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16-year-old Helena Muffly wrote exactly 100 years ago today:
Sunday, December 17, 1911: Went to Sunday School this afternoon taking the longer way up the railroad on account of the awful roads. Besse was out this afternoon to see Ruth's outfit. Gaugers came down this evening. Must get up early tomorrow morning because Ruthie must depart early.
Her middle-aged granddaughter's comments 100 years later:
The mud must still be horrific. The roads between the Muffly farm and McEwensville were not paved in 1911—but the Susquehanna, Bloomsburg, and Berwick railroad tracks crossed the farm, so Grandma sometimes walked the tracks to town when the roads were muddy. People frequently walked the rails a hundred years ago—though it was considered a somewhat dangerous practice.
Grandma's married sister Besse must have come out to the farm from the nearby town of Watsontown to see the outfit of their other sister, Ruth.
A previous post mentioned that Ruth was going to an institute. Ruth was a teacher at a nearby one-room school house and I think that she was going to a short teacher professional development institute for part of the holiday break. (Schools had a longer winter break back then.)
The Gauger family lived on a farm that was located between McEwensville and Turbotville. That farm was about two miles from the Muffly farm. Ruth married one of the Gauger children (Bill) several years after the end of this diary . Based upon the diary entries, I don't think that Ruth was dating Bill Gauger in December, 1911. Also based upon previous posts, I do think that Grandma may have had a crush on Bill in 1911.

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Friday 25 January
|Sepia (1)
The giant Australian cuttlefish (Sepia apama) is the world's largest cuttlefish, and, like many other cephalopods, it is able to camouflage itself exceptionally well. By changing its skin colour and texture, the giant Australian cuttlefish can convincingly disguise itself against its surrounding environment almost instantaneously (4). Cephalopods, which literally means 'head-footed', are a class of marine molluscs which, along with cuttlefish, includes squid, octopuses and nautiluses. Unlike other molluscs, cephalopods have a closed circulatory system, where blood is contained in vessels, and a highly developed nervous system with a large brain (4) (5).
The giant Australian cuttlefish has eight arms and two extended tentacles, which are used for mating and catching prey, as well as to transform and camouflage the shape of the body (6). The giant Australian cuttlefish is reddish brown, with white bars and spots on the arms and the mantle, and pale fins (4).
All cephalopods, and in particular cuttlefish species, have large, highly-developed eyes, and can detect very low light levels, vital in detecting prey and avoiding predation at night (4) (5). Cephalopods are widely considered to be the most intelligent group of invertebrates,with one of the largest brain-to-body size ratios of any invertebrate (7) (8).
The giant Australian cuttlefish spends a lot of time resting, allowing it to channel more energy into growth, which has been dubbed the 'live-fast-die-young cephalopod philosophy' (9). Like all cephalopods, the giant Australian cuttlefish is an active predator, using its excellent camouflage to stalk fishes, crabs and other crustaceans (3) (4).
Thousands of individual giant Australian cuttlefish aggregate every winter to spawn, peaking in May to June, with the number of males outnumbering the females by up to 11:1 (2) (4). During courtship, the male will perform spectacular displays to attract a female, in which bands of colour pass rapidly along the body (4). Males tend to establish territories around the best egg laying sites (3). As larger, aggressive males will often guard females entering their territory, small males, known as 'sneaker males', may adopt female colourings to avoid the larger males and achieve a mating (4).
The eggs of the giant Australian cuttlefish are lemon-shaped. Laid in crevices, the eggs hatch after 3 to 5 months (4).
The mantle cavity, a feature common to all molluscs, has adapted to help the giant Australian cuttlefish avoid predation. Water can be rapidly sucked in and ejected from the mantle, and is directed using a moveable 'funnel' to create a form of 'jet propulsion' which enables the giant Australian cuttlefish to swiftly escape from predators (10). Like many species of squid and octopus, the giant Australian cuttlefish is also able to protect itself by squirting ink, which obstructs the predators view or acts as a diversion. There is also evidence that the ink may block the scent of the cuttlefish, thereby providing protection from predators which hunt by smell (6).
Most species of cuttlefish are able to quickly change the colour and texture of the skin, allowing them to adopt similar shapes, colours and textures to the surrounding environment, such as rocks on the sea-bed. This is also the same technique employed when achieving sneaky matings or luring in prey (11).
The giant Australian cuttlefish is found exclusively around the southern coast of Australia and Tanzania, leading to its alternative common name of the 'giant Australian cuttlefish' (3).
Found in coastal waters up to 100 metres deep, the giant Australian cuttlefish generally lives on rocky reefs or among kelp forests, but it can also be found in seagrass meadows (3) (4).
The giant Australian cuttlefish is classified as Near Threatened (NT) on the IUCN Red List (1).
The giant Australian cuttlefish is collected as bycatch in trawl fisheries, although relatively low numbers are caught (3). This species is also caught for human consumption and as bait for snapper fishes. Few details on the quantities and origins of catches of the giant Australian cuttlefish are available, and so it is difficult to quantify the effects of this on population numbers (4).
The giant Australian cuttlefish reproduces once in its short lifespan. This means that a decline in one generation will have profound effects on population numbers, as seen in the mid-1990s when mating aggregations of the giant Australian cuttlefish were actively targeted by fisheries (12).
After population numbers began to decline in the 1990s, a ban on fishing was introduced resulting in the recovery and subsequent rise of giant Australian cuttlefish populations (12).
Proposals have been made to protect the Whyalla breeding aggregation site in South Australia as a marine sanctuary (3). Being such an interesting and charismatic animal, there is a degree of public support for the conservation of the giant Australian cuttlefish.
Find out more about the giant Australian cuttlefish and its conservation:
This information is awaiting authentication by a species expert, and will be updated as soon as possible. If you are able to help please contact:
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By Amanda Gardner
HealthDay Reporter
MONDAY, Aug. 10 (HealthDay News) -- According to accumulating research, the beloved family dog is really a toddler with a snout and tail.
"Dogs basically have the developmental abilities equivalent to a human 2-year-old," said dog expert Stanley Coren, who was scheduled to present recent canine research developments at the American Psychological Association annual meeting this week in Toronto.
The average dog can learn 165 words, although "super dog" Rico, a border collie, could understand 200 spoken words. Experts think some dogs can learn up to 250 words.
Dogs can count up to four or five and can correct you if you can't add one plus one.
One dog apparently learned to "read." Coren recounted the case of the canine who was able to "deliver" mail addressed to two girls, one with a short name and one with a long name. Although the owner thought the dog was actually reading, it turns out the canine was gauging the length of the name, not the individual characters, enabling him to deliver the mail to the right person.
Different breeds of dog differ in their intelligence, with border collies topping the list for working (instinctive) and obedience intelligence. The next six smartest are poodles, German shepherds, golden retrievers, Dobermans, Shetland sheepdogs and Labrador retrievers. (The third type of dog smarts is adaptive or problem-solving ability.)
"There are two extreme viewpoints when we talk about dogs," said Coren, professor emeritus of psychology at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver and author of numerous books on dogs including How to Speak Dog and How Dogs Think. "Some tend to think of dogs as if they are little human beings with fur coats. The other extreme is to think of dogs as if they're unthinking but programmable robots. My little beagle would then be a beagle-shaped bag, a biological equivalent of transistors and gears. The truth of the matter is somewhere in between."
More and more, scientists are realizing that dogs can think and solve problems in ways previously thought to belong only to humans and higher primates.
Indeed, one recent study also found that dogs were like 24-month-old children, at least when it comes to figuring out where humans have hidden a treat.
Like 2-year-olds, dogs can experience fear, anger, happiness and disgust (perhaps at a human's sub-par math skills), but not guilt. Humans don't feel guilt until about age 4, Coren said.
That doesn't mean they can't make humans feel guilty. That desolate look when a dog's human leaves the house is probably legitimate. "Dogs are pack animals," Coren explained.
Dogs apparently can ponder the meaning of "dog," in a way. According to Coren, they do have a consciousness of self, though not as complex as that of humans.
They also recognize differences among beings and are cognizant of others' variable viewpoints and talents.
And they dream, as demonstrated through movements they make while they're asleep.
Dogs can figure out how to get to the couch before you do and how to operate a latch or other simple mechanism.
They can also deceive other dogs.
Not to mention people.
Coren has both a beagle (ranked seventh from the bottom in obedience intelligence) and a cat. The cat is fed on the counter so the beagle can't interfere with feline meal-time.
One time, though, the beagle started scrabbling around, digging at the kitchen floor. "I was quite confused," Coren recalls. "He looked around and continued again, then he looked up at me. I finally got down on my hands and knees and he immediately jumped onto my back and onto the counter. He decided his psychologist father could be used as a ladder."
"This presentation asks and answers some very deep questions about if, and then how, dogs might think," said Bonnie Beaver, a professor in the department of small animal clinical sciences at the College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences at Texas A&M University. "[But] there is always the possibility that generalizations do not quite fit the data or that the original data may have been weak. Serious students of dogs are advised to go back to original studies, lovers of dogs should view this with interest and leave a little room for doubts."
More information
The Humane Society of the United States has more on canine behavior.
SOURCES: Stanley Coren, Ph.D., professor emeritus, psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Bonnie V. Beaver, D.V.M., professor, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station; Aug. 8, 2009, presentation, American Psychological Association annual meeting, Toronto
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Milton Village - celebrating 150 years
Milton South Coast NSW Australia
Today, Milton the township is classified as an Urban Conservation Area and its businesses, buildings and residents respectfully combine the town's heritage nature with a contemporary lifestyle.
Over recent years Milton has become home to some of our country's most talented artists and crafts people who have been drawn to the town for its heritage appeal, its proximity to the sea as well as it's rural beauty.
Across the road from the historic Court House (1877) and Milton Post Office (1880), nestled in behind the Milton Theatre, known by performers and patrons alike for its intimate ambience and quality entertainment, is the Cultural Centre housing many of the town's galleries and art studios.
Take a short detour down Milton Wason Street past many of the original workers cottages built in the 1870's and 1880's. At the end of the street about 300 metres from the highway and across the road from the magnificent Wesleyan Stone Church (built 1883) you will find treasures from bygone days at Turnbull Bros.. Antiques. The sheds, known as Mudge's Corner, were built pre-1900 as a cordial factory and the homestead was built in 1906.
As you continue to meander through Milton streets, you will discover a myriad of specialty shops selling fashion & accessories, antiques, home décor, sweets, gourmet treats, gifts, flowers plus health and beauty products & services. Enjoy a freshly squeezed juice, a refreshing coffee or a delicious light lunch at any one of the many cafes along the way.
The centre of a prosperous agricultural area and increasingly popular tourist destination, Milton offers real bush hospitality and a great range of interesting attractions and activities.
Milton Festivals and Events
Throughout the year Milton celebrates annual events such as the Agricultural Show in late February-early March, Escape ArtFest in September-October which showcases art, music, poetry, theatre, dance and film; the Scarecrow Festival held over the June long weekend and the Milton Settlers Fair over the October long weekend.
Milton Accommodation
Boasting an excellent selection of places to stay including B&B's, farm cottages, motel and tourist park, and its close proximity to pristine beaches, mountain ranges, bushwalks and larger coastal towns of Nowra, Ulladulla and Batemans Bay, Milton has become a delightful holiday and short stay destination for visitors to the NSW South Coast.


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