyce Downstage Designs
Raymond Boyce: Scene Models
Invercargill Musical Theatre Company Incorporated
Levin Little Theatre
Tauranga Repertory Society
Ken White Papers
Video Documentary Project
Comfy Seat Productions
Taki Rua Productions
Taki Rua Theatre: Taki Rua Productions Society (Inc) (Wellington)
Young & Hungry Youth Theatre
Martin Lodge
New Zealand International Festival of the Arts
St Clair Bayfield: Diary
Peter Harcourt Papers
Titirangi Drama
Harlequin Theatre
Carterton Amateur Dramatic Society
Mrs R. M. Daniell
John Maunsell
Wairarapa Times-Age
Detour Theatre Trust
Te Awamutu Little Theatre
Te Awamutu Light Operatic Society
Te Awamutu Dramatic Society
Local History Collection - Mairangi Players
Peninsula Players
South Canterbury Drama
Timaru Performing Arts Society
Timaru Orchestra Programmes
Presbyterian Church of Aotearoa New Zealand Drama Archives
Riverton Drama Group
Searelle Family Papers
Newspapers and Ephemera
V. O. Frizzell
Wellington Operatic Society
Petone Settlers Museum Archives
Baradene College of the Sacred Heart Archives: Drama and Musical Productions Records
Golden Bay Museum Collection
Foxton Historical Society Collection of Foxton Little Theatre Records
Sound Archives Nga Taonga Korero
Titirangi Drama
Glen Eden Playhouse Theatre
Ephemera and Music Collections, Thames District theatre and drama
Whakatane Repertory Theatre
Edgecumbe Little Theatre Club
Ephemera Collection
Eltham Little Theatre
Morrinsville Historical Society Theatre Collection
Napier Repertory Players
Peoples Theatre
Te Awamutu Farmers Union Drama Club
Hutt Repertory Theatre
Eltham Theatre
Clyde Theatre Group
Mary-Annette Hay Papers
Howick Historical Village: Theatre and Drama Records
Ashburton District Theatre and Drama
Cilla McQueen
Theatre clippings books
Regent Theatre Company
Empire Theatre Company
Te Awamutu Picture Corporation
Theatre and Drama Programmes
Victoria League
Alan Mulgan
Arnold Goodwin
Theatre Ephemera Collection
Theatre and Drama
His Majesty's Theatre and Arcade
Mercury Theatre
Maurice Keesing
Ruby King Papers
Gisborne Savage Club
Walter Morris
South Island Writers' Association
Jack Corbett
New Zealand Theatrical and Places of Amusement Industrial Union of Workers. Canterbury Branch
Owen Simmance Papers
Bruce Mason
New Zealand Students Arts Council
John Ley
Dramatic Club
Murray Gittos
R. A. K. Mason
Helena Henderson
Canterbury Theatre Company
Christchurch Operatic Society
Christchurch Operatic Society
Christchurch Religious Drama Society
Christchurch Teachers' Training College Drama Records
Court Theatre
J.C. Williamson
New Zealand Players
New Zealand Theatre Company
Phoenix Theatre
Risingholme Drama Group
Southern Comedy Players
Theatre Arts Guild
University of Canterbury Drama Society
Theatre Royal
David Carnegie Papers
Douglas Dall
John Caselberg Papers
University of Canterbury Drama Society
Blackball Amateur Musical and Dramatic Society
Greymouth Operatic Society
Hokitika Amateur Operatic Society
Hokitika Amateur, Vocal and Dramatic Club
Hokitika Revue Company
Hokitika Revue Society
Hokitika Dramatic Society Records
Waitaha Valley Drama Group
J. E. Bellingham Papers
Theatre Corporate
Peoples Theatre records
New Independent Theatre
One-Act Play Festival
One-Act Play Festival
One-Act Play Festival
One-Act Play Festival
One-Act Play Festival
One-Act Play Festival
One-Act Play Festival
One-Act Play Festival
One-Act Play Festival
Drama Christi
Waikato Passion Play Society
Peter Gibbons papers
Pamela Le Prou
Hamilton Shakespeare Club
Hamilton Peoples Theatre
David Sutcliff
Alec Forbes
The Armstrong Account Papers
Queenstown Shakespeare Trust
Kit Powell papers
Colin Scrimgeour Papers
New Zealand Players Trust Board
William Pringle Papers
Ernest Andrews Papers
David De Maus Papers
Te Kuiti Repertory Society
Niagara-Waikawa Drama Club
Dramatis Theatre
New Zealand Broadcasting Corporation
Sunny Amey
Regent Theatre
Civic Theatre
Odeon Theatre
Kaitaia Amateur Musical and Dramatic Society
Cohen Family Papers
Leonard Booth Papers
Cheviot Drama Club
Earth and Sky Committee
Mrs W. M. Giles Papers
Daniell Anke Papers
David Forsyth Papers
Paul Shirriffs: Design Records
Torbay Dramatic Society
Whangamata Theatre Society
Arts Entertainment in Kaikoura
Mairangi Players
Roger Hall Personal Papers
Personal Papers
George Allen Papers
Methven Players
Te Aroha Dramatic Society
Te Papa Archives
Ayson Collection Papers
Theatre Ephemera
Wairoa Little Theatre
Ralph Johnson Papers
Town and Country Players
British Drama League. New Zealand Branch Records
Charles John and Ellen Kean Journal
Marsh Papers
Company Journal
Jensen Scrapbooks and Papers
Wairarapa research papers
Fanny Clifton Papers
Sargeson Papers
Eiby Papers
Dryland Papers
Hodge Papers
Williamson Company autographs
Kensington Papers
Hutchison Reminiscences
Jenny McLeod "Earth and Sky" production papers
Eric Ramsden papers
Pollard Index
Gordon Papers
Dennis Papers
Marks Souvenir Collection
Margot Stuart: Papers relating to Ellinore Ginn
Album of newspaper clippings
Jessie Pearce Theatrical Scrapbooks
Mercury Theatre Records
Bradshaw Papers
Turnovsky Papers
New Theatre Records
Millar Papers
Luxford Dolberg Papers
Brumfit Papers
Lawlor Papers
Peter Pan Players
McAlpine Literary Papers
Bowie Papers
Stafford Byrne Papers
Curnow Papers
Unity Theatre
Wellington Repertory Theatre
Gordon Brown Papers
Maringikura Campbell: Papers relating to Te Ohu Whakaari
Edith Campion: Scrapbooks of the New Zealand Players
Cook Papers
John Crockett: Papers relating to Charles Brasch and Richard Heron Ward
Harry Seresin Papers
Joan Fryer: Papers relating to Nola Millar
Strewe Papers
Vogt Papers (Anton and Birgitte Vogt)
Cox Papers
Cresswell Papers
Louis Johnson
James K Baxter Play Festival
Thomson Papers: Theatre writings
Broadcasting History Trust
Doulas Lilburn
New Zealand Public Radio Concert FM New Zealand Composer Tape Archives
Bruce Mason Papers
R A K Mason
Roth Papers
Dentice Scrapbook
Durrant Papers
Forman Papers
James and Jean Bertram Papers
Yeates Papers
Metastasio Papers
Williamson Sketch
Religious Drama Society (Wellington)
Rowland Papers
Cordery Papers
Swan Scrapbooks
Te Iwi Maori Rawakore
Ballantyne Papers
George Walker Papers
Thespians Records
Trimble lectures
Wellington Area of the British Drama League
Wellington Savage Club
Wellington Shakespeare Society
Wellington Volunteer Fire Brigade
Waiata Maori Script
Jonathan Dennis Papers
Plays by James F. Courage
Gilbert and Sullivan Operatic Society
Wakari Drama Club
Sinton, Walter James: Papers
Watson, A. Roland : Papers
Otago University Students Association
Dunedin Shakespeare Club
Taieri Performing Arts Society
O'Connor, David B : Pollard's Opera Company scrapbook
Smith, Lloyd & Charmian : Further papers relating to the Globe Theatre
Walker, Roy and Jeanette : Papers
Walker, Roy : Papers
Courage, James Francis : Literary and personal papers
Tolis Papazoglou
Barry Gibbs Programme Collection
Wellington Children's Theatre
John Gordon Collection
Nola Millar Library Archive and Programme Collection
Peter Harcourt Collection
Massey University Drama Society Productions
Fortune Theatre archives
Epson Girls' Grammar School classroom drama
Nola Millar Archive
New Zealand Drama School Oral History Project
New Zealand Association for Drama in Education
Otago University Dramatic Society supplementary archives
Alister McDonald Personal Collection
Oamaru Opera House [Town Hall]
R.B. McMurray Collection
Student Revue Collection
Irvine, Herbert Benn Hamilton b 1910: Interview
Dorothy Golder collection: Taped interviews of Nancy McGuire
Newland, Graeme: programmes and photographs
Thompson, John: programmes and photographs
Christchurch Drama Centre
Theatre Technique Trust
Michael Young Papers
Allan Webb - Cinemas of the Waikato
A.R.D Fairburn Papers
Wellington Operatic Society
Papers of W. B. (Bill) Sheat: Papers to do with Extravaganza productions
Michael Edwards: Script for Extravaganza production
Tony Ferrers: Papers to do with Extravaganza productions
Papers of Julius Hogben: Capping Carnival scripts
Pat Macaskill: Extravaganza records
Rachel McAlpine Manuscript
Victoria University of Wellington Theatre Archive: Master videotapes
Hocken Library
Untitled Theatre Archive Page
On-Stage Te Kuiti Incorporated Archives
Brodie, Alice May, nee McLean
Eltham and Districts Historical Society
Feilding Little Theatre Players Inc.
Paul McLaughlin
Prin Barry
Backyard Theatre Productions , Kapitall Kids' Theatre
Aidan Theatre
The Co - Lab
Sally Thorburn
Brilliant Adventures
Lisa Maule
Margaret Robertson
Amanda Jane Perry
Napier Frivolity Minstrels
Nelson Repertory Theatre
Company Theatre
Napier Repertory Players (Inc)
Hutt Repertory Theatre
Dunedin Repertory Society
Kapiti Playhouse Inc
Dargaville Little Theatre
A Mulled Whine
Jane Yonge
Peter Hambleton
Our People
New Zealand Television - Drama Productions
The archives include television drama programmes from the 1960s onwards.


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Confronted about using graphic from Council of Conservative Citizens, Dobbs asked: "[G]ot anything a little more recent?"
On Lou Dobbs Tonight, National Council of La Raza's Janet Murguia accused host Lou Dobbs of using "hate groups to make your case on immigration," noting that Dobbs had aired a graphic from the Council of Conservative Citizens, a group linked to white supremacists. Dobbs responded: "You got anything a little more recent?" He also asked, "How long was that on the air?" When Murguia responded, "It doesn't matter how long," Dobbs replied, "Of course it does." Dobbs also labeled the Anti-Defamation League and the Southern Poverty Law Center as "absolute advocate groups for open borders and amnesty for illegal aliens" and said of the ADL, "They are a joke."
On the February 4 edition of CNN's Lou Dobbs Tonight, National Council of La Raza president and CEO Janet Murguia accused host Lou Dobbs of using "hate groups to make your case on immigration." As evidence, she noted that Dobbs had aired a graphic from the Council of Conservative Citizens (CCC). During the discussion, Murgiua held up a screenshot of the CCC-sourced graphic, which appeared on the May 23, 2006, edition of the show and featured a map of Aztlan (the portion of the American Southwest that purported supporters of the "reconquista" movement are said to believe belongs to Mexico). However, Dobbs dismissed Murquia's criticism, asking "You got anything a little more recent?" He also asked, "How long was that on the air?" When Murguia responded, "It doesn't matter how long," Dobbs replied, "Of course it does," adding that it was aired only for "[s]econds." Dobbs went on to say, "You have just given them more airtime than this network, this broadcast ever did." In response to the criticism of CNN over the appearance of the graphic, on May 25, 2006, a CNN spokeswoman said that a producer had "grabbed the Council of Conservative Citizens map without knowing the nature of the organization" and that its inclusion in the segment "regrettably, was missed in the vetting process."
According to the CCC's Statement of Principles, authored by Sam Francis, a now-deceased former Washington Times and syndicated columnist who made numerous controversial race-related remarks: "We therefore oppose the massive immigration of non-European and non-Western peoples into the United States that threatens to transform our nation into a non-European majority in our lifetime. ... We also oppose all efforts to mix the races of mankind, to promote non-white races over the European-American people through so-called 'affirmative action' and similar measures, to destroy or denigrate the European-American heritage, including the heritage of the Southern people, and to force the integration of the races."
Dobbs also labeled the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) and the Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) as "absolute advocate groups for open borders and amnesty for illegal aliens" and said of the ADL, "They are a joke." In fact, According to the ADL, the organization "was founded in 1913 'to stop the defamation of the Jewish people and to secure justice and fair treatment to all'" and "fights anti-Semitism and all forms of bigotry, defends democratic ideals and protects civil rights for all." The SPLC was founded in 1971 and, according to its website, "is internationally known for its tolerance education programs, its legal victories against white supremacists and its tracking of hate groups."
Dobbs also made repeated reference to the SPLC as a "fundraising organization." Minuteman Project founder Jim Gilchrist also called SPLC a "fundraising organization" on the January 30 edition of CNN Headline News' Glenn Beck. In response to a question about ADL's involvement in the immigration debate, Gilchrist said: "Fundraising. Anti-Defamation League, like the Southern Poverty Law Center, are professional fundraising groups. And if they can proliferate hate by using people like Mark Krikorian and the Center for Immigration Studies or Jim Gilchrist, Minuteman Project, as a target for their hate, they can raise millions of dollars."
From the February 4 edition of CNN's Lou Dobbs Tonight:
MURGUIA: Sure. I'm sorry. You said that you support the Minuteman Project, and that they're fine Americans who make it up, who make it up in all they've accomplished fully, relentlessly, and proudly.
DOBBS: Right.
MURGUIA: So I want to make sure you understand. These are folks who are documented to be part of hate groups.
DOBBS: Who documented them?
MURGUIA: Southern Poverty Leadership --
DOBBS: Southern Poverty Law Center?
MURGUIA: And the American Defamation League [sic], ADL.
DOBBS: Right. Both of whom are absolute advocate groups for open borders and amnesty for illegal aliens.
MURGUIA: That's your opinion.
DOBBS: No, it's not my opinion.
MURGUIA: Yes, it is your opinion.
DOBBS: No, it's a fact.
MURGUIA: I think you couch this -- you give them this aura of respectability. You also cited in 2006 a source of your, you know, branding CNN and Lou Dobbs around the Council of Conservative Citizens, which also the SPLC has named as a white nationalist hate group. This is a group that denigrates, routinely, blacks as genetically inferior, complained about, you know, Jewish power, and also denigrated homosexuals as perverted sodomites. All I'm saying is, you're co-branding yourself and CNN with a white supremacist nationalist hate group.
LOU DOBBS: Did we do that?
MURGUIA: This is --
DOBBS: Did we really?
MURGUIA: -- this was on your program on May 23rd --
DOBBS: How long was that on the air?
DOBBS: How long was that --
MURGUIA: It doesn't matter how long.
DOBBS: Of course it does.
MURGUIA: It doesn't.
DOBBS: Of course it does.
MURGUIA: You are using hate speech, hate groups to make a case on immigration.
DOBBS: I'm going to tell you straight up --
MURGUIA: To make a case on immigration.
DOBBS: Do you want the answer?
MURGUIA: Sure.
DOBBS: You want to know how long it was on the air?
MURGUIA: It doesn't matter.
DOBBS: Seconds. You have just given them more airtime than this network, this broadcast ever did.
MURGUIA: And I'm holding you accountable for having given them any sort of exposure.
DOBBS: Oh, you are?
MURGUIA: And the fact that you're associating yourself --
DOBBS: So you should be --
MURGUIA: -- with this extremist --
DOBBS: I associated myself?
MURGUIA: You cite them as a fact --
DOBBS: I did?
MURGUIA: -- on this.
DOBBS: Did I?
MURGUIA: This says, "Dobbs -- LOU DOBBS TONIGHT, CNN."
DOBBS: Right.
MURGUIA: That's there for everyone to see.
DOBBS: Right.
MURGUIA: And this is from your show on May 23rd, 2006.
DOBBS: Right.
MURGUIA: This kind of hate speech, this kind --
DOBBS: From what year?
DOBBS: Right. You got anything a little more recent?
MURGUIA: You know, the ADL documents code words for hate.
DOBBS: The ADL -- oh, yeah, sure.
MURGUIA: And you've used a few of those code words for hate.
DOBBS: Name one code word.
MURGUIA: Well, they talk about dehumanizing and demonizing immigrants --
DOBBS: That's their word. It's not my word.
MURGUIA: Well, I'm telling you, they've had a --
DOBBS: What's my word?
MURGUIA: -- clear record of documenting hate speech.
DOBBS: They have?
MURGUIA: Yes, they have.
DOBBS: The ADL is --
MURGUIA: They are a very well-respected voice.
DOBBS: Not by me.
MURGUIA: The Anti-Defamation League --
DOBBS: They are a joke.
MURGUIA: They are not a joke. They are a long-standing organization.
DOBBS: I want you to go to that website of yours and listen to that discussion on there. That woman is a joke. OK?
DOBBS: Janet Murguia, you have contributed to, to me, just a reprehensible approach on the part of any organization. You've joined the Southern Poverty Law Center, which is now nothing more than an advocacy and fundraising organization. I think you are the one who should be held accountable.

subset: commoncrawl


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Find a care provider
Now that you're pregnant, it's time to find a prenatal care provider you trust and feel comfortable with. They'll help you make decisions and care for you throughout your pregnancy, and you'll work together to plan for the birth experience you want.
These are a few of the doctors and specialists you may see during your pregnancy.


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Medical devices discussed on these pages may not be available in all countries or may be for investigational use only.
Almost all medical devices and products must go through clinical studies and regulatory reviews before they are commercially released, with different countries having different requirements before a product is approved for market. In this section, we have included information regarding a product that is only available in certain countries and not yet available in the United States.
This website is not intended to be viewed by residents of the United States. Based on your location, please click the appropriate button below:
MM1537 Rev 02


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Hypnobirthing Canary Wharf and Docklands
Hypnobirthing Canary Wharf and Docklands:
We offer regular Hypnobirthing Courses in Canary Wharf & Docklands. Hypnobirthing is a well established and proven method that gives you the tools to give birth in a comfortable & peaceful manner. Hypnobirthing techniques aim to teach you ways to stay relaxed, calm and in control during labour and birth, whatever happens. Whether you are planning a hospital, birthing centre or home birth Hypnobirthing can help.
The Hypnobirthing Course is build around a number of practises including breathing techniques, deep relaxation, self-hypnosis, and visualisations. The techniques reduce stress and anxiety and as a result the birthing muscles and hormones work effectively as nature intended them to.
Our Courses run all year round on Saturdays.


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American Heart Association/American Stroke Association
Latest Get With The Guidelines® Quality Research
Latest Get With The Guidelines® Quality Research
ACE Inhibitors/Beta Blockers Underutilized for Heart Attack Patients
Use of Renin-Angiotensin System Blockers in Acute Coronary Syndromes: Findings From Get With the Guidelines-Coronary Artery Disease Program. Bainey K, Armstrong P, Fonarow G, Cannon C, Hernandez A, Peterson E, Peacock WF, Laskey W, Zhao X, Schwamm L, Bhatt D.. [Epub 2/25/14] CIRCOUTCOMES.113.000422, doi: 10.1161/?CIRCOUTCOMES.113.000422
What is known:
- Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) are known to improve survival following an acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and are American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) guideline recommended.
- However, contemporary use of ACEI/ARB therapy following an ACS at discharge is less clear.
What this study adds:
- In a large cohort of patients admitted with an ACS and discharged home from a Get with the Guidelines–Coronary Artery Disease Program participating hospital, roughly one in five eligible patients failed to receive ACC/AHA Class I guideline recommended ACEI/ARB therapy (81.7%).
- After adjustment, in-hospital coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and renal insufficiency were independently associated with lower use of ACEI/ARB therapy.
- Additional quality improvement efforts focused on use of ACEI/ARB therapy are warranted.
Study Author:
Kevin Bainey is currently an Assistant Professor and Academic Interventional Cardiologist at the Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta. He maintains an Associate Faculty position at the Canadian VIGOUR Centre, University of Alberta. He is also the Director of the Interventional Cardiology Fellowship Program at the Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute.
Past education includes an undergraduate degree in Microbiology at the University of Alberta in 1998, Doctor of Medicine from University of Alberta in 2002, Internal Medicine and Cardiology training at the University of Alberta and Fellowship of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada in 2006 (Internal Medicine) and 2008 (Cardiology). He also completed an Interventional Cardiology Fellowship at Harvard University's Brigham and Women's Hospital in 2009. He was a Clinical Scholar in Interventional Cardiology at McMaster University from 2009-2011. He completed his Master of Science in Health Research Methodology from McMaster University in 2013.
He is the recipient of the Canadian Society for Clinical Investigation Resident Research Award (Alberta) and was a Clinical Research Student Presentation Award Nominee for the Canadian Cardiovascular Congress. He has received the University Of Alberta Department Of Medicine Research Award on numerous occasions throughout his training at the University of Alberta.
Bainey's research efforts are widely published amongst academic and peer-evaluated journals. Currently, his research interests include reperfusion in STEMI. His work on spontaneous reperfusion has led to a definitive understanding of enhanced clinical outcomes seen in these patients. Additionally, Dr. Bainey has a special interest in ethnic-based clinical research focusing primarily on South Asians with established coronary artery disease.
New - Quality Research Publications Website
We are pleased to announce the launch of a new website. Visit heart.org/qualityresearch to find Quality research publications to:
- Find Quality Research Publications by Author, Topic, Year and/or Program
- Review Abstracts from Conference Presentations
- Learn about Research Projects and Opportunities
- Access vast Program Databases
- Explore Young Investigator Research Projects
- Download Research-related Tools and Resources
Focus on Quality. The More Healthcare Quality Improves, The More Patient Outcomes Do Too. See more about all of our programs.


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Holocaust Memorial Reconsiders Pius XII
Exhibit of Pope Pius XII on display at Yad Vashem Holocaust memorial in Israel has been updated.
The decision of Yad Vashem's Holocaust museum to alter a caption describing Pope Pius XII should be seen as evidence of "honesty and growing trust" among those researching the controversial record of the wartime Pope, the outgoing papal nuncio to Israel has said.
Speaking to the Register July 3, Archbishop Antonio Franco said the decision "is a demonstration of trust; not that the differences have been resolved, but that we can search and study in a peaceful way." The papal nuncio said it also marks a "step forward" toward ending the controversy, though he did not know if that would happen soon.
Israel's Yad Vashem Holocaust museum announced July 1 that it had altered the wording after years of contentious debate between Yad Vashem and the Vatican. Matters came to a head in 2007, when Archbishop Franco threatened to boycott a Holocaust commemoration over the wording.
Instead of presenting only the critics' view, the new text contains arguments from both sides. In a separate statement, the museum said it "looks forward to the day when the Vatican Archives will be open to researchers so that a clearer understanding of the events can be arrived at." According to Catholic News Service, Archbishop Franco explained that the Vatican's archives "continue to be catalogued and will be open to the public once the work is finished." He offered no timeline for completion of the work.
The museum denied reports and accusations from Rome's Jewish community that the move was due to Vatican pressure. Rather, it said it had taken the decision "following the recommendation of the Yad Vashem International Institute for Holocaust Research."
It also cited new research, including documents released from the Vatican Archives up to 1939, and the results of an international academic workshop on Pius XII and the Holocaust held at Yad Vashem in 2009 (the full proceedings of the workshop will be published over the next couple of months, according to the museum).
Archbishop Franco also denied the Vatican had exerted undue force.
"We have been insisting on this change, if you like, but we haven't used pressure in the sense that we have blackmailed or done this or that," he said. "It's been an honest quest, an honest dialogue on the human aspect, to make present the concerns and to consider the research openly and together."
Yet the change to the text appears to have accelerated after the nuncio's 2007 public protest and the subsequent discovery of documentary evidence and new documentation. Archbishop Franco said he met the president of Yad Vashem several times after the incident "to try to analyze some points and all the issues that were mentioned in the old caption." He said the 2009 workshop, which took place shortly before Pope Benedict XVI's visit to the Holy Land that year, was "organized in the same spirit: to try to deepen the understanding of the question raised in the caption and to give honest views on those issues."
"From that time, there was already assurance there would be a revision of the texts, that there could be evolution of the text," he said. "Finally the text came. Obviously, it's not what I personally would have written, but it's a great evolution that shows a deeper understanding of the situation."
Speaking to the Register July 3, professor Dan Michman, head of the Yad Vashem International Institute for Holocaust Research, said some visitors to the museum "didn't understand the controversy," so the new caption "presents this controversy in more detail."
He stressed the importance of being able to view the 1939-1945 Vatican Archives before any further revisions of the caption can take place. He also said it was important to conduct more research into religious orders to see if their efforts to save Jews came from the initiative of Pius XII.
"If there's anything that dramatically changes our mind, we'll have to sit down and see what it is," he said. "Not one single study will change everything."
He claimed some people are trying to rid Pius XII of criticism so he can be beatified, but that Yad Vashem is "not doing that at all."
"We are committed to an academic approach and to research that brings up new things; these findings cannot be expressed even in 200 words, but we're moving towards it," he said. But he did not agree with the view that the text had been "softened," saying it had been changed to reveal the complexity of the controversy.
Similarly, Archbishop Franco did not see it as a "softening" of the text, as the negative interpretation of events is still there, alongside the positive one. "The negative view is very tough, very hard, and I would not agree at all with this," he said, noting that the new version claims the Pope's alleged inaction "constitutes a moral failure" — words that weren't present in the earlier version.
Pave the Way Foundation, a non-sectarian organization that seeks to remove the use of religion as a tool to justify private agendas and violence, said in a statement July 3 that it welcomed the decision and that it fully appreciated the need for further research. The organization, which has been at the forefront of efforts in searching for the truth, has uncovered 76,000 original documents showing Pius XII worked behind the scenes to help save Jews from the Holocaust. It also claims Pius saved more Jewish lives than all other religious and political leaders combined.
It said it recognized Yad Vashem's "dedication to historic accuracy" and its willingness "to change previously incorrect information on Pius XII, with the review of the newly revealed documentation currently available." Elliot Hershberg of the foundation said he had "absolute confidence" that Pius XII will be vindicated once the archives are open. He stressed that, from the outset, the foundation has had no other purpose than to "set the record straight."
Michman, when asked if he thought the change signifies a growing awareness that the defenders of Pius XII are right, replied: "No, I wouldn't say that; the polemics are even fiercer than before." He agreed that the controversy started with Rolf Hochhuth's 1963 play The Deputy, which started the spread of what has become known as the "Black Legend" of Pius XII. And he acknowledged that much research has been conducted since then that has changed historians' positions. But he said critics have also grown stronger "as they have included a moral evaluation which wasn't there before."
Furthermore, he highlighted one issue which he sees as being of central importance to the debate and necessary to resolve: Pius XII's Christmas radio address of 1942, in which he referred to those who have been "consigned to death or to a slow decline" but did not mention the Jews by name. "He didn't use the word 'Jews,' so what did he really mean?" Michman asked.
Gary Krupp, founder of the Pave the Way Foundation, said in the organization's July 3 statement that "while he didn't mention the Jews by name, the message is transparent." Krupp also welcomed the inclusion in the new caption of particular positive actions the Pope took, "specifically the fact that the Holy See did appeal to the rulers of Slovakia and Hungary on behalf of the Jews."
One theory generally accepted by Pius' defenders is that the smearing of the reputation of this stridently anti-communist Pontiff was the work of Soviet agents after his death. But Michman doesn't accept this theory, nor is he willing to investigate it.
"I really don't believe that," he said, adding that such a reality would quickly be detected during research if it were true. Asked if he would in any case look into it, he replied: "No, I don't think (of) it as an issue as such. There were all sorts of political issues going on at that time. When you start a smear campaign, you're looking at issues that are hot at the time; but, for the Soviets in the 1960s, and also those in the Western world, the Holocaust wasn't as central as it is now in the public awareness. It was not a hot topic at all." He also did not believe Hochhuth's play was in any way a conscious attempt to smear Pius' name. "He raised a moral issue that is still there in the controversy," he said.
Krupp predicted "the world will soon restore the heroic reputation of Pope Pius XII to its proper place in history — when the Vatican Archives open, and all will be able to see the facts." Archbishop Franco is similarly hopeful, though slightly more cautious.
He said, "It's a step forward, but when will it end? We don't know. Soon? We hope so."
Edward Pentin writes from Rome.
What Yad Vashem Says About Pope Pius XII
Old text:
Pope Pius XII
"Pius XII's reaction to the murder of the Jews during the Holocaust is a matter of controversy. In 1933, when he was secretary of the Vatican state, he was active in obtaining a concordat with the German regime to preserve the Church's rights in Germany, even if this meant recognizing the Nazi racist regime. When he was elected Pope in 1939, he shelved a letter against racism and anti-Semitism that his predecessor had prepared. Even when reports about the murder of Jews reached the Vatican, the Pope did not protest, either verbally or in writing. In December 1942, he abstained from signing the Allied declaration condemning the extermination of the Jews. When Jews were deported from Rome to Auschwitz, the Pope did not intervene. The Pope maintained his neutral position throughout the war, with the exception of appeals to the rulers of Hungary and Slovakia towards its end. His silence and the absence of guidelines obliged Churchmen throughout Europe to decide on their own how to react."
Current text:
The Vatican
"The Vatican, under Pius XI, Achille Ratti, and represented by the Secretary of State Eugenio Pacelli, signed a concordat with Nazi Germany in July 1933 in order to preserve the rights of the Catholic Church in Germany.
"The reaction of Pius XII, Eugenio Pacelli, to the murder of the Jews during the Holocaust is a matter of controversy among scholars.
"From the onset of World War II, the Vatican maintained a policy of neutrality. The Pontiff abstained from signing the Allies' declaration of December 17, 1942, condemning the extermination of the Jews. Yet, in his Christmas radio address of December 24, 1942, he referred to 'the hundreds of thousands of persons who, without any fault on their part, sometimes only because of their nationality or ethnic origin (stirpe), have been consigned to death or to a slow decline.' Jews were not explicitly mentioned. When Jews were deported from Rome to Auschwitz, the Pontiff did not publicly protest. The Holy See appealed separately to the rulers of Slovakia and Hungary on behalf of the Jews.
"The Pope's critics claim that his decision to abstain from condemning the murder of the Jews by Nazi Germany constitutes a moral failure: The lack of clear guidance left room for many to collaborate with Nazi Germany, reassured by the thought that this did not contradict the Church's moral teachings. It also left the initiative to rescue Jews to individual clerics and laymen.
"His defenders maintain that this neutrality prevented harsher measures against the Vatican and the Church's institutions throughout Europe, thus enabling a considerable number of secret rescue activities to take place at different levels of the Church. Moreover, they point to cases in which the Pontiff offered encouragement to activities in which Jews were rescued.
"Until all relevant material is available to scholars, this topic will remain open to further inquiry."
- Keywords:
- July 29-August 11, 2012


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Tag: switzerland
Brandon Russell for Diafero
I started editing about 18 years ago on an Avid and have pretty much stuck to the workflow of those old tools, even now in Final Cut Pro I have my keyboard mapped to the old Avid commands. Yes, I have evolved in my personal style, efficiency and dialed in the most important aspects of editing (which is storytelling, timing and pacing – not "cool filter effects") but I've recently felt my old-age in editing and that I need to get acquainted with the new tools that have been coming out.
Once the GoPro 3 Black Edition was released I immediately began shooting everything in it's 2K setting. This gave me the opportunity to have nice screen grabs for the internets as well as having a bit of room to zoom and crop the framing when editing in 1080 HD. Until recently I would keep the zooms static, but I wanted to play around and see what I could create animating the zooms and positioning.
These two ambitions made for a fun personal project and have helped get me out of my stale corporate-blah editing rut. Yes, I still need to edit the corporate-blah to pay the bills, but I am once again having fun and am motivated to create cool shit when I have the free time.
If you prefer watching on YouTube ->
This is my first video edited completely in Adobe Premiere and using Adobe SpeedGrade for the color grading. The camera moves and blurs are all animated in post, I know it isn't ideal, but you can't argue with the quality of footage being captured from a camera with such a small form-factor. There are a few harsh moves that I should have spent more time smoothing out but it was limited for this personal project and overall I am happy with the edit and the workflow using Premiere. My two favorite things about Premiere were how well it handled the 2K GoPro footage without the need of converting to ProRes and its Title tool that blows away FCP 7's. It's always best to shoot at a high frame rate when wanting smooth slow motion, but when you can't, Twixtor will do the job decently. I like the more cinematic look I was able to achieve using these new tools and I think it is a nice effect to use sparingly in our future video edits.
Learn more about the Adobe CC suite
Twixtor for your slow motion needs
All "professional athletes" need a GoPro, right?
Freitag – Zurich Storefront
Freitag makes radical adaptive reuse products to put stuff in, so it's equally fitting that their storefront in Zurich is an adaptive reuse of shipping containers. I love shipping container construction, and this is the tallest and most unique building of it's type (thanks to the truckspotting deck). Their product line could be considered a fine piece of artwork – with a store that creates the perfect frame.


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Follow RFF News on your cell phone. Text follow rff to 40404 you will receive txt messages with RFF News
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TARIndiaFan says: It's definitely northern India. I don't recognize the place though (I am from south) In one of the posters, it says "Loans .... call - 02*****" (I am not able to decipher the rest). Area code of Mumbai is 022. But again, there so many places having area code starting with 02 (mostly cities around mumbai). Also, India's film industry is based in Mumbai. If I have to guess about the next destination, I'd say it is Mumbai, India. merry x'mas to y'all
YOu know Kynt and Bikes just don't mix.
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The economic situation really hasn't changed much in the last 12 months. The US economy is still barely growing, meaning the high unemployment rate won't get much higher, but also won't get much lower. The EU is still in the middle of a dire financial situation which is helping to keep a lid on economic growth, while China is still working at lowering inflation (although they are close to the end of the endeavor).
So — how do we actually end this situation? From Bill Keller of the NY Times:
But while there are things a columnist can ignore (if Kim Kardashian ever features in this column, just shoot me), our failing economic ecosystem is not one of them. So for the past several weeks my airplane and bedside reading has consisted of sexy documents like "A Roadmap for America's Future" and "The Way Forward" and "The Moment of Truth" and "Restoring America's Future" and "Living Within Our Means and Investing in the Future." I've also reached out to a few economists respected for the integrity of their science and their patience with economic illiterates.
The first thing I gleaned from this little tutorial will probably not surprise you: There really is a textbook way to fix our current mess. Short-term stimulus works to help an economy recover from a recession. Some kinds of stimulus pay off more quickly than others. Once the economic heart is pumping again, we need to get our deficits under control. The way to do that is a balance of spending cuts, increased tax revenues and entitlement reforms. There is room to argue about the proportions and the timing, and small differences can produce large consequences, but the basic formula is not only common sense, it is mainstream economic science, tested many times in the real world.
Yes, there is a simple way to solve the problem. And while I've been over it many times, let's revisit it again.
1.) Borrow money. Despite the incredibly stupid complaints of people about federal spending, the bond market isn't worried about the US' fiscal situation right now. The 10-year bond is trading right around 2%.
2.) Rebuild the nation's infrastructure: According to the society of civil engineers, the US' infrastructure gets a grade of D-. I recently noted a story from AgWeb that also illustrates the problem.
3.) Hire people to do the work. Considering that half the un\employed are blue collar workers (people that do things like … construction) this would lower unemployment — which also happens to be a big problem right now.
4.) This increases aggregate demand, which increases GDP. Once you get GDP growing at 3%+ for a few quarters, the economy because self-sustaining. This also helps to halt the debt/GDP growth rate.
SOOOOOOOO why don't we do this?
So what's the problem? Why is our system so fundamentally stuck? Partly it's a colossal, bipartisan lack of the political courage required to tell people what they sort of know but don't want to hear. Partly it's a Republican Party that, for its own cynical reasons, wants no deal with this president. Partly it's moneyed, focused lobbies that swarm in defense of specific advantages written into the law; there is no comparable lobby for compromise, let alone sacrifice.
Let me address the political problem, because I think it's the really big elephant in the room. The Democrats can't lead. Period. The president sends a proposal to the Republicans and then offers the "pre-compromised" version before negotiations get out of the gate. He has yet to figure out that he is hated — as in really hated — because of what he symbolizes: the end of the WASP power structure as we know it. And Congressional Democrats have no backbone. Case in point: perennial pain in the ass Joe Lieberman should have been given an office by the janitor (with an apology to the janitor) along with every meaningless committee assignment possible. Instead, he's a media darling.
Republicans now have the luxury of living in a fact-free world thanks to Fox news and talk radio. Ever wonder why a mere 6% of scientists consider themselves Republicans? Because Republicans are now completely fact-free in a majority of their statements and policy proposals. Here is but one example: sometime over the last year, Paul Ryan proposed a new budget plan with economic analysis provided by the Heritage Foundation. The plan started to unravel after Paul Krugman noticed the plan projected unemployment at 2.3% at the end of the decade. After that, a group of people (of which I was one) shredded the plan — as in demonstrated that it was put together by a third-grader with a crayon. It got so bad that Heritage eventually took it down only to erase the more egregious assumptions. That's just one example of how the fact free the Republican party has become.
The point to the above two paragraphs is simple: our political system is beyond broken and dysfunctional. I'm not quite sure where that is, but I do know it's really bad place to be. And that is why watching the train-wreck that is the daily news is so frustrating: solving the problem is easy, but our political system has become so dysfunctional as to prevent that from happening.
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Join the conversation about this story »
See Also:
- HOLY EURO-CRISIS, BATMAN! Italy's Borrowing Costs Have Doubled In Two Months
- In Case You Were Wondering Why We Keep Bailing Out Wall Street…
- There's An Easy, Fair Solution To The Global Debt Crisis — Too Bad No One Ever Talks About It
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Chicago Booth Business Forecast


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Simplify Tasks by Writing Down Procedures
Spelling out the steps needed to complete a particular job will help get new, inexperienced workers up to speed.
Many companies in the United States are currently experiencing a dramatic upturn in business. With this increase comes a need for more workers. Unfortunately, experienced workers are few and far between. This is forcing some businesses to hire less-experienced people and train them. The first few months can be frustrating for both employer and employee as entry-level people get up to speed.
There are two ways to improve worker proficiency. Employers can provide proper training, making it possible for employees to perform complex tasks. Also, employers can simplify the tasks so they can be completed by employees with lesser skill sets. Entry-level employees need help in both areas: They need more training, and they need tasks to be simpler to perform.
One way to simplify a complex task is to provide a procedure for completing it. The more steps required in the procedure, the more
likely entry-level employees will be to forget them. This means that more-experienced employees in your company will be called upon to provide help, demonstrating and explaining redundant procedures until newcomers eventually memorize them.
Frankly speaking, running a CNC machine is little more than following a set of procedures. For instance, consider these steps to measure tool length:
1. Bring the nose of the spindle down to a flat surface.
2. Reset the Z-axis display to zero.
3. Retract the Z axis, and load the tool to be measured.
4. Bring the tool tip down to the flat surface.
5. Call up the tool-length compensation offset page, and bring the cursor to the appropriate offset register.
6. Transfer the Z-axis display value into the offset register.
Every task on a CNC machine, from powering up to shutting down, requires a step-by-step procedure.
Procedures can be as general or as specific as you need them to be. The example above for measuring tool lengths is pretty general. It assumes that the person following the procedure knows how to move the machine's axes manually, load tools into the spindle, reset the axis displays, call up the offset page, move the cursor and use the measure function.
I like to use both general and specific procedures. Entry-level employees need specifics. Manually moving the machine's axes, for example, involves using the jog functions and the handwheel. Resetting the axis displays involves manipulating the display screen, as does calling up the offset page and transferring the Z-axis display value into the offset register. Having a separate procedure for each of these rudimentary tasks fills in the blanks for the general tasks.
As beginners gain experience, they will remember often-repeated rudimentary procedures. Eventually, they won't need the specifics spelled out for them. Once they become totally proficient with the machine, they won't need often-used general procedures either. However, having specific procedures laid out for them early in their employment will reduce frustration and enable them to become productive quickly.
Your procedures can be organized into an operation handbook for each machine. Categories for general procedures, placed first in the book, might include steps related to setup. Actual procedures in this category might include making vise or fixture setups, measuring and programming zero-assignment values, measuring and entering tool-length compensation values, and verifying programs. Other general categories could include program running and verification procedures, among others.
I like to work from general to specific. After general procedures are given, provide the more specific procedures. A category for manual procedures, for example, could include jogging the axes, using the handwheel, starting the spindle and doing manual zero return, among others. Other categories that have more specific procedures could include manual data input (MDI) procedures and program editing procedures.
Admittedly, it will take time to develop these procedures. Take it one step at a time. The next time someone asks how to do something on a machine, don't just show them. Write it down in the form of a procedure. Do this every time you (or other experienced people in your company) are asked how to do something. You'll be surprised at how fast your operation handbook will grow.
Regardless of how long it takes to complete the handbooks, consider their benefits. Inexperienced employees will become proficient more quickly, while experienced employees will be free to focus on their own responsibilities.


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WASHINGTON (CBSDC/AP) — Federal probation officials are investigating the activities of a southern California filmmaker convicted of financial crimes who has been linked to an anti-Islamic movie inflaming protests across the Middle East, a spokesman for the U.S. federal court system said Friday.
The probation department in California's central district is reviewing the case of Nakoula Basseley Nakoula, 55, who was previously convicted on bank fraud charges and was banned from using computers or the Internet as part of his sentence. The review is aimed at learning whether Nakoula violated the terms of his five-year probation.
Karen Redmond, a spokeswoman for the administrative office of the U.S. courts, confirmed Friday the review is under way. If the probation department determines Nakoula violated terms of his release, a judge could send him back to prison.
Federal authorities have identified Nakoula, a self-described Coptic Christian, as the key figure behind "Innocence of Muslims," a film denigrating Islam and the Prophet Muhammad that ignited mob violence against U.S. embassies across the Middle East. A federal law enforcement official told the Associated Press on Thursday that authorities had connected Nakoula to a man using the pseudonym of Sam Bacile who claimed earlier to be writer and director of the film.
Violent protests set off by the film in Libya played a role in mob attacks in Benghazi that killed U.S. Ambassador Chris Stevens and three other American officials. U.S. Embassy gates in Cairo were breached by protesters and demonstrations against American missions spread to Yemen on Thursday and on Friday to several other countries.
Nakoula pleaded no contest in 2010 to federal bank fraud charges in California and was ordered to pay more than $790,000 in restitution. He was also sentenced to 21 months in federal prison and was ordered not to use computers or the Internet for five years without approval from his probation officer.
It could be difficult to establish a probation violation case against Nakoula. In the federal court system, the conditions of supervised release are geared toward the offense for which a defendant was found guilty and imprisoned.
In Nakoula's case, the offense was bank fraud. His no contest plea was to charges of setting up fraudulent bank accounts using stolen identities and Social Security numbers, depositing checks from those accounts into other phony accounts and then withdrawing the illicit funds from ATM machines.
While it was unclear from Redmond's statement which aspects of Nakoula's probation might have provoked authorities' interest, the filmmaker's use of a false identity and his access to the Internet through computers could be at issue, according to experts in cyber law and the federal probation system. Nakoula, who told The Associated Press that he was a manager for the film, was also under financial restrictions including requirements to provide authorities with records of all his bank and business accounts.
The probation order authorized in June 2010 by U.S. District Court Judge Christine A. Snyder warned Nakoula against using false identities. Nakoula was told not to "use, for any purpose or in any manner, any name other than his/her true legal name or names without the prior written approval of the Probation Officer."
Federal prosecutors had charged that Nakoula used multiple false identities in creating his fraudulent accounts. Several, Nicola Bacily and Erwin Salameh, were similar to the Sam Bacile pseudonym used to set up the YouTube account for the anti-Islamic film. Other fraudulent identities, ranging from Ahmed Hamdy and Thomas J. Tanas to P.J. Tobacco, were also used by Nakoula to set up the phony accounts, authorities charged.
Nakoula was also told by the judge that he could not have any access to the Internet "without the prior approval of the Probation officer." Nakoula was ordered to detail any online devices and cellphones to authorities and was told his devices would be monitored and subject to searches.
Jennifer Granick, a criminal defense lawyer who specializes in online crimes, said that authorities might not have been aware of Nakoula's online activity even if monitoring devices had been placed on computers that he used. "That may be very hard for a probation officer to catch ahead of time."
Granick also noted that Nakoula's conviction for financial crimes might provide a basis for probation officials to review bank and other monetary records. "Somebody charged with a financial crime might receive some supervision categories where they might re-offend," she said.
Under "special conditions" attached to Nakoula's probation, he was limited to one checking account and told that all of his financial records had to be disclosed to authorities if requested.
Nakoula was arrested in June 2009, pleaded no contest to the bank fraud charges a year later and was released from federal prison in June 2011 after serving a 21-month prison term, according to federal records.
An initial report about the federal probation review appeared in The Wall Street Journal.
There are indications that "Innocence of Muslims" may have already been under way as a film project when Nakoula was arrested in 2009. A casting call for actors and crew for a film called "Desert Warrior" ran in Backstage magazine, based in Los Angeles and New York, in May and June 2009. The casting call described the film project as a "historical Arabian Desert adventure" and listed a "Sam Bassiel" as producer.
One of the Backstage notices also said that a California company called "Pharaoh Voice, Inc." was casting "Desert Warrior." California state records show that Pharaoh Voice was incorporated in September 2007 by a registering agent identified as "Youssef M. Basseley." The principal address for Pharaoh Voice in Hawaiian Gardens, a southern California community, is the same location where Nakoula lived between 1989 and 2008, according to California public records.
During an interview with AP, Nakoula denied that he was Sam Bacile, but acknowledged knowing him. Nakoula also described himself as the film's manager of logistics.
US Identifies Anti-Muslim Filmmaker Blamed for Attacks
Four Arrested In Connection With U.S. Consulate Attack In Libya
(TM and Copyright 2012 CBS Radio Inc. and its relevant subsidiaries. CBS RADIO and EYE Logo TM and Copyright 2012 CBS Broadcasting Inc. Used under license. All Rights Reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed. The Associated Press contributed to this report.)


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I am curious. And I wonder. Technical problem-solver by day, dreamer of dreams by night. Neurodiverse. Norse. He/Him
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2015 Group 5 Project
Extracellular Matrix 2015 Projects: Group 1 | Group 2 | Group 3 | Group 4 | Group 5 | Group 6 | Group 7
Projects are now locked for final Assessment.
Laminin (LM) is a glycoprotein, found within the extracellular matrix [1], of many embryonic and adult tissues [2]. LMs have a cross – shaped structure, formed by three short arms (alpha, beta, and gamma chains) and one long arm which is a globular domain that binds to cellular receptors[3]. LMs are the building blocks for cellular networks bridging the intracellular and extracellular compartments of the basement membranes (BM) [4]. They regulate the development and function of numerous tissues and organs [5], playing an important role in tissue homeostasis and maintenance[6]. LMs are also believed to play a role in cancer progression [6], by contributing to tumour dissemination and metastasis in advanced breast carcinomas as well as other tumor types [7]. Furthermore, LMs are believed to influence adipose tissue structure [3], have a role in the blood – brain barrier [8] and also regulate cellular processes, such as cell migration, differentiation and proliferation[9].
Defects in laminin chains can result in:
- Ocular diseases, such as in the development of the eye [10]
- Epidermolysis Bullosa, a disorder resulting in structural weakening of the skin and mucous layer [11]
- Muscular dystrophy, which is a group of disorders characterised by the weakening of the skeletal muscle [12]
Current and potential investigations into laminin include:
- The regenerative ability of human adipose tissue derived from stromal cells, which is currently being investigated in the field of regenerative medicine [13]
- The effects on individual truncated LM chains in the absence of their normal partner [9]
- And possible therapeutic solutions for advanced cancer patients [7].
<mediaplayer width='500' height='300'>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QGnFgDEWCLs</mediaplayer>[14]
Video 1. An introduction to laminins.
This page will discuss the structure of LM, the general functions of LM as a whole in the ECM, and some of the functions of most of the LM heterotrimers. Due to the lack of research on some of the isoforms, there is insufficient information to determine their function. We discuss the functions of five laminin isoforms; laminin-111, laminin-211, laminin-332, laminin-411, and laminin-511 and also uncover the effect of LM abnormalities, specifically in cancer, epidermolysis bullosa, muscular dystrophy, and development. The current research on LMs ranges over a broad spectrum. The main area of concern is LMs' role and contribution to cancer. However, LMs role in other research areas, such as in skin blistering, anti – adhesive properties and presence at the dento – gingival interface, has also been investigated.
First Laminin Isoform Discovered
† In 1979, a large, non - collagenous glycoprotein was isolated from both an Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm (EHS) sarcoma and basement membrane producing cells[4].
† Of the extracts, a large component was found to be a high molecular weight non-collagenous glycoprotein, which they named 'laminin'[15].
† Following, research focused on laminins has greatly increased, as seen in Graph 1.
† Biochemical analysis revealed that the LM structure consisted of three linked polypeptides, which were given the names A, B1 and B2.
† Electron microscopy observations revealed that these three chains formed an asymmetrical cross-shaped structure. This cross-shaped structure consisted of a long arm and three short arms.
† As a result of further discoveries of various cells and tissues, cloning and automated sequencing techniques, genetically different LM subunits in humans and other species were identified.
† This highlighted that the LM molecule from the EHS sarcoma was not unique, but part of a new protein family. Hence, in order to distinguish between the diverse members, the LMs were named and numbered in order of their discovery[4].
Unifying Nomenclature Introduced
† In 1994 (as reviewed in [16]), the consecutive A, B1 and B2 chains were re – named with the Greek letters, α, β, and γ, respectively.
† Because it was noticed that the sequencing of the subunits provided evidence for distinct polypeptide sequences at the amino acid level, they were named by the addition of numbers to the Greek letters[4].
Laminins Today
† Today, LM isoforms are known by their chain compositions. The α1, β1, and γ1 chain is known as laminin 111. This chain is the prototype of the laminin family and is the best characterized laminin isoform[4].
Laminin is a mosaic glycoprotein of the ECM of metazoans composed of different domains with different structures and functions [17]. According to H.K. Kleinman et al. laminin has multiple structures in different tissues due to variations in the number and type of chains. The LM structure is composed of three polypeptides chains named A, B1 and B2 (nowadays α, β and γ chains, respectively) which are held together in cruciform-like structure by disulphide bonds (three disulfide-linked polypeptides). H.K. Kleinman et al. explains the A chain has three globular domains at the amino terminus separated by three epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like repeats. The B1 (or β) and B2 (or γ) chains are structurally similar but contain only two amino terminal globules and EGF-like repeats and lack the globule at the carboxyl end [18]. Furthermore, observations indicated that the chains form an asymmetrical cross-shaped structure, with a long arm of about 77 nm carrying a large globule at its end, and three short arms, two of 34 nm and one of 48 nm, each being terminated by a globular domain [19].The human genome encodes 11 genetically distinct LM chains differing at the level of the amino acid sequences. However, the polypeptide chains in a cross-shaped pattern is conserved among laminin isoforms. [4] Figure 1 is an example of a basic laminin structure.
Structure and ECM Interactions
The laminin structure has an important role in the extracellular matrix interactions. The heterotrimeric structure is one of the major components of basement membrane (BM) and it is critical to assemble the cell network. The three arms of the laminin form the network nodes and all the arms are required (α, β and γ arm) for it.[3]
-The globular domain of the long arm binds to cellular receptors, such as integrins, heparan sulfates, α-dystroglycan, sulfated glycolipids.[3]
-The proteoglycans (perlecan and agrin) provide the collateral anchorage of the laminin network.[3]
-The type IV collagen interacts with the laminin network through the heparan sulfate chains (perlecan and agrin) and entactin (nidogen), forming a second network (See Figure 1).[3]
Furthermore, it is interesting to mention that the difficulty of imaging BM in situ prevents a direct understanding of BM architecture, because the process of imaging involves a harmful extraction from tissues. Therefore, the current model is more based on indirect observation that involves multitude clues than direct observation. From these observations, some questions are raised: the dimension of thickness of a BM is of the same order as a single laminin molecule, which makes unlikely that laminins are erected on the surface of cells. Finally, the researchers are not sure if they know all of the important interactions between laminin and the BM assembly and maturation. One reason for this is because some of current understanding about the interactions is based on early experiments with crude protein preparations. Then, the modern recombinant and proteomic techniques might be useful for the future researches in additional laminin interactions.[3].Figure 2 is an example of laminin interactions.
The recent researches found relations between LM structure and its influence in phenotypes. The research "Laminin α4 deficient mice exhibit decreased capacity for adipose tissue expansion and weight gain" shows an understanding of the mechanisms related to extracellular matrix (ECM) and regulation of adipose tissue expansion. The research describes the role of laminin α4 (ECM protein that surrounds adipocytes) on weight gain and adipose tissue function. Two mice were examined in adipose tissue accumulation, lipogenesis, and structure. The mice with a null mutation of the laminin α4 gene (Lama4-/-) exhibited reduced weight gain in response to both age and high fat diet when compared wild-type (Lama4+/+) control animals. These results suggest that laminin α4 influences adipose tissue structure and function. Furthermore, it could be applied in therapies that reduce obesity morbidity and mortality[5].
Laminin is the major component of the basal lamina, the extracellular matrix (ECM) which surrounds all epithelia, muscle, peripheral nerve and fat cells. Then it is related with cell adhesion, migration, growth, differentiation, neurite outgrowth and tumor metastases and its structural level is now well characterized[20]. Laminins play a role in BM assembly, adhesion [21], cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation[22][1]. They control cellular behaviour by interacting with cell surface receptors (e.g. integrins, syndecans, and α-dystroglycans) [23]. The interaction between integrins and LMs causes cells to be anchored to the BM and initiate intracellular signals [24]. As reviewed in [4], LM has 2 terminal ends, the C-terminal end and the N-terminal end. The N-terminal end is responsible for interacting with the different ECM proteins and is therefore important for the assembly of the BM. The C-terminal end is involved with the interaction with cell surface receptors. Therefore, this terminal end is responsible for cellular adhesion, migration, signalling, and survival.
The different combinations of the three chains of LM form different LM heterotrimers, or better known as isoforms. Each LM isoform has different functions in the body. Furthermore, the function of each isoform can vary depending on the environment they are in, i.e. the type of cell or tissue where they are located [23]. For example, laminin-111 in muscle promote the regeneration of muscle cells [22] whereas in human mesenchymal stem cells, they promote the outgrowth of neurites [25].
Table 1. The functions of some of the different laminin heterotrimers.
|Some laminins in detail
Laminin 111 (LM-111) is the one of the first, and predominant, ECM proteins expressed during embryonic development[22][21]. LM-111 provides structural support to the BM[21]. More importantly, this LM isoform's main role is to regulate muscular regeneration[22][26]. LM-111 is known to prevent the effects of muscular dystrophy, such as skeletal muscle weakness due to damages in cells and tissues[22][26]. It does this by playing a role in myoblast fusion[22], the formation of new and larger myofibres, and acting as a substitute to LM-α2 deficiency[26]. The injection of LM-111 helps re-establish the sarcolemma in muscle cells that are laminin-a2 deficient[26]. This LM isoform also increases muscle integrity by interacting with a7B1 integrin and a-dystroglycan[26], which improves the number of satellite cells by improving satellite cell proliferation[22][26]. LM-111 provides a link between the ECM and the sarcolemma, which prevents muscle degeneration and apoptosis, and promotes muscular adhesion to the basal lamina[26]. There is evidence showing that LM-111 prevents muscle damage. In postexercise mice, those that were treated with the laminin isoform had fewer muscle fibres with centrally located nuclei, which is commonly a sign for muscle damage[22]. LM-111 also plays a role in the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in cells. A fragment of the LM molecule interacts with matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), specifically MMP2. The LM-111 fragment down-regulates MMP2, which in turn lowers the amount of BM undergoing degradation[21].
Laminin 211 (LM-211) plays a role in the contractility of airway smooth muscle (ASM) cells, which relates to the pathology of asthmatic attacks. The expression of this LM isoform in ASM cells is essential for its contractility as well as reducing the levels of proapoptotic proteins in ASM cells [27][28], which results in the hypertrophy of these cells[27]. This relates to asthma because asthmatic airways are characterised to have ASM cells with increased contractility[28]. LM-211 also has a role in the control in the interactions between thymocytes and thymic epithelial cells (TECs). The deposit of LM-211 creates a microenvironment for thymocytes to proliferate, maturate, differentiate, and migrate. Furthermore, the thymocyte-TEC interaction was blocked when antibodies specific for LM-211 were introduced[40].
Melanocytes are cells that synthesise melanin, a component of the pigmentary system of the skin. The melanin, produced by melanocytes, migrate to keratinocytes for protection. Laminin 332 (LM-332) is derived from keratinocytes and plays a role in the migration and adhesion of melanocytes[31][41]. LM-332 is also promotes the synthesis of melanin in melanocytes by controlling the levels of tyrosine[31]. Tyrosine is essential for the synthesis of melanin and it's level is proportional to the level of melanin i.e. an increase in the level of tyrosine will also increase the level of melanin made[41]. This links to LM-332 because this LM isoform increases the intracellular tyrosine levels and also increases the uptake of extracellular tyrosine[41]. However, the mechanism behind the control of tyrosine levels by LM-322 is still unknown.
Laminin 411 (LM-411) is expressed in the endothelial BM and plays a significant role in the maintenance of the vascular endothelial BM[34]. Although, Laminin-511 maybe expressed in vascular endothelial BMs as well, LM-411 is expressed in all BMs of all blood vessels, whereas Laminin-511 is only expressed in capillaries and some veins and venules[42]. This LM heterotrimer is involved in the survival of endothelial cells, particularly in their migration and adhesion[34]. The presence of LM-411 increases the migration and adhesion of human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HDMECs). In turn, the migration of HDMECs promotes tubule formation of endothelial cells[34]. Therefore, it can be deduced that this laminin heterotrimer is involved in vascular formation. Therefore, a lack in LM-411 expression leads to disrupted vascular endothelial BMs. In a study, the lack of LM-411 expression resulted in a bleeding phenotype in newborn mice[42]. LM-411 is related to type IV collage, in that the overexpression of LM-411 increases the number of type IV collagen in capillary BM. The absence of LM-411 leads to no formation of type IV collagen, which affects the assembly of the BM[34].
Laminin 511 (LM-511) is one of the first ECM proteins expressed during embryogenesis[22]. LM-511 is another LM heterotrimer, release by keratinocytes[43], associated with hair downgrowth[44][43]. Lm-511 is found in the BMZ and interfollicular epithelia but it is most numerous in the BMZ, specifically around the hair follicles[44]. Unlike LMm-332, LM-511 is the primary LM [37] for the stimulation of hair growth and elongation[36]. LM-511 is associated with α3 integrin, in terms of regulating hair growth[44]. α3 integrin acts as a promoter of hair growth[44]. This links back to LM-511, which is a potent substrate for the upregulation the expression of the α3β1 integrin[36][37][43]. Therefore, the presence of LM-511 promotes hair growth via α3β1 integrins[36][37]. Another process as to how LM-511 affects hair follicle involves dermal blood vessels. α3 integrin is also involved in the migration of endothelial cells. Therefore, it is plausible that LM-511 is associated with the recruitment of dermal blood vessels essential for the formation of hair follicles[37]. LM-511 is also involved in the formation of the BMZ. The lack of LM-511 results in a discontinuous lamina densa, which hinders the downgrowth of the hair follicles[43].
Together with LM-411, LM-511 also plays a role in the maintenance of the vascular endothelial BM[42]. Unlike LM-411, LM-511 is expressed only in capillaries and some venules and veins. However, the failure to express LM-411 leads to compensation by LM-511. Due to this event, angiogenesis is increased, which conseuquently enhances the growth of tumours and finally metastasis. Therefore, this LM heterotrimer, even if not directly, is also involed in angiogenesis, tumour formation and metastasis[42].
Some Laminin isoforms have long been implicated in tumor invasiveness and metastasis. It was found that the majority of these laminin chains are the same isoforms in normal epithelial. [45]. Past research has manly been completed on laminin 332 and laminin B1 (LAMB1) however other laminin subunits have been implicated. These include Laminin 511and Laminin 5 alpha 2.
|Laminin 332:
Laminin 332 (LN332) is a basally expressed extracellular matrix protein that demonstrates tumour-promoting properties. In normal tissue Laminin 332's main role is to maintain epithelial-mesenchyme cohesion when the tissue is exposed to external disruptive forces. This is particularly evident in skin and stratified squamous mucosa[46]. It also stimulates cells including carcinoma cells to migrate allowing for metastasis and has thus been associated with the progression of a tumour[47]. This is depicted in figure 3, which illustrates the focal adhesion complex. Consisting of a range of proteins including α6β4 and α3β1 integrins, VII collagen and laminin 332, the complex involves an intracellular cascade. The association of laminin 332 with 31 integrin promotes RHOA GTPase activation leading to a non-directional mode of cell migration. The binding of laminin 332 to 64 integrins promotes RAC1 GTPase activation and a directional mode of cell migration. This cascade promotes tumour invasion and cell survival[48].
Laminin beta 1 (LAMB1):
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a process allowing an epithelial cell to assume a mesenchymal phenotype through biochemical changes via its basement membrane. This process is essential for cell migration and gives carcinoma cells invasive properties. [21]. Laminin, beta 1 is expressed in most tissues that produce basement membranes[21]. Mapping of 5'-untranslated region (UTR) of Laminin-B1 indicates that it contains internal ribosome entry site (IRES) between −293 and −1, upstream of the start codon. It has been reported that the IRES mediates translation of LamB1 during EMT[49]. A recent study found that miR-124-5p, a sequence in the LAMB1 chain functions as a tumour suppressor and could function as a molecular marker for glioma diagnosis and as a potential therapeutic[50].
Other laminin isoforms and subunits implicated in cancer:
|Laminin γ2
|The cleaved-off Laminin γ2 short arm stimulates migration as a soluble factor [51].Furthermore it was shown that gastric carcinoma cells in humans produce and release monomeric Laminin γ2.
|Laminin alpha 4
|The alpha 4 subunit is a Constituent of Laminin 411 and Laminin 421. Recent studies suggest that the alpha4 chain has de-adhesive functions. This means they could play a role in detachment, migration and invasion of renal carcinoma cells.[52]
|Laminin 111
|A recent study showed that high levels of laminin-111 could deplete nuclear actin and induce cell quiescence [53].
|Laminin alpha 3
|Past studies have highlighted the attachment of Laminin α3 to tumor cells. This attachment leads to the prevention of these tumor cells from metastasizing[54].
|Laminin 511
|One of the more recent laminin isoforms to be identified is Laminin 511. It has been identified as a potent adhesive and pro-migratory substrate in both normal and tumor cells. A recent study examined the effect of suppressing Laminin 511, indicating a loss of adhesion and directional migration as a result. This Is illustrated in video 5.1. In this video the loss of adhesion and directional migration as the percentage of laminin α5 mRNA and protein suppressed is increased. [7].
|Laminin 5 gamma 2
|Laminin-5γ2 chain expression has been associated with many squamous cell carcinoma. A 2012 study found an associated with Laminin-5γ2 and tumor cell invasiveness and prognosis of lung carcinomas [55]. While a more recent study found and associated between Laminin-5γ2 and the intensity of tumour budding and density of stromal myofibroblasts in oral carcinomas[56].
<mediaplayer width='500' height='300'|centre|thumb|>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5Vg-dzM5tnU</mediaplayer>Video 2: Suppression of Laminin 511 results in loss of directional migration: Part 1- Control cells (Sc.5), Part 2- Cells (KD4.2 exhibit 59% suppression of laminin α5 mRNA and 24% suppression of α5 protein, Part 3- Cells (KD2.4) exhibit 57% suppression of laminin α5 mRNA and 75% suppression of α5 protein.[57]
Epidermolysis Bullosa
An interconnected network maintains the stable association between the epidermis and dermis giving the skin strength. This network comprised of hemidesmosomes, anchoring fibrils and filaments require functioning units to maintain this stability. When this is not achieved diseases comprised of fragile skins arise, such as Epidermolysis bullosa.
Epidermolysis bullosa is caused by a mutation in Laminin-332 commonly know as laminin-5. Mutations in the genes that code for the three chains in laminin-332, namely LAMA3, LAMB3, LAMC2, lead to a disruption in the anchoring between the lamina Lucida and lamina densa. While mutations can occur in any of the three polypeptide subunits, mutations in LAMB3 are the most common accounting for approximately 80% cases [59]. Normally in the cutaneous basement membrane zone (BMZ) the transmembrane protein α6β4 integrin located in hemidesmosomes enters the basal lamina via its extra cellular domain. This region of the α6β4 integrin interacts with type IV collagen suprastructure containing laminin-332. These Laminin- 332 molecules act as anchoring filaments holding the integrin molecules down toward the basement membrane.This can be seen in figure 5. A defect in the laminin-332 causes the detachment of these layers. As a result the skin becomes fragile and minor friction can cause a separation between the lamina Lucida and lamina densa layers. The result of this is incredibly painful blisters[60].
Characteristic feature of Junctional Epidermolysis bullosa:
- Scarring alopecia
- Malformed fingernails and toenails
- Aplasia cutis congenital- a congenital localized absence of skin
- Milia- raised bumps on the skin
- Irregular tooth enamel
Congenital muscular Dystrophy
Congenital Muscular dystrophy is a group of heterogeneous disorders characterized by the weakening of the skeletal muscle. Over 30 mutated genes, many of which encode for molecules involved in maintaining structural integrity and cell adhesion, can cause these muscular disorders. One of the most severe forms of muscular dystrophy is merosin-deficient congenital muscular dystrophy type 1A (MDC1A) and involves the mutation of laminin α2 or LAMA2 [62]. MDC1A is most common in Europe accounting for 30–50% of all congenital muscular dystrophies. [63]. Mutations on LAMA2 have been reported to range from absence of laminin α2 to the partial deficiency and are localized on the chromosome 6q22–23[12].The α2 chain is a constituent of laminin 2 (merosin) and is expressed in the basal membrane covering muscle fibers and the endoneurial basal membrane covering Schwann cells[64].
Laminin 2 interacts with dystrolgycan, which is intracellularly associated, with dystrophin. In the normal dystrophin-glycoprotein complex (DGC) the laminin protein binds to α-dystroglycan via the glycan chain attached. This occurs at the C-terminal end of the α chain, which contains globular G domains composed of 5 modules[65]. Dystrophin connects the cytoskeletal to the extracellular matrix and regulates calcium levels [66]. When these interactions are comprised dystrophin is effected and muscular dystrophies arise.
Characteristics of congenital muscular dystrophy:
- Weakening of the muscles
- joint contractures
- White matter abnormalities
- Respiratory problems[67]
|Laminin/ Laminin chain
|Laminin- 111
|Laminin-111, a trimeric basement membrane glycoprotein, is one of the first extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins expressed during the two-cell stage in early embryogenesis. It is together with other proteins, collagen IV, nidogen and perlecan, an important aspect in the assembly of the basement membrane. With the β1 and γ1 chains of Laminin 111 no basement membranes can form.[68].
|A lack of either of these chains or Mutations in them can lead to early post implantation lethality[69].
|Laminin α5 chain
|The LM α5 chain is the most widely distributed LM chain. It is incorporated into the BMs before gastrulation. [70].The effects of LM α5 can be seen in figure 8
|Studies that have been performed on mice indicate a deficiency in the LM α5 chain leads to an arrest in development due to failure of multiple organs at mid gestation. These included exencephaly, syndactyly, and placentopathy[71].
|Laminin α2 chain
|The LM α2 chain is expressed in developing muscles form E11, during embryogenesis[12].
|A deficiency of LM α2 in mice leads to the development of muscular dystrophy leading to death around 5 weeks after birth.[12].
|Laminin α4 chain
|The LM α4 chain is a constituent of laminin 8 and 9 and is present in late embryonic and neonatal vascular basement membranes. It plays a vital role in the growth of micro vessels[72]
|Studies indicate Hemorrhages in alpha4-null mice appeared during the embryonic and neonatal period. In this particular study approximately 20% of the mice died within the first 2 days after birth[72].
Current Research
The Heterotrimeric Laminin Coiled – Coil Domain Exerts Anti – Adhesive Effects and Induces a Pro – Invasive Phenotype [9]
Study: To determine what would happen to individual truncated LM chains in the absence of their normal partners.
Method: A transfectable cell line with low endogenous LM chain expression was selected, by first encoding the truncated LM α1, β1 and γ1 chains which encode the entire laminin coiled - coil domain (LCC). See Figure 9.
Results: Truncated α1 chains were found to be efficiently secreted as a monomer when expressed alone, as opposed to the β1 and γ1, which were poorly secreted. But, when all three were expressed together, they formed a trimer that was secreted into the medium. This confirmed, consistent with previous findings, that a chain subunit expression is necessary for the secretion of the β1 and γ1 chain partners and that the truncated chains can also assemble into the trimetric coiled - coil structure independent of the rest of the molecule. It was also revealed and demonstrated that the LCC domain inhibits cell adhesion and spreading, however anti-adhesive properties of ECM proteins were not commonly observed.
The Laminin Response in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Protection or Malignancy? [6]
Study: When there is inflammation in Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), mucosal ulceration and subsequent tissue repairs occur, promoting the constant remodelling of the BM, hence it is believed that laminin may play an unknown role in the inflammation response, impacting the bodies response to inflammation.
Furthermore, it has also been described that altered immunoreactivity of the BM constituents in the IBD, have shown an increase in alpha laminin, meaning it is likely that LM participates in the regeneration of the intestine.
Method: The above was highlighted when an increase in LMα1 and LMα5 expression was present in the colon tissues of IBD patients and in DSS-driven colitis in mice. The inflammation in these cases was accompanied by the nuclear accumulation of p53 as well as changes in the properties of the cell, caused in particular by the presence of the ulcer-associated cell lineage glands (UACL) in IBD. It was also revealed that the LMα1 and LMα5 chains were over-expressed, when inflamed, in human IBD and murine colitis specimens.
Results: The forced expression of LMα1 and LMα5 protected against DDS-induced inflammation, yet in carcinogenic conditions, accelerated colitis-associated tumorigenesis, as outlined in Figure 10. Furthermore, results suggested that LMs could play a role in tissue restitution, as LMs promoted wound closure in tissue rebuilding when there were disrupted epithelial cell monolayers.
Keratinocyte – Targeted Expression of Human Laminin y2 Rescues Skin Blistering and Early Lethality of Laminin γ2 Deficient Mice [2]
Study: To test whether or not the expression of the human laminin γ2 in mice helped prevent early lethality.
Method: A dox – controllable human laminin γ2 transgene was expressed, under a keratinocyte-specific promoter on the laminin γ2 knockout background.
Results: Newborn offspring that lacked the transgene had blistered skin, resulting in a separted epidermal layer, smaller milk pouches and died a few days after birth. However, the mice that were carrying the human gene, as a result appeared similar to their wild-type littermates at birth, with similar weights and lengths, didn't develop skin blisters, showing a more attached structure, were fertile and survived for more than 1.5 years. This comparison is shown in Figure 11.
Laminin – 511 A multi – functional adhesion protein regulating cell migration, tumor invasion and metastasis [7]
Study: To reinforce recent studies that indicate that Laminin-511 (LM-511) contributes to tumor dissemination and metastasis in advanced breast carcinomas as well as other tumor types. Furthermore, to look into experimental evidence that suggests that there is prognostic significance with higher expressions of LM-511 and that by targeting tumor-LM-511 interactions, there may be a therapeutic potential in advanced cancer patients.
Method: Specifically observing that metastatic breast tumor lines adhere and migrate more efficiently on LM-511, as opposed to on metastatic lines seen in the laboratory results are consistent with theories that metastatic breast tumors are mediated through attachments to LM-511. If observations are found correct then metastatic potential can be impacted by blocking the production of LM-511 and or the function and expression of its receptors.
Results: Increasing experimental evidence is supporting the link of LM-511 to cancer progression and reinforcing the belief that LM-511 has a broad role in tumor invasion and metastasis. However, questions in regards to its prognostic significance, precise mechanism of action and potential as a therapeutic target still need to be addressed and answered. As metastasis is responsible for majority of cancer – related deaths and is a clinical challenge, the continuation of research of LMs has the potential to present several information and solutions to overcoming this disease, as well as assist in the development of alternative strategies to prevent and/ or delay metastatic progression.
Remodeling of ECM by normal and tumor-associated fibroblasts promotes cervical cancer progression [74]
Study: The experiment was conducted to study the communication between tumor cells and fibroblasts.
Method: Light was shown through in - vitro models of tumor-stroma interaction. Some of the fibroblasts from the normal cervix and cervical cancers were grown separately, while others were in co-culture with CSCC7 cervical cancer cell-line. Changes in the glycoproteins, integrins and matrix metallo - proteases were examined.
Results: It was concluded that the tumor microenvironment played an influential role in the behaviour of cancer, with changes seen in the upregulation and redistribution of LM-111 in those cells which had undergone cancerous transformation, depositing into the BM and fibrillar connective tissue. It was also seen that there was a presence of activated myofibroblasts, which produce ECM, in the stroma. LM-5 was also found to reside in the cytoplasm of cancer cells, consistent with earlier findings. As a result, it was concluded that the tumor microenvironment played a pivotal role in the behaviour of cancer.
Immunohistochemical analysis of laminin expression in adenoid cystic carcinoma [75]
Study: To understand the distribution and role of laminin within tumors by observing expression in adenoid cystic carcinomas (ACC) of the salivary gland origin, via immunohistochemistry.
Method: Polyclonal antihuman laminin primary antibodies were used on thirty cases of ACC. Specifically, intracellular, pseudocystic space inner borders, pseudocyst lumens, tumor islands and intervening stroma were observed for the distribution of laminin within the ACCs.
Results: Of the 30 cases, approximately 15 showed the presence of laminin on the inner aspect of the pseudocystic spaces, 22 in the lumen, 20 within the intervening stroma, 16 bordering the tumor islands and 4 intracellular. See Figure 13. As a result, the conclusion that laminin plays a role in proliferation of tumor cells and in pseudocyst formation was reached, with further findings expressing the potential of laminin to contribute to the growth and differentiation of ACC and also assist in the assessment of the prognosis of tumors.
Ultrastructural immunolocalization of laminin 332 (laminin 5) at dento-gingival interface in Macaca fuscata monkey [76]
Study: To investigate the dento – gingival interface of the Japanese monkey (Macaca fuscata) in order to examine the distribution of laminin – 332 (LM – 332), as well as identify the origin of the dental cuticle and supplementary lamina densa. Furthermore, to look into the precise localization of LM – 332 in the internal basal lamina.
Method: Investigation of the dento – gingival interface via pre – and post – embedding immunoelectron microscopy. Localization examined immunocytochemically by post – embedding high resolution immunogold labelling.
Results: On the inner basal lamina of the junctional epithelium (particularly on the lamina densa), laminin – 332 was detected. It was also noticed to appear scattered but specifically distributed on the dental cuticle, believed to be a secretory product of junctional epithelial cells.
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 <pubmed>22319142</pubmed>
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 <pubmed>23029085</pubmed>
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 <pubmed>23076216</pubmed>
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 <pubmed>23263632</pubmed>
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 <pubmed>25310607</pubmed>
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 <pubmed>25347196</pubmed>
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 <pubmed>23076212</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>25392494</pubmed>
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 <pubmed>22723936</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>16505007</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>24550734</pubmed>
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 <pubmed>12609502</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>24830794</pubmed>
- ↑ Juan Fernando Maguid, 05/03/2011, An introduction to Laminins (animated movie), https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QGnFgDEWCLs
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 <pubmed>114518</pubmed> Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "PMID114518" defined multiple times with different content
- ↑ <pubmed>15979864</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>24443019</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>2534046</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>6795355</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>2404817</pubmed>
- ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 21.4 21.5 <pubmed>24706882</pubmed>
- ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 22.4 22.5 22.6 22.7 22.8 22.9 <pubmed>25015639</pubmed>
- ↑ 23.0 23.1 <pubmed>23209340</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>25364175</pubmed>
- ↑ 25.0 25.1 <pubmed>19895795</pubmed>
- ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 26.3 26.4 26.5 26.6 26.7 <pubmed>24009313</pubmed>
- ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 <pubmed>23756649</pubmed>
- ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 <pubmed>19213874</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>20566382</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>8978824</pubmed>
- ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 <pubmed>24951591</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>16714422</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>8601594</pubmed>
- ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 34.3 34.4 <pubmed>16374451</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>16672690</pubmed>
- ↑ 36.0 36.1 36.2 36.3 <pubmed>20211547</pubmed>
- ↑ 37.0 37.1 37.2 37.3 37.4 <pubmed>12743034</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>21519194</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>21766463</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>18644586</pubmed>
- ↑ 41.0 41.1 41.2 <pubmed>21349841</pubmed>
- ↑ 42.0 42.1 42.2 42.3 <pubmed>15205311</pubmed>
- ↑ 43.0 43.1 43.2 43.3 <pubmed>21067603</pubmed>
- ↑ 44.0 44.1 44.2 44.3 <pubmed>16957169</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed> 11373318</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>23263634</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>22427740</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>17457303</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>21896617</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>24497408</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed> 16441418</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed> 17533363</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>21172822</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>15024036</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>23124251</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>24118289</pubmed>
- ↑ Patricia G Greciano, Jose V Moyano, Mary M Buschmann, Jun Tang, Yue Lu, Jean Rudnicki, Aki Manninen, Karl S Matlin Laminin 511 partners with laminin 332 to mediate directional migration of Madin-Darby canine kidney epithelial cells. Mol. Biol. Cell: 2012, 23(1);121-36 PMID:22031290, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5Vg-dzM5tnU
- ↑ 58.0 58.1 58.2 <pubmed>23739692</pubmed> Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "PMID 19330236" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "PMID 19330236" defined multiple times with different content
- ↑ <pubmed>10367729</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>11810295</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>20301304</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>23154401</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>11938437</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>11054875</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>10022829</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>16897576</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>25753421</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>15102706</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>9885251</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>23076210</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>9852162</pubmed>
- ↑ 72.0 72.1 <pubmed>11809810</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>23076210</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>25885552</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>PMC4211234</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>25055992</pubmed>


text:
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- Mobile Data connectivity issue.
- Over heating problem.
- Mobile App Crashes.
- System UI Not working.
Make sure to check exact Model.
Charge battery 40%.
Backup your important data.
Charge battery 40%.
Backup your important data.
Lenovo A7000A Plus File Info:
Lenovo A7000A Plus S308 Firmware
Password = lenovo25
How to Flash Lenovo A7000a Plus With Spflash tool?
- Power Off your Mobile and remove Battery.
- Download and extract spflash tool.
- Now open sp flash tool and specify scatter file from that stock rom.
- Now press download button. if face any error change download mode to firmware upgrade.
- when Green bar of Ok appears your flashing done.
- Now unplug cable and remove battery.
- Now insert battery and press power button.
- Your flashing is complete enjoy.
- if you faced any error copy and paste that error in comments.
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