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What did the Gospel writers know?
Some biblical scholars are too quick to say that, because a particular Gospel doesn't include a given story or saying of Jesus, the Evangelist who wrote it must not have known about it.
What would cause a person to think this?
The Infodump Hypothesis
One thing that might motivate such a view is the idea that the Gospels represent total infodumps of everything that a particular Evangelist knew about Jesus.
But if that were the case then they wouldn't ready the way that they do.
They hang together as narratives and display too much literary artistry for that.
If they were frantic attempts to record everything the author knew about Jesus, there would be too many stray, half-formed things that don't fit into their literary structures.
They also would be much longer than they are.
There would have simply been Too Much Information about Jesus for the Evangelists to put in the Gospels.
They had to make choices.
This would particularly be the case if Matthew and John were, indeed, eyewitnesses of Jesus' ministry. They would have known lots about Jesus—far more than could be fit into a small book like a Gospel. Such authors would be forced to omit things they know about Jesus.
Even non-eyewitness authors (like Luke and, at least for the most part, Mark) were in contact with eyewitnesses and had access to lots of information about him.
The oral preaching of Jesus that preceded the writing of the Gospels was extensive, and the original eyewitnesses were still there and able to be implored: "Tell me more about Jesus!"
It is inescapable that the Evangelists would have known things about Jesus, either from their own experience of his ministry, from speaking with eyewitnesses, or from information that was in common circulation about him, that they did not put in the Gospels.
The Agrapha of Jesus
We even have examples of what may be authentic sayings of Jesus that weren't recorded in the Gospels. They are known as "agrapha" (Greek, "unwritten ones"), and they are for the most part found in the writings of the Church Fathers, who attributed them to Jesus despite their not being in the Gospels.
One—however—isn't found in the Church Fathers but in the New Testament. This agraphon is found in the book of Acts, where St. Paul says:
In all things I have shown you that by so toiling one must help the weak, remembering the words of the Lord Jesus, how he said, 'It is more blessed to give than to receive'" [Acts 20:35]
Luke obviously knew this saying of Jesus. It's right there in Acts. But he didn't choose to put it in his Gospel.
How many other things did Luke know about Jesus that he didn't put in his Gospel?
Deliberate Concision
We also have evidence that the Evangelists were writing with deliberate concision—they were trying to keep things brief.
This is evidenced in Matthew, who regularly gives shorter versions of stories found in Mark and Luke—thus allowing him to pack material in his Gospel that isn't found in either one of them.
It's even more clear in John, who makes the fact explicit that he is leaving out things he knows about Jesus:
Now Jesus did many other signs in the presence of the disciples, which are not written in this book [John 20:30].
He even displays what may be a slight bit of frustration as an eyewitness who has been asked a little too often for comprehensive information about Jesus:
This is the disciple who is bearing witness to these things, and who has written these things; and we know that his testimony is true.
But there are also many other things which Jesus did; were every one of them to be written, I suppose that the world itself could not contain the books that would be written [John 21:24-25].
So right there we have an explicit statement that John knew things about Jesus he chose not to record.
The same is true of the other Evangelists.
Why would anyone think otherwise?
One reason might be that there has been some misconceptions about the Gospels that have been floating around biblical scholarship in recent years.
One is the idea that the Gospels were written at very late dates by people who had little connection with (and thus little knowledge of) the events that they record.
This has been ably refuted by many scholars, including John A. T. Robinson in his classic work Redating the New Testament.
Another misconception is that the Gospels were written for isolated "communities," each of which possessed only one Gospel, and only in much later times did they come to be circulated among Christians more broadly.
This is false, as has been demonstrated in Richard Bauckham's excellent The Gospels for All Christians: Rethinking the Gospel Audiences (New Testament Studies) (see also Martin Hengel's, The Four Gospels and the One Gospel of Jesus Christ).
These two misconceptions are part of what could drive a reflexive recourse to something like the infodump hypothesis.
It's much easier to see the Evangelists as trying to say everything they know about Jesus if they were individuals writing at late dates, who had little contact with eyewitnesses, and who lived in isolated communities that did not freely exchange information (like Gospels) with each other.
But there had to be some exchange of information, as even people who are quick to think that an Evangelist didn't know something end up admitting.
Borrowing from Each Other
There are very few (almost no) scholars who think that the Evangelists wrote completely independently of each other.
The Gospels—and particularly Matthew, Mark, and Luke—contain too much material that overlaps.
The vast majority of scholars holds that the Evangelists (after the first) were aware of the work of one or more of their predecessors and, in some cases, used them as sources for their own Gospels.
That means that the Gospels weren't locked away in isolated communities. They were being circulated.
But no Evangelist includes everything that a previous Gospel does.
That means that, whatever order you think the Gospels were written in, the later Evangelists chose not to include material they knew about.
Supplementing Each Other
One reason is that they seem to be supplementing each other.
This is most clear in the case of John, who deliberately follows a different path than the synoptic Gospels (Matthew, Mark, and Luke), which tell the story of Jesus in much the same way.
It is easy to see John thinking, "We don't need another Gospel that re-treads that same ground. I'm going to approach this a different way."
He thus viewed his role as supplementing the synoptics, and he points out that he is deliberately leaving out many things.
The same thing would have been true, to a lesser extent, of the other Evangelists: Those who were aware of their predecessors were not interested in simply copying what had been done before.
They had contributions that they felt could be made to the Christian community by including new material and reorganizing and reworking previous material.
But because they knew that the previous Gospels were already out there in the Christian community, they didn't feel the need to include everything that their predecessors had recorded.
They could comfortably leave out some material because it was already recorded in a Gospel being circulated among the churches.
And there is another reason they would leave material out.
Literary Goals
Each Evangelist has certain goals that he is interested in pursuing.
For example, Matthew is very interested in portraying Jesus as the successor to King David. He is interested in showing how Jesus recapitulates the history of Israel, and so there are passages in his Gospel that recapitulate Moses as a baby, the Exodus, the crossing of the Jordan, and the giving of the Law on the mountain (to name a few).
In order to pursue his literary goals, each Evangelist had to make choices about what he would include and what he wouldn't. That something that every author has to do.
One literary goal that the Evangelists had was to write works of a certain length in Greek—between 11,000 words (Mark, the shortest) and 18,000 words (Luke, the longest)—and that goal alone would force them to make choices about what to include.
The more ambitious their other literary goals were, the more they would have to leave out of what their predecessors had already recorded and put into circulation.
Not Omniscient
Of course, the Evangelists were not omniscient. They didn't know everything about Jesus.
It certainly could happen that an Evangelist did not record a particular story or saying of Jesus because he didn't know it.
That would be particularly the case for Evangelists who weren't eyewitnesses, but even those who saw Jesus' ministry for themselves weren't with him every minute and didn't notice every single thing that others did.
So it can be suggested that, in a particular case, a given Evangelist may not have included something because he wasn't aware of it, but this can't be asserted simply because he doesn't mention it.
There are too many other reasons why he might not mention it.
Developing a Test
So how could we tell if that was the case?
It's not easy.
A starting point would be something that we would find surprising—something that we would think Christians would be interested in.
In fact, it's that first moment of surprise and consternation—"Why didn't he mention this?"—that serves as our first clue on the question.
But it's only a first clue, and it's informed by our modern sensibilities of what ought to be included—what we would think needs to be in a Gospel.
It's imperative, though, that we check our assumptions on this question against the situation in the first century.
Literary Goals: Part II
In particular, its imperative that we check our assumptions against the known, first century perspective of the Evangelist himself.
This is best known—and often only knowable—by looking at his literary goals: What is this Evangelist trying to do? What is he interested in?
Unfortunately, this is a slippery question, and scholars constantly debate it.
There are some trends in the Evangelists that seem unmistakable, but there are many minor ones where it is hard to discern what an Evangelist was trying to do.
Because of the limitation of our knowledge, it's often difficult to say with confidence why a given Evangelist made the choices he did.
Keeping that in mind, we shouldn't be quick to say, "He didn't know about this." We should instead consider the possibility that he didn't mention something because it didn't fit his literary goals.
An Example
For example, only two of the Gospels—Matthew and Luke—include accounts of how Jesus was born.
Now, this is undoubtedly of interest to people. In fact, in the second century there was more than one apocryphal gospel written to fill in even more detail about Jesus' birth and childhood.
But that did not mean that the two Evangelists who don't record Jesus' childhood—Mark and John—did not know anything about it.
Just because a subject will be of interest to people doesn't mean that it fit with their literary goals.
John, for example, seems to be supplementing the synoptic Gospels, and he may have omitted Christ's childhood because he knew it was already recorded and in circulation in the synoptics.
Furthermore, he can be viewed as providing a kind of "uber-infancy narrative" by taking the story of Jesus all the way back to the beginning of Creation ("In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God"; John 1:1).
Mark, for his part, starts his Gospel at the beginning of Jesus' adult ministry, which is a good jumping-on point. If you're trying to write a short, 11,000-word account of a great man's deeds, it's okay to start when the main action starts.
You don't have to go back and cover his childhood.
A Minimum Test
It seems to me that, in order to assert with any degree of confidence that a particular Evangelist did not know of a particular story or saying of Jesus, you would have to have a clear knowledge of his literary goals.
But several conditions would need to be met.
First, if you knew that he had a particular, clear literary goal that would be furthered by including the material, then it might be reasonable to say that he may not have known about it if he didn't include it. Even then, though, it seems to me that there are other conditions that would need to be satisfied.
Second, the material would have to significantly further his literary goal. If he'd already made his point several other ways, and one additional example wouldn't add that much or be that much more compelling, he could well omit it.
Third, if he was not the first Evangelist to pen a Gospel, the material would have to be so compelling toward achieving his literary goals that he would regard it as "must-include" material, even given the fact that it was found in other Gospels. If he knew that the material was already in another Gospel that was in circulation, he would have less reason to include it in his own.
Finally, the material in question could be added without conflicting with another of his literary goals—including keeping his Gospel to a reasonable length. For example, if the material is so extensive that he would have had to write a dramatically longer gospel, then it might conflict with his length-maintaining goal.
The Bottom Line
It thus seems to me that to assert with any degree of confidence that an Evangelist did not know a particular tradition about Jesus that the following conditions must be met:
1. It would have to further a clear literary goal of his.
2. It would have to contribute to his literary goal in a significant way.
3. It would have to contribute to this goal in a compelling way if he knew that the material was already included in another Gospel that was in circulation.
4. It would have to not conflict with other well-established literary goals, including keeping his Gospel to a certain length.
It is my sense that these four conditions will not often be met.
If they're not, we should not claim that a particular Evangelist did not know a particular Jesus tradition.
What Now?
If you like the information I've presented here, you should join my Secret Information Club.
If you're not familiar with it, the Secret Information Club is a free service that I operate by email.
I send out information on a variety of fascinating topics connected with the Catholic faith.
In fact, the very first thing you'll get if you sign up is information about what Pope Benedict said about the book of Revelation.
He had a lot of interesting things to say!
If you'd like to find out what they are, just sign up at www.SecretInfoClub.com or use this handy sign-up form:
Just email me at [email protected] if you have any difficulty.
In the meantime, what do you think?


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Most domestic appliances, light bulbs and cars offered for sale or rent in the EU must clearly display an EU Energy Label showing the product's energy efficiency.
The energy efficiency of an appliance is rated in terms of a set of energy efficiency classes from A to G, with A being the most energy efficient and G the least efficient. In an attempt to keep up with advances in energy efficiency, A+ and A++ grades have been introduced for refrigeration appliances.
The labels thus improve the information available to consumers when evaluating various models.
Centrifugal pumps are also covered by an efficiency index that has been developed on behalf of a number of major pump manufacturers, including Grundfos. The manufacturers have collaborated to produce a reference index for a standard pump with an average load profile.
The index expresses the power consumption of the pump in relation to a common reference pump curve. The index can be interpreted as an expression of how much energy a specific pump uses in relation to an average pump in 2003 when the index was originally established.

subset: commoncrawl


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22 Mar, 2013
Posted by in: .Blogs|Featured|Reviews | No Comments
Midtown Bloggerinos! Raph here, with a major blog event for you! Over the course of the next few weeks, I'll be covering one of the biggest returns to comics. No it's not Darkhawk (I wish there were enough material to devote to that), but it's a major comics entity: Valiant Comics!


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he's got skills
Sorry for the fuzzy pictures, again, but I had to try to snap a couple photos of our young man rolling off his sheepskin.
You can see in the first image that he's happily gnawing on my finger but what you can't see is that he's got both legs in the air and he's swinging them to get himself moving. That's how it all begins. Then it's face first onto the rug where he looks so tiny and helpless.
Just when I think he needs me to rescue him, he pops his little head up to take a look around at his new view of the living room. I'm impressed-I'm mom!
Other Stories
3 comments:
soon he will be mobile!! He's too cute.ReplyDelete
yeah Israel...& u beat all the girls..the 1st to roll from back to tummy! ur mommy must b doing amazing with you. love you lil man!ReplyDelete
So cute! I am anxiously awaiting the day (not too far from now) when my little one will become mobile.ReplyDelete
Sidenote: Where'd you get that fantastic grey and white rug?!
Thank you for your comments, I love hearing from you!
Questions, comments or sponsorship inquires, please contact me via the 'contact' link.


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A pelvic exam is a relatively short procedure, during which your doctor checks your vulva, vagina, cervix, uterus, rectum and pelvis, including your ovaries, for masses, growths or other abnormalities. A Pap test, which screens for cervical cancer, may be performed during a pelvic exam.
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Despite the fact that Apple constantly "encourages" users to back up their music, people still often find themselves in the awkward predicament of needing to download their entire libraries back off of their iPods. Maybe they suffered a catastrophic hard drive crash, or perhaps their laptop was stolen and they no longer have access to their home libraries. Either way, people want to get their media off of their iPods and—through Apple-provided methods, anyway—they can't.
(Apple now allows you to transfer your purchased music from iTunes off of an iPod onto a new machine, but this only works for music you have bought from Apple. Any MP3s that you have ripped yourself or bought from other online retailers are not transferred.)
That's why third parties have swooped in to rescue aggravated iPod users on every platform. On the Mac, Windows, and even Linux, there are tools that allow users to grab their media—and some even work with newer devices, like the iPhone and iPod touch. Since the holiday season is nearly upon us and family members are starting to ask us questions about how to get music off of their devices, we thought we would do a rundown of software to use for this purpose.
Mac OS X
There are several tools that work on the Mac (not surprising since the iPod and iPhone are so popular among Mac users), but the longtime champion has always been PodWorks by Sci-Fi Hi-Fi. The most current version, PodWorks 2.9.6, not only works with traditional iPods, it also now supports the file system that comes as part of iPhone OS 3.0 (so recent iPhones and iPod touches as well). And, not only can it copy your music back to your hard drive, it can also grab videos, and even keep your playlists intact.
The last time we used PodWorks, we came away impressed with its capabilities and swore to recommend it to anyone who would listen. That remains true, and although the price has gone up since then (it's now a whopping $8 for a license instead of $6), we still believe in PodWorks for all of our media-related emergencies. There's even a free trial available, but once you use it, you'll be glad to drop the $8 and keep it around for emergency purposes.
A good option for Windows users is iRip (previously known as iPodRip) a software package that works under Windows XP, Vista, and Windows 7 (as well as Mac OS X). Like PodWorks, iRip can rip both music and video and can save it either into iTunes or another spot of your choosing. (It does, however, require iTunes to be installed for it to work, which could be viewed as a potential downside for those of you who are iTunes-averse.)
iRip supports older iPods as well as iPhones and iPod touches, and allows you to automatically rip everything from the device or manually choose from the available media. The software is a bit more expensive than PodWorks on the Mac at $19.95 for a full license, though the free trial allows you to transfer up to 100 tracks.
Though gtkpod doesn't officially support the iPhone or iPod touch, it's one of the simplest solutions available for Linux users. The most recent version, V0.99.14, supports classic iPods (including the iPod nano, iPod shuffle, iPod mini, and iPod video models) and makes use of the shared libgpod library in order to access the iPod's music database. (iPhone and iPod touch are experimentally supported, but only if they are jailbroken first.)
Not only does gtkpod allow you to get media off of your iPod, you can also put media onto it (since Linux distros don't have any official version of iTunes, you have to use something). Transfer MP3, WAV, M4A, M4B, podcasts, and videos to and from your iPod and, true to the open source philosophy, gtkpod is free.
If you have had a disaster and employed other recovery tactics, let us know in the comments!


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Dr. Caroline Simon of the Hope College department of philosophy has been appointed interim dean for the social sciences at the college.
Simon will fill the opening created when the current dean, Dr. R. Richard Ray, moves on to become the college's provost, an appointment announced earlier this month. She will serve a one-year term, from July 1 of this year through June 30, 2011, while the college conducts a nationwide search for a permanent successor.
"Carol Simon is an experienced faculty member and college administrator of the highest integrity," said Ray, who is succeeding retiring provost Dr. James Boelkins. "She has a well-developed understanding of and appreciation for the mission of Hope College. Her wisdom and experience will serve us well during this period of transition in the division of social sciences."
A member of the Hope faculty since 1988, Simon has served in a variety of administrative capacities at the college in addition to teaching. She is the director of General Education and Interdisciplinary Studies and has led the college's recent review of its core curriculum. She is also the director of Hope College's Teagle Systematic Improvement of Student Learning Grant, and the campus coordinator for the college's participation in the Wabash National Study of Liberal Arts Education.
Her previous service through the years has included leading portions of the college's faculty mentoring program, chairing the department of philosophy, serving for a year as acting director of women's studies and as faculty moderator, and serving as a faculty representative on the college's Board of Trustees.
In January of 2007 she received the "Provost's Award for Service to the Academic Program." She was appointed to the college's John H. and Jeanne M. Professor of Philosophy later the same year.
Simon's specialties within ethics include the use of literature in moral reflection, the nature of moral knowledge, virtue ethics, friendship and sexuality. Another of her research areas is church-related higher education.
She and Hope philosophy colleague Dr. Andrew Dell'Olio were co-editors of the book "Introduction to Ethics: A Reader," published earlier this year. She is also author of the book "The Disciplined Heart: Love, Destiny and Imagination" and co-author of "Can Hope Endure? A Historical Case Study in Christian Higher Education," and was lead author of "Mentoring for Mission: Nurturing New Faculty at Church-Related Colleges." Her publications also include numerous articles published in scholarly journals.


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Food Words for Thought: 'Locavore' as 2007's Word of the Year
Brian Halweil of Edible Communities and editor of Edible East End checks with ... a word or two.
You may not have heard that "locavore"a person who feeds mostly on food grown or caught or gathered nearbywas named word of 2007 by the good people at the New Oxford American Dictionary. But at a time when many Americans have already capitulated on diet-related resolutionsboth Weight Watchers and Special K retained major billboards in Times Square as the ball droppedthere is no doubt that our eating habits have turned a corner.
It was just three years ago that Jessica Prentice, a San Francisco woman, decided to eat only food originating within 100 miles and called herself a locavore. Inspired by a crescendo of contaminated food imports, rising gas prices, and a craving for food that hadn't been processed and packaged and sapped of life by longhaul trucking, environmentalists, foodies, parents, family farmers, and anyone who cares about what they put in their mouths increasingly make local their chow of choice.
Today, the appearance of locavores from Maine to Alaska parallels the meteoric rise of local food on restaurant menus, supermarket shelves, and school cafeteria trays. Major health care providers like Kaiser Permanente are hosting farmers' markets at their clinics and packing their salad bars with local mesclun. The Portland, Oregonbased fast food chain Burgerville, 50 locations and growing, serves a simulacrum of the McDonald's menu, made entirely from wheat, beef, potatoes, and cheese raised in the Pacific Northwest. Localharvest.org has seen traffic triple in the last two years as 300,000 unique visitors each month search out farmers' markets, pick-your-own farms, cheesemakers, and meat producers in their ZIP codes.
Big players up and down the food chain, from Wal-Mart to Whole Foods, are figuring out how to transport food a couple of hundred miles instead of several thousanda challenge, since the current spread of farms and existing shipping infrastructure can make it easier and cheaper to purchase long-distance food. Industry surveys peg "local" at just a few percent of national food sales, although it's a sector soaring at 22 percent a year, according to consumer research firm Packaged Facts.
So don't call us a Locavore Nation just yet. Now is more like the amuse-bouche stage.
But one word really doesn't capture the tectonic shift that is happening in America's alimentary affairs. We are becoming more gastroliterate, as a blossoming culinary lexicon sets us a bright, new place at the dinner table.
In a revolt against anonymous food, the new American eater wonders not just about "food miles" (a term created simultaneously in the late 1990s by British and Iowa State researchers to describe how far our food travels from farm to plate) but also about "foodsheds" (coined in 1996 by University of Wisconsin sociologist Jack Kloppenberg to denote that sphere of people and land that feed us).
When shopping for dinner, our victual vocabulary includes terms to help us choose meat, including "cage-free" (chickens raised without confining battery cages), "grass-fed" (feeding livestock on pasture that has found a resurgence in concerns about everything wrong with modern meat), and "heritage breed" (turkeys, sheep, lamb, pigs, and other livestock that are particularly beautiful and tasty because they haven't been manipulated by modern breeding).
There are even designations such as "shade-grown" (raised in a way that protects the rainforest) and "fair-trade" (products that offer a fair compensation and working conditions to farmers) to help us select coffee or chocolate or sugar grown by farmers in far-off lands. We may get a weekly box of food from a "CSA" (community supported agriculture, a term from the 1980s used to denote a farm membership) or we may study the seafood counter for "C.O.O.L." (mandatory country of origin labeling that has been approved for seafoodbut not meat and produce) or scorn "GMOs" (genetically modified organisms).
Not everyone knows these words. But their very existence pushes agribusiness, food policy, and consumers toward a new place. Armed with a broader knowledge of how food can be categorized, American eaters seek out food that is better for them, farmers and the planet. Instead of "eating thoughtlessly," as farmer Wendell Berry once warned, the American eater is beginning to probe, refuse, and demand better.
Consider that in the last four years, Edible Communities, the national network of local food magazines that Edible East End is part of, has soared to 51 magazinesfrom San Francisco to Brooklyn, from Iowa to the Carolinasall devoted to sustaining their local food community by telling its story. Collectively, our readership stands at nearly 5 million people clamoring to become more powerful eaters by learning what produce can be raised in a greenhouse in January, why a pig raised outside tastes better, and how the farm bill affects our daily lives.
As food gains prominence in our nation's cultural dialogue, understanding how we eat can shine a light on all those dysfunctional aspects of our food system, from abuse of farmworkers to stubborn subsidies to chemical pollution. Which means that a series of buzzwords like locavore, seemingly trivial on their own, add up to some very different choices at the checkout counter.
It's worth noting that Oxford's choice for word of the year has often been prophetic. Phone number was the choice 80 years ago, and fridge, pizza, nonstick, and Big Mac are other food terms that made the cut. Last year's choice of carbon neutral foreshadowed the Nobel Committee recognizing Al Gore and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and the Senate passing its first greenhouse gas reduction bill. So, tase, MRAP vehicle, and other less appetizing words of 2007 notwithstanding, the choice of locavore should mean a very toothsome future.
All products linked here have been independently selected by our editors. We may earn a commission on purchases, as described in our affiliate policy.


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No-one likes a crisis. That's why it's far too common for even the most successful entrepreneur to overlook crisis planning. The challenge is that once you're in the middle of a true business crisis, you rarely have the time or the resources to deal with it as well as you would want to.
After all, you could find yourself thrown into a very tense situation — trying desperately to deal with members of the media, angry clients, disenchanted employees, wary investors, intrusive regulators and other critical stakeholders.
It's an emotional time and all it takes is saying ONE wrong word and your business can suffer. That's why in BusinessCast episode #123, Robert and I "pick the brains" of one of the Nation's leaders on crisis communications. Dr. Allan Bonner and his team have advised Canada's most senior business leaders, political figures and sports figures to successfully avoid a crisis, deal with a crisis and turn around a crisis to their advantage.
Listen to BusinessCast episode #123 and get some practical insights on how you can make sure that you're prepared when a crisis hits your business.
Remember: Subscribe to the BusinessCast Podcast at iTunes
Filed under: Leadership, Management, Public Relations, Risk, Risk Management, Sales | Tagged: Crisis, Crisis Communications, Crisis Management, Employee Turnover, Investor Relations, Investors, Publi Relations, Reputation, Retention, Revenues, Risk | Leave a comment »


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The Micasaverde & Vera community forums have moved Click here to visit the new Vera Control community forum
I installed rstrouse's plugin and put it in simulation mode. Then I installed the Alexa skill. I could do simple commands like turn on waterfall etc. I am happy with is for now.The main problem I have now is the Autelis Pool Control for Jandy is Out of Stock! UGH! I was ready to take the next step with this.


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Four Mile Mennonite Church (Eaglesham, Alberta, Canada)
John and Grace Harder held a Vacation Bible School in a rural schoolhouse at Four Mile Creek near Eaglesham in 1947. Rollin and Edna Yoder took up outreach in the following year on behalf of the Alberta-Saskatchewan Mennonite Conference and continued until the late 1950s. Loyal and Ruth Roth picked up the work until Loyal's death in 1961.
During the late 1950s some members of the Evangelical Free Church became part of the congregation as there was not local Evangelical Free Church leadership available. Later, when the local United Church building was sold, the Four Mile Mennonite church was essentially a community church. This led to tension within the congregation when some distinctive Mennonite teachings of the era were emphasized by conference leadership, for example not wearing wedding rings.
Lloyd and Cena King provided leadership to the congregation from 1962 to 1975. A new building was dedicated in 1965 at 4905 51 Street, Eaglesham. The congregation became known as Eaglesham Mennonite Church. Elton Kauffman pastored from 1975 to 1982, and during these years the tensions between those of Mennonite background and members of Evangelical Free Church background increased.
In 1982 the conference suggested the congregation become a community church with only loose ties to the Mennonite conference structures. A new pastor, Thomas Peachey, who was of Mennonite background but trained at Prairie Bible Institute, was closer theologically to the Evangelical Free Church portion of the congregation. After leaving for further studies in 1987, he returned as pastor in 1990 on the condition that the theological differences be resolved. In a contentious vote, the congregation voted to leave the Mennonite conference and to join the Evangelical Free Church. It has continued as a member of that denomination under the name Eaglesham Community Church.
In 1965 there were 20 members; in 1975, 20; in 1985, 31; in 1988, 24. It was affiliated with the Northwest Mennonite Conference and the Mennonite Church until 1990. It is not listed in the Mennonite Yearbook after 1988/89.
Canadian Mennonite (29 October 1963): 1; (28 September 1965): 1.
Regehr, T. D. Faith, Life and Witness in the Northwest, 1903-2003: Centennial History of the Northwest Mennonite Conference. Kitchener, ON: Pandora Press, 2003: 206-211.
|Samuel J Steiner
|Date Published
|August 2007
Cite This Article
MLA style
Steiner, Samuel J. "Four Mile Mennonite Church (Eaglesham, Alberta, Canada)." Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. August 2007. Web. 21 Sep 2020. https://gameo.org/index.php?title=Four_Mile_Mennonite_Church_(Eaglesham,_Alberta,_Canada)&oldid=165048.
APA style
Steiner, Samuel J. (August 2007). Four Mile Mennonite Church (Eaglesham, Alberta, Canada). Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. Retrieved 21 September 2020, from https://gameo.org/index.php?title=Four_Mile_Mennonite_Church_(Eaglesham,_Alberta,_Canada)&oldid=165048.
©1996-2020 by the Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. All rights reserved.


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Kurt Nimmo
December 7, 2008
It is becoming increasingly a hard sell to pin the blame for the Mumbai attacks on Pakistan and thus set the stage for an attack on Pakistan after Barack Obama enters the White House in a few weeks. It now appears Indian intelligence played a large part in the terrorist attacks. On Saturday, the Associated Press reported that a "counterinsurgency police officer who may have been on an undercover mission" was arrested for illegally buying mobile phone cards used by the gunmen.
|Mukhtar Ahmed is an Indian police operative who provided cell phone SIM cards to Lashkar-e-Taiba, the Pakistan terrorist group blamed for the Mumbai attacks.
The counterinsurgency operative, Mukhtar Ahmed, worked for the police in Indian Kashmir. "The implications of Ahmed's involvement — that Indian agents may have been in touch with the militants and perhaps supplied the SIM cards used in the attacks — added to the growing list of questions over India's ill-trained security forces, which are widely blamed for not thwarting the attacks," reports the Associated Press.
In other words, Indian intelligence had penetrated Lashkar-e-Taiba and ran a false flag operation through the terrorist group, putatively connected to Pakistan's ISI.
Indian police in the Kashmir city of Srinagar told Calcutta police that Ahmed is "our man and it's now up to them how to facilitate his release," said one senior officer speaking on condition of anonymity due to the sensitivity of the information. Other police officials in Kashmir supported his account, reports the Associated Press.
Indian intelligence staging false flag terror attacks and blaming them on Muslims is nothing new. On November 23, Andrew Buncombe, writing for the Independent, reported: "India is in something of a state of shock after learning from official sources that its first Hindu terror cell may have carried out a series of deadly bombings that were initially blamed on militant Muslims." In addition to bombing attacks in the Muslim town of Malegaon in the western state of Maharashtra in September, the Hindu terror cells are allegedly responsible for last year's bombing of a cross-border train en route to Pakistan, which killed 68 people, according to Buncombe.
It should be noted that the head of the Maharastrian Anti-Terrorist Squad making the allegations about Hindu false flag terrorism, Hemant Karkare, was assassinated as he led his team into the Hotel Taj Kahal during the Mumbai attacks. "Killed in the line of duty, Hemant Karare was targeted as the man who was an immense problem for the BJP [the Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party] because his forthright investigation revealed Hindutva terrorism and he was not about to stop. Clearly this invalidated the BJP campaign rhetoric against Muslim terrorism, but the BJP will still use the emotional fervor of Hindutva to win against the Congress party," writes Allen Heart for OpEdNews.
An exposé carried in a national daily published in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh alleges that Indian intelligence supported extremist Hindutvadis in their murderous Malegaon campaign with the cooperation of Israel's Mossad. "The newspaper writes that relations between Mossad and CIA are world known," notes the Pak Alert Press blog. "The national daily… has exposed that the officials of the national intelligence agencies have categorically stated that American secret service agency, CIA together with Israel's secret organization Mossad, has carried out several secret operation all over Asia," Pak Alert Press reports, translating from the original Urdu.
- A d v e r t i s e m e n t
Indian intelligence, however, is no minor player and its foreign policy objectives currently parallel those of the CIA and Mossad in regard to covert destabilization in South Asia and elsewhere. "RAW [the Research and Analysis Wing, the Indian version of the CIA] , ever since its creation, has always been a vital, though unobtrusive, actor in Indian policy-making apparatus," writes Isha Khan.
Since its creation in 1968, RAW has been "given a virtual carte blanche to conduct destabilization operations in neighboring countries inimical to India to seriously undertook restructuring of its organization accordingly. RAW was given a list of seven countries (Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan, Pakistan and Maldives) whom India considered its principal regional protagonists. It very soon systematically and brilliantly crafted covert operations in all these countries to coerce, destabilize and subvert them in consonance with the foreign policy objectives of the Indian Government."
Specifically, RAW "considers Sindh as Pakistan's soft under-belly. It has, therefore, made it the prime target for sabotage and subversion. RAW has enrolled and extensive network of agents and anti-government elements, and is convinced that with a little push restless Sindh will revolt. Taking fullest advantage of the agitation in Sindh in 1983 and the ethnic riots, which have continued till today, RAW has deeply penetrated and cultivated dissidents and secessionists, thereby creating hard-liners unlikely to allow peace to return to Sindh." Sindh includes Urdu-speaking Muslim refugees who migrated to Pakistan from India upon independence.
It now appears obvious that India's RAW with the help of the CIA and Israel's Mossad created the current situation and have set-up Pakistan's ISI to take the blame for the Mumbai attacks. Senator McCain, flanked by senators Joe Lieberman and Lindsay Graham, told Ejaz Haider, a senior editor with the Daily Times group, that it could be a "matter of days" before India carried out surgical air strikes if Pakistan did not act on the evidence provided to it on elements linked to the attacks, according to the Daily Star. "If the terrorists succeed in confounding relations between these two great countries, they will achieve their aim. We cannot let that happen," McCain declared.
A conflict between the two nuclear armed nations may very well be the "international crisis, a generated crisis" Joe Biden mentioned in October that will "test" president Barack Obama.
In August, 2007, Obama said "the United States must be willing to strike al Qaeda targets inside Pakistan," a comment that has led more than a few commentators to conclude that the U.S. will attack Pakistan in the coming months. It now appears the false flag Mumbai attacks, described as India's "9/11," will serve as a pretext to get the ball rolling on "surgical strikes" against Pakistan.
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As some of you know, I'm a big fan of fictional bands. More specifically, I have a thing for bands that are simultaneously real and imaginary–like Level3, the band in my book, REUNITED.
Level3 has a website. They have songs. They even have a their own pop-up documentary. But, if you're waiting for Level3 to play at your local music venue, that's where the reality stops.
So, when I learned that my young friend Gus was also the manager of a real-yet-not-real band, I just had to write about it. Behold the Stuft Clappers–the most adorable, fluffy-haired boy band since One Direction! But don't let their soft exterior fool you. These dudes know how to rock!
I've known Gus since the day he came home from the hospital. Three years ago, he was diagnosed with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy, an incurable degenerative muscle disorder. At that time, I happened to be writing the manuscript for REUNITED. If you haven't read the book, the whole impetus for the girls' cross-country road-trip is centered on the band Level3 getting back together for a one-night-only reunion show. The cause? A benefit concert for an incurable disease that effected lead singer Travis's brother. At this stage in my writing, I'd considered a few different diseases to use for this purpose, but had yet to settle on one.
Then, one day, I was taking a walk with Gus's mother, Tonya, who mentioned how important it was to raise awareness for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy, because awareness helped raise money for research, which, in turn, could help help lead to a cure. So, I asked Tonya if she'd mind if I made the concert in my book a fundraiser for DMD. She said yes.
It's probably barely noticeable to most reader's, but it made me happy to know that I'd helped Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy have a more public profile, if only in this one small way.
To find out more about DMD, click here. Or, visit the Hope for Gus Foundation (a non-profit dedicated to raising money for DMD research) where you can learn more about Gus and even make a donation. Let's help the Stuft Clappers rock on forever!


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Wanted to check malaysian news just now and went to The Star, but then accidentally typed in 'thetsar.com'. Is it an omen alluding to malaysian politics? Dunno.
Anyways, found this brilliant article in The Economist and thought that we could draw parallels between multiracial Bradford and multiracial Malaysia.
The story basically goes like this. Bradford is home to Britain's fourth-largest Muslim population, and possibly has the highest concentration of Muslims. In 2001 it was the scene of riots pitting mostly Pakistani youth against the police, provoked by young white men. But last year the community successfully pacified a rally by the English Defence League (EDL), which is sort of a ketuanan Inggeris (English supremacy) group.
Surely here there are lessons to be learnt on how best to manage racial tensions. If only we read more impartial reporting and less harian metro. If there is such a thing as impartial opinion, since we have our in-built biases. God, the Just, will decide between us who has the better judgment and who has taken the Straight Path.
Anyways, one of the most striking passages in this article is as follows:
"If Bradford has lessons for other towns that wrestle with segregation, it is that improving public services which better everyone's lot is likely to reduce tensions faster than trying to force cultural change"
I've put forward this case many times. Once i attended a talk by a malaysian political party, and at the end of it they gave us feedback forms (and 30 pounds, just for attending). so i wrote my name on the feedback form, and told them that you should improve the conditions of all citizens in malaysia, and not favoritise others, since justice and fairness is closer to Islam.
They probably have a file with my name on it now *sweating* probably not, since we easily give in to conspiracy theories.
"Allâh does not forbid you to deal justly and kindly with those who fought not against you on account of religion and did not drive you out of your homes. Verily, Allâh loves those who are just" (60:8)
But how can a people believe in the principles of God, if they do not believe and fear in God.
Monday, March 7, 2011
on your colour is white, my colour is yellow, but we are all made of earth
Wanted to check malaysian news just now and went to The Star, but then accidentally typed in 'thetsar.com'. Is it an omen alluding to malaysian politics? Dunno.
Posted by The Author at 9:59 PM


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Extracting contour values from ContourPlot
- To: mathgroup at smc.vnet.net
- Subject: [mg100797] Extracting contour values from ContourPlot
- From: dg <davide.guarisco at gmail.com>
- Date: Sun, 14 Jun 2009 05:40:17 -0400 (EDT)
I have spent an hour researching this group and online, with no definitive answer. The problem: I have an nxm matrix of z values that I want to plot with List(Contour|Density)Plot together with a legend that shows the *actual* values of the contours used in the plot. (Seems like a pretty basic thing to me....). I know how to draw a nice legend, that's not the problem. I have found a way to do it: I can specify the contours and plot range explicitly. But what I really want is not to have to do this, and rely on the semi-intelligent mechanism of Mathematica to pick an appropriate number of contours and their values, THEN use those to draw the legend. It seems that there is no way to do this. That is, there is no way to extract the actual contour values used in the plot. I found a ColorBarPlot package which however does not work in Mathematica 7: <http://library.wolfram.com/infocenter/MathSource/7030/> Is it really not possible to do this?


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Everyone who says Seattleites are standoffish should watch this.
That's right, it's the Emerald City's own living legend Sir Mix-a-Lot performing his seminal hit "Baby Got Back" with the Seattle Symphony and a crew of more than 30 dancing ladies who volunteered from the audience.
Word came back in April that Mix would perform with the symphony, which commissioned London-based musician Gabriel Prokofiev to orchestrate the piece as part of its Sonic Evolution series. The series features music inspired by local musical icons, such as Jimi Hendrix, Nirvana, Hey Marseilles and Quincy Jones.
The rapper showed up in his black leather jacket and black hat.
"Since tonight is orchestral movements from the 'hood night, I'm going to leave some of this open," he said before the performance. "If a couple of ladies would like to get up on the stage, I don't touch. We will not bite unless you want us to."
The response seemed to overwhelm the rapper.
"OK, we've got enough," he said as women flowed up stairs onto the stage. "Lord have mercy. Wow."
The ladies crowded around for a selfie, and then Mix and the orchestra hit it.
The audience knew the lyrics. The women knew how to grind. One dancer even Mileyed it up with Sir Mix-a-Lot, but just for a second.
People who weren't there will be telling their grandkids they were.


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Michael Phelps, the most decorated swimmer of all time, will come out of retirement next week, the clearest signal yet that he is getting ready to make an Olympic comeback at the 2016 Rio de Janeiro Games.
The American, who has not competed since the 2012 London Games, will headline an April 24-26 meet in Mesa, Arizona, with fellow Olympians Ryan Lochte and Katie Ledecky, USA Swimming said in a statement on Tuesday (AEST).
Phelps's return to the pool touched off a wave of excitement on social media that added more fuel to speculation that the 28-year-old is planning to compete in Brazil, but his longtime coach did little to fan the flames.
"I don't think anybody knows," Bob Bowman said in a phone interview when asked if Phelps's return to competitive swimming was a step toward swimming at the 2016 Olympics.
"Certainly he has done some training and gotten into decent physical condition and thought it would be fun to try some racing and we will find out next week how that goes.
"I don't think we can really call it a comeback yet. We'll see how next week goes and take it from there. But (Rio) is a possibility since he decided to consistently train."
Already the most decorated Olympian of all time, Phelps rejoined the U.S. Anti-Doping Agency's drug testing programme last November offering the first hint that he was considering a return to the pool in a bid for more Olympic gold.
World swimming governing body FINA requires athletes to be tested for a minimum of nine months before competing in sanctioned events. Phelps was tested twice in the quarter ended Sept. 30, according to data released by USADA.
"He went through the nine-month probation period from FINA on the drug testing to get back into the competitive pool, so he is that serious about (a comeback)," said Bowman.
"But honestly we don't have any expectations, we don't know where he is, we'll find out a lot more after Mesa and then we can really think about what might happen after that or won't happen after that.
Phelps retired from competitive swimming after winning four gold and two silver medals at the 2012 London Olympics to take his career tally to 22, 18 of which were gold.
Phelps move overturns 'no comeback' vow
He had repeatedly said before the London Games he would not contemplate a comeback and consider a return to compete at what would be his fifth Olympics in Rio.
Retired U.S. swimmer Dara Torres, who has won 12 medals in five Olympics, was not surprised by news Phelps was returning to competitive swimming, saying it was something she expected since the day he retired.
"So funny because when he announced his retirement I went in Twitter and tweeted "who wants to bet MP (Michael Phelps) will come out of retirement for Rio?", Torres said in an email. "And he tweeted me back and said 'I will!'
"You know I feel sorry for those swimmers who thought they had a better shot of winning a gold because Michael Phelps was retired.
"He's an unbelievable athlete and it's great for the sport of swimming."
The Arena Grand Prix in Mesa is the fourth stop of USA Swimming's 2013-14 Arena Grand Prix Series, which provides the nation's best swimmers six opportunities to face top-flight competition on U.S. soil.
Bowman said Phelps had been entered in the 100 metres freestyle, 100m butterfly and the 50m butterfly.
"It's just a start, I think it is something he will have a good time with," said Bowman. "Unfortunately the program has the 100 metre free and 100 fly, two of the events, on the first day so in the morning he will probably swim both and if he makes it to the finals we'll probably pick one to swim in at night.
"The second day we entered him in the 50 and he will probably do the butterfly instead of the freestyle just for fun."
While Bowman had downplayed any suggestions Phelps was considering a return, he said he was now in full support of his comeback because the swimmer was doing it the right way and for all the right reasons.
"He's really enjoying it and that is why I am condoning his return," said Bowman. "He is doing it for all the right reasons.
"He doesn't have anything to prove, his legacy is sealed forever and he is just doing it because he loves to swim."


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FOWC with Fandango — Prompt
I had a really bad case of asthma last night and finding a position in which to sleep left me a bit tired this morning. But having finally convinced my lungs to breathe rather than wheeze, I got up and decided I'd better make a head start on what I — for some obscure reason — had volunteered to do. It was a small enough job and I figured I should "Be useful."
Paint the parts of the door that were "left over" after we installed the most recent door handle.
It looks just like the old door handle, but unlike the old one, isn't broken. Not exactly the same size, either. It is a wee bit smaller, though it is otherwise very similar. It certainly works a lot better than the older one ever did, even when it was new. My job was to wash the door, sand the area to be painted, then paint. It went pretty well until I realized I could get the top of the paint can open. I'm not the powerhouse I was in my youth.
I had swept the door area clean a few days ago, but since then about 8 million new insects had moved back into the crevices. Mostly spiders, but also some weird-looking puffy things and other crawlies.
I'm not very fond of crawlies, but I have learned to cope with them when I have no other choice. Garry joined the party, which was nice because he has a couple of inches on me, but between the two of us, we couldn't do the top of the door. We are too short.
We did the best we could with brooms and dust mops, but it didn't get washed. Everything else, we washed at least twice and if we'd done it three times more, I'm pretty sure it would still be dirty.
It's amazing how filthy a front door can get. If we had a hose in the front of the house, I could have hosed it down once in a while, but we don't. It's one of the broken things that hasn't gotten fixed and may never get fixed. I have begun to accept the truth: not everything gets fixed. Not now, not eventually. Some stuff just stays broken because it's too expensive to fix, or it's just not up at the top of your broken-thing prompt list. We got some stuff done — even got the gutters cleared, more or less. But the chimney is still very much in need of pointing and the deck has been waiting more than a decade for some Thompsons' water repellent.
We are in a race to see which crumbles first: us or the house.
The amount needing to be done greatly exceeds our finances or physical strength by a magnitude of at least 10.
Every now and again, we play the lottery. Not often, just when I feel I need 24 hours to dream of wealth beyond imagining. I don't want much. Just enough money to get a house that is more suitable for us. Without stairs. Easy maintenance floors. Modern heating and cooling. Not so many trees. Not nearly as many trees. And a driveway that can't double as the bunny slope for a small ski resort.
I also got back the results of my blood tests. I tried to read through them, I had to look up each result on Google. At first, it looked like I was a goner. But you don't read each result. You sort of have to look at the entire picture and when I got through doping out each level — the highs and the lows — I figured out why in the end, he told me to get Vitamin D3 and take two every other day.
I'm a little bit anemic and I have the kind of vitamin deficiencies people who don't have a normal stomach tend to get. Then there's the spine, heart, arthritis, fibromyalgia, and asthma. What the report really said is "She's one tough old bird. Give her vitamins."
And I've been taking my vitamins and remarkably, I'm beginning to feel a little better. It turns out that anemia makes you really tired.
I always want medical reports to say "Do this, do that and you'll be young again." They never say that. They never suggest that you'll be younger, thinner, or springier in your step.
But I'm alive enough and there are plenty of reasons I might not be. Strong enough — with help — to wash that door!
Now it'll wait a few more days to get it done. It is beautiful outside.
On the next beautiful day, for sure.
Categories: #FOWC, Daily Prompt, Fandango's One Word Challenge, Home, Marilyn Armstrong, Photography


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Fostering understanding on campus
Gerald Kapinos didn't know what to expect from fellow collegians at the University of Wisconsin in Madison. After all, the young Air Force veteran was entering foreign and potentially unwelcoming territory, a campus once dubbed the "Berkeley of the Midwest." Yet he was pleasantly surprised to learn that present-day students of the school known for antiwar protests during the Vietnam era and beyond were not hostile or condescending at all - just curious.
Though, that curiosity was from time to time manifested in odd ways toward the imposingly tall former military police officer. Occasionally, a student whose view of warfare and war fighters was formed by playing video games during adolescence wondered how many "points" for shooting bad guys Kapinos had earned during his two tours of the Middle East. "I hate questions like that," Kapinos said, "but it's just because they don't understand. People who have been in the military know how it really is, but somebody who's never been there can't."
The occasionally amusing, sometimes embarrassing and often vexing lack of understanding between veteran students and civilian academia is what prompted Student Veterans of America (SVA) and The American Legion to bring educators, students and veterans advocates together in a series of "Veterans on Campus" educational symposia. Kapinos, SVA's Midwest regional director, spoke during the first day of those sessions on Aug. 26 in Milwaukee - the site of the Legion's 92nd National Convention.
Along with Kapinos' presentation, which touted the on-campus, culture-bridging work of SVA chapters nationwide, the Thursday symposium featured panel discussions among members of Wisconsin veterans service organizations and student veterans.
Students aren't the only ones who display flashes of unwitting insensitivity towards veterans in the classroom, Kapinos said. He points to the times when he and fellow student veterans have been "singled out" in the classroom. A professor might ask, said Kapinos, "What's your view of America's entry into the conflict with Iraq. You were there. What do you think?"
"That sort of question makes me really uncomfortable," Kapinos said. "It's not something I want to answer, no matter what my opinion is." A teacher might pose the question out of intellectual curiosity, he explains, but the effect on the veteran is unpleasant, to say the least.
Yet, despite expectations left over from three decades ago, young military veterans taking advantage of the newly instituted Post-9/11 G.I. Bill are not separated from their classmates so much - if at all - by differing political viewpoints, but by age and life experiences. According to Kaspinos, student veterans arrive on campus in a state he calls "sterile." Vets, he said, are unfamiliar with campus jargon, institutional systems, what benefits they have earned and, most of all, the culturally different mindset of their civilian counterparts, including faculty members. Veteran students are usually several years older than their classmates and almost always out of touch with the classroom, rusty in study skills and unpracticed in study habits.
A second symposium day today will concentrate on the role of alternative education for veterans, such as vocational training, distance learning, and licensing and certification education. The symposium will conclude with remarks from the University of Wisconsin's assistant dean of students, who will speak on the valuable role of student veterans on campus.


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-the near-unconsciousness of possible meanings –
all that inspires, shocks and makes me purr
Freyja Howls is a writer, performer and activist who would have been a style icon and comedian a century ago.
Dreams, thoughts, and experiences expressed through poetry and prose
Musings on poetry, language, perception, numbers, food, and anything else that slips through the cracks.
An archived blog about science & philosophy, by Massimo Pigliucci
research education, academic writing, public engagement, funding, other eccentricities.
Essays & Criticism of Contemporary Poetry and Literary Fiction
teacher, edu-nerd, learner


text: $1 per minute retail for cutting time. All other aspects of the job are $60/hour with a minimum of $30. I do offer some hourly rate diswcount for wholesale customers depending how long I've been working for them. If the job is big enough I will price in a bit or two. For large wholesale customers I do it by the job after figuring out how long it will take to cut a sheet. I give them a break off the $1 per minute run rate of the CNC. I have a spreadsheet that I can use to plug in different discount rate percentages depending on how large a run the customer will be doing. It's worth the time to put this spreadsheet together for larger jobs.


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NBA: Knicks defeat Bucks behind Carmelo Anthony's 29 points
MILWAUKEE -- Carmelo Anthony may be playing better than ever.
Anthony scored 29 points to lead the New York Knicks to a 102-88 victory over the Milwaukee Bucks on Wednesday night.
Anthony, who sat out the fourth quarter, was 9 of 18 from the floor and also grabbed eight rebounds in 30 minutes. The second-leading scorer in the NBA has scored at least 29 points in his last four games, including 35 points and 13 rebounds in a 96-89 overtime loss at Brooklyn on Monday.
"He's playing at an all-time high, I think," Knicks coach Mike Woodson said. "And it's a beautiful thing to watch.
"He's just been solid, and it's kind of nice to see. He's put a lot of time in this summer with the Olympics, and it carried over to the summer program when we got back. He came to vet camp in great shape, and it's been a nice carry-over to the season."
Steve Novak added a season-best 19 points in a career-high, 39-plus minutes, and Tyson Chandler chipped in with 17 points and eight rebounds for the Knicks, who snapped a three-game road losing streak.
"Coach gave me good minutes; great opportunity to be out there," said Novak, who grew up in the area and also played at Marquette University. "I was feeling good and Coach had confidence in me. There's no place like playing at home. That's just true. Playing at the Garden is unbelievable, and being at home. There's nothing like those two places.
"I do know these rims well. I've shot a few shots on these."
Jason Kidd missed his second game in a row for New York with lower back spasms. But he wasn't needed, as New York starters Chandler and Kurt Thomas also sat out the fourth.
No Milwaukee starters played the final period. Beno Udrih scored a season-high 18 points, as did Brandon Jennings.
"The things we wanted to do, that we talked about before the game like making Carmelo have an inefficient game and controlling their 3-point shots, neither one of those happened," Milwaukee coach Scott Skiles said.
The Bucks, who have lost four of their last five games, also got 17 points and seven assists from Monta Ellis.
"We just didn't seem as prepared as we needed to be," Skiles added. "We were a little bit loose with the ball. Again, you have to give their team --they'll play a lot of smalls out there with one big guy. They put a lot of pressure on you. You have to be sharp and we weren't."
Milwaukee overcame a 27-point, second-half deficit to beat Chicago on Monday, but there was no rally this time after giving up the first 10 points of the second half to fall behind 68-48 on Anthony's short jump shot with 9:38 to play.
"I was just taking what they was giving," Anthony said. "If they put a bigger guy on me, I'd try to get it to the hole. If they put (someone smaller) on me, I was trying to get down in the paint, and stay aggressive. Tonight was one of those nights I made shots and tried to make the game easier for myself."
Milwaukee responded by scoring the next seven points, including a layup by Larry Sanders to trim the margin to 68-55 with 7:32.
The closest the Bucks would get was 98-86 with 2 minutes left in the game on a basket by Udrih.
"Big leads are not big in this league," Woodson said. "You've just got to play for 48 minutes and you get it done."
The last time Milwaukee led was 31-30 on a layup by Udrih with 8:25 remaining in the second quarter. New York had a 45-44 edge before using a 9-0 run to take control. It started with a 3-pointer by Anthony.
Three straight turnovers by Milwaukee all led to layups, including one by Raymond Felton for New York's biggest lead of the first half, 54-44, with 55 seconds left.
Notes: New York improved to 5-4 on the road. The Knicks are 5-0 at home. ... Novak's previous career high for minutes was 38, set at Portland on Feb. 22, 2009. ... John Henson made his second start for Milwaukee. The rookie also did Monday for the first time. Skiles used his third different starting lineup in three games. He used the same starting five for the first 10 games. .. Kurt Thomas also made his second start for New York. He did not play in three of the previous five games. ... Three of the next four Bucks' games are on the road.


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Filmmaker Alma Har'el profiles the people and places of Bombay Beach, the small community on the edge of California's Salton Sea. Back in the 1950s, the Salton Sea was the premiere vacation destination for folks looking to have some fun in the sun, and in the water. From the working class to the Hollywood elite, people from all across the country flocked to this scenic rift lake, and it didn't take long for local entrepreneurs to recognize the potential for profit. As restaurants sprung up and nightclubs overflowed with wealthy clientele, the community thrived. Now, at the turn of the 21st Century, flooding and poor water flow has rendered the Salton Sea a virtual ghost town - the death of the American dream personified. But within this dusty former boomtown, life still flourishes. For young bipolar Benny Parish, it's a place to let his vivid imagination run wild, and for aspiring football player CeeJay Thompson, it's a refuge from the Los Angeles gang violence that claimed the life of his beloved cousin. Meanwhile, former oil field worker Red subsists on whiskey and nicotine. Choreographed dance sequences in which the subjects of the documentary dance to the music of Beruit and Bob Dylan lend Bombay Beach a unique feeling unlike any documentary you've ever experienced before. ~ Jason Buchanan, Rovi
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text:
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UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN River Falls
Wisconsin Standards for Teacher Development and Licensure
In this column, indicate the nature of the performance assessments used in this course to evaluate student proficiency in each standard.
1.Teachers know the subjects they are teaching.
The teacher understands the central concepts, tools of inquiry, and structures of the disciplines she or he teaches and can create learning experiences that make these aspects of subject matter meaningful for pupils.
See Appendix C, Wisconsin Content Standards, for specific information regarding the content standards met in this course and the performance assessments used to evaluate them.
2.Teachers know how children grow.
The teacher understands how children with broad ranges of ability learn and provides instruction that supports their intellectual, social, and personal development.
In their projects and during their presentations, teachers demonstrate how they would present some of this courses' ideas to high school students, and are assessed on their level of understanding of high school students' intellectual levels and learning needs.
3.Teachers understand that children learn differently.
The teacher understands how pupils differ in their approaches to learning and the barriers that impede learning and can adapt instruction to meet the diverse needs of pupils, including those with disabilities and exceptionalities.
In their projects and during their presentations, teachers demonstrate how they would present some of this courses' ideas to high school students, and are assessed on using a variety of standards-based strategies, which should meet the needs of a diverse group of students.
4.Teachers know how to teach.
The teacher understands and uses a variety of instructional strategies, including the use of technology, to encourage children's development of critical thinking, problem solving, and performance skills.
During computer lab activities, teachers are assessed on their ability to use technology. Teachers' projects include a technology component.
5.Teachers know how to manage a classroom.
The teacher uses an understanding of individual and group motivation and behavior to create a learning environment that encourages positive social interaction, active engagement in learning, and self-motivation.
Teachers' knowledge of how to engage students in active learning is assessed during their presentations and in their projects, in which they must provide student activities which can be used in high school classrooms.
6.Teachers communicate well.
The teacher uses effective verbal and nonverbal communication techniques as well as instructional media and technology to foster active inquiry, collaboration, and supportive interaction in the classroom.
Teachers' communication skills are assessed through class discussions, written work such as homework, exams, and projects, and verbal presentations.
7.Teachers are able to plan different kinds of lessons.
The teacher organizes and plans systematic instruction based upon knowledge of subject matter, pupils, the community, and curriculum goals.
In their projects, teachers plan activities that meet curriculum goals related to the topics of this course.
8.Teachers know how to test for student progress.
The teacher understands and uses formal and informal assessment strategies to evaluate and ensure the continuous intellectual, social, and physical development of the pupil.
Not a component of this course.
9.Teachers are able to evaluate themselves.
The teacher is a reflective practitioner who continually evaluates the effects of his or her choices and actions on pupils, parents, professionals in the learning community and others and who actively seeks out opportunities to grow professionally.
Teachers who are enrolled in a graduate course such as this one are showing that they are interested in growing in their mathematical knowledge, and in their ability to present advanced algebraic ideas in ways that high school students can understand. Teachers' level of content understanding and ability to relate topics to high school are assessed through homework, exams, class discussions, projects, and presentations.
10.Teachers are connected with other teachers and the community.
The teacher fosters relationships with school colleagues, parents, and agencies in the larger community to support pupil learning and well-being and acts with integrity, fairness and in an ethical manner.
Teachers in this course work cooperatively on some assignments and projects. Teachers in this course form close relationships with other teachers in the course, and share many stories about their teaching experiences, as well as ways they have found to enhance teaching and learning. While such relationships are not formally assessed in this course, they are noted informally by the instructors, and used as a way to pair teachers for group labs or projects


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Joe Dowling Returns to Dublin's Abbey Theatre to Direct Frank McGuinness' THE DEAD Tonight
The world premiere production of the Frank McGuinness adaptation of James Joyce's The Dead will play Dublin's Abbey Theatre, under the direction of former Abbey and current Guthrie Artistic Director Joe Dowling. The Dead will begin previews tonight, December 5, will open December 11 and will play through January 19, 2013.
Dowling, who has been Artistic Director at the Guthrie since 1995, returns to the Dublin Theater where he served as Artistic Director from 1978-85 (at age 29, he was the Abbey's youngest-ever artistic director) and where he also served from 1973-76 as artistic director of Peacock Theatre, the Abbey's Second Stage.
The Dead features what Dowling terms a "dream team" cast of prominent Irish actors including Derbhle Crotty as Gretta; Crotty most recently worked with Dowling as director in 2011 in The Field by John B. Keane at the Olympia Theatre in Dublin. The cast also features Rosaleen Linehan, who appeared in Dowling's production of Tartuffe at Roundabout Theatre in 2003 as well as the Dowling-directed Guthrie Productions of The Plough and the Stars in 2000 and Blithe Spirit in 1997. An earlier production of The Plough and the Stars directed by Dowling in 1989 at Dublin's Gaiety Theatre also featured The Dead cast member Lorcan Cranich.
Dowling's cast also includes Stanley Townsend as Gabriel; Townsend has appeared on major stages in the U.K. including The National Theatre, the Royal Court and the Old Vic, as well as numerous film and television credits. The Dead appears as part of the Abbey's Great Irish Writers Season that began in June 2012 and has featured work by Ireland's most influential writers including Oscar Wilde and Sean O'Casey with new writing by Owen McCafferty and Gary Duggan.
Joe Dowling has directed extensively throughout North America at theaters including Arena Stage, The Shakespeare Theatre, The Public Theater, American Repertory Theatre, Broadway's Roundabout Theatre, the Geffen Playhouse and Chicago Shakespeare Theater. His production of Juno and the Paycock played on Broadway, at the International Edinburgh Festival and in Israel. He has directed at Ontario's Stratford Festival as well as at Canada's Banff Centre and Centaur Theatre. He is also the former artistic director of Dublin's Gaiety Theatre.Dowling will return to the Guthrie in December, when he will begin rehearsal for Long Day's Journey into Night featuring Peter Michael Goetz (Guthrie: The Sunshine Boys, Death of a Salesman; Broadway: Beyond Therapy, The Government Inspector, Brighton Beach Memoirs; many film and television credits and Helen Carey (Guthrie: Winter's Tale, Death of a Salesman; Broadway: London Assurance, Pygmalion, Hedda Gabler; Theater: Washington's Shakespeare Theatre, Major Barbara (Helen Hayes Award), The Persians, Antony and Cleopatra, Macbeth and Volpone (Helen Hayes Award), Arms and the Man, Ontario's Shakespeare Festival Theatre; many film and television credits) as James and Mary Tyrone in Eugene O'Neill's American classic. The Dowling-directed production will be the first ever in the Guthrie's 50 seasons; Long Day's Journey into Night will run from January 12-February 23, 2013 on the Guthrie's Wurtele Thrust Stage.
The GUTHRIE THEATER (Joe Dowling, Director) was founded by Sir Tyrone Guthrie in 1963 and is an American center for theater performance, production, education and professional training. The Tony Award-winning Guthrie Theater is dedicated to producing the great works of dramatic literature, developing the work of contemporary playwrights and cultivating the next generation of theater artists. With annual attendance of nearly 500,000 people, the Guthrie Theater presents a mix of classic plays and contemporary work on its three stages. Under the artistic leadership of Joe Dowling since 1995, the Guthrie continues to set a national standard for excellence in theatrical production and performance. In 2006, the Guthrie opened its new home on the banks of the Mississippi River in Minneapolis. Designed by Pritzker Prize-winning architect Jean Nouvel, the Guthrie Theater houses three state-of-the-art stages, production facilities, classrooms and dramatic public lobbies. For more information, visit www.guthrietheater.org.


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is there a van from treviso to surrey to take back clothing few kitchen stuff and personal belongings HiNeed to find man with van from trviso to surrey to take clothing,personal belongings ,wall pictures and crockery etc /
Veneto is one of the twenty regions of Italy. The region's capital and largest city is Venice. Tourism is one of the main economic resources of Veneto. One-fifth of Italy's foreign tourism gravitates towards Veneto, which is the first region in Italy in terms of tourist presence, attracting over 60 million visitors every year.
Veneto Highlights
The Curious Traveler
What you can't miss in Veneto
Where is Veneto
Top Experiences in Veneto
Language Schools
Language school
Wedding Locations
Properties for sale in Veneto
Recipes From Veneto
What others are saying about Veneto
@inzani asks:
@maugenstein asks:
In mid Septemer of this year we will be in Venice for the first time. We have 2 1/2 days there. Is it worth spending some of the time for a trip out to Murano?Thank you!
@rivercruisegal asks:
VENICE: does anyone know WHERE Venice's Sunday Murano glass flea market is? Grazie


text: Little Dragon is an electronic music band, based in Gothenburg, Sweden. It consists of Swedish-Japanese singer Yukimi Nagano (vocals, percussion) and her close high-school friends Erik Bodin (drums), Fredrik Källgren Wallin (bass), and Håkan Wirenstrand (keyboards). The first Little Dragon's release was a double A-side 7'' single 'Twice'/'Test', released on Off The Wall label in 2006. The following year, the band signed with the larger British indie Peacefrog Records and released their debut self-titled album Little Dragon on September 3, 2007. Since then they have been touring through Europe and also have made music videos for the songs "Test", "Twice", "Constant Surprises", "After the Rain" and "Fortune". Double A-Side single "Fortune / Blinking Pigs" was released in the UK on January 26, 2009. Their song "Twice" is featured in Season 5 of ABC's Grey's Anatomy.


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Angie's List Answers is the trusted spot to ask home improvement and health questions and get answers from service companies, health providers and consumers. For ratings and reviews on companies in your area, search Angie's List.
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Commercial Fleet Services
TxDMV offers multiple customer-focused registration programs to suit your business needs. Whether you have one truck or thousands moving across Texas, we have a program for you.
Apportioned Registration
Obtain registration from one jurisdiction for multi-jurisdiction travel
Interstate travel without purchasing trip permits
Compliance training
Token Trailers
Semi-trailers with weight exceeding 6,000 lbs.
Multi-year registration
No annual plate sticker replacement
Multi-Year Fleet
Multi-year fleet registration for 25+ vehicles and/or trailers
One to eight year registration periods
Standard or custom logo license plates, no annual sticker replacement.
Forestry Registration
TxDMV issues forestry vehicle registration for vehicles used exclusively for transporting forest products in their natural state, including logs, debarked logs, untreated ties, stave bolts, plywood billets, wood chips, stumps, sawdust, moss, bark, wood shavings and property used in production of those products.
The registration year for Forestry Vehicle License Plates is April 1 through March 31 of the following year.


text:
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Revista de filosofía
versión On-line ISSN 0718-4360
CINTORA G, Armando. PIRRONISMO Y CONOCIMIENTO CIENTÍFICO. Rev. filos. [online]. 2010, vol.66, pp.79-92. ISSN 0718-4360. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0718-43602010000100005.
The search of epistemic justification for the most basic methodological and axiological presuppositions of science has to deal with Agrippa's trilemma. It is argued that infinite regress - even if it is only a potential regress - and circularity are not the best alternatives of the trilemma and that the best disjunct is a minimalist dogmatism, with the following conditional, as one of its dogmas: If our most basic methodological and axiological scientific presuppositions (as well as our observational statements) were the correct ones, then the scientific theories selected by these presuppositions would be the probably, or the approximately, true ones.
Palabras clave : epistemic justification; infinite regress; circularity; dogmatism; pyrrhonian scepticism; relativism.


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Officials at New York City's Bellevue Hospital Center, which has been operating on emergency generators since late Monday, announced Wednesday that they are transferring about 500 patients to other hospitals.
On Tuesday, the hospital transferred its ventilator-dependent patients to other hospitals.
News reports said the hospital's lobby has been dark since Hurricane Sandy knocked out power in much of Manhattan and that hospital corridors "smelled bad."
The hospital did keep its emergency department open, but the city began diverting ambulances to other hospitals yesterday.
In order to accommodate this latest evacuation, the New York City health department authorized the activation of "surge capacity plans," which allow hospitals to admit more patients than their authorized capacity.
The New York Times reported that Bellevue has asked other hospitals to accept its patients under appeals marked "URGENT" and "ASAP."
Bellevue, which is the city's largest public hospital, is in the same East River neighborhood as the NYU Langone Medical Center, which evacuated its patients in the early morning hours Tuesday.


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As a kid, I never went to sleep away camp. But, I have learned, it's never too late.
Camps for adults are the hot new trend and I can see why. Most of us struggle with work life balance and so many demands on our time. Who wouldn't want to escape from daily demands and have some fun?
Today, in my Miami Herald column, I profile a few of the camps.
Camps for adults help workers recharge
A year ago, Joseph Dawnson, a communications manager at a South Florida biotech company, sat at his work computer dreaming about connecting with musicians who shared his passion for rock music. So, Dawson jetted to Las Vegas, wehre he spent a week playing drums at Rock N Roll Fantasy Camp with other working professionals also looking to escape their routine.
"It was kind of like self-help group therapy," Dawson says. "It changed me on a level I didn't expect."
With time demands and stress levels rising, U.S. workers are desperate to connect with others who feel trapped in the same dynamics. Camps for adults have become increasingly popular as an antidote to workplace stress, offering workers a weekend or weeklong opportunity to unplug their devices, recharge their personal batteries, re-evaluate priorities and experience much needed camaraderie.
Stress experts say building bonds with others in a completely new environment encourages positive thinking and resilience. "The brain is hardwired that we must have a tribe or community in order to survive in this very challenging world," says Heidi Hanna, CEO of SYNERGY Solutions and author of Stressaholic. "Social support not only boosts optimism, it makes challenges appear less difficult."
For Dawson, 32, rocking out with rock legends like KISS' Ace Frehley and Alice Cooper was decidedly cool. But the deeper experience came from bonding with fellow band mates who were strangers just the week before. Dawson has stayed in touch with all of them — insurance agents, doctors, IT experts, all tethered by a common love of music. He says they support each other's lives outside work, even traveling to attend performances. "It's over a year out, and the experience still changes me, "It's given me confidence to play more, and I now work with co-workers better."
According to grownupcamps.com, there are more than 800 adult camps in the U.S., most of them operating throughout the year. They tout the draw of the adult camp experience as an opportunity to break free of routine, learn something new, make new friends and have fun. The American Camp Association (ACA) says it expects interest in adult camps to continue to grow. Camp organizers say typically about 50 percent of adult campers return.
David Fishof launched Rock 'n' Roll fantasy camp in Doral more than a decade ago to appeal to the booming population of rock star wannabes. He since has secured a permanent location for his fantasy camp in Las Vegas and just entered talks to open a second location in South Florida. The camps pair attendees with professional musicians and band mates and range in price from $ 299 for a one-day rock star experience, $ 1,699 for two days of Rock Camp 101 and up to $ 5,495 for a four-day headliner package. Campers write and record their own songs in a professional recording studio and finish with a live performance. Fishof says campers leave with better work and life skills. "They learn to listen. What makes them successful in a band is to listen to what the other person is playing. So many people forget success is in teams."
Like Fishof, Tammi Leader Fuller, 54, became aware of the dynamics behind the adult camp trend and now runs Campowerment, a combination of fun and games and empowerment workshops. Fuller calls it a place where women who are struggling to juggle all that life throws at them can unwind in a group setting.
"A lot of women have hit a wall," explains Fuller. "They want to know others are experiencing what they are feeling." Fuller says camp rules are that campers can't talk about what they do for a living for the first 24 hours. "Sweatpants, we have learned, are the great equalizer."
In between bonfires and singalongs, the women learn journaling, vision board making and stress management skills. Fuller runs the camps at kids' sleep-away properties around the country. Her next one will be in Orange Springs, Fla., from Feb. 21-24. She expects about 70 women to attend.
Patrice "Treecy" Eichen, a 55-year-old Broward County assistant attorney and mother of a teen daughter, flew to Malibu last April to participate in a four-day Campowerment. "I wanted to experience bonding and friendship away from electronics and cell service. It was four days just to do what I want and not have demands on me."
Eichen, who signed up for Campowerment again this March, said she found the "sharing circles" and waking up to women giggling in her bunk more restorative than a day at the spa. "I think it has more long-term benefits."
Camp organizers are discovering that even the young generation of workers sees the benefit of breaking away from the modern world for a camp experience. Levi Felix, 29, co-founded Digital Detox in 2012 to lead device free retreats and programs. He has hosted more than 15 three-day retreats for people who feel addicted to their gadgets. For 72 hours, the participants eat vegan food, practice yoga, swim in a nearby creek, take long walks in the woods, and keep a journal about being offline.
From those retreats, Felix got the idea for Camp Grounded, a full-scale, adults-only camp held in June on former Boy Scouts quarters about 2 ½ hours north of San Francisco. Last summer, about 300 people from all over the country attended and participated in activities such as truffle-making workshops, yoga and archery. Campers, mostly in their 30s, were prohibited from electronics, watches and work talk. "People are looking for a place to unplug, re-energize and build community, " Felix says. "The idea is to leave with new perspective." Initial Camp Grounded success, he says, led him to offer three camp sessions of 300 people each this summer.
Taking a different approach, Vicky Townsend, 53, launched Inspiration University to encourage women to talk business — but also build friendships — in a relaxed environment. She has partnered with high-end spas throughout South Florida and invited executive women to come to electronics-free retreats that include inspirational workshops, wine and cheese and spa treatments. "We encourage the women to talk about what they do and what they need," Townsend says. "You get to know someone on a different level when you're getting reflexology or scalp massages together."
Stress expert Hanna says more adults need to seek an outlet for pent-up tension and anxiety: "Unfortunately, people think that if they seek help for stress, they will be perceived as weak, when the reality is everyone is stressed." While the goal is to re-energize, the real advantage, camp organizers say, are the coping abilities that help upon return to former routines. Says Fuller: "Everyone leaves with the tools to live the lives they want and a new sense of purpose."


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It's easy to assume that a global Internet, with all its promise of scaled communication and education and democratization, will eventually help to foster democracy. But it's also not entirely accurate to assume that. In a conversation with The Atlantic's Steve Clemons yesterday evening, Eric Schmidt and Jared Cohen -- co-Googlers and co-authors of The New Digital Age: Reshaping the Future of People, Nations, and Business -- made a point of emphasizing the limitations of technological innovation. Particularly when it comes to geopolitical change.
"We're very concerned about the balkanization of the Internet," Schmidt said -- and not just because division itself in so many ways runs contrary to the ideals the Internet, and the web, were founded on. Splintering, especially based on geopolitical divisions, could also have direct political and physical consequences. If you're an autocratic government that feels threatened by the existence of an open Internet, Schmidt noted, you're going to resist that Internet -- in the way that, say, Iran has resisted it. Last month, he pointed out, Iran announced plans for a state-run digital map that would function as an "Islamic Google Earth." ("I'm not making this up," Schmidt insisted, as the crowd laughed at the sad absurdity. "This is actually what they announced.")
Iran's willful exclusion of its citizens from the Internet much of the rest of the world knows -- its attempt to take the "worldwide" aspect out of the World Wide Web -- may well indicate weakness in the regime itself. ("If this is what passes for leadership," Schmidt put it, "these guys have a problem.") If so, though, it's a weakness belied by technological capabilities: the Iranian regime, at this point, does have the infrastructural power to filter the Internet. It can censor its citizens with increasingly surgical precision. It can create its own version of YouTube. It can bypass Google and Facebook and other American companies, shaping the experience of the Internet for all but the most technologically savvy of its citizens. "Islamic Google Earth" may be a joke; it may also be, however, a harbinger of what's to come.
There's another concern, too, Cohen pointed out. Internet balkanization could enable autocratic states to "band together" to create cyber-alliances that can collaboratively edit the web in order to enforce shared norms. The collectives might edit comments made about their regimes. They might cooperate to monitor user behavior. They might attempt to enforce their notion of "moral behavior" through censorship and other means.
And they might ultimately engage, Cohen continued, in a kind of "digital ethnic cleansing." Traditional legal and political checks on mass criminality have been developed within and for the physical world, he noted; in the digital, however, those checks are less developed. The web is simply too new. And you could imagine autocratic regimes or other communities taking advantage of that, creating a scenario in which one group finds a way to, for example, filter another group's content from the web. Or to shut down -- or severely slow down -- their Internet access. Or to infiltrate them with malware and/or orchestrate elaborate denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks. One group, in other words, could essentially annihilate the digital existence of another.
And then the perpetrator could simply, Cohen said, "make the whole thing look like technical difficulties." Making punishment or retribution, per physical-world systems, extremely difficult.
What all this comes down to, Clemons suggested, is something that Schmidt and Cohen emphasize in their book: the new need for a "virtual foreign policy." While the physical world and the digital obviously coexist, Schmidt pointed out, we have much more finely established ways to regulate behavior in the physical world. When people in the virtual community begin to misbehave, committing crimes that wouldn't be legal in the physical space, we currently have very few mechanisms for correction. As that reality plays out on the geopolitical stage, he said, you could have "this bizarre situation" in which, say, the U.S. and China have a generally good relationship in the physical world: cash flow, open communications, travel between the two countries, etc. And yet behind the scenes -- in the digital world -- those countries could be, effectively, waging war on each other through their digital infrastructure.
Without a more strategic merging between the physical world and the digital, Schmidt suggested, that scenario could well become reality. For now, Cohen said, the big question looming before us is this: "At what point is a cyber attack so big that its effects spill over into the physical world?" We don't yet know. But there's a good chance we'll soon find out.
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