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The Czech government on Wednesday for the first time discussed the Uherský Brod shooting during which a 63-year-old gunman shot dead eight people in a restaurant before taking his own life. The discussion focused on a summary of the information collected so far by the Ministry of Interior and a precise timeline of the events which took place on February 24. The ministry and police have been on the defensive following the worst attack of its kind in recent Czech history. It was later revealed that police intervention occurred hours after the shootings had taken place although some individuals who had hidden in the restaurant and nearby were still at risk. Police say they had no way of knowing how many hostages the gunman had.
Czech Prime Minister Bohuslav Sobotka called on ministries Wednesday to publish all deals and agreements whose value is higher than 50,000 crowns. Sobotka said the government's central office had urged the step at the start of the year but the response from ministries to toe the line has varied greatly. The prime minister's moves come as moves to create a central registry of government agreements and deals enters a final phase. The target is for the registry to be approved during the first half of this year. Sobotka's latest call sparked a sharp reaction from ANO leader and Minister of Finance Andrej Babiš who claimed that his ministry had called in February for others to follow its example on the format publishing details of deals. The move, as well as the register of agreements, is aimed at making the working of government more transparent and reducing the possibilities for corruption.
Prague zoo is seeking to create a small atelier for the production of paper – from elephant droppings. Inspiration for such production comes from Asian countries, such as Sri Lanka, where such production is common. Prague City Council, which manages the zoo has set aside 2.5 million crowns to finance the facility. The main aim is that visitors themsleves could try to produce paper. The production proces involves boiling the elephant droppings in water, mashing them up, and finally heating them again and leaving the mash to dry in the sun.
Separately, police detained on Wednesday the former general secretary of the defence ministry, Jan Vylita, according to the news server Aktualne.CZ. The move is being connected with the police swoop on a ministry building on Tuesday in which four people were charged concerning the illegal transfer of property. Vylita's security clearance was removed last month by Czech authorities meaning that he had to quit his job as one of main auditors at NATO's headquarters in Brussels.
The Catholic Church in the Czech Republic has said bells will be rung from churches across the country in tribute to the victims of the Uherský Brod shooting last week. The tribute will last for two minutes and 20 seconds just after midday on Thursday. The Czech government recommended the step on Wednesday. As well as bells, emergency sirens in towns and cities will also go off at noon on Thursday in memory of the victims following the cancellation of the tradition practice on the first Wednesday of each month.
The head of the top Czech ice hockey league has said that talks are going on about it expanding it to Slovak teams. League manager Josef Řezníček has said talks on the subject have been tabled for the general meeting of the association of Czech ice hockey league clubs with no final standpoint yet being taken. Talks are also progressing with the Slovak association, which would have to approve the move, he said. A positive decision could mean that the two top Slovak clubs, Slovan Bratislava and Košice could join the Czech league in the new season.
Police have recommended that criminal charges be lodged against a former minister and top Ministry of Defense official over the controversial purchase of a transport plane for the army. The special police squad for uncovering corruption and financial crime made its recommendation to Prague's Supreme State Attorney over former TOP 09 minister of defence Vlasta Parkanová and former head of the ministry's arms purchases division, Jiří Staněk. The case concerns the purchase of CASA transport aircraft and suspected overpayments and damages to the state amounting to around 820 million crowns. If found guilty, the former minister and official could face jail sentences of up to 10 years.
Luxury carmaker BMW has warned that it could build a logistics centre in the Czech Republic if its plans to site the new centre near Regensburg, Bavaria, are thwarted, according to the daily Die Welt. At stake are around 200 jobs that could be created at the new centre. BMW's plans for 50 hectares of agricultural land outside the city have been complicated by a battle between a local farmer whose family has been renting the land for around 150 years and the owner, the noble Thurn-Taxis family. The farmer has refused offers of other land and a long drawn out legal battle is now looming.
Former tennis star Nicole Vaidišová has lost on her return to the WTA tour after a five-year absence. The 25-year-old Czech lost 1-6 6-7 to Ana Ivanovic of Serbia in the first round of the Monterrey Open after entering the competition as a qualifier. A one-time world number seven, Vaidišová quit playing in 2010 after tumbling down the rankings. She has undergone two shoulder operations during her time away from the court.
The first ethnic Czechs being repatriated from Ukraine under a Czech government programme are now in Prague. Forty-four of them arrived at the city's Florenc bus station on a coach from Novhorodkivka (known in Czech as Čechohrad), around 200 kilometres from where fighting has been taking place in eastern Ukraine. The Czech government has to date granted fast-track permanent residence to 140 ethnic Czechs in Ukraine. It has earmarked CZK 66 million for a repatriation programme that includes free accommodation, financial support and help finding permanent housing and employment.


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Environmentalists celebrate nuclear plant closing
SAN CLEMENTE, Calif. — Using a cane and wearing a hat reading "Peace No Nukes," 85-year-old Lyn Harris Hicks shuffled to the front gates of the San Onofre nuclear power plant on Friday to celebrate a utility company's decision to close the seaside facility for good.
A longtime resident of San Clemente in Southern California, Harris Hicks said she has been fighting the plant, which has been idle since last year, since the 1960s over safety concerns.
"The announcement that we're not going to restart and that we're going to close it has cut the shackles on us and we're just floating," she said, chuckling as she leaned for support against a friend at the impromptu celebration by two dozen community residents.
Environmentalists and nearby residents hailed the decision by Southern California Edison to cease efforts to restart the plant, which hasn't produced electricity since a small radiation leak led to the discovery of unusual damage to tubes that carry radioactive water.
Still, opponents of the plant acknowledged that questions remain regarding what will happen to radioactive waste generated by the site and to the region's energy needs.
Business groups grumbled at the decision to close the plant located between San Diego and Los Angeles, saying it would wallop the local economy as companies — and households — face the prospect of power shortages.
Edison International, the utility's corporate parent, said the company decided that ongoing uncertainty about when or whether the plant might restart was not good for customers or investors.
Gary Headrick, who aggressively fought efforts to restart the plant and heads the group San Clemente Green, compared his happiness to the day his children were born.
"The joy and the relief is comparable to something that big in my life, to know that 8 million people will be safe now from this supposed restart," he said as he celebrated outside the plant. As he spoke, passing cars honked in approval and a group of bicyclists whizzing by in the morning fog shouted, "Shut it down!"
Business groups that pushed hard for Edison to restart the plant, however, bemoaned the announcement as the beginning of tough times for the region. Chambers of commerce said Southern California made it through peak electricity demand last summer thanks to a couple of short-term fixes but that wouldn't solve the problem this year — or in the long run.
"It is a sad day that we had to come to this point," said Ruben Gonzalez, vice president of public policy and political affairs for the Los Angeles Area Chamber of Commerce. "Not only because approximately 1,100 folks are going to lose their jobs — high-wage, good paying jobs — but also because it is an issue of power reliability."
Gonzalez said his group, which represents 1,600 businesses, will look seriously to state and federal leaders to come up with solutions.
San Onofre was able to power 1.4 million homes. The plant was responsible for about 20 percent of the electricity used by San Diego and southern Orange County.
California officials have said they would be able to make it through this summer without the plant but warned that wildfires or another disruption in distribution could cause power shortages.
Theresa Harvey, president of the chamber of commerce in the Orange County city of Fullerton, questioned whether energy alternatives proffered by environmentalists would be able to meet the demand for electricity in the densely populated region.
"There are lots of alternative sources of energy but unfortunately things like solar don't run at night and wind power has not been determined to be a reliable source," she said. "In the long run, it is going to be a real detriment to the Southern California region, especially with the environmental restrictions put on any kind of construction that goes into power generating stations."
Sandra Bartsch, who lives less than 30 miles from the plant in San Diego County, said she hugged and kissed her 5-year-old son when she heard about the closure. The 44-year-old, who became opposed to the plant after last year's leak, acknowledged that questions remain about the future of the site but said for now she's relishing the victory.
"There's still a lot of work to be done," Bartsch said. "But today we are just happy."

subset: commoncrawl


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University signs agreement to acquire land in West Windsor
The University has signed a conditional agreement to acquire land in West Windsor for long-range campus development.
At a news conference on Oct. 8, the Sarnoff Corp. and Princeton announced that the University will purchase approximately 90 acres of Sarnoff's 345-acre West Windsor campus if Sarnoff receives approval from West Windsor Township for a satisfactory development plan for the property.
The 90 acres include the portion of the property that fronts along the east side of U.S. Route 1. That property is directly across the highway from land the University already owns. In addition, the purchase would include a contiguous section along the Millstone River near Route 1.
The agreement also provides that, under certain circumstances, the University will have the first right to purchase more acres should Sarnoff decide to sell them.
"We are interested in purchasing these lands for the same reason that the University obtained lands in West Windsor between Route 1 and Lake Carnegie in the 1920s and the 1940s -- to ensure that we can accommodate future academic, research, residential and other educational needs over the very long term," said Richard Spies, the University's vice president for finance and administration.
Spies emphasized that the University is not acquiring the property for commercial development. Sarnoff had earlier proposed commercial development on its lands along Route 1 to generate revenues that could be used to renovate and develop the rest of its property.
The purchase will go forward, providing Sarnoff and West Windsor reach agreement on a General Development Plan that Sarnoff plans to propose to West Windsor early next year. The plan would allow a floor area ratio on the entire Sarnoff property of approximately .21, a reduction from Sarnoff's original proposal earlier this year of .24. That number represents the ratio between a structure's total floor area and the total land area upon which a building is constructed. Sarnoff's plan represents an even more significant reduction from current zoning, which permits a floor area ratio of .30.
In making its purchase, the University would acquire the portion of the overall development rights that is attributable to the acres it would obtain, although it has no plans to develop those lands in the near future. "While we have no immediate plans for development," Spies said, "it is critical that we have the right over time to develop these lands for University purposes."
Jim Carnes, Sarnoff chief executive officer, said, "For Sarnoff, the proceeds from the land sale will allow us to accomplish the renovation and expansion we need in support of our business in West Windsor, while the University obtains property for possible future needs. Under this plan, there will be less development in West Windsor and it will be phased farther out in time. We feel this is positive for all concerned."
Because the sale is pending, the purchase price was not disclosed. The University's current land holdings for academic purposes include approximately 400 acres in West Windsor, 500 acres in Princeton Borough and Township and 177 acres in Plainsboro.
Contact: Marilyn Marks (609) 258-3601


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WASHINGTON (AP) — Arizona Gov. Jan Brewer is endorsing Mitt Romney in her state's Republican presidential primary on Tuesday.
Brewer says she had looked at all the candidates and decided to endorse the former Massachusetts governor.
Brewer says Romney's business background appealed to her.
She says, "I think he'd serve Americans the best of all the candidates," adding that she thinks he's the candidate who could win November's election.
The endorsement came during an interview on NBC's "Meet the Press", and four days after Romney and three rivals appeared in a debate in Mesa, Ariz.
The former Massachusetts governor is expected to win Tuesday contest in Arizona, which is home to a significant Mormon population.


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User community support forum for Apache OpenOffice, LibreOffice and all the OpenOffice.org derivatives
FJCC wrote:You just have to read the thread. People are often not careful about explaining what worked, so that might be difficult. I have also seen Solved used to mean "I give up".
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We are currently thanking our volunteers for their time and interest, but are not taking volunteer applications at this time.
Join the Family
Fill out an application to join the Care New England family by volunteering at Women & Infants, Kent or Butler Hospital.
Join the Care New England Family
The Volunteer Services Department is committed to integrating community volunteers into roles which provide exemplary customer service to meet the hospital's priorities and mission.
No matter where you may volunteer, it is essential that you:
- Take pride in your work.
- Meet the time commitment you agree upon.
- Work effectively with others.
- Present a positive attitude through your actions.
- Focus on the customers you are serving; patients, visitors, or coworkers.
We welcome volunteer involvement in areas of the hospital where you can support customer service initiatives and our busy health care staff. Volunteer opportunities may include escorting and guiding patients and visitors, helping in clinical and non-clinical areas, and supporting administrative functions.
Volunteer Programs
To learn more about Care New England's members follow the links below.
Butler Hospital
Kent Hospital
Women & Infants Hospital
VNA of Care New England
The Providence Center


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Let's make a story out this one, shall we? Since we all have Wedding Withdrawal anyway.
Chelsy Davy went shopping today. Also King's Road. Like Kate Middleton just days before she married Prince William and was savvy enough to make sure we knew about it. These girls, they're rich, they can afford to go to Selfridges and drop a lot more. And yet they hit up Office, like the rest of us who spend hours on the bottom level of Topshop at Oxford Circus, for a good shoe deal. The Royals! They're just like Us!
Interestingly enough though, the shoes that Chelsy picked up are very, very similar to the ones that Kate was seen wearing the night before the Wedding and the morning after the Wedding as she and Will boarded a helicopter – click here for a refresher on those wedges. Many of you want them too. Sasha will have it in her style article tomorrow.
Is Chelsy single-white-princessing Kate? Or am I just stirring up some sh-t?
Also, she looks less bloaty today. Maybe they told her to give a rest with all the beers and shooters.
Photos from Splashnewsonline.com
Chelsy Davy and Kate's shoes
Let's make a story out this one, shall we? Since we all have Wedding Withdrawal anyway.


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It supports a complete range of different survey types, including flexible ad-hoc surveys, transaction surveys, relationship surveys, mobile SMS surveys, and more. It also features a complete list of industry-leading survey capabilities, including branching design, version control, scoring, and campaign management. And of course, you can choose to deploy surveys to nearly any channel or device.
Survey Builder
Build direct, intimate connections with your customers
Our robust survey tools brings you closer to your customers—by removing the barriers of time, distance, and process that often prevent intimate customer connections and insights from taking place. With Survey Builder, you can listen to the voice of your customers, gather crucial feedback quickly, and then respond to customers as unique individuals.
Reach Your Customers on any Device
Survey Builder leverages mobile responsive designs, so every survey you create adapts automatically to your customers' smartphones, tablets, and other devices. That means they can respond to surveys and interact with your business using whatever screen happens to be most accessible and convenient at the time.
Design Surveys that Get Results
Surveys give you the power to reach out to your customers and collect exactly the information you need to improve their experiences. Survey Builder makes survey design an integral part of your data gathering platform, with flexible survey software that features more than 30 question types and works across multiple channels. MaritzCX even offers advanced localization services, so you can reach out to your customers and conduct surveys in their preferred language.
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With a simple drag-and-drop interface and intuitive logic flow visualizations, Survey Builder makes sure everyone in your organization can design, test, and implement effective question flows and sophisticated decision trees quickly and easily, so you can always collect the precise information you need to make smart, customer-focused decisions. Furthermore, it allows you to create and deploy surveys that match your brand's look and feel across channels and devices.
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Survey Builder uses an intuitive drag-and-drop interface and pre-defined workflow visualisations to make the process of survey building fast and easy. You also have the option of leveraging our professionally designed survey templates—or creating your own from scratch


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Social experiment begs the question: Would you recognize your loved ones if they were homeless?
A wardrobe and makeup team dressed people as homeless and placed them on the street in New York City. Then, they planted them in the paths of their loved ones. While cameras rolled, husbands, sisters and daughters came face-to-face with relatives on the street, and not a single one recognized their loved ones. The video was created for New York Rescue Mission's Make Them Visible project, and opens with the question: "Have the homeless become so invisible we wouldn't notice our own family members on the street?" The social experiment was shot in Tribeca and Soho near the mission's shelter, and shows how easy it is to ignore homeless people on the street. To conduct the project, the mission worked with an ad agency and production company that hired actors who were told they would be in a "documentary video," while the crew secretly contacted their family members. Participants only learned of the experiment when they watched tape of themselves walking past their relatives. Many were moved to tears. It's a simple exercise, but it helps illustrate research that indicates that people "see" homeless people differently. Researchers at Princeton University and Duke University conducted tests on the medial prefrontal cortex of the brain, which activates when relating to other people. This part of the brain failed to activate when subjects were presented with images of homeless people. Homeless people were perceived like objects, according to Psychology Today. "The experiment is a powerful reminder that the homeless are people," Craig Mayes, executive director of the New York City Rescue Mission, told the Huffington Post. "They are someone's uncle or cousin or wife."%3Cimg%20src%3D%22http%3A//beacon.deseretconnect.com/beacon.gif%3Fcid%3D167869%26pid%3D46%22%20/%3E


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Fighting Tunnel Vision
Vic Napier made his first jump in 1980 and has logged 2,100 skydives since. He holds an FAA Master Rigger certificate, operated No Excuses Rigging for ten years and has held USPA (US Parachute Association) Static-line, AFF (accelerated freefall instruction) and Tandem Instructor ratings. He earned an MBA in 2003 and is presently working on a PhD in Psychology. Here he shows we can improve how our brain works under stress.
It was the perfect kind of day that only the Arizona desert can produce. Not a cloud in a dark blue sky, temperatures in the 90's, humidity in the teens, the smell of cactus blooms in the air and I was on my motorcycle at the end of a two hour ride from Phoenix to my home in Tucson. Less than a mile from my apartment a car made a right turn directly in front of me – a classic prelude to an auto-motorcycle collision. Naturally, I slammed on both front and rear brakes, and my eyes riveted on the exact spot on the passenger door promising to be my impact point. But then I did a very unnatural thing – I looked away from the car door towards the rear bumper. Although every fiber of my being was demanding that I stare at where I would hit the passenger door I looked to the left. The bike leaned in that direction, the car glided through its turn and I slid past the rear bumper by inches.
Wow, I thought, that was close. But why did I spend so much time staring at something I was sure to hit without doing anything more than listen to my tires squeal? As it turns out, for the same reason that skydivers stare at malfunctioning main canopies without doing much, or keep their eyes fixed on the objects they collide with when landing off the drop zone. We are hard wired to stare at threatening things – it's an automatic reaction to dangerous situations that benefited our ancestors and our brains still carry it. It was a good survival tactic in the jungles and savannah where the human race spent most of its history, but leaves something to be desired in the modern high speed mechanized world in which we now live.
Our brain does amazing things when we are confronted with danger. Exactly how the brain recognizes danger is unclear, but when it does higher brain functions are left out of the loop. We don't think in the normal sense; instead a primitive survival system takes over. Stress hormones called glucocorticoids are dumped into the bloodstream. Our liver, muscles and fat cells are instructed to convert all the nutrients they hold into glucose – our digestive system actually reverses itself to produce energy rich glucose instead of store it. Blood vessels throughout our body decrease in diameter and heart rate increases so all those stress hormones and high energy glucose reaches our brain and muscles in fractions of a second. Brain functions become quicker, senses become sharper, physical strength is boosted and reaction times decrease.
Something very interesting also happens to our vision as well. Our perception of colors and shapes becomes more active and our ability to identify detail gets more acute because the cones and rods at the back of our eye become more sensitive to light and shape. At the same time our visual cortex (the part of our brain that processes signals from our eyes) becomes extremely active in order to take advantage of this increased sensitivity. This is one of the reasons for the illusion of time slowing during stress. Details that might take us several seconds to notice are perceived and memorized almost instantly. Time does not speed up or slow down – it just seems like it does because our senses suck up information at such an accelerated rate.
Most importantly for those of us engaged in high speed recreation, our visual field becomes narrower. We actually lose a good portion of our peripheral vision. We become so fixated on what our brain has identified as a danger that we are no longer capable of seeing things to our right or left. That is why I was so fixated on my impact point on the side of the car and why it seemed so unnatural to look for a path to avoid collision. My field of vision was so narrow that the impact point filled my awareness.
The same thing happens to skydivers facing a dangerous situation in the air. In a freefall emergency we often don't realize how close we are to the ground because our peripheral vision narrows so much that we do not see the horizon engulfing us. That is why so many of our skydiving brethren fell to their deaths before the widespread use of AADs (Automatic Opening Devices). They fought malfunctioning mains all the way to impact because they never realized how close they were to the ground.
This human tendency to visually fixate on dangerous objects combined with a narrowed field of vision also contributes to landing injuries. When we suddenly find ourselves landing off the drop zone or missing the venue on a demonstration jump we tend to look at the dangerous things that can hurt us instead of the safe place where we want to land. Because we steer where we look we can easily end our jump on something hard or sharp ensuring a trip to the hospital and a lengthy recovery before our next jump. This is why it is so important to consciously think about looking where we want to land – we tend to steer our parachutes where we look. We do the same thing with our cars, motorcycles and even as we walk.
Try this experiment. Get a long narrow tube an inch or less in diameter and maybe a foot long. A plastic pipe or the tube from a roll of wax paper or aluminum foil works well. Cover one eye and look through the tube in such a way that you have no peripheral vision and can see only one small object at a time. As you look through the tube pick on object to your left or right that fills your limited field of view. Keep looking at the object and walk past it in a straight line. You will need to turn your head and maybe your upper body in order to keep your eye on the object. Most of the time you'll walk in a slight curve towards the object. Without the aid of peripheral cues most people will tend to walk toward the object they are looking at, even though they concentrate on walking in a straight line.
It is very hard to overcome these psychological and physiological reactions to dangerous events because they have worked so well to ensure the survival of our species. Maintaining an intense and narrow visual focus on a lion one spots in the brush is a very good survival mechanism. A very narrow field of vision eliminates distractions that might have caused our ancestors to lose concentration on running a spear through the heart of dangerous prey. Individuals with these traits had a higher chance of surviving encounters with wild animals, and their families and tribes had a higher chance of benefiting from both the increased safety in the immediate environment as well as the increased protein available to their diet. Our ancient humanlike predecessors who did not have these attributes had a lower chance of survival both individually and collectively – and a lower chance of passing their genes onto modern humans.
So we are stuck with genes that are not well suited to dealing with high speed emergencies. What can we do about it? Luckily we have a huge advantage – our brain, and its ability to learn and remember.
For skydivers this means adopting a plan to deal with emergencies and practicing that plan on a regular basis. For example, many first jump courses teach students to react to a partial malfunction by pulling both steering handles all the way down twice, then initiating emergency procedures by looking at the canopy release handle. Simply repeating that sequence of movements is enough to train your brain to do something besides stare at a malfunctioning canopy – the source of a threat. However you don't have to wait around for Safety Day to hang in a harness in order to practice. There is no reason why you can't sit in your easy chair in front of the TV, look to the ceiling, imagine you see a malfunctioning parachute, go through the motions of pulling steering handles and then looking to the right side of your chest and beginning your emergency procedures.
One of the reasons I was able to avoid colliding with that car was because of the braking and swerving practice I occasionally do in empty parking lots and deserted roads. I practiced swerving while looking where I wanted to go instead of where I was going. Skydivers can practice emergency landing techniques using the same principles. Make every landing an accuracy attempt. Pick a landing spot and do a downwind, base and final on every jump. Concentrate on your target, but sneak a peek at other canopies, the wind sock and people walking around near the target. Practice looking where you want to land instead of what you want to avoid. If you ever find yourself forced to land in a pasture surrounded by power lines and festooned with horse troughs and farm machinery the practice will pay off.
Going through that simple series of motions requires neurons in your brain that control motor function (movement) to fire in a particular sequence. The more often you repeat that physical sequence the more "automatic" the sequence becomes. Amazingly, just thinking about making those movements stimulates both the neurons in the brain that controls those movements, as well as the neural pathways in the muscles that command the muscles to move. Just imagining doing emergency procedures is almost as good as actually doing them.
But that's not all.
Practicing reactions to emergencies increases our confidence, and increased confidence lowers the stress response of our bodies when we face dangerous situations for real. Our field of vision is not as narrow as it might be otherwise and our tendency to fixate on a "fear object" is diminished. Because our brain is in a more relaxed state it is more able to dedicate resources to creatively addressing new challenges. You may not be the only off course skydiver landing in that power line surrounded field and decisions about S turns or braking might have to be made. Instead of simply reacting to a situation we are more able to manage our behavior by practicing the right thing instead of allowing our natural reactions to rule the situation.
Vic Napier


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Wooden puzzles, mechanical puzzles, brain teasers, puzzle jugs, mugs, lateral thinking jigsaw puzzles. The only Earth outlet for wooden puzzles and puzzle artifacts from the galaxy of Nemmelgeb Murr. Also look for contests and articles on puzzles. This page uses frames, but your browser doesn't support them.
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US President Donald Trump has said he could "work with anybody" in No 10 – nine days ahead of a general election.
Speaking on a three-day visit to the UK, Mr Trump said he would "stay out of the election", that he was a "fan of Brexit" and he thought PM Boris Johnson was "very capable".
Mr Trump is in the UK for a Nato summit being held in Watford on Wednesday.
He will attend a reception hosted by the Queen at Buckingham Palace later, where protests are expected.
The US president was speaking during a breakfast meeting with Nato Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg at the US ambassador's residence in London.
During a press conference Mr Trump also said:
- The US wanted "absolutely nothing to do with" the NHS, when asked if it would form any part of future trade talks. He added: "Never even thought about it, honestly."
- He himself was "a very easy person to work with"
- The US was "trying to work something out" with the family of teenager Harry Dunn
- French President Emmanuel Macron was "very disrespectful" for suggesting Nato was "brain dead"
The US president's comments came moments after he told reporters that he was staying out of the election on 12 December "because I don't want to complicate it".
President Trump is visiting the UK to attend a Nato summit commemorating the 70th anniversary of the transatlantic organisation.
Scotland Yard has said road closures will be in place in central London during the summit.
He is due to have separate talks with German Chancellor Angela Merkel and French President Emmanuel Macron.
President Trump will attend a working lunch with representatives from Estonia, Greece, Latvia, Poland, Romania, Lithuania, Bulgaria and the UK.
However, it is unclear whether Mr Trump will hold a one-on-one meeting with Mr Johnson.
Mr Trump said he would be meeting the British prime minister during his visit, adding: "I have meetings set up with lots of different countries".
And Mr Johnson said he would be discussing Syria, Russia and China during discussions with Nato leaders.
However, Foreign Secretary Dominic Raab – who will meet US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo later – said on Tuesday that arrangements for such bilateral meetings were "always quite fluid".
BBC diplomatic correspondent James Lansdale said the Conservatives' HQ is not keen on such a meeting "to avoid pictures that could be used by his (Boris Johnson's) opponents" in the upcoming general election.
Mr Johnson and Mr Trump did speak on Saturday, when Mr Trump expressed his condolences after the London Bridge attack.
The Queen will host a reception for world leaders, including Mr Trump, at Buckingham Palace later.
Protesters are expected to gather outside the palace ahead of the event on Tuesday evening.
The friends and family of teenage motorcyclist Harry Dunn are expected to be among them. Mr Dunn's death led to a diplomatic row between the US and UK after a suspect over his death returned to America, claiming diplomatic immunity.
A spokesman for Mr Dunn's family said they will join demonstrations in order to "make our feelings known" to Mr Trump.
'Respect and politeness"
Labour leader Jeremy Corbyn has called for Mr Trump to be treated "with respect and politeness" during his visit.
Ahead of the visit, Mr Corbyn wrote to Mr Trump, demanding assurances that the NHS will be "off the table" in any post-Brexit US-UK trade talks. However, Mr Johnson said the claims were "nonsense" and the NHS would not be part of any such trade discussions.
Meanwhile, Mr Johnson has told the Sun newspaper that Mr Corbyn wants to "disband" Nato and accused the Labour leader of being "naive" to the risk of terrorism.
Labour's manifesto says that, in government, it would maintain a commitment to Nato.
A spokesman for the party said that Mr Corbyn "will do whatever is necessary and effective to keep the British people safe".
Elsewhere, Nigel Farage has said it is "awkward" that his "friend", Mr Trump, had arrived during the election campaign. The Brexit Party leader said he would keep any "personal exchanges" between them private.
Mr Trump has previously been criticised for voicing his opinions of British political leaders.
The US president was warned against getting involved in the upcoming general election by Mr Johnson last week.
Mr Trump later said he was "absolutely cognisant" of the importance of not interfering in other countries' elections.


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Request for Comments: Namespace Issues
- Version: 1.0
- Date: 2008-03-06
- Author: Jochem Maas email@example.com
- Status: Work in Progress
- First Published at: http://wiki.php.net/rfc/namespaces
The purpose of this RFC is to document issues regarding the current namespace implementation (and where appropriate and available, to link to available patches), whether percieved or otherwise. Additionally it aims to offer a reference to mailing list conversations past and present regarding namespaces as well as link to a number of third party articles/blog-entries that discuss namespaces (for those that might be interested in finding out a little more about how namespaces are being recieved in the wild.)
Why this document
This document serves as summary of outstanding issues in order to aid discussion and resolution thereof.
Common Misconceptions
This document does not serve to force any particular changes in the engine regarding namespaces, as such any or all of the issues defined may at some stage be declared resolved without any implementation changes; It should accepted that some issues may only exist in so far that users have misinterpreted the current namespace functionality.
It is not the intention of this document to prove namespaces are either useless or counter-productive. On the contrary it is the aim of this document to aid the resolution of a number issues (percieved or otherwise) in the hope that this will result in the best possible implementation prior to it's first official release, whereby a positive addition to the language will be introduced that is also perceived to be as such. With that in mind, thanks are extended to the developers who are responsible for the namespace implementation thus far ... without them we would have nothing!
Issue Resolution
It is envisaged that all the issues raised in this document will be resolved in one of the following ways:
- via functional changes to the current implementation
- via the introduction of functional limitations (e.g. E_WARNING, E_PARSE or E_FATAL errors) that alert php users to problems with there use of namespaces
- via user education, to this end a seperate document is being developed in order to define guidelines and 'best practices' with regard to namespaces (see: namespaces)
The following issues have been put forwards by various members of the php developers group and php users at large, the issues are covered in the following sections:
- 1. global & namespaced code in one file
- 2. define() & defined()
- 3. Autoload & functions
- 4. You can use anything
- 5. Importing NameSpace::*
- 6. Static methods v. namespaced function ambiguities
- 7. Class constants v. namespaced constants ambiguities
- 8. use and includes
- 9. Importing functions
- 10. Name resolution order
- 11. Keywords in namespace names
- 12. Namespace must be first declaration in file
- 13. Namespaces aren't implemented like in ...
1. global & namespaced code in one file
currently one can declare multiple namespaces per file, but it is not possible to have code in the global scope in a file that declares namespaces, this is seen by some as an artificial limitation that forces some developers to change their project structures and as such breaks system that make use of (automated) source file concatenation (for performance reasons & distrubition), this is issue is being tackled in a seperate rfc and won't be covered here. (see namespacecurlies)
2. define() & defined()
currently one can declare constants in namespaces (in the same way as can be done in classes) as well as using the define() function inside namespaced code, but problems arise due to inconsistencies, these are:
- constants are case-sensitive, but namespaces are case-insensitive.
- defined() is not aware of namespace aliases.
- the namespace part of constants defined with const are lowercased.
the following code tries to demonstrate the issues:
<?php namespace MY::TEST::NS; // compile time namespaced constant const DEBUG_NS = true; // runtime global constant defined in namespaced code define('DEBUG', true); // runtime namespaced constant defined in namespaced code define(__NAMESPACE__.'::DEBUG_2', true); ?>
<?php // include namespaced code include './ns.inc'; // declare an alias for the namespace use MY::TEST::NS as MTN; // perform some tests echo "defined('DEBUG'): " .(defined('DEBUG') ? 'YES' : 'NO')." (expect YES)\n"; echo "defined('MY::TEST::NS::DEBUG_2'): " .(defined('MY::TEST::NS::DEBUG_2') ? 'YES' : 'NO')." (expect YES)\n"; echo "defined('my::test::ns::DEBUG_2'): " .(defined('my::test::ns::DEBUG_2') ? 'YES' : 'NO')." (expect NO)\n"; echo "defined('my::test::ns::debug_2'): " .(defined('my::test::ns::debug_2') ? 'YES' : 'NO')." (expect NO)\n"; echo "defined('MY::TEST::NS::DEBUG_NS'): ".(defined('MY::TEST::NS::DEBUG_NS') ? 'YES' : 'NO')." (expect YES)\n"; echo "defined('my::test::ns::DEBUG_NS'): ".(defined('my::test::ns::DEBUG_NS') ? 'YES' : 'NO')." (expect NO)\n"; echo "defined('my::test::ns::debug_ns'): ".(defined('my::test::ns::debug_ns') ? 'YES' : 'NO')." (expect NO)\n"; echo "defined('MTN::DEBUG_NS'): " .(defined('MTN::DEBUG_NS') ? 'YES' : 'NO')." (expect YES)\n"; echo "defined('MTN::DEBUG_2'): " .(defined('MTN::DEBUG_2') ? 'YES' : 'NO')." (expect YES)\n"; echo "defined('mtn::DEBUG_NS'): " .(defined('mtn::DEBUG_NS') ? 'YES' : 'NO')." (expect YES)\n"; echo "defined('mtn::DEBUG_2'): " .(defined('mtn::DEBUG_2') ? 'YES' : 'NO')." (expect YES)\n"; ?>
test1.php output with expected results given in brackets:
defined('DEBUG'): YES (expect YES) defined('MY::TEST::NS::DEBUG_2'): NO (expect YES) defined('my::test::ns::DEBUG_2'): NO (expect NO) defined('my::test::ns::debug_2'): NO (expect NO) defined('MY::TEST::NS::DEBUG_NS'): YES (expect YES) defined('my::test::ns::DEBUG_NS'): YES (expect NO) defined('my::test::ns::debug_ns'): NO (expect NO) defined('MTN::DEBUG_NS'): NO (expect YES) defined('MTN::DEBUG_2'): NO (expect YES) defined('mtn::DEBUG_NS'): NO (expect YES) defined('mtn::DEBUG_2'): NO (expect YES)
<?php // include namespaced code include './ns.inc'; // declare an alias for the namespace use MY::TEST::NS as MTN; // output declared constants $cnsts = get_defined_constants(true); var_dump($cnsts['user']); ?>
test2.php actual output:
array(3) { ["my::test::ns::DEBUG_NS"]=> bool(true) ["DEBUG"]=> bool(true) ["MY::TEST::NS::DEBUG_2"]=> bool(true) }
test2.php expected output:
array(3) { ["MY::TEST::NS::DEBUG_NS"]=> bool(true) ["DEBUG"]=> bool(true) ["MY::TEST::NS::DEBUG_2"]=> bool(true) }
<?php // include namespaced code include './ns.inc'; // declare an alias for the namespace use MY::TEST::NS as MTN; // attempt to use constants directly var_dump( 'the following are expected to be TRUE', (DEBUG === true), (MTN::DEBUG_NS === true), (MY::TEST::NS::DEBUG_NS === true) ); var_dump( 'the following are expected to be FALSE', (debug === true), (mtn::DEBUG_NS === true), (my::test::ns::DEBUG_NS === true) ); var_dump( 'the following are expected to be TRUE (but give Fatal Error: Class not found)', '(MTN::DEBUG_2 === true)', '(MY::TEST::NS::DEBUG_2 === true)' ); /* var_dump( 'the following are expected to be ??? (and give Fatal Error: Class not found)', '(MY::TEST::NS::debug_ns === true)', '(my::test::ns::debug_ns === true)', '(MY::TEST::NS::debug_2 === true)', '(my::test::ns::DEBUG_2 === true)', '(my::test::ns::debug_2 === true)', '(MTN::debug_ns === true)', '(mtn::debug_ns === true)', '(MTN::debug_2 === true)', '(mtn::DEBUG_2 === true)', '(mtn::debug_2 === true)' ); //*/ ?>
test3.php output:
string(37) "the following are expected to be TRUE" bool(true) bool(true) bool(true) string(38) "the following are expected to be FALSE" bool(false) bool(true) bool(true) string(60) "the following are expected to be TRUE (but give fatal error)" string(23) "(MTN::DEBUG_2 === true)" string(32) "(MY::TEST::NS::DEBUG_2 === true)"
the above examples raise the following questions:
- which of the inconsistencies can be resolved through documentation?
- which of the inconsistencies can be resolved through changes to the implementation?
- given the potential for confusion, and the potential difficulty of implementing a solution, is it worth keeping the ability to define constants (with const) directly in namespaces?
3. Autoload & functions
NB: the 'issue' demonstrated below was factually incorrect, the issue is left here as an illustration of how easy it is to misinterpret the working of the namespace function (thereby showing how important it is that a comprehensive guideline is made available, regardless of any changes in implementation that may yet occur). an explaination of the misinterpretation is given at the end of this section.
The engine does not support the autoloading of functions, additionally it is not currently possible to alias functions via the use statement (a seperate issue). It has been suggested that the way to use namespaced functions is as follows (example1.php):
ns_funcs.inc (serves as the namespaced include file for all the examples in this section):
<?php namespace MY::TEST::NS; function tryme() { echo "hello world from ".__FUNCTION__."!\n"; } class Test { function tryme() { echo "hello world from ".__METHOD__."!\n"; }} // simple echo statement to show the file has been included // this echo statement does not effect the behaviour of any of the relevant tests // (test this yourself by removing it!) echo __FILE__,' containing ',__NAMESPACE__," included\n"; <php> example1.php <code php> <?php include './ns_funcs.inc'; use MY::TEST::NS as MTN; MTN::tryme();
output form example1.php
<PATH>/ns_funcs.inc containing MY::TEST::NS included hello world from MY::TEST::NS::tryme!
example1.php works displaying the 'hello world' message, additionally __FUNCTION__ displays the fully qualified name of the function as would be expected.
something strange happens when we replace the simple include statement with a trivia __autoload() definition and rely on the use statement to trigger the inclusion of ns_funcs.php, the function is seemingly not available and we are confronted with a fatal error instead of the 'hello world' output message:
<?php function __autoload($c) { include_once './ns_funcs.inc'; } use MY::TEST::NS as MTN; MTN::tryme();
output from example2.php
<PATH>/ns_funcs.inc containing MY::TEST::NS included Fatal error: Class 'MY::TEST::NS' not found in <PATH>/funcs2.php on line 6
The problem doesn't have to do with the use of the alias (MTN), example3.php also demonstrates the fatal error:
<?php function __autoload($c) { include_once './ns_funcs.inc'; } use MY::TEST::NS as MTN; MY::TEST::NS::tryme();
output from example3.php
<PATH>/ns_funcs.inc containing MY::TEST::NS included Fatal error: Class 'MY::TEST::NS' not found in <PATH>/funcs2.php on line 6
We can magically make the function available merely by using a class in the autoloaded, aliased namespace:
<?php function __autoload($c) { include_once './ns_funcs.inc'; } use MY::TEST::NS as MTN; $test = new MTN::Test; MY::TEST::NS::tryme();
output from example4.php
<PATH>/ns_funcs.inc containing MY::TEST::NS included hello world from MY::TEST::NS::tryme!
The problem illustrated above demonstrates
a bug in the engine related to autoloading as triggered by use statements that it's very easy to make the incorrect assumption that use statements are performed at run-time (and trigger autoloading) whereas in fact they are performed at compile time and
do not trigger autoloading, the following points are put forward:
- use statements cannot differentiate between that alias namespaced classes and those that alias namespaces.
- use statements are not checked to see if they reference a valid namespace or namespaced class (this issue is also described seperately below)
- one can only autoload
namespaces, but it is only usable when usingnamespaced classes.
4. You can 'use' anything
When trying to use an undefined class or function the engine will respond with a fatal error (after an attempt to autoload in the case of
a class), this is not the case with the use statement
(although it does trigger autoloading if an autoloader is defined), this seems inconsistent and unhelpful, the expectation would be that an unresolvable use statement would give a fatal error, the following code tries to demonstrate the issue,
example1.php use autoloading, example2.php does not, the output is the same for both:
<?php namespace MY::TEST::NS; class Test { function tryme() { echo "hello world from ".__METHOD__."!\n"; }} // simple echo statement to show the file has been included // this echo statement does not effect the behaviour of any of the relevant tests // (test this yourself by removing it!) echo __FILE__,' containing ',__NAMESPACE__," included\n"; ?>
<?php function __autoload($c) { include_once './ns.inc'; } use MY::TEST::FOO::NS as FOOBAR; $test = new MY::TEST::NS::Test; $test->tryme(); ?>
<?php include_once './ns.inc'; use MY::TEST::FOO::NS as FOOBAR; $test = new MY::TEST::NS::Test; $test->tryme(); ?>
output for both example1.php and example2.php:
<PATH>/ns.inc containing MY::TEST::NS included hello world from MY::TEST::NS::Test::tryme!
It was incorrectly presumed that use statements trigger autoloading, which is not the case, nonetheless the lack of engine feedback on invalid and/or unused use statements could be considered counter-productive from a developer point of view. It should be possible, however, to keep track of which use statements were declared and throw a parse error (E_PARSE) for any that have not been 'used' before the end of the file is reached.
- is the addition of a parse error for unused use statements wanted?
- is it viable to implement?
- what effect would included files have? would they need to be considered when implementing this?
5. Importing NameSpace::*
It is not possible to import everything from a namespace with a single use statement, the following code demonstrates what is meant:
<?php use MY::TEST::NS::*;
Some people are worried this will lead to inordinately large lists of use statements having to be added to files that make use of namespaced code, with the consequence of decreased readability and the increased likelihood of typing errors. The counter argument is that importing everything from a namespace is bad practice and that not allowing the importing of everything in a namespace in a single statement forces the developer to think about what he wants to actually use (leading to better performing code).
There is a work around using the (as yet undocumented) class_alias() function:
namespace MY::TEST:NS; function import($prefix) { class_alias(__NAMESPACE__.'::One', $prefix.'::One'); class_alias(__NAMESPACE__.'::Two', $prefix.'::Two'); class_alias(__NAMESPACE__.'::Three', $prefix.'::Three'); } class One {}; class Two {}; class Three {};
include 'ns_import.inc'; MY::TEST:NS::import('MTN'); var_dump(new MTN::One, new MTN::Two, new MTN::Three);
output of example1.php:
object(MY::TEST::NS::One)#1 (0) { } object(MY::TEST::NS::Two)#2 (0) { } object(MY::TEST::NS::Three)#3 (0) { }
The question is: should we allow importing of everything in a namespace or accept that people will use the above mentioned work-around (which I believe probably will happen)? regardless one can consider this issue a philosophical one, rather than one caused by an unintentioned limitation in the namespace implementation. If importing of everything via a single use statement is added as engine functionality other issues are raised regarding what would occur with namespaced functions and constants.
6. Static methods/namespaced function ambiguities
There is an abiguity, from the users point of view between static class method calls and namespaced function calls, essentially it is very difficult to determine (if at all) from the code, even given context, whether TEST::what(); (from example1.php below) is a static method call or a namespaced function call. The statement could, in this case, be either, and which ever it is the other has been rendered unusable, the code below demonstrates:
<?php class TEST { static function what() { echo __FUNCTION__," in class\n"; } static function where() { echo __FUNCTION__," in class\n"; } } ?>
<?php namespace TEST; function what() { echo __FUNCTION__," in namespace\n"; } ?>
<?php include './class.inc'; include './ns.inc'; TEST::what(); TEST::where(); ?>
output of example1.php (regardless of include order):
TEST::what in namespace where in class
There is no way to reference the static method TEST::what(), additionally because static method TEST::where() is reachable one is left with the potential that the namespaced include will break current code if a where() function is later defined in the TEST namespace.
There is a need to disambiguate these two calls, and to be able to call both regardless of the existence of the other.
7. Class constants v. constants ambiguities
The same ambiguity that exists between static methods and namespaced functions also exists between class constants and namespaced constants. From the users point of view it not possible to determine, with any easy or certainty, from the code whether TEST::MY_CONST_ONE (from example1.php below) is a class constant or a namespaced constant. The statement could, in this case, be either, and which ever it is the other has been rendered unusable, the code below demonstrates:
<?php class TEST { const MY_CNST_ONE = 'TEST class CONSTANT ONE'; const MY_CNST_TWO = 'TEST class CONSTANT TWO'; } ?>
<?php namespace TEST; const MY_CNST_ONE = 'TEST class CONSTANT ONE'; ?> example1.php: <code php> <?php include './class.inc'; include './ns.inc'; echo TEST::MY_CNST_ONE, "\n"; echo TEST::MY_CNST_TWO, "\n"; ?>
output of example1.php (regardless of include order):
TEST namespace CONSTANT ONE TEST class CONSTANT TWO
There is no way to reference the constant MY_CNST_ONE from class TEST, additionally because constant MY_CNST_TWO from class TEST is reachable one is left with the potential that the namespaced include will break current code if a constant MY_CNST_TWO is later defined in the TEST namespace, regardless it introduces confusion because one is it possible to retrieve constants from two different 'places' using the exact same prefix/syntax.
There is a need to disambiguate the constants, and to be able to reference both regardless of the existence of the other.
8. **use** and includes
Users are currently able and used to be able to include code, especially inside a loop, that makes use of the "includer's" variables and state in order to do something, very often this relates to some kind of templated output generation ... the reason to use an include file as opposed to a function often revolves around the issue of having alot of textual or HTML output which some find less well suited to being contained inside a function, additionally complex logic that would allow such an include file to be used in disparate circumstances would become messy in terms of function argument if a function was used instead.
It is fairly obvious that passing declared use statements to an include file that was itself namespaced is not a logical step to take, if only because the concept of a namespaced file generally points to library-like declarations (functions, classes, constants) rather than directly run code.
On the other hand the expectation from users that are including 'processing code' is likely to be that declared aliases are passed along as well as any variables defined in the scope of the code that performs the inclusion.
1. is it feasable to pass declared aliases to non-namespaced includes? 2. is it desirable? if not guidelines are likely to be required to explain how things work, why and how to tackle them. 3. is it possible to determine what aliases have been declared? if not then it's probably of no real benefit to be able pass declared aliases to non-namespaced includes, without the included file being able to determine what is in use it's capabilities in this respect are rather limited.
Chances are this is not a good idea, nonetheless details examples and documentation will probably be required in order to stem developer confusion, if nothing else confusion will limit uptake (as a rule users generally don't make use of functionality they either don't understand or misunderstand)
9. Importing functions
It is not currently possible to alias namespaced functions, making them inconsistent with namespaced classes, and forcing users that are working with namespaced functions to always prefix namespaced functions in order to use them. This seems like an artificial limitation that implies functions are a second-class after thought as far as namespaces are concerned, additionally php has never before dictated to users an OO over procedural style of coding, the current implementation of namespaces seems to imply that OO is inherently better.
It is therefore not possible to override built in functions with functions imported from a namespace, which some people has expressed a desire to do ... most notably in the context of template engines, which generally strive to hide as much of the php's syntax from template developers [who generally don't program php] even though the template engine actually uses php syntax/code to expose it's functionality) ... forcing template developers to learn the intricacies of prefixing functions they employ (and there by having to realise that these may clash with static methods!) creates an unnecessary burden.
Regardless, it should be possible to import a namespaced function into the current file and use it in the same way one has been accustomed to calling functions. The following examples tries to demonstrate the issue:
<?php namespace MY::TEST::NS; function foo() { echo "Hello World!\n"; } ?>
<?php include './ns_funcs.php'; // use MY::TEST::NS::foo; use MY::TEST::NS; NS::foo(); MY::TEST::NS::foo(); ?>
output from example1.php:
Hello World! Hello World!
<?php include './ns_funcs.php'; use MY::TEST::NS::foo; foo(); ?>
output from example2.php:
Fatal error: Call to undefined function foo() in <PATH>/example2.php on line 4
10. Name resolution order
11. Keywords in namespace names
It is stated that namespace names serve simply as string replacements to unqualified [namespaced] class, function and constant names, which suggests that '::' that is often seen in the namespace names of example code is essentially meaningless, merely offering a visual aid to the user of namespaced code as to the intended structure of the entities defined within, as opposed to actually defining a semantic nesting of namespaced code:
<?php namespace MY::PROJECT; class App {} namespace MY::PROJECT::DB; class DB {} namespace MY::PROJECT::MVC; class Model {} class View {} class Controller {} namespace MY::PROJECT::MVC::MODELS; class Product {} class Customer {} class Order {} ?>
the preceeding example offers, according to current documentation, syntactic sugar that denotes how a project/codebase is structured without actually creating that structure. Yet the engine seems to actually parse namespace name piece by piece (e.g. 'MY', 'PROJECT', 'MVC' and 'MODELS') rather than treating the namespace name as an arbitrary string, the following demonstrates what happens when a keyword is incoporated:
<?php namespace MY::PROJECT::STATIC::STUFF; // some code ?>
output of example2.php:
Parse error: syntax error, unexpected T_STATIC, expecting T_STRING in <PATH>/example2.php on line 2
Essentially the engine is smarter about namespace names and aliases thereof than it is letting on, it's an almost certainty that the only issue here is lack of or somewhat misleading documentation (It's also fairly clear that this lends itself to a nested namespace implementation if that is ever seriously proposed). Below is a small example script demonstrating the engine's 'smarts'.
<?php namespace MY::TEST::NS; class hi {} namespace MY__TEST__NS; class hi {} namespace THIRD; use MY::TEST; use MY::TEST::NS; $a = new TEST::NS::hi; // 'for' $a and $b the engine is smart enough to do MY::TEST::NS::hi, $b = new NS::hi; // something that can't be done with MY__TEST__NS. $c = new MY__TEST__NS::hi; var_dump($a, $b, $c); ?>
output of example3.php:
object(MY::TEST::NS::hi)#1 (0) { } object(MY::TEST::NS::hi)#2 (0) { } object(MY__TEST__NS::hi)#3 (0) { }
12. Namespace must be first declaration in file
Currently if you wish to declare one or more namespaces in a file nothing may preceed the initial namespace declaration, with the exception of white-space & comments between the initial php parser tag (<?php) and the initial namespace declaration (one can include as many comment blocks as one want's preceeding the initial namespace declaration in a file) .
Two seperate types of preceeding 'code' both cause fatal errors, both of which seem to be an unnatural restrictions:
- Global Code
- Inline Output
Global Code
No code may preceed a namespace declaration, given that php has never laid restriction or placed any requirement on code or file layout before and given that the php namespace functionality explicitly does not attempt to be a package like mechanism (i.e. there is no direct 1 to 1 relationship between files and namespaces that the engine can enforce or rely on), it seems unduly restrictive and counter-intuitive that the following two examples are not functionally identical (the second example results in a fatal error):
<?php namespace MY::TEST::NS; class Foo {} ?>
<?php echo "in the global scope!\n"; include './example1.inc'; ?>
<?php echo "in the global scope!\n"; namespace MY::TEST::NS; class Foo {} ?>
Inline Output
No output may occur, whitespace or otherwise, prior to the opening php parser tag, in a file that declares one or more namespaces. Again this seems unduly restrictive, granted it may not be good practice to have such output in files that declare namespaces, but there is no technical limitation that warrants it either, one could also argue that unintentional output (e.g. an unintentional space) is somewhat less painful to the functioning of a body of code than a fatal error. The following example demostrates a file that triggers the fatal error:
<?php namespace MY::TEST::NS; class Foo {} ?>
13. Namespaces aren't implemented like in ...
PHP is not <insert your favorite language here>. Granted this is not an issue, but some of you reading this probably need something to smile about after reading the items above!
Patches & Proposal
The general proposal of this RFC is that discussion regarding the namespace implementation continues in order to resolve major issues in one way or other, additionally a number of patches have already been made available, these are listed below:
Issue's 6 & 7
- http://pear.php.net/~greg/resolvensfuncconst.patch.txt (Greg Beaver)
This patch addresses the issues regarding resolution ambiguities, as defined in issue 6. "Static methods/namespaced function ambiguities" and issue 7. "Class constants v. constants ambiguities".
To quote the author from his original post regarding this patch:
DISCLAIMER: the attached patch will need some work from the ZE experts, this is my first attempt at meddling with opcodes, and I'm sure that there is a better solution than adding 2 new opcodes, since all we really need to do is pass what amounts to a 1/0 flag in telling function/constant resolution to default to namespace function/constant rather than class method/constant.
The attached patch against PHP_5_3 demonstrates a working implementation of the changes I proposed. Name resolution for functions/constants now works as follows:
1) class method/constant is checked first
2) namespace function/constant is checked iff #1 does not succeed
If a fully qualified name is prefixed with function:: or const:: it will only check the namespace function/const. Here is a test demonstrating how it works:
<?php namespace foo; function func() { echo "namespace function\n"; } function two() { echo "namespace function two\n"; } const one = "one\n"; const two = "two\n"; ?>
--TEST-- 071: name conflict, function/static method, constant/class constant --FILE-- <?php include __DIR__ . '/ns_071.inc'; class foo { const one = "won\n"; static function func() { echo "static method\n"; } } foo::two(); function::foo::func(); foo::func(); echo foo::one; function::foo::func(); echo const::foo::one; echo foo::two; ?> ===DONE=== --EXPECT-- namespace function two namespace function static method won namespace function one two ===DONE===
Issue 9
- http://pear.php.net/~greg/usefunctions.patch.txt (Greg Beaver)
This patch addresses the issues regarding the inability to alias functions to simple names, as defined in issue 9. "Importing functions"
Issue 12
- http://pear.php.net/~greg/inline_html.patch.txt (Greg Beaver)
This patch addresses the inability to include [html] output prior to the first <?php tag, in a namespaced file, as defined in issue 12. "Namespace must be first declaration in file"
To quote the author from his original post regarding this patch:
This is a simple patch that allows files like this to work without parse error.:
<html> <head> <title>template example</title> </head> <body> <?php namespace my::template; // stuff ?> </body> </html>
- An RFC discussing namespaces for internal classes exists (see: namespaces-for-internal-classes])
- A scratchpad document is being worked on to gather namespace 'best practices' which will hopefully be incorporated into the official manual at some stage (see: namespaces)
Discussions past & present
Below is a list of links to firstname.lastname@example.com thread that discuss (amongst others things) namespaces, the list is in reverse chronological order (hopefully) based on the initial post to the given thread and only lists discussion that have occurred in 2008:
Nothing has been filtered on the basis of relevance BUT some threads may not be listed due to the 'limitations' of the marc.info search functionality!
Additional Commentary
the articles & blog posts listed here are (hopefully) in reverse chronological order, please note that older items may no longer be relevant as the implementation has changed since the time the item was published:
and way back when 5.0 was still in incubation:
this particular assessment of the original php5.0 namespace implementation (which was scraped), might be of interest to compared issues raised then with those currently being raised:
for the really keen ones amongst us, knock yourself out:


text:
Summary and Keywords
Cross-linguistic data can add new insights to the development of semantic theories or even induce the shift of the research paradigm. The major topics in semantic studies such as bare noun denotation, quantification, degree semantics, polarity items, donkey anaphora and binding principles, long-distance reflexives, negation, tense and aspects, eventuality are all discussed by semanticists working on the Chinese language. The issues which are of particular interest include and are not limited to: (i) the denotation of Chinese bare nouns; (ii) categorization and quantificational mapping strategies of Chinese quantifier expressions (i.e., whether the behaviors of Chinese quantifier expressions fit into the dichotomy of A-Quantification and D-quantification); (iii) multiple uses of quantifier expressions (e.g., dou) and their implication on the inter-relation of semantic concepts like distributivity, scalarity, exclusiveness, exhaustivity, maximality, etc.; (iv) the interaction among universal adverbials and that between universal adverbials and various types of noun phrases, which may pose a challenge to the Principle of Compositionality; (v) the semantics of degree expressions in Chinese; (vi) the non-interrogative uses of wh-phrases in Chinese and their influence on the theories of polarity items, free choice items, and epistemic indefinites; (vii) how the concepts of E-type pronouns and D-type pronouns are manifested in the Chinese language and whether such pronoun interpretations correspond to specific sentence types; (viii) what devices Chinese adopts to locate time (i.e., does tense interpretation correspond to certain syntactic projections or it is solely determined by semantic information and pragmatic reasoning); (ix) how the interpretation of Chinese aspect markers can be captured by event structures, possible world semantics, and quantification; (x) how the long-distance binding of Chinese ziji 'self' and the blocking effect by first and second person pronouns can be accounted for by the existing theories of beliefs, attitude reports, and logophoricity; (xi) the distribution of various negation markers and their correspondence to the semantic properties of predicates with which they are combined; and (xii) whether Chinese topic-comment structures are constrained by both semantic and pragmatic factors or syntactic factors only.
Keywords: quantification, negation, topic licensing, reflexives, wh-phrases, conditionals, aspect, donkey anaphora, Chinese semantics
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The government chief information officer is eating his own dog food by getting involved in a discussion of cloud computing on Google groups.
The cloud computing interoperability forum was discussing the implications of plans for government-created nationwide cloud computing - that government departments would use cloud computing as a way to extend shared services.
So far so dull but then up popped John Suffolk - the UK government's chief information officer. He said moves to the "G-Cloud" would be based on getting standard desktop designs, sorting out telecoms infrastructure, data centres and pushing more open source and open standard technology. Suffolk said this would all help move towards a Government App Store, as long as European procurement laws could be satisfied.
The post was warmly welcomed by other contributors but did raise a little suspicion.
Does the UK government's CIO really have an email address that points at a website devoted to rare breed sheep?
Well a quick call to the Cabinet Office reveals that yes it does.
When not sorting out government technology problems John Suffolk is a keen breeder of rare sheep - especially Soay and Boreray sheep.
In fact the Cabinet Office press officer had got hold of Suffolk while he tended his flock in order to check that he was indeed contributing to online discussions of cloud computing.
For more on the CIO's sheep go here.®


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DETROIT — The Wayne State University Law School is the first in the state and among fewer than 20 law schools nationwide selected by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office to participate in a pilot Patent Procurement Clinic program that will provide free legal services and an expedited patent application process to qualifying clients.
Local entrepreneurs and innovators celebrated the opening of the first satellite office of the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, located in the Stroh River Place Complex. David Kappos, director of the USPTO in Washington, D.C., called it "a wonderful program" that is expanding.
The new Detroit office will mean "jobs, jobs, jobs," Kappos said.
"For the first time in history, we are bringing the patent office to the innovation community and not the other way around," Kappos said. "We also will be using this new office as a hub of interacting with the university community."
Teresa Stanek Rea, Wayne Law alumna and deputy director of the USPTO, praised the opportunity.
"I think it's great for Michigan and Detroit and Wayne State to have the patent office in Detroit, and the small inventor community here in Detroit should be pleased," she said.
Wayne Law Assistant Professor Eric Williams, who directs the Business and Community Law Clinic comprising the new Patent Procurement Clinic as well as a small business module and a nonprofit module, is excited about the "incredible resource" the new Detroit satellite patent office will be for his students and for the community.
He and other faculty members and alumni worked hard on the application process.
"I believe what set our application apart was that our clinic's design encourages students to interact with the law firms, investors, incubators, inventors, property owners, aspiring entrepreneurs, small business owners, community stakeholders and government agencies that make up the area's business and entrepreneurial ecosystem," he said. "Our location in Detroit and our role as a public institution and resource gives the clinic the potential to support urban entrepreneurship and community development in a meaningful way. These kinds of interactions are invaluable to students who want to learn how to really practice. I don't think many other clinics can say that."
Having the patent clinic at Wayne Law in conjunction with the new satellite USPTO will offer other advantages for students. Williams said Wayne Law students will use the new Detroit patent office's public search room to conduct novelty searches to help identify patentable inventions.
"Having a patent office here in Detroit is going to make Detroit a nerve center for the patent law community, just like Detroit is the nerve center for the automobile industry," Williams said. "Detroiters like to say, 'We hustle harder.' We also innovate harder. The key is harnessing all that energy, hustle and innovation."


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- Hermione: "Aren't you two ever going to read Hogwarts: A History?"
- Ron: "What's the point? You know it all by heart, we can just ask you."
- — Hermione Granger and Ron Weasley[src]
Hogwarts: A History, also known as Hogwarts, A History, is a book concerning Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry and its history that was written by Bathilda Bagshot[1]. It was Hermione Granger's favourite book and she often referred to this book on many things concerning Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry. Three of the things that are frequently brought up are the Great Hall's enchanted ceiling that shows the weather outside, the fact that you cannot apparate or disapparate on Hogwarts grounds and the fact that electronic devices do not work within the grounds.
A copy was seen on a windowsill in Hogwarts in 1991. The book was also very popular in Harry Potter's second year at Hogwarts, when every copy was checked out of the library due to the reopening of the Chamber of Secrets. This caused Hermione great frustration, as despite her fondness for the book, she had left it behind that year due to lack of space because of the many texts assigned by Gilderoy Lockhart. However, Hermione shows slight frustration with the book when scathingly renaming the book in her fourth year because it does not mention the use of house-elves at Hogwarts, even going so far as to suggest a couple of alternative titles for it: A Revised History of Hogwarts and A Highly Biased and Selective History of Hogwarts Which Glosses Over the Nastier Aspects of the School.
In 1997, Hermione considered this book as she was sorting supplies for their mission to find Horcruxes. It was one of the books she decided to bring with them, stating that she "wouldn't feel right" if she didn't have it.
The book's original hand-written manuscript is stored in one of the Hogwarts Library's annexes, and can be only read by special appointment. However, students and staff may admire its ornate cover from a distance.[2]
Known information
Hermione Granger often quotes from this book. Some of the things she learns about Hogwarts from the book are that:
- The ceiling of the Great Hall is bewitched to look like the outside sky.[3]
- Wizards and witches cannot Apparate or Disapparate to, or from within, Hogwarts.
- There supposedly existed a Chamber of Secrets within the school.
- Hogwarts is hidden to Muggles. If a Muggle looks at it, they see an old ruin with a sign saying: "DANGER, DO NOT ENTER, UNSAFE".
- In 1792, when a cockatrice went loose during one of the Triwizard Tournament tasks, the heads of the three schools, including one from Hogwarts, were injured by the deadly creature.
- Muggle technology, such as mobile phones and laptops, cannot be used within the grounds of Hogwarts.
- Boys are not allowed in the girls' dormitories; if they try to enter the stairs turn into a slide.[4]
Information known not being included
- The presence of house-elves working at the school.
- The Sorting ceremony, or at least not explict details of it, as Hermione Granger was unaware of what the ceremony entailed beforehand despite reading the whole of the book.
- It is unlikely that the Room of Requirement is mentioned, otherwise Hermione Granger and not Dobby would have suggested using this room for use by Dumbledore's Army.
Behind the scenes
- In Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (video game), a man called Chroniculus Punnet is said to be the author of the book. However, a later film prop identifies the author as Professor Garius Tomkink. Neither of these are canon, as both the books and The Wizarding World of Harry Potter state that Bathilda Bagshot wrote it. It is possible that Punnet and Tomkink wrote particular parts of the book, though.
- The cover shows the Astronomy and Central towers of Hogwarts as they are seen in the films.
- J. K. Rowling was asked in an interview if Harry and Ron would ever read the book. She replied: "Never. It's a gift to me, because all my exposition can be dressed up as, 'When are you going to read it?' So Hermione fills in the reader as well, so I could never let them read it."[5]
- Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (First mentioned)
- Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (film) (Mentioned only)
- Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (Mentioned only)
- Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (video game) (First appearance)
- Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (Mentioned only)
- Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (Mentioned only)
- Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (Mentioned only)
- Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (video game) (Mentioned only)
- Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows
- Harry Potter Film Wizardry
- Pottermore
Notes and references
- ↑ The Wizarding World of Harry Potter
- ↑ Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (video game) - PS2 version
- ↑ Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone - Chapter 7 (The Sorting Hat)
- ↑ Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix - Chapter 17 (Educational Decree Number Twenty-Four)
- ↑ "The Leaky Cauldron and Mugglenet interview Joanne Kathleen Rowling: Part Three," The Leaky Cauldron, 16 July 2005


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text:
Philly rappers Cassidy spits some bars on BET's The Backroom and reminds us that he's still got it.
Cassidy "The Backroom" Freestyle
Philly rapper Cassidy returns from the battle field with a new Sickness-produced single titled "Bars is Back". Listen below.
Cassidy – Freedom (Official Music Video)
Cassidy showcases his new bars with a visual for "Freedom". With an American flag wrapped around his neck, Cassidy talks directly to young people…
Cassidy, Big Dreez & Don Reala – Go Hard (Official Music Video)
Cassidy, Big Dreez and Don Reala "Go Hard" on their new collaboration. For the video the three emcees go hard like the everyday working…
Cassidy – DJ Whoo Kid Freestyle (Video)
Cassidy and Swizz Beatz stopped by DJ Whoo Kid's show on Shade 45, The Whoolywood Shuffle. Over classic G-Unit and Bad Boy instrumentals, Cassidy…
Cassidy – Where The Fuck You Been (Official Music Video)
A much healthier Cassidy lets his presence be felt with a visual for "Where The Fuck You Been".
Cassidy – Awllll (Ooouuu Remix)
Philly legend Cassidy returns with a new remix of Young M.A.'s "Ooouuu" track.
Twista, Ghostface Killah & Cassidy – Rap Legends Cypher (Video)
Over production by Trox, Twista, Ghostface Killah and Cassidy participate in a "Rap Legends Cypher". Watch as the three emcees spit live from a…
Cassidy – Cosmic Kev Freestyle (10 Minutes) (Video)
Cassidy recently stopped by Power 99 and freestyled live on the airwaves during DJ Cosmic Kev's The Come Up Show. Just like old times,…
Over production by BishopMakeItKnock, Cassidy creates a "Worldstar" moment with his latest release.
Cassidy & Swizz Beatz – Speak To The Hood (Freestyle)
Cassidy and Swizz Beatz pair up on a new freestyle released by DJ Absolut as part of his Mixtape Mondays series. The record is…
After releasing "Running Out Of Patience" last month, Cassidy is back with a new record "That's A Fact Tho". New album coming soon.
Cassidy – Running Out Of Patience
Cassidy promises that he will drop a new album this year. Maybe even before the Summer is out. But before he does just that,…
In competitive fashion Cassidy drops off a new track produced by BishopMakeItKnock titled "Let's Go Champ."
Cassidy drops off a new freebie titled "Who Gone Help Me."
Cassidy & Fred Money – Manny Vs Floyd
With only one week left until Floyd Mayweather obliterates Manny Pacquiao at the MGM Grand, Cassidy and Fred Money trade bars about the big…
Cassidy– MMM (Feat. Fred Money) (Official Music Video)
Cassidy and Fred Money team up in the official music video for their "MMM" collaboration. Directed by Benji Filmz.
The Latest
Future "Perkies" (Produced by Metro Boomin)
Debonair Brown "Embrace It" (Official Music Video)
A Boogie Wit da Hoodie "Reply" (Feat. Lil Uzi Vert)
Future "Last Name" (Feat. Lil Durk)
Lil Peep "Everybody's Everything" (Album Stream)
Tory Lanez "Chixtape 5" (Album Stream)
Kanye West "Jesus Is King" (Album Stream)
Kirill & Jaco "Hublot" (Official Music Video)
Lil X "New Kid on the Block" (Album Stream)


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News & Notes: Game 19
Monday, April 25, 2011 (12:05 p.m.) – Coca-Cola Field
TV: MLB Network, Time Warner Cable SportsNet 13
Radio: WWKB AM 1520, bisons.com
Buffalo Bisons (7-11, 6th(-4.5), North)
RHP Dylan Owen (0-2, 7.71)
Lehigh Valley IronPigs (9-8, 3rd(-2.0), North)
RHP Nate Bump (0-1, 4.50)
TODAY'S GAME: This afternoon, the Bisons host the Lehigh Valley IronPigs in the final game of a four-game series from Coca-Cola Field (12:05 p.m.). The Herd is 3-4 so far on its eight-game homestand that started with a split of a four-game set with Rochester. Following today's game, Buffalo returns to the road for an eight-game trip to Rochester and Lehigh Valley.
VS. IRONPIGS: The Bisons need a victory today to earn a split of their four-game series against the IronPigs. Lehigh Valley has won two straight games to take a 2-1 lead in the series. The Herd has won nine of its last 13 games against the IronPigs, including a 6-3 record in the last nine played at Coca-Cola Field.
NOTHING NIEU: Two doubles from OF KIRK NIEUWENHUIS yesterday allowed the outfielder to extend his hit streak to an International League-best 14 games. It's the longest streak for a Bisons since INF JAVIER CASTILLO hit in 16 straight in 2009. Nieuwenhuis has averaged .388 (19-49) since the streak began on April 11. Nieuwenhuis is the only player in the International League to have reached base in all of his team's games (18).
HEY, MR. D.J.: Following their game yesterday, the Mets optioned RHP D.J. CARRASCO to the Bisons. The 34-year old righty was 0-1 with a 5.23ERA in seven games and one start for New York. Carrasco will work in the Herd rotation once he joins the team.
BULLY FOR THE PEN: LHP JUSTIN HAMPSON pitched a 1-2-3 inning in relief on Sunday. The southpaw now sports a 1.17ERA over his first seven appearances on the year. Hampson has not allowed an extra-base hit this season and is holding opponents to a .143 average. He has not allowed any of his four inherited runners to score and has retired the first batter he has faced in six of his seven appearances.
BISON BITS: All eight position players had a hit in yesterday's game…After starting the season 0-17, INF LUIS HERNANDEZ has five hits in his last 14 at-bats (.357) as part of a four-game hit streak…The Bisons have split the first three series of the 2011 season that they have played at Coca-Cola Field.
METS UPDATE: The Mets (9-13) completed a three-game sweep of the Diamondbacks with a 6-4 win over Arizona on Sunday. Former Bisons OF JASON PRIDIE collected his first major league home run and INF DAVID WRIGHT clubbed a pair of longballs. The Mets are off today before facing the Nationals in Washington tomorrow.


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In the Blog
I love Science.
Well, I love the sort of pop culturey science that can be understood by someone who's last experience in a laboratory was grade ten biology.
Lately I've been obsessively listening to every episode of Radio Lab, a science-oriented, This American Life-esque podcast that covers a topics like sleep, zoos, pop music and deception.
Lucky for me, there are also a bunch of great science comics. A writer named Jim Ottaviani has created a really cool niche for himself, and scripted several history of science comic books.
One of my favourites is Dignifying Science, a collection of stories about women scientists and their discoveries.
Ottaviani's Wire Mothers: Harry Harlow and the Science of Love explains the social history leading up to this experiment. Basically, the discovery of germs, and the conclusion that germs led to disease, drastically affected the way people started to parent their children. Kids weren't to be hugged or cuddled, because that would make them sick. Some experts even encouraged putting babies into isolated boxes to keep them safe from disease! When Harlow's monkeys suffered alone, but thrived with their cloth mothers, it proved the basic but essential understanding that babies need love and affection survive.
Not only are these books entertaining reads, but they also provide you with some fuel for scientific arguments, and make you sound smart in every day conversation. I totally used the word "mitosis" the other day.


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Wafate 3D printer
Finance the 3D printer of the poor, ecological and democratic ... "Made in Africa !"
About the project
Some say the printer 3D will have the same impact as the steam engine. A young Togolese tech Community is about to write one of the most beautiful and promising pages of this new technological revolution. Be the heart of this outbreak by giving a hand to an innovation "Made in Africa !".
Ecology. Technological Democracy. Solidarity.
- Develop e-wasting and contribute to the cleaning of the IT waste reception center which as in Agbogbloshie in Ghana, are as big as some districts.
- Put technology into needy hands and give Africa the opportunity to not only be a spectator but to play the first role in a more virtuous industrial revolution.
- Favour the diversion and the reuse of used machinery to avoid that it becomes scrap and give it a second life to generate a new economic contribution to African households, schools and cyber-cafes.
These are some of the challenges WoeLab has recently embraced by getting in the manufacturing of the first homemade 3D printer, openSource and hors famille RepRap.
The WoeLab calls for support. Your help will enable W. AFATE to see the day and thereby to reduce the gap between one of the most prestigious technology of our time and low-income groups.
Wafate origins
(Woebots1) Wafate 3D printer is inspired by the Prusa Mendel which is one of the models had been put together at the Woelab-Lomé during the Achicamp 2012, thanks to a kit brought from France.
Very spontaneously, Afate identified the problem posed by the availability of a kit in the realization of this project and initiated the process of manufacturing an empowering machine easy to reproduce, 100% based on recycling and other materials available anywhere.
Interest is focused on IT debris namely the CPU (central processing unit), printers and scanners. The architecture of the CPU is suitable as a framework for the machine, the rails and motors for printers and scanners are here to give life to a 3 - Printer craft whose heart is the Arduino board.
Being supposed to provide solutions adapted to African conditions and realities, it's an initiative, part of the #HighLowTech ethic provided by the WoeLab, meant to equip the various social strata with proximity technology and they also provide the ability to create their own machines with a very detailed and simplified documentation.
The manufacturing of the Wafate in 10 steps
(Every details will be available in the Wiki project page)
1. Collect the materials : CPU out of order, rails and scanner or photocopier motors, Arduino card, electrical wires.
2. Gather tools : hammer, hacksaw, drill, soldering iron, screwdriver.
3. Dismantle the UC and retrieve the chassis with an alimentation box which will supply the Arduino card.
4. Manufacture the printing plate.
5. Put the printing plate on the chassis with fixing rails (y).
6. Put the rails on the printhead or the extruder (x). This assembly will be synchronized with that of the rails allowing the extruder to go up and down (z).
7. Put the four motors controlling the three axes x, y, z.
8. Fix the interruptors.
9. Manufacturing and assembly the extruder.
10. Connecting elements to the Arduino card.
What are the funds for?
The amount proposed will permit us to quickly develop our project and get this new economic and empowering printer going this summer. Your contributions will help Afate support the cost of the original investment in time and equipment. Considering that the mechanical part is almost complete, only the electronics and the gauging of the machine remain to be studied.
Starting July, and expecting the upcoming Archicacamp, we will begin putting together the documentation on OpenSource of the (Woebots 1) Wafate, and its standardization (by simplifying the process of a kit based on the rational conversion of waste into assembling elements). Finally, we would like to embark on the constitution of the first series of kits for the fablabs around the world and finance the workshops of popularization in Togo.
About the project owner
The (Woebots1) Wafate is a project of Sénamé Koffi Agbodjinou and the WoeLab Community. The WoeLab is a technology incubator, very first African space of Technological Democracy (powered by L'Africained'Architecture)
New :
Twit-vote for #wafatetomars an original vision of the W.AFATE, Space Apps Challenge laureate: http://spaceappschallenge.org/project/wafate-to-mars/


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Wilbert Leroy Daniel, Sr. was the son of Sammy Daniel and Annie Bell Terry, and the first husband of Rose Marie Brown. Leroy was one half of the comedy team known as "Skillet and Leroy". Born November 15, 1928 in Oklahoma, he died December 11, 1993 in Los Angeles, CA.
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