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Separase is a protein that is a cornerstone of cell division. Separase is also known as Separin or Esp1. It allows for replicated chromosomes to be separated from their sister chromatids and pulled to opposite ends of the cell by the mitotic spindle, allowing for microfilaments to dissect the cell in half causing two genetically identical daughter cells from the single mother cell in mitosis or haploid cells in Meiosis. The sister chromatids are held together by a protein called Cohesin, Separase catalyses and breaksdown cohesin allowing the sister chromatids to break apart, which in turn allows the mitotic spindle to draw the chromatids to either sides of the cell. Separase is crucial to the cell division process, not only does it physically separate the sister chromatids, it triggers the start of the anaphase period of cell division. Separase causes the cell to replicate accurately and on some occasions cause some problems if the protein is present or absent in excess quanitities. Separase is a large part of the cell cycle as its initiation begins the anaphase cycle of the M phase in the cell cycle and without the division of the sister chromatids, cell division cannot occur.
Role of Separase in cell division
Separase has an extremely important role in cell division, it allows the chromatids to be pulled to opposite sides of the cell by the Mitotic spindle. Cohesin holds the chromatids together to allow them to replicate, separase catalyses the cohesin holding the chromatids together allowing for separation. It has been found DNA does not stimulate but mediates cohesin breakdown by allowing separase to interact with Cohesin. (Sun, Kucej, Fan, Yu, Sun, Zou. 2009) There are 2 main roles separase undertake in their use, the first is to 'separate sister-chromatid attachments, and the second is the dissociation of cohesin from the chromasomes' (Uhlmann, Lottspeich, Nasmyth, 1999). Separase is the marker for the end of the G2 phase and the initiation of the M phase. Separase must be inhibited before the cell cylce reaches the anaphase, separase initiates the anaphase but it must be inhibited before anaphase begins otherwise there will be complications in the cell division process (Huang et.al, 2009). Huang et.al also state there are 'two inhibitory mechanisms which exist in vertebrates that block the protease activity. One mechanism is through binding and inhibition by securin, and another is phosphorylation on Ser1126 in humans' (2009). The purpose of separase is to separate the chromatids by catylising and breaking down the cohesin.
Driving factors of Separase
Sun et.al. have hypothesised that separase is not stimulated by DNA but is mediated by DNA (2009). Separase also requires other proteins that have catalysed other proteins. 'The dissolution of sister-chromatid cohesion is catalysed by separase, after the destruction of securing by the anaphase-promoting complex/cylosome' (Yuan, Li, Huo, Yan, Yang, Ward, Jin, Yao, 2009). In order for Separase to have the desired affect, it must work in order and conjunction with other proteins. Aurora B is the regulator of Separase, which forces the separase protein to be accumulated during the M phase and then degraded at the end of telophase (Yuan et.al. 2009). Yuan et.al. has also discovered the Aurora B kinase helps coordinate the association of separase with the chromosome to begin degradation of cohesin (2009). Separase can not catalyse the cohesin without other proteins first acting upon each other to regulate the pathway for separase.
Possible complications caused by Separase
The accuracy of transmission of chromosomes is crucial to prevent complications arising. Complications arise if there is an over abundance of or a lack of a protein, in this case, the seperase protein. One of the major complications of seperase during cell division is aneuploidy. Aneuploidy happens to be a major cause of cancers as chromosomes are not separated equally leading to a malfunction in the cell. Huang et.al have discovered a small amount of overexpression of separase does not cause harm, but too much can have serious complications (2009), Zhang et.al have also researched the area of separase overexpression and have found it 'induces premature separation of chromatids, lagging chromatids and anaphase bridges' (2008). An underexpression of separase will not allow the mitotic spindle to pull the sister chromatids apart, which may result in pulling the spindle towards the middle of the cell or the chromatids may not be separated leading to a mutated cell. Huang et.al have also hypothesised the deregulation of separase may cause infertility in humans (2009). It is crucial to have the right amount of separase to catalyse the cohesin, too little or too much will cause complications, which may eventually lead to cancer. 'Results have collectively suggested separase is an oncogene, whose overexpression is sufficient to cause aneuploidy and tumorigenesis in a p53 mutant background'(Zhang et.al, 2008). A normal amount of separase will lead to proper cell division, health and function.
- Huang X, Andreu-Vieyra CV, Wang M, Cooney AJ, Matzuk MM, Zhang P. 2009. Preimplantation mouse embryos depend on inhibitory phophorylation of separase to prevent chromosome missegregation. Molecular Cell Biology 29(6):1498-505
- Sun Y, Kucej M, Fan HY, Yu H, Sun QY, Zou H. 2009. Seperase is recruited to mitotic chromosomes to dissolve sister chromatid cohesion in a DNA dependent manner. Cell. 137(1):123-32
- Uhlmann F, Lottspeich F, Nasmyth K. 1999. Sister-chromatid separation at anaphase is promoted by cleavage of the cohesion subunit. Nature. 400:37-42
- Yuan K, Li N, Huo Y, Yan F, Yang Y, Ward T, jin C, Yao X, 2009. Recruitment of separase to mitotic chromosomes is regulated by Aurora B. Cell cycle. 8(9)
- Zhang N, Ge G, Meyer R, Sethi S, Basu D, Pradhan S, Zhao YJ, Li XN, Cai WW, El-Naggar AK, Baladandayuthapani V, Kittrell FS, Rao PH, Medina D, Pati D, 2008. Overexpression of Separase induces aneuploidy and mammary tumorigenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 105(35):13033-8
- [[Group 1 Meiosis |]]


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Shipping containers in my mind are forever associated with grim situations seen in TV shows like Dexter or The Wire, but in South Korea they can also be observatories for viewing sunsets.
Erected on the harbor of Songdo New City in Incheon, five shipping containers were recycled and placed together aiming sky-wards for the best possible glimpse of the close of daylight. They're angled at either 10, 30 or 50 degrees, offering various views across the water, with stairs and ramps inside so people can walk through them. [ANL Studio via Deezen via Inhabitat]

subset: commoncrawl


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When you actually follow the money, it may appear that it all goes to 'Big Ag' in terms of large producers that then in turn buy inputs from companies like Monsanto. In reality, subsidies make up a very small percent of the budget of the largest farms and likely don't impact input or cropping decisions. They actually make the largest difference in terms of budget to the smaller producers.
Among those most lagging in green technology adoption are organic producers, which have zero tolerance for GMOs, (although fully embracing more volatile methods utilizing nuclear radiation to breed better plants). So, its not entirely clear cut that taking funds from local and organic programs would have a net negative impact on the environment, or that it promotes 'destructive' agriculture.
Do subsidies largely favor the consumption of low quality foods as opposed to healthy fruits and vegetables? Are we propping up the companies that process corn and soy?
Some people have the impression that healthy supplements in our diets, like fruits and vegetables, are more expensive than processed foods containing staples like corn and soybeans because corn and soybeans are subsidized more heavily than fruits and vegetables. This couldn't be further from the truth. The agronomics, labor, risk, economies of scale, and capital costs associated with fruit and vegetable production make those crops much more expensive than commodities, and have a much larger role on their prices than subsidies. Eliminating commodity programs would have an insignificant impact at the retail level on staple food prices relative to fruits and vegetables.
In fact, most of the research indicates that completely eliminating corn subsidies would reduce corn based food consumption by less than ½ of 1% .
Never mind the fact that soy is one of the healthiest food products that you can eat, and a large amount of corn ultimately goes to producing healthy, sustainable, and nutritious meat products like lean beef!
The overall impact of completely eliminating U.S. commodity protection and subsidies at the commodity level in terms of total acres produced and commodity prices would also be minimal, as reported by researchers at UC Davis:


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Gov. Chris Christie began his State of the State address Tuesday by acknowledging that "mistakes were clearly made" when lanes were unexpectedly closed near the George Washington Bridge last year, apparently as a political payback scheme green-lighted by his aides.
"The last week has certainly tested this administration," he said. "Mistakes were clearly made. And as a result, we let down the people we're entrusted to serve."
Christie said he is responsible for what happens on his watch, but assured New Jersey that the scandal "does not define us or our state," and would not get in the way of his agenda.
U.S. & World
The day's top national and international news.
"This administration and this Legislature will not allow the work that needs to be done to improve the people's lives in New Jersey to be delayed for any reason," Christie said.
Christie, who won re-election by 22 points in a Democratic-leaning state, hopes to regain his footing after being shaken by revelations that key aides orchestrated massive traffic backups by closing the lanes. Four Christie loyalists have been fired or resigned for the apparent political vendetta against a Democratic mayor who wouldn't endorse Christie.
The governor apologized, and during a lengthy news conference last week said he was "blindsided" by his staff's involvement.
Christie touched on the topic at the start of his speech but then quickly moved on to the economy, taking credit for the gains the state has made in creating jobs and bringing down spending.
"It's no accident how we got to this place today -- we chose the way," he said.
He also promoted the state's rising high school graduation rate and proposed lengthening both the school day and school year but did not offer details.
He promised to present choices to overhaul the state's tax system next month when he presents his budget proposal but did not offer an insight on how he might want to do that. A tax cut he proposed two years ago foundered in the Legislature.


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It was only a matter of time, really. First, there was "birth tourism," in which people from around the world who are interested in gaining a foothold in the U.S. arrange to enter as tourists and have a child here — their own little U.S. citizen "anchor baby." (See details in my earlier blog, on "Anchor Babies in the News.")
Now, some parents are avoiding that nerve-wracking plane ride while pregnant, and simply arranging to have surrogate women in the U.S. give birth and cede their parental rights to them. For real. You can read about it in California Lawyer magazine.
This strategy doesn't work in every U.S. state (because many state legislatures have made surrogacy contracts illegal or unenforceable), but it works in California, which is plenty convenient for the many Asian couples going this route.
I do need to take issue with one statement in the article on "Having a Citizen Baby," however. It says that, "At $100,000 to $200,000–which includes legal fees, insurance, medical care, and $30,000 to $45,000 for the surrogate–hiring a surrogate is still much cheaper than taking another fast track to legal residency: paying $500,000 or more for an entrepreneur visa."
The surrogacy route is no "fast track" to legal residency, other than for the baby, who wasn't exactly worried about immigrating to the U.S. in the first place. Mom and dad still must wait 21 years outside the U.S. before gaining any rights here (also described in my earlier blog post). The entrepreneur or investor visa, by contrast, allows parents and children to enter the U.S. right away.
But the surrogacy route offers certainty for at least one member of the family, and doesn't carry the risk that the business upon which the investor visa was based will fail within the first two years–in which case green card eligibility is lost.


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Philip S. Drill is intrigued and inspired by natural forms. This artist's compositions combine structural integrity with the sensual curvilinear grace of found natural objects, such as leaves, shells or bone fragments. A walk in the woods, a stroll on the beach or a city street, and even the remains of a meal have served as a catalyst to creating a design.
An engineer by training, Drill began his career as an artist working with welded metal. An interest in organic form led him to explore the expressive possibilities of more plastic media such as clay, wax or plaster, then casting each sculpture in bronze, acrylic or stainless steel.
Philip Drill holds a degree from Widener University in civil engineering. He studied sculpture with Claudio Capotondi, Harold Sclar and Hans Rowensky.
His award-winning work has been well received in many one-man shows, juried exhibitions, art festivals and museums; his sculpture is represented in numerous private, corporate and public collections. Drill is currently represented by Ranieri Gallery, New York, N.Y.
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*Juried show
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In 1847 a 252-acre parcel of land adjoining the Benicia city limits on the east was acquired for a military reserve. First occupation of the post was on April 9, 1849, when two companies of the 2nd Infantry set up camp to establish Benicia Barracks. In 1851, after the urging of General Percifer F. Smith, the first Ordnance Supply Depot in the West was established in Benicia. In 1852 it was designated Benicia Arsenal. The grounds of the Benicia Arsenal are famous for stabling the Army's one and only Camel Corps--an idea dreamt up in 1855 by Secretary of War Jefferson Davis (later Confederate President). The short-lived Camel Corps was disbanded in 1863, but the Camel Barns, built in 1855, remain and are now the Benicia Historical Museum. The Benicia Arsenal was a staging area during the Civil War for Union troops from the West, and the installation remained a garrisoned post until 1898 when troops were assigned to duty in the Philippine Islands during the Spanish-American War. During World War I, Benicia Arsenal gave ordnance support to all large Army installations in the Western States as well as supplying Ordnance material to American expeditionary forces in Siberia.
In the 24 hours following the Pearl Harbor bombing, 125 separate truck convoys were loaded and dispatched from the Benicia Arsenal, leaving its stock of ammunition, small arms and high explosives completely exhausted. Throughout the war, the arsenal supplied ports with weapons, artillery, parts, supplies and tools. In addition, the arsenal overhauled 14,343 pairs of binoculars, manufactured 180,000 small items for tanks and weapons and repaired approximately 70,000 watches. However, the arsenal is most famous for supplying munitions to Lieutenant Colonel Jimmy Doolittle for the first bombing raid on Tokyo on April 18, 1942, launched from the USS Hornet (whose successor is now docked at the former Alameda Naval Air Station).
Prior to 1940, the arsenal employed 85 civilian employees at Benecia Arsenal; by October 1942, the payroll had reached 4,545. The labor shortage in 1944 forced the arsenal commander to put 250 Italian and 400 German prisoners of war to work, alongside 150 juveniles from the California Youth Authority. Women comprised nearly half the civilian employee force. During the Korean War, the number of civilians reached an all-time high of 6,700 workers. Benicia Arsenal was deactivated in 1963.
The Benicia Arsenal is located at Army Point and I-680 in Benicia. The Benicia Historical Museum is located at 2024 Camel Rd., and is open Wednesday-Sunday, 1:00pm to 4:00pm. There is a fee for admission; tours of the area are offered. The Gunpowder Magazine Building is only shown by appointment; please call 707-745-5435 or visit the museum's website for further information. Additional information can also be found at the Friends of the Benicia Arsenal at www.friendsofthebeniciaarsenal.itgo.com. Benicia Arsenal has also been documented by the Historic American Buildings Survey.
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Crafted from the finest herbs and spices, then slow-smoked with bourbon barrel staves, our NEW spice set is presented in a stylish EAT YOUR BOURBON box! The Bourbon Barrel Smoked 3 Spice Blends Gift Set includes Bourbon Smoked Chili Powder, Bourbon Smoked Garlic Salt, and Bourbon Smoked Citrus Pepper. This combination is a versatile kitchen essential – use these blends to elevate the flavor of everything from fresh seasonal veggies, salads, soups, meats, and seafood.
- Handcrafted in Louisville, Kentucky
- Gift Box
- Bourbon Smoked Garlic Salt 4 OZ. Tin
- Bourbon Smoked Chili Powder 2.25 OZ. Tin
- Bourbon Smoked Citrus Pepper 2 OZ. Tin
Bourbon Smoked Chili Powder
Domestically harvested and handpicked from a family owned farm in New Mexico. A bourbon smoked blend of mild chilis and spices adds a robust flavor to any dish. Its distinct smoky flavor will add a unique fiery bite to your recipes,
Bourbon Smoked Garlic Salt
Bourbon smoked, easy to use, extremely flavorful version of a classic spice blend. Slow smoked by hand using bourbon barrel staves, the large crystals of salt are blended with garlic, fennel, and orange peel to create a flavorful combination. Olive oil and a heavy sprinkle of Bourbon Smoked Garlic Salt is the perfect seasoning on all meats, poultry, seafood, and vegetables!
Bourbon Smoked Citrus Pepper
Bourbon Smoked quarter cracked Malabar black pepper blended with orange peel, fennel, and onion. The brightness of citrus, packed with a peppery punch gives an adventurous boost to both grilled and roasted favorites alike.
Additional information
|.80315 lbs
|8.75 × 3 × 2 in
Related Products
- 1 -Bluegrass Soy Sauce |100ml
- 1 - Kentuckyaki | 375ml
- 1 - Aged Worcestershire | 100ml
- Products come in gift box prepared for shipping
- 2 fluid ounces | 59 ml.
- Glass Bottle
- Re-sealable lid
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- Muted Boulevardier Recipe
- 4 fluid ounces | 118 ml.
- Glass Bottle
- Re-sealable lid
- Refrigerate After Opening
- Perfect Old Fashioned Recipe
- 0.75 Ounce Miniature Tin
- 3.5 Ounce Tin
- 12 Ounce Food Service Container
- All natural and preservative free
- The dropper top is there to control the serving because of the intense flavor.
- Made in Louisville, Kentucky
- Bourbon Smoked Sea Salt
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- Original Henry Bain's Famous Sauce
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- Kentucky Shaped Basket 15 inch
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- 8 oz.


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|System: X360, PS3, Wii, PS2, PSP, DS
|Review Rating Legend
|Dev: Yuke's Media
|1.0 - 1.9 = Avoid
|4.0 - 4.4 = Great
|Pub: THQ
|2.0 - 2.4 = Poor
|4.5 - 4.9 = Must Buy
|Release: Nov 9, 2008
|2.5 - 2.9 = Average
|5.0 = The Best
|Players: 1-4
|3.0 - 3.4 = Fair
|ESRB Rating: Teen
|3.5 - 3.9 = Good
by Amanda L. Kondolojy
Although the WWE first came to the current-gen systems last year, it was definitely a rough transition. With barebones features and a story mode that many fans considered to be a step backward for the series as a whole, last year's title was more than just mildly disappointing. However, it looks like this year's title not only reversed last year's backward trend but has made a number of great improvements to SmackDown! Vs. Raw 2009 to make it one of the best WWE titles I have seen in awhile.
The main mode this time around is the Road to Wrestlemania. This single-player mode allows you to follow the career of one of a select group of superstar wrestlers as they fight to make it to the big show. Each of the featured characters has an all-new storyline that includes several over-the-top twists and turns that fans will surely appreciate. In addition to following the storyline matches, the Road to Wrestlemania mode also includes optional objectives and matches that extend to playtime of the different modes.
But, if your chosen superstar is not featured in the Road to Wrestlemania mode, or you are looking for a change of pace, there is also a more generic Career mode that can be played through with any wrestler you choose. Although there is no steadfast storyline in the career mode, this single-player mode does give you quite a bit of flexibility in terms of opponents and interaction, and it represents a more classic single-player approach that fans have grown accustomed to.
Of course, WWE titles are seldom defined by their single-player modes and this definitely holds true in SmackDown! Vs. Raw 2009. By far, the most improved facet of this year's iteration is the extremely deep Exhibition mode. This mode allows you to choose from over seventy different types of matches in seven different categories, which include the classic one-on-one, two-on two, Triple Threat, Fatal Four-Way, Six-Man, and Royal Rumble. In addition to big name standards like the ladder match or steel cage match, there are also specialty matches like the Inferno, where you have to satisfy certain requirements before the match can officially end.
Another facet of this game that longtime fans will definitely appreciate is the My WWE feature, which allows you to customize your current character roster. You are able to change their brand affiliation, character attributes, and even current titles in order to keep up with the ever-changing roster of the WWE.
One area where SmackDown! Vs. Raw 2009 really excels above previous entries, and above many other fighting-style games in general, is in the creation area. This title not only lets you create and customize your own wrestler, but you can also create custom move sets, entrances, and finishers that can be applied to WWE superstars as well as user-created characters. All of the create modes are very intuitive, and the Create-a-Finisher is especially deep and allows fans to take up to ten of their favorite wrestling moves and string them together to create the ultimate finisher.
In addition to these create modes, there is also a Highlight Video creation feature, which allows you to take saved footage from previous matches and use a surprisingly deep video editor to create you're own highlight reel. The video editor tool allows you to cut and insert different video clips and lets you add sound effects, music, graphics, and filters. Making highlight reels is one of the most surprisingly good features about SmackDown! Vs. Raw 2009, and I found myself really immersed in making new videos.


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Consistent bedtime can have positive affect on children's brainpower
Putting children to bed at the same time every night could give them a boost in brainpower later in life.
It is full speed ahead for 2-year-old Nolan, and his family, as they settle in to new surroundings.
Playtime finds them at Atwater Park, not far from their new home in Whitefish Bay. The family just moved to Wisconsin from North Carolina.
"His was the first room that we tackled moving into the house. Like I said, trying to get him back into a normal routine," parent Alex Feix said.
The normal routine includes a regular sleep pattern.
"He's a much, a much more happy, well-behaved kid when he has a full night of sleep, and so we feel like that's important," Feix said. "Developmentally, we think it's important in the long run, too."
A regular bedtime may help a child's brainpower, according to new research out of the United Kingdom.
The study included more than 11,000 children, looking at their math and reading skills and spatial awareness.
It shows girls ages 3, 5 and 7 with regular bedtimes had better scores than those with irregular bedtimes. Boys had similar results.
"You just need sleep to consolidate all that you've learned and experienced from the day before, so that this gets, sort of, laid down in your brain as memories and so on; so you just need to have sleep for that," University College professor Amanda Sacker said.
But as a lot of parents know, getting a child into a regular bedtime routine is not always an easy thing, so WISN 12 News went to the Sleep Center at Children's Hospital of Wisconsin. In rooms in the sleep lab, they will hook a child up and monitor their sleep patterns.
Dr. Louella Amos, a pediatric sleep physician at the center, told WISN 12 News both the quantity and quality of sleep are important.
"We believe that the deeper stages of sleep are important for cognitive development and also physical growth," Amos said.
Knowing the importance of a good night's rest, Amos said there are things parents can do to try and help their kids fall asleep -- such as taking a bath before bed, turning off all electronics at least one hour before bedtime, avoiding any stimulating activity, limiting or eliminating caffeine and keeping the room as dark and as quiet as possible.
"The most important thing is for the entire family to be on a good routine because even if one child has a routine, if another child is awake and loud, that will affect the other child's ability to fall asleep," Amos said.
Nolan is taking in his new surroundings, exploring and adjusting.
"He's been doing great, and we've been trying to get him back into his usual sleeping pattern," Feix said.
Pediatricians say toddlers need 12 hours of sleep each night, and 6 to 11 year olds need 10 to 11 hours of sleep. Most doctors recommend a bedtime no later than 9 p.m.


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All of Us, Doing MoreNavigation
One of the reasons why some divorce cases become contested is because of the issue of division of properties and assets, the results of which will have a direct major impact in the spouses' lives right after divorce. Due to its effect, being assured of a substantial share of assets (and lesser marital debts) will be important, especially for those who have sacrificed their own career and professional growth to spend their time in support of their spouse and to care for their children instead.
To save couples from the stress and worry that this divorce-related issue usually brings, many financial experts, legal professionals and even marriage counselors advise those planning to get married to consider entering into a pre-marital (or pre-nuptial) agreement. Besides the fact that a pre-nuptial agreement is never aimed at spoiling marital unions, it can also really provide lots of benefits if the marriage eventually fails.
Before attempting to decide "who gets what," the judge (if the divorce is contested) or the mediator (in mediated divorce) will first need to determine which of the couple's properties and assets are marital assets and, therefore, subject for distribution. A Houston divorce lawyer can tell you that properties identified as an inheritance or gift to one spouse during the time of marriage, profits earned from properties which one of the spouses got to own before the marriage, a property purchased by one of the spouses using the money that he/she earned before marriage, and all other properties mentioned in the pre-marital agreement are considered as personal and, therefore, cannot be divided between the spouses.
With regard to those that may be distributed, courts apply one of these two basic systems: equitable distribution or community property. In equitable distribution, marital properties and assets are divided fairly and reasonably (not necessarily equally) between the spouses. This system of distribution takes into account the following factors: the income and earning potential of each spouse; the age of each spouse; the spouses' emotional and physical conditions; the tax consequences of the assets, properties and debts; the value of the personal properties [like retirement plans, 401(k) plans, business, business interests, bonds, stocks, financial incentives] of each spouse; child support (if there are children) and/or alimony requirements; the future financial needs of each spouse; the degree of contribution of each spouse in to the acquisition of marital properties; and, length of marriage.
The community property distribution system, on the other hand, is based on equality. In this system, the spouses are considered equal owners of all the properties and assets earned and acquired during their marriage even if only one of them had been employed. This legal position is also applied with concern to debts, rendering both spouses equally liable for all unpaid balances on car loans, home mortgages, credit cards, and so forth.
The community property system or equal distribution system is currently observed in nine US states (all other states observe the equitable distribution system: Wisconsin, Washington, Texas, New Mexico, Nevada, Louisiana, Idaho, California and Arizona.
It is important for those who may be undergoing a divorce procedure, to protect their financial future as well as ensure their capability to continue to provide for themselves and their family. Thus, being represented by a highly-capable property division lawyer who can help them secure this protection will definitely be among their best interests.Read More
There is no real difference in the legal qualifications and aptitude between a public defender and a private lawyer generally speaking. Both had gone to law school and are licensed to practice in their state as attorneys. In fact, public defenders probably have more extensive experience in criminal defense than most lawyers because they handle a lot more cases. However, it is precisely because a public defender is given a heavy case load that a defendant may not be properly represented in their case, and why a private lawyer that can pick and choose their cases is the better option.
The best criminal defense lawyers are those that do not necessarily have an extensive practice, but those that focus on specific types of cases. As pointed out on the website of the Flaherty Defense Firm, lawyers with expertise in handling particular crimes are peculiarly suited to protecting the rights and interests of the defendant to the full extent of the law. Public defenders are obliged to handle the cases that are handed to them, and this can turn them into a Jack of all trades but master of none.
A public defender could be juggling more than 20 cases at any one time. Because their case loads are typically not as heavy, private lawyers have more time to prepare for each case and focus on the finer points of the cases they handle that could spell the difference between a conviction and an acquittal.
Public defenders use state resources to prepare their cases, and in most cases they have to make do with what the budget will allow them. Private lawyers have access to investigative, documentation, and expert services that can help them build a more thorough defense than a public defender can hope to with their limited resources.
Public defenders serve an important purpose; to represent defendants that do not have the financial means to retain a private lawyer. However, if you are charged with a crime and you have the means to pay for your defense, you will find that the results will be worth the expense of retaining the best possible criminal defense lawyer in your area that you can afford.Read More
Theft is primarily defined as the illegal appropriation of property. According to the website of criminal defense lawyer Ian Inglis, the penalties for a theft conviction can be quite serious under the Texas Penal Code. When charged with theft and the property had actually been taken by the defendant, there are a few defense that a defense lawyer may apply depending on the circumstances.
One of the requirements for a charge of theft to stick is that there an intent to steal. If the defendant can prove that at the time of the incident he or she was under the influence of an intoxicating substance (drugs, alcohol, etc.) and had no mental capacity to form intent, it may succeed in having the charges dismissed or reduced.
If the property is the defendant's obviously a charge of theft will not stick. However, there are circumstances when the defendant did take someone else's property in the belief that he or she had right of ownership. The defendant took someone else's luggage from an airport carousel, for example, believing that it was his or hers to take because it was similar or even identical to their property. The defendant has to prove that it was an "honest mistake" such as by producing their luggage and demonstrating that it does indeed look similar enough to have been switched.
This is a rather complicated defense for theft because the defendant has to prove that the property owner had induced the defendant to take the property in order to substantiate a charge of theft. A shrewd defense lawyer will have to show that the plaintiff had lured the defendant to commit the crime for whatever reason.
In most cases, returning the property cannot be used as a defense against a theft charge unless the defendant can prove that there was intent to return the property when it was taken. The defendant can claim that the property had merely been "borrowed."
If you are facing a charge of theft, it is important that you understand your rights and protections under the law. Engage the services of a reputable defense lawyer in your area to help you avoid a conviction.Read More
With recent events leading to widespread discussions about activism and the internet, I've been thinking about what people can do in their communities to raise awareness about the issues that impact their lives. I mean in addition to taking to hashtags, Facebook, and other homes for "slacktivism," there are real physical actions you can take to help foster change in your community.
There are many classes of people that can benefit from organized help, including the homeless, the elderly, and children. Organizing events to help a group of people can do a lot to raise awareness of the problems that group faces as well as brighten someone's day. It doesn't have to be anything major. I once went to a video game tournament at a local library. It had a great turnout and all the kids had a blast. They got to compete and cheer in a safe environment and many of them made new friends.
There are tons of ways you can try to bring your community together. Building a community is not easy, but it's well worth the effort, as a strong community where everyone knows and trusts one another can work wonders.
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The criminal defense lawyer is more than an officer of the court and a necessary personality in a trial. There are many roles that a criminal defense lawyer plays way before the courtroom drama commences. In fact, many cases don't actually get to that point at all, and in general, that's how defense lawyers prefer it.
A defendant can tell his or her lawyer everything without fear of it being used against him or her. This is the main purpose of the attorney-client privilege. In fact, if the lawyer breaks confidentiality, it can be grounds for the lawyer's license to be suspended or revoked, and the leaked information still cannot be used against the defendant because it is "tainted" except in some circumstances. A criminal defense lawyer is still required to build the best possible defense for the client even if he or she knows the client is guilty of the crime, although they are barred from lying to the court.
The lawyer is also there to provide the client various scenarios that may pan out for a particular case, the client's legal options, and to advise the client about the best course to take from a legal standpoint. In most cases, the defendant is clueless about the law, and the lawyer is there to elucidate matters.
The criminal defense lawyer is there to defend the client, if only to introduce reasonable doubt in the case presented by the prosecutor. The burden of proof is on the prosecution; the defense can introduce reasonable doubt by challenging any statement that is damaging to the client, and to present an alternate theory of the case to that presented by the prosecution.
When it is apparent that the evidence against the defendant is overwhelming, the lawyer can take on the role of negotiator during a plea bargain. Prosecutors generally prefer to settle the matter out of court because it saves on trial costs, but the defendant must bring something to the table to justify a more favorable deal. A good Dallas criminal defense lawyer will know how and what to offer to minimize the severity of the punishment of the client and to indicate to the defendant when a deal is as good as it is going to get.Read More
One legal and moral obligation that all health care providers owe patients is provision of quality care. This means timely treatment, correct diagnosis and effective medication. Besides the commitment to save lives and treat patients well, the level of trust that patients give doctors ought to be more than enough for them to live up to patients' expectations, and so provide fast and effective treatment to patients' health concerns.
The ideal, however, is often deviated from by what is real, as hospital negligence, which leads to medical malpractice that often inflicts more severe harm in patients, is a reality in the US, as well as in all parts of the globe. Every year, more than a million individuals either suffer worse medical conditions or die because of medical malpractice, which can very well be prevented from happening.
The causes of medical mistakes vary; some of these are miscommunication between nurse and doctor, not enough time to really listen to a patient's health complaints, wrong interpretation of a laboratory result, mix-up in patients' records, wrong diagnostic tests, and so forth. Some of these mistakes lead to major medical actions, like surgery, but which actually only puts the patient in greater harm than on the road to recovery.
Negligence is often the reason why mistakes take place. While others may mention overworked nurses and medical personnel, or whatever excuse one may think of, the root cause of it all is still negligence. This negligent behavior usually results to surgery being performed on the wrong patient, operating on the wrong site of the body, injecting the wrong dosage of anesthesia, and many others.
New Hampshire medical malpractice lawyers are just a few of the many highly-competent legal minds who can help victims of hospital negligence and medical malpractice file a civil case (for damages) against the liable party, fight for the victim's rights and interest and help him/her earn the full compensation that he/she is legally entitled to receive.Read More
With cars becoming the most common means of transportation in the US, their steady increase on all US roads and highways has also given rise to the number of automobile accidents every year. Records from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration show, at least, five million road tragedies annually. While drunk-driving, overspeeding, and reckless driving figure to be the main reasons for accidents that seriously injure or kill innocent people, there is another culprit, which majority of drivers may not be totally aware of but are surely guilty of committing – driver error and driver distraction.
Often, when driving has become a daily chore, drivers end up becoming too complacent on the road, committing traffic violations with the excuse or thought that they are in full control of the wheel, anyway, and can avert danger in the event that it shows itself. Thus, many never slow down or stop when making turns, try to beat the red light, fail to use signal lights, fail to check for incoming motor vehicles, especially at intersections, overtake other vehicles improperly, tailgate other vehicles (trucks, worst of all), fail to use the seatbelt, make sudden lane changes, and so forth.
As for driver distractions, though most common among young drivers, it can probably be safe to say that all have been distracted, at least one or a couple of times in their whole driving career. Though driving distraction has many forms, all these cause the very same thing – take a driver's attention off the road. The many different forms of driver distractions include: looking at a map for directions; adjusting a GPS or a radio; playing the car stereo at full volume; chatting with friends while driving; taking, or having a picture taken, while driving; fixing a tie, grooming; drinking and eating; and, worst of all, texting or using a handheld phone while driving, which is now illegal.
Whether the cause of an automobile accident is driver error or driver distraction, one sure thing is that it is a result of negligence and carelessness on the part of the liable driver. Seeking the help of legal professionals, such as Ali Mokaram from the Mokaram Law Firm, would be advisable in order to bring to justice the at-fault driver and to make him/her compensate the victim for all the damages resulting from the injury which he/she has caused.Read More
The Willow Island disaster in April of 1978, which killed 51 construction workers who were all working on a scaffold, is considered the largest construction accident in the history of the United States. So many more construction site accidents happened before and after this one tragic event, all severely injuring scores of workers and taking the lives of many others.
The Bureau of Labor Statistics records about 150,000 job-related injuries annually in construction sites alone, making industrial jobs the most dangerous of all types of works. To ensure safety in construction sites, in particular, and in all workplaces, in general, the US government passed into law the Occupational Safety and Health Act, or OSH Act, in 1970 which, after a year, established the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). OSHS' main concern is to implement the mandate on safe and healthy working conditions in every working environment for the benefit of all employees.
In 2012, of the 4,175 deaths involving employees in the private sector, 806 were construction workers. The top four causes of deaths, which OSHA came to call the "Fatal Four," include: falls; being struck by something, such as a truck, crane, a falling wall, a falling object or other heavy tool or vehicle; electrocution; and, being caught-in/between.
On its website, Hach & Rose, LLP, points out the necessity of construction jobs, yet also affirms the many dangers construction workers are regularly exposed to. Thus, property owners, contractors, machinery manufacturers and all workers have the responsibility of doing their part in keeping working sites as safe as possible to avoid untoward incidents, which, in reality, can be avoided.
When an accident occurs, however, then hiring a highly-competent legal counsel, such as a Milwaukee construction accident lawyer, would be much advised. He or she would be able to help the accident victim assess the extent of the injury, correctly fill out claims forms and file everything within the statutory period.
Todos tenemos derecho de acceder a diferentes servicios, especialmente servicios legales, los cuales son otorgados a quienes luchan por sus derechos básicos. Esto es particularmente cierto en los Estados Unidos, donde las leyes promueven la protección de derechos de todos los individuos reconocidos. Es por eso que a pesar de la nacionalidad, ya sea nacido o (registrado o no-registrado) inmigrante, nadie tiene derecho a la privatización de sus derechos. Por lo tanto, buscar ayuda legal de un abogado altamente competente o una firma legal puede llegar a ser sumamente desafiante, más de lo que uno puede llegar a imaginar. Es por eso que es necesario un buen abogado o firma legal que no esté limitada por el lenguaje. Debajo de este párrafo se encuentra una lista de recursos legales en español, donde esperamos pueda proveer el nivel de asistencia legal que usted puede llegar a necesitar.
In April of 2010, an explosion caused by a wellhead blowout or a failure in the pressure control system engulfed the Deepwater Horizon oil rig in flames, sinking it and resulting in the release of 4.9 million barrels of oil into the sea. This sea tragedy, which occurred off the coast of Louisiana in the Gulf of Mexico, took the lives of 11 persons, injured 16 others and was regarded as the biggest ecological disaster in the United States.
Aware of the severe harm that spills can cause to marine life, the health of coastal residents, and the gulf's economy, BP made an estimation that the total amount necessary to cover settlement claims, clean-up costs and other legal fees would be approximately $7.8 billion.
It has become quite obvious, however, that the settlement administrator has interpreted the terms BP's settlement agreement in a way that BP believes approves claims by people and businesses who were not even harmed by the spill. A New Orleans U.S. District Judge agreed with the administrator's interpretation, while the 5th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals declined BP's request to deny an injunction on the judge's decision.
While BP has raised its appeal to the US Supreme Court, the order to continue paying settlement claims, which have ballooned to at least $9.2 billion stays. Among the claimants that BP needs to pay are non-profit organizations, such as educational organizations, disease research organizations, pildlife preservation organizations, and historical societies. Obviously, these types of organizations depend greatly on charitable donations made by individual benefactors and a number of business owners who, in turn, may have suffered economic losses themselves due to direct or indirect effects of the spill.
While it may be understandable that BP is trying to save itself from paying business economic losses (BEL) which are not traceable to the spill, authentic claimants will have to wait indefinitely until the court's decision is made. For organizations making non-profit oil spill claims, "indefinitely" can mean great harm to their operations, even existence. This is why many legitimate claimants have deemed the services of a BP claim appeal lawyer a necessity in helping them acquire the settlement payment, which they legally deserve, much faster.Read More
Business firms, especially small and developing ones, are always faced with legal concerns that make operations and overcoming competitions and obstacles really challenging. Hiring the right (and competent) employees, employee benefits and compensation, purchasing better equipment for improved business operations, taxes, company debts and, sometimes, company losses – all these will have to be addressed, and on time too. But to remain competitive and to ensure the timely payments of all financial matters, business firms will have to have a steady flow of cash or should continuously make profit.
This is not the case with a slowed-down economy, though. And with not enough profit, a number of small, developing firms will find even keeping their heads above the water a much greater challenge. Some, which find the challenges simply overwhelming, decide to close, while others, in order to survive, apply for business loans until they lose control of financial matters and end up in debts too big for their company to settle.
While quitting at this time may already be too late, seeking legal advice may just be the means to solve all financial problems, with the chance of saving the company too. A business lawyer, for instance, can advise a company owner to solve his/her company's overwhelming financial problems through legal means, that is, by filing a case of bankruptcy.
Bankruptcy, which is a federally authorized procedure, gives individuals and businesses the chance to regain control of their finances, while enabling creditors get some measure of repayment. The US bankruptcy law forgives debtors of their dischargeable debts, while allowing them to liquidate some assets or design a payment plan which will enable them to settle their debts that are non-dischargeable.
Through bankruptcy, business and individuals are given a fresh start. It is, however, necessary to determine which particular chapter of the US Bankruptcy Code ought to be filed for the debtor to enjoy the full benefits of the bankruptcy law.
The US Bankruptcy Code offers business firms, especially small ones, the option to file for Chapter 7, which is liquidation bankruptcy, Chapter 11 or business bankruptcy, or Chapter 13, also known as Repayment Plan or Debt Adjustment Plan.
For small businesses with no intent to continue operations, then Chapter 7 may be the appropriate legal option. Chapter 13 can be filed if the type of business is sole proprietorship (since this chapter can only be filed by individuals); thus, corporations, limited liability companies, and businesses owned by partners cannot file for this particular chapter. There is a cap, though, to the amount of loan, which an individual should not exceed, to be able to qualify for this chapter.
Owners of small firms that have intent of recovering can file for Chapter 11, which allows them to restructure their finances, modify payment terms or downsize by selling all or a part of their assets. Though Chapter 11 may help owners continue business operations, regain profitability, and balance their income and expenses, it is risky, expensive, complex and time-consuming.Read More


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Decoding 'Sarah Palin's Alaska': What we learned when Sarah met Kate + 8
There are certain ideas that sound brilliant to reality TV producers, and to no one else in the world. "Conveyor Belt of Love." "Fat March." The all-too-straightforwardly named "Hurl." And now we can add: Kate Gosselin and her eight children join the Palin family on a camping trip in bear country. What could possibly go wrong?
Actually, not much does. The kids have a blast until their cold, whiny mother insists that they leave, an outcome that could have been predicted by anyone who has ever been camping. Or seen people camping on TV. Nevertheless, the show, as always, has valuable lessons to teach us.
1. If you love your kids, you'll shoot to kill.
The first half of the episode is devoted to lessons in bear safety, the procurement of an enormous new gun for Palin, and a lot of remarks like this one: "Bein' out and about in Alaska's wilds, it's more common than not to see somebody having some kind of weapon on their person. In fact, it's probably as commonplace as if you're walkin' down the street in New York City and you see somebody with a BlackBerry on their hip."
At this point, I have some questions. Like, do people still carry phones on their hips, or was that some kind of bizarre product placement/dog whistle mash-up, in which "BlackBerry" also means "imaginary illegal handgun that certain paranoid rural voters are sure all New Yorkers carry"? And when you're out and about in Alaska's wilds, how often do you see other people at all? And wait, didn't you all say this show wasn't an eight-hour political ad?
Yep! Kate Gosselin: "I can't say I'm a gun advocate, necessarily, but there's nothing I wouldn't do to protect my kids."
Except, say, refuse an invitation to take them camping in bear country for a reality TV stunt.
2. When your favorability rating is at an all-time low, it helps to hang out with someone the public finds even more odious than you.
Four words I never, ever, ever believed I would say: "Right on, Sarah Palin." When she's rolling her eyes and snarking about Gosselin's completely predictable Oh my god, you meant outdoor camping? meltdown, it's awfully hard not to relate to her.
3. But that only goes so far.
That brief moment of shared humanity was, of course, tempered by (among other things) Palin's relentless lust for bear blood; the scene where she gently chides Piper for cheating on her homework but doesn't actually insist that she stop; and the fact that once again, Mama Grizzly's on vacation, banging on about the importance of spending time with loved ones, minus her youngest child. Perhaps this trip would have been unpleasant or unfeasible for Trig, but where I come from, parents usually plan "family vacations" that don't require leaving a little kid behind. I guess that's not how they do it in Alaska?
If that weren't enough to undo my microsecond of appreciation for Sarah Palin, then there's the fact that despite it all, she still has Kate Gosselin's endorsement. "I admire her for being a strong woman who doesn't back down, who doesn't let the world's opinion of her change her or get to her," says Gosselin in an interview that could easily be from a "woman on the street" campaign commercial, if the woman on the street had Botox, a spray tan, and her own reality show.
I don't suppose it's occurred to either of them that when your approval rating is plummeting toward single digits, it might be worth giving the world's opinion of you a second look.
-- Kate Harding
Photo: Kate Gosselin meets Trig Palin, carried by Willow Palin, as the Gosselin children climb aboard Todd Palin's plane at the Palins' house in Wasilla, Alaska. Credit: Gilles Mingasson / TLC


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Foreign Exchange Trading
The StoneX group of companies provides global expertise in trading and clearing in the full spectrum of OTC foreign exchange instruments, including spot, forwards, options, exotics and structured products. Operating continuously from Sunday night to Friday's close, we provide clients with professional voice execution and state-of-the-art electronic market access. Well-regarded, high-touch clearing services and deep credit facilities provide commercial entities, hedge funds, CTAs, proprietary trading groups, financial institutions and other qualified parties with global FX market access.


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Executive Team
Joseph BarratoCEO, Director of Investment StrategiesJoe is a founding member of Arrow Investment Advisors, LLC, the advisor to Arrow Funds. His responsibilities include investment strategy, business development and marketing. Joe's experience of more than 25 years includes six years at Rydex Investments, where he was positioned at the helm of Rydex research, educating financial intermediaries on how to use Rydex Funds. He created fundamental and technical research tools and developed momentum models with Rydex sector funds. As Director of Product Development, he was responsible for researching new strategic opportunities, as well as creating high-quality investment products and services. He also initiated the research to create and launch the firm's first buy-and-hold mutual fund, the Rydex Sector Rotation Fund. Joe and his team were responsible for developing innovative index and smart beta ETFs, including the S&P 500 Equal Weight ETF (Symbol: RSP).Prior to Rydex, Joe spent 12 years at the Federal Reserve Board of Governors. As a financial analyst, he assisted economists and analyzed monetary aggregate data. As a senior financial examiner, he advised Fed officers and board officials on financial, operational and managerial enhancements. He holds a bachelor's degree in business administration from The George Washington University, where he majored in finance and minored in accounting.
Scott WidderPresident of SalesScott is President of Distribution for Arrow Funds. Scott has three decades of financial services distribution experience. Scott spent seven years from 2009 to 2016 at American Beacon Asset Management in Dallas, Texas as National Sales Manager heading the firm's retail distribution. Prior to that, from 1994 to 2008, Scott served as a Global Partner, Senior Director, and National Sales Manager for Invesco/AIM in Houston, Texas leading the Independent Financial Advisor Division. Prior to joining Arrow, Scott was at Arialytics where he was the head of distribution and lead the firm's business development efforts.
Scott holds a BA in Political Science from George Washington University. He resides in Bedford, New York with his wife Stephanie and three children.
John R. SerrapereDirector of ResearchJohn has been advising investors since 1983. He currently serves as President of Arrow Insights, LLC and provides ongoing research for investors seeking alternative investment options and consults on hedge strategies for institutional investors. He was formerly the analyst and investment strategist for Foster Holdings, Inc., a large Pittsburgh-based family office. John previously served as a principal of Rydex Leveraged Hedges, LLC, where he designed registered and non-registered products. John has been published in The Journal of Indexes, Financial Advisor Magazine, Corporate Finance Review, The Retirement Planning Journal and was featured as the "Active Indexer" for Index Universe. He writes a regularly featured column titled "InFocus" for Arrow Insights.
William E. Flaig, Jr.Chief Investment OfficerBill joined Arrow Investment Advisors in February of 2007. His experience of more than 25 years includes two years as a principal of Paladin Asset Management. During his five years at Rydex Investments, he was Director of Portfolio Management and managed the entire portfolio team.
While at Rydex, Bill defined the concept of hedge fund replication, initiated the research and investment strategies on which several alternative funds are based, and then directed the management of those strategies. He also developed best practices for creating leverage within the constraints of an actively traded open-end mutual fund.
Bill also spent six years at Bankers Trust Company in a range of roles including currency trading, proprietary trading, derivatives structuring, emerging market fixed income and currency trading. Bill graduated from Purdue University with a degree in Management.
Jake GriffithPresident of Archer DistributorJake is a founding member of Arrow Investment Advisors, LLC,. His primary responsibilities include operations of Archer Distributor and key account support. Before starting Arrow Funds, Jake spent 10 years at Rydex Investments, where he established a new investment advisor to provide mutual fund wrap strategies utilizing institutional money managers. As part of the firm's business development group, he was responsible for the development and promotion of unique mutual fund and variable trust fund asset allocation programs designed to deliver dynamic asset allocation strategies to the financial intermediary marketplace. He also spent two years as RIA Sales Manager, where he managed the inside sales team supporting lead generation and client service for the RIA channel. Prior to Rydex, he worked in various roles at a family-owned business. Jake holds Series 3, 7, 26, and 63 securities registrations.


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Ewan McGregor will star in thriller Son Of A Gun, and Clio Barnard finished shooting The Selfish Giant.
McGregor has been confirmed to star in Julius Avery's heist thriller Son Of A Gun, which is produced by New Zealand's Southern Light Films, UK's Altitude Film Entertainment and US-based Media House Capital. Avery also wrote the screenplay and shooting is scheduled for early next year. Altitude will take the film to AFM next week. Among the other films the company has on its slate are Outpost 37 and The Good People. Please visit Screenbase for more production details.
Barnard has wrapped principle photography for her follow up to award-winning documentary The Arbor, after shooting in Bradford for six weeks. Inspired by Oscar Wilde's story of the same name, The Selfish Giant stars Conner Chapman and Shaun Thomas in their debut acting roles as two teenage boys, who are outsiders at school and in their community and get caught up in the world of copper theft when they meet a local scrapman (played by Sean Glider). Siobhan Finneran, Lorraine Ashbourne and Steve Evetsare are also among the cast.
Tracy O'Riordan is producing the film through her company Moonspun Films and it received financial backing from Film4 and the British Film Institute. Protagonist Pictures has been appointed as the international sales agent.
Barnard also wrote the screenplay, basing it on stories she was told and people that she met whilst making her feature debut The Arbor.


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Artifact 3788497e2f3885b26458fd4c6ec3f30ade14d566:
- File www/news.wiki — part of check-in [31a201c818] at 2013-12-23 15:38:10 on branch preRelease — Pre-release updates for 22.214.171.124 (user: mistachkin size: 31081) [more...]
Version History
22.214.171.124 - December 23, 2013
- Updated to SQLite 3.8.2.
- Add Visual Studio 2013 support to all the applicable solution/project files, their associated supporting files, and the test suite.
- Add Visual Studio 2013 support to the redesigned designer support installer.
- Add support for Windows Embedded Compact 2013.
- Add experimental support for the native regexp extension.
- Never create a new connection wrapper in the SQLiteConnection.Shutdown method. ** Potentially Incompatible Change **
- Add experimental GetMemoryStatistics, ReleaseMemory, and Shutdown methods to the SQLiteConnection class.
- Add memory leak detection to the test project for the .NET Compact Framework.
- Add SQLITE_ENABLE_MEMORY_MANAGEMENT compile-time option to the interop assembly.
- Use current isolation level when enlisting into an existing transaction. Fix for [56b42d99c1].
- Better handling of non-error log messages from the SQLite core library. Pursuant to [44df10ea90].
- Add TraceWarning connection flag to enable tracing of type mapping failures and disable tracing of them by default. Pursuant to [6d45c782e4].
- Use 32-bit values to keep track of numeric precision and scale when building the schema table for a query. Fix for [ef2216192d].
188.8.131.52 - October 28, 2013
- Updated to SQLite 3.8.1.
- Add AutoCommit property to the SQLiteConnection class. Fix for [9ba9346f75].
- Use declared column sizes for the AnsiStringFixedLength and StringFixedLength mapped database types. Fix for [3113734605].
- Check the result of sqlite3_column_name function against NULL.
- Return false for the SQLiteParameterCollection.IsSynchronized property because it is not thread-safe.
- Raise the static SQLiteConnection.Changed event when any SQLiteCommand, SQLiteDataReader, or CriticalHandle derived object instance is created. Fix for [aba4549801].
- Add SQLiteCommand.Execute, SQLiteCommand.ExecuteNonQuery, and SQLiteCommand.ExecuteScalar method overloads that take a CommandBehavior parameter.
- Revise how the extra object data is passed to the static SQLiteConnection.Changed event. ** Potentially Incompatible Change **
- Make sure the database cannot be changed by a query when the CommandBehavior.SchemaOnly flag is used. Fix for [f8dbab8baf]. ** Potentially Incompatible Change **
- Fix bug in NDoc3 that was preventing some of the MSDN documentation links from working.
- Include the XML documentation files in the NuGet packages. Fix for [5970d5b0a6].
- Add InteropVersion, InteropSourceId, ProviderVersion, and ProviderSourceId properties to the SQLiteConnection class.
- Add experimental support for interfacing with the authorizer callback in the SQLite core library.
- Add experimental support for the native totype extension.
126.96.36.199 - August 7, 2013
- Various fixes to managed virtual table integration infrastructure.
- Implement workaround for an incorrect PROCESSOR_ARCHITECTURE being reported. Fix for [9ac9862611].
- Modify classes that implement the IDisposable pattern to set the disposed flag after their base classes have been disposed.
- When automatically registering custom functions, use the executing assembly (i.e. System.Data.SQLite) for reference detection. Fix for [4e49a58c4c].
220.127.116.11 - July 8, 2013
- Add all the necessary infrastructure to allow virtual tables to be implemented in managed code. Fix for [9a544991be].
- The DbType to type name translation needs to prioritize the Entity Framework type names. Fix for [47f4bac575].
- Add DateTimeFormatString connection string property to allow the DateTime format string used for all parsing and formatting to be overridden.
- Add NoFunctions connection flag to skip binding functions registered in the application domain.
- Add several data-types for compatibility purposes. Fix for [fe50b8c2e8].
- Add SQLiteConnection.BindFunction method to facilitate adding custom functions on a per-connection basis.
- When reading a DateTime value, avoid unnecessary string conversions. Fix for [4d87fbc742].
- Modify the index introspection code so that it does not treat PRAGMA table_info "pk" column values as boolean. Fix for [f2c47a01eb].
- Disable use of the new connection string parsing algorithm when the No_SQLiteConnectionNewParser environment variable is set. Pursuant to [bbdda6eae2].
- Rename the ReturnCode property of the SQLiteException class to ResultCode. ** Potentially Incompatible Change **
220.127.116.11 - May 23, 2013
- Updated to SQLite 3.7.17.
- Disable use of the AllowPartiallyTrustedCallers attribute when compiled for the .NET Framework 4.0/4.5. ** Potentially Incompatible Change **
- Allow semi-colons in the data source file name. Fix for [e47b3d8346]. ** Potentially Incompatible Change **
- NULL values should be reported as type "object", not "DBNull". Fix for [48a6b8e4ca].
18.104.22.168 - April 18, 2013
- Updated to SQLite 126.96.36.199.
- Properly handle embedded NUL characters in parameter and column values. Fix for [3567020edf].
- Make use of the sqlite3_prepare_v2 function when applicable.
- Check for a valid row in the SQLiteDataReader.GetValue method.
- Implement processor architecture detection when running on the .NET Compact Framework (via P/Invoke).
- Support automated testing when running on the .NET Compact Framework 2.0.
- Skip checking loaded assemblies for types tagged with the SQLiteFunction attribute when the No_SQLiteFunctions environment variable is set. Pursuant to [e4c8121f7b].
- Add HexPassword connection string property to work around the inability to include a literal semicolon in a connection string property value. Pursuant to [1c456ae75f].
- Add static Execute method to the SQLiteCommand class.
- Support custom connection pool implementations by adding the ISQLiteConnectionPool interface, the static SQLiteConnection.ConnectionPool property, and the static CreateHandle method in addition to modifying the SQLiteConnectionPool class. Pursuant to [393d954be0].
- Add public constructor to the SQLiteDataAdapter class that allows passing the parseViaFramework parameter to the SQLiteConnection constructor.
- When built with the CHECK_STATE compile-time option, skip throwing exceptions from the SQLiteDataReader class when the object is being disposed.
- Support automatic value conversions for columns with a declared type of BIGUINT, INTEGER8, INTEGER16, INTEGER32, INTEGER64, SMALLUINT, TINYSINT, UNSIGNEDINTEGER, UNSIGNEDINTEGER8, UNSIGNEDINTEGER16, UNSIGNEDINTEGER32, UNSIGNEDINTEGER64, INT8, INT16, INT32, INT64, UINT, UINT8, UINT16, UINT32, UINT64, or ULONG.
- Add BindUInt32AsInt64 connection flag to force binding of UInt32 values as Int64 instead. Pursuant to [c010fa6584].
- Add BindAllAsText and GetAllAsText connection flags to force binding and returning of all values as text.
- Remove AUTOINCREMENT from the column type name map. ** Potentially Incompatible Change **
- Avoid throwing overflow exceptions from the SQLite3.GetValue method for integral column types. Partial fix for [c010fa6584]. ** Potentially Incompatible Change **
- Use the legacy connection closing algorithm when built with the INTEROP_LEGACY_CLOSE compile-time option.
- Support using the directory containing the primary managed-only assembly as the basis for native library pre-loading.
- Still further enhancements to the build and test automation.
126.96.36.199 - January 9, 2013
- Updated to SQLite 18.104.22.168.
- Explicitly dispose of all SQLiteCommand objects managed by the DbDataAdapter class. Fix for [6434e23a0f].
- Add Cancel method to the SQLiteConnection class to interrupt a long running query.
- Improve thread safety of the SQLiteLog.LogMessage method.
126.96.36.199 - December 29, 2012
- Updated to SQLite 184.108.40.206.
- Add Visual Studio 2012 support to all the applicable solution/project files, their associated supporting files, and the test suite.
- Add Visual Studio 2012 support to the redesigned designer support installer.
- Allow opened connections to skip adding the extension functions included in the interop assembly via the new NoExtensionFunctions connection flag.
- Support loading of SQLite extensions via the new EnableExtensions and LoadExtension methods of the SQLiteConnection class. Pursuant to [17045010df].
- Remove one set of surrounding single or double quotes from property names and values parsed from the connection string. Fix for [b4cc611998].
- Modify parsing of connection strings to allow property names and values to be quoted. ** Potentially Incompatible Change **
- Add ParseViaFramework property to the SQLiteConnection class to allow the built-in (i.e. framework provided) connection string parser to be used when opening a connection. Pursuant to [b4cc611998].
- Add notifications before and after any connection is opened and closed, as well as other related notifications, via the new static Changed event.
- Add an overload of the SQLiteLog.LogMessage method that takes a single string parameter.
- Add an overload of the SQLiteConnection.LogMessage method that takes a SQLiteErrorCode parameter.
- All applicable calls into the SQLite core library now return a SQLiteErrorCode instead of an integer error code.
- Make sure the error code of the SQLiteException class gets serialized.
- Make the test project for the .NET Compact Framework more flexible.
- When available, the new sqlite3_errstr function from the core library is used to get the error message for a specific return code.
- The SetMemoryStatus, Shutdown, ResultCode, ExtendedResultCode, and SetAvRetry methods of the SQLiteConnection class now return a SQLiteErrorCode instead of an integer error code. ** Potentially Incompatible Change **
- The public constructor for the SQLiteException now takes a SQLiteErrorCode instead of an integer error code. ** Potentially Incompatible Change **
- The ErrorCode property of the SQLiteException is now an Int32, to allow the property inherited from the base class to be properly overridden. ** Potentially Incompatible Change **
- The ErrorCode field of the LogEventArgs is now an object instead of an integer. ** Potentially Incompatible Change **
- The names and messages associated with the SQLiteErrorCode enumeration values have been normalized to match those in the SQLite core library. ** Potentially Incompatible Change **
- Implement more robust locking semantics for the CriticalHandle derived classes when compiled for the .NET Compact Framework.
- Cache column indexes as they are looked up when using the SQLiteDataReader to improve performance.
- Prevent the SQLiteConnection.Close method from throwing non-fatal exceptions during its disposal.
- Rename the interop assembly functions sqlite3_cursor_rowid, sqlite3_context_collcompare, sqlite3_context_collseq, sqlite3_cursor_rowid, and sqlite3_table_cursor to include an "_interop" suffix. ** Potentially Incompatible Change **
- Prevent the LastInsertRowId, MemoryUsed, and MemoryHighwater connection properties from throwing NotSupportedException when running on the .NET Compact Framework. Fix for [dd45aba387].
- Improve automatic detection of the sqlite3_close_v2 function when compiled to use the standard SQLite library.
- Add protection against ThreadAbortException asynchronously interrupting native resource initialization and finalization.
- Add native logging callback for use with the sqlite3_log function to the interop assembly, enabled via the INTEROP_LOG preprocessor definition.
- Add various diagnostic messages to the interop assembly, enabled via flags in the INTEROP_DEBUG preprocessor definition.
- Further enhancements to the build and test automation.
- Add test automation for the Windows CE binaries.
18.104.22.168 - September 3, 2012
- Updated to SQLite 3.7.14.
- Properly handle quoted data source values in the connection string. Fix for [8c3bee31c8].
- The primary NuGet package now supports x86 / x64 and the .NET Framework 2.0 / 4.0 (i.e. in a single package).
- Change the default value for the Synchronous connection string property to Full to match the default used by the SQLite core library itself. ** Potentially Incompatible Change **
- Add the ability to skip applying default connection settings to opened databases via the new SetDefaults connection string property.
- Add the ability to skip expanding data source file names to their fully qualified paths via the new ToFullPath connection string property.
- Fix the database cleanup ordering in the tests for ticket [343d392b51].
- Add support for the sqlite3_close_v2 function from the SQLite core library.
- Add support for URI file names via the new FullUri connection string property.
- Improve support for the standard SQLite core library in the LINQ assembly and the test suite.
- Add SetMemoryStatus static method to the SQLiteConnection class.
- Improve threaded handling of the delegate used by the SQLiteLog class.
- Add define constants to support enabling or disabling individual groups of trace statements.
220.127.116.11 - May 27, 2012
- Updated to SQLite 18.104.22.168.
- Support compiling the interop assembly without support for the custom extension functions and the CryptoAPI based codec.
- Add DefineConstants property to the SQLiteConnection class to return the list of define constants used when compiling the core managed assembly.
- Add release archive verification tool to the release automation.
- Fix NullReferenceException when calling the SQLiteDataAdapter.FillSchema method on a query that returns multiple result sets. Fix for [3aa50d8413].
- Fix subtle race condition between threads fetching connection handles from the connection pool and any garbage collection (GC) threads that may be running. Fix for [996d13cd87].
- Add missing call to SetTimeout in the SQLite3_UTF16.Open method.
- Add checks to prevent the SQLiteConnectionPool.Remove method from returning any connection handles that are closed or invalid.
- Modify static SQLiteBase helper methods to prevent them from passing IntPtr.Zero to the SQLite native library.
- Remove static locks from the static helper methods in the SQLiteBase class, replacing them with a lock on the connection handle instance being operated upon.
- Revise CriticalHandle derived classes to make them more thread-safe.
- Add connection pool related diagnostic messages when compiled with the DEBUG define constant.
- Add PoolCount property to the SQLiteConnection class to return the number of pool entries for the file name associated with the connection.
- Rename internal SQLiteLastError methods to GetLastError.
- Add assembly file test constraints to all tests that execute the "test.exe" or "testlinq.exe" files.
126.96.36.199 - April 1, 2012
- Updated to SQLite 3.7.11.
- In the SQLiteFunction class, when calling user-provided methods from a delegate called by native code, avoid throwing exceptions, optionally tracing the caught exceptions. Fix for [8a426d12eb].
- Add Visual Studio 2005 support to all the applicable solution/project files, their associated supporting files, and the test suite.
- Add Visual Studio 2005 support to the redesigned designer support installer.
- Add experimental support for "pre-loading" the native SQLite library based on the processor architecture of the current process. This feature is now enabled by default at compile-time.
- Add support for the native SQLite Online Backup API. Fix for [c71846ed57].
- Acquire and hold a static data lock while checking if the native SQLite library has been initialized to prevent a subtle race condition that can result in superfluous error messages. Fix for [72905c9a77].
- Support tracing of all parameter binding activity and use the connection flags to control what is traced.
- When converting a DateTime instance of an "Unspecified" kind to a string, use the same kind as the connection, if available.
- Add overload of the SQLiteDataReader.GetValues method that returns a NameValueCollection.
- Add static ToUnixEpoch method to the SQLiteConvert class to convert a DateTime value to the number of whole seconds since the Unix epoch.
- In the implicit conversion operators (to IntPtr) for both the SQLiteConnectionHandle and SQLiteStatementHandle classes, return IntPtr.Zero if the instance being converted is null.
- Write warning message to the active trace listeners (for the Debug build configuration only) if a column type or type name cannot be mapped properly. See [4bbf851fa5].
- When tracing SQL statements to be prepared, bypass the internal length limit of the sqlite3_log function by using the SQLiteLog class directly instead. Also, detect null and/or empty strings and emit a special message in that case.
- For the setup, the Visual Studio task should only be initially checked if the GAC task is available and vice-versa.
- Improve compatibility with custom command processors by using __ECHO instead of _ECHO in batch tools.
- Add OpenAndReturn method to the SQLiteConnection class to open a connection and return it.
- Add missing CheckDisposed calls to the SQLiteConnection class.
- Add missing throw statement to the SQLiteConnection class.
- Make sure the interop project uses /fp:precise for Windows CE.
- Regenerate package load key to support loading the designer package into Visual Studio 2008 without having the matching SDK installed.
- Modify transaction object disposal so that it can never cause an exception to be thrown.
188.8.131.52 - January 28, 2012
- Use the WoW64 registry keys when installing the VS designer components on 64-bit Windows. Fix for [d8491abd0b].
- Correct resource name used by the LINQ assembly to locate several key string resources. Fix for [fbebb30da9].
220.127.116.11 - January 27, 2012
- Updated to SQLite 3.7.10
- Redesign the VS designer support installer and integrate it into the setup packages.
- When emitting SQL for foreign keys in the VS designer, be sure to take all returned schema rows into account. Remainder of fix for [b226147b37].
- Add Flags connection string property to control extra behavioral flags for the connection.
- Refactor all IDisposable implementations to conform to best practices, potentially eliminating leaks in certain circumstances.
- Even more enhancements to the build and test automation.
- Support parameter binding to more primitive types, including unsigned integer types.
- Recognize the TIMESTAMP column data type as the DateTime type. Fix for [bb4b04d457].
- Prevent logging superfluous messages having to do with library initialization checking. Fix for [3fc172d1be].
- Support the DateTimeKind and BaseSchemaName connection string properties in the SQLiteConnectionStringBuilder class. Fix for [f3ec1e0066].
- Overloads of the SQLiteConvert.ToDateTime and SQLiteConvert.ToJulianDay methods that do not require an instance should be static. Partial fix for [4bbf851fa5]. ** Potentially Incompatible Change **
184.108.40.206 - November 28, 2011
- Updated to SQLite 3.7.9
- More enhancements to the build and test automation.
- Plug native memory leak when closing a database connection containing a statement that cannot be finalized for some reason.
- The SQLite3 class should always attempt to dispose the contained SQLiteConnectionHandle, even when called via the finalizer.
- When compiled with DEBUG defined, emit diagnostic information related to resource cleanup to any TraceListener objects that may be registered.
- Stop characterizing all log messages as errors. From now on, if the errorCode is zero, the message will not be considered an error.
- Never attempt to configure the native logging interface if the SQLite core library has already been initialized for the process. Fix for [2ce0870fad].
- Allow the SQLiteLog class to be used for logging messages without having an open connection.
- Support building the core System.Data.SQLite assemblies using the .NET Framework 4.0 Client Profile. Fix for [566f1ad1e4].
- When generating the schema based on the contents of a SQLiteDataReader, skip flagging columns as unique if the data reader is holding the result of some kind of multi-table construct (e.g. a cross join) because we must allow duplicate values in that case. Fix for [7e3fa93744].
- When returning schema information that may be used by the .NET Framework to construct dynamic SQL, use a fake schema name (instead of null) so that the table names will be properly qualified with the catalog name (i.e. the attached database name). Partial fix for [343d392b51].
- Add SQLiteSourceId property to the SQLiteConnection class to return the SQLite source identifier.
- Add MemoryUsed and MemoryHighwater properties to the SQLiteConnection class to help determine the memory usage of SQLite.
- Add DateTimeKind connection string property to control the DateTimeKind of parsed DateTime values. Partial fix for [343d392b51]. ** Potentially Incompatible Change **
- Improve the robustness of the SQLiteLog class when it will be initialized and unloaded multiple times.
- Fix the name of the interop assembly for Windows CE. Add unit tests to prevent this type of issue from happening again. Fix for [737ca4ff74].
- Formally support the SQL type name BOOLEAN in addition to BOOL. Fix for [544dba0a2f].
- Make sure the SQLiteConvert.TypeNameToDbType method is thread-safe. Fix for [84718e79fa].
126.96.36.199 - October 4, 2011
- Prevent the domain unload event handler in SQLiteLog from being registered multiple times. Fix for [0d5b1ef362].
- Stop allowing non-default application domains to initialize the SQLiteLog class. Fix for [ac47dd230a].
18.104.22.168 - October 3, 2011
- Updated to SQLite 3.7.8
- More enhancements to the build system.
- Add official NuGet packages for x86 and x64.
- Add Changes and LastInsertRowId properties to the connection class.
- Support more formats when converting data from/to the DateTime type.
- Make all the assembly versioning attributes consistent.
- Add unit testing infrastructure using Eagle.
- Integrate all legacy unit tests, including the "testlinq" project, into the new test suite.
- Add projects to build the interop assembly statically linked to the Visual C++ runtime. Fix for [53f0c5cbf6].
- Add SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT2 compile-time option to the interop assembly. Fix for [74807fbf27].
- Fix mutex issues exposed when running the test suite with the debug version of SQLite.
- Fix transaction enlistment when repeated attempts are made to enlist in the same transaction. Fix for [ccfa69fc32].
- Support the SQLITE_FCNTL_WIN32_AV_RETRY file control to mitigate the impact of file sharing violations caused by external processes.
- Refactor the logging interface to be thread-safe and self-initializing.
- Shutdown the SQLite native interface when the AppDomain is being unloaded. Fix for [b4a7ddc83f].
- Support Skip operation for LINQ using OFFSET. Fix for [8b7d179c3c].
- Support EndsWith operation for LINQ using SUBSTR. Fix for [59edc1018b].
- Support all SQLite journal modes. Fix for [448d663d11].
- Do not throw exceptions when disposing SQLiteDataReader. Fix for [e1b2e0f769].
- The REAL type should be mapped to System.Double. Fix for [2c630bffa7] and [b0a5990f48].
- Minor optimization to GetParamValueBytes(). Fix for [201128cc88].
- Support the ON UPDATE, ON DELETE, and MATCH clause information when generating schema metadata for foreign keys. Partial fix for [b226147b37]. VS designer changes are not yet tested.
- Fix incorrect resource name for SR.resx in the mixed-mode assembly.
- Reduce the number of String.Compare() calls in the hot path for SQLiteCommand.ExecuteReader().
126.96.36.199 - July 4, 2011
- Updated to SQLite 22.214.171.124
- Fix incorrect hard-coded .NET Framework version information SQLiteFactory_Linq.cs that was causing IServiceProvider.GetService to fail when running against the .NET Framework 3.5.
- Fix all XML documentation warnings.
- Restore support for the mixed-mode assembly (i.e. the one that can be registered in the Global Assembly Cache).
- Restore support for the Compact Framework.
- Remove unused "using" statements from the System.Data.SQLite and System.Data.SQLite.Linq projects.
- Remove hard-coded System.Data.SQLite.Linq version from SQLiteFactory_Linq.cs
- Modify the setup to support bundled packages (i.e. with the mixed-mode assembly) and standard packages (i.e. with the managed assembly separate from the native interop library).
- Disable the ability to register with the Global Assembly Cache in the standard setup package (i.e. it is available in the bundled setup only).
- Remove PATH modification from the setup.
- Modify the naming scheme for the source, setup, and binary packages to allow for the necessary variants.
- In the build automation, attempt to automatically detect if Visual Studio 2008 and/or 2010 are installed and support building binaries for both at once, when available.
- Add release automation to build the source, setup, and binary packages in all supported build variants.
- Add the testlinq project to the new build system and make it work properly with Visual Studio 2008 and 2010.
184.108.40.206 - June 2, 2011
- Updated to SQLite 18.104.22.168.
- Minor optimization to GetBytes(). Fix for [8c1650482e].
- Update various assembly information settings.
- Correct System.Data.SQLite.Linq version and resource information. Fix for [6489c5a396] and [133daf50d6].
- Moved log handler from SQLiteConnection object to SQLiteFactory object to prevent if from being prematurely GCed.
- We should block x64 installs on x86 and we should install native only if the setup package itself is native. Fix for [e058ce156e].
184.108.40.206 - May 1, 2011
- Add the correct directory to the path. Fix for [50515a0c8e].
188.8.131.52 - April 27, 2011
- Updated to SQLite 3.7.6+ [1bd1484cd7] to get additional Windows error logging.
- Updated setup to optionally add install directory to PATH if GAC option selected.
18.104.22.168 - April 22, 2011
- Added support for sqlite3_extended_result_codes(), sqlite3_errcode(), and sqlite3_extended_errcode() via SetExtendedResultCodes(), ResultCode(), and ExtendedResultCode().
- Added support for SQLITE_CONFIG_LOG via SQLiteLogEventHandler().
220.127.116.11 - April 12, 2011
- Code merge with SQLite 3.7.6.
- New VS2008 and VS2010 solution files.
- Build and packaging automation.
- New Inno Setup files.
- Designer support currently not ready for release.
220.127.116.11 - February 2011
- Code merge with SQLite 3.7.5.
- Continuing work on supporting Visual Studio 2010.
22.214.171.124 - January 3, 2011
- Code merge with SQLite 3.7.4.
- Continuing work on supporting Visual Studio 2010.


text:
Let $G$ be a finitely generated group with the natural word length function ($|x|$ is the length of the shortest word in generators of $G$ representing $x$). We call a partial left invariant order $\le $ on $G$ word order if whenever $a\le b\le c$ we have $|b|\le C(|a|+|c|)$ for some constant $C$. Say, the standard order on $\mathbb Z$ is a word order.
Question. Is there a group $G$ with a left invariant linear order but without left invariant linear word order?


text:
C M Dodson wrote:Nice work as always.
I like the looted pictures, they are a nice touch.
Best wishes,
Beano Boy wrote:Stupendous Frozen Work Gerry .
I especially I like the dogs.
What are you using the picture frames for?
( "i`m thinking. " )
"Perhaps frozen gateways through time perhaps? "
" that we get to look through!" ___________ BB
Bluefalchion wrote:Very impressive work, Gerry. Do you model 24 hours per day?
C M Dodson wrote:Yes I wondered test as well.
With the metal wheels I found that by carving the wood element away you can effectively create a broken wheel rim which looks good. My Ligny project has a picture of the Prussian 1st Corps heavy artillery in trouble which illustrates this.
Best wishes,
Bluefalchion wrote:Your work with greenstuff is actually quite impressive, Gerry. My attempts always end up with fingerprints all over them.
Thanks for the biographical information about yourself. Now I have something to look forward to when my children grow up and I can retire. Just 22 years to go, give or take.
Emperor wrote:Whenever I see scenes of Napoleon retreat from Russia I remember the battle of Berezina river and how I saw one scene of it in one Napooleonic movie. I also back than in 2010 wanted to make one scene on this subject my self.


text:
Park and Recreational Facility Construction program accepting grant
million available for park and recreation projects through Illinois
Jobs Now
Send a link to a friend
[January 28, 2014]
SPRINGFIELD — The Illinois
Department of Natural Resources is now accepting grant applications
for the state's Park and Recreational Facility Construction program.
The program will provide grants to eligible local governments for
acquisition, development, construction, rehabilitation or other
capital improvements to park and recreation facilities in Illinois.
The IDNR
will accept applications from qualifying units of local government
through March 10.
"Public parks and open space shouldn't be a luxury. Everyone has
the right to enjoy recreation opportunities safely and locally. The
investments made through PARC funds are vital to the economies and
health of local communities and their residents," said IDNR Director
Marc Miller. "I want to thank Gov. Quinn for making this long-term
investment in local parks and recreation that will pay long-term
dividends for Illinois communities."
The PARC grants can fund bondable bricks-and-mortar projects that
include demolition, site preparation and improvements for indoor and
outdoor recreation facilities, reconstruction, improvements and
expansion to existing facilities, and new construction. Projects
involving land acquisition for construction of new or expansion of
existing indoor and outdoor recreation facilities, and for open
space and conservation purposes, are also eligible.
Illinois previously invested $50 million in PARC grants for park
districts and other local government projects in 2011, the first
year of the program.
The program will reimburse grant recipients up to 75 percent of
approved project costs. Up to 90 percent reimbursement will be
available to local governments defined as disadvantaged.
[to top of second column]
This grant program does not replace the annual Open Space
Lands Acquisition and Development program, known as OSLAD. The
PARC projects must be "bondable," according to state guidelines,
which is not required for OSLAD projects. Eligible OSLAD
projects include limited infrastructure costs by rule, while the
PARC program is specifically designed to include support
facilities and encourages infrastructure work.
For more information, details on program eligibility and other
program regulations, visit
http://www.dnr.illinois.gov/grants/ or contact the IDNR Division
of Grant Administration, One Natural Resources Way, Springfield, IL
62702-1271; phone 217-782-7481; e-mail
[Text from
Illinois Department of
Natural Resources
file received from
Illinois Office of
Communication and Information]
Follow the IDNR on
Facebook and Twitter.
< Top Stories index
Back to top


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Browse by Title
|Title: : 1 of 1
|Saints Benedict and Apollonia, c. 1483
Filippino Lippi
Italian, 1457-1504
Tempera glazed with oil on panel
62 x 23-5/8 in. (157.5 x 60 cm)
The Norton Simon Foundation
© The Norton Simon Foundation
Not on View
This panel, along with its companion Saints Paul and Frediano, were cited admiringly by Giorgio Vasari in his Lives of the Artist when he saw them in the Church of San Ponziano in Lucca, where they formed an ensemble, flanking a polychrome sculpture of St. Anthony Abbot. St. Benedict, the founder of Western Christian monasticism, accompanies St. Apollonia, a third-century martyr and the principle female saint associated with the Benedictine order. She holds the instruments of her torture. Paul the Apostle bears a sword, symbol of his death, and St. Frediano, patron saint of Lucca accompanies him.
An exceptional draftsman and fluid painter, Lippi easily absorbed the multiple artistic trends in painting that made Florence, and the whole of Tuscany, such a vital art center in the fifteenth century. The beautiful landscape background, particularly the fortified city and anecdotal details, reveal Lippi's admiration of Northern European art and the inspiration of Hans Memling whose work was seen in Florence by 1480. Lippi's decorative linear manner, filtered through Botticelli, is integrated with the representation of mass and his knowledge of Leonardo's studies of physiognomy is resident in the individualized features of each saint. Indeed the melancholic grace of the figures is almost unprecedented in Italian painting at this date, and extraordinary in light of the artist's age of twenty-five.
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|Title: : 1 of 1