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Glue line quality11/13
A recent discussion prompts this question: How much pressure is required to produce a "starved" glue joint? Is it even possible with the normally used clamping methods? Since I don't have lab equipment I'm asking for input. When I sat down to analyze the variables, I realized it would take a huge # of tests to account for all of them . The goal is to develop a set of minimum standards. For those people bent on the latest "in" business models, Lean gluing requires the least wasted time/effort/$ (minimum standard.) Six Sigma would require standardization of procedures to meet the quality goals, based on the # of failures to meet specifications. Both are served by my quest. Perfection is not the goal! (To achieve Six Sigma, a process must not produce more than 3.4 defects per million opportunities.)
Did the joint hold well enough to fulfill the needs? For a test representation, also meeting Six Sigma, we could define success as a joint in which the wood failed rather than a failure of the glue line. That is the only easy measurement that would meet all "undefined needs."
Since our shop primarily uses Original Titebond, that's my primary interest.
Gene, can you lead me (us) to the tests and results obtained?
What kind of clamps are you using and what are you glueing up?
If you're using Titebond it might be pretty hard to use too much pressure.
I remember once Gene did say it was hard to apply that much pressure, but he did say it was possible.
I'll be awaiting his response also.
We used to use a glow-in-the-dark additive for some of our glue projects. This would make all evidence of glue show up florescent purple under a black lite.
What was interesting was to see how the planks knitted together. We glued up some 1 inch thick mahogany and planed it down to 3/4 inch thick, removing 1/8 inch thickness each side.
The end result looked like an iconic christmas tree. Capillary action pulled the glue into each side of the joint almost 1/8 inch. It almost looked like zigzag stitching from a sewing machine.
Glue starvation could possibly happen sometimes from porosity of wood (exacerbated by moisture content of wood). The joint could start out initially with enough glue and have the proper amount of pressure but after pressure is applied capillary action could pull the glue away from the joint subsequently starving the joint.
Most of our clamping is done on a Taylor clamp frame. Beefy clamps!
Good topic. I would add that any discussion of glue line quality should include the added dimension of time - as in how long will the joint last? Or how long before eventual failure?
We recently found we were having failures with a very common glue since it lost 70% of its strength at a mere 150 degrees F. That is not so hot - dark exterior work, tabletops in a sunny window, cabinets near ovens and ranges, trivets, etc. are all at risk. After 45 years of gluing things, I have learned something new and have re-evaluated what glues we use, and where.
Typical epoxy like West system melt at about 200F, They start to lose mechanical properties above 130F. I've seen some damage on yachts that had no other explanation than the epoxy got cooked.
I have seen apprentices apply enough force with pipe clamps to starve regular 3/4" edge glued boards. Titebond was the glue. You got to leave something. Checkout the amount of pressure different clamps put on boards. Hoadleys wood book has a listing if my memory serves me.
I've seen many epoxy joints fail because they need thicker glue joints. Sanding with 80 grit will provide that space beyond increasing the surface area.
I watched a bunch of 8" wide curved mahogany jambs bang open because they used 3/16" veneers that were smooth.
OK guys, now you've got me wondering about that starved glue line.
I recall Gene Wengert writing one time about the effects of machining lumber. It had something to do with harder fibers vs softer fibers (spring vs summer growth).
I believe the drift of it was that planing operations smash down some fibers and cut through others. This had some effect on either how finish or adhesives were absorbed into the wood.
Cabinetmaker, I think planning would sure do that since a planer tends to pound the wood and the knives are never absolutely sharp. I've also heard that gluing a sanded face is bad practice but I'm not fully convinced of that. I think the best edge probably comes off a sharp hand plane & a shooting board. 2nd best is probably off the SL saw. Fibers are sheared, not pounded. I've seen the failure of epoxy glued boat trim. Cause?
I'm only going to address edge glueing, as that's all we do in our shop.
We never let any of our edges go any longer then 18 hrs after they've been prepped before they go into the glue press. That only happens because some edges are prepped at the end of the shift, then they're glued up first thing in the morning.
Now that we're moving into the winter months and RH is lower we take the precaution of tossing a quilt over our prepped panels and put a pan of water under the cart to keep the boards from shrinking on they're ends.
We learned this the hard way, that even with our lumber coming in at 6-8% mc, when we were in our old shop and the heat was included in our rent the place was very warm we were having glue line failures because we were to waiting too long before glueing up and found that the ends of our boards had shrunk sometimes as much as .020" within the first few inch's and they never pulled together tight.
When we started watching this, all our problems went away.
We're glueing up off of rip saws with glue line rip blades that are changed out on a regular basis, so they're always sharp. Studies have shown they produce the best edge for glueing.
My 2 cents until Gene weighs in.
Results: After 2+ days of cure, the sample was cut square, some molding steel was used as a wedge to apply force to try & split the glue line. A starting kerf was sawn deep enough that the steel only touched the sides of the kerf. I. E. the sharp edge of the steel did not do any cutting. I wanted a prying action on the glue line. Glued wood & steel wedge were put in the press. Pressure was applied until a loud bang and the block broke. No breakage occurred on the glue line! See photo. Conclusion based on this one test, using the setup as outlined in first post: It doesn't seem possible to "starve" a glue joint by over tightening the clamps. Gene?
that has been my experience as well. at least for PVA's...
Also, see this link on the subject:
I think that a joint failure may sometimes be attributed to glue starvation but might be truly be a case of too much clamp pressure distorting the assembly. I use Pony 3/4" pipe clamps for the majority of my glue ups. They have a functional use well below the force that can be applied by a strong pair of hands. Depending upon the width of the glue up the distortion of the pipe and faces from parallel will start to pull a true joint out of plane even with moderate force applied. Any more force than necessary to close the joint risks distorting. I try to picture the surface area of the glue joint to assess the appropriate hand screw force.
One point to clarify and another to further the question:
Tom #14 - When we use pipe or bar clamps and glue boards or a frame, we place then equally on top of and below the glue up. The boards, door, whatever, is on 2x3 bumpers, elevated off the bench, leaving room under for clamps. A mating clamp is placed above slightly offset to allow room to turn the screws, and all clamps are tightened 'equally' - a subjective term.
Regarding the question of pressure - if one has a 1" x 20" joint to glue between two boards, X amount of pressure is required. If you have the same size boards, but you have 10 of them, is 10 times the pressure required? Is the pressure required the same as a single joint? And how much pressure can one get with a bar clamp? Pipe clamp? Handscrew?
And generally, I have only had epoxy joints starve, but it is because it is a glue that needs a thick glue joint. As for the other glues, there is data that shows a glue line of so many .001" or .0001" is desired. How can we measure that? I have some nice digital calipers, and plenty of glue joints.......
I am preparing a lengthy response to this issue of pressure.
Let me correct one item right away. West System Epoxy or any main-line epoxy for wood in a properly made glue joint does not soften or lose strength until about 230 F or even hotter. How or why this false information about that adhesive softening at 130 F got started, I do not know, but it does not have reliable data to support such a statement. (Perhaps it was a competitor?)
Most epoxy joint failures are due to excessive pressure, as there must be enough epoxy for the epoxy to generate enough heat that will make the curing reaction occur properly. With too little epoxy in a joint (likely in a very smooth, tight-fitting joint and with a lot of pressure), there will not be enough heat and so the adhesive does not cure properly and the joint will fail at low stress levels. Over the years I have heard and dealt with epoxy failures; examination shows the small amount of adhesive in the joint and the thin glue line. Of course, the person gluing the wood together will never accept the blame, but rather blames the adhesive.
I also will add the David is correct that 130 F is not an uncommon temperature for a wood product in use, for a short time period. So, the adhesive manufacturers in the 1950s quickly changed from the original PVA formulation (like Elmer's glue) to an adhesive that had a chemical reaction that was not reversible, so that heat at 130 F no longer softened the joint. Such a formulation includes TB II, but one must check the adhesive manufacturer's data for any adhesive.
For this heat issue, we found that urea adhesives seemed to be much better. However, urea and many PVAs used formaldehyde to get the chemical reaction required. The carcinogenic concerns with formaldehyde have recently changed the outlook for these types of adhesives and will require even more changes in the coming years in the U.S. Other countries have already made the changes, although China seems to sometimes avoid the issue, according the newspapers.
More about pressure to follow.
David, Seems like the issue, with a stack of glue lines, in a clamping would have more to do with the loss of pressure as the glue oozes out over a bit of time than the area. You always need to tighten a bit more after the first time. Once the distance lose has occurred the same pressure would be present on all of the joints, it would be acting as a solid.
I think Larry is correct. The force required to close a glue up with multiple glue lines is the initial resistance. Once the squeeze is complete then theoretically the required force is related to the area of only one glue line.
With respect to balanced clamps top and bottom, a sensitive woodworker can do the dance of closing a glue up well, but it took me a long time to get good at it. Squeeze out masks imperfections, time pressure breeds complacency. Then you cut it apart and do it again.
So I have glued three samples with Titebond 2.
Have you any recommendations for how to break the joints. Tension, shear,percussive load?
Put one side in a vice and smack the other side with a hammer.
Tom, Gary B has a nice solution using a bathroom scale on his web site, see his post above. This solution could be levered many different ways to get big forces. I've used rubbed joints mainly for reinforcing blocks that are small enough not to have built in tolerance problems. Work great.
There seems to be a lot of misinformation that exists (word of mouth and Internet sources) about the role of pressure when gluing wood. So, lets look at this topic in detail. (Epoxy adhesives have different requirements, so we are talking about PVAs, PURs, and ureas here.)
First, a wood surface to be glued needs to be quite smooth the smoother, the better. Why? Because most wood working adhesives require the two surfaces to be between 0.002 and 0.006 apart. (In case you prefer to talk about 1/32 and other fractions, 1/64 is 0.031, so the maximum gap is closer to 1/128- -pretty darn small indeed.) This requirement is if you want the strongest possible glue joint; many times, we do not need a joint with strength of over 10,000 pounds per square inch. In fact, in practice, oftentimes we can be happy with a joint that has 1/3 of its area that approaches this high value and the other 2/3 is much weaker. Stated another way, the strength of the perfect joint is 50% stronger than the wood itself; if the joint fails, then, the wood will be the weakest link and so the wood itself will fail and not the adhesive. But, if for some reason we do need the strongest glue joint possible,m then we need really flat, true, smooth surfaces.
Second, one of the most common causes of an un-smooth surface is moisture. The smooth surface is excellent when first made, but then over the next 15 to 20 minutes, this surface picks up or loses a few water molecules to the moist or dry atmosphere, causing some localized swelling. For this reason, the strongest joint for wood will occur if the glue is applied within minutes after the surface is properly prepared and of course, the correct pressure follows promptly. The denser the wood, the shorter the time allowed, as dense woods swell or shrink more than lower density species. (For a thin piece of wood like veneer, the time between surface preparation and gluing can be under a minute.)
Next, having said this, we do have to look more closely at what happens when we make a surface smooth. If we generate too much heat, the woods chemical bonding sites for the adhesive can be destroyed. Also, if we use dull cutters (knives, saws or even sandpaper) to prepare the smooth surface, we can squish and tear the woods surface (microscopic level) so the surface cells as damaged or no longer well attached to the main piece of wood. In these cases, the adhesive cannot achieve good contact with the solid wood, so we have a weak joint.
Now, when we put pressure on the joint with a hard dense species like oak or maple, even if we use very high pressure, the wood is so strong that we cannot squeeze the surfaces flat. So, with a dense, hard species that is not perfectly flat, when we apply the pressure, we will likely have some spots that are essentially touching and there is no adhesive at these spots (we squeezed it all out) and we will also have some spots that exceed 0.006 in distance between the two surfaces. The wood is too strong to give a little and eeven up that is, close the gaps. However, with softer species, like soft maple, most pines and spruces, cottonwood, and so on, the pressure on the joint will cause the spots that are touching to squish a little bit and the larger gaps will close to a more acceptable level. This is why the softer species are so much easier to glue effectively.
Third, when we spread the adhesive on one or both of the mating surfaces, the adhesive is not uniform in thickness. In fact, sometimes we spread the adhesive in long ribbons, which gives us a longer open time (the time between spreading and applying the pressure). So, prior to applying the pressure, we likely have wavy wood surfaces (on a microscopic level) and we have varying thicknesses of adhesives. So, as the pressure increases initially, the excess adhesive will be pushed around and fill in the larger gaps between he two pieces of wood. (If we only spread the adhesive on one surface, this initial pressure will cause the adhesive to transfer to the mating surface.
Another critical point about pressure. Except with end grain, we do not push adhesive deep into the wood cells. (Wood cells are like miniature soda straws and usually run lengthwise in the pieces of wood being glued.) The adhesive and the joint strength are what happens with the exposed cells right at the surface. Now, if the piece of wood has steep slope of grain, then we essentially have partial end grain on the surfaces to be glued. This means that the adhesive can go into the wood past the surface cells. However, such deeper adhesive does not actually add to the strength of the joint; the strength is dependent on what goes on right at the surface. (Exception: if the joint is tested in shear rather than tension, some penetration might, in a few cases, increase the shear strength slightly. Usually, deeper penetration increases the amount of adhesive used to make the joint, but not the overall strength.)
Using the analogy of cells being like miniature soda straws, it is important that the cells on the surface are not squished but do have partially openings. An analogy for snow skiers is that the straws look like half-pipes. This openness allows good surface contact between he wood and adhesive. If the walls are folded in due to excessive pressure when machining or dull tools, then surface contact is limited and the joint becomes weaker. Often times, in my plant visits, I suggest that saws be sharpened twice as often; that is, we are concerned about microscopic events, which is when dull or partly dull saws perform poorly, but such poor performance is hard to notice until gluing.
Note that in all these cases discussed so far, the real problem is with the wood surface and not the adhesive.
It is probably no surprise that when we apply pressure, we squeeze out the excess adhesive (assuming the adhesive is not too cold, thick, or partially cured already). It is common to see operations use plenty of adhesive, just in case, and then count on the pressure squeezing out 100% of the excess. This means that squeeze out is a high quality event. But with larger, wider joints, it is critical that the adhesive be thin enough to move outa long (maybe impossible?) path for large joints. So, excessive adhesive is good, but lets not get carried away.
As just mentioned, we are concerned about the viscosity of the adhesive. The biggest factor affecting viscosity is temperature. Many operations maintain the adhesive at a constant temperature year round, 24/7 a great idea. But, remember to also keep the wood temperature constant as well cold wood can quickly cool and thicken the adhesive.
Now, if for some reason after the initial pressure is applied, the pressure is then reduces even a little bit, there will be some places where the joint opens up (microscopic level) and the joint is short on adhesive (a microscopic gap), so the strength drops substantially. So, it is critical to NEVER LET THE PRESSURE DROP EVEN A SLIGHT BIT, especially initially. However, as the joint cures more and more, then the pressure can be dropped without such a big negative effect. (Of course, increasing the pressure after the adhesive starts to sure is also a dumb idea.)
Two points: If using manually tightened clamps, it is better to tighten them maybe 80% initially and then go through moments later and final tighten them all. If you go 100% right at the start, the wood can shift as others are tightened and the joint might open in some spots. Second, with hydraulic or pneumatic pressure, I have seen the pressure come on, close the clamps, and then drop slightly (various reasons why this happens) within a few seconds or longer. The initial appropriate high pressure squeezed out the excess adhesive, so when the joint re-opened, there was not enough adhesive in the joint area any more to make a strong joint.
Read it all Gene, Understand the perfect "most wood working adhesives require the two surfaces to be between 0.002 and 0.006 apart"
Oh yeah. I forgot to answer the question. Thanks for the reminder.
You can have too little pressure, but it is very hard to have too much pressure for exactly the reason you stated. We can starve a joint by not using enough adhesive or by letting is pre-cure or by having too thin an adhesive. If we have an RF curing process, the lack of adhesive also means different heating and curing for the rest of the joint.
Now if we use pressure to also bend the crooked pieces flat, we have two issues...a lot of the area will be low on adhesive, but when we release the pressure, the bent piece that we are holding straight will try to bend back to its original shape. This puts a lot of stress onto joint, so the amount of stress left before we get a failure is very low...and so the joint breaks at low external stress levels.


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I now know that I'd love to have my own cottage someday. Here's why...
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8 comments:
the rug under the round table is fabulous!!!!ReplyDelete
The old scales are such a great design. Haven't ever seen one like that before.ReplyDelete
i am loving those shelves. and the rug. and the vase. splendid!ReplyDelete
xo Alison
i love every single piece!ReplyDelete
i love this modern designReplyDelete
that rug!! can't stop staring at it...ReplyDelete
What a beautiful cottage, love that amazing area rug! Plus the designer added beautiful touches with the flowers. Thanks for sharing these inspiring images!ReplyDelete
what fantastic design!! Very inspiring...ReplyDelete
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Friday, September 18, 2009
Two Quilts
A new quilt for my bed---and I'm not sure I like the colors anymore. :) I finished the top some three years ago or so, when I liked blue and yellow together. Now I'm not so sure. The quilt is bright. Very sunshiny bright. I may put it up and bring it out next spring. The quilt pattern is called "The Yellow Brick Road," and I remember it was a fun pattern to piece together.
I had planned to quilt this myself, but when my neighbor and friend asked for quilt tops to "practice" on, using her new long-arm quilting machine, I gladly gave her this. (Otherwise, it would still be waiting another 3 years or more for me to quilt it). Debbie used a floral pantograph quilting design, and I love it! Her work is exceptional! I told her she doesn't need practice; she's already a pro. And she's open for business if you're in need of quilting. :-)
Debbie also quilted Emily's Vintage Sheet Quilt using a free motion floral design that I think is absolutely perfect for this quilt. I decided to put the quilt on my rarely-used dining room table for a few weeks so that I can enjoy it every time I walk by. This quilt makes me happy!
happy sewing,
16 comments:
Beautiful Quilt! I went through the blue and yellow phase...it does help to put it away sometimes and wait for spring when the colours will be full of cheer!ReplyDelete
Both quilts are very pretty, and the quilting is so nice too!ReplyDelete
I like the blue and yellow together, but I know what you mean...the color combination isn't the trend nowdays. The first comforter I had when we were married (9 years ago) was a blue and yellow Laura Ashley comforter. I loved it!
I think using this quilt in the spring and summer would be perfect!
I think both quilts are pretty. I have made the yellow brick road quilt before. Very easy but very nice when done. Good luck deciding what to do.ReplyDelete
You can send that yellow and blue quilt to me if you don't like it! ;-) I think it's GORGEOUS! So cheerful and pleasant!ReplyDelete
And I am smitten with vintage sheet quilts...I started my own collection of vintage sheets so I can (someday!) make one of my own.
Thanks for sharing...I need more quilts in my house...they make me so happy!
love them both... quilting is amazing. Especially love the vintage sheet quilting perfecto~ReplyDelete
I love that blue and yellow together! Emily's quilt is so amazingly cute! :)ReplyDelete
Both quilts are beautiful. Maybe you can put your quilt out during the summer months when you want a bright and fresh change.ReplyDelete
Was the yellow brick road easy to put together?
Both quilts look wonderful. I love the floral quilting design, beautiful. I can imagine that the blue and yellow can be a bit much all of a sudden and I agree with you that it could be more fitting for spring. On the other hand, especially in darker winter days it could be a wonderful bright accent in your bedroom. :-)ReplyDelete
I like it! :-) It looks very nice, and happy. Thanks for sharing with us.ReplyDelete
The quilt looks good. If you think it's too bright then do what you suggested and only put it on in the spring when you want a colour change. I love the quilting on Emily's quilt. (And I just plain like the quilt!)ReplyDelete
The quilt is absolutely lovely! And the quilting goes so well.
Thank you for sharing,
lady m
does she want to practice on some of mine? =)ReplyDelete
Glad you all like the quilt. It's still on my bed, and it scares me whenever I walk in the room. :)ReplyDelete
Cheryl, yes, the quilt very easy to put together. The hardest part was trying to decide which blue to put next to which yellow and not having two of the same fabric next to each other.
Love, love, love the blue and yellow quilt. That color combination may not be fashionable, but I still favor it. Most of my house is yellow and blue, though I've thrown in much green now. I keep my bedroom just blue and white for calming, so I can understand how this quilt would be startling in your bedroom. As sproutingflowers said, you can always send it to me! And yes, the quilting is fantastic. You're neighbor is quite skilled.ReplyDelete
Both of your quilts are just beautiful !!!!!ReplyDelete
I started a blue & yellow duvet cover a few years ago, knowing that it would be too bright for anything but spring and summer.
What I didn't know, at the time, is that our duvet is actually much too warm for those seasons LOL ! It will get finished one of these days, I'm sure.
A friend of mine made the yellow and blue quilt for me for my wedding gift. I love it!ReplyDelete


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You could have When Is Your Blood Sugar To High and not know it. The symptoms of When Is Your Blood Sugar To High can be very mild. In fact, of the 29 million people in the U.S. who have When Is Your Blood Sugar To High, 8 million are undiagnosed, according to the American Diabetes Association. However, you don't know just by your symptoms if you have When Is Your Blood Sugar To High.
Diabetes and nocturia. Having high blood glucose levels can cause the body to excrete excess glucose via the urine. ... If you regularly have high blood glucose levels, you may increase the risk of picking up a urinary tract infection which can also increase the need to urinate through the night.
A: Nope. Craving sugar is not one of the symptoms of When Is Your Blood Sugar To High, or hyperglycemia (too much blood glucose). Symptoms to look for are frequent urination, excessive thirst, fatigue, weight loss, and blurry vision. If you skip meals often you may be experiencing hypoglycemia, or low blood sugar.
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NASHUA — New Hampshire's gubernatorial candidates met for their second debate Thursday, with Democrat Maggie Hassan accusing Republican Ovide Lamontagne of ignoring the true price tag of economic recovery, while he said she would chip away at freedom with taxes and fees.
NASHUA — New Hampshire's gubernatorial candidates met for their second debate Thursday, with Democrat Maggie Hassan accusing Republican Ovide Lamontagne of ignoring the true price tag of economic recovery, while he said she would chip away at freedom with taxes and fees.
Lamontagne, a lawyer who has made unsuccessful runs for governor, Congress and U.S. Senate, and Hassan, a former state senator, are competing to replace Democratic Gov. John Lynch, who is not seeking re-election after four terms in office. The format they faced at Rivier University was a bit of a departure, modeled after the famed Lincoln-Douglas debates of 1858. Each candidate had eight minutes to address each of five questions, with topics ranging from the values that would guide them as governor to budget priorities.
Hassan, who argued that the best way government can help business is to ensure they have a skilled work force, wants to restore nearly $50 million in annual state aid cuts to the University System of New Hampshire and make other investments to infrastructure and education.
"We can't have a strong economy if we just put our heads in the sand and pretend the things we need don't cost any money," she said.
Lamontagne emphasized his support for the constitutional amendment banning an income tax that will appear on the November ballot and pointed out that Hassan opposes it. Both have pledged to veto an income or sales tax if elected.
"I think we have a spending challenge and we need to reform state government by being fiscally responsible ... not raising taxes and taking more freedom and liberty from our people. That's what taxation is. It's not investment, it's tax and spend; that's the truth," he said.
While Lamontagne equated higher taxes to fewer freedoms, Hassan made a comparison of her own, saying not trusting women to make decisions about their own health is akin to blocking their participation in the economy or democracy. Lamontagne has backed allowing employers to deny services to customers and not pay for birth control in their health plans if it violates the employers' religious beliefs.
"It is really important for any governor to welcome every single citizen into the decision-making process as full and equal citizens," Hassan said. "If we don't trust women to make their own decisions, they're not welcome here and they're not welcome to participate in our economy and government in the same way."
From health care to education, Lamontagne boiled down several questions to a matter of local control versus government intrusion. He opposes the Obama adminstration's health care overhaul and mandatory kindergarten, but favors vouchers to help students attend private schools outside their districts. Hassan, who takes the opposite view on all three issues, said Lamontagne is stuck in the past.
"Ovide is still pushing the same outdated ideas he started to run for office with 20 years ago," she said. "Giving state tax dollars to private schools that have no standards, or teach that dinosaurs and humans walked together 5,000 years ago isn't going to make our economy better."


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Join Date: Jul 2006
Posts: 109
disaster inc
Well i am trying to improve a little and decided to try coloring one of my "sketches".
I am a poor man so dont have any digital means of painting other than with the horrid mouse so i mostly wanted to try and improve my shading..
Posting this in hope of some feedback
mostly i wanted to know what you think is the best method to color a sketch, right now im using a layer with a basic color in 100% opacity and then paint with a 80% transparency(or 20%?) on the layer to be able to make out the lines. hard brush 30%opacity when coloring.
i have a feeling there are better ways of doing this but as im pretty new to this and to lazy to read long tuts im running in the dark so to speak. (i mostly do webdesign in PS)
I appologize if my text is messy.
Thanks in advance.
What im doing:
Base image:
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Art Director
When using a mouse, that is definitely not the most effective way to go about it. You've already got a nice drawing with values, use that instead of forcing you to paint unnaturally with a mouse. Put the layer with your sketch on a separate layer and make sure it is the "highest" layer, on top of every other. Set this layer to "multiply" (other modes may do the trick too, but multiply is easy.)__________________
Then on the layers underneath that layer, block in the colors. You'll see that the tone of the greyscale image is preserved. You can now start tweaking the shadows, and when that is to satisfaction, create a new layer on top of your original image, and add highlights on that layer.
At least, when "painting" with a mouse, and using the resources you have, that's how i'd do it.
But if you're serious about digital painting, get a tablet. Get it second hand, get a crappy 50 dollar/euro/whatever one. As long as its got a pen and pressure sensitivity, it's already a million times better then any mouse could ever be. Accuracy is less important then pen pressure.
As far as feedback on the actual picture goes, don't be afraid to use some contrast, especially darker shadows.
Join Date: Jul 2006
Posts: 109
thanks for the advices, ill try it out!__________________
oh they have pressure sensitivity too? only thought it was for the feeling and precision people used tablets :). justifices my newbness in the matter :) been thinking on getting a tablet but as they are quite expensive ill have to wait for my economy to improve.
I could ofc do as you suggested and get a second hand tablet but im the kind of person that wants the best/new things or nothing. (bad habit). But perhaps worth looking into it.
As im going to start studying soon and am torn between art and programming i have decided to do some intense artwork to see if i have any potential, else ill just stick with programming.
And from what i have read/seen there are some talented people here so might aswell try and get some feedback here aswell :)
But in the meantime ill just try to improve my shading, as i find it easier to see/do/fix with color than just grayscaled (pen´n´paper) even with a mouse.
EDIT: talked with some people i know about tablets but they all recommend the 900euro+ tablets (wacom mostly) and that is..well :) anyways as im just after "starter pack" i looked through the net a bit and found this to be the most interesting: WACOM Bamboo A6
So basicly, is this an ok tablet or is it just crap?
Last edited by sluggen : 09-02-2009 at 06:30 PM.
Art Director
Anything WACOM makes is the shit, even the cheapest ones. Never buy any other brand. I have an intuos3 A5 wide for around 400eruos and it delivers professional quality, there is no real need for anything better other then bragging rights. In fact, the only reason i've got a wide is because of the widescreen laptop, A5 is just fine. A6 is somewhat on the small side but perfect to start with. I started with a second hand WACOM A5 that was total shit and needed its own power adapter, but still, its better then a mouse.__________________
The pressure sensitivity makes a huge difference because you can set either brush size or brush opacity to it, which doesnt only greatly speed up the paining process but makes it a hell of a lot easier and more intuitive.
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Saint Cunegundes
- Chunigundis
- Cunnegunda
- Cunigunde
- Cunegonda
- Kinga
- Kunegunda
- Kunigunde
Daughter of Sigfrid, Count of Luxembourg. Received a religious education, and took a private vow of virginity. Married Saint Henry II, Duke of Bavaria, who agreed to honour her vow. On the death of Emperor Otho III, Henry was chosen King of the Romans, and Cunegundes was crowned queen at Paderborn, Germany in 1002. Holy Roman Empress in 1014, receiving the crown from Pope Benedict VIII.
At one point, gossips accused her of adultery, but she proved her innocence by asking for God's help, then walking over pieces of flaming iron without injury.
During his time as emperor, Henry gave away the bulk of his wealth in charity; when he died in 1024, Cunegundes was left relatively poor. On the 1025 anniversary of Henry's death, which coincided with the dedication of a monastery she had built for Benedictine nuns at Kaffungen, Cunegundes took the veil, and entered that monastery, spending her remaining 15 years praying, reading, and working beside her sisters.
- 1200 by Pope Innocent III
- "Saint Cunegundes". CatholicSaints.Info. 17 February 2020. Web. 21 September 2020. <>


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10 Dogs Who Aren't Happy About the Snow
Snow is one of the greatest inventions of good ol' Mother Nature. Sure it can be a pain sometimes, but the stuff is also really cool! Take making awesome snowmen, for example. Can you do that with rain? Wind? Sunshine? No, because snow rules.
While us humans usually like to frolic in the white stuff, it turns out dogs aren't huge fans of snow. See, some canines just don't know how it all works. There are others who just get straight up ticked, and we honestly can't blame them. Most dogs don't wear snow boots, and those who do haven't the slightest idea how to deal with them. It's all just so confusing for the poor pups! So even though we like when it flurries outside, it's completely understandable some doggies just hate snow. Check out 10 of 'em below:


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Shop Arvust online at General Pants, which offers a carefully selected range of menswear apparel including T-shirts, fleeces, long and short sleeve shirts, chinos, shorts, and boardshorts. General Pants edits global trends to offer a curated vision of contemporary fashion for young-blooded individuals.


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Appeal brought on 18 September 2019 by VodafoneZiggo Group BV against the order of the General Court (First Chamber) delivered on 9 July 2019 in CaseT-660/18: VodafoneZiggo Group BV v Commission
(Case C-689/19 P)
Language of the case: English
Appellant: VodafoneZiggo Group BV (represented by: W. Knibbeler, A.A.J. Pliego Selie, B.A. Verheijen, advocaten)
Other party to the proceedings: European Commission
Form of order sought
The applicant claims that the Court should:
set aside the order of the General Court of 9 July 2019 in Case T-660/18 (the Contested Order);
refer the case back to the General Court for consideration;
reserve the costs of the present proceedings.
Pleas in law and main arguments
First ground of appeal: errors of law in the General Court's conclusion that decision C(2018) 5848 final of the European Commission (the Contested Decision) does not produce binding legal effects.
First limb of the first ground: the requirement for national regulatory authorities to 'take utmost account of' comments of the European Commission made pursuant to Article 7(3) of Directive 2002/21/EC1 imposes a binding legal obligation upon those authorities.
Second limb of the first ground: comments made pursuant to Article 7(3) of Directive 2002/21/EC amount to an authorisation, because the European Commission is thereby choosing to conclude its investigation without using its right of veto.
Third limb of the first ground: the Contested Decision cannot be qualified as a preparatory act because the procedure the European Commission follows is separate and distinct from the national procedure.
Fourth limb of the first ground: the General Court, by deeming the Commission's use of the word 'decision' to be 'inappropriate', exceeds its competence of judicial review.
Fifth limb of the first ground: the Contested Order suffers from a lack of reasoning in its statement that the subject matter of the Contested Decision would be 'irrelevant'.
Second ground of appeal: errors of procedure by failing to address arguments capable of materially affecting the outcome of the case.
First limb of the second ground: regarding the argument that an opportunity for BEREC to comment was foreclosed.
Second limb of the second ground: regarding the argument that the foreclosure of an opportunity to be heard cannot be remedied by other, unrelated opportunities to be heard.
Third ground of appeal: errors of law in the General Court's conclusion that the appellant's fundamental rights would not be infringed. The appellant enjoys fundamental rights under Article 47 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, in light of which its arguments and admissibility must be interpreted. Moreover, the procedure for a preliminary ruling cannot prevent the infringement.


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Felt a little slow in the beginning, got stronger as the race went on, a course personal best of 4:20:33, a PR by 18 minutes, finished 4th woman overall and felt incredible at the end, was literally jumping up and down with excitement. Happy girl.
The long version:
This was my 4th Desert RATS ('06, '07, '08, watched in 2009, '10) and I came with a single goal: PR. My previous times were 4:49, 4:45, and 4:38. This is a very technical and hilly course, so those times actually landed me in the top 10 every year. I opted against wearing a watch and figured I'd just do my best and ask other racers if I was ever curious about the time. As race week approached, I was able to get out for several 2 hour runs and a couple of 3 hour runs, not ideal, but apparently sufficient training. Considering I planned on using this race as "training" for the upcoming 50 and 100 milers, I felt I had been a little lax in my preparation. Welcome to the world of baby and full time job!
El, Bobby Lowe, Mike, and I all planned on getting out of town Friday afternoon for the 2 hour drive to Fruita for the prerace meeting. As these things always go, we finally left at 6:30, about 30 minutes before packet pickup closed. Thankfully they allowed race day pickup so we were able to relax, eat, and have a pleasant drive to the campsite. We pulled into camp at dark, El set her tent up, Bobby realized he forgot his, and Mike and I arranged the van for sleep. This was going to be our first night sleeping in the van with Selah since last summer, when she couldn't really even roll over. Van sleeping with a 4 month old is quite different than with a 12 month old. There is a little cubby that we made for her at our feet, but she can stand up and look at us whenever she feels like it. She was overtired and screaming as we tried putting her down, but she eventually fell asleep for a few hours. She woke up sometime in the middle of the night and banged her head on the metal van wall (no bumper yet, but we'll make one before the next trip for sure), which sent her into another crying fit. She ended up snuggling between me and Mike in the twin-sized van bed. Cozy. It didn't really matter that I hardly slept that night, as I can never really sleep before races and they say it doesn't affect race performance. What is more important is proper sleep in the days leading up to the race, not the night before.
4:45 came around fast and I got up to make coffee, eat a bagel, and rouse El and Bobby. We were in the car by 5:20 on our way to the starting line and 6:30 race start. Why do races here insist on starting so dang early? As always, I skipped the warm up and instead took care of vital functions and got in a little stretching and fluids. At 6:30, we were off! The first mile is on a flat gravel road before the race heads up it's initial steep climb on rocky single track. I've learned through the years to run that first mile fast or get stuck behind someone that can't skip through rocks. I arrived at the first aid station, mile 6, in about 54 minutes, 3 minutes ahead of my old PR split. I was happy with this but my legs were feeling tight and heavy in the cold air and I didn't think I could maintain the pace. There is another long climb after the station, so I slowed down and walked some of the steeper parts. El caught up with me and we proceeded ahead together, she helping me to keep my pace up. By the time we got to the second aid station, she passed me and slowly started to pull ahead. Between aid stations 2 and 3, the course profile flattens and the surface becomes more even--El's specialty. She cruised ahead and was out of sight by the half way point. This is the most beautiful part of the race. The course winds in and out on top of 200 foot tall sheer sandstone cliffs above the Colorado River amid bursts of Indian Paintbrush and Juniper.
After finishing the fast first mile, heading onto the first climb and single track.I arrived to the 3rd aid station, 12.5 miles, at around 2 hours feeling fresh and loose and enjoying the warming air. At this point, I was confident I could PR unless something really unexpected happened. With a previous PR of 4:38, I would have to slow down a LOT to miss my goal. The race gets technical and hilly again there and stays so for the majority of the remaining course. I got into a nice rhythm and started picking people off as I completed the 7 miles to the final aid station.
El and Ashley coming into the final aid station at mile 19.5.I came into the aid station just behind another woman but left before her and never looked back. There is a heinous 700' climb that begins near mile 20 and I ran nearly the entire thing, really out of fear the woman behind would catch back up. Passing her gave me a confidence and energy boost and I was able to overtake several men on the long climb. I also knew that once I topped out, it was all downhill to the finish.
The race gave me a much needed confidence boost for this weekends 50 miler, Collegiate Peaks Trail Run. The only thing that hurt post race was an old ankle injury--no IT band pain, no blisters, no GI upset, hardly a sore muscle. I was even able to get out for a 2 hour run on the course Sunday morning for a little bonus training. Definitely a great weekend! If you're still reading, I'm impressed.
Now I'm laying on the couch with an ice pack on my right quad. Somehow, I strained it while hiking today and am really hoping it doesn't give me any trouble this weekend. Wish me luck!


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"You are tuned to the most listened to radio talk show in America. It's been that way for 27 or 28 years. That's a long time, and it's gonna stay that way."
• AP: 'No Longer a Nuclear Threat' from North Korea, Trump Says
• ABC: Former Trump Lawyer Michael Cohen Likely to Cooperate as His Attorneys Leave Case, Sources Say
• CNSNews: Trump: 'Our Country's Biggest Enemy Is the Fake News'
Things I meant to get to at some point, but there's never enough time.
• Washington Examiner: Media Say Hacked Emails Are Critical, But Can't Say Why
• National Review: Missing from the Intelligence Report: The Word 'Podesta'
"I'm gonna get into salient information about the Russian hack and what it was and wasn't -- and is and isn't - and all that. It's evergreen. It's timeless. As long as we get to it in the next couple days, it'll be fine. I promise to make a serious effort to get to that tomorrow."
Here are some of the places I go to prepare for the show:


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Young Nasruddin was having his first ride. Suleiman his father was sure the boy of 12 was old enough to ride the family donkey by himself.
With all the siblings watching him the boy had to prove he was as good as they.
But the animal was restive sensing the rider was a novice. The animal slipped and slid as the boy climbed her. 'Get on from the good side Boy' his father said.'
The boy said, 'That is the trouble: never trust a donkey that shies away from the good side.'


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Kent RO Repair in Noida
Its necessary for the pure water to render the benefits that it is deemed to. All impurities that are cleaned by the ro system needs to be removed from its filtering machine for continuous supply of clean water.
We here at RO service in Noida provide services for Kent RO Service In Noida AND Kent RO Repair In Noida. Contact us on the provided number for door to door services for Kent RO Service In Noida AND Kent RO Repair In Noida. There are AMC plans as well for our clients
We provide best services to all the problems of Aquaguard RO service in Noida and Aquaguard Ro repair in Noida.
Reach out to us for Aquagurad RO service in Noida , Aquagurad RO repair in Noida, Aquaguard ro repair service in Noida, and Aquaguard repair in Noida .
We can provide maintenance, water testing, and filter changes on your RO system.
Kitchen chimney soaks away maximum of the heat in a kitchen . It has become one of the main component in every modern kitchen.Kitchen Chimney Service in Noida. It necessary to gets it service done at regular interval for its proper functioning. The Air that it soaks away have many impurities mix in it which gets accumulated.Kitchen Chmney Service in Noida. Even a small defect can cause disruption in proper working of kitchen chimney.
We are complete solution for Kitchen chimney service in noida . Our technicians will come your doorstep and will check for the problem and will provide you for best solution for the problem.
The water purifiers also need proper cleaning, check up and timely services to keep you away from contaminated water. We provide repair, servicing of RO systems all across Noida. We are into Kent RO service in noida and Aquaguard RO service in noida and Kent RO repair in noida, Aquaguard RO repair In Noida, Hoshiyarpur, Noida sector 51, Noida sector 31, Noida sector 52, Morna Noida and all areas in Noida. We have trained and experienced RO repair .
Our highly trained technician takes work through several extents of quality check to make sure the 100% authenticity of the work. With trust and quality service across noida we have gained large number of clients.
Call for RO water purifier service, RO water purifier repair in Noida, RO SERVICE IN NOIDA, RO REPAIR IN NOIDA , RO Water purifier repair service in Noida , KITCHEN CHIMNEY SERVICE IN NOIDA
At ro service in noida , we value :
- Customers: For us customer is god. We worship them with great respect and honour. Our technicians will never misbehave or will never provide incorrect service. All are well disciplined and dedicated towards there work
- People: We provide equal opportunity to grow for all employees.
- Honesty: We keep a clear screen between our clients and we conduct our business with highest level of professionalism and ethics.
- Team work: We are work in team and our team work is our strength.
RO service in Noida started its journey long time back in providing water purifier care and repair in noida. In the initial stage we were serving only in Hoshiyarpur. But with our dedication and hard work to serve our customer we are know able to serve in entire noida location. We are a prominent name in providing high quality ro service in noida and kitchen chimney service in noida. we are sanitising impure water since ages. Our trained technicians with rich experience in RO water repair service in noida are always on their toes to serve our clients across noida and near by regions
The life in this world started in oceans and seas and hence its foundation is only water. the ecosystem is damaged to such an extent that clean water has become a big issue for healthy life and the best solution present is the technology itself. The technology is RO water purifiers. But with time machines get wear out . We provide ro service in noida for all the top brands namely aquaguard , kent etc. Also we provide kitchen chimney service in noida . We have all machines and parts of ro water purifiers. So you can trust upon the quality in times when getting healthy water became a tough task we took initiative to provide clean water to our clients.
in case you feel that there something wrong going in your water purifier then dont hesitate to call us at anytime. our technician will reach your door withing the specified time. he will look into the problem will provide best solution to for water purifier.


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We are currently plowing all accounts. Due to the large volume of snow we are going to skip walkways on our residential accounts and make sure all the driveways are open and accessible. We will be back to finish any walkways we missed. Thank you for your patience.
6-8″ and Still going
January 21, 2014 Posted by PlowBoss
About Us
We are a local snow removal service operating primarily in Deerfield and Highland Park, Illinois. We serve both commercial and residential properties
We know the most current conditions because we reside where we plow. Being local allows us quick response time and a focus on quality service.
Current Deerfield Weather
Chicago, Chicago-O'Hare International Airport, IL
Last Updated on Sep 29 2020, 10:51 am CDT
Weather by NOAA
Current Conditions: A Few Clouds
Temp: 56°F
Wind: SW at 10mph
Humidity: 70%
Windchill: 53°F
Site Directory
Communication Archive
Recent Weather Discussion
Dear Clients,
This storm is expected to be very severe. It is estimated that the overnight snowfall rates could exceed 2″ per hour with total accumulations of 5-9″ . Please back your cars into your garages or driveways.If the storm proceeds the way the experts predict, it is unlikely that we will have everyone perfectly cleaned ...
Recent Service Updates
- November 11th update
Dear Clients,
We have spot checked all our routes and have ascertained that our drives have less than 2″. If you would still like us to come out, call us at 224-300-0423 or e-mail us at email@example.com. We will send someone out as soon as possible. If you are on our under 2″ list, we are ...
- Let's all say hello to Winter 2019-2020
Just an update on the plowing today. Since it is still snowing the guys are waiting a bit to make sure that they are able to get all the snow off your drives and walks. It did not start snowing until 4 this morning. So today it will be a daytime plow.
- November 11th update


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Red Cell lab uses military tactics to ensure THON security
Red Cell lab uses military tactics to ensure THON security
UNIVERSITY PARK, Pa. -- On Feb. 21 to 23, more than 15,000 students across the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania will participate in the 46-hour no-sitting, no-sleeping dance marathon known as THON Weekend. The event is a culmination of the Penn State IFC/Panhellenic Dance Marathon, a year-long fundraising and awareness campaign for the fight against pediatric cancer. Considering that THON is a high-profile, heavily attended event, ensuring the security of participants and onlookers is a major concern for organizers. This year, for the first time, THON is partnering with a laboratory in Penn State's College of Information Sciences and Technology (IST) that uses military tactics to detect and combat security threats.
"It's our Super Bowl project of the year," said Brady Ripka, a senior at the College of IST and the president of the Red Cell Analytics Lab.
The Red Cell Analytics Lab, which has been operating since the start of fall semester 2011, is directed by Col. Jake Graham, a professor of practice at the College of IST, who retired from the U.S. Marine Corps in 2007. The Red Cell Lab, which is co-located with the Extreme Events Lab in the IST Building, utilizes a suite of analytic tools such as Arc-GIS, Analyst Notebook, 3-D visual analytics, Geo-Suite, Analysis of Competing Hypothesis and others, to explore and develop red-cell tactics, techniques and procedures. Membership to RCA Lab is open to IST students in good standing and to other academic units across Penn State and the Big Ten.
The name "Red Cell Lab" refers to teams of military personnel, often called "red cells," that are trained specifically to test the effectiveness of American military tactics. Red Cell members at Penn State investigate threats and opportunities in a range of scenarios and test the effectiveness of possible responses. The Red Cell Lab has collaborated with the Marine Corps Warfighting Lab, the Office of the Secretary of Defense for Intelligence, the Penn State Office of Emergency Management, Boeing Corp. and the U.S. Army War College.
The Red Cell Lab's collaboration with THON, Ripka said, has three components. First, Red Cell members recently helped THON leaders test their evacuation plan. Second, the lab members reviewed THON's communication plan for the weekend.
"Basically, anything that could go wrong, we try to think about," he said.
Read more about how THON 2014 leaders are collaborating with Red Cell Lab students and Penn State and Centre Region emergency planners to ensure public safety.
The final stage of the project will take place during THON Weekend, as the Red Cell members will station themselves in the Emergency Operations Center in Beaver Stadium, where they will try to spot trends related to THON on social media. The issues that they will be on the watch for, Ripka said, include whether the Bryce Jordan Center, where THON is being held, will reach capacity within an hour; or in a more extreme situation, that the venue is under attack. Another possibility is that someone could set up a false Twitter account and send out false information on THON.
"I really think (Red Cell) is an underused tactic," Ripka said. "Once you realize what the holes are, you have the implement to fix the issues."


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News Archives - 2006
Professor Brad Holt to give presentation on St. Francis of Assisi
Religion professor Brad Holt will give a presentation on "St. Francis of Assisi in the Thirteenth Century: A Life in Art and Text" Nov. 10, 3:30 p.m. in the Marshall Room.
St. Francis is one of the best-known saints in Christian history, but
he is often reduced to a garden ornament. This presentation will give
a fuller picture of the life and vocational struggles of the Patron Saint
of Ecology and founder of the Franciscan Orders.
Dr. Holt participated in a National Endowment of the Humanities Seminar in the summer of 2006, devoted to an interdisciplinary study of Francis. The group of 15 professors stayed in Rome for one week, Siena three weeks, and Assisi for two, each pursuing different projects with regard to Francis, and discussing the earliest texts and paintings.
The presentation is sponsored by CTL. Refreshments will be served.


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We Generate Insane Organic Traffic and Mad Revenue for our Clients in AUSTIN
Get a FREE SEO Video Analysis
Fill Out Our Discovery form or
Schedule a Free Consultation
Malligator Media has been featured in these well-know publications
First, let me thank you for taking a moment to look at our San Antonio SEO Expert website. If you are looking for San Antonio SEO Agency, you are in the right spot. We are a company who takes great pride in helping our clients improve their website ranking and increase their customers.
You probably used a search engine looking for San Antonio SEO Expert services which then lead you to this website- in effect using Search Engine Optimization (SEO).
Most consumers today use SEO to find the services they are looking for. If you do not have a great SEO profile, they may never find you. 72% of consumer who performed a local search visited a store within 5 miles of their location with 50% of those resulting in a store visit within one day. 30% of mobile searches are location based and that number is growing. Of the searches for something that is located nearby, they resulted in a sale 28% of the time. All of these searches and the results are based on specific metrics in your website and how they are structured.
However, if you have you ever tried to do SEO yourself you probably understand it is not an easy thing to do and it can be very confusing.
When you are trying to run your company along with trying to market that company to get more business it makes for a very long day. As I said above, most customers now use search engines to find the services and the products they are looking for. Several studies have shown that if you are not on the first or second page of the search engine results you will probably not get the customers.
So you ask, "how do I get to page 1 on the search engines", well let me tell you how. Your best option will be to hire an SEO Expert. This expert is someone who understands the algorithms that engines like Google, Bing, and Yahoo use to rank websites.
These experts or professionals can optimize your site and "on page" content with proper keyword research to start driving more traffic and higher rankings. Optimization is difficult and requires a professional who understands the whole process and who can link it all together in a harmonious manner.
A well optimized site will lead to a popular website which garners more traffic and more revenue for your business. A good SEO expert can, and should, provide feedback as to how your site is functioning and what might be done to improve the user experience. This expert should also be able to provide data and metrics on the website for you and let you know which pages need more effort and what kind of effort is going to provide the best bang for the buck.
An SEO professional will also research your competition to see what they are doing to get ranking and help to get that working for you too. This person should be able to determine what your competition is doing and then by modeling some of those things they are doing be able to get a higher ranking for your website.
The kind of support that a professional SEO expert supplies will give you and your website the ability to concentrate on your business. With the limited time we all have we must run our businesses, attract customers, manage our staff, take care of billing, and hundreds of other things we need to do each day. Having the freedom to concentrate on business operations and customers and not having to worry about website marketing; having an SEO expert will allow you to maintain and grow your business.
There are thousands of websites on the internet and probably several hundred in your keyword space. The best way for your website to rise to the top is to have a website that is designed and programed for SEO. Most businesses do not have the time to do this and without a properly designed and functioning website it is substantially more difficult for customers to find you on the internet. If your website gets lost in the crowd then you are losing customers and revenue. With San Antonio SEO your website will not be lost in the crowd.
At Malligator Media we will work hard to increase your Brand creditability. Google, Yahoo and Bing search engines love branding. Those companies place a higher credibility on the websites with better branding and we as consumers have been conditioned to trust brands. Your company needs to become a trusted brand.
Many businesses throw away thousands of dollars on paid online advertising hoping that someone will click on their banner ad. Studies have shown that 80% of search engine users are only focusing on the organic results and not the banner ads. This means that ads are not the best answer. Your company should focus on getting better search results by … GETTING YOUR WEBSITE INTO THEIR SEARCH RESULTS.
In addition, when you stop paying for the ads it is the taken down and the site traffic will then stop. Organic traffic from search engine optimization is a long-term investment that will continue to pay off. Studies have shown that Organic SEO is 5.66 times better than paid search ads.
Most people will not go past page 3 or 4 in their search results. That means you need to have your site ranking on page 1 or 2. Over 90% of all clicks are on the first 2 pages of the search results. If you are not on page 1 or 2 then you are losing out on all that opportunity.
In addition, your site needs to be mobile compatible. Google just recently launched a mobile search engine and if your website is not mobile compatible then you will not be listed in their search results. Google drives 96% of the mobile search traffic.
By developing your Website Search Engine Optimization (SEO) you will be increasing your online presence, your ranking in search engines, and your revenue. In addition, you will be spending your advertising dollars in a manner that will have a much better Return on Investment (ROI).
As we all know, advertising dollars are in short supply and deciding where to invest those dollars is key to our business survival. We all need to think about how we spend our advertising dollars.
Most of us are on a budget, so you may want to consider working with your SEO expert on a contract basis. Maybe you can get some of your pages optimized and phase the work instead of getting all your pages done at one time. It is easier and more cost effective no matter what size your business is. By considering and agreeing to a 6 month or 12 month contract with your SEO expert it will allow that person to focus on a long-term strategy and spread their costs in a manner that will allow for better development of your web presence. You will get great optimization which will help you to stand out amongst your competition, not matter how big or small your business.
Many people find their SEO expert through referrals from friends or from an online platform like message boards or referral sites, all great options. But after finding someone you should then begin to look deeper. Get on the phone for a conversation, look at some of their references, and then look at some of the sites where they have done SEO work.
Remember, "SEO Experts" who just dabble can cause your website more harm than benefit. If they don't have the depth of experience or background, they can cause real problems. Sometimes they can even get your site penalized by doing things that are not acceptable to most search engines. This can result in your page not listing in search engine results for several months.
Here at Malligator Media we have developed a system that has worked for our clients enabling them to get ranking on the first or second page of the search engines. We work to get your website healthy and performing well for the long run. Our clients have been getting more customers than they can handle and have resulted in hiring more staff and moving to larger offices… or to an office, from their basement or garages. We can increase your traffic not once but continuously. We do this in a cost-effective manner with verifiable results and tracking.
Finally, SEO should not be a never-ending service. SEO should be done for a period of time to get your site to page 1 and then should stop or go into a low-cost maintenance mode. You should then be able to experience the increased return on investment for the next several months to years.
Fill out our Discovery form and we will get back to you in a day or two with a custom video discussing your website, current SEO metrics and how we can help you get to page 1 on the Search Engines.


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Common And HOT 107.5 Raise 5 Tons Of Food For Detroit Families [User Submitted]
HOT 107.5 and Crown Royal Black teamed up with Common to raise over 5 TONS (10,000 pounds) of canned goods and food items for Detroit families in need this holiday season. Host: @BuckieNaked Video by @ItsYaGirlAC Theme Music by @DustyMcFly41. http://HotHipHopDetroit.com Twitter: @HipHopDetroit Facebook.com/HipHopDetroit
Please click the "Report" button below if the video on this page is not working properly.
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Wood Designs™ Synergy High Pressure Laminate Desk - 18 in. x 30 in. with 22 in. Hardwood Legs Without Casters
Product Number: Z50039(E)
This item is shipped directly from our supplier. Allow extra delivery time.
Top-quality desk combines a 1 in. thick MDF core with a high-pressure maple laminate and matching heat-sealed edge banding to deliver a classroom desk that will stand the test of time. Perfect for individual use, or combine with other desks to promote student collaboration. Carefully rounded corners and edges for added safety. Leg assembly required. GREENGUARD® Gold Certified. 10-year warranty. Allow extra delivery time.
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Madrona 44 Round Fire Pit Cover - Dark Cocoa (Brown) - Classic Accessories
Browse all deals at Target
See more in Fire Pits & Heaters
See more from Classic Accessories
* This offer may contain time-sensitive information and offers. Please check with Target to confirm actual price & availability.
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4103 Pecanland Mall Dr
Monroe, LA 71203


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The story isn't quite over for Hatfields & McCoys.
Seven months after the History Channel miniseries concluded, NBC has ordered a modern-day version of the historical western story to pilot.
Set in Pittsburgh, the story picks up when a shocking death reignites the feud between the blue collar McCoys and the affluent and powerful Hatfields. Suddenly, decades of resentment is unleashed as the two famous families go to war for control of the city. The project was penned by Eagle Eye scribe John Glenn, who will also executive-produce.
Get all the latest pilots news
Oscar winner Charlize Theron is also on board as an executive producer, along with AJ Dix, Dawn Olmstead and Beau Flynn.
History Channel's Hatfields & McCoys, which premiered last May, was a commercial and critical smash. The miniseries averaged a record-breaking 13.8 million viewers over three nights, and earned Kevin Costner an Emmy, a Golden Globe, and a Screen Actors Guild award for his portrayal of "Devil" Anse Hatfield.


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Structural Steel Columns in Everglades City FL
Services we Offer
It's obvious we provide structural columns and beams. We also design, fabricate, erect and install joists, supports, decks, embeds, louvers and more. As custom fabricators we make and install machine parts, steel curtain wall frames, and interesting shaped plates and supports. We service all types of large commercial projects, and work with new buildings as well as reinforcing existing ones. Go ahead and browse our extensive range of structural steel services .
Our Services
Columns And Beams
Girders & Girder Supports
With a name like Steel Beams & Columns, you can expect that we know a fair bit about structural steel fabrication! Straight, pitched, curved, and rolled, at SBC, we're mad about steel beams! This admiration may seem strange, but it's our secret to fabricating Structural Steel Columns in Everglades City FL that satisfy the highest professional standards. From steel plate girders to web openings, our team uses decades of collective experience to expertly design and install the correct structural steel beam and column solutions. When you have the wrong beams, you run the risk of increased substructure costs, less floor space, and increased steel erection times.
It's important to know that columns and beams work together as your building's skeleton, and any oversight during their construction could result in major structural concerns. In order to ensure a completely sound building design, our steel engineers work closely with you to assess your building's potential stress and structural concerns. We then decide if your structure needs more strength, rigidity, flexibility… or simply more steel columns! Whether you're adding on extra stories, replacing cracked concrete, or moving heavy chattels to higher levels, talk to us first about how to maximize the integrity and lifespan of your new or existing building. We work hard to fabricate steel beams and columns that satisfy the highest industry standards, and we go above and beyond to service our clients' exact specifications.
Benefits of Steel Columns & Beams
Steel columns and beams are overall known for being sustainable, affordable, and durable. Steel is easily customizable, as they can easily be made into any shape. For this reason, we consider steel columns and beams to be extremely versatile. As steel has the capacity to be formed into any intents or purposes needed, steel's adaptability is a piece of what is making it such an alluring choice for both residential and commercial constructions.
The overall building process for steel columns and beams is faster as well. Due to faster construction time, it also means that you save money from paying less for labor costs from said decreased construction time. Building with steel columns and beams also saves money via first time and lifetime savings. As steel is so durable, it also requires little maintenance and is a more economic choice for builders. You most likely won't have to worry about any maintenance fees if you use steel.
Steel structures are highly resistance towards high winds, heavy snowfall, fire, and seismic activities. They also have a high resistances to decaying, which is why insurance companies offer low premiums when it comes to buildings built with steel columns and beams. Steel buildings also are able to hold up for a very long time.
In addition, steel is recyclable. As opposed to paying landfill charges for non-recyclable development squander, your organization will have the option to reuse steel and metal structure segments. Because of open enthusiasm for diminishing pointless development squander, most waste evacuation organizations have sponsored programs enabling them to get your steel and metal structure squander at no expense to you.
Our Commitment
While we customize every service to meet the needs of each unique project, our commitment to quality construction and full-spectrum customer service remains the same. Each project is a collaborative process—we place the utmost emphasis on internal and external communication throughout every phase.
If you require custom Structural Steel Columns in Everglades City FL, contact our team of steel experts at (866) 25STEEL to receive a free quote. To learn more about our additional steel capabilities, visit our other service pages below.
More Services
Columns & Beams
Girders & Supports
Straight, pitched, curved and rolled, at SBC, we're mad about beams! From plate girders to web openings we design and install the correct beam for your structure.
Joists & Decks
Girders & Supports
Much like columns and beams, joist and deck works together for safe and long wearing load management. And when you're considering things like HVAC inside a large warehouse...
Metal Fabrication
AC Units, Machinery & More!
Straight, pitched, curved and rolled, at SBC, we're mad about beams! From plate girders to web openings we design and install the correct beam for your structure.
Pipe Welding
Gas, Water & Waste
When Broward Waste Water needed a 12" gas pipe replaced for their Digester, they came straight to SBC. And although it was one of our smaller jobs, we took the same...
If you've got concrete, we've got a fabricated embed to connect your structure to your base with hurricane strength precision. Talk to us about your project and we'll design...
Steel Erecting
Avoid delays in your project by asking us to erect your steel structure too. They say too many cooks spoil the broth, and by dealing with different designers, fabricators, and erecting...
Steel Curtain Wall Frame Systems
Without question, Curtain Wall Systems are one of the most popular window solutions in Florida. And it is SBC who fabricates and installs the solid steel frames for these magjestic...
Louvre Screen Wall Systems
When Broward Waste Water needed a 12" gas pipe replaced for their Digester, they came straight to SBC. And although it was one of our smaller jobs, we took the same...
Commercial Stairs, Landings and Mezzanines
From the second story up, if you need additional space, storage, or a grand level for display we're ready to design, fabricate and install your next landing, mezzanine, commercial...
Metal Canopies & Roofing
In this hurricane and flood prone state, we take the utmost care and attention detail in the design and construction of your roof, or metal canopy. Whether you have pitched...
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