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This is a scalable context timeline. It contains events related to the event June 4, 2002-early August 2002: Palestinian Detainee in Pakistan Transferred to Bagram; Subjected to Variety of Abuses. You can narrow or broaden the context of this timeline by adjusting the zoom level. The lower the scale, the more relevant the items on average will be, while the higher the scale, the less relevant the items, on average, will be.
According to several press reports, the CIA has set up a secret detention and interrogation center (see October 2001-2004) at Bagram Air Base in Afghanistan where US intelligence officers are using aggressive techniques on detainees. The captives—imprisoned in metal shipping containers—are reportedly subjected to a variety of "stress and duress" interrogation tactics. (Priest and Gellman 12/26/2002; van Natta 3/9/2003) The detention facility at Bagram is a rusting hulk originally built by the Soviet Army as an aircraft machine shop around 1979, and later described by the New York Times as "a long, squat, concrete block with rusted metal sheets where the windows had once been." It is retrofitted with five large wire pens and a half-dozen plywood isolation cells, and is dubbed the Bagram Collection Point, or BCP, a processing center for prisoners captured in Afghanistan and elsewhere. The facility typically holds between 40 to 80 prisoners before they are interrogated and screened for possible transfer to Guantanamo. (Golden 5/20/2005) Detainees are often forced to stand or kneel for hours, wear black hoods or spray-painted goggles for long periods of time, and stand or sit in awkward and painful positions. They are also reportedly thrown into walls, kicked, punched, deprived of sleep, and subjected to flashing lights and loud noises. (Priest and Gellman 12/26/2002; van Natta 3/9/2003; Amnesty International 8/19/2003) Some detainees tell of being "chained to the ceiling, their feet shackled, [and being] unable to move for hours at a time, day and night" (see December 5-9, 2002). (Gall 3/4/2003; Gall and Rohde 9/17/2004) Psychological interrogation methods such as "feigned friendship, respect, [and] cultural sensitivity" are reported to be in use as well. For instance, female officers are said to sometimes conduct the interrogations, a technique described as being "a psychologically jarring experience for men reared in a conservative Muslim culture where women are never in control." (Priest and Gellman 12/26/2002) Human rights monitors are not permitted to visit the facility. (Priest and Gellman 12/26/2002; Agence France-Presse 12/29/2002) The US claims that the interrogation techniques used at Bagram do not violate international laws. "Our interrogation techniques are adapted," Gen. Daniel McNeil claims in early March 2003. "They are in accordance with what is generally accepted as interrogation techniques, and if incidental to the due course of this investigation, we find things that need to be changed, we will certainly change them." (Borger 3/7/2003)
Wisam Ahmed, a young Jordanian who runs a clothes shop, traveled to Pakistan with his wife and newborn child for an annual religious pilgrimage in August 2001. As they are leaving for home, his bus is stopped at a checkpoint in Iran. Ahmed is forcibly removed because, as he later says, "they associated [my] headdress with al-Qaeda and must have overlooked the fact that it was also my national dress." Through a process that will remain unexplained, the Iranian government turns Ahmed over to the US. In March 2002, Ahmed is immured in an Afghan prison he will call the "Dark Prison." He will describe "unimaginable conditions that cannot be tolerated in a civilized society," and spends 77 days there in a room that "was so dark that we couldn't distinguish nights and days. There was no window, and we didn't see the sun once during the whole time." He is then moved to "Prison Number Three," where the food is so bad he loses a significant amount of weight, and then transferred to Bagram Air Force Base for a 40-day stint, where the torture truly begins. According to his later statements, Ahmed is threatened by attack dogs, forced to watch torture videos, and intimidated in other ways. He later recalls: "[T]hey used to start up an electric saw and while they were sawing we would hear cries of agony. I thought they would cut me into pieces sooner or later." He is later transferred to Guantanamo, where he will remain. (Worthington 4/27/2009)
As soon as terror suspect Tarek Dergoul arrives at Bagram, he is subjected to treatment that he later describes as sexually humiliating. "When I arrived, with a bag over my head, I was stripped naked and taken to a big room with 15 or 20 MP's. They started taking photos and then they did a full cavity search. As they were doing that they were taking close-ups, concentrating on my private parts." Dergoul sees other prisoners enduring beatings, which he is spared. "Guards with guns and baseball bats would make the detainees squat for hours, and if they fell over from exhaustion, they'd beat them until they lost consciousness. They called it 'beat down.'" Dergoul is interrogated 20 to 25 times at Bagram. Once, a team from the British intelligence agency MI5 is present, at which occasion he is told his family's assets will be seized. His interrogators accuse him of fighting with al-Qaeda in the Tora Bora mountains. Although he says none of that is true, Dergoul finally breaks. "I was in extreme pain from the frostbite and other injuries and I was so weak I could barely stand. It was freezing cold and I was shaking and shivering like a washing machine. The interrogators, who questioned me at gunpoint, said if I confessed I'd be going home. Finally I agreed I'd been at Tora Bora—though I still wouldn't admit I'd ever met bin Laden." (Branigan 3/13/2004; Rose 5/16/2004)
Wesam Abdulrahman Ahmed al-Deemawi, a Jordanian national, is detained at the Bagram air base in Afghanistan for a period of 40 days. During this time, he is threatened with dogs, stripped naked, and photographed "in shameful and obscene positions." In an affidavit, he alleges he is hung for two days from a hook inside a cage, while blindfolded. Occasionally he is given "breaks" of an hour. (Goldenberg and Meek 2/18/2005)
After six months in an Egyptian prison (see October 29, 2001-April 2002), Mamdouh Habib is flown to the Bagram air base in Afghanistan. Habib will arrive at Guantanamo the following month. (Priest and Eggen 1/6/2005) After his arrival there, according to the Tipton Three (see November 28, 2001, he bleeds from his nose, ears, and mouth when asleep. He receives no medical attention. They describe him as being "in catastrophic shape, mental, and physical." At some time during his stay at Guantanamo, Habib is put in isolation at Camp Echo, where prisoners are deprived of natural light 24 hours a day. (Rasul, Iqbal, and Ahmed 7/26/2004 )
US troops raid two houses near Gardez in the village of Kirmati. Five Afghan men are arrested: Mohammad Naim and his brother Sherbat; Ahmadullah and his brother Amanullah; and Khoja Mohammad. They are tied up, blindfolded, and taken to Bagram. "They threw us in a room, face down," Naim later recalls. After a while, they are separated and he is taken to another room and ordered to strip. "They made me take off my clothes, so that I was naked.… A man came, and he had some plastic bag, and he ran his hands through my hair, shaking my hair. And then he pulled out some of my hair, some hair from my beard, and he put it in a bag." Human Rights Watch later says it believes this was done to build a DNA database. Mohammad Naim recalls his treatment as humiliating, especially being photographed naked. "The most awful thing about the whole experience was how they were taking our pictures, and we were completely naked. Completely naked. It was completely humiliating." Sixteen days later, the five men are released. According to Sherbat, an American apologizes to them and promises they will be receive compensation. "But we never did," he says a year later. An interpreter gives them the equivalent of 70 US cents to buy tea. When they return, they find their homes looted and most of their valuable possessions gone. On March 10, 2003, almost a year after his release, Ahmadullah says he suffers from continuing anxiety as a result of his experience. "When we were there [at Bagram], I was so afraid they were going to kill me. Even now, having come back, I worry they will come and kill me.… I have to take medication now just to sleep." (Human Rights Watch 2004)
On May 25, 2002, a Palestinian named Hussein Abdelkadr Youssouf Mustafa is arrested in Pakistan and spends ten days in the Khaibar prison. On June 4, he is flown to Bagram together with 34 other Arab prisoners. They are stripped naked and subjected to stress positions, sleep deprivation, beatings, and humiliation. "They made me stand on one leg in the sun," he later recalls. "They wouldn't let me sleep for more than two hours. We had only a barrel for a toilet and had to use it in front of everyone." (Fisk 1/8/2005) He hears other detainees screaming, who he believes are being beaten. (Bazelon 3/2005) The same happens to him. "I was beaten severely," he claims. He is also doused with cold water and subjected to cold air. "[W]ater was thrown on me before facing an air conditioner," he will say. (Fisk 1/8/2005) On one occasion, he later recounts to British journalist Robert Fisk, "an American soldier took me blindfolded. My hands were tightly cuffed, with my ears plugged so I could not hear properly, and my mouth covered so I could only make a muffled scream. Two soldiers, one on each side, forced me to bend down, and a third pressed my face down over a table. A fourth soldier then pulled down my trousers. They rammed a stick up my rectum." (Bazelon 3/2005) Nevertheless, he says, "My torture was even less than what they did to others." (Fisk 1/8/2005)
On June 5, 2002, Omar al-Faruq, a top al-Qaeda senior operative in Southeast Asia, is captured in the town of Bogor, Indonesia, by Indonesian agents after receiving a tip from the CIA. Curiously, later in the year, A.C. Manulang, the recently retired head of the Indonesian intelligence agency, will suggest that al-Faruq was actually a CIA mole assigned to infiltrate Islamic radical groups. Manulang will claim that the bombings that took place in Indonesia were actually the work of anti-Islamic intelligence agencies. (Tempo 9/19/2002) In any case, al-Faruq is flown to the CIA interrogation center at Bagram Air Base in Afghanistan where is subjected to months of intense interrogations. "It is likely, experts say, that… al-Faruq [was] left naked most of the time, his hands and feet bound. [He] may also have been hooked up to sensors, then asked questions to which interrogators knew the answers, so they could gauge his truthfulness," the New York Times will later report. One Western intelligence official will tell the newspaper that al-Faruq's interrogation was "not quite torture, but about as close as you can get." For three months he is provided with very little food, subjected to sleep and light deprivation, prolonged isolation and temperatures ranging from 100 degrees to 10 degrees. On September 9, 2002, he reportedly breaks down and begins freely confessing all he knows (see September-October 2002). He provides information about "plans to drive explosives-laden trucks into American diplomatic centers [and] detailed information about people involved in those operations and other plots, writing out lengthy descriptions." (van Natta 3/9/2003)
A new interrogation unit arrives at the Bagram Collection Point (BCP), the improvised interrogation and holding facility at Bagram Air Force Base (see October 2001). The unit is headed by Lieutenant Carolyn Wood (see January 22, 2003-May 8, 2003), who leads a 13-man unit from the 525th Military Intelligence Brigade at Fort Bragg, NC. Wood's unit is augmented by six Arabic-speaking reservists from the Utah National Guard. Many in the group, consolidated under Company A of the 519th Military Intelligence Battalion, are counterintelligence specialists with no background in interrogation. Only two of the soldiers have ever questioned actual prisoners. The training they receive is ad hoc and minimal. The noncommissioned officer in charge of the interrogators, Staff Sergeant Steven Loring, will later tell investigators, "There was nothing that prepared us for running an interrogation operation" like the one at Bagram. Nor are the rules of engagement clear. The platoon uses the standard interrogations guide, Section 34-52 of the Army Fleld Manual, and an order from Defense Secretary Rumsfeld to treat prisoners "humanely" and, when possible, within the strictures of the Geneva Conventions. But when President Bush determines in February 2002 that the Conventions do not apply to Taliban and al-Qaeda captives (see February 7, 2002), the interrogators decide they "could deviate slightly from the rules," in the words of Utah reservist Sergeant James Leahy. "There was the Geneva Conventions for enemy prisoners of war, but nothing for terrorists," Leahy will tell Army investigators. And the detainees, senior intelligence officers say, are to be considered terrorists until proved otherwise. One group of soldiers is later dubbed "the Testosterone Gang"; they decorate their tent with a Confederate flag, spend large amounts of time bodybuilding, and quickly earn a reputation as some of the most brutal of the soldiers at Bagram. (Golden 5/20/2005)
Hussein Abdelkadr Youssouf Mustafa says he is administered pills before boarding a plane from Afghanistan to Guantanamo. "They pushed three or four pills into my mouth, drugs," he says "I felt all the time I was between sleeping and waking." (Fisk 1/8/2005) He was arrested on May 25, 2002 in Pakistan (see June 4, 2002-early August 2002).
In Asadabad, Afghanistan, US troops arrest Haji Rohullah Wakil, a local leader, together with 11 of his associates. They are flown by helicopter to Bagram air base. (Fisher and Burns 8/28/2002) One of Wakil's associates, Abdul Qayyum, will later tell the Associated Press of his experience at Bagram. Qayyum stays at the base for two months and five days, during which time he says he is systematically deprived of sleep, forced to stand for long periods of time and humiliated by female US soldiers. All the time, he is forbidden to talk to his fellow detainees. He is held in a large hall with about 100 other prisoners divided by wire mesh into several cages or cells, each containing 10 people. The lights are always on, washing is allowed for only five minutes a week, and a bucket is provided for use as a toilet. When a military spokesperson is later asked to comment on Rahman's account, the spokesperson says it sounds only partially true (see January 22, 2002). (Gannon 3/14/2003)
Mullah Habibullah, a 30-year-old Afghan from the southern province of Oruzgan, dies of complications related to "blunt force trauma" while in detention at the US base at Bagram. (Kaufman 3/5/2003; BBC 3/6/2003; Campbell 3/7/2003; Gall and Rohde 9/17/2004) Habibullah was captured by an Afghan warlord on November 28, 2002, and delivered to Bagram by the CIA on November 30. Habibullah is identified as the brother of a former Taliban commander, and later described as portly, well-groomed, and, in the words of American military police officer Major Bobby Atwell, "very confident." (Golden 5/20/2005)
Injured When Delivered into US Custody - When Habibullah arrived at the US air base, he was reportedly already severely hurt. Despite his condition, according to one account, he was isolated "in a 'safety' position [stress position], with his arms shackled and tied to a beam in the ceiling." He was left in that position for days, but regularly checked on. (Ackerman 8/21/2004)
Targeted for Abuse - Though battered and ill, Habibullah's defiance makes him a target for physical abuse, with the MPs and guards repeatedly attacking his legs. (Some guards will later claim Habibullah's injuries were received when he tried to escape.) Most of the Americans will later describe Habibullah as insubordinate; one will recall being kneed in the groin by Habibullah after subjecting the prisoner to a rectal examination. Habibullah's interrogations produce little of worth, in part because the MPs who interrogate him usually have no interpreters available. Sometimes the MPs demand that another prisoner translate for them; usually the interrogation sessions contain no more than physical restraints or beatings. (Golden 5/20/2005) At some point, Sgt. James P. Boland, a guard from the Army Reserve's 377th MP Company from Cincinnati, allegedly watches as a subordinate beats Habibullah. (Gall and Rohde 9/17/2004) The beating of Habibullah was likely witnessed by British detainee Moazzam Begg, who will later say he witnessed the death of "two fellow detainees at the hands of US military personnel" while at Bagram (see July 12, 2004). (Wright 10/1/2004; Shanker 10/15/2004)
Complaints of Chest Pains Mocked - During his last interrogation session, on December 2, Habibullah spends the entirety of the session coughing and complaining of chest pains. His right leg is stiff and his right leg swollen. The interpreter for the session, Ebrahim Baerde, later recalls the interrogators "laughing and making fun of" Habibullah "because he was spitting up a lot of phlegm." Habibullah is still defiant; when one interrogator asks if he wants to spend the rest of his life in handcuffs, Baerde will recall the prisoner retorting, "Yes, don't they look good on me?" (Golden 5/20/2005)
Found Dead, Hanging from Shackles - On December 3, Habibullah is found dead, still hanging in his shackles. (Kaufman 3/5/2003; BBC 3/6/2003; Campbell 3/7/2003; Gall and Rohde 9/17/2004) Boland sees Habibullah hanging from the ceiling of his cell, suspended by two sets of handcuffs and a chain around his waist. His body is slumped forward and his tongue is protruding. Boland, along with Specialists Anthony Morden and Brian Cammack, enters the cell. Cammack puts a piece of bread in Habibullah's mouth; another soldier puts an apple in Habibullah's hand, and it falls to the floor. According to Cammack, Habibullah's spit gets on Cammack's chest. Later, Cammack will acknowledge, "I'm not sure he spit at me," but now he screams, "Don't ever spit on me again!" and knees Habibullah in the thigh "maybe a couple" of times. Habibullah makes no response; his body swings limply from the chains. Twenty minutes later, the guards unchain Habibullah and lay him on the floor. He has no pulse. Cammack, according to another guard, "appeared very distraught" and "was running about the room hysterically." An MP is sent to wake a medic, who refuses to respond, telling the MP to call an ambulance instead. By the time a second medic arrives at the cell, Habibullah is laid spreadeagled on the floor, eyes and mouth open. "It looked like he had been dead for a while, and it looked like nobody cared," the medic, Staff Sergeant Rodney Glass, will later recall. Atwell will later recall that Habibullah's death "did not cause an enormous amount of concern 'cause it appeared natural." The autopsy, completed five days later, will show bruises and abrasions on Habibullah's chest, arms, and head. The body has severe contusions on the calves, knees, and thighs, and the sole print of a boot is on his left calf. The death will be attributed to a blood clot, probably caused by the severe injuries to his legs, which traveled to his heart and blocked the blood flow to his lungs. (Golden 5/20/2005) His legs have been struck so forcefully, according to one death certificate, it complicated his coronary artery disease. Another certificate will say the beating led to a pulmonary embolism, which is a blockage of an artery in the lungs, often caused by a blood clot. (Squitieri and Moniz 5/31/2004)
Commanding Officer Able to Hear Screams, Moans of Detainees - In charge of the military intelligence interrogators at Bagram at this time is Capt. Carolyn A. Wood. According to an anonymous intelligence officer, Wood should be aware of what is happening to prisoners at Bagram since interrogations take place close to her office. The intelligence officer will recall hearing screams and moans coming out from the interrogation and isolation rooms. (Ackerman 8/21/2004)
Wazir Muhammad, a 31-year-old farmer turned taxi driver from Khost province in Afghanistan, is detained and taken to Bagram. At the time of his arrest, he was working and had four passengers with him in his taxi. During his time at Bagram, he is interrogated, prohibited from talking to other prisoners, and deprived of sleep through the use of loudspeakers. He is later sent to Kandahar and eventually to Guantanamo (see Beginning of 2004). (Guardian 6/23/2004)
Dilawar, a 22-year-old Afghan farmer and part-time taxi driver from the small village of Yakubi in eastern Afghanistan, is picked up by local authorities and turned over to US soldiers. Dilawar is described as a shy, uneducated man with a slight frame, rarely leaving the stone farmhouse he shares with his wife and family. He is captured while driving a used Toyota sedan that his family bought him to use as a taxi. He has three fares, men headed back towards his village, and is stopped by Afghan militiamen loyal to the guerrilla commander Jan Baz Khan. (Khan will later be taken into custody himself for allegedly attacking US targets and then turning over innocent villagers to US forces, accusing them of carrying out the attacks.) The militia confiscates a broken walkie-talkie from one of the passengers, and an electric stabilizer used to regulate current from a generator in the trunk of the Toyota (Dilawar's family later says the stabilizer is not theirs; they have no electricity). All four men are turned over to American soldiers at Bagram Air Force Base as suspects in a recent rocket attack on the US base at Khost. They spend the first night handcuffed to the fence to deprive them of sleep. Dilawar is then examined by the base doctor, who pronounces him healthy.
Passengers Shipped to Guantanamo, Say Bagram Treatment Far Worse - Dilawar's three passengers are eventually shipped to Guantanamo for a year, before being released without charge. The three will describe their ordeal at Bagram as far worse than their treatment at Guantanamo. All will claim to have been beaten, stripped in front of female guards, and subjected to repeated and harsh rectal exams. Abdul Rahim, a baker from Khost, will recall: "They did lots and lots of bad things to me [at Bagram]. I was shouting and crying, and no one was listening. When I was shouting, the soldiers were slamming my head against the desk." Another of Dilawar's passengers, Parkhudin, later recalls that Dilawar "could not breathe" in the black cloth hood pulled over his head.
Running Joke - Though Dilawar is shy and frail, he is quickly labeled "noncompliant." One US military policeman, Specialist Corey Jones, reports that Dilawar spat on him and tried to kick him. Jones retaliated by giving him a number of "peroneal knee strikes" (see May 20, 2005). As Jones will later recall: "He screamed out, 'Allah! Allah! Allah!' and my first reaction was that he was crying out to his god. Everybody heard him cry out and thought it was funny. It became a kind of running joke, and people kept showing up to give this detainee a common peroneal strike just to hear him scream out 'Allah.' It went on over a 24-hour period, and I would think that it was over 100 strikes." Several other guards will later admit to striking Dilawar. While most MPs deny any knowledge of Dilawar being injured by the physical assaults, Jones will remember seeing Dilawar's legs when his orange drawstring pants fell off of him while he was shackled. "I saw the bruise because his pants kept falling down while he was in standing restraints," Jones will later recall. "Over a certain time period, I noticed it was the size of a fist." Dilawar's repeated cries and pleas for his release do little besides annoy his captors.
Fourth Interrogation Marked by Beatings - Dilawar's fourth interrogation, on December 8, turns sour. Lead interrogator Specialist Glendale Walls will contend that Dilawar is hostile and evasive. Sergeant Selena Salcedo, another interrogator, will say that Dilawar smiled, refused to answer questions, and refused to stay kneeling on the ground or in his ordered "chair-sitting" posture against the wall. But the interpreter present, Ahmad Ahmadzai, has a different recollection. According to Ahmadzai, Dilawar denies launching any rockets at the Americans. He is unable to hold his cuffed hands above him while kneeling, and Salcedo slaps them back up whenever they begin to droop. "Selena berated him for being weak and questioned him about being a man, which was very insulting because of his heritage," Ahmadzai will tell investigators. Both Salcedo and Walls repeatedly slam Dilawar against the wall: "This went on for 10 or 15 minutes," Ahmadzei will say. "He was so tired he couldn't get up." Salcedo begins stamping his foot, yanking his head by grabbing his beard, and kicking him in the groin. Ahmadzai will state: "About the first 10 minutes, I think, they were actually questioning him, after that it was pushing, shoving, kicking and shouting at him. There was no interrogation going on." Salcedo orders the MPs to keep him chained to the ceiling of his cell until the next shift comes on. (Ackerman 8/21/2004; Golden 5/20/2005)
Chained to the Ceiling - The next morning, Dilawar is still chained to his ceiling. He begins shouting during the morning, and is ignored until around noon, when MPs ask another interpreter, Ebrahim Baerde, to see if he can calm Dilawar. Baerde will tell investigators: "I told him, 'Look, please, if you want to be able to sit down and be released from shackles, you just need to be quiet for one more hour.' He told me that if he was in shackles another hour, he would die." A half-hour later, Baerde returns to the cell to find Dilawar slumped in his chains. "He wanted me to get a doctor, and said that he needed 'a shot,'" Baerde will recall. "He said that he didn't feel good. He said that his legs were hurting." Baerde tells a guard, who checks Dilawar's circulation by pressing down on his fingernails. According to Baerde, the guard says: "He's okay. He's just trying to get out of his restraints." (Gall 3/4/2003; Campbell 3/7/2003; Gumbel 3/7/2003; Ackerman 8/21/2004; Gall and Rohde 9/17/2004; Golden 5/20/2005)
Dead Days Later - Dilawar will be found dead in his cell days later (see December 10, 2002).
On December 8, 2002, British residents Bisher Al-Rawi and Jamil al-Banna are secretly flown from Gambia to the US military base in Bagram, Afghanistan. They had been held in Gambia by the CIA after the British intelligence agency MI5 gave the CIA false information suggesting the two of them were Islamist militants. In fact, they had worked until recently as informants for MI5. In Gambia, they were pressured to resume their informant work (see November 8, 2002-December 7, 2002). Once in Bagram, they are again pressured to be informants. The CIA asks if they will inform for them, instead of MI5. Al-Banna in particular is offered increasing sums of money and a US passport if he works for the CIA, but he refuses. (Whitlock 4/2/2006) They are initially taken to the "dark prison" near Kabul and kept in the cold in complete darkness for two weeks. Loudspeakers blare music at them 24 hours a day. Al-Rawi will later recall: "For three days or so I just sat in the corner, shivering. The only time there was light was when a guard came to check on me with a very dim torch—as soon as he'd detect movement, he would leave. I tried to do a few push-ups and jogged on the spot to keep warm. There was no toilet paper, but I tore off my nappies and tried to use them to clean myself." After about two weeks, they are taken to the nearby Bagram prison. They are heavily abused there too, starting by beating beaten up as they arrive. The two of them had worked as go-betweens between MI5 and the radical imam Abu Qatada, and in Bagram they are heavily pressured to incriminate Abu Qatada. By this time, Abu Qatada is imprisoned in Britain and fighting deportation. (Rose 7/29/2007) Al-Banna will later tell a detainee in Guantanamo, Asif Iqbal, that Bagram was "rough" and "that he had been forced to walk around naked, coming and going from the showers, having to parade past American soldiers or guards including women who would laugh at everyone who was put in the same position." (Rasul, Iqbal, and Ahmed 7/26/2004 ) At no time during their detention are they permitted to see a lawyer, despite the fact that a habeas corpus petition has been filed on their behalf and is pending before British courts. In March 2003, they are sent to Guantanamo (see March 2003-November 18, 2007). (Amnesty International 8/19/2003; Petition for writ of habeas corpus for Bisher al-Rawi, Jamil el-Banna and Martin Mubanga. Jamil el-Banna, et al. v. George Bush, et al. 7/8/2004 )
Dilawar, an Afghan farmer turned taxi driver who was detained by US troops on December 5 (see December 5-9, 2002), is found dead in his cell at Bagram. Earlier that day, he was taken to the interrogation room for what will be his last interrogation. An interpreter will later describes him with legs uncontrollably jumping and numbed hands; Dilawar had been chained by his wrists to the top of his cell for four days and suffered repeated beatings from guards. He is agitated and confused, crying that his wife is dead and complaining of being beaten by his guards. Interpreter Ali Baryalai will later tell investigators, "We didn't pursue that."
Making Sure the Prisoner is Hydrated - Dilawar is interrogated by two MPs, Specialists Glendale Walls and Joshua Claus. Though Walls is the lead interrogator, the more aggressive Claus quickly takes control of the proceedings. "Josh had a rule that the detainee had to look at him, not me," the interpreter will tell investigators. "He gave him three chances, and then he grabbed him by the shirt and pulled him towards him, across the table, slamming his chest into the table front." Both Walls and Claus slam Dilawar against the wall when he tries and fails to kneel; he begins to either fall asleep or pass out. Baryalai will later state, "It looked to me like Dilawar was trying to cooperate, but he couldn't physically perform the tasks." As Baryalai will later tell investigators, Claus grabs Dilawar, shakes him, and tells him that if he does not cooperate, he will be shipped to a prison in the United States, where he would be "treated like a woman, by the other men" and face the wrath of criminals who "would be very angry with anyone involved in the 9/11 attacks." Dilawar asks for a drink of water, and Claus responds by taking a large plastic water bottle and, instead of giving Dilawar the water, punching a hole in the bottom of the bottle. As Dilawar fumbles with the bottle, the water pours over his orange prison garb. Claus then snatches the bottle back and begins spraying the water into Dilawar's face. As Dilawar gags on the spray, Claus shouts: "Come on, drink! Drink!" A third interrogator, Staff Sergeant Christopher Yonushonis, enters the room and, as he will recall, finds a large puddle of water, a soaking wet Dilawar, and Claus standing behind Dilawar, twisting up the back of the hood that covers the prisoner's head. "I had the impression that Josh was actually holding the detainee upright by pulling on the hood," Yonushonis will recall. "I was furious at this point because I had seen Josh tighten the hood of another detainee the week before. This behavior seemed completely gratuitous and unrelated to intelligence collection." When Yonushonis demands an explanation, Claus responds, "We had to make sure he stayed hydrated."
Dies While Chained to the Ceiling - An interrogator, presumably Yonushonis, promises Dilawar that he can see a doctor after the interrogation session concludes, but Claus tells the guards not to take him to a doctor. Instead, Claus tell the guards to chain him to the ceiling again. "Leave him up," one of the guards will later quote Claus as saying. Dilawar dies while chained up; hours later, an emergency room doctor sees Dilawar's body already dead and stiffening. Yonushonis reports the abusive interrogation to his superior officer, Staff Sergeant Steven Loring, but Dilawar is already dead.
Autopsy Report: Legs 'Pulpified' - An autopsy will find Dilawar's death caused by "blunt force injuries to the lower extremities." At a pre-trial hearing for one of the guards involved in Dilawar's abuse, a coroner will say the tissue in the prisoner's legs "had basically been pulpified." Major Elizabeth Rouse, another coroner and the one who termed Dilawar's cause of death to be "homicide," will add, "I've seen similar injuries in an individual run over by a bus." Walls and Claus will both be charged with assault and maltreatment of a prisoner. (Golden 5/20/2005)
Changes Implemented - After Dilawar's death, the second in a matter of days (see November 30-December 3, 2002), some changes are implemented at Bagram. A medic is assigned to work the night shift. Interrogators are prohibited from physical contact with the detainees. Chaining prisoners to fixed objects is banned, and the use of stress positions is curtailed. Yonushonis will not be interviewed until August 2004, when he contacts an agent of the Army's Criminal Investigation Command on his own initiative to discuss his knowledge of Dilawar's death. "I expected to be contacted at some point by investigators in this case," he will say. "I was living a few doors down from the interrogation room, and I had been one of the last to see this detainee alive." Of the last interrogation, Yonushonis will tell investigators, "I remember being so mad that I had trouble speaking." He also adds one extra detail: by the time Dilawar was interrogated the final time, "most of us were convinced that the detainee was innocent." (Gall 3/4/2003; Kaufman 3/5/2003; BBC 3/6/2003; Campbell 3/7/2003; Gumbel 3/7/2003; Gall and Rohde 9/17/2004; Golden 5/20/2005)
In a front-page article, the Washington Post reports on the US intelligence program of rendition (see 1993) and reveals that US agents are using "stress and duress" techniques to interrogate captives detained in Afghanistan. Persons being held in the CIA interrogation center at Bagram Air Base who refuse to cooperate "are sometimes kept standing or kneeling for hours in black hoods or spray-painted goggles,…. held in awkward, painful positions and deprived of sleep with a 24-hour bombardment of lights' subject to what are known as 'stress and duress' techniques," the article says. (Priest and Gellman 12/26/2002; Human Rights Watch 5/7/2004) Each of the ten current national security officials who were interviewed for the article "defended the use of violence against captives as just and necessary." (Priest and Gellman 12/26/2002) It quotes one official who reasons: "If you don't violate someone's human rights some of the time, you probably aren't doing your job…. I don't think we want to be promoting a view of zero tolerance on this." (Priest and Gellman 12/26/2002; Human Rights Watch 5/7/2004) Likewise, another official acknowledges that "our guys may kick them around a little bit in the adrenaline of the immediate aftermath." A different source comments, with reference to the medical services provided for captives, that "pain control [in wounded patients] is a very subjective thing." (Priest and Gellman 12/26/2002) Finally, in a very explicit remark, one of the officials interviewed by the Post, who is described as being directly involved in the rendition of captives, explains the program's logic: "We don't kick the [expletive] out of them. We send them to other countries so they can kick the [expletive] out of them." (Priest and Gellman 12/26/2002; Human Rights Watch 5/7/2004) After the report is published, Maj. Stephen Clutter, the deputy spokesman at Bagram, denies the allegations (see December 29, 2002), claiming that the Washington Post article was "false on several points, the first being that there is no CIA detention facility on Bagram." He says, "The accusation of inhumane treatment is something that I can clearly refute. The things that they talked about, the inhumane conditions… are things that do not go on here." (Agence France-Presse 12/29/2002)
The US military responds to recent media stories about the torture and abuse of suspected al-Qaeda detainees in Afghanistan by denying that any such treatment takes place. Recent articles in the Washington Post have claimed that detainees held at Bagram Air Force Base were subjected to "stress and duress" techniques (see December 26, 2002). These techniques include "stress positions," where detainees are shackled or strapped into painful positions and kept there for hours, and sleep deprivation. US military spokesman Major Steve Clutter denies the allegations. "The article was false on several points, the first being that there is no CIA detention facility on Bagram; there is a facility run by the US Army," he says (see October 2001). "However, there is absolutely no evidence to suggest that persons under control of the US Army have been mistreated. The United States Army is treating enemy combatants under government control, humanely, and in conditions that are generally better than they were experiencing before we placed them under our control" (see December 2001 and After, Late 2002, January 2002, March 15, 2002, April-May 2002, April-May 2002, Late May 2002, June 4, 2002-early August 2002, June 5, 2002, July 2002, August 22, 2002, November 30-December 3, 2002, Late 2002-February 2004, Late 2002 - March 15, 2004, December 2002, December 2002, December 1, 2002, December 5-9, 2002, December 8, 2002-March 2003, and December 10, 2002). Clutter also denies that detainees have been subjected to "rendition"—being turned over to foreign governments who routinely torture prisoners. Instead, he says, most prisoners held at Bagram were released after being interrogated in a process overseen by the International Committee of the Red Cross. "I would like to point out that persons under US government control who come to Bagram are not automatically deemed to be terrorists or enemy combatants," Clutter says. "When they arrive, they go through an interview process to determine whether they are enemy combatants or have information that can help us prevent terrorist attacks against Americans or attacks against US forces. If they are deemed to be enemy combatants or pose a danger, they become detainees. If they are not, they are ultimately released." (Agence France-Presse 12/29/2002)
Abdurahman Khadr, an al-Qaeda operative-turned-informant (see November 10, 2001-Early 2003 and Spring 2003), witnesses other detainees at the Bagram, Afghanistan, prison being hung from a wall by their shackles for as long as four days. (Mills 8/19/2004)
Lt. Gen. Daniel McNeill, the commander of US forces in Afghanistan (Commander of Joint Task Force 180), announces an investigation into the deaths of Bagram prisoners Dilawar (see December 10, 2002) and Mullah Habibullah (see November 30-December 3, 2002). Nevertheless, he claims both prisoners died of natural causes. Dilawar, according to McNeill had an advanced heart condition with his coronary arteries 85 percent blocked. "We haven't found anything that requires us to take extraordinary action," McNeill says. "We are going to let this investigation run its course." But military pathologists have already determined both deaths were caused by beatings. Dilawar's death certificate, signed by Maj. Elizabeth A. Rouse, a pathologist with the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology in Washington, stated that Dilawar's cause of death was "blunt-force injuries to lower extremities complicating coronary artery disease." (Campbell and Goldenberg 6/23/2004) When McNeill is asked whether the dead prisoners suffered injuries during detention, he denies this. "Presently, I have no indication of that," he says. Later, McNeill claims that the prisoners had already suffered injuries before arriving at Bagram. When asked about the use of chains, he replies: "We are not chaining people to the ceilings. I think you asked me that question before." (Gall and Rohde 9/17/2004)
Prisoner Abdurahman Khadr says he is forced at a US prison in Bagram, Afghanistan, to lie on a cold concrete block for two days in the spring of 2003. He also experiences US soldiers stepping on his shackles, which cut through his skin "to the bone." A female guard drags him up a flight of stairs, he recalls, after smiling at her. He is then flown to the US prison in Guantanamo, Cuba. He says the flight was a "whole torture on its own," because, "There were people screaming around me and there was people begging for water and nobody was getting anything." At Guantanamo, he is placed in an isolation block for 30 days, in a dark cell with just a hole for food. He is only allowed out for 15 minutes every three days. He claims, "They use this room to torture us.… They put the heat up or they put it too low so we are freezing or we are suffering because there is no air. They put the music on so you can't sleep. They throw rocks at the block so you can't sleep." Ironically, Khadr is serving as a CIA informant at the time (see November 10, 2001-Early 2003). When he asks his CIA handlers why he has to suffer so much, he is told it is to make the prisoners think he is one of them. (Mills 8/19/2004) He complains and in the early summer of 2003 he is transferred to better quarters and secretly allowed better treatment. Sometimes he is even allowed to secretly leave the prison. In September 2003, he will leave Guantanamo as the CIA gives him another assignment (see September-November 2003). (PBS Frontline 4/22/2004)
More than one-and-a-half years after the deaths of the Afghan detainees Mullah Habibullah (see November 30-December 3, 2002) and Dilawar (see December 10, 2002), the US Army Criminal Investigation Command completes its investigation of the two cases. It finds that 28 military personnel, including two captains, were involved in the incident. The perpetrators could be charged with involuntary manslaughter, assault, and conspiracy. A Pentagon official says five or six of the soldiers will likely be charged with the most serious offenses. The investigation concludes that "multiple soldiers" beat Dilawar and Habibullah, using mostly their knees. It is likely, according to Pentagon officials, that the beatings were concentrated on the legs of the detainees, so that wounds would be less visible. Amnesty International severely criticizes the long duration of the investigation. "The failure to promptly account for the prisoners' deaths indicates a chilling disregard for the value of human life and may have laid the groundwork for further abuses in Abu Ghraib and elsewhere," says Jumana Musa of Amnesty International USA. (Shanker 10/15/2004)
The New York Times obtains a copy of a classified file of the Army criminal investigation into a number of detainee deaths at Bagram Air Force Base in Afghanistan. The report focuses on two Afghan detainees, Mullah Habibullah (see October 2004 and November 30-December 3, 2002) and a taxi driver known as Dilawar (see December 10, 2002), both of whom were in essence tortured to death; other detainees are also covered in the report. The Army report follows up on the official inquiry conducted in late 2004 (see October 2004).
Torture to Extract Information, Punish Detainees, and Alleviate Boredom - The Times writes: "Like a narrative counterpart to the digital images from Abu Ghraib, the Bagram file depicts young, poorly trained soldiers in repeated incidents of abuse. The harsh treatment, which has resulted in criminal charges against seven soldiers, went well beyond the two deaths. In some instances, testimony shows, it was directed or carried out by interrogators to extract information. In others, it was punishment meted out by military police guards. Sometimes, the torment seems to have been driven by little more than boredom or cruelty, or both." One female interrogator has what a colleague in a sworn statement calls a taste for humiliation; that interrogator is described as having stood on the neck of one prostrate detainee, and having kicked another detainee in the genitals. Another statement tells of a shackled prisoner being forced to kiss the boots of his interrogators. A third tells of a detainee forced to pick plastic bottle caps out of a drum mixed with excrement and water. Overall, the Army report concludes that many of the tactics used by interrogators and guards amounts to criminal assault. Pentagon spokesman Larry Di Rita says: "What we have learned through the course of all these investigations is that there were people who clearly violated anyone's standard for humane treatment. We're finding some cases that were not close calls." Seven soldiers, all interrogators and guards of low rank, have been charged with crimes ranging from dereliction of duty to maiming and involuntary manslaughter; two others received reprimands, and 15 others named in the original report were cited as bearing probable criminal responsibility in the deaths. One of the interrogators charged with assaulting Dilawar, Sergeant Selena Salcedo, says: "The whole situation is unfair. It's all going to come out when everything is said and done."
Many Interrogators Redeployed to Iraq; Bagram Tactics Used at Abu Ghraib - The Army criminal investigation was conducted slowly. During the course of the investigation, many of the Bagram interrogators, including their operations officer, Captain Carolyn Wood, were redeployed to Iraq (see Mid-March 2003). Wood took charge of interrogations at Abu Ghraib prison and, according to Army inquiries, began using tactics "remarkably similar" to those employed at Bagram (see July 15, 2003 and (Early August 2003)). She received the Bronze Star for her actions (see January 22, 2003-May 8, 2003).
Serious Disparities between Investigative Results and Personnel Statements - In the aftermaths of the deaths, military officials made a number of unsupported claims. The deaths of both Dilawar and Habibullah were originally listed as due to natural causes even as military coroners ruled the deaths homicides. The American commander in Afghanistan at the time, Lieutenant General Daniel McNeill, said that he had no indication that the deaths were caused by abuses carried out by US soldiers; the methods used in the detainees' interrogations were, McNeill said, "in accordance with what is generally accepted as interrogation techniques."
Poorly Trained Interrogators - The report focuses on one group of poorly trained interrogators from the Army's 519th Military Intelligence Brigade (see July 2002). After Bush's decree that terror suspects have no rights under Geneva, the interrogators began pushing the envelope of acceptable interrogation techniques. They began employing "stress positions" that cause pain and suffering but not, presumably, actual injury. They began experimenting with longer and longer periods of sleep deprivation. One of the more popular methods is called in military jargon "Fear Up Harsh," or as one soldier called it, "the screaming technique." The technique is based on verbally and physically intimidating detainees, and often degenerates into screaming and throwing furniture. The noncommissioned officer in charge of the interrogators, Staff Sergeant Steven Loring, sometimes tried to curb his interrogators' excesses, but, contradictorily, often refused to countenance "soft" interrogation techniques, and gave some of the most aggressive interrogators wide latitude. Sergeant James Leahy recalled, "We sometimes developed a rapport with detainees, and Sergeant Loring would sit us down and remind us that these were evil people and talk about 9/11 and they weren't our friends and could not be trusted." One of Loring's favorites was Specialist Damien Corsetti, nicknamed "Monster," a tall, bearded interrogator Loring jokingly nicknamed "the King of Torture." One Saudi detainee told Army investigators that during one session, Corsetti pulled out his penis, shoved it in the Saudi's face, and threatened to rape him. (The earlier investigation found cause to charge Corsetti with assault, maltreatment of a prisoner, and indecent acts; no charges were filed. Corsetti was fined and demoted for brutalizing a female prisoner at Abu Ghraib.) By August 2002, the 519th interrogators, joined by a group of reservists from a military police company, were routinely beating their prisoners, and particularly favored the "common peroneal strike," a potentially disabling blow to the side of the leg just above the knee. The MPs later said that they never knew such physical brutality was not part of Army interrogation practices. "That was kind of like an accepted thing; you could knee somebody in the leg," one of the MPs, Sergeant Thomas Curtis, later told investigators.
'Timmy' - Specialist Jeremy Callaway told investigators of one Afghan prisoner with apparently severe emotional and mental problems. The detainee would eat his own feces and mutilate himself with concertina wire. He quickly became a favorite target for some of the MPs, who would repeatedly knee him in the legs and, at least once, chained him with his arms straight up in the air. The MPs nicknamed him "Timmy" after an emotionally disturbed child in the "South Park" animated television show. According to Callaway, one of the guards who beat the prisoner also taught him to screech like the cartoon character. Eventually, "Timmy" was sent home. (Golden 5/20/2005)
Karen Greenberg, the executive director of the Center on Law and Security at the New York University School of Law, asks when the Obama administration intends on closing down the detention facility at Bagram Air Force Base (see October 2001). The facility has been the site of repeated torture and brutalization of prisoners (see January 2002, March 15, 2002, April-May 2002, Late May 2002, June 4, 2002-early August 2002, June 5, 2002, July 2002, August 22, 2002, Late 2002-February 2004, Late 2002 - March 15, 2004, December 2002, December 2002, December 1, 2002, December 5-9, 2002, December 8, 2002-March 2003, December 26, 2002, Beginning 2003, February 2003, Spring 2003, October 2004, and May 20, 2005). Greenberg calls it a "far grimmer and more important American detention facility" than Guantanamo.
Little Information on Prisoners - Greenberg is unable to elicit specific information about how many prisoners are currently incarcerated at Bagram, who they are, where they are from, how they are classified—prisoners of war, enemy combatants, "ghost" detainees—how they are being treated, what human rights organizations have access to them, or what, if any, legal proceedings they have been put through. "It turns out that we can say very little with precision or confidence about that prison facility or even the exact number of prisoners there," she writes. "News sources had often reported approximately 500-600 prisoners in custody at Bagram, but an accurate count is not available. A federal judge recently asked for 'the number of detainees held at Bagram Air Base; the number of Bagram detainees who were captured outside Afghanistan; and the number of Bagram detainees who are Afghan citizens,' but the information the Obama administration offered the court in response remains classified and redacted from the public record. We don't even know the exact size of the prison or much about the conditions there, although they have been described as more spartan and far cruder than Guantanamo's in its worst days. The International Committee of the Red Cross has visited the prison, but it remains unclear whether they were able to inspect all of it. A confidential Red Cross report from 2008 supposedly highlighted overcrowding, the use of extreme isolation as a punishment technique, and various violations of the Geneva Convention."
Plans to Expand Facility - Greenberg says that the government is planning a large expansion of the Bagram facility, which is envisioned as holding up to 1,100 prisoners. She recommends:
The administration stop being secretive about Bagram and release complete information on the prisoners being held there, or at the very least admit why some information cannot be released. "Otherwise, the suspicion will always arise that such withheld information might be part of a cover-up of government incompetence or illegality."
The reclassification of all detainees as "prisoners of war" who are protected under the Geneva Conventions. "Currently, they are classified as enemy combatants, as are the prisoners at Guantanamo, and so, in the perverse universe of the Bush administration, free from any of the constraints of international law. The idea that the conventions are too 'rigid' for our moment and need to be put aside for this new extra-legal category has always been false and pernicious, primarily paving the way for the use of 'enhanced interrogation techniques.'"
The rejection of the idea of "ghost prisoners" at Bagram or anywhere else. "The International Committee of the Red Cross must be granted access to all of the prisons or prison areas at Bagram, while conditions of detention there should be brought into accordance with humane treatment and standards."
The re-establishment of a presumption of innocence. "The belief that there is a categorical difference between guilt and innocence, which went by the wayside in the last seven years, must be restored. All too often, the military brass still assumes that if you were rounded up by US forces, you are, by definition, guilty. It's time to change this attitude and return to legal standards of guilt."
Greenberg concludes: "In the Bush years, we taught the world a series of harmful lessons: Americans can be as cruel as others. Americans can turn their backs on law and reciprocity among nations as efficiently as any tribally organized dictatorship. Americans, relying on fear and the human impulse toward vengeance, can dehumanize other human beings with a fervor equal to that of others on this planet. It's time for a change. It's time, in fact, to face the first and last legacy of Bush detention era, our prison at Bagram Air Base, and deal with it." (Greenberg 3/5/2009)
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The world depends on mariners. Mariners depend on SCI. And we depend on you.
Photos of the Enterprise space shuttle as it made its way through New York harbor.
Photos by David Rider, President & Executive Director.
The Seamen's Church Institute cares for the hardworking men and women of maritime commerce, but our mission would not be possible without the help of individuals, churches, corporations and foundations that work with SCI to meet their needs.

subset: commoncrawl


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- What We Do
- Midwest Endangered Species
- Candidate Conservation
- Listing
- Recovery
- Section 7 Consultation
- Permits
- Habitat Conservation Plans
- Grants
- Endangered Species Act
- Glossary
- Listed Plants and Animals
- Featured Species
- All Midwest Listed Species
- State and County Lists
- Species of Concern
- Extinct Species
- Fact Sheets
Endangered Species Program
The mission of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's Endangered Species program is conserving and restoring threatened and endangered species and their ecosystems.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service in the Midwest
The Midwest Region includes Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Ohio and Wisconsin.
Find a location near you »
Hungerford's Crawling Water Beetle (Brychius hungerfordi)
The Hungerfords crawling water beetle (Brychius hungerfordi) is an endangered species. Endangered species are animals and plants that are in danger of becoming extinct. Threatened species are animals and plants that are likely to become endangered in the foreseeable future. Identifying, protecting and restoring endangered and threatened species is the objective of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's endangered species program.
What is the Hungerfords crawling water beetle?
Hungerford's crawling water beetles are small (less than ¼ inch long) yellowish brown water beetles with irregular dark markings and stripes along the back.
Hungerford's crawling water beetles are found in only five isolated locations in Michigan and Ontario, Canada. The disjunct distribution of this species suggests that it is a relict from glacial periods when cool, fast moving streams were more prevalent and the beetle was more widespread.
Hungerford's crawling water beetles are found in the cool riffles of clean, slightly alkaline streams. All streams where this beetle has been found have moderate to fast water flow, good stream aeration, inorganic substrate, and alkaline water conditions. The highest densities of Hungerford's crawling water beetles have been found below beaver dams or immediately below structures that provide similar conditions.
Life History
Little is known about the Hungerfords life history, but it is thought that its life cycle is similar to other closely related beetles. Eggs of the Hungerfords crawling water beetle are probably laid in spring and early summer. The larvae may go through three stages and pupate in the moist soil above the water line. Both adults and larvae are herbivorous (plant eaters) but are seldom found together because they use different stream microhabitats. The larvae are found along stream edges in dense aquatic vegetation which protects them from predators and provides food. Adults are usually found in areas with stronger currents where they feed on algae that grows on rocks and stones. Adults are unusually reluctant to fly, so it is unlikely that they disperse by flight. Instead, dispersal is probably by moving within the stream system.
Why is the Hungerfords crawling water beetle endangered?
Stream Modification
The primary threat to Hungerfords crawling water beetle is modification of its habitat. Actions that are potentially harmful include dredging, channelization, bank stabilization, and impoundment.
Beaver Dam Removal
Removing beaver dams may remove habitat for the beetle. The downstream side of beaver dams provide riffles and highly aerated water that are key components of the Hungerfords habitat. Because so few populations of this beetle remain, dam removal could cause local extinctions. Ironically, new impoundments caused by beaver dams could also eliminate Hungerfords habitat.
Fish Management
Fish introductions or removals may pose a threat to the Hungerfords. The introduction of brown trout, for example, can result in increased predation of the beetle. Other management practices, such as the use of chemical treatments, may also be harmful to this rare species.
What is being done to prevent extinction of the Hungerfords crawling water beetle?
Hungerford's crawling water beetle was added to the List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants on April 6, 1994.
Recovery Plan
Listing the Hungerfords crawling water beetle required the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service to prepare a Recovery Plan to identify and prioritize conservation measures that are needed to bring this species back from the brink of extinction. A Recovery Plan was published September 2006.
Research on the Hungerfords crawling water beetle will be conducted on its distribution, life history, and threats to survival. This information is needed so that occupied sites can be managed and suitable unoccupied sites identified for potential reintroductions.
Protection of the existing sites that support the Hungerfords is essential because so few populations of the species remain.
What can I do to help prevent the extinction of species?
Learn more about the Hungerfords crawling water beetle and other endangered and threatened species. Understand how the destruction of habitat leads to loss of endangered and threatened species and plant and animal diversity. Tell others about what you have learned.
Join a conservation group; many have local chapters.
Protect water quality by minimizing use of lawn chemicals (i.e., fertilizers, herbicides, and insecticides), recycling used car oil, and properly disposing of paint and other toxic household products.
Fact Sheet Revised August 2004
Midwest Endangered Species Home
- What We Do
- Midwest Endangered Species
- Candidate Conservation
- Listing
- Recovery
- Section 7 Consultation
- Permits
- Habitat Conservation Plans
- Grants
- Endangered Species Act
- Glossary
- Listed Plants and Animals
- Featured Species
- All Midwest Listed Species
- State and County Lists
- Species of Concern
- Extinct Species
- <Fact Sheets


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I asked my Facebook friends to tell me what they'd like to give or get for Valentine's Day. Ideas were varied and included everything from power tools to exotic trips. What was clear with all of the suggestions is that folks want gifts that are truly personalized and not generic. Of all the suggestions submitted, this list of eight represents a summary of many of the ideas.
Power Tools
This suggestion was tied to the idea the some folks may want something a bit more practical than a plush toy rabbit, bear or cupid doll. If your partner has a special hobby, maybe there's an ideal gift you can give to help support it.
Kid Free Candle Light Dinner
A few folks thought it would be great to have "date night" candle light dinner at home without the kids. Consider having the kids stay with your grandparents for an evening and have a romantic night at home. Suggestions in this area also included hiring a cleaning service to clean the whole house and then have you dinner prepared by your favorite restaurant and either delivered or picked up.
A Man/Date/Boyfriend/Girlfriend
Well, there are some folks who will be single this Valentine's Day and would rather be in a relationship. Since more and more people are meeting online, consider trying one of the new social dating apps available for smart phones. Perhaps if you meet someone interesting in the coming year you'll be back to share dating ideas for 2014.
Tickets to Bulls or Blackhawks Game
For the sports enthusiast, this is an easy idea. If your significant other is into the Bulls or Blackhawks, make it a "sports date night".
Winning Lottery Ticket
I think anyone would welcome this, but the best we can do is buy a few tickets as a gift and see if luck prevails. The fun thing about lottery tickets is that they are inexpensive yet potentially very valuable.
Day Spa Gift Certificate
Getting a massage is always welcome for both men and women. Many day spas cater to both sexes. Plus, if you are so inclined, you can make it a full day of relaxing pleasure by adding a facial, manicure, facial and more.
Homemade Gift
Weather if's food or a craft item, a homemade gift is always special. If you're interested in making simple hand dipped chocolate strawberries, the recipe is below.
Just Surprise Me
May of my Facebook friends expressed a desire to just be surprised with a special evening that is fully planned and just unfolds as the night progresses. That evening could include a limousine ride, champagne, flowers, chocolates, a fancy dinner, a fancy dessert; or something casual, like ice skating in Millennium park. Be creative, but make sure you focus on the unique things that you partner really enjoys or has expressed an interest in exploring.
Combine Any And All Of These
Pick and choose from this list to create a special night for your significant other. Overall, the best advice is to not be generic. Focus on your partner's wants and needs and you probably won't go wrong.
Making Chocolate Covered Strawberries
12 oz Good Quality Bittersweet Dark Chocolate, I used 8oz 70% Cacao and 4oz 60% Cacao, chopped
4 oz Good Quality White Chocolate
1 lb Fresh Strawberries, washed and air dried, keeping the hull and stem
Mix together 4oz of the 70% and 4oz of the 60% cacao chocolate in a microwave oven save bowl. Place the bowl in the microwave and cook for 1 minute. Stir mixture thoroughly and microwave for an additional 1 minute. Stir again and check the temperature. Your goal is for the chocolate to reach an even temperature of 122 degrees F. After the first two 1 minute intervals, reduce the microwave time to only 10 seconds. Cook for 10 seconds, stir thoroughly and then check the temperature. When the mixture reaches 122 degrees F, place the bowl on a work surface and add about 1/2 of the remaining chocolate. Stir constantly until mixture reaches 89 degrees F. If the added chocolate has fully melted before the mixture reaches 89 degrees, add small amounts of the remaining chocolate and stir with each addition until all the chocolate has melted. You may have leftover chocolate.
If the chocolate has been tempered properly, you should be able to make a small "smear" of chocolate on a piece of wax or parchment paper and have it harden within 3-5 minutes. If the chocolate has not hardened, then it has not been tempered properly.
Dip each strawberry into the chocolate, let some of the extra drain off, and then place the coated strawberry on a sheet of wax paper. As the chocolate hardens, melt the white chocolate in 10 second intervals in the microwave until just melted. Transfer the melted chocolate to a pastry bag or a disposable bag and clip a hole in one of the corners. Using a back and forth sweeping motion, put multiple lines of white chocolate on the hardened shell of the dark chocolate.
One suggestion was to also infuse the strawberries with either Grand Marnier or Bailey's Irish Cream. To do that, get an oral syringe from the drug store and insert about 1/4 tsp of liqueur into the top of the strawberry before dipping them in chocolate. Typically, a strawberry will reseal and keep the liqueur inside.
Thanks again to all my Facebook friends for their suggestions. Great ideas.
If you have any comments or questions, please send me an email at firstname.lastname@example.com or follow me on Facebook or Twitter.
Facebook Friends Offer Up Valentine's Day Gift Ideas
Chicagoans would love to get everything from power tools to Bulls tickets form their Valentine
I asked my Facebook friends to tell me what they'd like to give or get for Valentine's Day. Ideas were varied and included everything from power tools to exotic trips. What was clear with all of the suggestions is that folks want gifts that are truly personalized and not generic. Of all the suggestions submitted, this list of eight represents a summary of many of the ideas.


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Safety and security are sister installations in the integrated systems model, and they differ sharply from the other three major elements—power, controls and communications—because safety and security have become two of the most high-visibility and critical issues in our daily lives in the past decade.
Since 9/11, safety measures have morphed from a troublesome matter of practicality to a heightened daily awareness fed by the relentless barrage of headlines chronicling violent disasters on every level from foreign countries to the local school district. In fact, these measures played a large part in quickly identifying suspects in the recent Boston Marathon bombings, leading to a massive and well-publicized manhunt.
For the electrical contractor (EC), this means taking a closer look at this aspect of systems integration work, which has the potential for significant growth.
"Percentage-wise, the safety and security segments of the average complete systems integration package have grown dramatically over the past few years," said Mark Herman, a product manager at national distributor Graybar, St. Louis. "When you consider that some of the recent tragedies have affected schools and other public places, people are going to want enhanced safety and security control, and we believe this demand will most likely continue to grow."
In fact, the "2012 Profile of the Electrical Contractor" stated that a significantly higher percentage of ECs reported working on both residential and commercial/industrial/institutional safety systems. However, that same survey also indicated that only four out of 10 contractors are involved in systems integration work (Electrical Contractor, July 2012).
But despite the increased public awareness of safety issues, there is still a lag in actual installation of safety systems, meaning contractors not yet actively involved still have a window of opportunity to get up to speed and to participate—in both systems integration generally and safety work in particular.
"The contractor who is going to survive this economy has to expand his capabilities and business to include the disciplines, such as safety, that make up integrated systems," said Frank Bisbee, president of Communication Planning Corp., Jacksonville, Fla., and editor of "Heard on the Street," a syndicated monthly column. "And obviously, working on integrated systems makes installation expertise inescapable. Contractors need to become familiar with the technology and who the major suppliers of products are."
Hesitation factor
As in the case of other specialized market sectors, some ECs are reluctant to make a commitment, but that is gradually changing.
"Electrical contractors' awareness level of the importance of the safety/security elements of systems integration is growing, similar to the way that installation work expanded beyond strictly electrical to include communications and data," said Graybar's Herman.
But the cause of hesitation is why the life safety market hasn't grown faster, a matter of speculation throughout the industry.
"Cost is one factor, and people have a tendency to rationalize that, 'This kind of thing won't happen to me'," said Brad Weir, president of Kelso-Burnett Co., Rolling Meadows, Ill. "And, on the construction side, the players tend to do things the way they always did—the architects come up with a plan, and the engineers do their calculations. Yet, despite the fact that manufacturers have introduced products with increased capacity for safety measures, enhanced safety installation usually only takes place if the end-user pushes for it because he feels pressured by an incident in his geographic proximity."
Weir speaks from experience because, in the last few years, there were a number of fires in Chicago-area high-rise buildings that involved loss of life.
"This series of events drew public attention to the number of older structures whose safety systems had been grandfathered over the years and lacked the efficiency of today's integrated buildings," he said. "So, an ordinance was passed that any building over 80 feet had to have fire alarm paging systems, which has kept contractors busy."
"In addition, the city established a point system with which buildings have to comply, involving safety installations such as elevator recall, smoke detectors, and fire-rated doors and walls. This is a huge undertaking, and it will be difficult for contractors to keep up with the demand for these upgrade installations," Weir said.
So the work is there, the volume is also, depending on market circumstances, but the EC has to be ready to seize the opportunity when it arises.
With regard to new construction, Weir cautions contractors to be aware of not only different codes, but also adapting the code stipulations to the realities on the job site.
"Many safety codes are municipal and do not appear in the [National Electrical Code]," he said, "and this often requires using a good dose of common sense. For example, when you're installing speakers or alarms in a building, a certain decibel level is specified, but you have to be aware of where the doors are so that the decibel level will be maintained. The overall installation has to be considered as much as the rule itself.
"Another problem can arise when a contractor submits a life safety drawing to the city and it's approved, but after it's installed, the fire marshal does a walk-through and stipulates various additions. So the contractor should raise any potential issues with the authorities up front before moving to installation."
Most important, the EC has to keep the comprehensive, integrated picture foremost in his mind.
"Systems integration can include structured cabling networks, both wireless applications and distributed antenna systems," Herman said. "The practical question is, 'What does the end-user want to do with these networks?' In terms of safety and security, this involves everything from video monitoring to fire alarm and smoke detection as well as intrusion alert and access control systems. And the network can encompass other systems that usually might not be thought of as directly involving safety, such as lighting controls."
In addition, contractors should not think of the safety/security market as strictly commercial; there are new advanced systems solutions in the residential sector as well. Life safety applications now often include carbon monoxide monitoring, multiple-means intrusion alert, panic buttons and instant-call buttons to summon emergency assistance, to name a few.
Safety and the bottom line
There are two other critical aspects of systems integration and life safety systems that deserve the EC's attention: both continue to evolve, and both require substantial post-installation service.
"Perhaps the biggest change on the installation scene is that safety systems have become more compact, more multifunctional, and do not require as complex an array of equipment and components as in the past," Herman said. "Microtechnology has enabled manufacturers to develop much more capable systems in a smaller package, often wireless, which makes installation quicker, easier and more efficient."
The question of service of these systems is more clear-cut and pragmatic.
"One significant difference between integrated systems work and traditional project work is the need for ongoing service," Bisbee said. "This service work usually has a higher profit margin and becomes a long-term revenue stream for the contractor. Integrated systems have created a marketing package combining installation with maintenance."
Taken together, the evolution of the systems and the service issue lead straight to the EC's bottom line.
The need for enhanced safety and security will only increase, given the nature of events the public witnesses on an ongoing basis. Manufacturers have the products and systems available, and industry observers anticipate an inevitable move toward more widespread installation.
"Electrical contractors are becoming more and more sophisticated in terms of their capabilities and how they address the more demanding requirements of their customers," Herman said. "Those who have not yet become seriously involved in safety installation should realize that this technology doesn't represent a quantum leap in expertise. There are plenty of training programs available and they should understand there is a lot of room for growth in this continually evolving market."


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It's another meeting of conference high-fliers when the LA Galaxy travel cross-country to take on Philadelphia Union on Wednesday night at PPL Park. Union sit second in the Eastern Conference, two points out of first, after falling 1-0 at the Portland Timbers last Friday. The Galaxy still sit atop the Western Conference after coming away from their home topof- the-table clash with New York with a 1-1 draw.
REFEREE: Andrew Chapin. SAR (bench): Greg Barkey; JAR (opposite): Matthew Kreitzer; 4th: Jorge Gonzalez MLS Career: 29 games; FC/gm: 27.7; Y/gm: 4.7; R: 8; pens: 4
PHILADELPHIA UNION – OUT: GK Thorne Holder (concussion); PROBABLE: MF Stefani Miglioranzi (R groin strain) …
LA GALAXY – OUT: DF Sean Alvarado (R knee ACL tear), DF Leonardo (R knee surgery); QUESTIONABLE: DF Gregg Berhalter (L knee MCL sprain); FW Adam Cristman (L knee surgery); MF Miguel Lopez (L knee contusion)
INTERNATIONAL ABSENCES: none
SUSPENDED: none
SUSPENDED NEXT YELLOW CARD: none
SUSPENDED AFTER TWO YELLOW CARDS: none
ALL-TIME (3 meetings): Galaxy 3 wins, 5 goals … Union 0 wins, 1 goal … Ties 0
AT PPL PARK (1 meeting): Galaxy 1 win, 1 goals … Union 0 wins, 0 goals … Ties 0
The teams are meeting for the second time this season. A Leonardo goal gave the Galaxy a 1-0 win on April 2 at The Home Depot Center.
The Galaxy have now won all three meetings all-time against Union. They won both meetings in Union's inaugural season, winning 3-1 at The Home Depot Center on May 1 and 1-0 at PPL Park.
Coaches record: Bruce Arena v PHI: P3 W3 L0 T0 … Peter Nowak vs. LA: P10 W1 L6 T3
- 4/2: LA 1, PHI 0 (Leonardo 33)
- The game's lone goal came from a David Beckham set piece in the 33rd minute. After Juninho was taken down some 30 yards out, Beckham lined up a free kick and sent it to the heart of the penalty area. Leonardo shook off Stefani Miglioranzi's mark and rattled in a header off the right post.
- LA GALAXY (4-4-1-1): Donovan Ricketts – Sean Franklin, Omar Gonzalez, Leonardo, Todd Dunivant – Chris Birchall (sent off 53), David Beckham (Jovan Kirovski 91+), Juninho, Landon Donovan – Miguel Lopez (Bryan Jordan 57) – Juan Pablo Angel (Chad Barrett 94+).
- PHILADELPHIA UNION (4-3-2-1): Faryd Mondragon - Sheanon Williams (Jack McInerney 73; sent off 95+), Carlos Valdes, Danny Califf, Jordan Harvey - Kyle Nakazawa (Roger Torres 62), Stefani Miglioranzi, Brian Carroll - Sebastien Le Toux, Carlos Ruiz - Danny Mwanga (Keon Daniel 46).
Philadelphia Union lost for just the second time on the season, falling 1-0 to the Portland Timbers on Friday evening at Jeld-Wen Field. Union have 13 points from 7 matches on the year, starting the week in a tie for second place in the Eastern Conference.
- The game's lone goal came in the 71st minute. Jack Jewsbury curled in a free kick service for Mamadou "Futty" Danso to head home between Union 'keeper Faryd Mondragón and the upright.
- Union manager Peter Nowak made four changes to the team that defeated the San Jose Earthquakes 1-0 at PPL Park. Twins Michael and Gabriel Farfan came into the back four for Danny Califf and the suspended Jordan Harvey, and Justin Mapp and Brian Carroll came into the midfield for Roger Torres and Keon Daniel.
- PHILADELPHIA UNION (4-4-2): Faryd Mondragon - Michael Farfan, Carlos Valdes, Sheanon Williams, Gabriel Farfan (Kyle Nakazawa 64) - Justin Mapp (Roger Torres 78), Amobi Okugo (Jack McInerney 78), Brian Carroll, Sebastien Le Toux - Danny Mwanga, Carlos Ruiz.
- Union played to a sixth 1-0 result in seven matches last week in their loss at Portland. All four Philadelphia wins and both losses have come with 1-0 scorelines; the only difference is a 1-1 draw with Seattle.
- "I think we played well enough to at least get a tie," Justin Mapp said. "That's frustrating, but that's the game, and we've got another one coming up Wednesday [against Los Angeles]."
- Union did not have one defender in Jordan Harvey through suspension, then lost a second when Danny Califf was not able to play through illness.
- "We brought Danny in on Wednesday to check out the situation and the travel and the weather were not going to help him get back to where he was a week ago," Nowak said. "Especially with the games we have coming up we need to be up and running, we don't need any setbacks."
- Nowak inserted twin brothers Gabriel and Michael Farfan at left back and right back, respectively, while shifting Sheanon Williams to center back alongside Carlos Valdés.
- When the Farfans started, it was the first time in MLS history twins played in the same game. Sainey (New England) and Sanna (Colorado, ex-Seattle) Nyassi – the first set of twins in MLS history – saw their clubs meet over their first two seasons together in the league, but the pair were never on the field at the same time.
- Union have allowed just three goals on the season (tied with New York, one more than league-leader Real Salt Lake). But all three goals have come from set pieces – two from free kicks and one from a corner.
- "We need to work very hard on the many things that happened today and the past week," Nowak said, "because anyone who plays against us right now knows the free kick is going to be a weapon."
- Union had planned to start usual defensive midfielder Stefani Miglioranzi in central defense, but he was a late scratch from the lineup with a groin ailment.
- Carlos Ruiz will face the club he played for from 2002-05 and again in 2008, for the first time while a member of Union.
- "The Galaxy have great players that can make a difference, I have no doubt about that. But when they play as a team, they have a lot of mistakes," Ruiz said. "… From my point of view, LA Galaxy is in trouble right now. They've played more games than any other team. They are going to come here and try to do something about it, but we are in a better position than them. We're going to try to play smart this game so we can be in first place in the East."
The LA Galaxy returned home and played to a 1-1 draw with the New York Red Bulls in a high-profile meeting of
conference leaders, Saturday evening at The Home Depot Center. The Galaxy have 16 points from 10 games on the
season, still leading the Western Conference.
- The Red Bulls jumped out to an early lead. Dane Richards took possession and raced towards the Galaxy penalty area. The Jamaican winger curled a through ball into the path of Thierry Henry, who eluded LA goalkeeper Donovan Ricketts and slipped his shot into the back of the net from a tight angle.
- The Galaxy equalized four minutes before halftime. David Beckham's in-swinging corner kick was met by an unmarked Landon Donovan, who powered a header into the back of the net.
- Both teams also saw close calls in the opening 45 minutes. LA striker Juan Pablo Ángel appeared to have scored against his old club, but his apparent goal was ruled out for offside. And moments after equalizing, Donovan rounded Red Bulls 'keeper Bouna Coundoul and rolled the ball toward goal, but defender Tim Ream slid and hooked it off the line.
- Galaxy head coach Bruce Arena made no changes to the team that lost 2-1 to FC Dallas at Pizza Hut Park.
- LA GALAXY (4-4-2): Donovan Ricketts - Sean Franklin, Omar Gonzalez, A.J. DeLaGarza, Todd Dunivant - Landon Donovan, David Beckham, Juninho, Mike Magee (Chris Birchall 78) - Juan Pablo Angel, Chad Barrett (Miguel Lopez 80)
- Landon Donovan has scored the last four goals for the Galaxy, over the last three games the club has played. Two of them have come on headers, including the equalizer in Saturday's draw with New York; in his MLS career, Donovan has not scored more than three goals in a season from headers (2005).
- "He is playing well. Obviously, on the corner kick, David [Beckham] delivered a great ball and Landon was in a good spot," Arena said. "We actually had that same play in training yesterday, where he hit it over the crossbar, so it was good to see him put it in the back of the net today."
- David Beckham set up the goal with his fifth assist of the season, tied with Vancouver's Davide Chiumiento, one behind Houston's Brad Davis.
- "Once we kept the ball a little bit more, it was easier for us to penetrate in the game a lot more," Bekcham said. "Physically, I feel fine. Obviously, I have been traveling a lot which isn't ideal, but I was straight back into it and had a good week training this week and rest. I was able to get on the beach because the weather has been good."
- Six of the Galaxy's 12 goals this season have come from dead ball situations – three from corner kicks, two from free kicks and one penalty kick.
- Of the 10 goals the Galaxy have allowed this season, four have come in the opening 15 minutes of the game. Just three other teams have allowed that many in the opening quarter-hour – Portland and D.C. United also four, and Toronto FC five.
- "It's a 90-minute game and we fought back. We had a lot of chances and Landon scored a great header tonight from David's corner. It just shows our character and shows that even though we gave up an early goal, whIch kind of has been somewhat of a problem for us this season, we fought back and played well tonight," said Omar Gonzalez.
- Juan Pablo Angel faced his former teammates for the first time and seemed to have hit for his second goal on the season and first since March 26, but it was ruled out for offside.
- "For me it's just another game. At the end of the day it's just three points. I felt good, I was calm, there's emotion playing against your old teammates, a team that you played a number of years for, but it was just another game," Angel said.


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Master Racing Overhaul Kit; '82-'86 GM 7004R (27-Spline)
*Please note that the above image shows a GM TH350 overhaul kit.
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M.C (Feat. Bradd Young) - Make You Proud (Produced by Vega Heartbreak) [Unsigned Artist]
Directed By Remrod
Edited By Braxton Goe
Video Single from M.C's new mix-tape "Bachelor Party" Available NOW!
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Shenzhen, China: Located in the southern tip of Guangdong province, Shenzhen is the only mainland city that borders on Hong Kong. The city boasts a population of 10 million under its jurisdiction – or about 32 times that 25 years ago, when it was founded and designated as China's first special economic zone (SEZ).
In response to the booming business and population, The City Crossing, a large-scale urban commercial project, was initiated in 2002. The massive project located in Shenzhen's financial business centre covers an area of around 80,000 square meters and offers a total floor area of 480,000 square meters. The complex comprises office blocks, an impressive shopping and entertainment centre, and a five star hotel. City Crossing is a modern landmark in Shenzhen and a centre for community activities.
The Situation
The first stage of the tender covered pumps for a large-scale air-con system for the office tower and 180,000-m2 shopping & entertainment centre, but also a large skating rink in the centre.
Prior to the actual bidding, the architect and contractor had defined the requirements and design of the system, leaving it to the pump manufacturers to present the most economical, innovative, and energy-efficient solution. In competition with several other leading pump manufacturers, Grundfos approached the project to keep residents and shoppers in Shenzhen cool during the hot and unbearable humid summer months.
The Grundfos Solution
Having examined the customer's original design and requirements, the Grundfos team came up with an unconventional bid for the project. Parts of the original design simply weren't compatible with the requirements for energy-efficiency.
In the tender, the Grundfos team presented two solutions: One that conformed to the original design, but not the required efficiency, and another based entirely on the recommendations and expertise of the Grundfos team. From the comparison included in the tender it was clear that the initial purchase price including piping and accessories of the alternative Grundfos solution, was approximately 40 % lower. On top of that, the energy consumption of the alternative Grundfos solution at full power would be 190 kW/h compared to the 960 kW/h of the requested model.
After having studied the Grundfos tender and methodically gone through the calculations, the investor, the architect, and the contractor finally yielded to the Grundfos solution. Although this solution meant changing parts of the original design, the savings were much too big to be ignored.
The Outcome
Grundfos supplied a total of 73 pumps and pump systems and 13 control panels for the complex. These comprised pumps for the air-con system, a skating rink, several fountains, and boosters for the water supply. All systems are running smoothly and the centre with the airconditioning and the skating rink is a popular attraction and much needed refuge from heat and humidity during summer.
The customer is very satisfied with the system and the innovative Grundfos solution. As a result, Grundfos has high expectations for the second phase of the project – a five-star hotel.
Unique tender - Energy-efficiency - Substantial savings
Shenzhen, China
- Unique tender
- Energy-efficiency
- Substantial savings
- Air-con
- Control panel90KW
- Hydro Booster
- Fountain
- Skating rink
- (with BBQP shaft seal)
If you need a similar solution, please contact us for further information.
If you need a similar solution, please contact us for further information.


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Five years after the collapse of Lehman Brothers and the triggering of the financial crisis, frugality is king when it comes to personal finances.
Millions changed their financial habits after the Great Recession by becoming hesitant to invest heavily in stock markets that, for many, shrank their accounts.
For Madeleine Bosco, the financial crisis became a reality check: the economy created a shambolic situation for consumers and investors alike.
"I have to say, it's probably 2009 that it hit us, and that's when it was a big wake-up call that, hey, things aren't easy anymore," she said.
An AP analysis of the 10 biggest economies found people have pulled hundreds of billions of dollars out of stocks, instead pouring money into savings.
"When people are losing their jobs left and right, when people are very insecure about whether or not they're going to have a job around the corner, people start to tighten up," said Economic Policy Institute economist Dr. Heidi Shierholz.
The effects of the financial crisis trickled out to international investors, particularly Asian markets.
In Tokyo, Sahoko Tanabe saw her portfolio nearly evaporate during the crisis. This time around, she is trusting no one but herself.
"I made huge loss and there was nothing good out of it," she said. "In the end, Lehman was the fatal blow. So, I decided to study so as not to make the same mistake."
The Great Recession has forced a great reset when it comes to personal finances not only nationally, but globally.
While good for the individual, the global pullback could actually harm the economy, Dr. Shierholz says.
"They put off making a fix to their car, buying a new appliance. Doing things that you can put off, they will put off in times of economic insecurity."
It is a need for financial safety and security that the world has not seen since World War II.
Great Reset: How the Great Recession Changed Financial Habits
Investors and Consumers Save Rather Than Spend
Five years after the collapse of Lehman Brothers and the triggering of the financial crisis, frugality is king when it comes to personal finances.


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Turbo Norimaki is Senbei's and Midori's first and only biological child. He is also a genius, far surpassing his father.
Dr. Slump
In Dr. Slump, Turbo is nearly killed by aliens and then revived by them, in the process imbuing him with many super powers including teleportation, flight, technopathy, and telekinesis.
Dragon Ball
When Goku asked Senbei to repair the Dragon Radar, Turbo quickly fixed it with his psychic powers knowing his dad wouldn't be able to fix it, and after Arale defeated General Blue and accidentally forgot to get the radar back, he makes a new one with the parts to Senbei's plane for Goku, using his powers. He also lifted General Blue's telekinesis from Goku.
Video game appearances
Voice Actors
- Original Dr. Slump, Remake & Japanese Dragon Ball - Yuuko Mita
- Many generic babies shown in Dragon Ball, such as Chenshi or Pinfu, are of the exact same character design as Turbo.
External Links