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|Oracle Solaris Administration: IP Services Oracle Solaris 10 1/13 Information Library
Part I Introducing System Administration: IP Services
1. Oracle Solaris TCP/IP Protocol Suite (Overview)
2. Planning Your TCP/IP Network (Tasks)
3. Introducing IPv6 (Overview)
4. Planning an IPv6 Network (Tasks)
5. Configuring TCP/IP Network Services and IPv4 Addressing (Tasks)
6. Administering Network Interfaces (Tasks)
7. Configuring an IPv6 Network (Tasks)
8. Administering a TCP/IP Network (Tasks)
9. Troubleshooting Network Problems (Tasks)
10. TCP/IP and IPv4 in Depth (Reference)
13. Planning for DHCP Service (Tasks)
14. Configuring the DHCP Service (Tasks)
15. Administering DHCP (Tasks)
16. Configuring and Administering the DHCP Client
17. Troubleshooting DHCP (Reference)
18. DHCP Commands and Files (Reference)
19. IP Security Architecture (Overview)
21. IP Security Architecture (Reference)
22. Internet Key Exchange (Overview)
24. Internet Key Exchange (Reference)
25. IP Filter in Oracle Solaris (Overview)
27. Introducing IPMP (Overview)
28. Administering IPMP (Tasks)
Part VI IP Quality of Service (IPQoS)
29. Introducing IPQoS (Overview)
30. Planning for an IPQoS-Enabled Network (Tasks)
General IPQoS Configuration Planning (Task Map)
Planning the Diffserv Network Topology
Hardware Strategies for the Diffserv Network
IPQoS on a Network of Server Farms
Planning the Quality-of-Service Policy
QoS Policy Planning (Task Map)
How to Prepare a Network for IPQoS
How to Define the Classes for Your QoS Policy
How to Define Filters in the QoS Policy
How to Plan Forwarding Behavior
Introducing the IPQoS Configuration Example
31. Creating the IPQoS Configuration File (Tasks)
32. Starting and Maintaining IPQoS (Tasks)
33. Using Flow Accounting and Statistics Gathering (Tasks)
34. IPQoS in Detail (Reference)
When you plan the quality-of-service (QoS) policy, you must review, classify, and then prioritize the services that your network provides. You must also assess the amount of available bandwidth to determine the rate at which each traffic class is released onto the network.
Gather information for planning the QoS policy in a format that includes the information needed for the IPQoS configuration file. For example, you can use the following template to list the major categories of information to be used in the IPQoS configuration file.
Table 30-1 QoS Planning Template
You can divide each major category to further define the QoS policy. Subsequent sections explain how to obtain information for the categories that are shown in the template.
This task map lists the major tasks for planning a QoS policy and links to the instructions to perform each task.
Note - The rest of this section explains how to plan the QoS policy of an IPQoS-enabled system. To plan the QoS policy for the Diffserv router, refer to the router documentation and the router manufacturer's web site.
The following procedure lists general planning tasks to do before you create the QoS policy.
For topology examples, see Planning the Diffserv Network Topology.
For example, if you plan to enable IPQoS on all hosts on the network, identify any hosts that could use the same QoS policy. Each IPQoS-enabled system must have a local QoS policy, which is implemented in its IPQoS configuration file. However, you can create one IPQoS configuration file to be used by a range of systems. You can then copy the configuration file to every system with the same QoS policy requirements.
Refer to the router documentation and the router manufacturer's web site for details.
The first step in defining the QoS policy is organizing traffic flows into classes. You do not need to create classes for every type of traffic on a Diffserv network. Moreover, depending on your network topology, you might have to create a different QoS policy for each IPQoS-enabled system.
Note - For an overview of classes, see IPQoS Classes.
The next procedure assumes that you have determined which systems on your network are to be IPQoS-enabled, as identified in How to Prepare a Network for IPQoS.
For suggestions, refer to Table 30-1.
The following questions are a guideline for analyzing network traffic for possible class definitions.
Does your company offer service-level agreements to customers?
If yes, then evaluate the relative priority levels of the SLAs that your company offers to customers. The same applications might be offered to customers who are guaranteed different priority levels.
For example, your company might offer web site hosting to each customer, which indicates that you need to define a class for each customer web site. One SLA might provide a premium web site as one service level. Another SLA might offer a "best-effort" personal web site to discount customers. This factor indicates not only different web site classes but also potentially different per-hop behaviors that are assigned to the web site classes.
Does the IPQoS system offer popular applications that might need flow control?
You can improve network performance by enabling IPQoS on servers offering popular applications that generate excessive traffic. Common examples are electronic mail, network news, and FTP. Consider creating separate classes for incoming and outgoing traffic for each service type, where applicable. For example, you might create a mail-in class and a mail-out class for the QoS policy for a mail server.
Does your network run certain applications that require highest-priority forwarding behaviors?
Any critical applications that require highest-priority forwarding behaviors must receive highest priority in the router's queue. Typical examples are streaming video and streaming audio.
Define incoming classes and outgoing classes for these high-priority applications. Then, add the classes to the QoS policies of both the IPQoS-enabled system that serves the applications and the Diffserv router.
Does your network experience traffic flows that must be controlled because the flows consume large amounts of bandwidth?
Use netstat, snoop, and other network monitoring utilities to discover the types of traffic that are causing problems on the network. Review the classes that you have created thus far, and then create new classes for any undefined problem traffic category. If you have already defined classes for a category of problem traffic, then define rates for the meter to control the problem traffic.
Create classes for the problem traffic on every IPQoS-enabled system on the network. Each IPQoS system can then handle any problem traffic by limiting the rate at which the traffic flow is released onto the network. Be sure also to define these problem classes in the QoS policy on the Diffserv router. The router can then queue and schedule the problem flows as configured in its QoS policy.
Do you need to obtain statistics on certain types of traffic?
A quick review of an SLA can indicate which types of customer traffic require accounting. If your site does offer SLAs, you probably have already created classes for traffic that requires accounting. You might also define classes to enable statistics gathering on traffic flows that you are monitoring. You could also create classes for traffic to which you restrict access for security reasons.
For example, have priority level 1 represent the highest-priority class, and assign descending-level priorities to the remaining classes. The priority level that you assign is for organizational purposes only. Priority levels that you set in the QoS policy template are not actually used by IPQoS. Moreover, you can assign the same priority to more than one class, if appropriate for your QoS policy.
As you create classes, you quickly realize which classes have highest priority, medium priority, and best-effort priority. A good scheme for prioritizing classes becomes particularly important when you assign per-hop behaviors to outgoing traffic, as explained in How to Plan Forwarding Behavior.
In addition to assigning a PHB to a class, you can also define a priority selector in a filter for the class. The priority selector is active on the IPQoS-enabled host only. Suppose several classes with equal rates and identical DSCPs sometimes compete for bandwidth as they leave the IPQoS system. The priority selector in each class can further order the level of service that is given to the otherwise identically valued classes.
You create filters to identify packet flows as members of a particular class. Each filter contains selectors, which define the criteria for evaluating a packet flow. The IPQoS-enabled system then uses the criteria in the selectors to extract packets from a traffic flow. The IPQoS system then associates the packets with a class. For an introduction to filters, see IPQoS Filters.
The following table lists the most commonly used selectors. The first five selectors represent the IPQoS 5-tuple, which the IPQoS system uses to identify packets as members of a flow. For a complete list of selectors, see Table 34-1.
Table 30-2 Common IPQoS Selectors
Note - Be judicious in your choice of selectors. Use only as many selectors as you need to extract packets for a class. The more selectors that you define, the greater the impact on IPQoS performance.
Before You Begin
Before you can perform the next steps, you should have completed the procedure How to Define the Classes for Your QoS Policy.
Consider creating separate filters for incoming and outgoing traffic for each class, where applicable. For example, add an ftp-in filter and an ftp-out filter to the QoS policy of an IPQoS-enabled FTP server. You then can define an appropriate direction selector in addition to the basic selectors.
Use the QoS planning table that was introduced in Table 30-1 to fill in filters for the classes you defined.
Example 30-1 Defining Filters for FTP Traffic
The next table is an example that shows how you would define a filter for outgoing FTP traffic.
See Also
To define a flow-control scheme, refer to How to Plan Flow Control.
To define forwarding behaviors for flows as the flows return to the network stream, refer to How to Plan Forwarding Behavior.
To plan for flow accounting of certain types of traffic, refer to How to Plan for Flow Accounting.
To add more classes to the QoS policy, refer to How to Define the Classes for Your QoS Policy.
To add more filters to the QoS policy, refer to How to Define Filters in the QoS Policy.
Flow control involves measuring traffic flow for a class and then releasing packets onto the network at a defined rate. When you plan flow control, you define parameters to be used by the IPQoS metering modules. The meters determine the rate at which traffic is released onto the network. For an introduction to the metering modules, see Meter (tokenmt and tswtclmt) Overview.
The next procedure assumes that you have defined filters and selectors, as described in How to Define Filters in the QoS Policy.
To guarantee a certain level of service, you might need to meter certain traffic classes that are generated by the customer.
Determine if any classes other than those classes that are associated with SLAs need to be metered.
Suppose the IPQoS system runs an application that generates a high level of traffic. After you classify the application's traffic, meter the flows to control the rate at which the packets of the flow return to the network.
Note - Not all classes need to be metered. Remember this guideline as you review your list of classes.
Classes that have more than one filter might require metering for only one filter. Suppose that you define filters for incoming and outgoing traffic of a certain class. You might conclude that only traffic in one direction requires flow control.
Add the module name to the meter column in your QoS planning table.
If you use the tokenmt module, you need to define the following rates in bits per second:
Committed rate
Peak rate
If these rates are sufficient to meter a particular class, you can define only the committed rate and the committed burst for tokenmt.
If needed, you can also define the following rates:
Committed burst
Peak burst
For a complete definition of tokenmt rates, refer to Configuring tokenmt as a Two-Rate Meter. You can also find more detailed information in the tokenmt(7ipp) man page.
If you use the tswtclmt module, you need to define the following rates in bits per second.
Committed rate
Peak rate
You can also define the window size in milliseconds. These rates are defined in tswtclmt Metering Module and in the tswtclmt(7ipp) man page.
The outcomes for both metering modules are green, red, and yellow. Add to your QoS organizational table the traffic conformance outcomes that apply to the rates you define. Outcomes for the meters are fully explained in Meter Module.
You need to determine what action should be taken on traffic that conforms, or does not conform, to the committed rate. Often, but not always, this action is to mark the packet header with a per-hop behavior. One acceptable action for green-level traffic could be to continue processing while traffic flows do not exceed the committed rate. Another action could be to drop packets of the class if flows exceed peak rate.
Example 30-2 Defining Meters
The next table is an example that shows meter entries for a class of email traffic. The network on which the IPQoS system is located has a total bandwidth of 100 Mbits/sec, or 10000000 bits per second. The QoS policy assigns a low priority to the email class. This class also receives best-effort forwarding behavior.
See Also
To define forwarding behaviors for flows as the packets return to the network stream, refer to How to Plan Forwarding Behavior.
To plan for flow accounting of certain types of traffic, refer to How to Plan for Flow Accounting.
To add more classes to the QoS policy, refer to How to Define the Classes for Your QoS Policy.
To add more filters to the QoS policy, refer to How to Define Filters in the QoS Policy.
To define another flow-control scheme, refer to How to Plan Flow Control.
To create an IPQoS configuration file, refer to How to Create the IPQoS Configuration File and Define Traffic Classes.
Forwarding behavior determines the priority and drop precedence of traffic flows that are about to be forwarded to the network. You can choose two major forwarding behaviors: prioritize the flows of a class in relationship to other traffic classes or drop the flows entirely.
The Diffserv model uses the marker to assign the chosen forwarding behavior to traffic flows. IPQoS offers the following marker modules.
dscpmk – Used to mark the DS field of an IP packet with a DSCP
dlcosmk – Used to mark the VLAN tag of a datagram with a class-of-service (CoS) value
Note - The suggestions in this section refer specifically to IP packets. If your IPQoS system includes a VLAN device, you can use the dlcosmk marker to mark forwarding behaviors for datagrams. For more information, refer to Using the dlcosmk Marker With VLAN Devices.
To prioritize IP traffic, you need to assign a DSCP to each packet. The dscpmk marker marks the DS field of the packet with the DSCP. You choose the DSCP for a class from a group of well-known codepoints that are associated with the forwarding behavior type. These well-known codepoints are 46 (101110) for the EF PHB and a range of codepoints for the AF PHB. For overview information on DSCP and forwarding, refer to Traffic Forwarding on an IPQoS-Enabled Network.
Before You Begin
The next steps assume that you have defined classes and filters for the QoS policy. Though you often use the meter with the marker to control traffic, you can use the marker alone to define a forwarding behavior.
Not all traffic classes need to be marked.
The EF PHB guarantees that packets with the EF DSCP 46 (101110) are released onto the network before packets with any AF PHBs. Use the EF PHB for your highest-priority traffic. For more information about EF, refer to Expedited Forwarding (EF) PHB.
Example 30-3 QoS Policy for a Games Application
Traffic is generally metered for the following reasons:
An SLA guarantees packets of this class greater service or lesser service when the network is heavily used.
A class with a lower priority might have a tendency to flood the network.
You use the marker with the meter to provide differentiated services and bandwidth management to these classes. For example, the following table shows a portion of a QoS policy. This policy defines a class for a popular games application that generates a high level of traffic.
The forwarding behaviors assign low-priority DSCPs to games_app traffic that conforms to its committed rate or is under the peak rate. When games_app traffic exceeds peak rate, the QoS policy indicates that packets from games_app are to be dropped. All AF codepoints are listed in Table 34-2.
See Also
To plan for flow accounting of certain types of traffic, refer to How to Plan for Flow Accounting.
To add more classes to the QoS policy, refer to How to Define the Classes for Your QoS Policy.
To add more filters to the QoS policy, refer to How to Define Filters in the QoS Policy.
To define a flow-control scheme, refer to How to Plan Flow Control.
To define additional forwarding behaviors for flows as the packets return to the network stream, refer to How to Plan Forwarding Behavior.
To create an IPQoS configuration file, refer to How to Create the IPQoS Configuration File and Define Traffic Classes.
You use the IPQoS flowacct module to track traffic flows for billing or network management purposes. Use the following procedure to determine if your QoS policy should include flow accounting.
If the answer is yes, then you should use flow accounting. Review the SLAs to determine what types of network traffic your company wants to bill customers for. Then, review your QoS policy to determine which classes select traffic to be billed.
If the answer is yes, consider using flow accounting to observe the behavior of these applications. Review your QoS policy to determine the classes that you have assigned to traffic that requires monitoring.
See Also
To add more classes to the QoS policy, refer to How to Define the Classes for Your QoS Policy.
To add more filters to the QoS policy, refer to How to Define Filters in the QoS Policy.
To define a flow-control scheme, refer to How to Plan Flow Control.
To define forwarding behaviors for flows as the packets return to the network stream, refer to How to Plan Forwarding Behavior.
To plan for additional flow accounting of certain types of traffic, refer to How to Plan for Flow Accounting.
To create the IPQoS configuration file, refer to How to Create the IPQoS Configuration File and Define Traffic Classes.

subset: commoncrawl


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Friday 25 January
|Arctocephalus (1)
Remarkably, the Juan Fernández fur seal was considered extinct until it was happily rediscovered in 1965, although it nevertheless remains rare (2). Like most fur seals, this species has an elongated, slender body and a long, pointed snout and flippers (2) (4). Adult males have a particularly long muzzle that may be slightly down-curved at the tip, and which ends in a large, bulbous, fleshy nose, creating a shark-like silhouette (2). Adult males also develop thicker and more muscular necks, surrounded by a mane of long, coarse, dark hair with silver tips, giving the mane a frosted appearance (2). The necks and fore-flippers of the males are usually scarred from fighting (5). The back and belly are dark, blackish-brown in males, while the crown down to the ears and nape to the shoulders sometimes appear silvery-grey, against a darker throat and neck. Adult females are grey-brown to dark brown above, and variably paler below, especially on the chest and underside of the neck, which can be creamy grey, and there may be areas of lighter colour on the face. Both sexes have whitish-cream whiskers (2).
These social animals live in large, male-dominated groups in which breeding behaviour is highly territorial. Males hold territories both on land and in the water, with females within each territory mating with the resident male. As such, males will often fight fiercely to maintain these territories (6). Breeding occurs from mid-November until the end of January, immediately after pupping, with most pups from the preceding breeding season being born from late November to early December (2). Thus, gestation takes a little under one year. Females give birth to a single pup each year, which they then nurse on land, for a period of about 8 to 12 months (7). Soon after the birth of the pup, the female will mate again, before departing to sea to feed, returning from time to time to suckle her pup. A female returning from a feeding trip comes to the beach where she left her pup, and calls for it with a characteristic call. The pup answers with its own call, which is recognised by the mother, and their identity is confirmed by smelling the pup (6).
The diet includes at least five varieties of squid, and there are reports that these fur seals also feed on various fishes and lobster (2). Sharks and killer whales are known to prey on Juan Fernández fur seals (5).
Breeding is restricted the Juan Fernández Archipelago, and the islands of San Felix and San Ambrosio, off the coast of Chile (6), and the seal can be found in an incompletely known area of surrounding waters (2).
When ashore, these fur seals are usually found on rocky and volcanic shorelines with boulders, cliffs, overhangs, and caves (2).
Once abundant, this fur seal was heavily exploited by commercial sealers from the 17th to the 19th centuries for its pelt, blubber, meat and oil, and by the beginning of the 20th century it was believed to be extinct (5). When the species was rediscovered in 1966, just 200 individuals survived (2), but the population has since steadily increased (8). However, despite being protected by the Chilean government, the Juan Fernandez fur seal is sometimes poached illegally for lobster bait, fur and meat (4) (5). Occasional reports also exist of the seal becoming entangled in fishing nets and plastic waste (5). There is an additional concern that the seal may have to compete with fisheries for its food, and due to its limited size, the population is vulnerable and may suffer from a lack of genetic diversity (4) (5).
After rediscovery, the species was given total protection by national Chilean legislation in 1978 (5). This measure appears to have been successful as, since then, there has been an annual population increase of 16 to 17 percent, in spite of occasional illegal hunting (4).
For more information on the Juan Fernández fur seal, other seal species and their conservation see:
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Our expectations for the upcoming film "Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Spy" have been sky-high since the team behind it was announced, and now that it's been invited to open one of the best film fests on Earth, we are positively giddy.
According to Douglas Urbanski, one of the film's producers, as well as an English radio personalty and the man who played Larry Summers in "The Social Netwrok," "Tinker" has been asked to open the Venice Film Festival.
"We're in post-production. We've been invited to open the Venice Film Festival. We'll be releasing in the U.K. probably in September. Then we'll probably release in America in October or November," Urbanski told RBR.com in March (via Playlist). "All of these things will be decided in the next two weeks but I would think that we have a very serious Oscar contender for next year."
U.S. & World
Yeah, serious "Oscar contender" sounds right for a film based on John LeCarre's opus, directed by Tomas Alfredson of "Let the Right One In," and with a cast featuring the likes of Tom Hardy, Gary Oldman, Colin Firth, Ciaran Hinds, Mark Strong, Toby Jones, John Hurt and Stephen Graham.


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The world depends on mariners. Mariners depend on SCI. And we depend on you.
On May 17, 2011, SCI hosted a Grand Reopening of its International Seafarers' Center in Port Newark, NJ, following a major renovation. Supporters from the church community, local government and the shipping industry mingled with staff, volunteers and seafarers during a formal program, lunch and tours.
Photos by Leo Sorel.
Special Events are an important source of funding for the Seamen's Church Institute's programs. If you would like to receive information or invitations to our events, please email SCI's Special Events Team or telephone 212-349-9090.


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Commuter council change passes House
A proposal from Gov. Dannel P. Malloy to replace a state-appointed commuter advocacy group that represents state travelers in the wake of service crises such as last Friday's train derailment was approved by the state House of Representatives Tuesday night.
If approved by the Senate, the proposal by Malloy and state legislators would appoint new members to a Connecticut Rail Commuter Council by Aug. 1 under new rules that would, in some cases, restrict how appointing legislators may pick members. Members of the soon-to-be disbanded council with terms remaining will need to seek reappointment to the new body.
State Rep. Tony Hwang, R-134, who represents Fairfield, helped negotiate with Malloy's office restoration of long-standing legislative language empowering the 15-member group to request information and other records about railway performance and allow it to continue to select its chairperson to preside over their activities.
Hwang said, after meeting with commuter council members, he felt it was important to rally support to amend the proposal to protect the group's investigative powers, lining up 74 other legislators who represent customers along the Metro-North Railroad New Haven Line and other railways to illustrate support for the rail council's watchdog role.
"This achieves something very important in assuring that the new council will have the ability to carry out their mission to represent commuters on service issues," Hwang said of the amendment. "Over the years, I've developed a true appreciation of the role the council has to observe the operations of the railroad and inform the public about important news."
Under the initial proposal, Malloy would have selected the council's leader.
"I think that (House Bill) 6363, the commuter council bill, is a very positive step in the right direction and re-establishing the current makeup of the commuter council adds a couple of people and, very importantly, allows them to pick their own chairman," state Sen. L. Scott Frantz, R-Greenwich, said. "I think this is a great step forward or at least an important move back to where we need to be for the group to maintain independence of the group."
The proposal is included as part of H.B. 6363, which is targeting, through elimination or consolidation, more than two dozen citizens advisory groups to improve efficiency and also proposes eliminating the Connecticut Public Transportation Commission.
Connecticut Rail Commuter Council Chairman Jim Cameron and other members of the existing council said they have not objected to a statewide council but were relieved to see appointment power for the chairmanship of the new group will be left to the body rather than Malloy and future governors.
Cameron said it was positive that Malloy's office met with council members and Hwang to hear concerns about removing the council's ability to ask for documents and information about current on-time performance, testing of new rail cars, and station upgrades.
Cameron said he would write Malloy and legislators who select council members to argue that reappointing some existing council members would serve the public well, leaving in place some institutional knowledge to help new members quickly grasp service issues.
"What had been proposed, I think, would have resulted in a significantly watered-down version of what the council had been," he said. "I hope that several members of the council are reappointed to help get the council up and running quickly.
"I take my hat off to Tony Hwang for this effort and to his credit he got more than 70 co-sponsors, which I view as an endorsement of the importance of the council."
Terri Cronin, the council's vice chairwoman, also said giving the new group authority to pick a leader was an important safeguard for its autonomous nature.
"The unanimous vote definitely means something, because it shows we have supporters out there," Cronin, an East Norwalk commuter, said. "I'm very happy we are going to be able to decide who is our council president, because I think that is very key for us as a council, to have someone to look up to and move the discussion forward rather than an appointee who might not understand or care what we've been doing for the past 26 years."
Last year, the council successfully promoted a Stamford hearing where dozens of commuters turned out to oppose a proposed station redevelopment as well the prospect of a new commuter parking garage built farther from the railway tracks.
After a July 22, 2011, service crisis that resulted in several trains becoming disabled when heat-wilted catenary power lines sagged, the council teamed up with state Sen. Toni Boucher, R-Wilton, to successfully craft a Passenger's Bill of Rights for Metro-North. During the incident, one train broke down for 53 minutes between Greens Farms and Southport in 100-plus degree temperatures.
"I would also point to the work of the council during winter service problems and the work we've done to improve the stations and make them more commuter friendly," Cameron said.
"I think the council has done a really good job over the past 26 or 27 years, and I guess the lawmakers realized that too."
John Hartwell, a council member from Westport, also hailed Hwang's impressive effort to line up bi-partisan support for the amendment maintaining the council's statutory power to obtain documents.
Hartwell served on a council sub-committee that worked with Hwang to craft the proposed amendment.
The language for the new statewide council also specifically identifies members as "advocates" for commuters, an important recognition of the group's role, which was only implicit in the previous authorizing legislation, he said.
Hartwell said the council unsuccessfully sought to strike language that restricted how elected leaders with appointing authority used their selections, limiting some legislators to picking rail users from specific lines.
"I think it is a very beneficial compromise," Hartwell said. "We wanted the current people to serve out the balance of their terms, but we didn't get that, and we wanted to get rid of the restrictive language of who appoints whom. We didn't necessarily think that made sense."
State Department of Transportation Commissioner Jim Redeker said creation of one unified council to represent the New Haven Line as well as the New Haven, Hartford, Springfield Line, which is to enter service in 2016, should not affect the group's ability to effectively argue on behalf of commuters' needs.
"I always thought that if we had a rail council it should be for people on all railroads," Redeker said. "The input from the council we get even before the introduction of the new line will be helpful and the new broadened scope is terrific."


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5G security - enabling a trustworthy 5G system
January 8, 2020; originally published March 28, 2018
Connected devices and mobile applications require wireless network access that is resilient, secure and able to protect individuals' privacy, and the 5G system is designed with these requirements in mind. This white paper provides an overview of the five core properties that contribute to the trustworthiness of the 5G system: resilience, communication security, identity management, privacy and security assurance. Ericsson believes that these properties of the 5G system contribute toward creating a trustworthy communications platform that is an ideal foundation on which to build large-scale, security-sensitive systems, including those used in industrial settings.
Ericsson's longstanding vision of a connected society has become a reality in recent years, with mobile systems acting as a backbone for both the Internet of Things (IoT) and a rapidly expanding range of digital services. We believe that digitalization will continue to transform our industries, lives and society. The 5G system will enable many new use cases [1] that will make the critical role of mobile systems even more apparent than it is now.
Figure 1 illustrates the wide variety of use cases and applications that will rely on 5G mobile networks for communication. Some of the applications are simple over-the-top (OTT) applications, which require only best effort communications. Others demand a complete vertical perspective and have stringent requirements on the underlying communication platform [2, 3]. Examples of the latter are medical applications, factory automation use cases and telecommunication services. Because these different use cases may share resources in the mobile network, cyberattacks against one may affect others. The more society depends on digitalized services, the more cyber threats against these services increase.
It is important to realize that OTT security solutions – such as a secure session between an industrial process remote monitoring camera and a control server, for example – are insufficient by themselves regardless of how strong the end to-end encryption is. Several security aspects cannot be adequately handled on the application layer. One concrete example in this context is availability, defined here as the average percentage of time a certain service is available for use. The camera and the control server could be using secure encryption of the media on the application layer. The availability of the camera service would still suffer if the underlying communications network fails to deliver data due to a cyberattack.
In light of this, it is clear that there are characteristics of the underlying communication infrastructure that, if not properly taken care of, introduce weaknesses in a system taken as a whole. Therefore, for systems to be resilient, secure and privacy-preserving, one needs to take the environment they operate in, specifically the trustworthiness of the underlying communication system, into account.
When discussing security, encryption – and often end-to-end encryption specifically – is the first topic that comes up. While encryption is certainly an important tool, it is just one of the many tools needed to ensure the security of a system.
To build secure systems it is important to take a holistic view and not only focus on individual parts in isolation. For example, interactions between user authentication, traffic encryption, mobility, overload situations, and network resilience aspects need to be considered together. It is also important to understand relevant risks and how to appropriately deal with them; threats need to be weighed against the cost of them materializing and the cost of applying countermeasures. This is what 3GPP does when developing the specifications that constitute the basis for the security of the 5G systems [4].
The holistic mindset is also manifested in the many organizations that are jointly developing the 5G system, each covering different aspects and/or focusing on specific parts. Relevant specifications and supporting studies and functions are produced by such organizations as the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), GSM Association (GSMA), European Telecommunications Standards Institute Network Function Virtualization (ETSI NFV) working group, and Open Network Automation Platform (ONAP), to mention a few.
The security and resilience of the 5G system rest on continuous threat and risk analysis as well as more dedicated efforts [5, 6]. The purpose of this is to introduce a balanced set of countermeasures that appropriately match identified threats and risks.
On a high level, a 5G system comprises a device connected to a 5G access network, which in turn is connected to the rest of the system called a 5G core network. Figure 2 shows a simplified 3GPP 5G system architecture. The 5G access network may include 3GPP radio base stations and/or a non-3GPP access network. The 5G core network architecture is significantly better than 4G in terms of being able to support cloud implementation and the IoT, with major improvements in network slicing and service-based architecture (SBA), in particular.
The 5G system also expands on 4G by adding new radio (NR) capabilities, doing so in such a way that LTE and NR will be able to jointly evolve in complementary ways. This development makes it possible for the 5G system to take advantage of important new 4G system concepts, including energy saving narrowband IoT (NB-IoT) radio, secure lowlatency small data transmission for low-power devices, and devices using energy preserving dormant states when possible. In this white paper, however, we focus on the security of the NR radio and the 5G core network.
On top of the state-of-the-art encryption that is included in 5G, the trustworthiness of the 5G system is the result of the five properties illustrated in Figure 3, namely: resilience, communication security, identity management, privacy and security assurance. These properties make the 5G system a trustworthy platform that enables many new services to be created.
1. Resilience
The 5G system's resilience to cyberattacks and non-malicious incidents comes through a variety of complementary and partially overlapping features. First, the 5G NR access was developed with many different use cases in mind from the start, and some of them were collected in one class under the umbrella term ultra-reliable low latency communications (URLLC). The features 5G NR provides for use cases of this class are ideal for industrial control, critical infrastructure and public safety applications. Even greater resilience against failures and attacks can be obtained by deploying a single base station as two split units, called a central unit and a distributed unit. This split also facilitates customizable deployment of security sensitive functions of the 5G NR access, such as user plane encryption, in a secure central location while keeping non security sensitive functions in less secure distributed locations.
Next, the 5G core network architecture itself is designed around resilience concepts. For example, network slicing isolates groups of network functions from other functions. At one extreme, a public safety organization can use a dedicated complete mobile network (slice 3 in Figure 2, for example). An operator may also isolate low-priority IoT devices on a separate slice to ensure that these will not interfere with other users should a problem occur with large quantities of IoT devices.
SBA principles are another architectural concept that enhances resilience. These principles make use of software and cloud-based technologies that improve on the more static and node-centric designs of previous generation networks. This design shift creates functions that can easily be scaled depending on traffic load, and can be independently replaced, restarted, or isolated when failing or under attack.
The resilience of the 5G system also stems from the strong mobility support that it shares with previous generation 3GPP networks, which ensures continuous secure connectivity for devices moving from one location to another. This feature can also be used to let more stationary devices connect to another base station should the current radio conditions become unsuitable due to changes in the environment such as vehicles passing by. This is an example of how added redundancy increases the resilience of the air interface. The 5G system has lower latency at mobility compared to legacy systems. In contrast to 4G mobility, where security is re-configured at handovers to ensure security (causing a small transmission interruption and more complex implementations), the 5G system can reuse the same configuration across handovers. This is because the security sensitive functions are processed in the central unit of the base station.
In addition to these general features providing resilience, there are more specialized functions introduced to operate a radio access network in extreme situations, such as when it has become separated from its core network. This is called isolated E-UTRAN operation for public safety in 4G and is very useful in disaster areas, for example. The same principles can be applied to 5G.
Finally, partly due to strong regulations and associated high fines, cellular networks have long adhered to high carrier-grade availability requirements. This is reflected in the many strong features described in this section that provide resilience at a system level, as well as in implementations, as explained in the security assurance section below.
2. Communication security
Overall, the 5G system provides secure communication for devices and for its own infrastructure. The latter includes links such as front haul between distributed and central units of base stations, backhaul between access and core network, and network domain links between core network nodes. The security design follows principles similar to those used in the 4G system but has been evolved to better meet the needs of new use cases. In particular, the new SBA for core network communication takes threats from the interconnect network into account from the start.
The 5G system includes protection against eavesdropping and modification attacks. Signaling traffic is encrypted and integrity protected. User plane traffic is encrypted and can be integrity protected. User plane integrity protection is a new feature that is valuable for small data transmissions, particularly for constrained IoT devices.
The strong and well-proven security algorithms from the 4G system are reused. These are encryption algorithms based on SNOW 3G, AES-CTR, and ZUC; and integrity algorithms based on SNOW 3G, AES-CMAC, and ZUC. The main key derivation function is based on the secure HMAC-SHA-256.
Mobility in the 5G system also inherits security features from the 4G system, such as separation of keys for specific purposes, backward and forward security for keys at handovers and idle mode mobility, and secure algorithm negotiation. On top of this, there are new security features like automatic recovery from malicious security algorithm mismatches, security key separation between core network functions, and fast synchronization of security contexts in access and core networks.
3. Identity management
At its heart, the 5G system has secure identity management for identifying and authenticating subscribers, roaming or not, ensuring that only the genuine subscribers can access network services. It builds on strong cryptographic primitives and security characteristics that already exist in the 4G system. Examples of primitives include strong cryptographic algorithm sets and key generation functions, and mutual authentication between device and network.
One of the most valuable new security features in the 5G system is the new authentication framework where mobile operators can flexibly choose authentication credentials, identifier formats and authentication methods for subscribers and IoT devices. Previous mobile network generations required physical SIM cards for credentials, but the 5G system also allows other types of credentials such as certificates, pre-shared keys and token cards. The different authentication methods that mobile operators can choose from are called the 5G authentication and key agreement (5G AKA) protocol and the extensible authentication protocol (EAP) framework. A key feature of EAP is the flexible way in which different authentication protocols and credential types can be used without affecting intermediate nodes.
This flexibility opens up for many new use cases. For instance, SIM cards would still continue to be useful for mobile broadband subscribers with smartphones. Non-SIMcard- based credentials would be useful for very cheap IoT devices, like small temperature sensors, in which requiring implementation and deployment of SIM cards would be prohibitively expensive. Further, the 5G system can be used as Wi-Fi replacement in an enterprise or factory setting, reusing an existing public key and certificate infrastructure for network access authentication.
Another valuable new security feature is the ability of a subscriber's operator to determine the presence of the subscriber during an authentication procedure – even when roaming. This feature enables the subscriber's operator to mitigate potential fraud and prevent security and privacy attacks against the subscriber or operator.
The 5G system also inherits a mechanism from legacy systems, called equipment identity register (EIR) check, which can be used to prevent stolen devices from using the network services, thereby discouraging device theft.
4. Privacy
In the context of this white paper, privacy relates to protection of information that can be used by unauthorized parties to identify subscribers. In recent years, much has been written about so-called IMSI catchers and false base stations that can be used to identify and track subscribers, and even eavesdrop on 2G phone calls. To address growing concern and privacy legislation, such as the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) [7] and the ongoing review of ePrivacy Directive [8] in Europe, addressing the issue of privacy has been a high priority in the 5G system from the beginning so that subscribers' privacy is included by design.
Data traffic, including phone calls, internet traffic and text messages, is protected using state-of-the-art encryption. The devices and the network mutually authenticate each other and use integrity-protected signaling. This setup makes it infeasible for an unauthorized party to decrypt and read the information that is communicated over the air.
Another privacy enhancement is protection of subscriber identifiers, both long-term and temporary. 3GPP has defined a mechanism that enables a home operator to conceal a subscriber's long-term identifier, roaming or not, while simultaneously complying with regulatory duties. The concealment mechanism is based on the Elliptic Curve Integrated Encryption Scheme (ECIES) [9] and uses the home operator's public key. When enabled, this feature makes active attacks and the infamous IMSI catchers – ineffective in a 5G-only system. In addition, the 5G system enforces a stricter policy for update of temporary identifiers. This guarantees that temporary identifiers are refreshed regularly which makes passive attacks impractical.
Further, the 5G system is also able to detect false base stations that are the root cause of IMSI or TMSI catchers. From data in the measurement reports collected from devices, the 5G system can detect the presence of false base stations. For example, when a 2G base station is detected in a system without any 2G deployment, it is certainly a true positive.
Similarly, when the received signal strength of a base station does not match the expected signal strength at a particular location, the reported base station is likely a true positive.
The detection mechanism makes it easy to execute configurable actions (e.g., informing subscribers and contacting legal authorities) when detections are made.
5. Security assurance
In 3GPP, security assurance is a means to ensure that network equipment meets security requirements and is implemented following secure development and product lifecycle processes. This assurance is especially important for mobile systems, as they form the backbone of the connected society and are even classified as critical infrastructure in some jurisdictions. Early on the telecom industry realized the need to ensure secure implementations in addition to the secure standardized system and protocols. Therefore, 3GPP and GSMA took the initiative to create a security assurance scheme called the network equipment security assurance scheme (NESAS), which is suitable to the telecom equipment lifecycle [10, 11]. Ericsson strongly and actively supports the initiative in both 3GPP and GSMA by feeding the strongest parts of our own Security Reliability Model (SRM) into the scheme, ensuring the other parts are covered by the scheme, and aligning the two.
NESAS comprises two main components: security requirements and an auditing infrastructure. The security requirements are defined jointly by operators and vendors in 3GPP. These requirements are currently defined on a node basis and collected in so-called SeCurity Assurance Specifications (SCAS). There is, for example, one specification defining security requirements for 4G base stations. Various types of requirements exist, including the use of a general security policy, such as minimum length of management passwords, but also hardening and penetration testing requirements. The auditing infrastructure is governed by the GSMA, the global mobile operator organization. The GSMA appoints audit firms that perform the audits of vendors' development and testing processes. The GSMA also awards certificates to the vendors that pass audit and revokes certificates from the ones that do not.
NESAS aims to meet the needs of many national and international cybersecurity regulations, such as the EU cybersecurity certification framework. The move towards larger portions of products being software – as we can see with SBA and cloud-based implementations – also offers the possibility for faster update cycles if vulnerabilities are discovered.
The 5G system will continue to evolve beyond the current release (called 3GPP Rel 15) with new and enhanced features for various use cases such as NR vehicle-to-everything (V2X), voice-over-NR (VoNR), and enhanced NR LTE coexistence. Of course, 5G security will evolve in concert with and as an integral part of the 5G system's features.
Ericsson continues to work on the resilience of the 5G system. As a general principle, automatic recovery mechanisms will be increasingly inherent so that the system recovers from and avoids faulty situations to an even higher degree than today. Resilience against (smart) radio jamming and the protection of broadcast system information over radio also demand continued research and consideration. Security and privacy aspects of network slicing life cycle management will be further scrutinized while taking into account progress made in other organizations, especially IETF, ETSI NFV and NGMN. Similarly, necessary adjustments to SBA to support new use cases and developments in virtualization
technology will be made.
In terms of communication security, it has been debated whether or not quantum computers will pose a threat to 128-bit symmetric algorithms in the foreseeable future. The current prevailing understanding is that they will not. Even so, Ericsson believes it is important to verify that the 5G system can easily use 256-bit symmetric cryptography mechanisms inherited from the design of the 4G system. 3GPP has already started to look into this issue and will continue to do so. The legacy security visibility and configurability functionality will evolve, and devices will become more aware and responsive to different security configurations.
Identity management will be studied further to mitigate the risk of mass compromise of long-term subscription credentials [10]. Potential mitigations are remote update of longterm subscription credentials and the addition of perfect forward secrecy of session keys. With IoT the relationship between the device and the subscriber changes and it is important to follow up on this evolution to ensure that the 5G system provides appropriate identity management for IoT use cases.
We will also continue to prioritize the privacy considerations related to new services and features. Similarly, the SCAS work will continue for new network functions introduced by the 5G system. Ericsson firmly supports the assurance efforts.
Like its predecessors, the 5G system will soon be an indispensable part of our connected society. A variety of use cases, some finally being possible thanks to 5G and others not yet imagined, will soon see the light of day. Ericsson believes that 5G security provides a level of trustworthiness that enables the 5G system to meet the requirements of the vast majority of these use cases from the end user, service provider and regulatory perspectives. The trustworthiness not only originates from a set of security features, but also from system design principles and implementation considerations that have all been applied with a holistic and risk-based mindset.
[1] 5G open for business (2018)
[2] 5G security – scenarios and solutions (first published 2015, re-published 2017)
[3] Protecting digital business (2018)
[4] TS 33.501 – Security architecture and procedures for 5G System (2018), 3GPP technical specification
[5] TR 33.899 – Study on the security aspects of the next generation system (2017), 3GPP technical report
[6] 5G enablers for network and system security and resilience (2017)
[7] GDPR – General Data Protection Regulation (2016), European Union
[8] ePrivacy – Directive on privacy and electronic communications (2002), European Union
[9] Elliptic Curve Cryptography Version 2.0 (2009), SECG SEC 1 specification
[10] Setting the standard: methodology counters security threats (2014)
[11] NESAS – Network Equipment Security Assurance Scheme (2018), GSMA
EAP - Extensible Authentication Protocol
ETSI - European Telecommunications Standards Institute
E-UTRAN - Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access
GDPR - General Data Protection Regulation
GSMA - GSM Association
IETF - Internet Engineering Task Force
NESAS - Network Equipment Security Assurance Scheme
NB-IoT - Narrowband IoT
NR - New Radio
NFV - Network Function Virtualization
SBA - Service Based Architecture
SCAS - SeCurity Assurance Specifications
URLLC - Ultra-Reliable Low Latency Communications
The contributors to Ericsson's opinion on this topic are Karl Norrman,
Prajwol Kumar Nakarmi and Eva Fogelström.
Karl Norrman
Karl holds an M.Sc. in computer science from Stockholm University and has been with the Security Research department within Ericsson Research since 2001. He was actively involved in the LTE security standardization and was Ericsson's security coordinator in 3GPP. He currently works as a master researcher focusing on 5G security and automated cryptographic protocol verification.
Prajwol Kumar Nakarmi
Prajwol is a senior security researcher at the Security Research department within Ericsson Research. He joined the company in 2011 and is currently focusing on 5G security standardization. He has worked on a number of projects related to anomaly detection/prevention in mobile networks. Prajwol holds a Master's degree in Security and Mobile Computing (Erasmus Mundus Programme) from KTH Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm, Sweden, and Aalto University in Finland.
Eva Fogelström
Eva Fogelström is director of the Security Research department within Ericsson Research. She holds a Ph.D. in Telecommunications and an M.Sc. in Electrical Engineering, both from KTH Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm, Sweden. Eva has been with Ericsson since 1997, working in the fields of security, mobility and standardization.


text: Medical Care Solutions Prehospital - First line medical care Contact Steinar Østby Sales Director Email Phone +47 908 44671 Saab´s prehospital medical system consist of modules and kits including high quality and compatible items - together with training - providing the capability to extract, move and sustain casualties in austere conditions. Platform and domain independent Air/Land/Naval Vendor/Supplier independent Low logistics footprint combined with high uptime High focus on low total cost of ownership The Saab medical care solution is a Tactical Combat Casualty Care (TCCC) dependent flexible module based concept, focusing on the individuals working in mobile forces involved in military or humanitarian conflict. The system is interoperable with Nordic and NATO forces. Saab is an independent system supplier and is free to choose between different products according to customer requirements. However Saab is cooperating with several major medical suppliers which ensures that the solutions are fully interoperable with the equipment used. This saves costs and the transition into the new solution can be made over time. The Saab added value lie in the composed system function rather than in procurement of individual pieces of equipment. The modules are synchronized and exchangeable within the system from operators at point of injury (POI) to Role 3 functions or higher. The medical kits and modules are state of the art solutions that will remain modern and up-to-date for years to come. We have a broad competence and long experience of working from smaller system functions up to a total system integrator, across all domains and all the way from pre-studies and procurement to phase out during the complete life cycle of a system. Last updated: 29 March 2017 • 13:39


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We try to play Cora on days where we think he's got some history there or something. I don't know if you want to just start platooning a young kid. ... We don't want to pigeonhole a young kid after 45-50 at-bats [58, actually, and 147 if you include last fall]. ...Cora is hitting well at the moment, but let's remember that in August and September of last season, Cora hit .179/.227/.232. ... In 10 seasons, his stats are .245/.311/.349. (Plus his brother looks like a weasel.)
[W]e're trying to have a little broader view than just today. Me and Theo have had this conversation enough. My responsibility is to try to do what's right. This kid is having a tough enough time right now. I don't want to add to it. ... But again, we have a need. We want to help this kid out. Going with the hot hand is the easy thing to do and I'm not sure it's the right thing to do, 50 at-bats into this kid's [first] major league season.
Julian Tavarez, future scout (or janitor):
I don't think we need him [Clemens]. We don't need him. We've got some young guys down there who can do it, too. We've got Kason Gabbard, Jon Lester, a guy who is 22 years old who can bring it. This guy is going to be a Sandy Koufax some day. ... What I want or what they are going to do is different. It's just the way I see it. We don't need this. ... I'm ready for anything. I'll do anything. If they say clean the office I'll go clean the office.I brushed off last night's loss as annoying, but nothing to worry about. A big reason is that Francona did everything right. Schilling went seven and then Tito called on Okajima and Papelbon. What more could you ask for? When it went to the 10th, he used Donnelly. Francona made the right decisions, but Papelbon and Donnelly didn't do their jobs. I can accept that. But a manager who does not put his team/players in the best position to win makes my blood boil.
Manny Ramirez's eighth-inning single was his 1,000th hit with the Red Sox. He is the 14th player to have 1,000 hits with two teams (1,086 with Cleveland). ... In his last seven games, Coco Crisp has hit .393 (11-for-28). ... After Papelbon's rough outing last night, some SoSHers are wondering if he may be hurt.
Contest Update (Wed. 11 AM): All dates in May and June are taken. ... After that, everything is available except for July 4, July 12 and September 30.


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Plan your future in urban design
Not only are we the only art and design university in the U.S. to offer a Master of Urban Design degree, we do it all in the midst of one of the most celebrated city plans in the world. Beyond your homebase in Savannah, you may also study for a quarter or more at our locations in Atlanta and Lacoste, where you can observe first-hand how cities grow and function in different contexts and on different continents. We give you all of the tools you'll need to thrive as an urban designer, making cityscapes more beautiful, more functional and more vibrant.
Urban design degrees
SCAD's urban design degree is offered in Savannah.
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Join creative collaborations
SCAD emphasizes collaboration between departments through opportunities like the SCADpad® micro-housing project. SCADpad combined students from 12 different fields to reimagine the spaces in which we live. The project earned global media attention and the World Architecture News Urban Design Award for its innovations.
Learn more about the groundbreaking SCADpad project
"I am inspired to share my ideas with others so we might contribute to the creation of more equitable, resilient and delightful neighborhoods, public places, cities and regions. Such an ambition is necessarily collaborative and requires the dedication of talented students ... who will go forth to shape the city of tomorrow."Ryan Madson | Architecture, urban design professor
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CFP: [Gender Studies] Photography, Modernism, Feminism 5/7/08; MSA X 11/13-11/16/08
Photography, Modernism, Feminism
In her essay "From Clementina to Kasebier: The Photographic Attainment of
the 'Lady Amateur,'†art historian Carol Armstrong argues that
photographers such as Julia Margaret Cameron, Lady Hawarden Clementina, and
Gertrude Kasebier took astute advantage of photography's low place on art's
hierarchical scales to assert themselves as artists. The work of these
women, therefore, indirectly calls attention to the relationship between
photography and the emergence of feminism in the U.S. and Britain in the
nineteenth- and early twentieth- centuries. This panel seeks to bring
modernist literature composed by women into the relationship between
transatlantic feminism and photographic practice. We hope to address how
women writers drew from photography's image repertoire to assert, subvert,
or otherwise engage modernist debates about art and politics, and more
particularly, the various ways in which gender inflects or subtends these
debates. Working beyond the attempt to match or juxtapose pieces of
literature with particular photographs, we seek to explore how photography,
referred to as "light writing" in the nineteenth century, offers new ways
to interpret the modernist literature produced by women. Papers could
examine the work of an individual writer or could compose a theoretical
and/or historical exploration of the panel's key terms.
Please send 300 word proposal and a short biographical statement to
klamm_at_pratt.edu and thaine.stearns_at_sonoma.edu by May 7th The annual
conference of the Modernist Studies Association takes place in Nashville,
TN from 13-16 November 2008. The conference website is
From the Literary Calls for Papers Mailing List
more information at
Received on Tue Apr 29 2008 - 10:22:56 EDT


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I don't mean to be harsh ,but I went to a track meet last night that was painful. To say it was poorly run and supervised is to be exceedingly kind. Delays, agonizingly slow recording / reporting times .visiting squads placing and removing hurdles without assistance of the sponsoring school was unprecedented-- kudos to the coach of the visiting MAC school. Many schools do it well- visit Celina,Spencerville,Minister and many others,but it is astonishing how poor some schools do. Now we can blame lack of community support or other common excuses, but the 5 "P's" explain it all. Prior planning prevents poor performance. Get with it coach- talk and strut less-- plan and supervise better. Any comments?
Conduct of Track Meets
Started by grandog, Apr 04 2012 09:36 AM
5 replies to this topic
Posted 04 April 2012 - 09:36 AM
Posted 05 April 2012 - 04:16 PM
Hope it wasn't Coldwater. I always thought our crew did a nice job with meets.
Coldwater Cavaliers--20 State Titles and Counting!!!!
Posted 05 April 2012 - 06:51 PM
Coldwater was the Mac school that bailed out the host school.
Posted 05 April 2012 - 08:43 PM
OK, good. Then I know exactly who the host school was. Shame they had so much trouble with the meet.
Coldwater Cavaliers--20 State Titles and Counting!!!!
Posted 09 April 2012 - 11:09 AM
Recently went to a JH meet at Shawnee that I felt was painfully disorganized.
Posted 10 April 2012 - 08:58 PM
grandog, on 04 April 2012 - 09:36 AM, said:
Prior planning prevents poor performance. Get with it coach- talk and strut less-- plan and supervise better. Any comments?
You must have been at Defiance.
That's just the Reality of it...
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After a house, a vehicle is probably the biggest purchase you'll make. Unfortunately, while your house might appreciate — that is, gain value over time — your car will eventually turn into a nearly worthless hunk of metal, plastic and upholstery.
Rather than pour oodles of cash into something whose value is going to drop like a rock, use these 10 tips to spend as little as possible on a vehicle that will safely serve you for years.
1. Buy Used … Usually
You knew this would be the first bit of advice, right?
Of course it is. How could it not be when Edmunds reports that the average new car loses 11% of its value as soon as it's driven off the lot? That means your $20,000 car is suddenly worth less than $18,000. Then, after five years, it will likely be worth only slightly more than $12,500.
So it almost always makes sense to buy used. Wait two or three years and you can often get a much cheaper car that is almost as good as one fresh off the assembly line.
However, if you're planning to get a car that's only a year old, in some cases a new car may be cheaper when dealer and manufacturer incentives are factored in. Edmunds has a list of vehicles for which it may make sense to buy the new version rather than one that is last year's model.
2. Do Your Homework
Regardless of whether you're buying new or used, you need to do your homework first. That means researching the going price and available options for the cars you're considering.
Of course, KBB and Edmunds are good places to start, but don't stop there. These sites tell you what cars should be selling for, but, in the end, capitalism rules. Supply and demand where you are will dictate actual prices.
Cruise Craigslist and browse the online ads to get a feel for prices in your area. You want to have a good grasp of local prices before you set foot on a dealership lot and get talked into a "good deal" that really isn't a deal at all.
3. Get Your Trim Right
OK, this one might seem silly to the gearheads in the audience, but for everyone else, make sure you're doing an apples-to-apples comparison when shopping around.
I'll go ahead, risk looking the fool and confess to this mistake. I recently bought a Toyota Sienna with an LE trim but was comparing it with vehicles with an XLE trim when doing online research. It wasn't until after I got the vehicle home that I realized my mistake.
Though I still got a good price, it wasn't the totally awesome deal I thought I had negotiated.
4. Embrace High Miles
I don't think I even owned a car yet, but I still remember that old Kia commercial with the car driving until the odometer on the roof rolled over to 100,000. Wow! The car was so cheap and yet you could still get 100,000 miles on it. It was downright amazing!
How times have changed. Today, your car is almost guaranteed to get 200,000 miles or more. So why are you freaking out about buying a used car with 110,000 miles on it? On many models, once the mileage starts going north of 100,000, the price starts dropping through the floor. By saying no to these high-mileage cars, you're saying no to a lot of good deals.
I speak from personal experience. Prior to my most recent purchase, I was driving a 2004 Oldsmobile Silhouette. I bought it about five years ago for nearly half the KBB suggested price. Why was it so cheap? That's because it had nearly 170,000 miles on it, and no one wanted to take a chance on such a high-mileage vehicle.
However, my current vehicle at the time was a 1997 Plymouth Grand Voyager that was pushing 300,000 miles. The Oldsmobile miles came largely because the one previous owner had a two-hour round-trip highway commute each day. I did my homework on the reliability of the car, bought it and drove it to 265,000 miles before it started giving me trouble a few months ago. Now, it's been replaced by a 2008 Sienna that has 141,000 miles.
Not every high-mileage car is a good buy, but if you find a reliable make and model, you can get good quality at a low price.
5. Time Your Purchase Right
There are two facets to this piece of advice.
The first is to buy on the right day. As you might guess, the end of the month is often a good time to buy a car, particularly if salespeople are trying to meet their quotas or qualify for a monthly bonus.
However, the very best day to shop could be Dec. 31. Not only is it the end of the year, but there may be fewer car shoppers, meaning more incentive for sales reps to close a deal. Plus, if you're shopping for a new car, dealers may be eager to make room on the lot for next year's models.
At the same time, be aware of seasonal trends in your area, especially if you're buying from a private party. Four-wheel drive trucks may be in demand in the winter but cost less in the summer. Meanwhile, convertibles and some jeeps might be cheaper in the fall.
And you might want to avoid shopping in the spring if at all possible. When tax refunds start hitting bank accounts, there could be a lot more shoppers in the market and that could drive prices up.
6. Forget the Monthly Payment
We drive by a car lot on our street nearly every day. Right on the corner is a shiny new SUV with "$198" plastered to the side. My obviously not-yet-money-savvy teens and tween have all on separate occasions oohed and aahed over the car and its low, low price.
That's exactly the response the dealer is undoubtedly hoping for. It's also why the sales rep wants to talk monthly payments as soon as you walk in the door. If they can get you to think in terms of a monthly cost rather than a total cost, they've increased their odds of selling you more car than you intended to buy.
Remember, the dealer can work some mathematical magic to make an overpriced vehicle fit into even meager budgets. As a result, your auto loan may last almost as long as the average American marriage. Shockingly, nearly 20% of new auto loans have rounded the six-year mark and are heading into the territory of a seven-year repayment term.
Avoid the trap of ending up with reasonable payments for an unreasonable length of time by negotiating the total price rather than a monthly amount. To make sure you are negotiating in the right price range, ask a local bank or credit union if they offer a preapproval process so you can find out in advance what you can afford.
7. Don't Mention Your Trade-in
Along the same lines, don't mention your trade-in unless it absolutely has to be part of the transaction because you still owe on it and can't afford two payments. However, in that case, I would gently suggest you consider whether it would be better to wait until you've paid off your current car before buying a new one.
Otherwise, tell the dealer you haven't decided what to do with your current vehicle. Once you have negotiated the cost of your new purchase, you can then negotiate the price of your trade-in. This method helps ensure you not only get the best price on your new car but that you're maximizing what you receive for the trade-in.
8. Think Twice About Trade-in Promos
Another trick dealers use is luring in shoppers with promises of huge trade-in values. If you can push, pull or drag in your old vehicle, you'll be guaranteed thousands of dollars for your trade-in.
That sounds good until you realize that the offer applies only to certain vehicles on the lot. The sales representative will steer you toward the $15,000 vehicle and enthusiastically share that it will be only $12,000 with your $3,000 trade-in. It sounds like a deal too good to pass up, except you had only planned to spend $10,000.
Or another tactic used by dealers is to bump up their car prices before running a trade-in promotion. Either way, you end up spending more than you wanted to or needed to for your new wheels.
9. Offer to Pay with Green
Buying with cash is a strategy that may or may not get you a discount.
New-car dealers make more then 20% of their income on financing and insurance sales, which means they have little incentive to accept cash. On the used lot, you might get a little more negotiating power, especially if there is a smaller financial incentive for the dealer and the salesperson is eager to avoid the hassle of completing financing paperwork. In my case, paying with cash dropped the price about $500.
However, private sales are where you'll probably see the biggest discount for a cash payment. Sellers may be eager to unload their vehicles and if you can offer cash, that's often all they need to come down on price.
10. Buy from Private Sellers
Speaking of private sellers, you're likely to get a better deal from them even if you don't do any wheeling and dealing. That's one way Money Talks News finance expert Stacy Johnson found a near mint condition $5,000 car.
Dealerships have huge overhead expenses, which means they have prices higher than what you find on the private market. Of course, established dealers have a reputation to uphold so they may be more likely to stand behind the cars they sell.
If you're buying from a private seller, be sure to get a full inspection from a mechanic of your choosing before forking over any money.
This post originally appeared on Money Talks News.
More from Money Talks News:
- 10 Dumb Deals We All Fall For
- Don't Buy These Popular Cars
- 6 Things You Should Check Before Buying a Used Car, But Don't
Image: iStock


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Historical:Contrast Blending Actions
The Contrast Blending Actions stack and mask differently exposed images in order to combine the correctly exposed parts of all images in the result. The result can be visually controlled by adjusting layer opacity as well as by editing the masks.
The action set is available from Erik Krause
This is a semi automatic and slightly enhanced version of the techniques described on http://www.luminous-landscape.com/tutorials/digital-blending.shtml
See Contrast Blending for a collection of some other techniques.


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1978 Corvette
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An omphalocele is a birth defect. It happens when your baby is forming during pregnancy.
In this condition, some of your baby's abdominal organs poke out (protrude) through an opening in the abdominal muscles. This area is in the umbilical cord. A clear (translucent) membrane covers the organs.
The omphalocele may be small. Only a part of the intestine may stick out. Or it may be large, with most of the abdominal organs being outside the abdomen. These can include the intestine, liver, and spleen.
Your baby's abdominal cavity may also be too small. This is because it did not fully form in pregnancy.
Doctors don't know what causes this condition.
Your baby's abdominal organs and muscles just don't form like they should. Many babies born with this condition also have other health issues.
Your baby's abdominal organs will poke out through an opening in his or her abdomen.
Your baby's healthcare provider may spot this issue on an ultrasound in the second or third trimester of pregnancy. Your baby may also need an ultrasound of the heart (fetal echocardiogram) before he or she is born. This test looks for heart problems.
After your baby is born, his or her healthcare provider will see the omphalocele during an exam. Your baby may also need an X-ray. This test is done to look for problems with other organs.
Treatment will depend on your child's symptoms, age, and general health. It will also depend on how severe the condition is.
Small omphaloceles are often fixed easily. Your baby will need surgery right after birth. In the surgery, your baby's organs will be put back into his or her abdomen. The surgeon will also close the opening to your baby's abdominal wall.
If most of your baby's abdominal organs are affected, he or she will have treatment in stages. Your baby's treatment may include the following:
Your baby's abdomen may be small. His or her organs may also be swollen. This can cause your baby to have trouble breathing. Your baby may need a breathing machine (mechanical ventilator). This can help your baby while the swelling goes down and the abdominal cavity grows.
If the protective membrane around your baby's organs breaks, your baby could get an infection. Also, if an organ is pinched or twisted, it can lose its blood supply. This can harm the organ.
After surgery, your baby may still be at risk for long-term issues. Your baby's chance for future problems depends on:
Small omphaloceles normally cause no long-term problems.
Babies with damage to the abdominal organs may have long-term problems. Your child may have trouble with digestion, having bowel movements, and infection.
Ask your child's healthcare provider about your child's outlook. He or she will make a care plan for your baby. You may need to watch your baby's nutrition, bowel function, and other aspects of your baby's health.
You'll learn how to care for your baby once he or she leaves the hospital. If you have any questions, call your baby's healthcare provider.
If your child doesn't gain weight or has trouble eating or having bowel movements, call your child's healthcare provider.
Tips to help you get the most from a visit to your child's healthcare provider:
Vidant Health can connect you to health care professionals to help you understand your condition and guide you through the treatment process. Let's chat.


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By Saeed Ahmed and Kevin Conlon, CNN
A married couple yelling "revolution" gunned down two Las Vegas police officers at a pizza restaurant, then ran across the parking lot to a Walmart, where they killed a shopper at the store's entrance.
The duo's Sunday morning shooting rampage ended when the wife fatally shot the husband and then herself as police closed in.
A day later, police don't know — or haven't disclosed — the pair's motive. Witnesses told police the shooters said "This is a revolution" during their attack.
A law enforcement source told CNN the couple held extremist views toward law enforcement.
Late Sunday night, police — black bands around their badges in mourning — cordoned off the area outside an apartment in downtown Las Vegas. Neighbors say the couple lived there and that police had deployed a flash grenade at the home.
Authorities, however, deferred all questions to a news conference they have scheduled for 10 a.m. (1 p.m. ET).
"This was a senseless and cruel act killing three innocent people," said Las Vegas Mayor Carolyn Goodman. "Two who dedicated their lives to protecting all of us in our community and one who was innocently going about her daily life."
'Simply having lunch'
The pair began their attack about 11:20 a.m. when they opened fire inside a CiCi's Pizza where the officers were eating lunch.
"I just sat down to have lunch. The officers were sitting in front of me, at the table right next to me — and this man came in out of nowhere," a dazed Sheree Burns told CNN affiliate KTNV.
"I thought he was going to get a drink, the way he walked up and walked past them. And then he turned around, pulled a gun on his right and shot the bald officer in front of me."
The slain officers are Alyn Beck, 41, and Igor Soldo, 31. Both were married with children: Beck left behind a wife and three children; Soldo, a wife and a baby.
Sheriff Doug Gillespie said one officer was able to return fire.
"What precipitated this event, we do not know," he said. "My officers were simply having lunch."
The suspects took the officers' guns and ammunition, Assistant Sheriff Kevin MacMahill told reporters. They "made a statement — something to the effect of, 'This is a revolution.'"
'That man was crazy'
As they walked out, they passed Alvaro Lopez.
"They had a backpack and I saw a gun in their hand," Lopez told CNN affiliate KLAS. "He just told me to tell the cops that it was a revolution and that he'd just killed two cops inside CiCis."
The pair ran over to a Walmart across the parking lot. At the store's entrance, they killed a woman. Her name has not yet been released.
Shoppers rushed toward the exit.
Pauline Pacheco saw the armed man and grabbed her father.
"We saw when the man was walking," she told KLAS. "He was shouting, yelling bad words, and suddenly he had a gun.
"It was terrible, it was terrible. That man was crazy."
Officers converged and exchanged fire.
The pair retreated to the back of the store and took their own lives. MacMahill, the assistant sheriff, called it a "suicide pact."
'Emptiness in our heart'
Las Vegas law enforcement aren't immune to officers falling in the line of duty. But to have two die in a single incident has left the department shocked and shaken more than usual.
Both Walmart and CiCi's issued statements of condolences, as did lawmakers.
Patrol officers in the city usually work alone. But, at least for the next few days, they will be riding in pairs, Gillespie said.
"We still have a community to police and we still have a community to protect," he said Sunday night. "We will be out there doing it with our heads held high but with an emptiness in our heart."
CNN's Jack Hannah reported from Las Vegas; CNN's Shimon Prokupecz; Matthew Stucker and Janet DiGiacomo contributed to this report.
TM & © 2014 Cable News Network, Inc., a Time Warner Company. All rights reserved.


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Happy Trails: City lengthens trail... wire looms
When it comes to the Greenbelt Trail, the city's willing to go the distance. Less than a month after resurfacing the original trail from Riverside Park to Free Bridge, the city has extended the trail all the way to the VFW Post. And an expensive half-mile that last stretch is.
The $250,000 project, financed with a federal Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA) grant, took over a month to complete, but it was in the works much longer– six years longer, to be exact.
"It took that long to get the grant money, get the plans, and get it out to bid," says Jim Tolbert, head of neighborhood planning.
Now, walkers, bikers, rollerbladers, and wheelchair users can enjoy smooth pavement all the way from Riverside Park to the VFW Lodge on River Road.
Not everyone has been pleased with the paving of the path, however.
"It wasn't my first choice," said Woolen Mills resident Peggy Van Yahres when the first section of the Greenbelt was resurfaced. "I liked it the old way," she said, referring to the original tar and gravel.
Former Mayor Kay Slaughter, a Woolen Mills resident who is now a lawyer with the Southern Environmental Law Center, also took a dim view of the paving– particularly the fact that it could "break up" when the Greenbelt floods.
Flood damage may not be the biggest danger. As this reporter witnessed on a recent visit to the new portion of the trail, a dog can easily slide down the steep bank, but coming back up is nearly impossible.
A black lab, excited by the prospect of an early morning swim, hurtled over the edge and found herself trapped for nearly 40 minutes while her owner, accompanied by two young children, desperately sought an escape route for the panicked pup.
The dog-in-river story had a happy ending, but Mike Svetz, head of the city's Parks and Recreation department, points out that the problem of cliff-diving dogs should not be an issue since there is an established leash law on that section of the trail.
For those who are obeying the laws of the trail, it can be a delight, says Woolen Mills resident Sarah Pool. Though she is blind, Pool says it's much easier to navigate now that it's paved. Her five-year-old son, Patrick, loves to ride his bike along the path, something she says would not be possible if it weren't paved.
While the new stretches of asphalt change the character of the Rivanna Trail, the slim, woodsy path that weaves around the City, Diana Foster, president of the Rivanna Trails Foundation, says her group isn't complaining.
"We recognize there is a need for a paved trail for the handicapped, for strollers and young bicyclists," says Foster, adding that the portion that's paved is in the "most appropriate place."
One person may not be rejoicing: Bland Circle resident Shirley Presley, who made news for piling brush across her thin strip of riverfront property to keep Rivanna Trail users from trespassing. The paved section now dumps people within a quarter to half a mile of her concertina coils.
When the brush failed to stop hikers in the summer of 2002, 30 feet of gleaming razor wire appeared a mere 18 inches off the ground at the edge of her property. That barrier seems to violate city code section 5-152 prohibiting the use of any type of barbed wire on residential property.
Though the Rivanna Trail now detours hikers away from Presley's property, there is nothing to prevent someone from continuing along the path to the barricade– recently also planted with small azalea bushes.
The concertina razors earned Presley a late August court date, for which this reporter– along with at least 12 city employees– has been subpoenaed as a witness.
Presley did not return the Hook's call.
The city, it seems, is hoping Presley will reconsider her position.
"We've got an adopted pedestrian bicycle plan that suggests [the paved trail] go all the way from Pen Park to Moore's Creek," says Tolbert. That would mean asphalt and dozens– perhaps hundreds– of trail users on Presley's property.
RTF's Foster acknowledges that a paved Greenbelt extension may be difficult to accomplish given the number of private properties– including Presley's and several in the Woolen Mills area– such a path would cross.
But even without such an uninterrupted stretch, Foster says there's plenty to be excited about: the stair access to the new trail from the north side of Free Bridge is an extra that wasn't in the city's original plan and makes crossing Rt. 250 safer for pedestrians.
"That," Foster says, "is an example of the city responding to people's requests." And Albemarle County, she says, has hopped on the trail bandwagon, paving its path on the east side of the Rivanna River into Darden Towe Park. There's even potential for a pedestrian bridge between Darden Towe and Pen Park, a massive project that Foster says would take the cooperation of "lots of different groups," but which would be "absolutely fantastic."
And in the final piece of Greenbelt news, Foster says the city is considering changing the name of the paved path to the Riverview Trail. If not that name, perhaps they'd consider Happy Trail? It's safe to say Roy and Dale and Trigger and Buttermilk would approve.
A new staircase provides access to the Greenbelt at Free Bridge.


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Mukuru offers easy and safe ways to send money home. We offer cash collections, bank and mobile wallet top ups.
We don't take short cuts when it comes to your security and we continually update our systems to keep it that way. Your personal information and the money you send are kept safe and secure.
Send money abroad in less than two minutes. Using Mukuru, sending money is a simple, safe and efficient process. You can pay directly into a recipient's bank account or have them collect cash — it's up to you!
We're here to help. Chat to us online or call one of our friendly support staff on +44 (0)20 7183 0052. You can also email us at any time to get your questions answered.
Use your mobile, a computer, tablet or call our centre. You can pay with your credit and debit cards. Make a transfer from any location. Recipients can collect money easily. There really is a solution to suit everyone.
Welcome to Mukuru. This quick tour will take you through the essentials of sending money with us
Select the currency you want to send
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How do you want the money to be delivered? Choose one of the available methods here
Enter the amount you're wanting to send and we'll work out how much your recipient gets
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Put either amount in and click calculate
Once you've calculated, the send button will be activated, if you're already signed up and logged in we'll take you straight to checkout, otherwise we'll take you through our simple registration process
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If you have any further questions please use this button, if it currently says "Live Chat" we're online right now and you'll be able to talk to us right away, if we're not online at the minute you can still "Email Us" and we'll get back to you as soon as we can


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Darren Till Hand Signed Black 'Team Kaobon' T-Shirt In Classic Frame
- Description
Darren 'The Gorilla' Till Hand Signed Black 'Team Kaobon' T-Shirt in Classic Framing.
The Glove features very clear signature and was personally hand signed by Darren at a Private & Exclusive Signing arranged and Conducted by AAA Sports Memorabilia on April 8th 2018. This item is Very Rare and Comes with Full Certificate of Authenticity.
Approx. Size: 600mm (W) x 800mm (H)
For any more information about this product or any of our other signed sports memorabilia, please don't hesitate to get in touch by emailing email@example.com.
AAA Sports Memorabilia guarantees all of our signed items are 100% genuine. The item will come with a certificate of authenticity signed by a company director showing the celebrity at the autograph session.
We are one of the UK's most trusted sellers of official signed sports memorabilia.
AAA Sports Memorabilia have held signing sessions with the world's biggest superstars and sportsmen including Lionel Messi, Anthony Joshua, Pele, Steven Gerrard, Gareth Bale, Mike Tyson, Floyd Mayweather and many more.


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Maine wardens issue spring advisory to remove bird feeders, easy targets for bears
AUGUSTA, Maine (AP) — Maine wildlife officials are warning homeowners to remove bird feeders and other easy food targets for bears as the hungry bruins emerge from their winter dens this month.
The Maine Department of Inland Fisheries and Wildlife says bears may also be attracted to backyard garbage cans, Dumpsters and grills where food or the odor of food is prevalent.
With natural food not readily available to them, bears may roam into backyards looking for things to eat. Besides taking down bird feeders, homeowners should rake up and dispose of bird seed on the ground, and store remaining bird seed indoors.
Last year, which included a premature spring, the Maine Warden Service received 870 bear-related complaints, compared to 395 in 2010 and 436 in 2011.


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Maya Ivory Ceramic Table Lamp (39V71)
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the WEED OLYMPICS icon snapback hat is 100% cotton twill, structured, five-panel, and high-profile with a flat bill, green undervisor, sewn eyelets, and a snapback closure. it features the WEED OLYMPICS icon embroidered on the front with a small loma+pier logo on the left side. each order is crafted in the USA and can only be found in the loma+pier hat store.
model: classic snapback
material: 100% cotton twill
size: os
[+] structured, 5-panel, high-profile cap
[+] green undervisor
[+] sewn eyelets
[+] snapback closure * actual product stitching and size may vary from images


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Until very recently, iPhone HD playback has at best been a fabulous rumour and at worst, a marketing buzzword. Tear downs have revealed that the hardware is at least capable of 720p resolution playback, but still, there is no official software support and thus, no playback of such files. Purecaeli, an adventurous MacRumors member discovered that Air Sharing can be used to transfer and play HD files in both 720 and 1080 resolutions, but more importantly, that Apple's schemes to limit the platform can be overrun without the need for jailbreaking.[UPDATE] The iPhone 4G may have a higher resolution screen of 960*640 and is dubbed by a few, the iPhone HD. [Before we get to the meat of this, it is important to point out two limitations. First, uncompressed HD is simply too much for the iPhone 3GS – it does not have the bandwidth to provide smooth playback (nor really storage space) of RAW nor BD-quality files. Secondly, of course, the low-resolution screen of the iPhone means that the files do not display in HD, rather, they are viewed in the iPhone's native 480*320 resolution. The importance of this find is that DVD and above resolutions can now be played without the perplexing second step of re-coding videos for the iPod]
Avatron Software, Air Sharing, 4.99$