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GateHouse News Service
Bill Snyder is a miracle worker.
It�s been more than 20 years since he first took over as head coach at Kansas State, so it�s faded a little from memory, but in 1989 when he arrived in Manhattan there was no greater dead-end place in all of college football. There were three coaches in four years before he arrived in 1989, and they had a combined record of 3-40-1. The Wildcats didn�t win a game in 1987 or 1988.
There had been four winning seasons since 1934.
At the time Snyder was hired, only one program in the entire sport had lost 500 games, and of course it was K-State.
His team went 1-10 in 1989. But then came 5-6 and 7-4, and beginning in 1993 Kansas State won nine or more games for eight straight years and 10 of 11. Included in that string were four straight 11-win seasons from 1997-2000, plus two more in 2002 and 2003, and wins in the Fiesta Bowl in 1997 and the Cotton Bowl in 2000.
Yes, included in those remarkable years were some weak nonconference schedules, but Snyder�s Wildcats have owned Missouri, Iowa State and Kansas, have beaten Oklahoma seven times, hold a 4-2 record against Texas, and though losing 14 times to Nebraska did beat the Cornhuskers five times before they bolted for the Big Ten.
Barry Switzer, the legendary coach of Oklahoma, once said of Snyder, �He�s not the coach of the year, he�s not the coach of the decade, he�s the coach of the century.�
After the run of 11-win seasons, however, came a slide, and after losing seasons in 2004 and 2005 Snyder stepped down. The game, seemingly, had passed Snyder by.
Ron Prince was hired as his replacement, and the Wildcats had three mediocre seasons. He was fired in November 2008.
Enter Snyder. Again. Proving the game had not passed him by.
First came 6-6, then 7-6. But last year the Wildcats went 10-3. This year, they�re 4-0, and it�s not a hollow 4-0.
On Saturday night, perhaps lost a little bit as LSU, the nation�s No. 2 team struggled, fabled Notre Dame delivered a defensive smackdown on Michigan, and Florida State proved mighty once again, the miracle worker delivered one of his masterpieces.
Kansas State went on the road and beat Oklahoma. The Sooners started the season on the short list of teams with a chance to win the national championship, and last year throttled Kansas State by 41 points. But with another year to develop his team, Snyder went to Norman and got revenge. His Wildcats not only knocked the Sooners from title contention, but showed that they�re ready to be taken with the same seriousness his teams a decade ago merited.
And they did it the old fashioned way, by ramming the ball down their opponents� throats. Kansas State gained 213 rushing yards, led by John Hubert�s 130. Meanwhile, they allowed Oklahoma just 88 yards on the ground, and while Landry Jones gained yardage through the air Kansas State limited the Sooners� one-time Heisman hopeful to just one touchdown pass.
�We had a chip on our shoulder,� said Hubert. �They came to my house (last year) and they kind of embarrassed us. We just wanted to come out and stay on them and keep pounding them, keep pounding them, keep pounding them until the best team won.�
What Snyder has done, building Kansas State into a consistent power once, and putting the program in position to be powerful again, is the stuff of legend.
Snyder, who didn�t become a head coach until he was 49 years old, will never amass the gaudy win totals of coaches who started at a much younger age, the 300-plus of men like Bobby Bowden, Bear Bryant, Eddie Robinson and Joe Paterno. But what he�s done is in some respects more impressive.
None, not even Bowden at Florida State, had to deal with what Snyder faced. None of them had to deal with decades of disastrous losing leading to such apathy that, according to a 1989 article in Sports Illustrated, less than 3,000 of Kansas State�s nearly 20,000 students bought season tickets at the time.
None of them had to deal with the humiliation that being associated with such ineptitude brings.
And none of them had to deal with the fact that their school is located in Kansas, a state that not only doesn�t produce anywhere near the high school talent of the South, Rust Belt, Southwest and West, but doesn�t hold nearly the attraction to high school seniors of four years living, well, just about anywhere else.
Bill Snyder did one of the toughest things a coach can ever do, building something from nothing. And he did it in a place as difficult to build that something as any.
The man, in coaching terms, is a miracle worker.
What We Learned
There was a lot to digest on Saturday night, almost all of it happening at once.
Oklahoma proved unworthy of its preseason billing. LSU showed surprising vulnerability in a two-point win over Auburn. Florida State garnered its most meaningful win in a while, meaning it should be among the unbeatens for quite a while. Notre Dame demonstrated the kind of defense in whipping Michigan that makes a team competitive against just about anyone, and in the process announced it was putting its longtime rivalry with the Wolverines on hold. And Oregon was flat-out scary good against Arizona, on both sides of the ball.
But what stands out above it all is the absolute horror show that�s happening at Arkansas.
The Razorbacks are a disaster.
Once on the short list of teams capable of challenging LSU and Alabama in the SEC, Arkansas lost at home to Rutgers on Saturday. Taken on its own, the defeat wasn�t catastrophic - the Scarlet Knights have actually shown that they�re pretty good, sitting at 4-0 and ranked 23rd in the AP poll.
But the loss can�t be taken on its own.
It came a week after the Razorbacks, expected to pose a threat to top-ranked �Bama, laid down in a 52-0 loss to the Crimson Tide. And that came a week after Arkansas lost to Louisiana-Monroe.
That�s three losses in three weeks, all at home, by a team that was ranked as high as No. 3 late last season and reached No. 8 this season after its opening week win over Jacksonville State.
�Do I feel that we, at times, gave up out there? Absolutely,� Arkansas quarterback Tyler Wilson, who missed the game with a head injury, said after the loss to Alabama. �As a leader, it sucks to see people not do their jobs.�
Amid it all, leadership has proven to be a mess. Not necessarily the leadership Wilson alluded to - from the players - but from above.
First there was the Bobby Petrino fiasco, which played out last April and doesn�t need to be rehashed. Suffice it to say, the man lied about an affair, and paid for it with his job. When he was fired, John L. Smith was brought in on an interim basis, and Smith has been nothing but a disaster.
The week of the Alabama game, he filed for bankruptcy. Last week he gave a bizarre press conference in which he implored the gathered media to smile before he took any questions - it�s since been reported that Smith�s brother died that morning.
And this week, during a speech to boosters on Monday, he said, �I�m asking you as fans, don�t give up on those players, don�t give up on us. It�s our program, it�s a state of Alabama program. It�s not one individual�s program, so hang in there, we�re all part of it.�
Yes, he said Alabama. Not Arkansas.
On top of the off-field gaffes, the results speak for themselves regarding his on-field work.
Arkansas is a program that had lots of promise this autumn. Instead, it�s in free-fall.
Game of the Week
There�s no titanic clash, nothing that features a team chasing the crystal football against even another ranked team.
The only game featuring two ranked team is Michigan State at Ohio State, which essentially features one team that got whipped by Notre Dame against one that�s struggled against mediocre opponents and is barred from postseason participation.
There are potential road traps for South Carolina and Florida State, but the game with the most intrigue features seemingly revitalized Texas traveling north to Stillwater to take on Oklahoma State.
It�s an opportunity for the Longhorns to demonstrate that they merit the national attention they mysteriously lost after Colt McCoy & Crew fell to Alabama in the BCS title game at the end of the 2009 season.
Texas is 3-0 so far, and ranked 12th in the AP poll. The �Horns throttled Ole Miss in Oxford, and their 49.3 points per game ranks seventh nationally. But Ole Miss is bad, as are Wyoming and New Mexico.
Oklahoma State, though its loss at Arizona showed is not nearly the team it was last year, is a different level of competition. The Cowboys lead the country with 62.3 points per game, and their 686.7 yards per game are also tops in the country, meaning the Texas defense will be tested.
If the Longhorns are able to get a quality road victory, it will make the next two weeks - home against West Virginia and in Dallas to play Oklahoma - pretty interesting. If Texas loses, however, the conclusion will be that they�re still not ready to return to prime time.
�I thought we did some really positive and good things that should give us a view of who we want to be in the future at Ole Miss,� Texas coach Mack Brown said on Monday. �That�s why I�m so excited about this weekend - to see if that�s for real.�
Oklahoma State, meanwhile, can begin to show that the loss to Arizona was an aberration, like its loss at Iowa State was last year. By beating Texas, the Cowboys can creep back into the rankings, and with games against TCU, Kansas State, West Virginia and Oklahoma ahead demonstrate that it�s them and not Texas that�s worthy of the spotlight.
�I think we�ve got a pretty good football team,� Oklahoma State offensive coordinator Todd Monken said on Monday. �I don�t know where we will end up when the year is over, but I think we have got a pretty good team.�
My Top 10
1. Alabama (4-0): Merrily, they roll along.
2. LSU (4-0): The Tigers get a mulligan, but only one.
3. Oregon (4-0): Unbelievably, the Ducks were out of sync in a 54-0 win.
4. Florida State (4-0): All that stands between the �Noles and 11-0 is a letdown.
5. Georgia (4-0): Oct. 6 at South Carolina is shaping up as a monster game.
6. South Carolina (4-0): See above.
7. West Virginia (3-0): The first real test is next week at Texas.
8. Stanford (3-0): An extra week after beating USC will help against Washington.
9. Kansas State (4-0): The real deal.
10. Notre Dame (4-0): The defense makes the Irish legit.
Eric Avidon can be reached at 508-626-3809 or firstname.lastname@example.com. Follow him on Twitter at @ericavidon.
College Football Nation: Coach of the century' Bill Snyder working his magic again
GateHouse News Service


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Conserved elements within open reading frames of mammalian Hox genes
Journal of Biology volume 8, Article number: 17 (2009)
6025 Accesses
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A recent study in BMC Evolutionary Biology shows that many of the open reading frames in mammalian Hox genes are more conserved than expected on the basis of their protein sequence. The presence of highly conserved DNA elements is thus not confined to the noncoding DNA in neighboring regions but clearly overlaps with coding sequences. These findings support an emerging view that gene regulatory and coding sequences are likely to be more intermingled than once believed.
More conserved than conserved
Comparisons between vertebrate genomes reveal a range of highly conserved sequences located within noncoding regions [1, 2]. These conserved elements are typically 50 to 300 nucleotides long and were initially identified by alignments of orthologous loci. More recently, whole-genome sequence comparisons have provided rather exhaustive accounts of such elements, which were identified using criteria of various stringencies and (expectedly) are referred to by different terminologies [1–4]. For example, the best-conserved class of elements, named 'ultraconserved elements', contains sequences 200 bp long at least and identical among human, mouse and rat [3]. Another study describes 'ultraconserved regions', that is, sequences showing both a minimum of 95% identity over 50 bp between human and mouse, and also some homology with their counterparts in the fish Fugu [4]. As these criteria are somewhat arbitrary, and because unambiguous functional criteria allowing for a more relevant classification of these sequences are still lacking, we shall consider all these sequences as a whole and, for the sake of simplicity, refer to them as 'conserved elements'.
Conserved elements are preferentially associated with either genes encoding transcription factors or genomic loci important for development [1]. Ever since they were discovered, it has been assumed that the function of these elements is, primarily, to regulate the expression of neighboring gene(s), as short-range regulators or long-range enhancers, to help establish the complex and dynamic expression patterns of these genes [1, 5, 6]. However, the biological relevance of these elements is still elusive and several instances in which conserved elements were removed from the mouse genome in vivo failed to clearly support this hypothesis (for example [6]). While conserved elements are mainly present in noncoding regions, several studies have identified a significant number overlapping with coding regions (for example [3]). Interestingly, these latter elements are usually excluded from global analyses, probably because their identification and interpretation represent an additional level of complexity. Coding regions are indeed expected to exhibit a significant degree of nucleotide sequence conservation, due to strong constraints on the corresponding amino acid sequences, and whenever coding and regulatory sequences overlap, the nucleotide sequence becomes informative regarding two independent processes, each associated with its own set of constraints.
A strategy to identify protein-coding DNA regions under evolutionary constraints other than that of generating a faithful amino acid sequence is to look at the balance between so-called silent, or synonymous, nucleotide substitutions (that is, those that do not modify the amino acid sequence) and nonsynonymous substitutions (those that have an impact on protein sequence and, likely, protein function). When the unique task of a given nucleotide sequence is to encode a protein sequence, synonymous substitutions are, expectedly, under near-neutral selection, whereas nonsynonymous substitutions will be mostly under purifying (negative) selection or, much more rarely, positive selection for improved function. In contrast, if a strong constraint on the nucleotide sequence is added, such as the presence of consensus binding sites for regulatory proteins, then synonymous substitutions may also be under negative selection. Screening for coding sequences with a bias in the proportion of synonymous substitutions can thus be informative in this respect, and it has been shown that many open reading frames (ORFs) indeed display such a decreased rate of synonymous substitutions. Interestingly, this observation often involves transcription factors and genes with developmental functions; that is, a sample of genes comparable to those in which conserved elements are found outside protein-coding regions.
Conserved elements within Hox gene ORFs
In recent work published in BMC Evolutionary Biology, Lin and colleagues [7] investigated mammalian Hox genes for a bias in synonymous versus nonsynonymous substitutions. Hox genes encode a family of homeobox-containing transcription factors involved in many developmental processes during embryogenesis. While they are best known for their role in patterning the main body axes, Hox genes are also necessary for organogenesis. Mammals have 39 Hox genes, which are organized in four genomic clusters (HoxA, B, C and D) with 13 paralogous groups (Hox1 to Hox13), which are the result of two successive genome duplications that accompanied the transition towards vertebrates. Both the integrity of these loci and their syntenic relationships have been highly conserved during evolution [8]. Notably, Hox gene clusters are associated with many noncoding conserved elements, located both within and outside the clusters themselves, which are believed to participate in the transcriptional control of these genes during development.
Lin and colleagues analyzed the Hox ORFs using a sliding-window strategy to identify regions devoid of synonymous substitutions in pairwise alignments between human, mouse, dog, cow and opossum loci [7]. Using a 120-bp sliding window, each possible sequence of 120 consecutive bases within the ORFs (that is, nucleotides 1–120, nucleotides 2–121, nucleotides 3–122, and so on) was independently analyzed for synonymous substitutions. Each window that did not contain any such substitutions is considered part of a conserved element and where multiple 'empty' windows overlap they are grouped in the same element. This way, conserved elements of 120 bases or longer will be detected. Interestingly, Lin and colleagues report differences in the rates of synonymous substitution even between closely related paralogous genes, as illustrated by the alignment of the murine and human HoxC6 and HoxB6 DNA sequences (Figure 1, in which only synonymous substitutions are visualized). The HoxC6 DNA sequence displays regions of extended conservation at the nucleotide level, whereas variations in HoxB6 sequences are as expected on the basis of a degenerate genetic code. These data strongly suggest the presence of an additional constraint acting over the HoxC6 DNA sequence that is different from that imposed by the mere production of the corresponding protein.
The authors point out that the presence of such conserved elements within coding regions seems to be rather specific to eutherian mammals; they are not found in chicken or platypus, and are mostly absent from the opossum genome. Lin et al. substantiate their findings by showing that such conserved elements cannot be identified in Hox gene ORFs when other taxa at comparable evolutionary distances are compared (for example, different Drosophila species or the two sequenced pufferfish species). It appears that these elements became constrained, and hence stabilized, in early placental mammals. Consequently, and also because one would expect the emergence of an internal reproductive system to be accompanied by the recruitment of specific enhancers for Hox genes, Lin et al. suggest that these conserved elements might be related to the evolution of the placenta. Testing of this hypothesis will have to await careful functional analysis using mouse molecular genetics.
The role of conserved elements: why such conservation?
As it is unlikely that conserved elements merely correspond to 'cold spots' – that is, places where a decreased mutation rate (rather than purifying selection) results in no sequence variation [9] – a critical challenge now is to understand the function(s) of these elements, and hence the mechanisms constraining their high degree of sequence conservation. Because many conserved elements display enhancer activity [1–5], it seems reasonable to assign them a role in transcriptional regulation, and there is no particular reason why those elements identified by Lin and colleagues should belong to a fundamentally different class. Their location within ORFs would support the emerging view that regulatory and coding sequences are more intermingled than anticipated [10]. There are, however, some difficulties with this conventional interpretation. First, the interactions between transcription factors and their binding sites are notoriously promiscuous and can thus hardly offer an explanation, by themselves, for the high purifying selection observed for conserved elements [1]. Second, several sequences carrying specific enhancer potential do not show any obvious interspecies conservation. Finally, some conserved elements can be deleted in vivo without any apparent effects [1]. Does this mean that DNA sequences strongly conserved during evolution might not necessarily be of functional importance – and vice versa?
In this context, a critical parameter to consider is the heuristic values of the various readouts, which, by definition, are biased by current views of transcriptional regulation. For example, many conserved elements are located several hundred kilobases from the genes they are believed to regulate, whereas they sometimes 'ignore' genes located nearby. In such cases, the mechanisms by which conserved elements contact their target promoters at the appropriate times and places during development are still poorly understood. Also, such regulatory sequences may be involved in higher-order chromatin structure or even in the three-dimensional organization of chromosomes; these kinds of processes are arguably difficult to document in a classical transgenic assay, which is normally designed to study more local interactions between enhancers and promoters. Standard transgenic assays do not tell us, for instance, about the capacity of particular sequences to mediate DNA looping in order to confer transcriptional activity on target genes located at considerable distances in the right cells at a precise time. In this context, conserved elements located within ORFs, or in the vicinity of transcription units, could serve as 'docking sites' for sequences located further away. Transgenic assays are also limited whenever repressive sequences are considered.
The same limitations hold true in phenotypic analyses and it is possible that many conserved elements are involved in regulating genes in places and at times such that their effects escape notice. It is also conceivable that compensatory mechanisms exist, which make the actual function of some conserved elements impossible to assess using current genetic tools. Finally, the apparent lack of effect of removing some of the elements in vivo could reflect the redundancy of some transcription regulatory circuitry. Although the evolution of compensatory and/or redundant mechanisms for their own sake is difficult to envisage, such properties may have emerged as a result of other constraints associated with developmental processes. It is even possible that regulatory redundancy should be considered, in turn, as increasing the potential for evolvability by stabilizing critical expression domains, thereby allowing greater flexibility in evolving novel regulation. In any case, these mechanisms could increase the robustness of developing systems under a broad range of physiological conditions, which is difficult to test experimentally. Whether or not the intriguing conserved sequences reported by Lin et al. could be instrumental in any of these processes remains to be demonstrated.
- 1.
Elgar G, Vavouri T: Tuning in to the signals: noncoding sequence conservation in vertebrate genomes. Trends Genet. 2008, 24: 344-352. 10.1016/j.tig.2008.04.005.
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Dermitzakis ET, Reymond A, Antonarakis SE: Conserved non-genic sequences – an unexpected feature of mammalian genomes. Nat Rev Genet. 2005, 6: 151-157. 10.1038/nrg1527.
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Bejerano G, Pheasant M, Makunin I, Stephen S, Kent WJ, Mattick JS, Haussler D: Ultraconserved elements in the human genome. Science. 2004, 304: 1321-1325. 10.1126/science.1098119.
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Sandelin A, Bailey P, Bruce S, Engström PG, Klos JM, Wasserman WW, Ericson J, Lenhard B: Arrays of ultraconserved non-coding regions span the loci of key developmental genes in vertebrate genomes. BMC Genomics. 2004, 5: 99-10.1186/1471-2164-5-99.
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Pennacchio LA, Ahituv N, Moses AM, Prabhakar S, Nobrega MA, Shoukry M, Minovitsky S, Dubchak I, Holt A, Lewis KD, Plajzer-Frick I, Akiyama J, De Val S, Afzal V, Black BL, Couronne O, Eisen MB, Visel A, Rubin EM: In vivo enhancer analysis of human conserved non-coding sequences. Nature. 2006, 444: 499-502. 10.1038/nature05295.
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Ahituv N, Zhu Y, Visel A, Holt A, Afzal V, Pennacchio LA, Rubin EM: Deletion of ultraconserved elements yields viable mice. PLoS Biol. 2007, 5: e234-10.1371/journal.pbio.0050234.
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Lin Z, Ma H, Nei M: Ultraconserved coding regions outside the homeobox of mammalian Hox genes. BMC Evol Biol. 2008, 24: 260-10.1186/1471-2148-8-260.
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Duboule D: The rise and fall of Hox gene clusters. Development. 2007, 134: 2549-2560. 10.1242/dev.001065.
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Drake JA, Bird C, Nemesh J, Thomas DJ, Newton-Cheh C, Reymond A, Excoffier L, Attar H, Antonarakis SE, Dermitzakis ET, Hirschhorn JN: Conserved noncoding sequences are selectively constrained and not mutation cold spots. Nat Genet. 2006, 38: 223-227. 10.1038/ng1710.
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Tümpel S, Cambronero F, Sims C, Krumlauf R, Wiedemann LM: A regulatory module embedded in the coding region of Hoxa2 controls expression in rhombomere 2. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2008, 105: 20077-20082. 10.1073/pnas.0806360105.
JMW is supported by an EMBO long-term fellowship. The laboratories are supported by funds from the University of Geneva, the Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL) in Lausanne, the Swiss National Research Fund, the National Research Center (NCCR) 'Frontiers in Genetics' and the EU programs 'Cells into Organs' and 'Crescendo'. Due to journal policy, we have only sparingly referenced the literature and apologize to those whose work we were unable to specifically mention.
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Woltering, J.M., Duboule, D. Conserved elements within open reading frames of mammalian Hox genes. J Biol 8, 17 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1186/jbiol116
- Synonymous Substitution
- Fugu
- Nonsynonymous Substitution
- Specific Enhancer
- Opossum Genome


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Eight years ago, Jeff Lutrell created a superhero action figure. Now, that action figure has made him a superhero in his own right.
Jeff was 10 years old and had endured five years of treatments for leukemia when Make-A-Wish® Arizona sent volunteers to learn his fondest wish. It was an easy riddle, and Jeff solved it in a flash — he wished to create Razor, a half-human, half-eagle, crime-fighting action figure based on his own sketches. He also wanted a portion of the proceeds from the sale of Razor to benefit Make-A-Wish.
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Jeff made a wish that not only lifted his own spirits, but made it possible for other sick kids to receive their fondest wishes. So far, the proceeds from sales of Razor will grant wishes for several other children.
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Through the one-year appointment, which began earlier this month, he will conduct research on courses on technological literacy and integrative learning in engineering.
CASEE is the first operating center of the National Academy of Engineering, and is dedicated to achieving excellence in engineering education. CASEE Senior Fellows are selected from among distinguished and well-recognized opinion leaders with demonstrated abilities to catalyze advancements nationally as well as within their own organizations, and are chosen based upon their significant promise to provide revolutionary as well as evolutionary research breakthroughs.
As a Senior Fellow, Krupczak will be participating with other researchers in a CASEE initiative to enhance technological literacy in engineering by studying existing courses nationwide geared toward non-science majors. The project will also focus on integrative learning for both non-science students and engineering students, including both how non-science students can integrate technology into their disciplines and ways that engineers can draw upon other fields as they pursue their own disciplines.
Krupczak will be doing the bulk of his research during his current fall 2008 sabbatical leave, with additional work during the spring and summer of 2009. His sabbatical work includes compiling a database on existing technological literacy courses, an initiative supported through a National Science Foundation-funded project titled "EFFECTIVE: Exploring a Framework for Evaluating Courses on Technology in Various Environments" that also involves faculty at Penn State, Santa Clara Junior College, Mission College and Dartmouth.
Krupczak has been a member of the Hope faculty since 1994 and has been actively involved in enhancing technological literacy among non-science students throughout his time at the college. He developed and teaches the college's course "Science and Technology of Everyday Life," through which students learn about the science behind objects that they use daily, including by building items ranging from radios to keyboards. More than 1,500 non-engineering students have enrolled in the course since it debuted in 1995.
His work in the technological literacy instruction has been supported by six grants from the NSF. He has authored or co-authored numerous articles published in professional journals or made presentations during professional meetings across the country focused on teaching technological literacy for non-science students. Among other activities, he was the founding chair of the Technological Literacy Constituent Committee of the American Society for Engineering Education (ASEE).
Krupczak graduated from Williams College with a Bachelor of Science degree in physics in 1980, and from the University of Massachusetts with a Master of Science and a doctorate, both in engineering, in 1986 and 1994 respectively.
His scholarship has also included numerous publications and presentations concerning his research in low-temperature engineering. Prior to joining the Hope faculty, he was an engineer with the United States Department of Energy.
In January 2007 the college's Provost's Office presented him with the "Janet L. Andersen Excellence in Teaching Award," and in March 2007 the Division for the Natural and Applied Sciences at Hope awarded him its inaugural "Dean's Science Division Mentoring/Advising/Teaching Award."
In the fall of 2004 he represented the college as an exchange professor at Meiji Gakuin University in Tokyo, Japan. In addition to "Science and Technology of Everyday Life," his teaching at Hope also includes upper-level engineering courses such as "Fluid Mechanics" and "Introduction to Design."


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McLaren Driver Development Programme
The Vodafone McLaren Mercedes team is hugely proud of its reputation for helping to develop the careers of young racing drivers.
The McLaren Group has been heavily involved in the foundation, funding and running of the McLaren Autosport BRDC Young Driver Award, the celebrated British scheme that has helped develop the careers of junior racers, since its inception back in 1989.
Past winners of the award include reigning world champion Jenson Button, 13-time grand prix winner David Coulthard and DTM champion and Vodafone McLaren Mercedes test driver Gary Paffett.
McLaren engineers have also quietly fostered the careers of a number of junior racers, providing feedback, assessment and training to help develop their skills.
The most notable success in this area has been Lewis Hamilton, whom McLaren helped develop from a 13-year-old kart racer into a Formula 1 world champion.
The team's considerable experience in driver development has shown that succeeding at the very highest level of motorsport is incredibly difficult – and that even the greatest of potential talents requires more than just financial backing in order to achieve the greatest success
As a result, the McLaren Driver Development Programme has not been created to merely fund careers in motorsport; it has been designed to offer year-by-year guidance, assistance and endorsement to help promising young racers – regardless of nationality – to climb the motorsport ladder.
The McLaren Driver Development Programme aims to provide young drivers with:
1. accurately-graded physical training and nutrition programmes
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6. public endorsement from one of motorsport's most well-established names
7. a reputation that will enable them to continue their careers with increased independence


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I have great expectations of this trip - and I hope that it does not disappoint. I had originally thought that perhaps I could visit the Beaujolais area of France (Lyon) as that is my favorite wine to drink and brings back such fond memories of living in New York City and celebrating the winter months with good friends and fruity wine. However, the distance between Paris and Lyon is just too great to attempt during this short trip. So that led me on an internet search for a wine tour that is within a day's travel of the city. One option was Riems, home to the great champagnes of the world - but I am not much for the bubbly, so I continued to search.
I booked with Wine Day Tours because they offer small groups (no more than eight) - private mini van service - visits to two local wineries who promise to take us out to vineyards and truly teach us the process from start to finish - as well as a sampling of their fine products - and a visit to a local farm that makes chevre (goat cheese - my favorite!). This is an all day affair (7:30AM - 7:30PM) and includes breakfast and lunch. I hope to document this unique educational adventure with lots of photographs. I only hope that I am not the only single in the trip and feel like a fifth wheel.
WOW -- what a marvelous day with terrific people and a wonderful tour guide!
I had to meet Jean-Bernard at an unfamiliar metro stop this morning at 7:40. He is happy to pick up customers at hotels, but for obvious reasons he can't be expected to make stops at every apartment. I arrived right on time and he was only about 5 minutes later than expected PERFECT timing!
The van was full - and all of South American decent. There was a couple (probably early thirties) from Brazil and very welcoming; two girlfriends on vacation from Brazil (probably mid thirties) and one was the life of the party - a real delight; and then two guys from San Francisco, probably mid twenties who were very nice but still dealing with jet-lag.
While Jean-Bernard has only been doing this tour a little over a year (he was let go from work about two years ago - spent a year deciding what he really wanted to do - and then started the company) - he is a top of the line professional. He schedules stops every hour - so those who have rather small bladders do not have to suffer. The first stop (just outside of Paris) he included hot coffee a croissants for us to munch on. The next stop was just outside of Pouilly - at a goat cheese farm: Ferme du Port Aubry. Absolutely delightful!!
All in all an absolutely fantabulous day --- and I am now very excited to see Giverny tomorrow!


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In addition to the simultaneous display monitor recently introduced by Clarion, we today present the CC4001E on-board mini camera, capable of showing exactly what is happening at the rear of the vehicle even in poor light conditions. Always concerned with user safety, Clarion presents an ultra compact and highly discreet reverse image rear vision camera. Equipped with a 307,000 pixel CMOS sensor and a minimum 3 lux rating, it allows the driver to very clearly see what is happening behind the vehicle even in low light conditions. When parking underground or even at dusk, you are still able to manoeuvre safely thanks to the 130° lateral and 99° vertical angles of coverage.Its RCA video port means it is compatible with all monitorsIn order to simplify the equipment installation in your car, the Clarion CC4001U mini camera includes a 7 metre RCA video cable and installation kit. You need only directly connect the mini camera to the RCA video port and the car radio power supply and it's ready for use. As well as being compatible with the NX501E and NZ501E navigation systems it also adapts perfectly to any other monitor with an RCA video port. Resistant to temperatures from -20° to +60° it continues to work in rain, wind or snow to ensure safety in any conditions!
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Here's Dell's Answer to the iMac, the XPS One 27
You can't throw a rock in a Best Buy without cracking the monitor on an all-in-one PC, but few can match the Apple iMac on specs, style and price. The Dell XPS One 27, however, looks to go toe-to-toe with Apple's popular all-in-one — and at a (relative) bargain.
Dell has offered all-in-ones before, but the XPS 27 is a gorgeous all-in-one that deserves a look from anyone looking for the Windows equivalent of an iMac. The 27-inch widescreen display is the same resolution — "Full Quad HD" or 2,560 x 1,440 pixels — and it boasts the same all-in-one design accoutrements: a wireless keyboard and mouse, a metallic finish and a slot-loading disc drive (Blu-ray optional — something you won't find on any Mac).
The XPS 27 also has the distinction of being one of Dell's first products to pack Intel third-generation Core processors, a.k.a. "Ivy Bridge" chips. You can get either Core i5 or i7, and if you're looking to do serious graphical work, you may want to look into the optional Nvidia graphics (GeForce GT 640M).
For memory, it comes with 4GB of RAM standard, but serious power users can crank that up to 16GB. Storage starts at 1TB (going up to 2TB), and you can even supplement that with a 32GB solid-state disk (SSD) for faster boot-ups — thanks to Intel's Smart Response Technology.
You also get four USB 3.0 ports, two USB 2.0, an HDMI input and output and a media card reader slot. Bluetooth 4.0 and Wi-Fi (N) come standard, though you can upgrade to Intel's "Advanced" N card, which claims to have better range and speeds up to 300Mbps.
Feature for feature, you get more bang for your buck with the Dell XPS 27, which starts at $1,399, than the 27-inch iMac, which starts at $1,699. However, Apple is due to update its iMacs for Ivy Bridge processors soon, and rumors are rampant about Apple possibly upgrading their screens to "retina" displays.
If both the iMac and the XPS One 27 look expensive to you, Dell's got something else for you — a pair of new all-in-ones in its mainstream Inspiron line of machines. The 23-inch Inspiron One 23 packs either Ivy Bridge or Sandy Bridge chips (starting at $749), while the One 20 is Pentium or Sandy Bridge (starting at $529).
Interesting quirk: You can upgrade the One 23 as a touchscreen, but with optical touch technology — as opposed to the capacitive tech in Toshiba's recently unveiled touch-friendly all-in-one. Without a capacitive touchscreen, though, the Dell won't be able to take advantage of all the touch features in Windows 8.
How do you like Dell's new all-in-ones? Share your thoughts in the comments.


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Brian Hayes. American Scientist. Volume 86, Issue 5. Sep/Oct 1998.
Somewhere in a cobwebby corner of my computer's hard disk are a few manuscripts I wrote 15 years ago on my first PC. The word-processing software I used then was grandly named The Final Word. It was anything but. I've gone through a dozen word processors since then, and nearly as many computers. To keep older documents accessible, I've had to transfer and transform them repeatedly, from one disk to the next and from one file format to another. And still I have yet to find the Final Word. Sooner or later I'll be gathering up my digital belongings yet again and converting them to some new format. This time I'll have 12,000 files in tow. I can't wait.
But my personal data-migration problems are puny compared with those of corporations, universities, libraries and publishers. (Imagine the plight of the National Archives, the agency charged with preserving everything the U.S. government deems to be worth keeping.) And the material to be preserved is not just text. Obsolete storage media and file formats are just as vexing when the files hold other kinds of information, such as images, engineering drawings, the numerical results of scientific experiments, digitized audio and video, maps, tax returns, databases.
One cause for worry among archivists is the impermanence of digital storage media. In this respect civilization has been going downhill ever since Mesopotamia. Paper documents cannot match the longevity of the Sumerians' clay tablets, and magnetic media seem to be even more evanescent than paper. That's disturbing news, and yet I suspect that relatively few disks or tapes have yet died of old age. Long before the disk wears out or succumbs to bit rot, the machine that reads the disk has become a museum piece. So the immediate challenge is not preserving the information but preserving the means to get at it.
Occasionally, the rescue of some long-neglected digital resource calls for heroic measures, such as reconstructing an antique tape drive. But most file transfers and translations are routine; utility software handles the conversion, though often with a minor loss of information. Even when the process is easy and successful, however, file conversion is a nuisance. It's a lot like moving your household-more work than you expected, and a few dishes always get broken. As my stockpile of files for the digital U-Haul continues to grow, I dread the prospect more and more. I daydream of hiking into the woods as a cybersurvivalist, refusing ever again to upgrade my hardware and software. If I stock up on spare parts-0-megabyte disk drives, 30-pin SIMMs-I could live out my remaining years in a log cabin with a Macintosh SE/30.
Most likely I would not be alone in the woods, but before I begin hoarding the computer equivalent of canned goods it seems prudent to consider less-extreme alternatives. All I really want is some way of representing digital information that I can stick with for a while. I want a file format for the ages-a single format that will serve many purposes and continue to work with many combinations of hardware and software. Which format is that? I don't have a definitive answer—not even an answer that meets all my own immediate needs. But I think I know where to look for inspiration. Here's a hint: Among all the kinds of things stored in computers, the ones that are hardest to keep up-to-date and hardest to move from one platform to another are programs for the computer itself. Maybe programmers know something the rest of us ought to learn.
The $1.29 Oeuvre
Are all those bits and bytes worth saving? Surely not. But if they're not worth saving, they're also not worth throwing out. The cost of magnetic disk storage is roughly 10 cents per megabyte these days. Tapes and CD-ROMs are even cheaper. My entire oeuvre-everything I've ever written for publication, as well as all the private and personal ephemera of a lifetime, from school compositions to love letters to grocery lists-all this would fit on a single CD-ROM. The storage cost for a lifetime's worth of words is $1.29. That's not much incentive for cleaning out the attic.
Lately I've found an even better reason for keeping those files. I've discovered that I'm not just a writer anymore-I'm a content provider! And my disk drive is stuffed full of content.
In years past an author's final product was the printed page. The computer file was nothing more than an intermediate stage in the process of putting ink on paper. Once the presses were rolling, the disk files had no further value, and they could be discarded just as carbon copies were in the age of the typewriter.
All that has changed. Print is no longer the only destiny of the written word. This column, for example, will not only be bound into a printed magazine but will also be posted on the American Scientist Web site. Indeed, it will be offered in several electronic forms, including Postscript and PDF files that mimic the appearance of the magazine pages and a version coded in HTML, the native language of the Web. Someday the same column might be made available in still other media, such as CD-ROM. An abstract might be prepared automatically for a bibliographic database. The article might be reprinted in an anthology with a different typographic design, or it could be reproduced through a print-on-demand service for classroom use. Who knows what else might be in prospect? Last year's printout and this year's Web page could be next year's virtual—reality environment. Or tee-shirt.
In this new world of digital content, computer files are most certainly not disposable intermediate forms. The disk version is the master document, from which everything else derives. I might well throw away printouts and proofs, but I keep the disks. Furthermore, I worry about files that might be stranded or orphaned as computer hardware and software evolve.
This is not just my problem (although I may be more compulsive about it than most). In the sciences, almost everyone is becoming a content provider. Papers are submitted to journals and conferences in electronic form, and they may also appear as electronically distributed e-prints. Supporting data, such as genetic sequences, wind up in public databases. Many of these digital documents are considered a permanent part of the scientific literature. Their life expectancy is greater than that of the software that created them.
The Nitty Gritty
Strictly speaking, a computer file doesn't have a format; it has many formats, built in layers one atop the other. At the bottom of the hierarchy is the pattern of magnetized stripes on a disk or tape, or the microscopic pits in the reflective surface of a CD-ROM. This physical layer is the domain of hardware; you can't even perceive the recorded information, much less make sense of it, without the right machinery.
At the next level, patterns of bits are interpreted as numbers, characters, images and the like. The meaning of the patterns is not always obvious. Numbers can be stored in a baffling variety of formats. An integer might be represented by 8, 16, 32 or 64 bits. The bits could be read from left to right or from right to left. Negative numbers could be encoded according to either of two conventions, called one's complement and two's complement. Other variations include binary—coded decimal and floating-point numbers.
For text the situation is not much better. "Plain ASCII text" is often considered the lowest common denominator among computer file formats-a rudimentary language that any system ought to understand-but in practice it doesn't always work that way. ASCII stands for American Standard Code for Information Interchange. The "American" part of the name is a tip-off to one problem: ASCII represents only the characters commonly appearing in American English. If a text includes anything else-such as letters with accents or mathematical symbols-it lies beyond the bounds of pure ASCII.
Each ASCII character is represented by a seven—bit binary number, which has room for values in the range from 0 to 127. Most computers store information in bytes of eight bits each, allowing for another 128 characters. Unfortunately, every designer seems to have chosen a different set of extra characters. Not that there aren't standards for the use of the eighth bit. That's just the problem: There are more than a dozen of them. Grown men and women have given up decades of their lives to sit on committees arguing over the proper place of the dollar sign in computer character sets.
Many of ASCII's limitations are addressed in a new standard for character representation called Unicode. By giving each character two bytes instead of one, Unicode can specify more than 65,000 characters, enough for all the world's major alphabetic languages as well as the thousands of symbols in Chinese, Japanese and Korean. Unicode seems to be catching on. It is built into Microsoft Windows NT and the Java programming language, and Apple has announced its plan to support the standard. In the long run, this is good news; Unicode will solve some ticklish problems. On the other hand, it will mean another round of conversions for those 12,000 files I drag around behind me. Indeed, almost every computer file in existence today may eventually need to be converted.
The Higher Formatting
How computers represent numbers and characters is not something that most of us spend time brooding over. In any event, we don't have much choice about these low-level formats. Once you choose a computer, those decisions are made for you. But further layers in the hierarchy of file formats are not rooted so deeply in the silicon and the operating system.
When you write with a word-processing program, the information stored in the document includes more than just a sequence of alphabetic characters and punctuation marks. There are also formatting codes that indicate how the words are to look on the page. The codes specify typefaces (Times, Caslon, Palatino), type sizes (10 point, 12 point), stylistic variations (italic, boldface, superscript), the alignment of text (centered, flush-left, justified) and dozens of other properties. Sometimes the codes are explicitly entered into the text; in The Final Word, which was inspired by a famous text-editing program called Emacs, I would italicize a word by typing "@i<Titanic>." More recent software generally hides the formatting codes and shows only the results of applying them. When you select the command to italicize a word, the word appears in italics on the display screen, as if the text were simply stored inside the computer in italic type. This is an illusion. A computer's memory has neither italic bits nor roman ones. Hidden somewhere in the document file are explicit markers indicating the change in type style.
Some of the formatting information can be complicated. Particularly troublesome are nonlocal constructs, such as footnotes, cross-references and markers for index and table-of-contents entries. Consider a manuscript with consecutively numbered notes printed at the end. When a note is entered in the middle of the text, the number that appears there depends on how many notes precede it, while the output of the note itself has to wait until the rest of the manuscript has been processed. Thus the document cannot be viewed as a strictly linear text, with characters arranged in sequence; there are data structures that span the entire file. Features of this kind tend to be the hardest to translate when you convert a file to a new computer system or to a new purpose such as presentation on the Web.
Some files include formatting at an even higher level of abstraction, with labels that indicate the function of various parts of the document, rather than instructions about how they are to appear. The most familiar examples come from HTML, the Hypertext Markup Language of the Web. Headings and subheadings in an HTML document can be labeled with tags such as <hl> and <h2>, which indicate the relative importance of the headings but don't say directly how they should look; decisions about visual formatting are deferred until the document is displayed. Similarly, a phrase can be marked with the tag <em> to indicate it bears emphasis, or with the <strong> tag for strong emphasis. The emphatic text is usually displayed in italic or boldface type, but those are not the only possibilities; an old-fashioned printer might underline the phrase, and a text-to—speech system might make a change of intonation.
This more abstract style of formatting is known variously as generic or descriptive markup, in contrast to visual or presentational markup. In this context "markup" refers to anything included in the file that's not part of the text or data. Descriptive markup has important advantages for the forward-looking content provider. As a document goes through its various transformations from inked paper to Web to CD-ROM to synthetic speech to whatever's next, a heading might be displayed in many different ways, but it always remains a heading.
Some word processors and other programs offer a rudimentary form of descriptive markup by means of style sheets. You define a style called "Heading," and assign it a set of visual formats; then if you change your mind or adapt the document to some other purpose, revising the definition will alter all text that has the Heading style.
No standards for higher-level visual or abstract markup have the universality of ASCII. Every program goes its own way. And, unfortunately, abstract markup seldom survives translation between file formats. When you convert a document, the heading style is replaced by the corresponding visual attributes, such as 12-point bold type. This transformation is irreversible and entails a loss of information: You cannot subsequently convert all instances of 12-point bold type back into headings, because nonheading text may have the same attributes.
Self-Documenting Documents
A useful exercise in thinking about data preservation and conversion is to imagine yourself a paleographer in the distant future, long after the collapse of civilization (brought on, no doubt, not by a wayward asteroid but by the year 2000 bug). Your job is to recover the wisdom of the ancients from the disks and tapes they left behind. This situation may seem contrived, but it really isn't that different from rediscovering a forgotten carton of eight-inch floppy disks full of Wordstar and Visicalc files.
What characteristics of a file format would help you recover the contents when the program that created the file is defunct? One obvious help is documentation. It's always easier to find your way if you have a map, and if the streets have signs. Archivists call it metadata: all the information about the information, starting with the handwritten label stuck on a floppy disk. The ideal is a self-documenting file-one that explains its own structure. If you want to be a fundamentalist about self-documentation, it becomes a game like communicating with extraterrestrials. Every disk has to include instructions for building a machine to read it, and instructions for reading the instructions, and so on. But in practice it's possible to supply a lot of metadata without getting caught in a bottomless regress. For example, an image file might consist of 307,200 eight-bit bytes; interpreting this block of data is easier with the clue that the bytes represent the colors of pixels arranged in a rectangular array of 480 rows and 640 columns.
If the file can't fully document itself, then at least it can be documented elsewhere. The Postscript page-description language would not be easy to fathom without help, but it is thoroughly described in a series of fat books. If those manuals survive the millennium, future generations should be well equipped to read Postscript. The TEX typesetting system and its nephew LATEX are also meticulously documented. But with a few notable and laudable exceptions, the file formats of commercial software are closed and proprietary. If you want to figure them out, you're on your own.
Finally, the job of recovery and reconstruction is a great deal easier for files that employ abstract markup. The nature of abstract markup is to tell you what is in the file, rather than how to present it. That's the ultimate in metadata, and just what you need to maximize your chances of correctly understanding the information.
Most people don't choose their computer software by evaluating the qualities of file formats. They are swayed instead by lists of features, and by the sensuous experience of clicking on tool palettes or dragging-and-dropping. This situation is unlikely to change, and so the file formats of popular commercial programs are the ones that future antiquarians will have to deal with. In this respect an intriguing development is Microsoft's recent decision to make HTML a "companion" file format for all the programs of the Microsoft Office suite, including Word and the Excel spreadsheet. The ability to save files in HTML format is nothing unusual; what's important about the Microsoft initiative is that HTML files can also be read by the applications. A Microsoft press release promises "seamless round-tripping" from HTML to other formats. In principle, then, HTML could become the primary medium for much digital information. Regrettably, the HTML generated by the Office programs is heavily laden with visual markup.
Standardized and Generalized
Do any existing file formats offer versatility and the plausible hope of longevity? Postscript and TEX have already been mentioned as highly readable formats with open standards. On the other hand they are not well—suited to abstract markup. Postscript is essentially a write-only language: Almost anything can be turned into Postscript, but going the other way is difficult. TEX, the creation of Donald Knuth of Stanford University, is the preferred formatting language in the physical sciences and mathematics. With a vast literature already committed to the format, TEX has excellent prospects for long-term survival. But it too is fundamentally a visual formatting language; abstract markup is possible, but it takes discipline.
The leading candidate for a file format for the ages is SGML, the Standard Generalized Markup Language, developed in the early 1980s by Charles E Goldfarb of IBM and now an international standard. SGML is actually a language for defining markup languages. In the SGML formalism, all elements of a document are labeled by descriptive tags embedded in the text. A title, for example, might be surrounded by the tags <title> and </title>. Visual presentation is deferred until these tags are processed in a later stage of formatting. New tags, and whole new classes of tags, can be defined as needed.
SGML has fervent adherents. It has been received with particular enthusiasm by organizations that produce quantities of highly structured documents, such as technical manuals. It has also been adopted by several journal publishers, including the American Institute of Physics and the IEEE Computer Society. And yet SGML has not won the hearts of content providers everywhere. Maybe it's just that the name is so forbiddingly standardized and general, but many consider SGML unwieldy and cumbersome. The levels of indirection annoy people. First you define a tag for a title, then you enter the tag and the title into the document, then you define how the tagged title is to be formatted in the finished output. That's a lot of rigmarole when a word processor allows you to just click on the title and apply the formatting directly.
A decade ago James H. Coombs, Allen H. Renear and Steven J. DeRose of Brown University wrote an eloquent plea for SGML and other abstract markup languages. They argued that we all mark up our texts anyway-even conventional punctuation is a markup language-so we might as well choose the style of markup that captures the most important and long-lived information. They also argued that inserting abstract tags requires less cognitive effort than doing typographic formatting; it's easier to remember "This is a <title>" than "Titles are set in 28-point Bodoni Bold." I find the arguments persuasive, and yet I note that the users of Microsoft Word still outnumber the users of SGML .
For a time it seemed that SGML might finally catch on through the reflected glitter of HTML, which began as a kind of SGML-lite-smaller, simpler and lacking the facility to define new tags. The hope was that people would learn the advantages of abstract markup, yearn for something more powerful, and move up to the mother tongue. What's happened instead is that people have gone to extreme lengths to turn HTML into a visual formatting language. They embed text in tables so that they can control margins and columns; they sprinkle pages with hundreds of invisible images to control the placement of text; in preference to abstract tags such as <hl> they use a <font size> tag.
Abstract markup is going to get one more chance. A new language called XML, for Extensible Markup Language, is simpler than SGML but still retains the ability to define new tags (which is what makes it extensible). In principle, anyone can devise a private set of XML tags, but the main interest is in dialects defined for entire communities or disciplines. For example, there are groups creating XML variants for mathematics, chemistry, biological sequence data, astronomy and meteorology. Farther afield, other XML dialects describe real-estate listings, financial data, classified ads, legal documents and genealogies.
The mathematical dialect, MathML, illustrates the potential of XML. At one level, MathML addresses the messy problem of how to display mathematical expressions on the Web. In HTML this is often done by embedding scads of miniature images in the page-a solution that works, more or less, but offends the finer sensibilities. MathML puts mathematical notation directly into the markup language. But there's more to it than that. MathML can capture meaning as well as appearance. An expression such as x2 can be written in such a way that it will be recognized not as "x superscript 2" but as "the square of x." The dream is copying an equation from a published paper directly into a program such as Mathematica or Maple, where is can be solved or graphed or manipulated algebraically. Whether the dream comes true depends on whether authors accept the discipline of abstract tagging or turn XML into yet another visual formatting language.
Writing Source Code
The problems I'm whining about here-the problems of keeping a grip on digital text and other kinds of data as computer technology evolves—must seem quaint to professional programmers and software engineers. Moving a data file from one machine to another is easy compared with "porting" software. You don't just take a Windows .EXE file and try running it on a Macintosh. And programs are notoriously brittle. A data file may lose something in translation-such as footnotes—and yet still be usable. When a program fails, it fails totally.
Living on such thin ice, programmers learn to tread carefully. It's part of their education and culture. Writing code for keeps is a major theme of software engineering. Tricks and shortcuts that solve the problem of the moment are not much admired if they fail on another platform on in the next version of the operating system. The emphasis is on portability-on program constructs that work in any computer environment.
Programmers observe a distinction between "source code," which is what the programmer writes and revises, and "object code," which is the final product. The Central Dogma of software development holds that information flows only from source code to object code, never the other way around. Programmers also put a high value on abstraction-on expressing concepts in the most generic way possible. And they are wary of the dangers of duplication and repetition: They know that if information is written down twice, the two copies will eventually become inconsistent.
The same principles and attitudes may apply just as well to other kinds of computer work. Indeed, it's not much of a stretch to see writing with a word processor or drawing with illustration software as a kind of programming. The manuscript I am typing at this moment is not a magazine article but the source code of a program that can be compiled to produce a magazine article. If I compile and run the program through a laser printer, the output is a paper printout. Later the same source code will be compiled again and run through a larger machine that produces photographic film for printing plates. Compiling with still another set of options yields Postscript files for distribution via the Web. It all goes smoothly (most of the time) because the same source code is the input to all the transformations. If I make a change to the source, it automatically shows up in all three object-code versions.
Several years ago a book title proclaimed: The Mac Is Not a Typewriter. Neither is the PC. It's not a typewriter; it's also not a sketchpad; it's not a ledger book. It's a computer. When you sit at the keyboard, you may think you're writing or drawing or balancing the budget, but what you're doing is creating computer programs, which have to be compiled and run before they yield their output of text or art or spreadsheet. You may think you're just a content provider, but you're really a programmer.


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Fatal shooting in Norwich was justified, prosecutor says
New London State's Attorney Michael L. Regan has ruled that the use of deadly force by seven Norwich police officers last year in the fatal shooting of a Norwich man was justified and "appropriate" — clearing the officers of any criminal wrongdoing.
Regan issued his conclusions Tuesday following an investigation into the Feb. 24, 2013, shooting of 52-year-old Michael Dugas in a small park off Laurel Hill Avenue in Norwich. Dugas was shot six times by officers who were among those who responded to a 911 call for a report of a man with a gun.
The 7:18 p.m. call, as it turns out, was placed by Dugas following a day of drinking, according to witnesses interviewed by state police detectives. After placing the 911 call, Dugas' neighbor said he repeatedly told her "I love you," before leaving the apartment building and walking toward the green where he was shot.
Dugas was spotted by police pacing in the middle of the park with his hands in his sweatshirt pockets. Officers took cover in different positions around the park, pointed a spotlight at Dugas and at times tried to talk to him — eventually shouting to him to show his hands.
When Officer Greg McDonald offered to come over to his side of the fence and talk, Dugas responded, "No, don't, it won't do any good," according to Regan's report.
When K-9 Officer Scott Meikle ordered Dugas to lie on the ground, warning that he would release his dog, Dugas pulled out a black handgun and pointed it to Meikle, according to the report.
Officers yelled, "Drop the gun," before they fired a total of 41 rounds. Dugas was struck by bullets six times, according to the medical examiner's report.
The revolver Dugas had held was a full-sized CO2-powered Daisy Powerline Model 44 pellet gun, a replica of a Smith & Wesson Model 29 .44-caliber revolver, according to Regan's report. Several witnesses said Dugas had fired the gun. But detectives found no pellets loaded in the revolving cylinder and concluded it was "impossible to determine if the revolver had been loaded with pellets," according to the report.
The medical examiner's office later determined Dugas' blood alcohol level was 0.27. Dugas' stepfather, Larry Ewoldt Jr., the owner of the 172 Laurel Ave. apartment where Dugas was living, told police Dugas had a history of alcohol abuse and depression.
"Michael in the past had told his family that he wanted to commit suicide by jumping into the river. The river is the area where in 2003 Michael left his late wife's ashes after she had died of brain cancer," Ewoldt is quoted as saying in the report.
A neighbor told police Dugas had talked about walking out into traffic a few days earlier and "had talked in the past about hanging himself from the second floor apartment neighbor's tree," according to the report.
Ewoldt also told police Dugas has been "forcibly committed" to a hospital at least once over the past several years.
In his report, Regan said that state law permits an officer to use deadly force "when he reasonably believes such to be necessary to defend himself or a third person from the use or imminent use of deadly physical force."
Regan cites a U.S. Supreme Court case explaining that the reasonableness of a particular use of force "must be judged from the perspective of a reasonable officer on scene rather than with the 20/20 vision of hindsight," and allow for "the fact that police officers are often forced to make split-second decisions — in circumstances that are tense, uncertain, and rapidly evolving."
Norwich Police Chief Louis J. Fusaro said Regan's report outlines the reasons why, in his opinion, officers had little choice but to use deadly force.
"The incident was a tragedy for not only Mr. Dugas but for his family and certainly our officers," Fusaro said.
The shooting remains the subject of a wrongful death lawsuit filed against the city and seven officers by Dugas' family.
The officers involved in the shooting were McDonald, Meikle, Mark Dean, Kyle Besse, Anthony Marceau, Richard Cannata and Chase Chiangi. All except for Marceau used Smith & Wesson M&P .40 caliber handguns. Marceau fired his duty rifle, a DPMS Panther Arms .223-caliber rifle.
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My YouTube Channel: http://bit.ly/1mF6gcU
Twitter: @TreborosLive
Donations: http://drunkdawg.com/TreborosLive
A citizen journalist in SF East Bay, CA seeking to illustrate the best of mankind's selflessness and shine a light on those that oppress us. If you feel inclined to help with some of my streaming expenses, please visit http://drunkdawg.com/TreborosLive. I do not do this for profit but there are times when cash gets tight so all donations are appreciated!
Thank You, Peace, Love & Solidarity,
- Treboros


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This highly anticipated work is the complete, one-stop guide to hearing aids, covering everything you need to know to prescribe, select, fit, measure, and evaluate their performance. Dr. Dillon is a sought-after speaker and instructor throughout the world. Some of the benefits of this acclaimed text: *COMPREHENSIVE--From basic concepts of hearing loss, hearing aid software and hardware, to assessment guidelines and results-oriented counseling methods, the book covers it all! *THEORETICALLY SOUND--All findings explained in detail to clarify concepts, making the book ideal as a standard reference for clinicians as well as a core text in graduate courses *PRACTICAL--Easy-to-use tips, tables, and procedures designed to be pinned to clinic walls for instant reference *ACCESSIBLE--Synopses, key paragraphs, and detailed materials help you progress from basic to highly sophisticated concepts easily *INTEGRATED AND CROSS-REFERENCED--Each cross-referenced chapter builds on previous chapters, with the flow and consistency of a single author *INNOVATIVE--You will discover research results and procedures that have not yet appeared in the literature, giving you an important professional edge Opinion leaders in the field have been uniformly enthusiastic: "The book is smashing...Should be a required reference for anyone who deals with hearing aids. All of the materials, including an outstanding chapter on pediatric amplification, are presented in a practical and immediately useful manner." --Jerry Northern, author and editor, HearX* "Packed with concise, up-to-date, useful information concerning the selection and fitting of hearing aids. I'd highly recommend this text for graduate audiology students to anyone involved in hearing aid dispensing."--Gus Mueller, PhD, Adjunct Associate Professor, Vanderbilt UniversityDillon, Harvey is the author of 'Hearing AIDS', published 2001 under ISBN 9781588900524 and ISBN 1588900525.[read more]
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News & Updates
Jun. 4 BeaOriginal featured in Paper Crafts Magazine! [more]
May 15 BeaOriginal reaches 300 blog posts and 430 Facebook fans! [more]
Oct. 28 BeaOriginal extends FREE custom SVG campaign! [more]
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This island economy suffers from a poor natural resource base, including serious water shortages exacerbated by cycles of long-term drought. the economy is service-oriented, with commerce, transport, tourism, and public services accounting for about three-fourths of gdp. although nearly 70% of the population lives in rural areas, the share of food production in gdp is low. about 82% of food must be imported. the fishing potential, mostly lobster and tuna, is not fully exploited. cape verde annually runs a high trade deficit, financed by foreign aid and remittances from emigrants; remittances supplement gdp by more than 20%. economic reforms are aimed at developing the private sector and attracting foreign investment to diversify the economy. future prospects depend heavily on the maintenance of aid flows, the encouragement of tourism, remittances, and the momentum of the government's development program. cape verde became a member of the wto in july 2008.
Soil erosion; deforestation due to demand for wood used as fuel; water shortages; desertification; environmental damage has threatened several species of birds and reptiles; illegal beach sand extraction; overfishing
426,998 (july 2008 est.)
Western africa, group of islands in the north atlantic ocean, west of senegal
Total: 4,033 sq km land: 4,033 sq km water: 0 sq km
Slightly larger than rhode island
Conventional long form: republic of cape verde conventional short form: cape verde local long form: republica de cabo verde local short form: cabo verde
Name: praia geographic coordinates: 14 55 n, 23 31 w time difference: utc-1 (4 hours ahead of washington, dc during standard time)
18 years of age (est.) for selective compulsory military service; 14-month conscript service obligation (2006)


text: I think the Reds are sending a message with their handling of the lineups down the stretch here. It depends what your goal is. If your goal is to get Cueto 20 wins, then yes you play your starters today. If your goal is to win the World Series, you try to get as many players as possible in a groove. You let the bench guys play a bit and let the starters rest up for the playoffs. A hot hitting bench can be a huge difference maker in the post-season. I think we're fine.


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Indiana Republican US Sen. Candidates Debate Before Primary
(With additional reporting from The Associated Press)
The two candidates vying for the Republican nomination in Indiana's U.S. Senate race debated Wednesday night in Indianapolis.
Richard Lugar has represented Indiana in the U.S. Senate for more than three decades, but State Treasurer Richard Mourdock hopes to change that by defeating him in the May 8 primary.
Lugar is respected for his foreign policy expertise, but Mourdock didn't shy away from taking stances on international issues on everything from defending Israel to the U.S.'s relationship with Russia.
"I think they are more foe than friend," Mourdock said. "Looking ahead, I think we are going to see more troubling times with Russia. We have to be a strong nation. We cannot withdrawal from the world. We've got to stop leading from behind."
Lugar said Russia is neither a friend or foe, but a country that the U.S. needs to deal with. Mourdock occasionally struggled answering intricate policy questions, meanwhile, that played more to Lugar's strengths.
In one case Mourdock seemed to errantly state that a federal ethanol mandate that started in 2005, began in 2011.
Both candidates think reducing the size of government and repealing the federal health care law are good ideas.
Mourdock touted his conservative credentials, but Lugar said his conservative roots go deep too, from his service in the Navy to managing a family farm.
"These are the conservative elements of my life and they are expressed in my votes," Mourdock said. "The work we have been doing both in the economy as well as in foreign policy to bring security for America."
In one of the clearest distinctions between the two men, Mourdock called for an end to corn ethanol subsidies, something Lugar has routinely backed citing Indiana's heavy reliance on agriculture.
The two even disagreed on what exactly ethanol subsidies do to the price of gas, with Lugar saying ethanol was helping to keep prices down and Mourdock saying they were making prices higher. Lugar praised ethanol saying it lowers the price of gasoline and helps Indiana farmers.
"It's a Hoosier product with Hoosiers producing it on farms here that have meant higher values for corn and certainly higher land values in this state."
On domestic issues, the two men often agreed with each other. Lugar at times sought to ally himself with Wisconsin Rep. Paul Ryan, touting Ryan's budget plan, which has become a rallying point for many conservatives.
One exchange fairly defined the tenor of the entire race: When given the chance to shore up his weakest spot, by defining how he is a conservative, Lugar opted for a roundabout answer dealing with his family history and serving in the military.
"These are conservative elements of my life and they're expressed in my votes and the work we have been doing both in the economy as well as in the foreign policy to bring security for America," he said. "We understand conservative values."
The debate was a stark difference from a nasty Republican primary battle that has been dominated thus far by questions over Lugar's residency and his support for President Barack Obama's Supreme Court nominees.
Lugar is facing one of his toughest election battles as he seeks a seventh term. A series of polls has shown the tea-party backed Mourdock closing in on Lugar in recent months and conservative groups have upped their attacks in the last two weeks on the longtime senator.
As of last week, a trio of outside groups supporting Lugar had bought $370,000 worth of airtime across the state, while the Club For Growth alone had bought roughly $735,000 to oppose to Lugar.
Super PACs have sprouted up as a potential force in the Senate race, with two forming to back Lugar, and Lugar opponents splitting their spending between the parent group and the PAC.
By far the biggest spender in the air wars, however, has been Lugar himself, who has bought roughly $1.9 million of airtime. Mourdock has paid for $360,000 of airtime, according to spending totals maintained by Indiana Democrats.
Meanwhile, Congressman Joe Donnelly of South Bend, Indiana is running unopposed in the Democratic Primary for the Senate seat.
(AP Photo/Darron Cummings, Pool)


text: Bern 1500 x 290mm White Double Vertical Column Radiator The Bern 1500 x 290mm white double vertical column radiator adds a stunning period style to your suite, whilst combining the classic Victorian style with high heat output. Being manufactured from high quality steel and finished with a white gloss, this radiator maintains modern day expectancies whilst retaining its traditional roots. Complete with fittings, plugs and vents for a simple installation and peace of mind with our 10 year 'Fit and Forget' guarantee. Features and Benefits: Straight vertical bars Double bar model Number of bars: 6 Depth when fitted: 93mm 360mm Pipe Centres Durable high quality white finish Suitable for use on a central heating system Fixing pack included complete with plugs and vents Pressure tested to 10 bar, maximum working pressure 7 bar Manufactured in accordance to BS EN 442 Heat output 2593 BTU Important Details: We suggest you ask a qualified plumber to install this item This range is often quite heavy and may require more than one person to handle it 10 year "Fit and Forget" guarantee Included Excludes: Valves


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Strawberry Napoleon
I 'constructed' this elegant and popular creation 6 years ago, and my wife, Deci, embellished it into a work of art.—Dean Barns, Farmington, New Mexico
Total TimePrep: 15 min. + chilling Bake: 30 min.
Makes12 servings
- 1 package (17-1/4 ounces) frozen puff pastry sheets, thawed
- 3/4 cup sugar
- 2 tablespoons cornstarch
- 1/4 teaspoon salt
- 1-1/2 cups milk
- 3 egg yolks, beaten
- 1 tablespoon butter
- 3 teaspoons vanilla extract
- 2 cups heavy whipping cream
- 1/2 cup confectioners' sugar
- 1 teaspoon vanilla extract
- 3 pints fresh strawberries, sliced
- Additional confectioners' sugar
- On a lightly floured surface, roll out each pastry sheet to a 9-in. square. Place on ungreased baking sheets. Bake at 350° for 30 minutes or until golden brown.
- Meanwhile, in a saucepan, combine sugar, cornstarch and salt. Gradually add milk until smooth. Cook and stir over medium-high heat until thickened and bubbly. Reduce heat; cook and stir 2 minutes longer. Remove from the heat. Stir a small amount of hot filling into egg yolks; return all to pan, stirring constantly. Bring to a gentle boil; cook and stir 2 minutes longer. Remove from the heat. Gently stir in butter and vanilla. Pour into a bowl; cover surface with plastic wrap. Refrigerate, without stirring, until chilled.
- For topping, beat cream in a chilled large bowl until it begins to thicken. Add sugar and vanilla; beat until soft peaks form.
- Place one pastry square on a serving platter. Top with the custard, strawberries, sweetened whipped cream and second pastry. Dust with confectioners' sugar. Refrigerate leftovers.
Nutrition Facts1 each: 475 calories, 29g fat (13g saturated fat), 114mg cholesterol, 226mg sodium, 49g carbohydrate (23g sugars, 5g fiber), 6g protein.
Every product is independently selected by our editors. If you buy something through our links, we may earn an affiliate commission.
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Mar 29, 2013
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Apr 5, 2011
This is the best strawberry dessert recipe. I have had the actual "real thing" made by Dean for his restaurant - and can never get enough. I have made it on numerous ocassions and get rave reviews. I always try to pass it off as my own - but end up giving credit where credit is due! You can't go wrong!!


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Saturday, April 20, 2013 from 12:00 PM - 6:00 PM
Rhizome's Seven on Seven Conference, presented by HTC, will pair seven leading artists with seven influential technologists in teams of two, and challenges them to develop something new—be it an application, social media, artwork, product, or whatever they imagine—over the course of a single day. The seven teams will work together at locations around New York City on Friday April 19th and then unveil their ideas at a one-day event at the Tishman Auditorium at The New School on April 20th, 2013, from 12–6 p.m. After the conference, the attendees can celebrate with participants at an afterparty from 6–9 p.m.
2013 Participant Teams:
Fatima Al Qadiri + Dalton Caldwell
Matthew Ritchie + Billy Chasen
Cameron Martin + Tara Tiger Brown
Rafael Lozano-Hemmer + Harper Reed
Seven on Seven is presented by HTC and organized by Rhizome. Additional conference partners include Betaworks, Wieden + Kennedy, and RRE.


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(4)For purposes of, relating to allowances for quarters, a participant or crew leader shall be considered an employee of the United States within the meaning of the term "employee" as defined in paragraph (3) of subsection (a) of such section. (c)Contract authority under this division shall be subject to the availability of appropriations. Assistance made available under this division shall only be used for activities that are in addition to those which would otherwise be carried out in the area in the absence of such funds.
42 USC § 12655n(b)(4)
Scoping language
None: Default is title Scope
Is this correct?