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Canada–United States border
The Canada–United States border, officially known as the International Boundary, is the longest international border in the world. It is shared between Canada and the United States of America, the second and fourth largest countries by area respectively. The terrestrial boundary (including small portions of maritime boundaries on the Atlantic, Pacific, and Arctic coasts, as well as the Great Lakes) is 8,891 kilometres (5,525 mi) long, of which 2,475 kilometres (1,538 mi) is with Alaska. Eight Canadian provinces and territories (Yukon, British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, and New Brunswick), and thirteen U.S. states (Alaska, Washington, Idaho, Montana, North Dakota, Minnesota, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine) are located along the border.
History 1
- The Treaty of Paris (1783) 1.1
- The Jay Treaty (1794) 1.2
- The London Convention (1818) 1.3
- Ashburton Treaty (1842) 1.4
- The Oregon Treaty (1846) 1.5
- The Northwest Boundary Survey (1857–61) 1.6
- The International Boundary Survey (1872–76) 1.7
- The Alaska boundary dispute (1903) 1.8
- The Treaty of 1908 1.9
- International Boundary Commission (1925) 2
Security 3
- Law enforcement approach 3.1
- Security measures 3.2
- Smuggling 4
- Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative (WHTI) 5
- Border lengths 6
Crossings and border straddling 7
- Notable bridge/tunnel crossings 7.1
Other border crossings (airports, seaports, rail stations) 7.2
- Cross-border airports 7.2.1
- Cross-border buildings 7.2.2
Boundary divisions 8
Practical exclaves 8.1
- Practical exclaves of Canada 8.1.1
- Practical exclaves of the United States 8.1.2
- Remaining boundary disputes 8.2
- Practical exclaves 8.1
- See also 9
- Footnotes 10
References 11
- Citations 11.1
- Further reading 11.2
- External links 12
The Treaty of Paris (1783)
The border originated with the Treaty of Paris in 1783, which ended the American Revolutionary War between Great Britain and the separating colonies which would form the United States. The 45th parallel was established as the border between Quebec and New York State (including what is now Vermont). The St. Lawrence River and the Great Lakes became the boundary further west (between what is now Ontario and the United States).
The Jay Treaty (1794)
The Jay Treaty of 1794 (effective 1796) created the International Boundary Commission, which was charged with surveying and mapping the boundary. It also provided for removal of British military and administration from Detroit and other frontier outposts on the U.S. side. It was superseded by the Treaty of Ghent (effective 1815) concluding the War of 1812, which included pre-war boundaries.
The London Convention (1818)
Westward expansion of both British North America and the United States saw the boundary extended west along the 49th parallel from the Northwest Angle at Lake of the Woods to the Rocky Mountains under the Treaty of 1818. This treaty extinguished British claims south of that latitude to the Red River Valley, which was part of Rupert's Land. The treaty also extinguished U.S. claims to land north of that line in the watershed of the Missouri River, which was part of the Louisiana Purchase; this amounted to three small areas, consisting of the northern part of the drainages of the Milk River (today in southern Alberta and southwestern Saskatchewan), the Poplar River (Saskatchewan), and Big Muddy Creek (Saskatchewan).
Ashburton Treaty (1842)
Disputes over the interpretation of the border treaties, and mistakes in surveying it, required additional negotiations resulting in the Webster–Ashburton Treaty of 1842. The treaty resolved the dispute known as the Aroostook War over the boundary between Maine on the one hand, and New Brunswick and the Province of Canada on the other. The treaty redefined the border between New Hampshire, Vermont and New York on the one hand, and the Province of Canada on the other, resolving the Indian Stream dispute and the Fort Blunder dilemma at the outlet to Lake Champlain. The boundary along the 45th parallel had been surveyed after the War of 1812. The US Government began to construct fortifications just south of the border at Rouses Point on Lake Champlain. After a significant portion of the construction was completed, measurements revealed that at that point, the actual 45th parallel was three-quarters of a mile (1.2 km) south of the surveyed line; the fort, which became known as "Fort Blunder", was in Canada. This created a dilemma for the United States that was not resolved until a provision of the treaty left the border on the meandering line as surveyed. The border along the Boundary Waters in present-day Ontario and Minnesota between Lake Superior and the Northwest Angle was also redefined.[1][2]
The Oregon Treaty (1846)
An 1844 boundary dispute during U.S. President James K. Polk's administration led to a call for the northern boundary of the U.S. west of the Rockies to be latitude 54° 40' north (related to the southern boundary of Russia's Alaska Territory), but the United Kingdom wanted a border that followed the Columbia River to the Pacific Ocean. The dispute was resolved in the Oregon Treaty of 1846, which established the 49th parallel as the boundary through the Rockies.
The Northwest Boundary Survey (1857–61)
The Northwest Boundary Survey (1857–61) laid out the land boundary, but the water boundary was not settled for some time. After the Pig War in 1859, arbitration in 1872 established the border between the Gulf Islands and the San Juan Islands.
The International Boundary Survey (1872–76)
The International Boundary Survey, called the Northern Boundary Survey in the United States, began in 1872.[3] Its mandate was to establish the border as agreed to in the Treaty of 1818. Archibald Campbell led the way for the United States. Donald Cameron headed the British team. This survey focused on the border from the Lake of the Woods to the summit of the Rocky Mountains.[4]
The Alaska boundary dispute (1903)
In 1903 a joint United Kingdom – Canada – U.S. tribunal established the boundary with Alaska, much of which follows the 141st meridian west.
The Treaty of 1908
On April 11, 1908, Great Britain and the United States agreed, under Article IV of the Treaty of 1908, to survey and delimit the boundary between Canada and the United States through the St. Lawrence River and Great Lakes, in accordance with modern surveying techniques, and thus accomplished several changes to the border.[5][6]
International Boundary Commission (1925)
In 1925, the International Boundary Commission was made a permanent organization responsible for surveying and mapping the boundary, maintaining boundary monuments (and buoys where applicable), as well as keeping the boundary clear of brush and vegetation for 6 metres (20 ft). This "border vista" extends for 3 metres (9.8 ft) on each side of the line. Along the 49th parallel, the border vista is theoretically straight but in practice follows the 19th century surveyed border markers and varies by several hundred feet in spots.[7]
The Commission's annual budget is about US$1.4 million [8]
The Commission is headed by two commissioners, one of whom is Canadian, the other American.[9] In July 2007, the [11] The Canadian government said that it was taking no position on the matter,[12] but Peter Sullivan, the Canadian commissioner, said on July 13 that he was ready to work with David Bernhardt, a Colorado-based solicitor of the Department of the Interior, who was designated as the acting U.S. commissioner by President Bush.[13]
Law enforcement approach
The International Boundary is commonly referred to as the world's longest undefended border, but this is true only in the military sense, as civilian law enforcement is present. It is illegal to pass the border outside border controls. Everyone passing the border must be checked. The relatively low level of security measures stands in contrast to that of the United States – Mexico border (one-third as long as the Canada–U.S. border), which is actively patrolled by U.S. customs and immigration personnel to prevent illegal migration and drug trafficking.
Parts of the International Boundary cross through mountainous terrain or heavily forested areas, but significant portions also cross remote prairie farmland and the Great Lakes and Saint Lawrence River, in addition to the maritime components of the boundary at the Atlantic, Pacific, and Arctic oceans. The border also runs through the middle of the Akwesasne Nation and even divides some buildings found in communities in Vermont and Quebec whose construction pre-dated the border's delineation. On the Maine-New Brunswick border, it divides the Aroostook Valley Country Club.[14]
The actual number of U.S. and Canadian border security personnel is classified; there are in excess of 17,000 United States Border Patrol personnel on the Mexico–U.S. border alone.[15]
Following the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks in the United States, border security along the International Boundary was dramatically tightened by both nations in both populated and rural areas. Both nations are also actively involved in detailed and extensive tactical and strategic intelligence sharing.
As of December 2010, Canada and the United States are negotiating an agreement titled "Beyond the Border: A Shared Vision for Perimeter Security and Competitiveness" which would give the U.S. more influence over Canada's border security and immigration controls, and more information would be shared by Canada with the U.S.[16]
Security measures
Residents of both nations who own property adjacent to the border are required to report construction of any physical border crossing on their land to their respective governments, and this is enforced by the International Boundary Commission. Where required, fences or vehicle blockades are used. All persons crossing the border are required to report to the respective customs and immigration agencies in each country. In remote areas where staffed border crossings are not available, there are hidden sensors on roads and also scattered in wooded areas near crossing points and on many trails and railways, but there are not enough border personnel on either side to verify and stop coordinated incursions. There is no border zone;[17] the U.S. Customs and Border Protection routinely sets up checkpoints as far as 100 miles (160 km) into U.S. territory.[18][19]
Smuggling of alcoholic beverages ("rum running") was widespread during the 1920s, when Prohibition was in effect nationally in the United States and parts of Canada.
In more recent years, Canadian officials have complained of drug, cigarette, and firearms smuggling from the United States, while U.S. officials have complained of drug smuggling from Canada.
In July 2005, law enforcement personnel arrested three men who had built a 360-foot (110 m) tunnel under the border between British Columbia and Washington that they intended to use for smuggling marijuana, the first such tunnel known on this border.[20]
Cornwall, Ontario, experiences ongoing smuggling - mostly of tobacco and firearms from the United States - due to its location. The neighbouring Mohawk territory of Akwesasne straddles the Ontario-Quebec-New York borders, and its First Nations sovereignty prevents Ontario Provincial Police, Royal Canadian Mounted Police, Canada Border Services Agency, Canadian Coast Guard, United States Border Patrol, United States Coast Guard, and New York State Police from exercising jurisdiction over exchanges taking place within the territory.[21][22]
Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative (WHTI)
In late 2006, the United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS) announced a rule regarding new identification requirements for U.S. citizens and international travelers entering the U.S. Implemented on January 23, 2007, this final rule and first phase of the WHTI specifies six forms of identification—one of which is required in order to enter the U.S. by air: a valid passport, a passport card, a state enhanced driver's license (available in Michigan, New York, Vermont, Washington, British Columbia, Manitoba, Minnesota, Ontario, and Quebec[23]) per the Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative, or trusted traveler program card (NEXUS, FAST, or SENTRI); a valid Merchant Mariner Credential when traveling in conjunction with official maritime business; or a valid U.S. military identification card when traveling on official orders.[24][25][26]
Since June 2009, every traveller arriving via a land or sea port-of-entry (including ferries) has been required to present one of the above forms of identification to cross the border.
Border lengths
|Length of border with Canada
|Length of border with the U.S.
|2,475 km (1,538 mi)
|2,760 km (1,715 mi)
|1,160 km (721 mi)
|British Columbia
|2,168 km (1,347 mi)
|983 km (611 mi)
|1,210 km (752 mi)
|880 km (547 mi)
|813 km (505 mi)
|877 km (545 mi)
|632 km (393 mi)
|New York
|716 km (445 mi)
|New Brunswick
|513 km (318 mi)
|687 km (427 mi)
|497 km (309 mi)
|North Dakota
|499 km (310 mi)
|298 km (185 mi)
|235 km (146 mi)
|145 km (90 mi)
|New Hampshire
|93 km (58 mi)
|72 km (45 mi)
|68 km (42 mi)
Crossings and border straddling
Notable bridge/tunnel crossings
From west to east:
- Fort Frances–International Falls International Bridge – Fort Frances, Ontario, and International Falls, Minnesota
- Baudette – Rainy River International Bridge – Baudette, Minnesota, and Rainy River, Ontario
- Sault Ste. Marie International Bridge – Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan, and Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario
- Blue Water Bridge – Port Huron, Michigan, and Sarnia, Ontario
- St. Clair Tunnel
- Detroit–Windsor Tunnel – Windsor, Ontario, and Detroit, Michigan
- Michigan Central Railway Tunnel – Windsor, Ontario, and Detroit, Michigan
- Ambassador Bridge – Windsor, Ontario, and Detroit, Michigan
- Peace Bridge – Fort Erie, Ontario, and Buffalo, New York
- Rainbow Bridge – Niagara Falls, Ontario, and Niagara Falls, New York
- Whirlpool Rapids Bridge – Niagara Falls, Ontario, and Niagara Falls, New York
- Lewiston–Queenston Bridge – Queenston, Ontario, and Lewiston, New York
- Thousand Islands Bridge – Wellesley Island, New York, and Hill Island, Ontario
- Ogdensburg–Prescott International Bridge – Ogdensburg, New York, and Johnstown, Ontario
- Three Nations Crossing – Cornwall, Ontario, and Massena, New York
Other border crossings (airports, seaports, rail stations)
The U.S. maintains immigration offices, called pre-clearance facilities, in eight Canadian airports with international air service to the United States (Calgary, Edmonton, Halifax, Montreal, Ottawa, Toronto, Vancouver, and Winnipeg). This expedites travel by allowing flights originating in Canada to land at a U.S. airport without being processed as an international arrival. Similar arrangements exist at major Canadian seaports that handle sealed direct import shipments into the U.S.
Canada does not maintain equivalent personnel at U.S. airports due to the sheer number of U.S. departure locations with Canadian-bound flights and the limited number of flights compared to the number of U.S.-bound flights that depart major Canadian airports. Additionally, at Vancouver's Pacific Central Station, passengers are required to pass through U.S. pre-clearance facilities and pass their baggage through an X-ray before being allowed to board the Seattle-bound Amtrak Cascades train, which makes no further stops before crossing the border. Pre-clearance facilities are not available for the popular New York City to Montreal (Adirondack) or Toronto (Maple Leaf) lines, as these lines have stops between Montreal or Toronto and the border. Instead, passengers must clear customs at a stop located at the actual border.
Ferry services operate between the province of New Brunswick and the state of Maine, as well as between the province of British Columbia and the states of Washington and Alaska. There are also several ferry services in the Great Lakes operating between the province of Ontario and the states of Michigan, New York, and Ohio. The ferry between Maine and Nova Scotia ended its route in 2009, but resumed operations in 2014.
Boldt Castle on Heart Island in the St. Lawrence River has a border control point on the island, but no specific location on the Canadian side. Canadians must present identification to land on the island.
Cross-border airports
One curiosity on the Canada–U.S. border is the presence of six airports that straddle the borderline. The airports were built prior to the U.S. entry into World War II as a way to legally transfer U.S-built aircraft such as the Lockheed Hudson to Canada under the provisions of the Lend-Lease Act. In the interest of maintaining neutrality, U.S. military pilots were forbidden to deliver combat aircraft to Canada. The aircraft were flown to the border, landed, and then at night towed on their wheels over the border by tractors or horses. The next day the planes were crewed by RCAF pilots and flown to other locations, typically airbases in Eastern Canada, from where they were often flown to the United Kingdom and deployed in the Battle of the Atlantic.[27]
Piney Pinecreek Border Airport is located in Manitoba and Minnesota. The northwest/southeast-oriented runway straddles the border, and there are two ramps; one in the U.S. and one in Canada. The airport is jointly owned by the Minnesota Department of Transportation and the local government of Piney, Manitoba. It is assigned U.S. identifier 48Y and Canadian identifier JX2.
International Peace Garden Airport is located in Manitoba and North Dakota adjacent to the International Peace Garden. The runway is entirely within North Dakota, but a ramp extends across the border to allow aircraft to access Canadian customs. While not jointly owned, it is operated as an international facility for customs clearance as part of the International Peace Garden.
Coronach/Scobey Border Station Airport is located in Saskatchewan and Montana. The east–west runway is sited exactly on the border. The airport is jointly owned by the Canadian and U.S. governments and is assigned U.S. identifier 8U3 and Canadian identifier CKK3.
Coutts/Ross International Airport is located in Alberta and Montana. Like Coronach/Scobey, the east–west runway is sited exactly on the border. It is owned entirely by the Montana Aeronautics Division. It is assigned U.S. identifier 7S8 and Canadian identifier CEP4.
Whetstone International Airport or Del Bonita/Whetstone International Airport is located in Alberta and Montana, and similarly has an east–west runway sited exactly on the border. It is assigned U.S. identifier H28 and Canadian identifier CEQ4.
Avey Field State Airport is located in Washington and British Columbia. The privately owned airfield is mostly in the U.S., but several hundred feet of the north-south runway extend into Canada, and both Canadian and U.S. customs are available. It is assigned U.S. identifier 69S but does not have a Canadian identifier.
Cross-border buildings
The Haskell Free Library and Opera House straddles the border in Derby Line, Vermont, and Stanstead, Quebec. Private homes are divided by the International Boundary line between Estcourt Station, Maine, and Pohénégamook, Quebec. Private homes between Beebe Plain, Quebec and Beebe Plain, Vermont; a seasonal home between Alburgh, Vermont, and Noyan, Quebec, at the intersection of Matthias Lane in Alburgh and Chemin au Bord du L'eau in Noyan; and one house between Richford, Vermont, and Abercorn, Quebec,[28] are also divided by the border.
The Halfway House, a tavern also known as Taillon's International Hotel, straddles the border between Dundee, Quebec, and Fort Covington, New York.[29] It was built in 1820, before the border was surveyed.[30]
Boundary divisions
Practical exclaves
To be a true international exclave, all potential paths of travel from the exclave to the home country must cross over only the territory of a different country or countries. Like exclaves, practical exclaves are not contiguous with the land of the home country and have land access only through another country or countries. Unlike exclaves, they are not entirely surrounded by foreign territory. Hence, they are exclaves for practical purposes, without meeting the strict definition.
Practical exclaves of Canada
- Akwesasne: Because of the St. Lawrence River to the north and New York State, USA to the south, the Quebec portion of the Akwesasne reserve is a practical exclave of Canada. To travel by land from Tsi:Snaine (Snye or Chenail, Quebec) or Kana:takon (Saint Regis, Quebec) to elsewhere in Canada, one must drive through New York State.
- Campobello Island, located at the entrance to Passamaquoddy Bay, adjacent to the entrance to Cobscook Bay, and within the Bay of Fundy. The island is part of Charlotte County, New Brunswick, but is actually physically connected by the Franklin Delano Roosevelt Bridge with Lubec, Maine – the easternmost tip of the continental United States.
Practical exclaves of the United States
- The state of Alaska is bounded by the Canadian province of British Columbia and territory of Yukon, the Arctic Ocean, the Bering Sea, and the Pacific Ocean.
- Boundary Bay.
- A small unnamed peninsula in North Dakota in a lake northwest of the town of St. John, and southwest of Lena, Manitoba.[31]
- Elm Point, Minnesota, and a small piece of uninhabited land just to its west are bounded by Manitoba and Lake of the Woods.
- The Northwest Angle, the northernmost part of the contiguous 48 states, is bounded by Manitoba and Lake of the Woods.
- The Alburgh Tongue in Lake Champlain, location of the town of Alburgh, Vermont (Quebec).[32] [fn 1]
- Province Point, the small end of a peninsula east of Alburgh, Vermont, is bounded by Quebec and Lake Champlain.
Remaining boundary disputes
- Machias Seal Island and North Rock (Maine / New Brunswick)
- Dixon Entrance (Alaska / British Columbia)
- Beaufort Sea (Alaska / Yukon)
- Strait of Juan de Fuca (Washington / British Columbia)
See also
- American entry into Canada by land
- Borders of Canada
- Canada Border Services Agency
- Canada–United States relations
- Frozen River, a 2008 feature film about smuggling across the border
- Joseph Smith Harris' account of the Northwest Boundary Survey
- Indian barrier state, British plans to set up a new country in the Old Northwest
- List of Canada–United States border crossings
- Mexico–United States border
- United States Border Patrol
- United States Border Patrol interior checkpoints
- John Lewis Tiarks, British surveyor of the border
- Northwesternmost point of the Lake of the Woods
- Red River Colony
- ^ However, this peninsula and the island to its south are connected by road bridges directly to the United States mainland, such that it is possible to make a through journey in and out of the Alburgh Tongue without entering Canada. This is not true of the other practical exclaves listed here.
- ^ . Yale Law School. 1842 http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/diplomacy/britain/br-1842.htm. Retrieved 2007-03-01.
- ^ Lass, William E. (1980). Minnesota's Boundary with Canada. St. Paul, Minnesota: Minnesota Historical Society. p. 2.
- ^ McManus, Sheila (2005). The Line Which Separates: Race, Gender, and the Making of the Alberta-Montana Borderlands. Edmonton, Alberta: University of Alberta Press. p. 7.
- ^ Campbell, Archibald; Twining, W. J. (1878). "Reports upon the survey of the boundary between the territory of the United States and the possessions of Great Britain from the Lake of the woods to the summit of the Rocky mountains". Authorised by an act of Congress approved March 19, 1872. Government Printing Office. Retrieved Sep 13, 2013.
- ^ International Boundary Commission (1937). )"Joint report upon the survey and demarcation of the boundary between the United States and Canada from the gulf of Georgia to the northwesternmost point of Lake of the woods. In accordance with the provisions of Articles VI and VII of the treaty signed at Washington April 11, 1908, and articles I, II, and IV of the treaty signed at Washington, February 24, 1925"Treaty of 1908 (included in . Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 6. Retrieved 2015-06-18.
- ^ International Waterways Commission (1915). "Report of the International Waterways Commission upon the International Boundary between the Dominion of Canada and the United States through the St. Lawrence River and Great Lakes as Ascertained and Re-established pursuant to Article IV of the Treaty between Great Britain and the United States signed 11th April 1908".
- ^ "Canada & The United States (Bizarre Borders Part 2)". Retrieved 21 June 2013.
- ^
- ^ Organization Chart, International Boundary Commission, accessed July 27, 2007 Archived July 6, 2007 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Blaine couple, U.S. agency settle border wall case". Seattle Times. January 15, 2009.
- ^ Bowermaster, David (July 12, 2007). "Firing by Bush rejected by boundary official". Seattle Times.
- ^ Fong, Petti (July 26, 2007). "Politics delineates boundary dispute". Toronto Star.
- ^ "Fired border official's job filled quickly: White House refuses comment on former bureaucrat involved in lawsuit over couple's fence". Globe and Mail. July 13, 2007.
- ^ Aroostook Valley Country Club, Club History
^ Jeffrey, Terence P. (24 September 2009). "Administration Will Cut Border Patrol Deployed on U.S-Mexico Border". Cybercast News Service. Retrieved 25 September 2009. and
Shacat, Jonathon (25 September 2009). "Fewer border agents in south". The Sierra Vista Herald. Retrieved 25 September 2009.
- ^ Mark Kennedy, PostMedia News Political Time Bombs Litter Harper's Path, December 13, 2010
- ^ Common border zone proposed | Canadian Society of Customs Brokers. 18.104.22.168 (2004-06-17). Retrieved on 2013-07-12.
- ^ Singel, Ryan. (2008-10-22) ACLU Assails 100-Mile Border Zone as 'Constitution-Free' - Update | Threat Level. Wired.com. Retrieved on 2013-07-12.
- ^ Woodard, Colin. (2011-01-09) Far From Canada, Aggressive U.S. Border Patrols Snag Foreign Students - Global - The Chronicle of Higher Education. Chronicle.com. Retrieved on 2013-07-12.
- ^ Frieden, Terry (July 22, 2006). "Drug tunnel found under Canada border: Five arrests made after agents monitored construction". CNN.com (CNN).
- ^ Royal Canadian Mounted Police, "Fifteen People Arrested for Possession of Contraband Tobacco during High Intensity Enforcement Project", press release, February 25, 2009
- ^ Cockburn, Neco (November 21, 2008). "Smuggling's price". Ottawa Citizen.
- ^ "WHTI: Enhanced Drivers License". Getyouhome.gov. 2009-06-01. Retrieved 2014-04-30.
- ^ "DHS Announces Final Western Hemisphere Air Travel". Association of Cotpotrate Travel Executives. 5 December 2006. Retrieved 2007-12-02Rule
- ^ "Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative: The Basics". U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Retrieved 2007-12-02
- ^ "Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative". U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Consular Affairs. January 13, 2008. Retrieved 2007-01-12
- ^ Places to Fly - Dunseith / International Peace Garden. Archive.copanational.org (2007-06-08). Retrieved on 2013-07-12.
- ^
- ^ "Wikimapia". Wikimapia. Retrieved 2014-04-30.
- ^ Taillon's International Hotel, Taillon's International Hotel - straddling the US-Canada border!
- ^ "Exclave of the United States in North Dakota - Wikimapia". wikimapia.org. Retrieved 2015-08-28.
- ^ "Google Maps". Retrieved 30 Jul 2014.
Further reading
- Anderson, Christopher G. Canadian Liberalism and the Politics of Border Control, 1867-1967 (University of British Columbia Press; 2012) 280 pages; studies pivotal episodes in Canadian immigration policy that shed light on more restrictive approaches today.
- Paulus, Jeremy and Asgary, Ali. (2010) Enhancing Border Security: Local Values and Preferences at the Blue Water Bridge (Point Edward, Canada) Journal of Homeland Security and Emergency Management: Vol. 7 : Iss. 1, Article 77.
- Culture and the Canada-US Border, an international research network dedicated to studying cultural representation, production and exchange on and around the Canada-US border.[2]
External links
- Media related to at Wikimedia Commons
- International Boundary Commission
- 1994 trip from Lake of the Woods to the Continental Divide
- WorldHeritage pages with incorrect protection templates
- Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2010
- All articles containing potentially dated statements
- Pages with citations lacking titles
- Pages with citations having bare URLs
- Articles with inconsistent citation formats
- Canada–United States border


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Operations Intern: Corey Green
Name: Corey Green
Hometown: Marietta, GA
College and major/degree(s): University of Georgia – Bachelor's Degree in Public Relations, Master's Degree in Sport Management.
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DOVER – Portsmouth based C&J Bus Lines and Dover-based Federal Savings Bank joined forces to help make this year's Caring and Sharing food drive a great success.
As an incentive to increase awareness and donations, FSB and C&J generously agreed to donate fifty cents for each non-perishable food item dropped off at Caring and Sharing headquarters during the morning hours of Friday, November 2. Due to the kindness of local community members, 3,599 food items were collected, resulting in a cash donation from C&J and FSB of $1,800. Caring and Sharing coordinators purchased Hannaford gift cards with the cash donation.
Caring and Sharing is the Seacoast's largest canned food drive, with donated items distributed to twenty-one non-profit organizations throughout the Seacoast. The campaign this year yielded $16,829 in gift card donations and 654 cases of food.
"The Holiday season, in particular, can be difficult for area residents and families in need," said C&J owner, James Jalbert. "On behalf of Federal Savings Bank and C&J, we sincerely hope this donation helps make the upcoming months less burdensome for our community members facing difficult times," he added.
Federal Savings Bank has served as a corporate sponsor of Caring and Sharing for six years and C&J provides a bus each year to collect the cases of donated food. "At FSB, we have taken a pledge of allegiance to support local businesses and non-profits that make the Seacoast a better place to live and work, noted FSB President and CEO, James J. O'Neill, Jr. "C&J shares our community commitment and I am proud that this affiliation will have a positive impact on so many local families."
C&J is the second largest provider of intercity bus transportation in Northern New England serving seven destinations with over 30 daily departures from the New Hampshire Seacoast and Newburyport to Logan Airport, Boston South Station, and Port Authority in New York City.
Since 1890, Federal Savings Bank has operated as a true community bank, a "mutual" bank owned by its depositors. Previously named Business of the Year by the Dover and Portsmouth Chambers of Commerce, the Bank has offices in Portsmouth, Dover, Barrington, Durham and Rochester. For more information, call toll-free at 1-800-462-2265, visit www.fsbdover.com or www.facebook.com/federalsavingsbank.


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AquaDart Venturi 10 800mm Wetroom PanelSKU: AQ8412
£164.26 inc. VAT
Available in a variety of sizes & colour finishes, the new 10mm Aquadart Wetroom glass panels can be used in many configuration for a truly tailored showering space.
Choose from Chrome, Black & Copper Finishes
- Description
- Additional information
- Wetroom Screen FAQ
- Delivery Info
Available in a variety of sizes the 10mm Aquadart Wetroom glass panels can be used in many configurations for a truly tailored showering space. Use with a contemporary slimline tray or in a wetroom installation.
You have a unique choice of colour options which include (Chrome, Black, Copper) These can be chosen for the Wall Profile, Hinges & Bracing Bars
Glass protection is now an important feature of a shower enclosure. A good glass protection system will create a long lasting barrier which will never discolour, peel or crack. Following extensive research we chose to use the Clean & Clear Easy Clean Glass Treatment, a market leading treatment which we trust to protect all our Aquadart enclosures.
Clean & Clear glass protection system is both innovative and highly beneficial. It creates a protective barrier which is applied to all Aquadart enclosures and screens as standard. The non-stick surface resists lime scale build-up and water spots, which hinders bacteria growth for a more hygienic environment, whilst reducing the need to clean by half.
Move me Left & Right to see Easy Clean working!
Additional information
|800 x 10 x 2000 mm
|Glass Thickness
|Wall Adjustment
|Screen Height
|Glass Protection
Clean & Clear
|Panel Width
When a wetroom shower screen is installed you will have a wall and floor profile that the glass installs to. This section is waterproof and will stop water getting out of the wetroom screen. If you want to reduce water splash to the outer bathroom, we would recommend either using a flipper/return panel or a side panel.
All our wetroom screens come with something called Clean & Clear, this is applied at the factory and fundamentally stops grime and limescale sticking to the screen. Making it considerably easier to keep clean.
There are multiple options when installing wetroom screens, You can use our Flipper/Return panels or complete side panels. Using our wetroom support bars you can connect multiple screens together.
On larger wetrooms screens the thicker the screen the better, this will stop any lateral flex within the screen. All our wetroom screens are manufactured from toughened glass. However you can still use 10mm screens on smaller screens and some people prefer this aesthetically.
Wetroom screens have braces that stop any movement, Braces can return to the opposite wall or to the ceiling. In some cases when you have multiple screens they can connect together to support each screen. Wetroom Screens are connected to the wall a Wall Profile this also allows for out of true wall as well ensure that your wetroom screen is installed square.
Next Day Delivery
We know that sometimes you need something next day and it's super urgent. The vast majority of products we sell can be delivered next day, however in some circumstances large items like Nuance Bushboards & Showerwall Bathroom Panels may not be possible, so it's worth giving us a call before hand, Subject to availability and product stock levels. We advise giving us a call first to confirm. Cut Off for Next Day delivery is 1PM
2-3 Working Day Delivery
With our Standard Delivery we will be able to deliver your products within 2-3 Working Days if not sooner if we are able to process them quicker, fear not we will give you a call or email to confirm which day it will be. Subject to stock availability and location.
Special Orders
Due to the nature of the product all Showerwall Acrylic is a special order as this is made on an individual basis. On placing your order we will email you a notification that you will need to confirm that you are happy this is a non returnable product. This does not effect your statutory rights. Estimate Delivery time is approximately 2 weeks.


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The authenticity of government-released photographs from North Korea has been questioned for years but not until this week, during the funeral of Kim Jong Il, was the issue as widely discussed and analyzed.
Early Wednesday morning, Reuters, Agence France-Presse and the European Pressphoto Agency transmitted a photograph from Kim Jong Il's funeral procession sent to them by the KCNA, North Korea's state news agency. The image was widely published, and was part of the January 9, 2011 issue of TIME magazine.
But shortly after TIME's deadline, around 6:00pm Wednesday, the European Pressphoto Agency sent out a "kill" alert on the photo, advising media outlets not to run the image. Earlier in the day, a nearly identical photograph was sent out by the Associated Press, via Kyodo News, an independent Japanese news agency. The two photographs show crowds lining a Pyongyang street as the dictator's body was driven past, led by a 1976 Lincoln hearse bearing an enormous portrait of the "Dear Leader." However, in the KCNA version, a camera crew and their power cords on the left side of the frame, as well as a couple of stragglers near them, were removed, a patch of blurry snow in their place. Snow was also cloned to cover two other spots in the photograph.
Associated Press photo editors working in Tokyo saw the discrepancy and alerted Santiago Lyon, the Director of Photography for the AP in New York, who then contacted editors at the New York Times. Lyon told TIME that the AP, which recently opened a bureau in Pyongyang, has had a long-standing photo sharing relationship with Kyodo. Eventually, all of the news agencies that transmitted the photo sent out "kills". But by then, our issue had already shipped and several other websites had been using the altered image for hours.
The big question is why did the North Koreans alter the image?
Aesthetically, the doctored photograph is tad bit cleaner, lines straightened, but hardly improved. Psychologically speaking though, the clone job adds order to an already tidy scene. In the undoctored version, the people on the left are drifting from the crowd, their attention elsewhere. The snow is less white. Both of those problems were easily solved by Photoshop. I've been examining photographs released by the KCNA for years and many are strikingly beautiful—enormous, perfectly-positioned crowds, immaculate and intricately composed. Now we may know why.
Postscript: On Thursday, a zealous Reddit user added to the frenzy by making note of a photo of an extremely tall man watching the funeral procession. The image, taken by a photographer with Kyodo News and distributed by the AP, spread across the internet quickly, with theories ranging from the man being a North Korean basketball star to another bizarre Photoshop slip-up. However, looking at two separate photographs of the same scene taken at slightly different times, I think the man is legit. The background and surroundings differ but the towering Korean remains in the image, so the likelihood he was cloned into two different photographs is slim.
Patrick Witty is the international picture editor at TIME. You can find him on Twitter @patrickwitty. For more photographs from North Korea, click here.


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Waters recede, helping search for mudslide victims
ARLINGTON, Wash. (AP) -- It is a grim step forward in the search for human remains at a mudslide that crushed a rural Washington community, but an important one: floodwaters at the site are receding, allowing crews to expand their search and yielding more human remains in areas that previously couldn't be reached. The views presented Tuesday on a media tour were chilling: shredded homes and twisted cars.
More than 10 days after a large section of a rain-soaked hill crashed down on a neighborhood in the small community of Oso, teams with cadaver dogs are still sifting through debris and soil to determine exactly how many people died in the March 22 mudslide.
The mudslide partially dammed up the North Fork of the Stillaguamish River, causing water to pool.
Heavy rain last week added to the flooding. But early this week, the weather was dry and sunny -- at least for a few days -- allowing more crews to switch from water pumping to searching.
"A lot of logjam areas, that's where we're finding human remains," search effort division supervisor Steve Harris said on Tuesday.
The National Weather Service forecast rain to return Thursday and Friday with a chance of showers through the weekend.
Any rain complicates the job of workers in the muck and increases the risk of flooding.
Here are some facts and observations in one of the worst natural disasters to hit Washington state in this century:
Officials have so far confirmed the deaths of 29 people, although only 22 have been officially identified in information released Wednesday morning by the Snohomish County medical examiner's office. They range in age from 4-month-old Sonoah Heustis to 71-year-old Lewis F. Vandenburg. A total of 20 people are missing. They range in age from 2-year-old Brooke Sillers to Bonnie J. Gullikson, 91. Some of the missing and dead are related.
From a vantage point about a mile from the collapsed hillside, the magnitude of the slide is chilling, even if only a part of it can be seen. Where there was a state highway, there's now a bed of mud and debris as much as 80 feet deep in some spots. There are few signs that a community existed here, replaced now by a field of debris of hundreds of acres. Heavy machinery is dwarfed by the mounds of mud. Crews wearing bright safety clothing trek carefully on paths made of plywood or through deep mud, using poles to assure their footing. Piles of downed trees and branches dot the brown mud field. What were houses, they're now shredded remains. Cars were pancaked and twisted.
"The mountain didn't slide like an avalanche that starts at the top and slides down. It actually blew out at the bottom. And all of that energy, because of the weight of top on it, blew across the river and brought all that water and material in it," said Lt. Richard Burke, a firefighter and incident spokesman.
The valley then channeled the slide like a bowl.
He added: "Like a big soup bowl, it kind of sloshed up the bank and came back down."
Nothing has yet been removed from the field. The debris is contaminated with remains of septic tanks and other "contaminants" found in cars and garages. Crews have begun piling up trees and house items in different sections, Burke added.
Said Harris: "It's very likely it (a lot of the stuff) won't be recovered. It's just buried there."
Crews are being careful in their search for human remains. Harris said boats with sonar are among the pieces of equipment put to use. "Everything moved so much across the landscape, where we find logs and debris is where we're going to find (remains)."
The weather helped Tuesday. It was sunny and dry, a stark contrast to the first few days of the recovery operations when a significant percentage of rescue crew members had to focus on de-flooding the area. There were 270 tactical personnel and volunteers present.
"We've been able to channel the water. We got less folks controlling the water and more folks with their hands on the ground. And that's what we need," said Burke.
The search is painstaking. In expanding their area, crews are using a grid system. But despite the progress, there are parts of the debris field that have not been examined because they are not yet stable.
The rain, though, is forecast to come back. As much as 3 inches of rain are expected to fall between Thursday and Sunday.
Washington Gov. Jay Inslee says the mudslide caused about $10 million in damage to homes destroyed in the slide area and their contents. He estimates further costs of $32.1 million for search and recovery efforts, and to remove all the debris. But he says the costs could go higher.
Harris said: "From what I've seen, it's going to take a long time."


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Be sure to visit the SUL Events and exhibits web page. The Libraries have many events scheduled now through the coming months, including many workshops designed for students, faculty and staff. (More events have been added to the list since last week.) Plan to attend the events yourself, and feel free to spread the word.
Wednesday, October 7, 2015
Tuesday, October 6, 2015
SUL has the following new positions this week:
Digital Production Associate (#68666)
Digital Projects Editor (#68663)
Monograph Receiving and Copy Catalog Specialist 2 (#68659)
Monograph Receiving and Copy Cataloging Specialist 2 (#68658)
Library Specialist (#68569)
For a complete description of open positions within SUL, go to the Stanford Library Jobs page.
Monday, October 5, 2015
It's now been 2 months (Aug.3) since we moved to Office 365. We are all still getting used to the new system, which is, in a number of ways, very different from Zimbra. Here are some links that may be of help:
The university encourages all members of the Stanford community to verify and update their contact information, particularly in the mobile phone field, at least 24 hours before the Oct. 8 test.
Between noon and 1 p.m. on Thursday, Oct. 8, Stanford will test the campus AlertSU system. Faculty, staff and students will receive alerts via email, mobile phone and text message indicating that the system is being tested.


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Daniel Day-Lewis was photographed in Brescia, Italy today for Mille Miglia, the iconic vintage cars road race through Italy -- 1000 miles in 3 days ending in Rome. He's apparently driving a 1953 Jaguar XK 120. Do you sleep on the side of the road? Like, just pull over when you can't stop yawning anymore?
Jacek and I drove from Toronto to Vancouver once and it took us 3 days. That's double the distance. But mostly on freeways. That was at the beginning of the relationship when it was still super hot to be in the same car together for long stretches. But I have a feeling the Mille Miglia isn't all freeway. Only 375 cars were accepted into this year's event. So DDL is in pretty exclusive company. Fitting.
I am pretending that's a grey hat and not a green one.


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Zac Efron has signed on to do a thriller for Mandate Pictuers, from the writer who brought you "Hairspray". You know what, that's just too easy.
The "Sorority Row" remake gets moved up, from October 2nd to September 11th.
The trailer for Richard Kelly's "The Box" has finally landed. This actually looks really solid considering it's been pushed back so many times. But opening opposite "Saw"? Really? Sort of sounds like giving it an excuse to fail to me.


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The name Rozomund is commonly considered to be Female.
This Female name is believed to be of German origin.
The meaning of the name Rozomund is thought to be: Famous guardian.
For further options see the navigation area below.
Quick Navigation
Click Here to see more Female names that begin with the letter R
Or you can click here to see more Female names of the Origin German
You can even get a list of Female names that begin with Roz
Or Start Your Search Again


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The glimmer of hope in bloody Kyrgyzstan
Photo by Ivar Dale/NHC
In the last months small Central Asian republic was attracting the world attention due to political turmoil and ethnic riots. At the same time, the riots were accepted as the continuation of post-Soviet political struggle or centuries-old ethnic conflicts. Nonetheless, it is worth paying more attention to this region (and Ferghana valley in particular) in order to understand the complexity and dynamics of the recent events.
* * *
Feruza is Uzbek. She has lived in Osh for many years. On June 10, the day when the riots started, Feruza was among those who managed to escape to Uzbekistan. She and her two kids headed to her mother, living in Uzbek part of Ferghana valley. Although most of refugees are already back home, Feruza preferred to wait a bit longer. Her husband returned to the apartment in Osh, being afraid that it could be expropriated by Kyrgyz.
For Feruza and her family the ethnic differences meant only cultural differences. Her neighbors in the apartment building were Kyrgyz. The Kyrgyz friend helped her reach the border with Uzbekistan, safer place for her and children.
Feruza's aunt from Jalal-Abad remained in the refugee camp at the border with Uzbekistan. Although she did not know the reason of riots and was surprised by the scale of violence she immediately realized that Uzbeks were the target. After several days of horror, fear and grief she returned home in order to be able to vote at the referendum on June 27 and, therefore, legalize Kyrgyz government. She does not believe it was an ethnic conflict. They have been living together for long time: men attended same chaikhana (tea place) and mosque, women were helping each other about the house, their kids were playing together. Their ethnic individuality was additional cultural peculiarity.
On June 10, Botyr, young Kyrgyz soldier, was on duty in Osh garrison when the group of young Kyrgyz broke in, demanding to provide guns. Some were strangers, some others were his relatives. It was unclear who these people were, but they took almost all weapons of local police. The soldiers were instructed not to oppose civilians; they simply observed how they got robbed. Due to mass distribution of weapons the conflict gained monstrous bloody dynamics.
The conflict background
After overthrowing President Bakiev there was the vacuum of power in Kyrgyzstan. The interim government counted on referendum while the son of overthrown President Bakiev tried to organize turmoil in order to destabilize situation and prevent referendum. It also has to be mentioned that the only Uzbek, holding official position under Bakiev's regime, was Kadyrzhan Batyrov. Several times Batyrov organized the protest demonstrations, demanding more rights for Uzbek minority. Some observers view the reason of the conflict in his last demonstration.
The evident revenge action was burning Bakiev's houses while Uzbeks became in charge of it. The local newspaper said that the son of Kurmanbek Bakiev used this case in order "mobilize people" against Uzbeks.
What is the ethnic component in the conflict?
The international media did not pay much attention to the conflict in Osh and Jalal-Abad that was viewed as "centuries-old ethnic conflict" with unclear political motivation. Was it really ethnic and historical?
Throughout many centuries the Ferghana valley has been populated by both Turkic and Farsi speaking nations. During Stalin's regime the major factor was ethnic identity. Under some doubtful process the ethnic identify of people was defined there; as a result, Ferghana valley was divided between three national republics.
During Soviet era the major identification factor was the place of birth. Being the native of Bokhara, Osh and Jalal-Abad was more important than being Kyrgyz, Uzbek, Uigur or Tajik. Until Russian was the language of international communication the ethnic component was cultural, but not political phenomenon. The ethnic identity could be also considered as the evidence of belonging to certain economic segment – Uzbeks were famous traders in south Kyrgyzstan. Such division was not an obstacle for international marriages and cohabitation. The knowledge of at least 2-3 languages was common practice. Therefore, we see integrated community that has been living in this region for many centuries, producing the region-specific common cultural space.
On the other hand, the cultivation of national identities in the political field may result in the clashes. The locals agree that ethnic component became one of the simplest factors of mobilization in addition to prejudices and rumors. This case was not the result of "centuries-old conflict", but the matter of political and criminal struggle between Batyrov and Maxim Bakiev, the son of overthrow Kyrgyz president. At the same time, another negative factor was the memories of 1990 when the local land and water conflict gained ethnic character.
While the ethnic identity becomes more and more politicized the real problems in the region lose their spot in the agenda. High level of unemployment and lack of resources substantially prevent normal socialization of young people. Looking for job, the impulsive young men have to migrate to other regions of the republic or abroad. The gap between rich and poor continues to increase. All three republics must admit they face the youth bulge. Therefore, the "ethnic" conflicts may be considered as the problem of youth that is ready to commit crimes for the sake of money and access to resources.
The migration of youth from Central Asia to Russia became unbelievable. The official statistics reported 350 000 migrants while unofficial figures are much higher. Perhaps, there is no single family, not having close relatives in Russia. However, the competition in Russian labor market has intensified dramatically; for many people migration is not real alternative any more. They want to find job or occupation, generating profits for their native countries.
The resource conflict at the local level can be characterized by the bazaar in Jalal-Abad; you can find all types of goods from everywhere in the world and people from all over Central Asia. On the day, following the riots, the visitors were shocked with the sign "Death to Uzbeks". The bazaar was devastated; the spots, formerly owned by Uzbeks, are now occupied by Kyrgyz. In this case we see not only political power, land and water, but also access to jobs and resources.
During pogroms the armed crowd was very selective in destruction and robbing. However, since there are no mono-ethnic districts in south Kyrgyzstan people had to declare their ethnic identity. Uzbeks escaped to Uzbekistan, Kyrgyz were moving to north and east. During the riots people had to re-adapt their ethnic identity to the circumstances.
Rumors, stories and their consequences
The rumors and stories played significant role in the conflict. They appeal to emotions and may serve as good instrument for mobilizing people. The validity of rumors does not matter. The rumors, saying that Uzbeks raped Kyrgyz girls, became the major story, flashing the violence. The story was accompanied with video report. It became the matter of honor for Kyrgyz and the conflict gained emotional aspect, clearly directed against Uzbeks. Kyrgyz boys (some were 14 years old) decided to revenge.
Other evidences indicate that similar videos were disseminated in Uzbek side. Obviously, in addition to political, personal, criminal, economic and demographic tensions the appeal to the honor of young men sparked the clashes.
Hope, belief and reality
Many people in Kyrgyzstan do not know how to react on violence. They do not want to admit this became possible in Kyrgyzstan, once considered as "island of democracy" in Central Asia. Many believe in democracy, peaceful state and see the reason in the political, externally brought conflict, organized by former President Bakiev, currently residing in Belarus in exile, or transnational religious movements.
The fact that soldiers did not protect civilians, while some of them participated in the pogroms, is supersensitively accepted by Uzbeks. Many Uzbeks have no belief in law-based state; some others do not believe they will be able to live in peace with Kyrgyz. Does it mean the end of centuries-old coexistence of multi-ethic community?
"Ethnic" track goes back to international organizations that have been attempting to prevent ethnic conflicts since 1990. The admission of "ethnic" background of that conflict attracted millions of Euro in the form of aid. Although there are enough ethnic reasons, the source of the conflict is democratic and economic condition, but not ethnic identity. While the ethnic approach is successful in the international level, the ethnic conflict will continue to happen. The ethnic factor will remain easily mobilized until we keep ignoring the fact that most of Kyrgyz citizens do not associate themselves with criminals and want to build democratic state, until Uzbeks get real aid and safety from state and until demographic and economic situation is ignored.
Uzbeks were urged to come back in order to legalize the new government in Kyrgyzstan at the referendum on June 27. Most of Uzbeks came back because they are also interested in the stability. Despite many fears both sides are full of hopes and want to jointly build the future. The hope for peaceful future exists, but many problems are still a challenge.
Aksana Ismailbekova (Max Planck Institute of Social anthropology, Halle, Germany), Sophie Roche (Zentrum Moderner Orient, Berlin)


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This sample pack contains 9 short samples of a native north American hand drum of the kind used in a pow-wow gathering. There are four double strikes and five quadruple strikes. Source was captured with a Josephson C617 through NPNG preamp and Frontier Design Group converters into Pro Tools. Final edit in Cool Edit Pro.
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Urschel receives Arthur Ashe Jr. Sports Scholar recognition
Urschel receives Arthur Ashe Jr. Sports Scholar recognition
Diverse Issues In Higher Education recognized Penn State's John Urschel as an Arthur Ashe Jr. Sports Scholar for 2014, adding to the All-American guard's list of accolades.
The publication recognized the football star as well as three other scholar athletes earlier this month. Urschel, along with Ishaq Pitt, University of Maryland–Eastern Shore, basketball; Michelle Ikoma, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, gymnastics; and Marvellous Iheukwumere, Columbia University, track; were selected from more than 600 students nominated by their institutions for outstanding performance in athletics and academics as well as community service.
Urschel was also recently named the recipient of the 84th James E. Sullivan Award, presented by the Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) to America's top amateur athlete. In 2013, he received the William V. Campbell Trophy from the National Football Foundation (NFF) as college football's premier scholar-athlete.
A team co-captain, Urschel claimed Associated Press Third Team All-America honors and was a two-time First Team All-Big Ten guard. A 2013 Big Ten Medal of Honor recipient, Urschel garnered back-to-back First-team CoSIDA Academic All-America honors in 2012 and 2013, and Academic All-District honors for three straight years. He earned a bachelor's degree in mathematics in May 2012, a master's degree in mathematics a year later and has been working on a second master's degree in math education – all while maintaining a perfect 4.0 grade-point average. He was a three-time Academic All-Big Ten honoree and a Big Ten Distinguished Scholar. In February, Urschel participated in the NFL Scouting Combine and has been engaged to write a diary about his preparations for the NFL Draft by The Associated Press.
Urschel has taught the college-level courses Integral Vector Calculus and Trigonometry and Analytic Geometry, and has had several research papers published, including "Instabilities of the Sun-Jupiter-Asteroid Three Body Problem" in the journal Celestial Mechanics and Dynamic Astronomy, and "A Space-Time Multigrid Method for the Numerical Valuation of Barrier Options" in the journal Communications in Mathematical Finance.


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本地时间 : 04:26, 23 Sep 2020
Dear Valued Guests,
We are pleased to inform you that our hotel is open now.
To ensure your health and safety during your stay, we have put in place some measures to observe social distancing, including the following:
1. Request for extra bed must be made in advance when making room reservation; last minute request will not be allowed.
2. Housekeeping service will be provided only on every third day during the stay.
3. Housekeeping of room will not be carried out while guests are in the room.
4. All requested additional amenities will be delivered but will be placed outside the room.
5. Hotel laundry service is not available.
6. All luggage brought by guests will be disinfected at hotel lobby.
7. Swimming pool and Kilos Fitness Centre now open. Guests are advised to adhere the new normal SOPs.
8. Self-service parking at Valet Parking Lot at hotel driveway is available @ RM22nett per entry per car.
9. Complimentary shuttle service is temporarily suspended until further notice.
Thank you for your understanding and we apologise for any inconvenience caused.
Your safety and comfort is our priority.
The Management


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In it for the long run..
"It's not who wins the workout..."
I am beginning to feel more like myself again. I had a nice 15.5 mile run yesterday. I don't usually use any Gu on training runs less than 20 miles but it seemed to help me get over the hump. Now I just need to start planning for the fall marathon.
Hope everyone has a good week!
Chicago RnR 1/2 Marathon
Today was day 7 for me since I had to reset. After 4 weeks of low mileage, I need to really start ramping up again. I'm running my first half marathon on August 2!
Tomorrow is the first day that I will need to contend with rain, but I will get out for some miles whereas in the past I just would have skipped my run entirely.
Just go and have fun! Running in the rain can be so refreshing!
One day at a time
Wow, good job, Karen!
I got up at 5:40 am Saturday morning to fit in my run. It was in Acadia National Park, and I'm SO glad I did it! I 'm at 29 days now. My daily run graph is all filled up with bars! My quads are sore, so I'm going to have to keep each day a little short and slow this week, I think.
Have you qualified for Boston? I want to interview you!
Message me!
I fly.
I'm at 86 days. Wow, only 2 weeks until 100. The countdown begins. LOL.
Bring it on.
Teresa- I ran in Acadia last August. I was in Bar Harbor on business. It was cool and rainy- not good weather but the park was beautiful.
Sounds like typical Bar Harbor weather, Karen! I'm glad we'll be there 6 days at the end of the month, because at least a couple are bound to be rainy. We'll take up books and puzzles with us.
Last week proved to be humbling after breaking 40 miles the prior week for the first time all year. I didn't fit a long run into the schedule and I am not sure the legs would have handled it anyway. I am learning that adding mileage without a day off requires a lot of patience. I am not sure the 10% rule applies when you don't take a day off - I am wondering if it is more like 5% to be safe and injury-free.
Tomorrow I will cross the 500 mile-mark for the year so that is this week's numerical highlight.
Tonight I ran to the high school track with my son who is four (he rides in the jogging stroller). When we arrived he wanted to only watch me "race" around the track. But after a couple minutes of walking he decided it was a good idea to join me so we took off on a lap. He ran the whole thing without stopping or walking. He was so excited when he finished and wanted to go for another lap. It was a lot of fun and I look forward to the next time he decides not to send his baby sister with me.
A Saucy Wench
Or I could just keep running whatever whenever....hmmmm..
I have become Death, the destroyer of electronic gadgets
"When I got too tired to run anymore I just pretended I wasnt tired and kept running anyway" - dd, age 7
Options,Account, Forums
Or I could just keep running whatever whenever....hmmmm..
That's what I do -- I don't want to overtax my two brain cells, and they can pretty much handle this plan...
It's a 5k. It hurt like hell...then I tried to pick it up. The end.
Country Fried
I'm running somewhere tomorrow. It's going to be beautiful. I can't wait.
Poor baby


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1) Script Title: "Featured Image Zoomer" and "Image Thumbnail Viewer II"
2) Script URL (on DD):
3) Describe problem:
I am trying to combine the two scripts. What i want is for a place for ppl to view the the different images(thumbnail and larger image) and when the image is "viewed" they can then hover over to zoom. I have the thumbnail viewer working on this page http://www.tropicalsiesta.net/testthumb.html
but when i combine the two, the thumbnail viewer does not work.
Also, I do not know how to get the "image1" script to map to the "larger image" i can get it to map to the thumbnail (see thumbnail two on /testthumbmag).
Any help would be greatly appreciated and i am sorry if i explained this horribly....
Also if i am doing this a~~ backwards please feel free to suggest another solution? kinda a noob....


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One of the first things that we ask for when we implement a new customer's travel program is their Travel and Expense (T&E) policy. It is a good indication of what pieces of the travel program are working well, what pieces are not and what really needs to be addressed. Ambiguity is by far the biggest issue that we see throughout most T & E policies. When you do not clearly define your guidelines throughout your policy, money is left on the table and operational efficiencies are not fully realized. Below are six concepts that we find are often ambiguous or non-existent within T & E policies that we see.
Many policies specify that when booking their travel, a traveler must select the "lowest available fare". However, simply telling the traveler to book the lowest available fare is not enough, you must define what that means. Does it mean that all travelers must select the lowest available coach fare? Are there thresholds? Does it take into account layovers and time spent at the airport, which is time spent away from the job? Clearly defining what the "lowest available fare" means for each traveler (road warriors, C level executives, your VIPS etc.) will ensure that the policy dictates this in a way that is enforceable.
Do your travelers know who to go to and for what, in each particular instance of the T & E process? Who do they call for a service issue? What about expense reports or an insurance issue? How do they make an online reservation? Where do they go to get login information and passwords to be able to complete certain pieces of the T & E process? How about approvals for travel inside or outside the policy? This should all be defined within your policy, or at the very least outlined where to go to get this information. This section should include contact information and have who is charge of certain items within your organization, along with the point of contact with each of your suppliers.
A travel policy is most successful when every step of the T & E process is well defined. Everything from how to look up the fare to booking it, all the way to changing the itinerary and expensing it. You want to outline when travelers have to use the Travel Management Company (TMC) and when they can go elsewhere. Who approves the trip once the traveler wants to book and what is the approval process? Payment needs to be addressed; including whether a traveler should use a corporate card to book their travel, why they should put it on the corporate card, and what opportunities are available by streamlining the payment process. When outlining your process within your policy, pay particular attention to any operational efficiency pain points that you notice and where defining clear process can help.
Considering all of the events in the news lately, the safety of travelers is certainly top of mind for all of us. When addressing safety, you want to look at everything from medical issues, to weather, to terrorism. These issues are not exclusive to those who travel to remote parts of the world – you could have to worry about the latter in San Bernadino or even Ebola in Texas. You should outline the benefits of using your TMC and your other safety/risk mitigation/insurance partners and why it is important from a safety standpoint. Going outside the system may mean that you are unable to track your travelers, which could jeopardize their safety. We also recommend that you have your legal and HR teams review this portion of the policy to ensure you have all of your bases covered.
Many of you probably have negotiated preferred supplier agreements that give you access to discounts and other incentives for using your preferreds. Obviously, you would want your travelers to book with your preferred suppliers. Within the policy, you should define specifically what people must do in relation to your preferred suppliers. For example, are they allowed to book outside your preferred airline if the preferred does not offer a nonstop flight? In the policy, list all preferred supplier agreements and even go as far to explain that they are programmed into the online booking tool. Address why and how the organization handles those agreements so that is clear as well.
Outlining your data collection procedures is important for travelers to understand your overall plan and requirements of what needs to be included with the booking and reporting of a trip. This would include capturing data such as customer codes and project codes that need to be attached to a particular trip. Giving these guidelines for data collections ensures proper budget reconciliation. It is also important to explain that this could be a contract or customer requirement.
Keep in mind when looking at and drafting your policy- that it is just that: your T & E policy, not MacNair's policy that you are simply enforcing. This is where you direct people to your fulfillment partners – TMC, your suppliers, your expense partners, maybe even risk mitigation or insurance partners. You should stand behind everything outlined in the policy. So, if someone goes outside this system they are going around your organization – not around your TMC.
Have you looked at your travel policy lately? Are all of these points addressed? You should check your policy regularly and feel free to ask us to review it with you. Ask about recent changes within the industry and see how that could affect certain parts of the policy and what may need an update. A great tool to use in jumpstarting a review of your current policy is our Travel & Expense Policy Workbook, we recommend you download it and use it as a guideline. Let us know if you would like help assessing the state of your policy.


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We could not find products for brand Duval-Leroy and categories Sparkling Wine and publications Wine Enthusiast and size 750ml
Wines By The Glass
Sean Minor Sonoma Coast Chardonnay 2017This Central Coast Chardonnay is a golden straw color and displays aromas of apricot, apple, and honeydew with subtle notes of butter. On the entry, tropical fruit notes with green apple flavors are framed by nice acidity which integrates well with the medium body mouth feel. The green apple and pear finish with juicy acidity which provides a lengthy finish. - Sean Minor Winery was founded to celebrate the things in life we prize most: delicious, approachable wines, expressive terroir-driven flavors, great value for the price… and family! Every once in a while we discover a brand that is a complete no-brainer, and Sean Minor certainly falls into that category. All of the varietals offer tremendous quality and balance at incredibly fair prices. Sean Minor has been in the wine business for 20+ years. He got his start at Beaulieu Vineyards, and then moved to Oregon where he ran King Estate for several years before moving on to Benton-Lane. He returned to California to oversee Renwood Winery and then ultimately started his own label in 2005. As Sean states, "My winemaking philosophy is to offer wines that exude quality and truly represent the appellation from which they're produced, yet are affordable for everyday enjoyment."
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- we84
Hugues Beaulieu Picpoul de Pinet 2019The color is a superb pale yellow with bright hues. The nose is elegant, with aromas of fresh fruit and citrus fruit especially grapefruit. Well-balanced with typical focusing and zesty acidiy. A pure expression of the grape varietal, the wine shows how good Picpoul can be when grown on its favorite terroir!
New Wines
Paul Jaboulet Aine Secret de Famille Viognier 2018Vibrant, mineral-accented aromas of Meyer lemon, green apple and white peach. Silky, seamless and focused on the palate, offering juicy citrus flavors that are complemented by subtle floral notes.
Chateau de Fontenille Entre deux Mers Bordeaux Blanc 2018Light gold in color, teeming with enticing aromas of citrus fruit and white peaches, Château de Fontenille Entre Deux Mers displays wonderful acidity and freshness on the palate coupled with exotic fruit and citrus flavors. A perfect accompaniment to seafood and salmon, sushi, paella and sauerkraut dishes.
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Catena Appellation San Carlos Cabernet Franc 2017The Catena Cabernet Franc Appellation El Cepillo presents a purple color with red ruby tones. The nose offers elegant aromas of spices, and fresh herbs as thyme and rosemary, red berries, cassis and raspberries, with layers of cedar. The mouthfeel is full and rich with cassis, raspberries flavors and notes of black pepper and oregano . The finish is bright and fresh with finely grained tannins. Food Pairing This versatile wine is fantastic paired with rich meat dishes such as stews and braises, Latin dishes with heat and a little kick such as enchiladas or moles and lamb dishes and tomato based pasta and sauces. Additionally this wine is delicious paired with dark chocolate and berries and also served alongside a cheese plate.
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Walt Blue Jay Pinot Noir 2017Deep purple garnet color, this wine has overflowing aromas of dried hibiscus flower and smoked paprika with hints of forest floor and mint. The palate is dense and rich, packed with flavors of sassafrass, wild blueberry compote, and baking spice. This wine is a full and intense expression of Pinot Noir, perfectly balanced with toasted oak and vibrant acidity on the lengthy finish.
The Prisoner Wine Company Unshackled Cabernet Sauvignon 2018Unshackled Cabernet Sauvignon, opens with aromas of plum and blackberry with a hint of olive. Vibrant flavors of black stone fruit and dried herbs with solid tannin structure result in a flavor-forward red wine with balanced acidity. A delicious red wine blend of Cabernet Sauvignon, Petite Sirah, Syrah and Merlot, this wine combines grapes from the north and central coast of California and is aged in French and American oak casks for 11 months. Pair this flavorful Cabernet Sauvignon wine with pork meatballs in a tomato sauce or dark chocolate and rasberry layer cake. Serve this wine bottle just below room temperature by refrigerating for up to 30 minutes.
King Estate Inscription Pinot Noir 2018This wine delivers with fresh red fruit flavors, like raspberry and ripe strawberry. There are definitive Oregon flavors of mushroom, forest floor and earth. This is rich and well-built with oak and vanilla nuances attributed to aging in French oak. Enjoy now and through 2028.


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Story highlights
- Among those reported arrested are a judge and various other government officials
- They are accused of trying to extort and steal from Jacob Ostreicher
- The American busineessman has been in prison since June 2011 without formal charges
Authorities in Bolivia have arrested six government officials on suspicion of trying to extort and steal from an American businessman imprisoned there, state news reported Tuesday.
Jacob Ostreicher, a flooring contractor from Brooklyn, New York, has been held since June 2011 on suspicions of money laundering tied to a rice-growing operation. He has not been formally charged.
Among those arrested were a judge involved in Ostreicher's case and employees of a government group in charge of seized assets, according to the state-run ABI news agency, which cited Bolivian Interior Minister Carlos Romero.
Since Ostreicher's arrest, authorities have seized some 20,000 tons of rice, and the illegal sale of that rice is what landed some officials in hot water, the minister reportedly said.
The judge was alleged to have been involved in a plan to extort $50,000 from Ostreicher in return for his release from jail.
"The investigation will move forward -- fall who may -- because we cannot allow this," Romero said, according to ABI.
The events leading to Ostreicher's arrest are complex. They start with an investment that he made in 2008 in a rice operation in Santa Cruz, Bolivia. A group of investors saw opportunity in growing rice, and though Ostreicher didn't put down a lot of money, he began traveling to Bolivia to look after the project, his supporters say.
Ostreicher told CNN in a telephone interview from prison last year that he discovered that the investors had been swindled by the woman whom they had hired to run the project, who had ties with a Brazilian drug trafficker. Ostreicher fired the woman and tried to set things straight, but the ownership of the land was tied to the drug trade, and he found himself a suspect.
Prosecutors have told CNN that they are suspicious of Ostreicher because of the lengths he went to to try to recoup the investors' losses and his continued negotiations with the landowner.
His case has gotten some attention in Washington. U.S. Rep. Chris Smith, a New Jersey Republican, traveled to Bolivia in June to meet with Ostreicher in prison and accompany him to a hearing.
"Justice delayed is justice denied, and justice has been delayed for a long time. Jacob has tried to work through the legal system and has been patient beyond reasonable expectations. There simply is no evidence offered against him. The rule of law must prevail in Bolivia," Smith said in a statement.
Under Bolivian law, a suspect can be held on preliminary charges for 18 months, at which time the state has to file formal charges or release the suspect.


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Kuto Besak Fortress
Standing atop the 10 meters high and 288.75 meters long thick walls of Kuto Besak Fortress, one looks down on the passing boats and ships on the Musi River below. Built during the 17th century, Kuto Besak Fort is a legacy of the Palembang Darussalam Sultanate, that ruled from 1550-1823. Acting as a defense post, the location of the Fortress is both politically and geographically strategic as it forms and island on its own, bordered by on its south by the Musi River, the Sekanak River on its west, the Kapuran River on its north, and the Tengkuruk River on its east.
According to history, the building of the Kuto Besak Fortress was initiated by Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin I, who reigned from 1724 to 1758. The construction started in 1780 during the era of Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin. The fort was meant as a palace, which was built to replace the old Keraton Kuto Lamo or Benteng Kuto Lamo which did not look sufficiently grand. Today, the Benteng Kuto Lamo is used as theMuseum Sultan Mahmud Badarudin II It took 17 years before Kuto Besak Fortress was finally used officially as the Sultanate's governmental center from February 21st 1797.
Kuto Besak Fortress is a reflection of the multi- ethnic society of the era of the Palembang Darussalam Sultanate. Supervision of its construction was entrusted to a Chinese supervisor, while laborers were both native Palembang and Chinese who worked hand in hand in harmony. This is also one of the legacies that is passed down to this day as illustrated in many of the city's special events such as at the Cap Go Meh and Imlek (Chinese New Year) Celebrations.
Each corner of the fort is strengthened with bastions. The Bastion in the west corner is larger and similar to other forts in Indonesia while the other three bastions are achitecturally unique, and are unlikely found elsewhere. The main gate, calledlawang kuto, is located in the south facing the Musi River, while the other gates, called lawang borotan are located in the west and the east, although the west gate is today the only one that is still standing.
History tells us that in 1821 the fort was invaded by the Dutch colonial army. The Kuto Besak Fortress was taken and the reigning Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin II exiled to Maluku. This marks the end of the Palembang Sultanate era. The Dutch occupation left its marks on the fort as it carved its colonial style on Kuto Besak Fortress.
Today, the Kuto Besak Fortress is, unfortunately, closed to the public since it is used as a military base. However, the Fortress remains an attraction . As the sun sets in the afternoon, lights glow around the fort, creating sparkles that highlight the walls of the fort. As one of the historical landmarks, a trip to Palembang will not be complete without a visit to Kuto Besak Fortress.


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The Honda First Aid Kit provides a convenient safety aid for your vehicle. The zippered case even includes a handy first aid manual to manage minor injuries. Contents include: 3 XL adhesive bandages, 2 stretch gauze rolls, triangular bandage, adhesive tape (1/2" wide x 2.5 yards long), 3 cleansing towelettes, 3 insect sting relief pads, 4" scissors, 3 steri-pads (4"x 4"), box of 10 flexible 3/4" bandage strips, box of 10 butterfly closures, emergency blanket, 2" elastic bandage, tweezers/magnifier combo.
Vehicle Applications
Universal item.


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Various styles of crown, baseboard, window, and door casing are in stock. We specialize in oak and poplar, but other wood types are available. We can prefinish mouldings to your specifications, you can choose from one of our 15 stock colors, or we can provide mouldings with just a prime finish.
(largest size available)


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Contact Sales at Cactus Jacks Tucson
Phone: (520) 327-5225
3901 E Speedway Blvd, Tucson AZ 85712
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At Cactus Jacks Auto, we are here to make purchasing your vehicle as easy as possible, of course if you need further help, do not hesitate to contact us and we will do everything we can to get you approved.
About us
Located in Tucson Arizona, Cactus Jacks Auto is a pre-owned, late model dealer that provides customers with a complete automotive experience at competitive prices.
It all started back in 1992 with one store open to help those with bad credit scores buy a used car. Two decades later, Cactus Jack's Auto is stronger than ever with nine buy here pay here Phoenix And Tucson locations. We are here to help people with bad credit or no credit score buy a used car. Our family owned operation understands a vehicle is critical to your success. We also want to help rebuild your credit and our innovative system allows our customers to do just that. Our team possesses a strong belief in keeping our customers satisfied and on the road while also building a road to a brighter future. This buy here pay here business grew and continues to expand through repeat customers and client referrals. Our lots are filled with nearly 500 used cars to choose from including newer late model vehicles to meet a customer's demand. With headquarters at our original Camelback location, several central payment locations and online payment processing Cactus Jack's makes the buy here pay here experience better than ever. Our Camelback location includes a complete 16 bay reconditioning service center. Give us a call or come on by to learn more about how we can help you!.
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Take Me There: The Dream Downtown in NYC
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A couple of years ago on a work trip out to NYC I was booked into the Dream Hotel in Manhattan. At the time, I had never heard of the hotel, but the girl who made my travel arrangements told me it was, and I quote, "A totally cool, modern, sorta trippy hotel" that I would love. She was spot on – I photographed my way through the hotel to the point where my Facebook friends called a moratorium on hotel photos. Well, it seems that Dream Hotels have recently expanded and now have a second location in Manhattan, this one even cooler than the original.
The building was designed in the 1960's by Albert C. Ledner for the National Maritime Union, and is appropriately dotted with portholes. The Dream Downtown was given it's modern twist by the team at Handel Architects who decided to keep the portholes and incorporate other awesome features like the glass-bottom pool.
I particularly love the lobby lounge and garden walk which are outfitted with teak wood, and allow light in from the glass-bottomed pool above.
You'll find the Marble Lane Restaurant sunken in the middle of the lobby, dotted with what seems like a never-ending supply of globe-shaped lights.
And then, there are the rooms.
I just love the incorporation of the portholes into the design of the room – every room is different and you're not quite sure what you're going to get. I think I'd request a corner room like the first photo in the room section above to get as much light as possible!
What do you think of the Dream Downtown? Would you stay here?
Photos 2, 4, and 5 courtesy of Bruce Damonte.
All other photos via the Dream Hotel.


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Set of 4 Postcards, Victoria Square Post Office, Birmingham 1875-1980 BT0
Quantity: 16
Seller: cavalierstampsGB (203)
Condition:NEW Old Stock Postcards in Excellent condition, some very minor corner/edge bumps/wear, please see scans/images Visit Our Shop Add To Saved Sellers Join Our Newsletter Contact Us We now have 1,000s of phq cards and royal mail cards in stock so ... Read More
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We now have 1,000s of phq cards and royal mail cards in stock so please check our Hip store regularly
Set of 4 postcards, victoria square post office, birmingham 1875-1980 bt0
Set of 4 postcards, victoria square post office, birmingham 1875-1980 bt0
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*free gift will be postcards and we have the right to withdraw this offer at anytime without prior notice
Our aim is to dispatch the same working day if at all possible, but failing that the very next working day. All Stamps and Postcards are sent Royal Mail 1st Class post within the UK.
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All students are required to provide updated permanent home address and contact information to the University on a yearly basis. Students living off campus are also required to provide their local address and cell phone information to the University according to instructions from the Office of Student Life. This is to ensure accuracy of this information so that the University can reach students for business purposes and in cases of emergency. As outlined in the Community Standards (section 14.j.), failure to provide this information may result in the student's inability to register for classes and/or removal from registered classes, the loss of campus privileges, and/or a fine.
Home address and contact information may be submitted and/or updated using the following methods:
All Students: To verify and submit changes to permanent home address information, select WebAdvisor for Students > User Account > Address/Personal Email Changes.
Undergraduate Students: To update permanent home and billing information, select WebAdvisor for Students > Academic Profile > Undergraduate Demographics Update.
Undergraduate Students: To update off-campus housing information, select WebAdvisor for Students > Academic Profile > Off-Campus/Commuter Address. Requirements for submitting this information are available on the off-campus housing page of the Student Life website.
When making changes to any address (permanent, local, or billing), please submit a Change of Name/Address Form to the Records Office, Maryland Hall 141, Loyola University Maryland, 4501 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21210-2699. If you are unable to print the online form, you may pick one up from the Records Office or forward the new address and telephone number (cell phone number required) in writing to the aforementioned address.
International students are required by Immigration Services to provide a foreign address and a local U.S. address. The foreign address is considered your home address and the U.S. address is considered your local address. If you wish to update your U.S. address, please contact the International Student Advisor in the Office of International Student Services, 410-617-5245.