text:
p. 200
There was also a group of young Zionists (Tzeiri-Zion). I was a member of the group as well as friends Zisman, Tiberg, Mordekhai Zelig Kaminski and eight other associates, a total of twelve members. At the beginning, we had a meeting hall in the market. Later, when we could not pay the rent, we received permission to hold meetings in Ferszter's small shul. Every Shabbos, in the afternoon, one of us would read a chapter of Jewish history aloud, or something from the Zionist newspaper Der Velt. At every wedding, bris or other joyous occasion, we would sell Keren Kayemet [National Fund] marks. We also established a library where every Jew could exchange books for three kopeks a week (I was the librarian).
So the calm, cozy work continued until the Uganda Plan was made public and a territorialistic movement (S.S. [Zionist-Socialist Worker's Party]) was established. Once a young man from Czestochowa, Dr. Josef Kruk, came to Radomsk and he spoke in broken Yiddish because he was raised in the Polish language. He thundered against Ussishkin*. His speech was influential in the creation of a socialist group. We took to the work and organized strikes by the shoemakers, tailors and carpenters, poor workers who alone had barely made a living.
The times were precarious then, right after the Russo-Japanese War; Jews hoped for better times, but pogroms were carried out against the Jews and there were arrests for the smallest amount of socialist activity. The young were disappointed, and, anyone who could, emigrated. One of those Radomsker emigrants was me. Of the Radomsker group who then left for Canada, I alone survive.
p. 201
The activities broadened with the growth of the party. A children's home was established under the direction of Mrs. Kszepitski (later the children's home controlled Fareinkte). Hebrew courses were taught by Dovid Gold and Czeczszewotski and 'peoples' meetings' took place with the participation of Izrael Mereminski and Lewertowski (Ber-Leib). A large protest meeting took place after the Lemberger pogrom, and Nakhman Gold and Dovid Krojze appeared.
Two historical events had a great influence on the young people: the Balfour Declaration and the Russian Revolution.
p. 201
Right after the proclamation of the Balfour Declaration, some young people from Radomsk left for Eretz-Yisroel. At that time, this was not easy. When the young men arrived in Katowice, they were detained, and nothing was heard about them for months. Later, news arrived that one of them, Benyamin Rozenbaum, had been killed in a railway catastrophe. The rest did not reach Eretz-Yisroel.
In 1917, Najmark's son, an enlightened young man, a student of Berish Sztatler,
departed. His first letter created enthusiasm in the city. In 1918, a member of Poalei-Zion, Shlomoh Waksman, left. His letters were read in the Beis Yakov prayer house, and made a strong impression. Then, Moishe Zandberg departed.
The example of these pioneers infected not only the young Zionists, but the members of Fareinkte, too. So, in 1919, Henekh Kalka left for Israel; in 1920, he was followed by Yosef Rozencwajg, Yehoshua Kalka, Shlomoh Waksman, Yehieil Dovid Buchman, Shie-Eliezer Rubinsztajn, Tuvyah Rubinsztajn, Wicentowski and Yankel Lande. From Tzeiri Zion: Dovid Gold, Nakhman Gold, Abraham Birnbaum, Dobcha Gold, Leah Telman, Heiche Englerd and others.
In this way, the [relatively small] Tzeiri Zion group made its great contribution to the national renaissance of the Jewish people in our city.
Standing (from the right): F. Winer, Jakubowicz, Zisman Ofman
Sitting: Y. Fajngold, Toibshe Gold. Blumsztajn, Y. Englard, _____, R. Krojze, Dovid Krojze, Cukerman (flag carrier)]
p. 200
Fareinikte (United) was previously known as the S.S. (Zionist-Socialists), which merged with the Seimowtzes. It was virtually the first party organized in Radomsk during 1915-1916 and there were various reasons for this. First, many older party workers remained in the city, such as Hershel Krojze, the Kalka brothers, Leizer Bajgelman and others. Second, one of the theoreticians and principle leaders of the party, Dr. Yosef Kruk, and a large number of party members who influenced its resurrection, lived in the nearby city of Czenstochowa. Comrade Rafael Federman often came to Radomsk to give lectures and comrade Shmul Frank often came to see artistic performances [held by] Kultura. Both they and other comrades significantly assisted in the development of the organization in Radomsk. A large circle of young members, such as Abraham Winter, Pinye Kalka, Dovid Kohn, Yosef and Yeshayahu Fajerman and many others, actively assisted in the development of Fareinikte.
Standing from the right: R. Zandberg, Sh. Wielunski, Kh. Iyckowicz, Abraham Winter, Shlomoh Winter, A. Horowicz.
Sitting: Dovid Kohn, Hershel Krojze, Pinye Kalka, Leizer Bajgelman, A. Gelbard.
p. 202
Fareinikte carried out very intensive work, both political and cultural. It assisted in the organizing of Jewish workers, arranged strikes, led constant election campaigns to the Seim and to the local city managing committees and arranged lectures, readings and other cultural events. When the other Jewish workers' parties deserted the Kultura meeting hall (by the end of the First World War), Fareinikte remained to take care of it. The members planned their future work in the hall.
As with those in other workers' parties, many Fareinikte party activists later left Radomsk. A portion emigrated to other countries, a portion settled in other cities. A respectable number also went over to the Bund and that was a factor, too, in the significant dwindling of the activity of Fareinikte. But a small number of members, with the devoted Dovid Kohn at the head, maintained the name of Fareinikte until the outbreak of the Second World War. Dozens of members of Fareinikte, as with all of the other Jewish political and social parties, were largely annihilated by Hitler's assassins.
Radomsk, at the end of the first decade of the 20th century, did not possess any special cultural institutions and political organizations from which we young people could derive satisfaction. Hazimir was the only corner of culture at that time, where from time to time dramatic and musical events took place organized by the director Gelbard and the composer Bensman. I remember the performance of Sholem Asch's Mitn Strom and the first act of Halevy's Di Yidn in Hebrew. However, these serious literary activities had to give way to light operettas such as Dos Pintele Yid, which in the end were also silenced and a dead silence dominated life in the city.
This is how Radomsk looked during the First World War, which brought with it hunger, expulsions, epidemics and other woes.
In the years 1915-1916 the young people again took up cultural and social activities. During a late autumn evening in 1915, Dovid Krojze called me to Kultura, where I met M. Z. Rozenblat, Icze Grosman and a visitor from abroadComrade Krul (I do not remember his first name), an emissary from the Poalei-Zion union in Poland, who once again took up his activities after an interruption during the first war years, secretly, under the noses of the German-Austrian occupiers. The old members promised the guest to build a section of the social democratic worker's party Poalei-Zion in Poyln in Radomsk.
At the same time, the old members of other Jewish workers' parties such as S.S* and Bund organized their organizations in Radomsk in a similar way. The S.S., which had a tradition in the Czenstochower region, was particularly active. This, of course, exerted influence on us, too, to initiate our activities. We joined with the old members in Czenstochow, above all with Comrade Simeon Waldfogel, a leader from the Warsaw [Central Committee] and thanks to him we established a valuable contact with the Warsaw Central Committee.
However, internal peace in the party did not continue for long. While the union supported the position of the Russian Social Democratic Workers' Party-P.Z., M.Z. Rozenblat agitated for the Socialist Workers'
From the beginning we drew from both wells. Little by little, however, we young people identified with the Warsaw union and took over the leadership of the party in which I stood at the head.
After a short time, we recruited a significant number of members from all strata: workers, shop employees and so-called well-to-do young people. We often arranged lectures by Warsaw comrades, such as Comrade Mule Edelman, Leizer Lewin, Mietek, etc.
Here Comrade Dua from Jedrzejów must be remembered, about whom legends were literally circulated, that he belonged to the first Poalei-Zion group in Vilna, was exiled to Siberia from which he escaped and that the name Dua is only his pseudonym.
All of the members assisted in creating our organization in a relatively short time, so that we could proceed to independent, professional, political and cultural activities.
We decided to carry out the first strike among the bakery workers who seemed to be unenlightened.
We invited them on a wintry Shabbos in the morning in 1917 and promised our help in obtaining better working and salary conditions. The bakery workers, who were helpless and beaten down, simply did not want to believe that it was possible. After a short but vigorous struggle, we achieved success with all of the demands we presented to the bakery owners, who at that time did [well financially].
I remember an original strike, which we carried out in the wooden button factory, Fortune, owned by the Fajerman family, which had closed with the outbreak of the war. We decided that the workers deserved compensation, because it was not their fault that they had lost their work. We carried out this action together with the F.F.S., because many Polish workers worked in the factory. The struggle was much harder and I must now admit a little bizarre, too. [It was decided] that the factory would be requisitioned and then the owners agreed to pay each worker a certain compensation.
About the strange strike in the cartridge factory of the Grunis firm, we will tell further on.
Our party-section grew at a very rapid rate. Many friends joined who I will remember here: Abraham Kamelgarn, Hershel Yakubowicz, the Feldberg brothers, Fishel and Motel, Y. Rozencwajg, Sh. Rozenblat, Leisze Walinski, Sh. L. Rybinsztajn and the Krojze sisters, whose names I do not remember, but without whose cooperation and help we would not have been able to carry out our work.
Khol Homed Pesakh 1917, a regional conference was scheduled in Bedzin to which we had the right to send 3 delegates. The comrades Yusef Rozencwajg and Fishel Pariz traveled with me. On the train, we met Comrade Shulman Muny of Lodz, who traveled as a delegate from the central committee.
As residents of an Austrian occupied area, we were only able to travel as far as Dabrowa-Górnicza and from there we sneaked across the border of the German occupied area. These two areas were divided by a small bridge, which we had to cross. Comrades from the German side provided us with the necessary papers and we easily arrived in Bedzin.
The conference was for we young members of the leadership very important because we were able for the first time to familiarize ourselves with the approach to different problems, which occupied the Poalei-Zion movement at that time. The conference opened in a special conspiratorial place, it transferred to an attic room and in the end in a kheder, which simultaneously served as a shtibl for davening. There we became acquainted with the older members: Manasses Eidel Yudenherc*, Feiner, Wulf and, also, at that time a young man, Comrade Merkin, appeared for the first time. He later became famous under the name Maks Erik. This Comrade Merkin, with his report of the cultural work, surprised not only we young people, but the older members, too. All saw in him significant strength**. The meeting strengthened our consciousness and stimulated us to further work.
Meanwhile, the war was being carried out, true, far from Radomsk, but its ripples were strongly felt by us in the city. Great poverty was widespread. Unemployment grew and people took up various 'unkosher' livelihoods, such as smuggling and the like. This situation strongly impeded the party, professional and cultural work. Regardless of the conditions, the work was continued. Better working conditions were won; lectures and literary evenings were arranged.
One such lecture was arranged with Comrade Yitzhak Lew of Warsaw. In order to arrange the lecture, it was necessary to receive a permit from a certain official name Temerel. This was an older, typical Austrian functionary and in addition, a sick man. He always had one response, Not allowed. We did not relent; Comrade Lew sent to us a synopsis of his lecture in German on the nature of Eretz-Yisroel, and we received a permit. When the auditorium was already full (not a small thing, a public lecture at that time!), Temerel arrived and requested a chair on the stage so that he would be able to ensure that the lecturer really spoke German and held to the synopsis. Comrade Lew and I, although greatly intimidated, reassured him that it would be in order. The lecture was very successful. The speaker, in the course of two hours discussed,
** Later committed to the Communists and perished in the S.U.
Meanwhile, the news began to arrive about the defeats of the Russian military and the coming revolutionary events began to be felt in the air. It should be understood that censorship [tried to keep us from learning] the truth. However, it was carried in the air and strengthened us in our struggle.
Making use of the general mood, we carried out a series of actions in the backward workplaces. These were small workshops and little factories where the majority of the workers were women. The conditions were particularly difficult in the cartridge factory of the Grunis firm. We turned here to a particular method of struggle, which is worthwhile recalling.
There were up to 20 women employed in the cartridge factory, who worked under severe working conditions and for negligible wages. We decided to storm the fortress. We presented demands, carried out negotiations and in the end stopped the work. The owner, a Hasidic Jew, called the fathers of the workers, the majority of whom were learned and religious Jews, to the rabbi. Understandably, this was all done very privately. As my sister also worked in this factory, we knew about this immediately and began counter-activities. We successfully won the fathers over to our virtuous struggle and most of them decided to inform the rabbi that the demands of the young people were not so outlandish and they could not exert their influence on this question.
The rabbi's Din-Torah (religious suit) was set for the close of Shabbos. I and my friend Sheike Rozenblat* went there and naturally met the manufacturer and some of the fathers in the so-called Beis-Din (religious court) room. After Havdalah (ceremony ending Shabbos) the rabbi came in accompanied by the manufacturer. Seeing us, he greeted us in a friendly manner and began to ask the fathers what they think of the matter. They told him that for a 9 to 10 hour workday the workers do not even earn enough for bread to satisfy their hunger. We noticed that the rabbi was not actually competent to decide the matter. He began to draw back from the whole matter. At the manufacturer's question, [How did you get involved in this matter that should not concern you?],the rabbi admitted that the question must be taken up directly with us rather than with him. Naturally, Grunis had to give in. He came to our meeting hall and subscribed to our demands.
The events of the war, in the meantime, had taken on a whole other character. All attention was given to the revolutionary events in Russia. The news from there was limited because of censorship, but enough to carry away our young souls.
In Poland, there were important changes. The
Polish Legion created by Pilsudski in the Austrian-German Army was dissolved. Pilsudski renounced the loyalty oath to the German regime, which General Bezeler requested from him and he was interned in the Magdeburger Fortress. The Legionnaires were interned in several camps in Poland.
The Polish military organization, F.A.W. very diligently carried out secret activities. We maintained a contact with them and sometimes received information about them from our Center. Many new faces appeared in Radomsk and very few of us knew who they were and which tasks they were fulfilling. The Austrian regime was not as remote as it had been. Time worked against it. The aspirations of the ordinary people who lived under the Austrian regime were awakened. We did not learn enough information about the Balfour Declaration and the rise of a national home for the Jewish people in Eretz-Yisroel.
All of the news came in a hazy form, but it was enough to improve our mood. The declaration of the Fourteen Points by the American President Wilson made a strong impression on us and we started to believe that we had lived through the last war. Why actually not? The Russian Czar had already abdicated. The days of the Austrian dynasty were numbered and the distinct voices of the republican and socialist opposition against the German Kaiser Wilhelm were being heard. A new, free and just world was opening for the persecuted Jewish people.
Our organization becomes more active. We make use of every means in order to spread the idea of Poalei-Zion, for the social and national movement. Elections to the city council are proclaimed and we take part in them. According to the election statute, a candidate for councilman must be at least 30 years old and there was no eligible candidate among us. Therefore, we supported our sympathetic friend Icze Urbak, who was elected as a councilman. We did not place any great hopes in the city council. However, it was a platform and electioneering itself had a great political significance.
We received surprising news from Central in Warsaw that our two prominent comrades, Borokhov and Zrubbel were in Russia and that Comrade Borokhov was taking an active part in the convention of the national minorities. We decided to invite the Comrades to Radomsk as soon as they would be in Poland. Destiny, however, wanted something else and, in December 1919, death cut short the young, creative life of Ber Borokhov, the ideologue of social and national liberation of the Jewish worker. Instead of a joyous reception, we, unfortunately, had to arrange an evening of mourning. We expressed the great devotion and affection of our movement in the program for the evening. We invited Professor Wilenberg from Czenstochow, who described the life and the activities of the great deceased with photographs. Despite the fact that railway traffic had virtually stopped due to a snowstorm, Comrade Szurek still came to us in order to honor the memory of Ber Borokhov with his lecture.
Our Activities at the Close of the WarThe first six months of 1918 can be boldly marked with the birth pangs of the new world as we then believed. In the Polish streets, preparations for the great historical event, the renewal of the Polish independent land, were already evident. The Polish military organization F.A.W. arranged open mass meetings and made every effort to take power. The next people's commissar in our city was a member of the small circle of our organization. Alas, I cannot remember his name. However, his appearance and the way his mouth was a little crocked to one side remains in my memory.
All of the Jewish parties found themselves in the meeting hall of Kultura. Poalei-Zion then expropriated the wedding hall belonging to the Zaks family, in order to arrange their workers' corner. When I look back, I recall the energy with which we worked, not sparing any strength and not stopping for any difficulty. And we actually achieved what it was possible to achieve.
Not being able to give out appropriate proclamations and appeals ourselves, we translated the Polish and reworked the wording of proclamations from an earlier period, so that they would be ready for the appropriate moment. We created a commission with Motel Feldberg* at the head, to buy weapons from the Austrian soldiers because we were preparing ourselves to organize a self-defense organization against the Polish hooligans. We helped our friend Yitzhak Zaks buy instruments from the Austrian orchestra.
Our meeting hall, indeed, was the central point of the young among the working masses in the city.
On the 10th of November 1918 we received a message through a railway worker that two of our members could be present at the take-over of the railway from the German regime (the administration of HGM Radomsk had belonged to the Austrian occupying regime; the railway was in the hands of the Germans).
Promptly at six in the evening we, Comrade Leibush Zandberg and I, arrived at the building where the rail freight was taken care of and together with some workers went to the train terminal. All was set in advance, who should take over the office, the scale, the telegraph and telephone, etc. Everything was carried out without any resistance. The railway treasury was almost empty. Naturally, all of the offices were occupied by Poles, former railway workers.
Unemployment and poverty was widespread. Only the bakers were employed and there was terrible need among the remaining workers. We decided to create a low-cost kitchen where one could receive lunch and supper for a small payment. The monetary support for the purpose was collected from among the well-to-do businessmen, who had become rich during the war. And under the guidance of Sh. L. Rybinsztajn, my brother Pinche and some
female comrades, such as the Krojze sisters and others, for a long time there was a low-cost kitchen in the Worker's Home.
We also created a professional council. It was headed by Sh. Rozenblat, others and me. Comrades Fishel Pariz was entrusted with organizing the young; Comrades Waksman, Kamelgarn, Gliksman, and Fishel Feldberg and others were responsible for the presses, pamphlets and money matters.
Every issue of the Arbeiter Zeitung was for us a well of news and knowledge. Thus passed the first weeks of Poland's independence and our organization.
The first open mass convention of Poalei-Zion was scheduled for the end of December 1918; we began to prepare for it. It is, indeed, difficult today to relate our experiences of that time. We were devoted with life and limb to the idea of the national and social liberation of the Jewish people and of all other subjugated people. In Russia, the Bolsheviks under the leadership of Lenin and Trotsky had taken control of the government and created the workers' dictatorship. Trotsky used his famous slogan, No peace and no war. Poland was again independent after 150 years and Yusef Pilsudski, a former Socialist stood at the head. In Germany, one felt the last struggle of the old Wilhelm government and the beginning of a new order. A complete change occurred in Eretz-Yisroel, too. The old rotten Turkish regime was expelled. The English military regime acquired the land. A new world was being born and the Poalei-Zion movement had to work out a program, which would fit the new age.
With the greatest tension we waited for the convention in which all of the leading personalities of the Poalei-Zion world movement would take part.
Our section took part in continuous meetings and discussions, which dealt with the daily arrangements of the convention and tried to work out political resolutions.
We elected three delegates, Dovid Koniecpoler, Leibish Zandberg and Sheike Rozenblat. Yusef Rozencwajg, Moishe Zandberg and four more comrades, whose names, alas, I cannot remember, traveled as guests.
The influence of the Russian Revolution had an effect on part of our movement and it was necessary for Comrade Mulye* as chairman to bring to bear, a not small effort, so that the convention would end in peace.
On one side were Comrades Zalman Rubaszow, Yarblum, Dr. Yitzhak Sziper, Borukh Cukerman and Rudel, who followed the so-called right line and on the second side Comrades Zrubbel, Dr. Mikhal Kan and almost the entire Ts. K. of Poland who followed the so-called left line. The delegates from Lodz and Radomsk followed the leftist position. Even though the convention ended in unity, there was the feeling in the air that sooner or later problems would arise from the left and right. The principal thing was that the convention proclaimed the unification of the Poalei-Zion organizations of Galicia and Poland.
The New AgeComing back from the convention, we felt that we had entered into a new age of party work. There were new problems and tasks for us. At any rate, that is how it seemed to us and that is how we wanted to see it.
Work in our organization was carried out with all of our energy and dedication. Because of the unnatural economic situation, we created a food cooperative and later a bakery, too, which was supposed to satisfy the needs of our members and the poor masses. Our members carried out this undertaking under the leadership of Leibush Zandberg and Abraham Kamelgarn.
Elections to the Workers' Council were supposed to take place at that time. The elections were to be secret and direct. Here we received the first political blow. Daszinski proclaimed that the P.P.S. would not sit together with the Communists in a Workers' Council and they voted for a separate Workers' Council. The Communists did the same. The Jewish workers did not want to participate in a split of the workers and decided to carry out the election separately among themselves and then join a united Workers' Council. We came out of the voting with a significant victory over all of the other workers' parties. However, for practical purposes it came to nothing. A united Workers' Council was not created in Radomsk.
Our work grew to a great extent and we no longer were able to carry it out with our local [manpower]. Then a comrade came to us from Gombin, who
Standing (from the right): Gewercman, Moishe Zandberg, Sh. Rozenblat, Meir Yarblum, D. Koniecpoler, L. Rybinsztajn, Sh. Zambek, C. Wloszczowski.
Second Row: Sh. Waldfogel (Czenstochow), Yehieil Tiger, Fishel Pariz, Gitl Krojze-Wilhelm, Yusef Rozencwajg, Sh. Waksman, Fishel Feldberg.
On the bottom: Leibush Zandberg, F. Berman, Sura Zajanszkowski-Fankowski, Shlomoh Waksman.
significantly helped us in our work while we undertook new and responsible assignments. The head of state Pilsudski issued a decree about elections to city councils. We exerted all of our strength and achieved [the election of] two councilmen and a lawnik, i.e. a representative in city hall, Comrade Yakow-Shumel Haze.
The importance of our party grew considerably and we were active in all areas. In order to assist us, Central delegated to us Comrade Pasternak, a bookkeeper, who took care of the books of the economic institutes and helped us maintain contact with the Polish workers' parties as a proficient and intelligent comrade.
This was the heyday of our party in Radomsk. On the Central Committee it seemed very appreciated because at that time we were visited by the most prominent and most distinguished comrades from the Center, among them Szaul Amsterdam and Dr. A. Sh. Yuros, who came for the election of the first constituted Seim in 1919. Poalei-Zion won a mandate in Chelmer circles. However, Dr. Rozenfeld suddenly died. Dr. Yitzhak Szifer took his place. Comrade Dr. Yuris particularly liked our city, which responded to him with much sympathy. His lectures always drew a large number of listeners.
The same must be said about the witty lectures of Comrade Yarblum. The only visit and lecture by Comrade Nyr (Nakhum Yakow Rafalkes) is engraved in my memory. He came to us in the spring of 1919. Poland was already at war with the Soviets; the young men were mobilized. Just on the day when Comrade Rafalkes arrived, the Polish recruits decided to have a fling in the Jewish areas. Yet, the lecture took place and in it the lecturer touched on all of the actual problems. The situation was then oppressive and a group of comrades spent almost the whole night in a conversation about the Russian Revolution, about our movement and the like with Comrade Rafalkes.
Here I want to remember Comrade Emanual Wolinski of Lodz, who later became a rich manufacturer from a poor worker, thanks to his brother. However, he was very loyal to the service of our party and assisted in its electioneering.
We experienced great joy with the news that the Central Committee decided to delegate Comrade Zrubbel to visit us. It was necessary for us to make the appropriate preparations immediately, and this was not an easy thing. The name Zrubbel had to be printed on placards with large letters and such letters were not available, not even at our largest printer, the Fajnski Company. We had to cut out special letters from wood. Everything was finally finished and we prepared ourselves, it was Friday, to welcome our great and sincerely loved comrade. An hour before we had to go to the train station to receive our guest, I saw him through the window of our house
I was destined to listen to a second rebuke that day. The committee together with our guest waited in the furnished rooms of Little Eva (unfortunately, I do not remember her surname) for the announcement that we can enter the theater room. It is already eight o'clock, eight thirty, and no one comes. A messenger is sent to find out what is happening and he does not return.
Comrade Dovid, Zrubbel says, I already have a beard. However, one must learn to shave on his own beard. My mood was easy to describe. However, this was not all; we decided to go to the theater. Arriving behind the scenes at the theater, Comrade Zrubbel found a peephole in the side of the curtain and [our luck]!he can only see the first two or three rows, which are sparsely filled. He declares that he is traveling right back. With luck, another comrade finds another hole in the middle of the curtain and he calls to Comrade Zrubbel. One can see that there are hundreds of people in the room. No one could come to call us because everyone was involved with the cash-box and Comrade Sh. L. Rybinsztajn was making sure that order was maintained and that no one with a cheap ticket could sit in the first rows.
That is how the visit of our dear comrade was carried out with great moral and material success in spite of all of the incidents.
This was actually the period of the ascent of the Radomsker Poalei-Zion organization. Then came 1920-1921; Poland, is involved in a war with the Soviet Union, concludes a treaty with Petlura and wants to annex the Ukraine, they even manage to conquer the city of Kiev, but the counter-offensive begins and the Soviet military reaches the outskirts of Warsaw. Everything is paralyzed. Our comrades leave Poland and emigrate to Eretz-Yisroel; a number are mobilized in the military. I, too, left Radomsk for a short time and went to Warsaw, where I remained for six months. When I returned, it was already difficult to resurrect the party organization with the same stature as earlier. After a year, in 1922, I moved to Czenstochow.
p. 207
After a certain time, several comrades decided to revitalize the party. Not having a meeting hall, they gathered at the cabinetmaker's workshop of the Koniecpoler family. White paper with snacks was spread on the tool benches. And a meeting was carried out attended by the women and men members, Ite Zilbersztajn, Etke Koniecpoler, Yakov Szmul Haze, Yehieil Tiger, Fishel Pariz, Henekh Birencwajg, Gitl Krojze, Sheike Rozenblat, Mordekhai Moszkowicz, Moishe Dudkewicz, Dovid Lipszic, Finche Koniecpoler and Yeshaiyahu-Ber Goldberg.
After a long discussion, it was decided to found a section of the society Evening Courses for Workers in Radomsk.
After much effort, we were successful in renting a meeting hall from Emanuel Wolkowicz on Stacia Street. The meeting hall was actually a ruin of a grain storehouse, with a door!
The managers of the organization Evening Courses for Workers
Standing from the right: Leibush Moszkowicz, Ite Zilbersztajn, Henekh Birencwajg, Etke Koniecpoler, Y. B. Goldberg
Sitting: F. Koniecpoler, M. Moszkowicz, Yehieil Tiger. M. Dudkewicz, Yehieil-Meir Rozencwajg]
On a certain Shabbos evening attended by a large group of workers and young people from all of the parties, there was a solemn opening. As a result, other Evening Courses were opened in the following days with a varied study program. The men and women comrades also organized an artistic section. Before the end of the program someone turned off the electricity and a gang from the Yiddish section of the Communist Party barged in and wounded several comrades with knives. When the lights were turned on, it could be seen that Comrade Moishe Przyrowski was seriously wounded and other comrades were slightly wounded. With luck, the police did not use the occasion in order to close the meeting hall and we were able to continue our work.
The courses were very well attended. The library under the leadership of Comrade Yehieil Tiger became richer and richer with books from week to week. A dramatic section was founded under the leadership of Comrade F. Pariz, which held several performances. Lectures on general political and Zionist themes were also arranged.
Comrade Henekh Birencwajg founded the professional unions, which a large number of workers joined. A youth section was created, too.
The Committee and Members of the Leftist Poalei-Zion.
Sitting (from the right): R. Hampel, Sh. Rozenblat, Y. Sh. Haze, Kh. Tiger, Heptler
Second Row: F. Pariz, M. Moszkowicz, Y. Baum, , Kh. Birencwajg, A. Zibersztajn, Y. B. Goldberg, H. Klajnman, M. Erlikh.
Top: B. Dudkewicz, R. Kopelowicz, M. Dudkewicz, , E. Przyrowski, G. Wloczszowski, Etke Koniecpoler, .
Our party grew strong despite police provocation and arrests. We can boldly say that in a certain era this was the strongest party of the Jewish workers' collective and the masses. Thanks to efficient work, the party scored a great victory in the city council elections and received 684 votes and two mandates for the city council, as well as a lovnik (a member in the leadership of the managing committee). The lovnik was Yakov Sh. Haze* and the councilmen were Comrades Sh. Rozenblat and Yehieil Tiger.
Through our initiative, in 1926 the managing committee [of the city] organized a summer colony in Wisnicze for Jewish children. The managing committee also gave subsidies for the Jewish libraries, children's home and other Jewish institutions.
Our faction placed on the agenda of the managing committee the important question of employing Jewish workers and officials in the state enterprises. After a great struggle, this point was, alas, rejected, both by the Polish reactionary councilmen and the P.P.S. (Polish Socialist Worker's Party), the last with the intention of increasing the enthusiasm [of the workers towards their party]. Our faction carried on with the struggle for workers' rights, and swung the Polish workers' representative to vote for the proposal, which received a majority. Our Comrade Fishel Pariz then received the post of locksmith in a state institution.
Comrade Fishel Pariz represented our party in the Jewish Kehile.
Thanks to the Evening Courses, library and lectures and to the P.Z. press, the Borokhovist ideas were popularized among the workers and masses, particularly among the poor and unenlightened strata of the Jewish population. A sport-club, Shtern (Stars), was also created where the Jewish workers received physical education and took part in general competitions.
Our First of May celebration despite police provocation were distinguished by demonstrations in the streets of the city.
Thus, the Jewish workers in Radomsk had carried high the flag of the Jewish Social-Democratic Workers Party Poalei-Zion until the 30's.
The leftist Poalei-Zion party added a special shade of color to the generally colorful bouquet of the Jewish workers' movement: the shades of red blue and white during the process of implementing the ideas of socialism, democracy and Zionism. In that era this natural triangle shaped the communal life in Poland and [among the Jewish workers], who struggled for a better and more beautiful life here and for a new and creative life in Eretz-Yisroel. In the ranks of the leftist Poalei-Zion was found the answer to our social and national dreams and desires.
p. 209
In 1921 the professional union of the needle workers was organized in Leibel Gelbard's house, which in time counted many members. The founding meeting took place in Krakower Street 41 and around 75 workers took part. Haimel Ickowicz of the Bund, Pinhas Kalka of Fareinikte, and Dovid Koniecpoler of Poalei-Zion represented the political parties, which were invited to the meeting.
The union was illegal. However, it carried out its activities with devotion. The chairman was Leibel Gelbard, Secretary Yame Wajsberg. Malche Sandomirski of Poalei-Zion was also chairman for a time. Pinkhas (Pinye) Kalka was active in the union, too. Although, like the whole Kalka family, he was a Fareinikter.
The executive of the Bund consisted of five members: Abner Jarkhmial, Haim Ickowicz, Leibel Gelbard, Abraham Dikerman and Hershel Bromberg.
Active among the older Bundist were Old Man Szreiber, Ale Borda, Mordekhai Ahron Rajkher, Fishel Gerszenowicz, the Geler (Blond) Szime, Leizer Tajnski, Abraham Banaf and Feiwel Fiszelewicz.
The Bund would organize lectures by distinguished leaders, who came from Czenstochow, Lodz and Warsaw. When such a lecture occurred, the entire Jewish intelligencia filled the room and it was a great yom-tov. The thirst for learning was very strong and the activities of the Bund in the cultural field were numerous.
The Bundist club in Radomsk also greatly assisted the Jewish workers who returned from Germany in 1917 after the First World War. When they arrived in Radomsk and asked for help, it is true that we alone could not help. We sent a delegation to the rich Jewish businessmen and sought help for the wanderers from them. The delegation consisted of Comrades Rozenberg, Ickowicz, and Mejinski. These comrades had an effect on the rich businessmen who received them very warmly. This was Rozenbohm, Mordekhai Goldberg, Fanski, etc. They sent food to us and we opened a kitchen where wanderers received a plate of soup with bread.
Although the Bund was organized as a revolutionary workers' party, which rose for the purpose of struggling for socialism, it became a people's movement in the Polish cities, shtetlekh and in our Radomsk, too. Not only the workers and craftsmen belonged but also the middle class and particularly the intelligent young people even from the well-to-do homes.
In the later years, between the two world wars (1918-1939), the Bund played a significant role in the general Jewish political-social life and remained devoted to its basic revolutionary ideas as a workers' party. As in other cities and shtetlekh in Poland, in Radomsk, too, the Bund carried on an important struggle for the rights and well-being of the Jewish workers and enslaved masses in the governmental, municipal and Jewish communal institutions, for the autonomy of Jewish life. The Bund dedicated itself particularly to the professional activities of the workers' movement and it served as a natural liaison officer between the Jewish and Polish workers.
With its multi-faceted social-cultural activities, through the distribution of the Folks-Zeitung, journals and books from the publisher Culture League and through organizing gatherings, lectures and evenings in which a variety of speakers and writers would present their ideas, the Bund was active in the progressive general social and cultural development of the unenlightened masses, for which backwardness was at that time the greatest adversary in their struggle for a better tomorrow.
True, the Jewish masses in Poland and in Radomsk did not live to see their better tomorrow. Their tomorrow was drowned in a sea of innocent blood, which was spilled by the murderous executioners, the carriers of Fascism and dark nationalism in the 20th century.
From the right: Leibel Geldbard, Haim Ickowicz, Comrade Abner, Hershel Bromberg, Abraham Dikerman.]
Standing: (From the Right): Y. Gruszka, Dovid Najman, Eli Gruszka, Dovid Fajerman, Shmuel Lakhman, Elimelekh Klajner.
Sitting: Y. Zandberg, Meir Birnbaum, M. Wolkowicz, Dr. Tarla, Dovid Khaszczewcki, Eli Kaplan, D. Erlikhman
At the bottom: Zev Wolkowicz, Moishe Szitenberg, A. Lagzhitski.]
Haim Krajndler. The party had the smallest numbers of members. This was only because it was the last to be established in a small city in which a lot of parties had been active for many years. Nevertheless, Histadrut was popular enough. It took an active part in the local funds (Keren Ha-Yesod, the Permanent Fund for Benevolent Purposes; Keren Keyamet, the Jewish National Fund) and also had a great influence on national political life. It placed its principals on the ethical side of the Zionist idea.
The most serious young people, who had established a beautiful library named the A.D. Gordin Library, grouped around Histadrut. The library was located in a good meeting hall to which lecturers, entertainers and academics heading the Keren Ha-Yesod and Keren Keyamet came from time to time. The representative of our party in Keren Ha-Yesod was Mr. Yitzhak Lakhman, who organized many activities in this area.
When the party for various reasons had to liquidate the A. D. Gordin Library, it was sent over to Rembertow.
At the head of Histadrut was a governing council to which the following members belonged: Elimelekh Klajner, Dovid Khaszczewcki, Yehieil Meir Wolkowicz, Dovid Erlikhman*, Esther Szternfeld, Meir Birnbaum, Yehuda Zandberg, Haim Krajndler, Eliezer Kaplan, Shmuel Lakhman. Members of this branch [of the organization were]: Dov Braner, Dovid Nojman, Eiliyahu Lagzhitski, Jakov Grushka, Eli Gruszka, Moishe Yitzhak Szitenberg, Yakov Ofman, Zev Wolkowicz, Shmuel Rozencwajg, Dov Wajnsztok, Yakov Zajdman, Yakov Gridberg, Shlomoh Szac, Rafal Dombrower, Emanuel Dombrower, Dovid Fajerman, Fanye Goslowski, Aitche Majtlis, Gitl Gelbard and Ruchl Maneles.
Because of the significant role that they played in Radomsk's national Jewish life, two leaders of Histadrut have earned special mention: Dovid Khaszczewcki and Meir Wolkowicz.
Dovid Khaszczewcki was a Jew, a Ben Torah, and a devoted Zionist with a lot of common sense and a healthy political sense. He was an uncompromising foe of all kinds of insincere community benefactors, against whom he would speak publicly with complete sincerity; he fought them persistently. Because of his unwillingness to compromise, he was called the stubborn Litvak. Essentially he was good-hearted, and if something bad happened to a Jew, he became deeply involved in[the situation and was literally moved to tears.
The words that he spoke to his friends when the ghetto in Radomsk came into existence give testimony to his ability to grasp the realities and draw the appropriate conclusions. The Germans decided to annihilate us, he said. Our duty is to organize a rebellion, to kill several score Germans, to die as heroes and not let ourselves be slaughtered as lambs. His words,
Meir Wolkowicz was a zealous impractical Zionist. As a true man of the people he dedicated himself with love and with his life to the work of Keren Ha-Yesod. As a deputy he was incorruptible and drew himself to his work as to a holy work. With a special reverence he would distribute the figs and bukser (St. John's bread or carob pods) on the New Year's Day for trees [Tu B'Shvat, the fifteenth day of Shevat which coincides with late January or February] that were sent to the small children by the central Kehile Kadushe (holy community).
When it pertained to political work he was very inconsistent and we endured a lot of aggravation from him. So many times we had [disagreements] with him when as co-editor of the Piotrkow weekly newspaper Undzer Zeitung (Our Newspaper) he would not edit a report that needed a sharper assault on a political opponent. We always found no changes had been made in the spirit of the original text when we read the printed edition on Shabbos.
Meir died several years before the Second World War.
In 1929 a branch of Gordinia was created that was comprised of a small number of children of Zionist
parents who wanted to give their children a Zionist education.
Preparatory training for prospective agricultural emigrants for kibbutzim (collective farms] in Palestine was the reason [for the activity] in Radomsk. Those being trained were members of Histadrut and Gordinia. Some members of the preparatory training devoted themselves to the educational work of the local branch of Gordinia. Several members of Gordinia survived to emigrate to Israel.
Our mothers let the blue and white pushke of the K.K.L. hang together with the pushke of Rebbe Meir. A lot of us still remember how our mothers sent us to the vinegar maker Mr. Bril with the K.K.L. pushke. He would empty it with such reverence. The people [were infused] with the feeling of having been entrusted with a special mission. Who doesn't remember the kerus* erev Yom-Kippur in the synagogue and the Bote-Midroshim (houses of study and prayer)? Or the K.K.L. collections at weddings and other simkhas? Or even later the K.K.L. stamps with pictures of Dr. Max Nordau and others?
After the First World War, in 1922, the community-minded Zionist activist Meir Wolkowicz, a friend of Histadrut, came to Radomsk. Through his initiative the activities of K.K.Le-Yisroel were reorganized on a more business-like basis. Despite all the prior activity a Zionist organization did not exist at that time. As a matter of fact, Meir Wolkowicz together with Haim Goldberg organized several groups, which took an active part in collecting for K.K.L.
At the end of 1925, Mr. M. Wolkowicz and Mr. H. Goldberg took part in a regional meeting in Piotrkow. According to their report in 1925 the sum of 5,200 zlotys was collected in Radomsk. Furthermore the report explains that the old Zionists did not participate in the work and only Histadrut, he-Halutz** and Poalei Zion (together with the Zionist Socialist Worker's Party.) fulfilled their appropriate duty.
At that time, Zionist activity in Radomsk encountered great difficulties. The 'flower' day for K.K.L. brought in a very small income, so that the Radomsker Zeitung of September 9th, 1926 writes about The Devil Celebrating His Victory: 'Mr. Wolkowicz and his devoted co-workers do everything in order to revive the activities of K.K.L. A heart-ringing deliverance will be managed: Every donor leads to another, [urging] that he, too, should donate to the K.K.L. The name of the donor will be published in the newspaper.' This feat was crowned with great success and attracted
Top row (from the right): Z. Wolkowicz, B. Margalewski, Y. Fridman, Y. Rozencwajg, A. Ofman, Dovid Margalewski.
Second row: A. B. Eizen, Y. Liberman, H. Goldberg, M. Szitenberg.
Sitting: Z. Ofman, Y. Zandberg, ______, Trustee (Messenger of Eretz-Yisroel), M. Wolkowicz (Deputy), Meir Birnbaum.]
Top row (from the right): A. Lagzhitski, Haiyyah-Pesye Goldberg, Z. Wolkowicz, Shmul Neyman, Haiyyah Zylberstajn, Yitzhak Weintreter, Ite Zelkowicz, Sarah Fiszman
Second row: _____, Bugajski, _____ Blum, _____, Miriam Baum, Rokhma Rozencweig, Hana Goldberg, Gruszka
Third row: Esther Elbaum, A. B. Eisen, Zaydman, M. Wolkowicz, Haim Goldberg, Hela Fariz]
an increasingly larger circle of the Jewish population. According to a report signed by Delegates Wolkowicz and Lagzhitski, the receipts for the month of Tammuz in 1927 were 124.80 zl[otys]. The same report confirms that the income for 1927 was 1,007.80 zl. That was also confirmed by the Auditor's Commission consisting of the community workers B. Brauner and Sh. Lakhman. In October 1928 during a visit by the delegate of K.K.L. Central H. Azrakhi, the group Keren Kayemet Le-Yisroel was created on the motion of H. Wolkowicz and others at once from the National Fund Committee under the leadership of the following members: chief deputy of the organization, Wolkowicz, vice deputy, Wolf Szpira, treasurer, Yitzhak Lakhman, Haim Goldberg, and Grundman. The division's committee was made up of: B. Brauner, Y. Liberman, Szpria, Witenberg, and Eikhner. With the emergence of the youth group, the actions of K.K.L. exceeded all expectations. Ignoring those in the circle of the older Jewish population where an anti-Zionist mood plainly dominated, the great enthusiasm of the young triumphed over all else, and income rose. In the month of Tishrei 1928 73.00 zl. already had flowed in.
The Radomsker Zeitung of 23/12/1927 writes in connection with the Chanukah campaign:
|'We believe that the threatening black clouds have already passed from the Radomsk sky and the past neglect that people would show to the collector will now find them happily fulfilling their duty as Jews with pleasure in relation to the Jewish people in Eretz-Yisroel.'
In January 1928 M. Wolkowicz for important personal reasons resigned his office as Deputy and during the visit of A. Bialopolski of the Central organization, Eiliyahu Lagzhitski, was elected as Deputy, Sh. Neyman as Vice Deputy, Yitzhak Lakhman treasurer and Dr. M. Kornberg secretary. The intensity of the work increased still more [and] the group had numerous leaders.
Thanks to the work of the K.K.L. community activists, the anti-Zionist atmosphere that was created by the 'Israeli expatriate' from Eretz-Yisroel, who came to Radomsk was overcome. This shows in the income for K.K.L. in the month of Tammuz 1928 with the sum of 170.19 zl. and in the month of Tishrei 1928 the sum of 240.21 zl.
It must especially be underscored that above all in the list of the donors there appear a large number of youngsters. One even finds a list of small children with donations of 5 groshen. That shows how deeply the work of the devoted community activists penetrated into the consciousness of the young. 105.80 zl. had already flowed in from a flower day for K.K.L. in the month of October 1928.
In January 1929, it was decided, at a meeting under the chairmanship of K. Khaszczsewotski, to organize a committee of several members who would become active with the K.K.L. work: Khaszczewotski, Klejner, Sh. Lakhman and Wolkowicz. It was also decided to increase the number of K.K.L. pushkes and to organize the customary donations from the women for K.K. Le-Yisroel.
The presidium of the group, taking into consideration the devotion of the newly created youth group and of the existing group, undertook the daring decision to collect the sum of 1000 zlotys in the month of Tishrei 1929. In the 'Radomsker Zeitung' of 15.12.29 we read:
|'The efforts of the group were crowned with success. On the first of Heshvan the receipts reached the sum of 1001.99 zl.'
Radomsk also took part in the organizing work for K.K.L. in the county. Haim Goldberg was delegated to attend the meeting in Sosnowiec that occurred in November 1929.
On a Chanukah night in 1929 Mr. Natan Ofman appeared on stage during an artistic-musical performance and the income from the profits was 200 zl.
The Central organization decided to arrange a regional meeting in Radomsk on the 23rd of October 1930 in appreciation for the good showing of donors from Radomsk for Keren Kayemet, with the participation of the regional delegates and A. Bialopolski, Member Yekubson and Leah Widrowicz of the delegation from Eretz-Yisroel.
In respect for the city and residents and their community who participated in the regional meeting in Radomsk and later were killed in the dark Hitlerite gehenem (infernos), let us be permitted to record their names in the Yizkor Book of Radomsk:
|Apelstejn and Szilis Dzialoszyn; Flat[owicz?] and Grin Brzeznica; Rozenblum, Tenenbaum, Grinblat and Daychman Przedborz; Khada Rukhel and Reikhman from Klobuck; Unger from Tomaszow; Kuszinski, Dawidowicz and Platowicz Sulmierzyce; Mlinarski from Silew; Blusztejn and Rozental from Piotrkow; Yablonski, B. Lifszic and Jochebed Lifszic from Pajeczno; Gliksman from Kleszczow; Szistak from Krzepice; Samber and Plawner from Belchatow; Kawalski, Grojsman, Tenenbaum and Khanawicz from Kamiensk; Kamunic
|and Frenk from Krzepice; Marowicz from Gorszkowice;
[whom] together with local delegates at the conference numbered 45. Some of them who miraculously survived the murderous extermination campaign are found in Israel and, of course, other countries. So let these words be a small recognition of their devoted work in behalf of our old-new land of Israel. And for the dear community workers who shared the bitter fate of their parents, sisters and brothers of Radomsk, let these words be a bouquet of forget-me-not flowers on their unknown graves
The Radomsker Zeitung of 28.2.1930 writes in detail about the conference and what a passionate demonstration for Eretz-Yisroel was staged. Over 500 Jews from Radomsk attended the proceedings. While the speeches were interesting, more interesting was the greeting that demonstrated how the K.K.L. and its devoted community workers had at last [silenced] the anti-Zionist spirit in Radomsk.
Reb Nejkron was welcomed in the name of the business leaders, who promised material support for the K.K.L. M. Berger promised support from the small merchants and he] declared:
|Zionism lives again in Radomsk. Although until now it found itself in a lethargic sleep that was only because there was no one to wake it up.
H. Kreindler (Histadrut) said:
|That the central [organization] of K.K.L. decided to arrange the conference in Radomsk is a recognition that Radomsk participated at the appropriately high level with its activity on behalf of our National Fund. It recalls the past, when in Radomsk virtually only Histadrut supported the work of K.K. Le-Yisroel. With great satisfaction, I affirm that Jews come on their own initiative requesting pushkes for K.K.L.
Haim Goldberg (from the Social Zionists) said in a report from Radomsk:
After 1925, in the later years, when the receipts of K.K.L. amounted to 7,000 zl. together with the 'decline' of immigration to Palestine there was also a strong decline in income for K.K.L. Thanks to devoted Zionist youth, and the fundraising group, the activity of the K.K.L. again came back to life.
For the year 1930, the Central organization designated the sum of 5,000 zl. for Radomsk. The whole sum was raised.
On the 20 of Tammuz the Herzl Academy held a meeting with the participation of Dr. Yitzhak Szifer from Warsaw, at which a protest-resolution passed against the cut in immigration to Eretz-Yisroel.p
pIn July 1930 we received from the main office of Keren Kayemet in Israel the honor certificate that was inscribed in the Golden Book of Keren Kayemet on behalf of Efrayim Czizik who fell in battle protecting the Yishuv. The registration was made on behalf of the Radomsk unit. Efrayim Czizk was killed while protecting the Hulda settlement south of Rehovot during the uprising of 1929. It was the custom for Jewish communities to adopt the heroes and inscribe them in the K.K.L. Golden Book. The certificate was signed by Menahem Ussishkin, the head of the K.K.L.
Later, H. Khaszczewatski managed the group in place of H. Lagzhitski who left office. In September 1930 [at] the general meeting of the group under the chairmanship of H. Goldberg, the following managers were chosen: Wolkowicz, Hartman, Goldberg, Eizen, Eikhner, Mila Goldberg, Lakhman, Garfinkl, Y. Liberman, M. Birnbaum and member Gitler.
[In] January 1931, Dr. A. Sh. Yuris from the head office of K.K.L. in Jerusalem was delegated to Radomsk. The visit particularly had the effect of expanding the activities of K.K.L.
Top row (from the right): Fajerman, R. Gitler, M. Fajerman, D. Hartman, B. Rubin, Sz. Zilberberg, Sz. Blumsztein, N. Markowicz, G. Blumsztein
Second row: Ejchner, Ts. Gitler, L. Grundman, Y. Rozenboim, Sz. Hartman, M. Szpira, Seczemska, M. Rubin, Sz. Fajerman, D. Ejchner, Ch. Grosman
Third row: Sz. Hampel, Ch. Hartman, M. Banker, M. Goldberg, M. Wolkowicz, Rotenberg, Y. Rosenbaum, D.M. Korenberg, Yitzhak Lakhman
Sitting: F. Sobol, R. Szpira, R. Bugajski, F. Gaslowski, A. Warszawski, G. Yakubowicz.]
Top row (from the right): D. M. Korenberg, Yitzhak Kuferstak, Daniel Ejchner. Mila Goldberg, Manya Szpira, R. Bialystok, Yakov Ejchner, Leibel Szmulowicz.
Second row: Yehezkeil Skurnitski, Yadzia Szmulowicz, Abner Garfinkl, Yehudah Liberman, Haim Hartman, _____, Rafal Rapport.
[Sitting]: B. Kriwis, ______, A. Gliksman, Warszawski, Grosman.]
For the 70th birthday of the great national leader Nahum Sokolow, the K.K.L. group in Radomsk decided to collect telegrams with the signatures of the Radomsk Jewish population and bind them. This Jubilee account would be sent through the auspices of the K.K.L. central organization as a gift of the Radomsk Jews.
In July 1931, the Radomsker Zeitung reported that the police interrupted a Herzl Academy arranged by the group in the middle of the Academy's activities.
In August 1931 a memorial service in the city synagogue was arranged by K.K.L. with the participation of H. Fogelman of the Central organization for the fallen heroes in Eretz-Yisroel during the past two years. The group also decided that the Tishrei action for K.K. Le-Yisroel in 1931 should be carried out under the slogan '30 years of Keren Kayemet Le-Yisroel' (1901-1931).
An interesting summary of the income for the years 1925-1930 shows very clearly the Zionist spirit in Radomsk in 1925 5,926 zl. income; 1926 2707 zl.; 1927 966 zl.; 1928 2701 zl.; 1929 960 zl.; 1930 5462 zl.; totaling 15,992 zlotys.
In the first four months of 1931 there was a net income of 1,175.59 zl.
In July 1931, the Zionist activist M. Wolkowicz [the most successful money raiser] gave up the management of the K.K.L. and in his place a presidium of three members was elected as mentioned above in the summary report about K.K.L: Yitzhak Lakhman, Haim Hartman and Shmul Neyman.
In 1932-33 the presidium of K.K.L. consisted of the members: Yehudah Liberman (in Israel), Abner Garkfinkel and Haim Hartman. The last two community activists were killed by the German murderers.
In the last years [before the German invasion of Poland], the economic situation for Polish Jewry in general grew worse, particularly in Radomsk. Hitler's coming to power very strongly influenced the Polish anti-Semites with 'Azan' in the lead to intensify the anti-Jewish policies, such as boycotts against Jewish businesses. Naturally the receipts of K.K.L. decreased from what they had been.
With publication of this article about the work of the K.K.L. in Radomsk and their community activists in the Yizkor Book, we want to show what a beautiful page the youth of Radomsk wrote in the history of Zionist ideals.
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text:
Blind Item #1
This commercial shoot for a clothing brand was designed to be a reunion of a very popular television show from back in the day. Well, it is still on, just in a different way. Anyway, a few of the stars from the show filmed the commercials. Everything was great with everyone except the actress who has been in this space frequently. Everyone kept asking if she was on drugs because she was acting so crazy. The company said right there they are never going to work with her in the future.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Treasury Inspector General for Tax Administration
Press Release
October 2, 2012
Contact: David Barnes
(202) 622-3062
WASHINGTON – The Internal Revenue Service's Criminal Investigation (CI) Division needs to ensure that its special agents are taking and passing required firearms training, according to a new report from the Treasury Inspector General for Tax Administration.
CI investigates potential criminal violations of the Internal Revenue Code and related financial crimes. Like law enforcement officers of other Federal agencies, CI special agents must meet firearms training and qualification standards each fiscal year. Special agents must pass tests, including firing a handgun, entering a building with a firearm, and firing a weapon while wearing a bulletproof vest.
TIGTA reviewed whether CI has effective internal controls to ensure that special agents are adhering to procedures regarding the required training and qualifications in the use of firearms. This included evaluating the potential impact on CI's program if special agents fail to qualify.
TIGTA found that CI's firearms training and qualification requirements generally met or exceeded those of other Federal law enforcement agencies. However, TIGTA found that some CI special agents did not meet all firearms training and qualification requirements. CI Field office management did not always take consistent and appropriate actions when a special agent failed to meet the requirements because the guidance was vague, TIGTA found. In addition, CI has no national-level review of firearms training records to ensure that all special agents meet the qualification requirements.
TIGTA also found that firearm-discharge incidents were not always properly reported and that remedial training was not always required after accidental discharges were caused by special agent negligence. Lastly, auditors found that procedures for securing a firearm after a discharge were not adequate.
"It is imperative that Criminal Investigation ensure that all its special agents are well trained," said J. Russell George, Treasury Inspector General for Tax Administration. "Special agents not properly trained in the use of firearms could endanger the public, as well as their fellow special agents, and expose the IRS to potential litigation over injuries or damages."
TIGTA recommended that the Chief, CI, clarify firearm-qualification requirements and non-training-related discharge procedures. TIGTA also recommended that CI either: 1) enforce the Internal Revenue Manual requirement that special agents who do not meet training requirements surrender their firearm, or 2) modify the Internal Revenue Manual to reflect revised consequences of not meeting training requirements. In addition, TIGTA recommended the establishment of a process for CI Headquarters to monitor and periodically review special agent firearms training and qualification records.
IRS management agreed with TIGTA's recommendations, and plans to take corrective actions.
Read the report.
Note: The difference between the date TIGTA issues an audit report to the Internal Revenue Service and the date TIGTA publicly releases the report is due to TIGTA's internal review process to ensure that public release is in compliance with Federal confidentiality laws.
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text:
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text:
I Am Snowboarding, Mammoth Calif.
October 15, 2009
I Am Snowboarding, Mammoth Calif.
Jeff Anderson was a professional snowboarder for ten of the twenty-three years that he lived his amazing life. In that time he touched thousands of lives around the world in both the snowboard and skate communities. Joel Muzzey: "Jeff Anderson is snowboarding. True Mammoth local. First-generation grom. Child of the 80s. Student of Life. Malcontent. Handrail destroyer. Artist. Aerialist. Younger brother. Devoted friend."
In honor of what would be Jeff 's 30th birthday this November, and to raise money for the JLA Memorial Fund, a group of world-renowned photographers and artists, friends of Jeff and of snowboarding have come together to create an unparalleled body of work titled:
One photographer is paired with one artist to create an original 30" x 40" piece. A photo of Jeff, shot by the photographer, has been enlarged onto archival canvas upon which the artist paints or uses any medium to create a unique collaborative work.
The resulting pieces are one of a kind, the partnerships formed in this project a tribute to the depth of the snowboarding, skateboarding and art communities.
All proceeds from I AM SNOWBOARDING go directly to the JLA Memorial Fund - the completion of the Brothers Skateboard Park in Mammoth and the support of local art.
The collection will be released for the first time in The Village at Mammoth, Mammoth Lakes, CA on November 14th, 2009 and will be open to the public for two weeks through November 29th. Opening Reception Saturday, November 14th from six to nine in the evening during Mammoth Mountain's Big Kickoff Weekend.
Limited edition prints will be available online through Asymbol Gallery - Travis Rice and Mike Parillo's new endeavor that showcases the art and photography that have defined their lifestyle for the past decade. Asymbol is set to launch this November. Originals will be auctioned at the end of the season. Details TBA.
Please visit http://www.iamJLA.org for more info.
Photographer – Artist
Danny Zapalac – Bryan Iguchi
Cheyenne Ellis – Matty Thompson
Chris Brunkhart – Matt Donahue
Jane Baer – Mark Gonzales
Tim Zimmerman – Mike Parillo
Jared Eberhardt – Michael Jager
Jane Baer – Jamie Lynn
Billy Anderson – RYNo
Shem Roose – Scott Lenhardt
Patrice Miller – Dustin del Giudice
Jeff Curtes – Nick Russian
Todd Hazeltine – 2jaws
Ryan Boyes – Ben Brough
Dean "Blotto" Gray – Shane Charlebois
Jane Baer – Devon Weniger
Stan Evans – Robert "Sticky" Shaw
Jamie Mosberg – Jojo Whitmarsh
Trevor Graves – Adam Haynes
Chris Owen – Tyler Lepore
Billy Anderson – Jamie Heinrich
MMSA/Steven Brown – Peter Stow, Brian Cook, and Aaron Vujicic representing Stormriders
I AM SNOWBOARDING is proudly brought to you by:
Asymbol gallery, Burton, Volcom, Oakley, Liberty Board Shop, Analog, Mosaic Management, Mammoth Mountain, The Village at Mammoth, and The Mammoth Lakes Foundation


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Yakima & Outdoor Research Launch "The Classics," a New Series of Online Shorts Celebrating Seven Classic Outdoor Adventures
From now through April 1, viewers can win Yakima & OR gear through online contests
Beaverton, OR – February 13, 2012 – Yakima, the innovation leader in vehicle racks and cargo solutions, and outdoor gear company Outdoor Research (OR) are showcasing seven epic outdoor adventures through an original short film series, "The Classics." The series debuted this week on YouTube channel and the OR microsite.
With breathtaking photography, the seven original shorts takes its viewers to iconic destinations across North America and shows off the incredible adventures to be had there, from sidecountry skiing through legendary powder on Washington's Mount Baker, to exploring the serene Georgia coast by sea kayak, to highly technical mountain biking in British Columbia's famed North Shore.
"There are so many epic outdoor adventures to be had across North America, and this film series has beautifully captured seven particularly amazing ones," said Ashley Williams, Yakima Marketing Manager. "For both experienced adventurers and those just getting their first taste of all the possibilities, these films are incredibly inspirational."
Yakima wants people to do more than admire the cool footage, however: it wants them to get out there and have their own epic adventures. To help them do so, there are weekly chances to win Yakima racks through online contests.
From February 13 through March 26, one film will be highlighted each week and viewers can enter to win gear through the Yakima Facebook page and OR microsite. Yakima prizes include cargo boxes and racks for bikes, kayaks and skis.
- Week of February 13 – Featured film: target="_blank">Skiing (Mount Baker, Washington). Yakima prize: SkyBox Pro 16 Onyx
- Week of February 20 – Featured film: target="_blank">Ice Climbing (Mt. Washington Valley, New Hampshire). Yakima prize: RocketBox Pro 12
- Week of February 27 – Featured film: target="_blank">Alpine Hiking (The Bugaboos, eastern British Columbia)
- Week of March 5 – Featured film: target="_blank">Backpacking (Wind River Range, Wyoming)
- Week of March 12 – Featured film: target="_blank">Sea Kayaking (Georgia). Yakima prize package: HullRaiser, Outdoorsman Truck Rack& MultiMount
- Week of March 19 – Featured film: target="_blank">Rock Climbing (Red Rocks, Las Vegas). Yakima prize: SkyBox Pro 21 Onyx
- Week of March 26 – Featured film: target="_blank">Mountain Biking (North Vancouver, British Columbia). Yakima prize: HighRoller
About Yakima
Yakima is the world leader in the design and manufacture of cargo management equipment solutions for outdoor enthusiasts. Yakima's products include vehicle racks for bikes, boats, ski equipment and gear, a line of cargo boxes and bags for a variety of needs, plus high performance multi-sport trailers. Yakima is headquartered in Beaverton, Oregon. For more information, visit www.yakima.com.
Source: Julie Atherton


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Recruitment #200730-W10C-13
|Employment Security Commission
|County Location
Oklahoma OK
|Date Opened
|Filing Deadline
|Annual Hiring Rate: $39,080.00 / Bi-Weekly Hiring Rate: $1,503.08
|Full or Part Time
These 2 positions are located at the OKC Eastside 'Oklahoma Works/American Jobs' Center.
Annual Hiring Rate: $39,080.00
Bi-Weekly Hiring Rate: $1,503.08
Responsible for: Assist job seekers with registration, resumes, internet job searches & referrals. Assist with filing unemployment insurance claims.
Duties may include: Priority service to veterans; write and post vacant job openings for businesses; market agency services; prepare/present employability workshops; accurately/timely complete data entry; administer skills-based testing; other duties as assigned.
Positions in this job family are assigned responsibilities involving the management of career assessment/counseling, interviewing applicants to determine needs for job skills, placement, training, unemployment insurance eligibility, and other social services under a case management system. This includes providing services to public and private employers to refer qualified and trained applicants and providing unemployment compensation services. Specialized and critical tasks will be assigned to qualified veteran staff for the provision of priority employment services to eligible veterans and disabled veterans as defined by the U.S. Department of Labor.
The Employment Services job family consists of four levels which are distinguished based on the complexity of the specific assignment and the level of expertise required for the delivery of workforce one-stop services.
Level III:
This is the specialist level of this job family where incumbents are routinely assigned responsibilities for advanced level work in employment supportive activities and one-stop coordination functions. They can be assigned lead workers or backup supervisors to Level I or Level II employees. This will include a high degree of independence in completing work assignments and making decisions concerning various employment supportive activities. Responsibilities may include providing training on unemployment insurance functions; employment services; veteran services; or social services requirements; and reviewing assigned work of others. Adjudication responsibilities may be assigned in the unemployment insurance function. Staff assigned as Veterans representatives should be familiar with Veterans Employment programs to include the U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs training programs.
Level I:
Education and Experience Requirements at this level require three years of experience in employment services, career or vocational guidance and counseling, personnel, recruitment, training, customer services or social services related work; or an equivalent combination of education and experience substituting thirty semester hours from an accredited college or university for each year of the required work experience.
Level II:
Education and Experience requirements at this level include those identified in Level I plus one additional year of qualifying experience.
NOTE: Positions funded by U.S. Department of Labor Veterans grants must meet grant requirements.
Level III:
Education and Experience requirements at this level consist of those identified in Level II plus one additional year of qualifying experience.
Some positions may require that applicants be a veteran of the U.S. Armed Forces and eligible for veterans' preference under Title 74 O.S. Supp Section 840.15.
In accordance with Title 38, U.S. Code Section 4103A, some positions must be filled with qualified disabled veterans in the following order of preference: FIRST: Qualified Disabled Veteran; SECOND: Qualified Veteran.
The Employment Security Commission is responsible for screening all eligibles to insure that appointees are selectively qualified based upon the order of preference as required by Title 38, U.S. Code Section 4103A.
Scores based on: 100% Evaluation of Education and Experience listed on a supplemental questionnaire.
***NOTE: Names of eligible applicants can be made available to State agencies upon their request, immediately following the closing date and time.


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Listings in Cast Signs, Dye-Sublimation, Border Lighting Systems, Readerboards, Sign Poles, Sign poles and Sign Cabinets & Light Boxes
GOQ LED America
in LED Lighting Systems, Border Lighting Systems, Cabinet-Sign Modules, Channel-Letter Modules, Lightboxes, Electronic, Channel, Drivers
GOQ LED America is the Sign Industry's leading provider for LED modules powered by Samsung for the whitest and brightest solutions since 2011. Modules for channel letters both shallow and deep, and Introducing high powered edge lit modules...
2900 Guilder Dr.
Plano, Texas 75074
United States
Earl Mich Co.
in Cloth, Nylon, Polyethylene, Vinyl, Decorated, Grommet Machines, Grommets, Mounting Hardware, LED Lighting Systems, Return Material, Accessories, Blades, Clearcoats, Film, Thermal Ribbons, Border Lighting Systems, Channel-Letter Modules, Ribbon Components, Blanks, Installation Hardware, Rolls, Sheets, Vehicle-Wrap Holders, Blockout Paint, Accessories, Instruments, Composite Materials, Foam Board, HDU (High-Density Urethane), Wood, Pressure-Sensitive, Remover, Flexible Face, Fluorescent Materials, Frames, Gilding Materials & Supplies, Banner-Mounting Hardware, Brackets, Hooks/Hangars/Chains/Clips, Metal, Plastic, Wood, Magnetic, Vinyl, Spray, Digital Imaging, Pattern/Plotting/Pounce, Blank, Decorated, Metal, Plastic, Application/Transfer, Applicators, Decorative, Maskant, Striping, Clip Art/Fonts/Logos, Vehicle-Template, Vinyl Tools, Wholesale Production, Application/Removal Solution, Calendered, Cast, Digital-Imaging, Reflective, Release Liners, Specialty, Tools, Translucent, Vehicle-Wrap, Decals, Fleet Graphics, Floor Graphics, Murals/Wall Graphics, Vehicle Wraps, Vehicle Graphics, Vinyl Graphics, Custom
Earl Mich provides the SmartLine line of cast, calendered and specialty vinyls. Its line of sign supplies includes digital media, LED lighting, banners, substrates, paints, software, cutters, heat-transfer materials, substrates and other products.
720 N. Creel Dr.
Wood Dale, Illinois 60191
United States
(800) 642-4872
Fax: (877) 329-6424
Howard Industries
in Acrylic, Static-Message Signs, Monument Signs, Post-and-Panel Signs, Non-Electric, Extrusions, Aluminum, Extrusions, Channel Letters, Braille Translator, Directories, Letters, Aluminum
Proudly manufacturing 100% USA Made Signage Products, our employees are passionate and dedicated to bringing you and your clients the best interior and exterior architectural signage systems the industry has to offer.
6400 Howard Drive
Fairview, Pennsylvania 16415
United States
iSIGNS Inc.
in Embossed Signs, Engraved Signs, Static-Message Signs, Post-and-Panel Signs, Stock-Message Signs, Electric, Miscellaneous, Electric, Electric, Decorated, LED-Based Displays, Lightboxes, Warning Lights, Completed, Custom, Quantity, Braille Translator
iSigns Inc., a wholesale sign source, offers more than 3,500 eco-friendly LED traffic-control products ("open" "closed" "enter" "exit" "safety"), post-and-panel signs; interior wayfinding signs; Perma-Banner 5-year street pole banners
7625 Birkmire Dr.
Fairview, Pennsylvania 16415
United States
(866) 437-3040
Fax: (814) 835-7057
GE Lighting Solutions
in Border Lighting Systems, Cabinet-Sign Modules, Channel-Letter Modules, Fluorescent Replacement Systems
GE Lighting Solutions offers a wide variety of LED products, including the TetraMax line for channel letters, which offers a 150-degree viewing angle and a rated life of 50,000 hours.
1975 Noble Rd.
Cleveland, Ohio 44112-6300
United States
Santech Signs LLC
in Aluminum, Brass, Bronze, Channel, Metal, Metal-Faced, Plastic, Flat, Vinyl, Completed, Decorated
Santech Signs is your go-to sign shop in Austin. Opened in 2018 but with 30 years of hands-on experience. We can help with all your signage needs. Service, Installation, and manufacturing. Santech Signs can do it all. Give us a call or send an email.
15300 Chamberlain Ct
Austin, Texas 78724
United States
in Canvas, Paper, Polyester, Polyethylene, Vinyl, Mounting Hardware, Desktop, Dye-Sublimation, Roll-to-Roll, Aqueous, Eco-Solvent, Latex, Solvent, Liquid, Roll-to-Roll, Clearcoats, Aqueous, Dye-Sublimation, Eco-Solvent, Solvent, UV-Cure, Film, Liquid, Toners, Calendered, Cast, Digital-Imaging, Specialty, Translucent, Vehicle-Wrap
LexJet is a one-stop, direct source for all kinds of equipment, materials, and software used for wide-format inkjet printing. LexJet provides flat-rate shipping and one-day ground delivery to most of the United States.
1605 Main St.
Suite 400
Sarasota, Florida 34236
United States
(800) 453-9538
Fax: (941) 330-1220
Adtronics LED Displays
in Flipper Displays, Incandescent Lamp Displays, LED-Based Displays, Liquid-Crystal Displays (LCDs), Organic, Light-Emitting Diodes (OLEDs), Plasma Displays, Projection Systems, Time & Temperature Displays, Readerboards
Indoor and outdoor LED message displays. Design, fabrication, installation and support of monochrome and full-color video displays. With over 30 years' experience, our knowledgeable staff will put you at ease and earn your business.
#108-7311 Vantage way
Delta, British Columbia V4G1H9
(877) 713-1896
Fax: (604) 940-8697
Ceiling Outfitters
in Mounting Hardware, Installation Hardware, Banner-Mounting Hardware, Magnetic (Pole-Mount), Sign poles
Need ceiling hardware and accessories to make it easier and safer to hang signs/banners from ceilings? Ceiling Outfitters sells ladderless ceiling sign hanging and banner hanging systems, including Clik-Clik magnetic sign hanging systems.
2445 Midway Road
Suite 103
Carrollton, Texas 75006
United States
Fax: 866-525-0687
NEMCO Controls Inc.
in Border Lighting Systems, Controllers, Transformers
10306 Sagelink Ct
Houston, TX 77089


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Earn 25X bonus SCENE points at Montana's!
Once your offer is loaded, just show your SCENE card to get your bonus points*!Visit a Montana's
Terms And Conditions

* 25X SCENE points bonus offer is valid on purchases made by September 20, 2020 only, at participating Montana's restaurants. Valid for one time use only. Once you have loaded your offer, you will be directed to a confirmation page. SCENE members only need to present their SCENE membership card at the time of payment to earn 25X SCENE points for every $3.00 spent on the purchase of food and beverages (excluding alcohol where required by law), less all taxes, gratuities and service or delivery charges, to a maximum of 5,000 bonus SCENE points per transaction. Valid for dine-in and walk-in/take-out orders only. Members must ensure that they receive the confirmation page when loading the offer. In the event of a dispute, SCENE is not responsible for issuing bonus points to any member that does not receive the confirmation page. Only one (1) bonus points offer per transaction. Cannot be combined with any other offers. SCENE membership cards are limited to earning SCENE points on a maximum of three (3) transactions per day across all participating Recipe restaurants. Some restrictions and limitations may apply. All-You-Can-Eat Ribs applies to Pork Ribs only. Dine-in only. While supplies last.
Terms and Conditions available at scene.ca/montanas. ®Trademarks of Recipe Unlimited Corporation, used under license.


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Hazelnut & Apple English Muffin Treat
Our hazelnut apple muffin makes a good I-cleaned-my room- treat. Apple slices, hazelnut spread and cinnamon, ... a little taste of flavor heaven.
1 Thomas'® Original Made with Whole Grains English Muffin
1 tbsp Hazelnut Spread
Sliced apple
1 tbsp honey
1/2 tsp cinnamon
1/2 tsp sugar
Split and toast Thomas' Original Made with Whole Grains English Muffin. Spread 1 tablespoon of Hazelnut spread on each toasted slice. Top each half with 2 to 3 apple slices. Drizzle with 1 tablespoon of honey and sprinkle with cinnamon and sugar.


text:
Previous Lecture
Complete and continue
Detox Your Vibration
Important Course Information
Introduction to the Course (6:33)
Welcome letter
Contact information
Suggested Course Materials
Introduction to the Course
My China Detox 2015 (7:37)
What is a Detox?
Detox Your Vibration (4:29)
Who Should Participate?
Analyze Your Lifestyle
10 Reasons To Detox
What Should You Expect?
Detox Your Vibration
Analyze Your Vibration
Vibrate On Purpose (0:54)
Relax!! Breathe.
Ways to Raise Your Vibration (12:00)
Maintaining Your Vibe After Failure and Losses
Failure Is Inevitable! (4:35)
Embrace Pain and Failure. (0:57)
Detox Your Mental
Make a Commitment to Yourself (6:44)
Develop a Meditation Practice (4:48)
Thoughts Become Things
Dream BIG. Visualize Your Ideal Life. (4:06)
Positive Affirmations (5:43)
Become Aware of Self-Talk (2:46)
Detox Your Bad Habits
What is a Bad Habit? (1:12)
What Needs to Go? (1:32)
Learn Something New
Focus on Your Good Habits (1:47)
Detox Your Body
What You Put Into Your Body Affects Your Vibe. (1:16)
Analyze Your Diet. (0:34)
Say NO to Something! (2:21)
Benefits of Fasting (5:14)
Best Foods to Detox (8:55)
Detox Water Recipes
Detox Your Circle
Make Friends Who Force You to Level Up (0:14)
Choose Your Friends Carefully (4:14)
Choose Your Lover(s) Carefully
Everybody Can't Come (3:29)
When the Energy is Off, the History Doesn't Matter (3:38)
When People Show You Who They Are, Believe Them! (0:57)
Analyze Your Conversations (3:08)
Know When To "Let It Go" (0:59)
Don't Ignore Obvious Character Flaws (3:59)
Detox Your Material Possessions
Some Stuff You Just Have to Let Go Of (2:01)
How Much "Stuff" Do You Own? (2:30)
Material Possessions Will Never Bring True Happiness (0:57)
Don't Be Afraid to Let It Go (6:22)
Detox Your Playlists
Who is Pouring Into You? (4:26)
What is on Your Playlist?
Listen to Something New (1:34)
Detox Your Television
What Comes on Tonight? (4:37)
What is on Your DVR?
Seek Educational Programming (4:56)
Television Programming (0:55)
How the News and Advertising Affects Your Vibration
News Broadcasts (0:43)
Watching the News Lowers My Vibration (4:38)
Pay Attention to Advertising (3:04)
Summary and Reflection
What Did You Learn? (0:56)
What New Habits Are In Your Life Now?
Recommend This Course to a Friend
Always Move Forward.
Webinars & Live Streams
Live Streams
Contact information
Lecture content locked
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On Monday, my "question of the day" was What will the unemployment rate look like for the rest of the decade?
Click on the above link to see an interactive map that lets you select the rate of job growth up to January of 2020.
The base assumptions for the interactive map regarding the noninstitutional population, the labor force, and the participation rate came from revised BLS projections by Mitra Toossi in January 2012: Labor force projections to 2020: a more slowly growing workforce
Note that the accuracy of the unemployment forecast depends on the accuracy of the assumptions.
What if the BLS is Wrong?
Today we concern ourselves with the question "What if the BLS assumptions are wrong?"
We do have to start somewhere, and the assumption for the charts below is that the BLS is right about the size of the age 16 and older noninstitutional population, but wrong regarding the participation rate and the size of the labor force.
Certainly boomer dynamics are now understood well enough that the age 16 and older noninstitutional population projections are likely to be quite accurate. How fast baby boomers retire or drop out of the labor force is certainly much harder to predict.
Definitions and Notes
- The participation rate is the ratio of the civilian labor force to the total noninstitutionalized civilian population 16 years of age and over.
- The noninstitutionalized civilian population consists of civilians not in prison, mental facilities, wards of the state, etc.
- The labor force consists of those who have a job or are seeking a job, are at least 16 years old, are not serving in the military and are not institutionalized.
- There are strict requirements on what constitutes "seeking a job". Reading want-ads or jobs on "Monster" does not count. One actually needs to apply for a job, go on an interview, or send in a resume.
- Please see Reader Question Regarding "Dropping Out of the Workforce" for an explanation of how the BLS determines someone is actively seeking a job.
As you can see, projecting the population accurately and projecting the labor force accurately are two different things.
Starting with the assumption that Toossi is correct regarding the noninstitutionalized civilian population, I asked Doug Short at Advisor Perspectives if he would plot unemployment rates at various rates of job growth with a participation rate of 62.5 (the base Toossi model), as well as participation rates of 60.0 and 65.0.
The charts below show startling differences as to what happens if the participation rate changes in those small increments.
Model Notes
- In the following charts CLF stands for Civilian Labor Force.
- CNP stands for Civilian Noninstitutional Population.
- Participation rates assumed to move in a linear fashion towards various 2020 projected targets (65.0, 62.5, 60.0).
- The labor force is derived from various projected participation rates and the civilian noninstitutional population.
Unemployment Assuming Participation Rate of 62.5
click on any chart for sharper image
At 125,000 jobs a month (and that is a very optimistic forecast in my opinion), the unemployment rate would slowly sink to 6.3% by 2020.
Unemployment Assuming Participation Rate of 65.0
The current participation rate is 63.6.
A mere rise in the participation rate to 65 would require 200,000 jobs every month non-stop until 2020 to get the unemployment rate to 6.1%. Needless to say, 200,000 jobs a month is not going to happen.
At 125,000 jobs a month, every month, the unemployment rate would rise to 9.9%. Is such a scenario all that unlikely?
Unemployment Assuming Participation Rate of 60.0
Should the participation rate drop to 60, it would only take 50,000 jobs a month to get the unemployment rate down to 6.5%.
How likely is that?
The participation rate was 60.2 in December of 1955. The participation rate dramatically rose starting in the mid-60's as women entered the work force en masse.
Given that people are living and working longer (the latter because they did not sufficiently save for retirement), will the participation rate drop to 60 again?
Consider what I said on May 1, 2008 in Demographics Of Jobless Claims
Ironically, older part-time workers remaining in or reentering the labor force will be cheaper to hire in many cases than younger workers. The reason is Boomers 65 and older will be covered by Medicare (as long as it lasts) and will not require as many benefits as will younger workers, especially those with families. In effect, Boomers will be competing with their children and grandchildren for jobs that in many cases do not pay living wages.
Theoretically the participation rate could drop that low but the economy will likely be horrific if it does. Moreover, should the rate fall that low, it will be at the expense of a massive rise in those on food stamps and other social safety net programs.
Table of Projected Unemployment Rates
Note the peculiarity (and mathematical impossibility) of negative unemployment rates at high levels of job creation coupled with a participation rate of 60.
All things considered, Toossi's revised model showing the participation rate slowly dropping to 62.5 seems reasonable, but a rise to 65 is not out of the question.
At a participation rate of 62.5 it will take about 100,000 jobs a month through 2020 just to hold the unemployment rate steady.
For a look ahead to 2013, please see Small Business Owners' Hiring Intent Plunges to 2008 Lows; Don't Blame Sandy or Fiscal Cliff.
Mike "Mish" Shedlock
"Wine Country" Economic Conference Hosted By Mish
Click on Image to Learn More


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Just ordered a LOBSTER Ball machine. I have had such good results with my rebound net i thought a good ball machine would be an advantage.
Anybody else workout with them?
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