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Swahili language
The Swahili language, also known as Kiswahili, is a Bantu language and the first language of the Swahili people. It is a lingua franca of the African Great Lakes region and other parts of Southeast Africa, including Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Mozambique and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.[7] The closely related Comorian language, spoken in the Comoros Islands, is sometimes considered a dialect.
Although only around fifteen to fifty million people speak Swahili as their first language,[8] it is used as a lingua franca in much of Southeast Africa. Estimates of the total number of Swahili speakers vary widely, from 60 million to over 150 million.[9] Swahili serves as a national or official language of four nations: Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Its dialects are used as official languages in Comoros - Shikomor and Mayotte - Shimaore. It is also one of the official languages of the African Union and East African Community.
A significant fraction of Swahili vocabulary is derived from Arabic through contact with Arabic-speaking Muslim inhabitants of the Swahili Coast.[10] It has also incorporated German, Portuguese, English, Hindustani and French words into its vocabulary through contact with empire builders, traders and slavers during the past five centuries.
- 1 History
- 2 Name
- 3 Phonology
- 4 Orthography
- 5 Noun classes
- 6 Verb affixation
- 7 Concord
- 8 Dialects of Swahili and languages closely related to Swahili
- 9 See also
- 10 Notes
- 11 References
- 12 External links
Swahili is traditionally regarded as being the language of coastal areas of Tanzania and Kenya, formalised after independence by presidents of the African Great Lakes region. It was first spoken by natives of the coastal mainland and spread as a fisherman's language to the various islands surrounding the Swahili Coast. Traders from these islands had extensive contact with the coastal peoples from at least the 2nd century A.D. and Swahili began to spread along the Swahili Coast from at least the 6th century. There is also cultural evidence of early Zaramo people settlement on Zanzibar from Dar-es-salaam in present-day Tanzania. The African population of the island holds the tradition that it is descended from these early settlers.[citation needed]
Clove farmers from Oman[12] and the Persian Gulf farmed the Zanzibar Archipelago, slowly spreading Islam and adding a few words to Swahili language and building forts and castles in major trading and cultural centers as far as Sofala (Mozambique) and Kilwa (Tanzania) to the south, Mombasa and Lamu in Kenya, the Comoros Islands and northern Madagascar in the Indian Ocean, and Barawa to the north in southern Somalia. Demand for cloves soon established permanent trade routes, and Swahili-speaking merchants settled in stops along the new trade routes. For the most part, this process started the development of the modern Swahili language. However, the spread was hampered during the European colonial era and did not occur west of Lake Malawi, in what was then called the Belgian Congo, and is now Katanga Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, thus making it a secondary rather than a primary language in that region.[citation needed]
The earliest known documents written in Swahili are letters written in Kilwa in 1711 A.D. in the Arabic script. They were sent to the Portuguese of Mozambique and their local allies. The original letters are now preserved in the Historical Archives of Goa, India.[13] Another ancient written document is an epic poem in the Arabic script titled Utendi wa Tambuka (The History of Tambuka); it is dated 1728. However, the Latin script later became standard under the influence of European colonial powers.[citation needed]
Colonial period
After Germany attacked the region known as Tanganyika (present-day mainland Tanzania) for a colony in 1886, it took notice of the wide prevalence of Swahili, and soon designated Swahili as a colony-wide official administrative language. The British did not do so in neighbouring Kenya, even though they made moves in that direction. The British and Germans both sought to facilitate their rule over colonies where the inhabitants spoke dozens of different languages – thus the colonial authorities selected a single local language which they hoped the natives would find acceptable. Swahili was the only good candidate in these two colonies.
In the aftermath of Germany's defeat in World War I, it was dispossessed of all its overseas territories. Tanganyika fell into British hands. The British authorities, with the collaboration of British Christian missionary institutions active in these colonies, increased their resolve to institute Swahili as a common language for primary education and low-level governance throughout their East African colonies (Uganda, Tanganyika, Zanzibar, and Kenya). Swahili was to be subordinate to English: university education, much secondary education, and governance at the highest levels would be conducted in English.
One key step in spreading Swahili was to create a standard written language. In June 1928, an inter-territorial conference took place at Mombasa, at which the Zanzibar dialect, Kiunguja, was chosen to be the basis for standardizing Swahili.[14] Today's standard Swahili, the version taught as a second language, is for practical purposes Zanzibar Swahili, even though there are minor discrepancies between the written standard and the Zanzibar vernacular.
Current status
Swahili has become a second language spoken by tens of millions in three African Great Lakes countries, Tanzania, Kenya, and the Democratic Republic of Congo, where it is an official or national language. The neighboring nation of Uganda made Swahili a required subject in primary schools in 1992—although this mandate has not been well implemented—and declared it an official language in 2005 in preparation for the East African Federation. Swahili, or other closely related languages, is spoken by relatively small numbers of people in Burundi, the Comoros, Rwanda, northern Zambia, Malawi, and Mozambique.[15] and the language was still understood in the southern ports of the Red Sea and along the coasts of southern Arabia and the Persian Gulf in the twentieth century.[12][16]
At the present time,[when?] some 80 percent of approximately 49 million Tanzanians speak Swahili in addition to their first languages.[17] Many of the rising generation of Tanzania, however, speak Swahili as a primary language due to decreases traditional culture and the rise of a more unified culture in urban areas. Kenya's population is comparable as well, with a greater part of the nation being able to speak Swahili. Most educated Kenyans are able to communicate fluently in Swahili, since it is a compulsory subject in school from grade one to high school and a distinct academic discipline in many of the public and private universities.
The five eastern provinces of the Democratic Republic of Congo are Swahili-speaking. Nearly half the 66 million Congolese reportedly speak it,[18] and it is starting to rival Lingala as the most important national language of that country.
In Uganda, the Baganda and residents of Buganda generally do not speak Swahili, but it is in common use among the 25 million people elsewhere in the country and is currently being implemented in schools nationwide in preparation for the East African Community.
The usage of Swahili in other countries is commonly overstated, being widespread only in market towns, among returning refugees, or near the borders of Kenya and Tanzania. Even so, Swahili speakers may number some 120 to 150 million people.[19] Many of the world's institutions have responded to Swahili's growing prominence.
Methali (e.g. Haraka haraka haina baraka – Hurry hurry has no blessing),[20] i.e. "wordplay, risqué or suggestive puns and lyric rhyme, are deeply inscribed in Swahili culture, in form of Swahili parables, proverbs, and allegory".[21] Methali is uncovered globally within 'Swah' rap music. It provides the music with rich cultural, historical, and local textures and insight.
Kiswahili is the Swahili word for the language, and this is also sometimes used in English. The name Kiswahili comes from the plural sawāḥil (سواحل) of the Arabic word sāḥil (ساحل), meaning "boundary" or "coast", used as an adjective meaning "coastal dwellers". With the prefix ki-, it means "coastal language", ki- being a prefix attached to nouns of the noun class that includes languages.
Swahili is unusual among African languages in having lost the feature of lexical tone (with the exception of the numerically important Mvita dialect, the dialect of Kenya's second city, the Indian Ocean port of Mombasa).[clarification needed]
Stress is on the penultimate syllable.
Standard Swahili has five vowel phonemes: /ɑ/, /ɛ/, /i/, /ɔ/, and /u/. The pronunciation of the phoneme /u/ stands between International Phonetic Alphabet [u] and [o]. Vowels are never reduced, regardless of stress. The vowels are pronounced as follows:
- /ɑ/ is pronounced like the "u" in hut
- /ɛ/ is pronounced like the "e" in bed
- /i/ is pronounced like the "i" in ski
- /ɔ/ is pronounced like the "o" in or
- /u/ is pronounced like the "u" in rule.
Swahili has no diphthongs; in vowel combinations, each vowel is pronounced separately. Therefore, the Swahili word for "leopard", chui, is pronounced /tʃu.i/; that is, as two syllables.
| Postalveolar
/ palatal
|m /m/
|n /n/
|ny /ɲ/
|ng' /ŋ/
|mb /mb/
|nd /nd/
|nj /ɲɟ ~ ndʒ/
|ng /ŋɡ/
|b /ɓ/
|d /ɗ/
|j /ʄ ~ ɗʒ/
|g /ɠ/
|p /p/
|t /t/
|ch /tʃ/
|k /k/
|(p /pʰ/)
|(t /tʰ/)
|(ch /tʃʰ/)
|(k /kʰ/)
|mv /ɱv/
|nz /nz/
|v /v/
|(dh /ð/)
|z /z/
|(gh /ɣ/)
|f /f/
|(th /θ/)
|s /s/
|sh /ʃ/
|(kh /x/)
|h /h/
|r /r/
|l /l/
|y /j/
|w /w/
- The nasal stops are pronounced as separate syllables when they appear before a heterorganic plosive (e.g. mtoto /m.ˈto.to/ 'child') or represent a separate morpheme (e.g. nilimpiga /ni.li.m.ˈpi.ɠa/ 'I hit him'), and prenasalized stops are decomposed into two syllables when the word would otherwise have one (e.g. mbwa /ˈm.bwa/ 'dog'). However, elsewhere this does not happen: ndizi ('banana') has two syllables, /'ndi.zi/, as does nenda /'ne.nda/ (not */ˈnen.da/) 'go'.
- The fricatives in parentheses, th dh kh gh, are borrowed from Arabic. Many Swahili speakers pronounce them as /s z h r/, respectively.
- Swahili orthography does not distinguish aspirated from tenuis consonants. When nouns in the N-class begin with plosives, they are aspirated (tembo /tembo/ 'palm wine', but tembo /tʰembo/ 'elephant') in some dialects. Otherwise aspirated consonants are not common. Some writers mark aspirated consonants with an apostrophe (t'embo).
- Swahili l and r are merged for many speakers (the extent to which this is demonstrated generally depends on the original mother tongue spoken by the individual), and are often both realized as alveolar lateral flap /ɺ/, a sound between a flapped r and an l.
- After a nasal prefix, l/r becomes /d/ and w becomes /b/. (See fortition.)
Swahili is currently written in a slightly defective alphabet using the Latin script; the defectiveness comes in not distinguishing aspirated consonants, though those are not distinguished in all dialects. (These were, however, distinguished as kh etc. in the old German colonial Latin alphabet.) There are two digraphs for native sounds, ch and sh; c is not used apart from unassimilated English loans and occasionally as a substitute for k in advertisements. There are in addition several digraphs for Arabic sounds which are not distinguished in pronunciation outside of traditional Swahili areas.
The language had previously been written in the Arabic script. Unlike adaptations of the Arabic script for other languages, relatively little accommodation was made for Swahili. There were also differences in orthographic conventions between cities, authors, and over the centuries, some quite precise, but others defective enough to cause difficulties with intelligibility.
Vowel diacritics were generally written, effectively making the Swahili-Arabic script an abugida. /e/ and /i/, /o/ and /u/ were often conflated, but in some orthographies /e/ was distinguished from /i/ by rotating the kasra 90°, and /o/ from /u/ by writing the damma backwards.
Several Swahili consonants do not have equivalents in Arabic, and for these often no special letters were created, as they were for example in Persian and Urdu. Instead, the closest Arabic sound is substituted. Not only does this mean that one letter often stands for more than one sound, but also that writers made different choices as to which consonant to substitute. Some of the equivalents between Arabic Swahili and Roman Swahili are:
|b p mb mp bw pw mbw mpw
|t nt
|j nj ng ng' ny
|kh h
|d nd
|r d nd
|z nz
|sh ch
|s, sw
|t tw chw
|z th dh dhw
|gh g ng ng'
|f fy v vy mv p
|k g ng ch sh ny
|y ny
This was the general situation, but conventions from Urdu were adopted by some authors; for example, to distinguish aspiration and /p/ from /b/: پھا /pʰaa/ 'gazelle', پا /paa/ 'roof'. Although not found in Standard Swahili today, there is a distinction between dental and alveolar consonants in some dialects, and this is reflected in some orthographies, for example in كُٹَ -kuta 'to meet' vs. كُتَ -kut̠a 'to be satisfied'. A k with the dots of y, ڱ, was used for ch in some conventions; this ky is historically and even contemporaneously a more accurate transcription than Roman ch. In Mombasa, it was common to use the Arabic emphatics for Cw, for example in صِصِ swiswi (standard sisi) 'we' and كِطَ kit̠wa (standard kichwa) 'head'.
Word division differs from Roman norms. Particles such as ya, na, si, kwa, ni are joined to the following noun, and possessives such as yangu and yako are joined to the preceding noun, but verbs are written as two words, with the subject and tense–aspect–mood morphemes separated from the object and root, as in aliye niambia "he who asked me".[22]
Noun classes
In common with all Bantu languages, Swahili grammar arranges nouns into a number of classes. The ancestral system had 22 classes (counting singular and plural separately, according to the Meinhof convention), with most Bantu languages sharing at least ten of these. Swahili employs sixteen: six classes that usually indicate singular nouns, five classes that usually indicate plural nouns, a class for abstract nouns, a class for verbal infinitives used as nouns, and three classes to indicate location.
class semantics prefix singular translation plural translation 1, 2 persons m-/mu-, wa- mtu person watu persons 3, 4 trees, natural forces m-/mu-, mi- mti tree miti trees 5, 6 groups, AUG Ø/ji-, ma- jicho eye macho eyes 7, 8 artefacts, DIM ki-, vi- kisu knife visu knives 9, 10 animals, loanwords, other Ø/n-, Ø/n- ndoto dream ndoto dreams 11, 12 extension u-, Ø/n- ua fence, yard nyua fences 14 abstraction u- utoto childhood –
Nouns beginning with m- in the singular and wa- in the plural denote animate beings, especially people. Examples are mtu, meaning 'person' (plural watu), and mdudu, meaning 'insect' (plural wadudu). A class with m- in the singular but mi- in the plural often denotes plants, such as mti 'tree', miti trees. The infinitive of verbs begins with ku-, e.g. kusoma 'to read'. Other classes are more difficult to categorize. Singulars beginning in ki- take plurals in vi-; they often refer to hand tools and other artefacts. This ki-/vi- alteration even applies to foreign words where the ki- was originally part of the root, so vitabu "books" from kitabu "book" (from Arabic kitāb "book"; similar to how Arabic itself deals with the name Alexandria). This class also contains languages (such as the name of the language Kiswahili), and diminutives, which had been a separate class in earlier stages of Bantu. Words beginning with u- are often abstract, with no plural, e.g. utoto 'childhood'.
A fifth class begins with n- or m- or nothing, and its plural is the same. Another class has ji- or no prefix in the singular, and takes ma- in the plural; this class is often used for augmentatives. When the noun itself does not make clear which class it belongs to, its concords do. Adjectives and numerals commonly take the noun prefixes, and verbs take a different set of prefixes.
|is reading
|are reading
|One child is reading
|Two children are reading
|One book is enough
|Two books are enough
|One banana is enough
|Two bananas are enough
The same noun root can be used with different noun-class prefixes for derived meanings: human mtoto (watoto) "child (children)", abstract utoto "childhood", diminutive kitoto (vitoto) "infant(s)", augmentative toto (matoto) "big child (children)". Also vegetative mti (miti) "tree(s)", artefact kiti (viti) "chair(s)", augmentative jiti (majiti) "large tree", kijiti (vijiti) "stick(s)", ujiti (njiti) "tall slender tree".
Semantic motivation
The ki-/vi- class historically consisted of two separate genders, artefacts (Bantu class 7/8, utensils and hand tools mostly) and diminutives (Bantu class 12), that were conflated at a stage ancestral to Swahili. Examples of the first are kisu "knife", kiti "chair" (from mti "tree, wood"), chombo "vessel" (a contraction of ki-ombo). Examples of the latter are kitoto "infant", from mtoto "child"; kitawi "frond", from tawi "branch"; and chumba (ki-umba) "room", from nyumba "house". It is the diminutive sense that has been furthest extended. An extension common to diminutives in many languages is approximation and resemblance (having a 'little bit' of some characteristic, like -y or -ish in English). For example, there is kijani "green", from jani "leaf" (compare English 'leafy'), kichaka "bush" from chaka "clump", and kivuli "shadow" from uvuli "shade". A 'little bit' of a verb would be an instance of an action, and such instantiations (usually not very active ones) are found: kifo "death", from the verb -fa "to die"; kiota "nest" from -ota "to brood"; chakula "food" from kula "to eat"; kivuko "a ford, a pass" from -vuka "to cross"; and kilimia "the Pleiades", from -limia "to farm with", from its role in guiding planting. A resemblance, or being a bit like something, implies marginal status in a category, so things that are marginal examples of their class may take the ki-/vi- prefixes. One example is chura (ki-ura) "frog", which is only half terrestrial and therefore marginal as an animal. This extension may account for disabilities as well: kilema "a cripple", kipofu "a blind person", kiziwi "a deaf person". Finally, diminutives often denote contempt, and contempt is sometimes expressed against things that are dangerous. This might be the historical explanation for kifaru "rhinoceros", kingugwa "spotted hyena", and kiboko "hippopotamus" (perhaps originally meaning "stubby legs").
Another class with broad semantic extension is the m-/mi- class (Bantu classes 3/4). This is often called the 'tree' class, because mti, miti "tree(s)" is the prototypical example. However, it seems to cover vital entities which are neither human nor typical animals: trees and other plants, such as mwitu 'forest' and mtama 'millet' (and from there, things made from plants, like mkeka 'mat'); supernatural and natural forces, such as mwezi 'moon', mlima 'mountain', mto 'river'; active things, such as moto 'fire', including active body parts (moyo 'heart', mkono 'hand, arm'); and human groups, which are vital but not themselves human, such as mji 'village', and, by analogy, mzinga 'beehive/cannon'. From the central idea of tree, which is thin, tall, and spreading, comes an extension to other long or extended things or parts of things, such as mwamvuli 'umbrella', moshi 'smoke', msumari 'nail'; and from activity there even come active instantiations of verbs, such as mfuo "metal forging", from -fua "to forge", or mlio "a sound", from -lia "to make a sound". Words may be connected to their class by more than one metaphor. For example, mkono is an active body part, and mto is an active natural force, but they are also both long and thin. Things with a trajectory, such as mpaka 'border' and mwendo 'journey', are classified with long thin things, as in many other languages with noun classes. This may be further extended to anything dealing with time, such as mwaka 'year' and perhaps mshahara 'wages'. Animals which are exceptional in some way and therefore do not fit easily in the other classes may be placed in this class.
The other classes have foundations that may at first seem similarly counterintuitive.[23] In short,
- Classes 1–2 include most words for people: kin terms, professions, ethnicities, etc., including translations of most English words ending in -er. They include a couple generic words for animals: mnyama 'beast', mdudu 'bug'.
- Classes 5–6 have a broad semantic range of groups, expanses, and augmentatives. Although interrelated, it is easier to illustrate if broken down:
- Augmentatives, such as joka 'serpent' from nyoka 'snake', lead to titles and other terms of respect (the opposite of diminutives, which lead to terms of contempt): Bwana 'Sir', shangazi 'aunt', fundi 'craftsman', kadhi 'judge'.
- Expanses: ziwa 'lake', bonde 'valley', taifa 'country', anga 'sky'
- from this, mass nouns: maji 'water', vumbi 'dust' (and other liquids and fine particulates which may cover broad expanses), kaa 'charcoal', mali 'wealth', maridhawa 'abundance'
- Collectives: kundi 'group', kabila 'ethnic group', jeshi 'army', daraja 'stairs', manyoya 'fur, feathers', mapesa 'small change', manyasi 'weeds', jongoo 'millipede' (large set of legs), marimba 'xylophone' (large set of keys)
- from this, individual things found in groups: jiwe 'stone', tawi 'branch', ua 'flower', tunda 'fruit' (also the names of most fruits), yai 'egg', mapacha 'twins', jino 'tooth', tumbo 'stomach' (cf. English "guts"), and paired body parts such as jicho 'eye', bawa 'wing', etc.
- also collective or dialogic actions, which occur among groups of people: neno 'a word', from kunena 'to speak' (and by extension, mental verbal processes: wazo 'thought', maana 'meaning'); pigo 'a stroke, blow', from kupiga 'to hit'; gomvi 'a quarrel', shauri 'advice, plan', kosa 'mistake', jambo 'affair', penzi 'love', jibu 'answer', agano 'promise', malipo 'payment'
- From pairing, reproduction is suggested as another extension (fruit, egg, testicle, flower, twins, etc.), but these generally duplicate one or more of the subcategories above
- Classes 9–10 are used for most typical animals: ndege 'bird', samaki 'fish', and the specific names of typical beasts, birds, and bugs. However, this is the 'other' class, for words which don't fit in well elsewhere, and about half of the class 9–10 nouns are foreign loanwords. Loans may be classified as 9–10 because they lack the prefixes inherent in other classes, and most native class 9–10 nouns have no prefix. Thus they do not form a coherent semantic class, though there are still semantic extensions from individual words.
- Class 11 (which takes class 10 for the plural) are mostly nouns with an "extended outline shape", in either one dimension or two:
- mass nouns which are generally localized rather than covering vast expanses: uji 'porridge', wali 'cooked rice'
- broad: ukuta 'wall', ukucha 'fingernail', upande 'side' (≈ ubavu 'rib'), wavu 'net', wayo 'sole, footprint', ua 'fence, yard', uteo 'winnowing basket',
- long: utambi 'wick', utepe 'stripe', uta 'bow', ubavu 'rib', ufa 'crack', unywele 'a hair'
- from 'a hair', singulatives of nouns, which are often class 6 ('collectives') in the plural: unyoya 'a feather', uvumbi 'a grain of dust', ushanga 'a bead'
- Class 14 are abstractions, such as utoto 'childhood' (from mtoto 'a child') and have no plural. They have the same prefixes and concord as class 11, except optionally for adjectival concord.
- Class 15 are verbal infinitives.
- Classes 16–18 are locatives. The Bantu nouns of these classes have been lost; the only permanent member is the Arabic loan mahali 'place(s)'. (Though in Mombasa Swahili, the old prefixes survive: pahali 'place', mwahali 'places'.) However, any noun with the locative suffix -ni takes class 16–18 agreement. The distinction between them is that class 16 agreement is used if the location is intended to be definite ("at"), class 17 if indefinite ("around") or involves motion ("to, toward"), and class 18 if it involves containment ("within"): mahali pazuri 'a good spot', mahali kuzuri 'a nice area', mahali muzuri (it's nice in there).
Verb affixation
Swahili verbs consist of a root and a number of affixes (mostly prefixes) which can be attached to express grammatical persons, tense, and subordinate clauses, which require a conjunction in languages such as English.
Verbs of Bantu origin end in '-a' in the indicative. This vowel changes to indicate the subjunctive and negation.
In most dictionaries, verbs are listed in their indicative root form, for example -kata meaning 'to cut/chop'. In a simple sentence, prefixes for grammatical tense and person are added, as ninakata 'I cut'. Here ni- means 'I' and na- indicates a specific time (present tense unless stated otherwise).
Verb conjugation
ni- -na- kata 1sg DEF. TIME cut/chop
- 'I am cutting (it)'
This sentence can be modified either by changing the subject prefix or the tense prefix, for example:
u- -na- kata 2sg DEF. TIME cut/chop
- 'You are cutting'
u- -me- kata 2sg PERFECT cut/chop
- 'You have cut'
The animate/human subject and object prefixes, with the m-/wa- (human class) in the third person, is:
Person Sg. Pl. 1st ni- tu- 2nd u- m- 3rd a- wa- Object
Person Sg. Pl. 1st -ni- -tu- 2nd -ku- -wa- (-mu-) 3rd -m- -wa-
In Standard Swahili, 2pl and 3pl objects are both -wa-. However, in Nairobi Swahili, 2pl is -mu-.
The most common tense prefixes are:
Tense and mood prefixes -a- gnomic (indefinite time) -na- definite time (often present progressive) -me- perfect -li- past -ta- future hu- habitual (does not take subject prefix) -ki- conditional
The indefinite (gnomic tense) prefix is used for generic statements such as "birds fly", and the vowels of the subject prefixes are assimilated. Thus, nasoma means 'I read', although colloquially it is also short for ninasoma.
Persons in gnomic tense 1st na- twa- 2nd wa- mwa- 3rd a- wa- na- soma 1sg:GNOM read
- 'I read'
mwa- soma 2pl:GNOM read
- 'You (pl) read'
- ni-ki-nunua nyama ya ng'ombe soko-ni, ni-ta-pika leo.
- 'If I buy cow meat at the market, I'll cook it today.'
The English conjunction 'if' is translated by -ki-.
A third prefix is the object prefix. It is placed just before the root and refers a particular object, either a person, or rather as "the" does in English:
a- na- mw- ona 3sg DEF.T. 3sg.OBJ see
- 'He (is) see(ing) him/her'
ni- na- mw- ona mtoto 1sg DEF.T. 3sg.OBJ see child
- 'I (am) see(ing) the child'
The -a suffix listed by dictionaries is the positive indicative mood. Other forms occur with negation and the subjunctive, as in sisomi:
si- som- -i 1sg.NEG:PRES read NEG
- 'I am not reading/ I don't read'
Other instances of this change of the final vowel include the subjunctive in -e. This goes only for Bantu verbs ending with -a; Arabic-derived verbs do not change their final vowel.
Other suffixes are placed before the end vowel, such as the applicative -i- and passive -w-:
wa- na- pig -w -a 3pl DEF.T. hit PASSIVE IND.
- 'They are being hit'
Swahili phrases agree with nouns in a system of concord, though if the noun refers to a human, they accord with noun classes 1 & 2 regardless of noun class. Verbs agree with the noun class of their subjects and objects; adjectives, prepositions, and demonstratives agree with the noun class of their nouns. In Standard Swahili (Kiswahili sanifu) which was based on the dialect spoken in Zanzibar the system is rather complex; however, it is drastically simplified in many local variants where Swahili is not the native language, such as in Nairobi.
In places where Standard Swahili is not commonly used, concord reflects only animacy. Human subjects and objects trigger a-, wa- and m-, wa- in verbal concord, while non-human subjects and objects—of whatever class—trigger i-, zi-, and infinitive verbs vary between standard ku- and reduced i-.[24] ("Of" is animate wa and inanimate ya, za.) In Standard Swahili, human subjects and objects of whatever class trigger animacy concord in a-, wa- and m-, wa-, while non-human subjects and objects trigger a variety of gender-concord prefixes.
-C, -i, -e[* 1]
|m-, mw-
|m-, mwi-, mwe-
|wa-, w-
|wa-, we-, we-
|m-, mwi-, mwe-
|mi-, mi-, mye-
|group, AUG
|ji-/Ø, j-
|ji-/Ø, ji-, je-
|groups, AUG
|ma-, mi-, me-
|tool, DIM
|ki-, ch-
|ki-, ki-, che-
|tools, DIM
|vi-, vy-
|vi-, vi-, vye-
|animals, 'other',
|N-, nyi-, nye-
|u-, w-/uw-
|m-, mwi-, mwe-
|(plural of 11)
|N-, nyi-, nye-
|u-, w-/uw-
| m-, mwi-, mwe-
or u-, wi-, we-
|ku-, kw-[* 2]
|ku-, kwi-, kwe-
|-ni, mahali
|pa-, pi-, pe-
|direction, around
|ku-, kwi-, kwe-
|within, along
|mu-, mwi-, mwe-
- ^ Most Swahili adjectives begin with either a consonant or the vowels i- or e-, which are listed separately above. The few adjectives which begin with other vowels do not agree with all noun classes, since some are restricted to humans. NC 1 m(w)- is mw- before a and o, and reduces to m- before u; wa- does not change; and ki-, vi-, mi- become ch-, vy-, my- before o but not before u: mwanana, waanana "gentle", mwororo, waororo, myororo, chororo, vyororo "mild, yielding", mume, waume, kiume, viume "male".
- ^ In a few verbs: kwenda, kwisha
This list is based on Nurse, Derek, and Hinnebusch, Thomas J. Swahili and Sabaki: a linguistic history.
Dialects of Swahili
Modern standard Swahili is based on Kiunguja, the dialect spoken in Zanzibar town. There are numerous dialects of Swahili, some of which are mutually unintelligible, including the following.[25]
Old dialects
Maho (2009) considers the following to be distinct languages:
- Kimwani: spoken in the Kerimba Islands and northern coastal Mozambique.
- Chimwiini is spoken by the ethnic minorities in and around the town of Barawa on the southern coast of Somalia.
- Kibajuni: spoken by the Bajuni minority ethnic group on the coast and islands on both sides of the Somali–Kenyan border and in the Bajuni Islands (the northern part of the Lamu archipelago). Also called Kitikuu and Kigunya.
- Socotra Swahili (extinct)
- Sidi, in Gujarat (extinct)
The rest of the dialects he divides into two groups:
- Mombasa–Lamu Swahili
- Lamu
- Kiamu: spoken in and around the island of Lamu (Amu).
- Kipate: local dialect of Pate Island, considered to be closest to the original dialect of Kingozi.
- Kingozi, an ancient dialect spoken on the Indian Ocean coast between Lamu and Somalia, sometimes still used in poetry. It is often considered the source of Swahili.
- Mombasa
- Chijomvu: subdialect of the Mombasa area.
- Kimvita: the major dialect of Mombasa (also known as "Mvita", which means "war", in reference to the many wars which were fought over it), the other major dialect alongside Kiunguja.
- Kingare: subdialect of the Mombasa area.
- Kimrima: spoken around Pangani, Vanga, Dar es Salaam, Rufiji and Mafia Island.
- Kiunguja: spoken in Zanzibar City and environs on Unguja (Zanzibar) Island. Kitumbatu (Pemba) dialects occupy the bulk of the island.
- Mambrui, Malindi
- Chichifundi: dialect of the southern Kenya coast.
- Chwaka
- Kivumba: dialect of the southern Kenya coast.
- Nosse Be (Madagascar)
- Lamu
- Pemba Swahili
- Kipemba: local dialect of the Pemba Island.
- Kitumbatu and Kimakunduchi: the countryside dialects of the island of Zanzibar. Kimakunduchi is a recent renaming of "Kihadimu"; the old name means "serf", hence it is considered pejorative.
- Makunduchi
- Mafia, Mbwera
- Kilwa (extinct)
- Kimgao: formerly spoken around Kilwa District and to the south.
Maho includes the various Comorian dialects as a third group. Other authorities consider Comorian to be a Sabaki language distinct from Swahili.[citation needed]
Historically recent varieties
- Kingwanai: spoken in the eastern and southern regions of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
- Shaba Swahili (Katanga Swahili, Lubumbashi Swahili). Sometimes called Copperbelt Swahili.
- Sheng: a street patois that blends Swahili, English, and ethnic languages spoken in and around Nairobi. Sheng originated in the Nairobi slums and is considered fashionable and cosmopolitan among a growing segment of the population.
- Engsh
- Asian Swahili (Kibabu) and Cutchi-Swahili
- Kisetla (Settler Swahili)
- Kikeya
Other regions
In Somalia, where the Afro-Asiatic Somali language predominates, a variant of Swahili referred to as Chimwiini (also known as Chimbalazi) is spoken along the Benadir coast by the Bravanese people.[26] Another Swahili dialect known as Kibajuni also serves as the mother tongue of the Bajuni minority ethnic group, the latter of whom inhabit the tiny Bajuni Islands as well as the southern Kismayo region.[26][27]
In Oman, an estimated 22,000 people speak Swahili.[28] Most are descendants of those who repatriated after the fall of the Sultanate of Zanzibar.[29][30]
See also
- ^ Thomas J. Hinnebusch, 1992, "Swahili", International Encyclopedia of Linguistics, Oxford, pp. 99–106
David Dalby, 1999/2000, The Linguasphere Register of the World's Languages and Speech Communities, Linguasphere Press, Volume Two, pg. 733–735
Benji Wald, 1994, "Sub-Saharan Africa", Atlas of the World's Languages, Routledge, pp. 289–346, maps 80, 81, 85
- ^ Swahili at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
- ^ Mikael Parkvall, "Världens 100 största språk 2007" (The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2007), in Nationalencyklopedin
- ^ Swahili language (Stanford website)
- ^ Nordhoff, Sebastian; Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2013). "Swahili (G.40)". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
- ^ Jouni Filip Maho, 2009. New Updated Guthrie List Online
- ^ Prins 1961
- ^ Peek, Philip M.; Kwesi Yankah (2004). African folklore: an encyclopedia. Taylor & Francis. p. 699. ISBN 0-415-93933-X.
- ^ Irele, Abiola and Biodun Jeyifo. The Oxford encyclopedia of African thought, Volume 1. Oxford University Press US. New York City. 2010. ISBN 0-19-533473-6
- ^ The Routledge Concise Compendium of the World's Languages (2nd ed.), George L. Campbell and Gareth King. Routledge (2011), p. 678. ISBN 978-0-415-47841-0
- ^ http://wikisource.org/wiki/Baba_yetu
- ^ a b Kharusi, N. S. (2012). "The ethnic label Zinjibari: Politics and language choice implications among Swahili speakers in Oman". Ethnicities 12 (3): 335–353. doi:10.1177/1468796811432681.
- ^ E.A. Alpers, Ivory and Slaves in East Central Africa, London, 1975, pp. 98–99 ; T. Vernet, "Les cités-Etats swahili et la puissance omanaise (1650–1720), Journal des Africanistes, 72(2), 2002, pp. 102–105.
- ^ Whiteley 1969: 80
- ^ Nurse & Thomas Spear (1985) The Swahili
- ^ Adriaan Hendrik Johan Prins (1961) The Swahili-speaking Peoples of Zanzibar and the East African Coast. (Ethnologue)
- ^ Brock-Utne 2001: 123
- ^ Kambale, Juakali (2004-08-10). "DRC welcomes Swahili as an official AU language". Mail & Guardian. Retrieved 2009-09-08.
- ^ (2005 World Bank Data).
- ^ Swahili proverbs Kishwahili.net, retrieved 10 March 2013
- ^ Lemelle, Sidney J. "'Ni wapi Tunakwenda': Hip Hop Culture and the Children of Arusha." In The Vinyl Ain't Final: Hip Hop and the Globalization of Black Popular Culture, ed. by Dipannita Basu and Sidney J. Lemelle, 230-54. London; Ann Arbor, Michigan. Pluto Pres
- ^ Jan Knappert (1971) Swahili Islamic poetry, Volume 1
- ^ See Contini-Morava for details.
- ^ Kamil Ud Deen, 2005. The acquisition of Swahili.
- ^ H.E.Lambert 1956, 1957, 1958
- ^ a b Ethnologue report for Somalia
- ^ Mwakikagile, Godfrey (2007). Kenya: identity of a nation. New Africa Press. p. 102. ISBN 0-9802587-9-0.
- ^ Ethnologue report for Oman
- ^ African Swahili Music Lives on in Oman
- ^ Beate Ursula Josephi, Journalism education in countries with limited media freedom, Volume 1 of Mass Communication and Journalism, (Peter Lang: 2010), p.96.
- Ashton, E. O. Swahili Grammar: Including intonation. Longman House. Essex 1947. ISBN 0-582-62701-X.
- Irele, Abiola and Biodun Jeyifo. The Oxford encyclopedia of African thought, Volume 1. Oxford University Press US. New York City. 2010. ISBN 0-19-533473-6
- Blommaert, Jan: Situating language rights: English and Swahili in Tanzania revisited (sociolinguistic developments in Tanzanian Swahili) – Working Papers in Urban Language & Literacies, paper 23, University of Gent 2003
- Brock-Utne, Birgit (2001). "Education for all – in whose language?". Oxford Review of Education 27 (1): 115–134. doi:10.1080/03054980125577.
- Chiraghdin, Shihabuddin and Mathias E. Mnyampala. Historia ya Kiswahili. Oxford University Press. Eastern Africa. 1977. ISBN 0-19-572367-8
- Contini-Morava, Ellen. Noun Classification in Swahili. 1994.
- Lambert, H.E. 1956. Chi-Chifundi: A Dialect of the Southern Kenya Coast. (Kampala)
- Lambert, H.E. 1957. Ki-Vumba: A Dialect of the Southern Kenya Coast. (Kampala)
- Lambert, H.E. 1958. Chi-Jomvu and ki-Ngare: Subdialects of the Mombasa Area. (Kampala)
- Marshad, Hassan A. Kiswahili au Kiingereza (Nchini Kenya). Jomo Kenyatta Foundation. Nairobi 1993. ISBN 9966-22-098-4.
- Nurse, Derek, and Hinnebusch, Thomas J. Swahili and Sabaki: a linguistic history. 1993. Series: University of California Publications in Linguistics, v. 121.
- Ogechi, Nathan Oyori: "On language rights in Kenya (on the legal position of Swahili in Kenya)", in: Nordic Journal of African Studies 12(3): 277–295 (2003)
- Prins, A.H.J. 1961. "The Swahili-Speaking Peoples of Zanzibar and the East African Coast (Arabs, Shirazi and Swahili)". Ethnographic Survey of Africa, edited by Daryll Forde. London: International African Institute.
- Prins, A.H.J. 1970. A Swahili Nautical Dictionary. Preliminary Studies in Swahili Lexicon – 1. Dar es Salaam.
- Whiteley, Wilfred. 1969. Swahili: the rise of a national language. London: Methuen. Series: Studies in African History.
External links
|Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: Swahili
|Kiswahili edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Swahili language.
|Wikivoyage has a phrasebook for Swahili.
- UCLA report on Swahili
- Foreign Service Institute Swahili course & audios (public domain)
- John Ogwana (2001) Swahili Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow: Factors of Its Development and Expansion
- List of Swahili Dictionaries
Template:Languages of Tanzania


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This Just In ...
Kevin Fischer is a veteran broadcaster, the recipient of over 150 major journalism awards from the Milwaukee Press Club, the Wisconsin Associated Press, the Northwest Broadcast News Association, the Wisconsin Bar Association, and others. He has been seen and heard on Milwaukee TV and radio stations for over three decades. A longtime aide to state Senate Republicans in the Wisconsin Legislature, Kevin can be seen offering his views on the news on the public affairs program, "InterCHANGE," on Milwaukee Public Television Channel 10, and heard filling in on Newstalk 1130 WISN. He lives with his wife, Jennifer, and their lovely young daughter, Kyla Audrey, in Franklin.
Tornado warning sirens = cry wolf = danger
I've written extensively about
Sorry, but I wasn't convinced by the less than insightful arguments for sirens:
1) Well, gee, everybody else has them.
2) Yeh, but if we can save just one life….
Ironically, one commenter, fellow blogger dad29 wrote about sirens:
Bottom line:
Enter veteran television meteorologist James Spann. Spann gets it.
After devastating tornadoes in Alabama on April 27, Spann recently blogged about the problems with current warnings and alarms:
"I ask the NWS to consider stopping the use of tornado warnings when trying to catch small spin-ups within a squall line (or QLCS). These tornadoes rarely last more than a few minutes, and are next to impossible to detect in advance. And, in most cases, the greatest damage from a QLCS is from widespread damaging straight line winds, not tornadoes.
These kind of warnings force us to go on the air for 40-45 minutes, often after tornado signature has vanished from the radar. Sirens sound, the NOAA Weather Alarm goes off, severe weather apps on smart phones alert users. Getting these kind of warnings over and over and over again totally create an ocean of people that won't be paying attention when a real tornado emergency is in progress.
I heard it over and over as people described their April 27 experience. 'I hear those sirens all the time, and nothing ever happens'. The cry wolf syndrome is very real, and very dangerous.
Too many people believe they should hear a siren before a tornado strikes.
I think the time has come to take them down. Sirens are not efficient, reach a limited number of people, and can't be heard in most homes, schools, and businesses. And, in most counties, the sirens don't sound only in the warned polygon, they sound county wide. In some cases, this means you are hearing a siren when the actual tornado threat is over 40 miles away.
Sirens were born during the Cold War with the
Most southerners still have the 'siren mentality', and that no doubt killed people April 27.
*NOAA Weather Radio must be upgraded to the polygon warning system soon, or it will become obsolete.
Sure, it is the best thing we have now, and I still promote it heavily. But, why hasn't NOAA upgraded their system so the receiver manufacturers can produce models with GPS included so they sound only when the receiver is a in a warning polygon? If something doesn't change soon, the private sector will be the ones that push the warning process into the new technological era.
The best model I see now for the future warning device is the WeatherRadio app from the iMap weather guys. If you are in a polygon, you get the notification on your smart phone. If you are not, nothing happens. it works beautifully."
Read Spann's entire blog here.
And more here.
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Bridge Laser Machines
Hirsch now offers the new Seit SL-10 Series Bridge Laser machines. According to the company, Seit recently updated its systems with improvements that increase production speed, improve safety, allow for more precise cutting and offer a larger cutting area.
The new SL-10 series has a CAN-BUS controller that's designed to simplify communication between the laser and related devices such as the security scanner, laser head, and laser source. It offers real-time control and monitoring of the main components.
The new active security system offers two security scanners that operate horizontally to cover the front, the sides, and part of the back of the machines.
The optional 3-D Scan head allows a 500 x 500-mm field to be cut or etched in a single firing of the laser. according to Hirsch, the new 3-D Scan head is approximately 35% faster than the fixed model.


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James' Yamask is a Pokémon James caught in BW025 while he, along with Jessie and Meowth, were searching for their boss Giovanni after he disbanded Team Rocket. Its battle strength can't be gauged very well as it makes only intermittent appearances.
While searching for their Boss, James caught Yamask after feeding it, it then happily accepted becoming James' Pokémon.
In BW029, three devious Litwick tricked Yamask and kidnapped it along with Meowth, Iris' Axew, and Ash's Pikachu but the Litwick and their Lampent leader were defeated by them.
In BW030, it teamed up with Jessie's Woobat to take down and capture Iris' Axew and Amy's Druddigon but was defeated by Druddigon's Draco Meteor.
Known Moves
|A Fishing Connoisseur in a Fishy Competition!
|Shadow Ball
|Scare at the Litwick Mansion!
|Night Shade
|The Dragon Master's Path!
|A Restoration Confrontation! (Part 2)
|+ indicates this Pokémon used this move recently.*
- indicates this Pokémon normally can't use this move.
Episode Appearances
- James' Yamask is the first Ghost Pokémon owned by a main character.
- Unlike James' past Pokemon, Victreebel, Cacnea, and Carnivine, Yamask does not show any kind of affection when it is sent out.
- Similar to how Ash's Oshawott can use its Scalchop as a shield, James' Yamask can use its mask as a shield to defend its ally in battle.
- Simillar to Jessie's Seviper, Yamask can use Haze in order to shroud Team Rocket in a cloud in order to prevent their cover from being blown.
|Jessie's Pokémon
|James' Pokémon
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Illinois borrowing costs are poised to rise about 22.5%. The nominal increase is about .34 percentage points as reported by Bloomberg.
Illinois plans to sell $1.8 billion of general-obligation debt tomorrow as its relative borrowing costs may increase by almost a quarter.
The tax-exempt deal for the state, rated lowest by Moody's Investors Service, includes a 10-year segment that underwriter Jefferies & Co. plans to offer to investors at 1.85 percentage points above benchmark AAA securities, according to a person familiar with the sale.
Illinois's last general-obligation sale was on March 13 for $575 million, with 10-year securities priced to yield 1.51 percentage points above benchmark tax-exempts, according to data compiled by Bloomberg. That's 0.34 percentage points below tomorrow's tentative pricing plan, or a difference of 22.5 percent.
The state has the lowest-funded pension in the U.S., with assets equal to 45.5 percent of projected obligations, Bloomberg data show. Its backlog of unpaid bills to vendors and Medicaid obligations is more than $9 billion.
Investors should get more yield than 1.85 percentage points given those fiscal challenges, John Mousseau, a portfolio manager at Vineland, New Jersey-based Cumberland Advisors, which has $1.2 billion of municipal debt. It doesn't own Illinois general-obligation bonds.
"The state's debt should be trading even cheaper," Mousseau wrote in a report released today. "At some point it is a buy. Not yet."
More Sideline Cash Nonsense
I side with Mousseau expecting much higher yields.
However, Tom Spaulding at Nuveen Investments Inc. in Chicago says "With a lot of cash out there, I just don't see it having a problem getting done at these levels, and can probably get done a little bit better," he said.
Pray tell where is that cash that Spaulding speaks of? Certainly corporations like Apple have a lot of it, but most of that alleged "cash" is nothing but debt on the balance sheets of corporations. Sorry Tom, but counting cash that is spoken for is simply wrong.
There is also $1.5 trillion of excess reserves at the Fed. However, those reserves, have an associated liability as well. Even if that was not the case there would be a problem of duration match. Do investors want to load up on Illinois debt at 1.85% for 10 years.
Nuveen might, but that does not make it an intelligent thing to do. I see no value here at all.
Mike "Mish" Shedlock
Click Here To Scroll Thru My Recent Post List


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There are two things which cannot be attacked in front: ignorance and narrow-mindedness. They can only be shaken by the simple development of the contrary qualities. They will not bear discussion.John Dalberg-Acton, Lord Acton
But, if the knowledge of the occult powers of nature opens the spiritual sight of man, enlarges his intellectual faculties, and leads him unerringly to a profounder veneration for the Creator, on the other hand ignorance, dogmatic narrow-mindedness, and a childish fear of looking to the bottom of things, invariably leads to fetish-worship and superstition.Helena Petrovna Hahn


text: It's with no regret that I announce (Well, I'm not exactly announcing it. The Brewers are, but bear with me.) that Eric Gagne is no longer the closer. Officially, the Brewers say it's a mental break. I say, it's a "You can't take steroids anymore and the Brewers should've never acquired him in the first […]Please, blog, may I have some more?


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Home » Services » Everything Else »Listing #5192
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Posted Jul 06, 2020 | Visits: 1648
Country: South Africa
Area: free state
Zip: 6544
DOCTOR NAOMI +27765141375 ABORTION CLINIC IN,SOUTH AFRICA, ABORTION PILLS IN BETHAL, WOMEN'S CLINIC IN BETHAL we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That's why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over South Africa. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate... What is the abortion pill? The abortion pill is a medicine that ends a pregnancy. The medical name for the abortion pill is mifepristone. It works by blocking the hormone progesterone. Without progesterone, the lining of the uterus breaks down and the pregnancy cannot continue.The abortion pill is followed by another medicine called misoprostol which makes the womb contract, causing cramping and bleeding similar to a miscarriage. Types of abortion: There are two types of Abortions Medical Abortion and Surgical Abortion But at Joy abortion clinics, we specialize in Medical Abortions with the help of Abortion / termination Pills. What is medical abortion? Medical abortion is a term applied to an abortion brought about by medication taken to terminate unwanted pregnancy. This can be accomplished with a variety of medications given either as a single pill or a series of pills. It is done with the help of medicine from 4 weeks up to 24 weeks in special cases from the first day of the last period. All of our services are completely confidential. Patient information is never released without the signature and authorization of the patient. If your pregnancy test is positive the week after an Abortion, you still pregnant? Pregnancy hormone can be in your body up to 4 weeks after a medical abortion. Please wait till you have a follow up visit to the clinic (in 2-3 weeks) and we will perform all the necessary tests to make sure you are no longer pregnant. How does medical abortion work? There are two steps that we follow when we are performing a Medical Abortion: The doctor gives you a tablet to take in the office and after a period of 1 to 2 hours later you will use a second medicine, at home as a suppository. In combination the two tablets cause a miscarriage or an abortion to take place. Step One: The first termination pill that you take while at the office, blocks the hormone progesterone. Without progesterone the lining of the uterus breaks down ending the pregnancy. Step Two: The Second Pills that you take after 1 to 2 hours while at home, makes the uterus contract and empty causing a miscarriage then u will be put on antibiotics to clean your womb internally. How long does medical abortion take? Some women may begin to bleed or see blood after using the first termination pill which is given to you by the doctor while in the office but that doesn't mean that u cannot travel back home. Even so you must use the second tablet as instructed by the doctor. Most women will bleed and pass the pregnancy within several hours of inserting the second tablet at home. How long will I bleed after Medical abortion? In most cases the patient experiences bleeding for about a week after the abortion. However, some patients do experience bleeding for 3 to 4 days and other patients have spotting or bleeding off and on. It is important that you return for your follow- up evaluation one week after your procedure. NOTE: Dr Mbali women's clinic provides affordable services, its quick , safe and pain free abortion. CONTACTS: +27765141375.NON-SURGICAL ABORTION - (MEDICAL ABORTION)
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This layout was inspired by Add1cted's Holiday Hams layout as seen here... http://www.scrapbook.com/gallery/?m=image&id=2882055&type=searchwords&s=holiday+hams
After we put up the Christmas tree, I wanted to get a nice photo of you boys standing in front of it. But, it seems like as soon as the camera comes out, you two get all goofy! I really had to work hard to get a good picture of you two. These are the outtakes. - Dec 2012
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Private liberal arts colleges and universities are associated with small classes and close connections between faculty and students. Georgia College's public liberal arts mission has empowered our Creative Writing program to offer students the best of public and private educational opportunities. Undergraduate creative writing classes are typically limited to 15 students, and MFA graduate classes usually enroll 8-12 students. Faculty and students work closely both in and out of class, on undergraduate writing and on graduate thesis work in fiction, poetry, and creative nonfiction. Both graduate and undergraduate students collaborate with students and faculty in Theatre on the Arts & Letters Drama Prize production, the 24-hour Play Project, and other Creative Writing-Theatre collaborations.
English majors with the Creative Writing concentration edit the university's student art and literary journal The Peacock's Feet; serve as mentors to seventh graders in our Early College Writers in the Schools Program; and participate in the coffee house Red Earth Reading Series. Our MFA graduate students produce and edit the national professional journals Arts & Letters and the Flannery O'Connor Review, and help to host our annual visiting writers series featuring National Book Award winners, Yale Younger Poets Award winners, Pulitzer Prize winners, and outstanding younger writers who visit classes and offer readings from their works.
We offer everything you could find at more expensive private liberal arts colleges, or flagship state universities where most graduate MFA programs are found. We offer students a place to learn, to grow, to succeed; to be a name, not a number.
We don't offer football tailgate weekends, but you can kayak, or walk along the Oconee River at the Greenway Park and Riverwalk. Or drink a cup of home-brewed java while you write your poems, or your novel, at a downtown or campus coffee shop.
MFA in Creative Writing Video


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At AnyMeeting, we want you to hold a successful online meeting every time, and key to this is making sure your system is up-to-date and running at its peak performance. Therefore, we have just introduced an improved system test feature that will make sure you're good to go.
Run the system test on your computer before your next meeting or webinar. Simply click on the "Check your computer" button at the top of your account manager page. You can also go to www.anymeeting.com/systemtest. Any attendee invitations you send out automatically include this link, too. For additional information on technical issues, please visit AnyMeeting's Knowledgebase.
The system test checks many technical elements, from your operating system to network and JavaScript settings, to your current Flash and Java versions installed. It will also check your speakers and screen resolution.
When the test is complete, a detailed report appears with the results, indicating that your system is good, or highlighting existing issues. Highlighted issues will offer a clear explanation of the problem and link to a solution or suggestions on how it may be resolved.


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Belle Isle is located in Florida.
Belle Isle, Florida has population of 6,774.
Belle Isle is less family-centric than the surrounding county with 21% of the households with children.
The median household income in Belle Isle, Florida is $65,013.
The median household income for the surrounding county is $46,950 compared to the national median of $50,013.
The median age of people living in Belle Isle is 48.9 years.
The average high temperature in July is 92.2 degrees, with an average low temperature in January of 49.9 degrees.
The annual precipitation is 48.35.
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I know my question might be close to this question, but for me none of the solution fixed the issue completely, although one has improved the situation a bit.
Simply put, I have rendering problems on Chrome on pages what seem to use latest fancy flash and other eye-candy (youtube.com among them) stuff. I am experiencing vertical tearing.
Some examples:
What I have:
OS: Ubuntu 12.04
Video Card: AMD HD4870 (still a beast of a card as it runs most new games on high end on high rezolution)
Video Driver: ATI Catalyst official 12.06 (as my video card is considered legacy nowadays, that's the driver to go. Installing the latest 12.10 driver renders me an error of card not supported).
Output of
sudo lshw -c video
description: VGA compatible controller
product: RV770 [Radeon HD 4870]
vendor: Hynix Semiconductor (Hyundai Electronics)
physical id: 0
bus info: pci@0000:01:00.0
version: 00
width: 64 bits
clock: 33MHz
capabilities: pm pciexpress msi vga_controller bus_master cap_list rom
configuration: driver=fglrx_pci latency=0
resources: irq:49 memory:d0000000-dfffffff memory:fe7e0000-fe7effff ioport:a000(size=256) memory:fe7c0000-fe7dffff
I have this issues only since I installed the official AMD drivers. Until then I was using the default mesa drivers, and everything was working as a peach. But then Steam came to Linux, and I just had to jump on it. Now my games run smoothly under Ubuntu with Steam, but I have this tearing issues in Chrome.
Ahh, by the way, on Firefox there are no issues.
From the above mentioned post, I have enabled the "tear free" option, and that seemed to reduce the problem a bit, but still didn't eliminate it.
Any suggestions would be welcomed.
Going to chrome://plugins/ at the flash-player section I have to following:


text:
Hello again!
I have been on plurk more than on YM and Facebook. Funny, I am thinking of something to blog about. Where have all the brain cells gone? Usually, I'd just stare in my Mac and would instantly know what to blog about. I just observe things, people (most of the time), and the words are to flow. But now, NADA. I stumbled upon Lauren Conrad's site and saw her Spring Collection. Lupit. Chic and playful at the same time. I just hope that for one, people who claim to be "in" and flaunt their spring (in our case, summer) dresses would care to flaunt NICE dresses (not some menkapoop, flop dingbangs) and SHAVE THEIR ARMPITS (whiten them, even) and second, I wish I'd lose some weight. Crisis, people! I have weight issues and I'm not kidding.
Here are some of the ensemble from Lauren Conrad's Spring Charm Collection:
I will buy cheaper versions because I'm beyond thrifty!
Cheerios, Chicas!
I wanna wear my hair like that. I will try now (I'm that bored).
Monday, March 30, 2009
Hello again!
Posted by Trizia Lim at 10:32:00 PM 0 comments Links to this post
Sunday, March 29, 2009
So, did anyone turn off their powered appliances, or at least cut down on electricity consumption, between 8:30 pm and 9:30 pm as their contribution to Earth Hour? I guess not. I remember last year, my brother Franco, the Green Peace/IHeartTheEarthSoMuch advocate, turned off his lights, TV, airconditioning, and computer. After an hour or so, he went out of his room, literally dripping in sweat. Too cute for words and was a funny sight--Zia just had to remind all of us after hearing Mass earlier. I had to gulp down my meal as I have to run and meet my friends. Catching up yeah.
I had fun at Bugsy's tonight with Ib and Toni, whom I had to pick up at my future condo unit at Lafayette 1. Nice place and I haven't been inside. It's cool to have a convenience store just right downstairs, it is quite convenient? Ha ha. Bumped into Icey, Shai, Thad, and Eleu (who is now bonding with Toni). Thad gave me false hopes! He said Danica Acdal was also gonna be there and I got so excited: "TONI, BEBS IS GONNA BE HEEEEEEERE!" Turned out Thad was asking me if Danica was gonna be there. Was I that slow? Not being able to determine a question and a statement. Anyway, I miss you, Bebs.
While Toni, Eleu, and Ib were downing Cherry Bombs and Beer, I was downing my reliable Iced Tea. I ordered three glasses and am now dizzy.
Here are some photos, I will upload more in Multiply and Facebook.
Cheerios, Papitos!
Posted by Trizia Lim at 1:36:00 AM 0 comments Links to this post
Saturday, March 28, 2009
Posted by Trizia Lim at 2:32:00 AM 0 comments Links to this post
Friday, March 27, 2009
I'd like to think that love is the most amazing thing in the world. And that love, once gained, will end all sufferings and bring nothing but joy. Unfortunately, I cannot make a case in point as "love" is the last thing I worry about these days--meeting love, perhaps.
My standpoint: the good things about love--the tingles, the phone calls and sweet nothings, and even the free lunch, is overshadowed by the bad things about love--the heartbreak, the cheating, the trauma, and the unattended mobile phone.
I am the antagonist of my own love story. Why? Because I do not believe in love. One time, I chickened out on it because of its very idea. I was accused of "doing nothing". No, I did not "do nothing". I was scared because he was able to crack me. And that's one of the situations I hate the most--someone being able to find my core and accept it.
I was reading Haeja's latest post about love. Different views for two people who believe in the common good and are exhausted with Pol.Eco. (ha ha!). From her blog: holding someone's heart and having the ability to break it. Nasakto mo.
I'd rather have an empty stomach than hearing "the subscriber cannot be reached".
Posted by Trizia Lim at 11:51:00 PM 0 comments Links to this post
My little brother, Franco, is now 18 years old. But he will always be my baby brother. :)
FLOPPS ako tonight! Sorry, guys. Na-bore ako. Rakrakan pa naman ako. I wonder why I got bored.
The other side of the fence: konte nalang, 8,000 hits na ako! WOOHOO! I don't know why I've been obsessing about the counter BUT at least meron nagbabasa ng blog ko,
The neighbors' fence that's painted carnation pink: I saw the "fastfood" branch on the way to Ponti awhile ago. It looks so calm without the lights and the people. Galing lang, how they made it look like it was shot during the day when it was actually shot at 12:30am!
Posted by Trizia Lim at 3:48:00 AM 0 comments Links to this post
Thursday, March 26, 2009
Y'all should get a Plurk account. Iz zo fuhunn! Catch me here, izz fo everywann.
Watch The Secret Life of Bees. It's a good film. Made me cry one too many times.
I need new myooosic. Any suggestions?
Posted by Trizia Lim at 4:11:00 PM 0 comments Links to this post
Wednesday, March 25, 2009
This docu-movie was just stashed under my DVD player and I decided to give it a try. Turned out great actually. It kind of made me miss highschool and made me wonder about my so-called identity in highschool--or the lack thereof. To what clique do I belong in? Was drama part of the package? Or are all these debunk-able?
The docu-movie was directed by Nanette Burstein. It features kids from Warsaw, Indiana, all of which are categorize under: the band geeks, the jocks, the queen bees, and the in-betweens.
So, who were you?
Read more about American Teen HERE.
Cheerios and enjoy!
Mitch is hot.
Posted by Trizia Lim at 4:09:00 PM 0 comments Links to this post
Tuesday, March 24, 2009
My friend, Diane, made an article on Economix entitled, "The Economics of a Perfect Boyfriend"
CLICK to read the article! Comment if you must, it will be very much appreciated!
Posted by Trizia Lim at 10:14:00 PM 0 comments Links to this post
WOOOT. I will have time to update my blog, like 3 per day! HA HA HA! I had to change the boring white background to this black boring one! I need a REAL template though--one that could accommodate all the stuff in my blog (i.e. the counter, facebook badge, plurk, and tagboard). Last time I tried to change mine, nawala lahat! Sino marunong?
I can't think of anything good to write. Later nalang. I think everyone should Plurk more. Gimme some Karma!!!!
Posted by Trizia Lim at 9:32:00 PM 0 comments Links to this post
Thursday, March 19, 2009
I promise to work all day tomorrow to compensate for the time I have wasted on taking a nap and looking for the clues in the Mystery Case Files.
I PROMISE. The WTO paper will be done by tomorrow. I will divide my time accordingly, and not one division will go to the two mentioned above. OKAY.
I will look for more clues.
Posted by Trizia Lim at 1:29:00 AM 0 comments Links to this post
Tuesday, March 17, 2009
For a long time of hunting, I've FINALLY scored myself a copy of Wicker Park (thanks, JC!). I know I should've given extra effort on the hunt but nonetheless, I have seen IT and I loved every minute of the movie! WEE.
The bumpy truth, which I just found out a few minutes ago, is out and about. So here goes, I got this quote from Diane's site
"Thank you for confirming to the universe that between the two of us, you're the one who's bitter. Yes please keep telling yourself faulty assumptions because who knows, maybe one day you'll believe them. But for the mean time, let me just bask in this convenient truth."
THANKS for making me stronger. I cannot thank you enough. I survived, redeemed myself from the mistake. Again, thanks, you do not exist anymore.
I have to get over you, Chad. HA HA HA HA!
Sige. Bored lang ako.
What we've done so far: A LOT.
This was taken in Mozu. A place where we haven't dined-in in soooo long! The rest are here, so click and enjoy!
Posted by Trizia Lim at 8:40:00 PM 0 comments Links to this post
Monday, March 16, 2009
Even a cigarette can't make me focus. :| I WILL BE DEAD MEAT, YET AGAIN.
I've tried all the strategies that I thought of for effective "studying". Something conducive and efficient. Study table sounded pretty fine for setting a conducive atmosphere and being away from my laptop (approximately 5 feet away from me). And as for being efficient? My study table is right by my messy bed.
My tree bag looks more like a pretty tree now! I wasn't responsible for it, of course! Anyway, I forget about the wonderful bags I have, like the brown Steve Madden purse, a present from Tito Darwin that I haven't used since forever. And the Babila bag from Pop. And the neon green Secossana bag, HOW COULD I EVER FORGET THAT IT GOES INTO MY LIST? HA HA HA HA HA HA.
Posted by Trizia Lim at 12:33:00 AM 0 comments Links to this post
Tuesday, March 10, 2009
I am still not in the mood to study and it's already past 12. To pump the workings of my mind, I tried researching on Migration (even if RM is out of the domain of my responsibilities and worries). I ended up reading an article entitled, "Engaging Migrant Women for Development in Africa" in the International Organization for Migration (IOM) site. I can never be happier. Aside from considering Migration as an advantage and a key for development, women are considered as one of the most effective and powerful instruments for development. Shall I say girl power? I also found a photo of a beautiful African woman in Flickr.com, which I cannot upload here (I don't know why). I intend to make a poster out of it, cover the walls of the old, annoyingly pink room that Pop chose.
Posted by Trizia Lim at 11:58:00 PM 0 comments Links to this post
It may be considered as a shotgun interview as Jewel and I have been notified two hours before our scheduled interview. I haven't made my Letter of Intent, had my picture taken for the CV, and all the disaster one could ever think of. It doesn't end there. I am bad with directions--I was just behind the wheel and Jewel told me where to turn. Okay.
Our destination is the Institute for Popular Democracy (IPD) somewhere in Teacher's Village. We went around the area for 40 minutes. Asked about a hundred of people for the directions, went to the City Hall TWICE, got rained on, which resulted in wet brown envelope and dripping hair.
It's all good. We got it! I am just waiting for the formal acceptance. He wants us to start tomorrow.
Please do not mind the grammar and punctuation. I am half asleep as I type.
Posted by Trizia Lim at 1:37:00 AM 0 comments Links to this post
Thursday, March 05, 2009
Who's watching the concert on the 7th? Not me. I got a text message from my cousin, Ahya Robbie, asking who would want to get 2 free tickets: "first one to text gets the tickets!" He texted at exactly 6:30 pm. I read the message at 8:00 pm. :(
Posted by Trizia Lim at 8:32:00 PM 0 comments Links to this post
Wednesday, March 04, 2009
Disclaimer: This post was made out of fun and out of mind. Enjoy and please comment on my tagboard!
There's nothing that could ever make me feel better than a cup of coffee. I had no classes today so I went to Starbucks, just a couple of blocks away from home. I was so excited that my Shoulder Sash (made by Mauban's finest couturier, Aling Taning from Bgy. Bagong Pag-asa). So this is what wore to Starbucks today:
I thought that a cup of coffee is the only thing that could make my day complete. But... I found the Boy Scout Neckerchief I ordered from Multiple.com. I thought it ended there, laying glamorously on my bed was the blue vintage coat I ordered from pBay! Oh my, sweetness! I am the happiest girl alive! So, I decided to walk my dog as I am so psyched (and totally cannot wait) to wear them! It cost me a fortune and I am not one to splurge.
What I wore underneath is boring, even for me. What do you think?
Black Tube Top by Natasha, Checkered Araro Pants by Freego Jeans, Scarf worn as belt (thrifted), and Blue Patent Shoes by Sugus.
I finally found the bag ordered from Secossana last week. I haven't gotten a chance to take a picture of it. So here it goes. The neon green color just matches the color of my eyes. Jealous much?
My inspiration for the month is Denisia Torresia. Her Fall collection is superb. She mixes men and women's wear; vintage and modern accessories; and more! I have yet to do my research on her. I am so excited for Friday. I get to interview her. We meet at the first-class mall in the P.I. (Centerpoint) at 12:00 noon-1:00 pm. Soon thereafter, I will accompany her to one of her inspirations, Theta! I am excited as a wild boar. Ten snaps and a million hands down to you!
Posted by Trizia Lim at 9:24:00 PM 0 comments Links to this post
Tuesday, March 03, 2009
After calling/bugging a few friends about my mishap earlier, I called Pop (whom I haven't seen for almost a month). Thanks for making me feel better, Pa! Go to Manila naman.
Thanks for making me feel better. You know how bothered I get when these things come up.
Posted by Trizia Lim at 11:34:00 PM 0 comments Links to this post
Monday, March 02, 2009
If I "Empty" my Trash folder, I'd erase the very last memory of you. WOOOOOH-KAAAY. Where did that come from??? Okay, I've had my "Me" time the whole weekend. It comprises of my very-unlikely-to-happen-this-time movie marathon (watched Rachel Getting Married, Made of Honor, and Nick & Norah's Infinite Playlist)--I'd watch Vicky Christina Barcelona BUT duty calls; my never ending pigging out (Cheetos Jalapenos, Coke Light, Pepperoni Bread Sticks, and my homemade Iced Vanilla Latte); and waking up at noon, staying in bed and stink til 5pm HA HA HA HA.
Oh, dear. IE is haunting me. I cannot take it anymore considering I haven't done anything yet (Sorry, Anj). I just like to say it, para naman "I BELONG" ako sa mga blockmates ko dahil alam ko naghihirap sila ngayon.
Naghihingalo na pala printer ko. Ang senseless. HAPPY BIRTHDAY, PATRICK.
Cheerios, Papitos!
I ate Danggit and 5 cups of rice for dinner.
Yung "cup", pareho lang sa extra rice ng McDonald's.
Posted by Trizia Lim at 1:46:00 AM 0 comments Links to this post


text:
Barron's Buzz: Atlantic City Washout?
Is Atlantic City due for a washout? And are there deals in busted IPOs? Jack Hough previews the weekend stories on Barron's Buzz. Photo: AP.
This transcript has been automatically generated and may not be 100% accurate.
... the the ... Paul ... Ryan's boss would take a sneak peek at this week's weekends magazine as always check out Dawn's on the site ... to tell us what's going on does this mean the thing to think have hard at work the day after Thanksgiving like yourself ah yes the summit we we do like I knew beyond this week you publish stuff in my spring collapses I can read it at all ... aam and so that you can't sit still three stories here right let's all with Apple and takes a seat ... on this is interesting cuz Atlantic City with the day the pundits will that that time the casinos there is good because the lost business because of the storm their share prices of suffered people want to love and those saying wait a second ... is this long term ... a buying opportunity in these stocks are real story by Andrew Berry were attacked with a group reasons ... but the storm it is not nearly the most severe problem facing this group ... of competitors in other cities in the Northeast are gaining market share and ... I'm like a ... city like Los Vegas Atlantic City doesn't do a big convention business the real Avalanna gambling so ... awesome countries and that there were difficult shape down there and to refuse which ones are well positioned better than others going forward ... ok and to find out what this companies ... in WA so better check the top ... rated ... supply by giving the use ... of case Boston IPO's ... write the IPO's of the greed lust IPO's out there from lousy lost half their value or more ... aam and with the story by Jack Willoughby the taste and look at ... it some By here is they're coming and after these the share prices of been shattered ... and either taken over companies are taking positions causing the share prices to jump ... it's a small but growing trend we look at some other ... IPO's of battered share prices that cord be due for a boost ... in case anyone out there looking for us to make a buy call on Facebook don't hold your breath that stock is down from crazy expensive too ... pretty expensive ... but we do list for ... IPO's that it can be downloaded free attractive and ... could be due for some some interest from a big bite ... and that isn't as interesting I wanna get cheap people to come in at the end of the market was a delight to be a big IPO for miles even after they've been lousy you might get some bargains okay now you have a a story there and it's one of my one on the south ... European stocks yet been midcaps ... the US to your shares of race ahead of Europe's for Europe and the share their look cheap by comparison but don't ... pile into the the unbeliever ... the GlaxoSmithKline the giant maker everyone says Gaudio by the global companies have operations around the world is a big companies online ... write exactly and everyone knows about the stock's you're paying fifteen times earnings for two Qantas and the papier and UST don't get discounts with the discounts on Europe right now ... for slaughter ensuring you can go on a bank's or something like Apple where anyone can find bargains in Europe are now ... is among the mid caps and small caps ... with the smaller companies ... one a listen to Moses ... in the mid and small cap universe and you have to rise thirty five percent from here just to get to its historic average valuations have a bit but with less beefed up to be very fast aam ... your alas I like being there ... there was a mess ... what you know it is the the economic troubles there ... are priced stocks generally really priced in the mid caps hope that we gotta go ... when you're a much Benepe that Thanksgiving Jack allies time Qassam on that's and that's new supper now ...


text:
Linda Lindsay, my favorite Hawaiian librarian, has tagged me for a blogging challenge.
The mission:
The mission:
1. Acknowledge the nominating blogger.
2. Share 11 random facts about yourself.
3. Answer the 11 questions the nominating blogger has created for you.
4. List 11 bloggers.
5. Post 11 questions for the bloggers you nominate to answer, and let all the bloggers know they have been nominated. Don't nominate a blogger who has nominated you.
1. Acknowledge the nominating blogger.
Linda Lindsay is a school librarian at Seabury Hall in Makawao, Hawaii. She maintains the LibGuides for her school, Seabury Reads blog, and The Maui Librarian2 in Olinda blog. Thanks for tagging me, Linda!
2. 11 random facts about me:
My undergraduate degree is in Communications.
I love photography and began taking photos in high school.
I have been writing music since I was 10 years old.
My exercise schedule is usually 7 days a week, at least 40 minutes and as much as 1 hour.
I love hummus and eat it for breakfast Monday-Friday.
Little things make me happy.
I have a great sense of humor.
I am left-handed.
I grew up in Inwood, in northern Manhattan, across the street from Inwood Hill Park and Columbia University's football stadium
My favorite group is Earth, Wind and Fire
I love animals and always support worthy causes for them
3. Answers to the 11 questions Linda has created for me:
- What makes you happy? (Be as serious or as light as you like.)
Having a good time with friends, being by the ocean, curling up with a good book on a rainy day.
- Extroverted or introverted? Believe it or not, a little of both.
- ereader or paper? Paper. I love to feel and turn the pages of a book. The only time I use my Kindle is to download and read a very large book.
- Favorite book? (Or your latest favorite book or one of your favorite books) My latest favorite book is The Art of Racing in the Rain by Garth Stein. (I told you I love animals..)
- Mac or pc? Mac since the late 80's!!
- What's your favorite web-based tool? Google Docs
- Who do you admire? Too many to list
- Dogs or cats, or other, or none? I have two cats, but will add a dog once I'm no longer working full time.
- Where do you see yourself in 20 years? Living in a different state and working part time.
- What are you most proud of? My creative side.
- Why do you blog? To share ideas and resources with other educators.
4. My list of 11 bloggers:
David Andrade
Laura Fleming
Ken Halla
Gwyneth Jones
Shannon Miller
Cathy Jo Nelson
Joyce Valenza
Tiffany Whitehead
Richard Byrne
Larry Ferlazzo
Mary Clark
5. 11 questions for the bloggers I have nominated to answer:
Have you always worked in education?
What app do you use the most on your smartphone?
How do you explain your job to people?
iPad or other tablet?
Favorite software program and why-
What inspires you?
Do you have any goals you'd like to reach by the end of the school year?
What advice would you give to a new teacher?
Twitter, Facebook or both?
City mouse or country mouse?
What's your top New Year's resolution for 2014?


text:
Goat is one of those dishes that separates the men from the boys, the women from the girls, the professional eaters from the amateurs. It is not an ingredient you sort of like, maybe just a little. It's not something that you can take or leave alone. Even the aroma can be a deal breaker. You either love goat or you give the very mention of it a big ol' teenage girl "Ew!" Luckily, I like it — which means more for me.
It also means the occasional trip to Birrieria Chalio, where the slogan writ large on the menu is: "Birria Our Specialty." The menu also tells us that this is a "Birrieria" where they serve "Comida Mexicana Estilo Nochistlan Zacatecas" and where they make, "Tortillas a Mano." And indeed they do — as soon as you enter, there's a lady making what seem like endless tortillas, which arrive hot and steaming.
The restaurant sits on the edge of Santa Fe Springs, far from Uptown Whittier, on a strip of road that's busy with traffic and heavy with strip malls. Chalio stands out as a free-standing restaurant, with a convenient parking lot, a cheerful staff (who seem a little surprised to find a gringo ordering goat) and TVs here and there for those who want to watch the Lakers and the Clippers while chewing on their goat meat tacos.
If you travel deep into Mexico, not far from the resort towns, you'll find signs identifying lots of eateries as birrierias. All you really have to do is follow your nose, for birria has an aroma — dark and musky — that's hard to avoid.
The meat cooked at a birrieria is sometimes heavily chilied, sometimes not. More often it's roasted kid — big, brutish chunks of meat that declare their goatishness in bold face type. It's an undeniable protein. Goat meat looks like goat meat, it smells like goat meat and it tastes like goat meat.
It's the food to seek out when strong flavors are called for and is food that a beer is needed to wash it all down. Better yet, a nice spicy Michelada — that mix of beer, tomato juice, lime and spices. It's a tribute to the quality of the goat at Chalio that I was able to polish off as much as I did. And it's not as if we goat eaters eat goat just to eat goat. Bad goat is really bad, with a gaminess so strong it brings tears to your eyes. But good goat is sweet, tender, almost ritualistic in its depth of flavors.
At Chalio, the meal begins with a jumbo bowl of ultra-crispy chips and a green salsa that's poetic in its spice — the mouth wants more, bite after bite.
The birria comes seven ways, "a su gusto," ranging from masisa (boneless) to pistola (with large bones), with several levels of boniness in between. The seven ways also include a mix and match assortment of cuts. The goat is served with plates of chopped raw onion, chopped cilantro, limes and tortillas — the ingredients for do-it-yourself goat tacos. There are goat burritos on the menu as well. But no goat's head soup, the dish made famous by the Rolling Stones.
The goat served at Chalio is in the style of a small town in Zacatecas called Nochistlan, which is also known as "La Tierra de Los Musicos" or "The Land of the Musicians." Based on the dishes served at Chalio, those musicians are well fed and well inspired by what they eat.
The goat is an unapologetic ingredient — it sits on the plate, a pile of chunks with more or less bones. It demands a certain amount of culinary involvement; this is not something you taste on the first bite, and then ignore. Every bite of goat tastes like… goat. This is definitely not chicken.
That said, there's plenty of chicken on the menu, inclduing caldo de pollo, a chicken soup-stew worthy of a Jewish deli. If you're a fan of the pork and hominy stew called pozole, it's here too. So is menudo, the beef tripe soup said to be one of the world's best hangover cures.
There are slo lots of shrimp dishes, and oversized molcajetes of shrimp, steak, chicken and chorizo in one case; and chicken, beef and chorizo in the other. There are several preps of beef cheek, which is super tender and a fine alternative to goat for those in need of an alternative.
And if you show up for breakfast — well, goat isn't the protein of choice, but they do some terrific things with eggs. Try the huevos Durango, with shredded machaca and snappy pico de gallo.
This is food that sticks to your ribs. And no doubt to other parts as well.
Merrill Shindler is a Los Angeles-based freelance dining critic. Send him email at firstname.lastname@example.com.


text:
The Selphy ES2 uses a completely different upright design compared with the CP750.
Its integrated paper/ink tray means its desktop footprint is much smaller, though it does produce a rather odd paper path, where the sheets first emerge from the front of the printer sideways before being rotated through 90 degrees and drawn back in for printing.
Disappointing prints
The print time quoted is longer than the CP750's but, in practice, our prints came out more quickly (though they still took 12 seconds longer than the quoted time).
Considering it's the most expensive of the two Canons, the ES2's results were a little disappointing. Most of the colours in our portrait shot were good, but our subject's skintones were pale and almost one-dimensional.
It was quite surprising, then, to discover the ES2's landscape image was just about the best of all, with rich, natural-looking greens and blues.


text:
'Iron Chef America' Competes at the White House in January
We mentioned this in our New York Times roundup today, but it deserves an extra little shout-out. First Lady Michelle Obama will make a guest appearance on Food Network when she challenges Bobby Flay, Mario Batali, Emeril Lagasse, and White House executive chef Cristeta Comerford to a special Iron Chef battle. The secret ingredients? Produce grown in the White House garden. The episode will air on Sunday, January 3 at 8 p.m. EST.


text:
"After launch, our real mission begins": Andrea Cotellessa, Hylas-1 Project Manager interview
Being launched this Friday 26 November, the Hylas-1 telecommunications satellite is a new way for ESA to work: partnering a commercial operator to ensure that advanced European technologies get to orbit more rapidly than otherwise.
Andrea Cotellessa has overseen this ground-breaking mission for ESA over the last five years.
What is your role in the Hylas-1 mission?
I am the Hylas-1 Project Manager, working for ESA's Department of Telecommunication Satellite Programmes in the Directorate of Telecommunications and Integrated Applications.
What have you most enjoyed about working on Hylas-1?
Hylas-1 is the first satellite contract ESA Telecom has signed since the Artemis mission, which was launched almost 10 years ago. I was involved there as Assembly, Testing and Verification (AIV) Manager. It has been good to go back to a 'satellite job' and to follow it through from the preliminary proposal, back in March 2005, all the way to the launch campaign in Kourou.
Being the first public–private partnership contract to result in a full satellite system, we have been continuously breaking new ground to keep the project and the partners on track.
We had programmatic, financial and technical challenges in the unusual context of a commercial satellite procurement. But what I enjoyed most in this process is the focus, professionalism, competence and motivation of my colleagues, thanks to whom we have reached this point.
What was the greatest challenge?
Compared to typical ESA missions, the Hylas-1 project team is very small, more comparable in size to what a satellite operator would have for a commercial satcom procurement. Of course we could rely on the rest of the ESA organisation and all its specialist knowledge, whenever we needed it.
But it also meant we had to work across the board and be directly involved in all the activities of the project. In addition, the fact that Hylas-1 is the first satellite procured by our partner, Avanti Communications, means we have had an important advisory role.
There were so many hurdles on the way to Kourou that it's hard to single out which was the hardest to overcome. Just to mention a few: completing the qualification of the advanced technologies of the payload equipment, some finance issues on the business side, and changes to our planned launch vehicle some five times in all. At times some apparently innocuous issues turned into major challenges.
What has been the most interesting element?
I believe that having worked in close contact with the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), which supplied the satellite platform, has been a rare and valuable opportunity. It has been a great experience from both the professional and cultural point of view. I appreciated the fact that ISRO designs and builds its satellites entirely in their own facilities.
This is one of Europe's most-travelled satellites: payload built in the UK and the platform assembled in India for a South American launch. How much travelling was needed to keep up with it?
In personal terms we travelled a lot, and in a relatively short period, but overall we stayed well within the normal amounts of travel that come with satellite projects of this type. We haven't travelled to India a great deal, not until the payload was transferred from Portsmouth to Bangalore at the end of October 2009. But since then, yes, it has been plenty of spicy curry!
How did you start working in the space industry?
I am originally an aeronautical engineer, graduated from the University of Rome. I came to ESA for a year at ESTEC in Noordwijk, the Netherlands, in 1992 as a young graduate trainee. I went on to join what is now Thales Alenia Space in Rome where I worked for several years, mostly on telecommunication satellite programmes.
How long have you worked at ESA?
I came back to ESA in 1999 as a Test Manager in the ESTEC Testing Division, where I provided AIV support to the Automated Transfer Vehicle project and managed an important test for the Hubble Space Telescope solar arrays.
In early 2001 I moved to the Artemis project, after which I stayed with the Telecommunication Directorate and ran several activities in their preparatory studies area as well as satellite-based applications, with the aim of attracting new companies and small- and medium-sized enterprises to ESA's Telecommunication Programmes.
I served as Artemis Project Manager until recently, during which we demonstrated the great performance of data relaying from space. When Hylas-1 materialised, I had no doubts in my mind about what I wanted to do.
What comes next, after launch?
After the launch of Hylas-1, the real satellite mission starts. We have important an in-orbit testing phase, to be performed from the ESA ground station at Redu in Belgium. It will be followed by a phase in which the full Hylas-1 telecommunications system will be tested and validated within the satellite and ground infrastructure.
We will still be busy with Hylas-1 for another 18 months after launch, following up the behaviour of the payload that EADS Astrium has developed with our support.
Any advice for anyone considering a space career?
I am afraid anyone reading this interview has already fallen into the space business web! I firmly believe in intellectual honesty in approaching the challenges in our profession. Keep the focus on your goal, but be prepared to accept setbacks and small defeats. And have respect – for your colleagues at work and for the people in industry whose deliverables are so essential for our projects. Maybe the prolonged exposure to Indian culture has helped after all!


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INDIANAPOLIS, Ind. - Former Tennessee State offensive lineman Rogers Gaines performed well during the 2013 NFL Combine over the weekend at Lucas Oil Stadium.
Gaines measured at 6' 6", 334 pounds with an arm length of 36 1/4 inches and hands at 10 5/8 inches. He tied for 14th among OL with 28 reps on the bench press and ran a 5.24 second 40-yard dash.
According to Gaines' profile on NFL.com, he, "possesses the tall, athletic build NFL teams like at the left tackle
spot, can get out of a two-point stance in a hurry. But he's no finesse
player, as he can land a strong initial punch and is willing sustain
blocks around the pocket, finish run blocks through the whistle, and
shove opponents standing around as the play goes downfield. FCS
defensive ends aren't going to beat him very often once he gets his
powerful hands on their jerseys; if they put up a fight, he uses his
great length, flexibility, wide stance and good lateral movement to
mirror. Uses his foot quickness for positional run blocking, connecting
on reach blocks, as well as getting downfield to shield linebackers."
The Goodlettsville native redshirted his first year at TSU and then played in three games as a freshman and eight contests in 2010 as a reserve. But in his first year as a starter in 2011, Ohio Valley Conference coaches voted him second-team all-conference for his efforts. Gaines was a Phil Steele second-team preseason All-American heading into 2012. He was named to the all-OVC first team as a senior, as well as being a first-team All-American selection by the Associated Press and a second-team All-American selection by The Sports Network.
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