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SAMJ: South African Medical Journal
On-line version ISSN 2078-5135
Print version ISSN 0256-9574
SAMJ, S. Afr. med. j. vol.101 n.1 Cape Town Jan. 2011
Ethical decision making in severe paediatric burn victims
H Rode; A J W Millar; B Castle; J Lyle
'The life of a patient is the only life the patient has - can we really make a judgment call on who to treat or not?' J Puchula (from his address at the 2008 congress of the European Club for Paediatric Burns, Gdansk).
The matter of triaging severe burns so that expensive and potentially futile treatment should not be initiated was discussed in a priority setting process by the Western Cape Health Department, and led us to question the validity of such an approach.
The provision of equitable, accessible and appropriate burn care in South Africa faces many problems, particularly for patients with major burns. Approximately 3.2% of South Africa's population suffer burns annually, of whom 50% are less than 20 years of age, and burns are the leading cause of unnatural death under the age of 5 (personal communication - M Pedan, MRC).1 Burn care in South Africa varies enormously in terms of clinical management, organisation, facilities, staffing, workload and outcomes. Care of the burnt child is entirely emergency driven, labour intensive, has an appreciable morbidity and mortality, and experiences the same economic pressures as the rest of health care.
Driven by fiscal restraints and the need to ration resource allocations, health authorities are driving to rationalise medical care by means of standard protocols. Therefore, it would be prudent to re-evaluate the management and outcome of major paediatric burns in South Africa, emphasising the development of criteria for an explicit and accountable health care approach.2,3 The protocols should include a fair, ethical, equitable and reasonable process for the management of the burnt patient with little or no hope of survival.
Our case study below highlights the moral and ethical questions posed by a patient sustaining very severe burns in relation to advances in burn care. The moral dilemma is that while survival could be achieved, it might result in a disfigured, deformed and disabled person with poor quality of life. Would this be acceptable or justified in a limited health resource environment?4
Case history
A 9-year-old girl sustained 94% total body surface burns (TBSA) following a gas explosion, with 75% of the burns full thickness and with a significant inhalation component. She was resuscitated following standard protocols.5 Multiple complications during her in-hospital treatment included burn wound infections, pneumonia, pleural effusion, broncho-pleural fistula, and 6 episodes of sepsis; 25 surgical procedures - 14 within the first month during a hospital stay of 107 days - were required, including emergency escharotomies, eschar debridement, procurement and application of allograft, biological skin substitutes, cultured epithelial autographs and use of autografts. Enteral feeding provided her nutritional needs, also during surgical procedures to maintain requirements. She received active and passive physiotherapy and occupational therapy throughout her hospitalisation. During this period, she was isolated and attended to by only her immediate family. Before discharge, she was entered into an intense and all-embracing physical and psychosocial rehabilitation programme. Although left with an altered body image, scarred facial features and significant physical impairment, her introduction into mainstream activities progressed over months and years.
The problem on admission
We were confronted with a child with major life-threatening burns, and at that stage did not know whether or not the situation was hopeless and additional care beyond comfort measures futile. The family unit was broken, with the father in a critical condition in another hospital and the child legally incompetent regarding consent. Candid discussions were held with the mother outlining the chances of survival (less than 10%), the anticipated course of treatment and what could be expected long-term should treatment be continued. The finality of a decision to withdraw treatment made the choice agonising for all. However, the patient responded well to resuscitation, was conscious and had a concerned and caring mother. This made us favour an aggressive treatment programme.
Guidelines for medical intervention
Burn care outcomes have substantially improved over the past 3 decades.6,7 Although there are mathematical models to predict outcomes, clinical experience with major burns over 30 years helped us in deciding our course of action, using the following processes/considerations.
Medical considerations
Survival from a major burn is determined by events occurring after the injury. Factors affecting outcome traditionally include site of the burn incident, injury characteristics, rapidity of transport to hospital, therapeutic measures including the quality of resuscitation, infection control, early wound closure, inhalation injury management, nutrition and acute rehabilitation. Outcome cannot consistently be predicted from these factors alone.6-10 Therefore, the consensus among burn surgeons is that severely burnt children should be given a course of treatment in a facility of their experience and in their care before the futility of further treatment can be considered. The concept of 'survivability' changes with more experience, and the focus therefore must be on realistic expectations at every stage. National figures for burn survival are not known in South Africa, but in our experience it is very unlikely that a patient with burns exceeding 85% TBSA could survive.
Administrative considerations
With the ever-increasing demand for more and improved services and crippling fiscal constraints, available resources must be rationalised and allocated fairly and transparently. The overall goal is to maximise health benefits within society.11 This process is actively driven by the Western Cape Department of Health.2,11,12 Therapy for major burn patients is regarded as very expensive and its cost-effectiveness is questioned. Prevailing opinion is that patients with very severe burns do not survive and, if they do, are left with very poor quality of life. This issue has confronted burn surgeons with very difficult choices: is it acceptable to withhold or withdraw essential treatment in the critically burnt patient? Withdrawal of treatment for the severely burnt elderly patient has wide acceptance. However, there are no guidelines for children. The dilemmas that confront burn surgeons include who decides, what practical and/or ethical guidelines are to be used, and how to define futility in the light of technological advances and readily available but extremely expensive artificial skin substitutes.13,14
The approach that was decided for our patient centred on our clinical experience and bedside negotiations. Modern burn care could ensure that children predicted to die by classic criteria of age, burn size and the presence of inhalation injuries, can now survive with a reasonable quality of life.15,16 Until it can be proven that a patient with a major burn has no chance of survival - and there are no acceptable criteria regarding cost-benefit, or specific protocols (cf. renal dialysis and renal transplantation) - it would be prudent to embark on treatment. Hopeless situations include children who have sustained destructive face and hand burns simultaneously with irreversible brain hypoxaemic injury and multi-organ failure.
Financial implications
Maximising resource allocation demands constant economic analysis of therapeutic modalities.17 However, there are few reliable data on the management cost of paediatric burns.
The development of a fiscal framework for the fair management of a major burn patient must meet societal preferences and values.11 What is quite clear to us is that decisions should only be made by health professionals with experience in the care of major burns. This process has been developed for end-stage renal failure and implemented with success.
Ethical considerations
Each burn patient is unique, with a complex injury and possible pre-existing diseases and ongoing pathophysiology. The first and foremost guideline in the case under discussion was that she had the right to the best decision by weighing the risks and benefits, assessing the complications such as disability and/or disfigurement, and taking into account the subsequent quality of life or even death.4,18 She could not understand, communicate or reason about her immediate care and was legally incompetent. Surrogate guardians therefore had to decide on her 'best interest' regarding futility or active management. Her parents (specifically her mother) were in the best position to advise/decide in consultation with the treating physicians. Equally important was the co-operative effort among the team of medical professionals working with her: doctors, interns, nurses, physiotherapists, occupational therapists, psychologists and social workers provided their expertise.
The main question, however, was that while survival might be possible, was it desirable in terms of quality of life? Would treating her be meaningful? If treatment were not instituted, the alternative would have been death. The Royal College of Paediatric and Child Health (RCPCH) has defined situations where withdrawal of treatment is 'practical and ethical'.19 The two situations most pertinent to the burn victim are 'no benefit' where the child can survive but with a future prognosis of an 'impossibly poor life', and 'no purpose' where the disease is so severe that treatment delays death without alleviation of suffering.
Further implications for treatment were that she was under the legal age to make a medical decision. The new Children's Act 38 of 2005 (the Act) states that the parents have the right to give consent to treatment.20 Consequently, since the mother requested maximum therapy, her decision was respected. Even if a child is older than 12 and mature enough to make a decision, the parents are required to assist in giving surgical consent. This does not mean that the parents' decision is definitive. The Act includes a new principle called 'Children's Participation' that gives more weight to children's decision if they are over the age of 12 and are mature. Nevertheless, there are many provisions that allow for the hospital to give consent regardless of a refusal. The Act makes it clear that, in all probability, the overriding principle in all decisions regarding the child is the 'best interest' principle. Section 9 of the Act and also section 28 of the constitution require that best interest be of 'paramount importance'. We therefore had to proceed with resuscitation as it was our considered opinion that this was in her best interest.
Pitfalls that may influence responsible and rational decisions
Valid decisions can only be made with correct and sufficient information and knowledge from experience, otherwise a wrong diagnosis and the possibility of withdrawal may follow. To eliminate the risk of this kind of major failure, all role-players should reach consensus. With technical advances, it may also become more difficult to determine when care is likely to confer benefit to the patient or to cause more harm. A final pitfall is when physicians focus on keeping a patient alive without full consideration of the outcome - which should be re-evaluated daily. The focus of benefit then shifts from the patient to the physicians, rendering them incompetent to make legal and ethical decisions for the child.
What did we achieve?
This child was one of 99 survivors from a major life-threatening burn (TBSA >50%) seen at our institution over the past decade, albeit the most extensively burnt to date. Her injuries left her physically disfigured and scarred. She needed prolonged rehabilitation, and the damage to her outer appearance could influence her quality of life.21-24 The outcome of her journey was therefore dependent on many different factors: family, the community and rehabilitation. Ultimately, it will depend on her own reconstruction of a personal life-map, internal acceptance of her 'self ' and the strength of changing relationships for her to overcome her burn experience. After 6 years of readjustment and rehabilitation, she is now fully integrated and accepted into society, enrolled in a mainstream school with good peer relationships, well balanced and confident, and participating in sports and debating societies. Her minor residual physical restrictions do not significantly impair her quality of life. This favourable outcome was achieved largely by the concentration of skills in a regional paediatric burns unit.
As senior clinicians, it is our responsibility to guide the Health Department to develop a rational and fair dispensation for patients with a major/critical thermal injury.11,18 The South African Burn Society should formulate guidelines to help doctors, parents and everyone involved to make decisions that are ethical, correct and accountable, and that allow flexibility for each unique case. These guidelines must cover all aspects of the complex decision and be the best available option.3
If comfort care is decided upon, it must be realised that even severe burns do not result in immediate deterioration and death.22
Risk factors and criteria for comfort care must therefore be specific and ethically acceptable. Our experience over many years has identified burn patients who should be offered quality end-of-life care only: those where the probability of survival is less than 10%, the location and severity of the burn (destructive full-thickness facial and hand burns) would result in extreme disability, and there is irreversible hypoxic brain damage and multi-organ failure. Under these circumstances, open communication, support for the family, shared decision making, relief of pain, continuation of care and grief and bereavement support are essential,25 with palliative and pain care services within the institution of great assistance.24,25
1. Matzopoulos RE, ed. 2004. A Profile of Fatal Injuries in South Africa. Fifth Annual Report of the National Injury, Mortality Surveillance System. Cape Town: University of Cape Town and the MRC Crime, Violence and Injury Lead Program, 2004. [ Links ]
2. Benatar SR, Fleischer TE. Editorial. S Afr Med J 2003;93(6):433-434. [ Links ]
3. Medical Futility in End-of-Life Care. Report of the Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs. JAMA 1999; 281(10):937-941. [ Links ]
4. Young ER. The Laing Essay 1998: Ethical issues in burn care. Burns 1999;25:193-206. [ Links ]
5. Karpelowsky JS, Wallis L, MacAfee A, Rode H. South African Burn Society burn stabilization protocol. S Afr Med J 2007;97:574-577. [ Links ]
6. Sheridan RL, Hinson MI, Liang MH, et al. Long-term outcome of children surviving massive burns. JAMA 2000; 283(1):69-73. [ Links ]
7. Barret J, Desai M, Herndon D. Survival in paediatric burns involving 100% total body surface. Annals of Burns and Fire Disasters 1999;12(3):139-141. [ Links ]
8. Wolf SE, Debroy M, Herndon DN.The cornerstones and directions of pediatric burn care. Pediatr Surg Int 1997;12:312-320. [ Links ]
9. Anzarut A, Chen M, Shankowsky, H. Quality-of-life and outcome predictors following massive burn injury. Plast Reconstr Surg 2005;116(3):791-797. [ Links ]
10. Rashid A, Khanna A, Gowar JP, Bull JP. Revised estimates of mortality from burns in the last 20 years at the Birmingham Burns Centre. Burns 2001;27:723-730. [ Links ]
11. Hadorn DC. Setting health care priorities in Oregon. JAMA 1991;265:2218-2225. [ Links ]
12. Landman WA, Henley LD. Tensions in setting health care priorities for South Africa's children. Med Ethics 1998;24:268-273. [ Links ]
13. Benatar S, Engelbrecht B. Western Cape Department of Health. An Ethical Framework for Decision-making. Cape Town: Western Cape Department of Health, 2009. [ Links ]
14. Burns JP, Truog RD. Futility: a concept in evolution. Chest 2007;132:1987-1993. [ Links ]
15. Blakeney P, Meyer W III, Robert R, Desai M, Wolf S, Herndon D. Long-term psychosocial adaptation of children who survive burns involving 80% or greater total body surface area. J Trauma 1998;44:625-634. [ Links ]
16. Rumsey N, Harcourt D. Body image and disfigurement: issues and interventions. Body Image 2004;1:83-97. [ Links ]
17. Bass MJ, Phillips LG. Economics of pediatric burns. J Craniofacial Surg 2008;19:888-890. [ Links ]
18. Millar PL. Application of a model to guide ethical decision making in burn treatment. Burn Care Rehabil 2000;21:433-438. [ Links ]
19. Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health. Withholding or Withdrawing Life Saving Treatment in Children. A Framework for Practice. 2nd ed. London: RCPCH, May 2004. [ Links ]
20. Jamieson L, Proudlock P, Chetty M. The Childrens Act No. 38 of 2005. A Guide for Health Care Practitioners, 2nd ed. Cape Town: The Children's Institute, UCT, 30 July 2008. [ Links ]
21. Sanford AP. The Ethical Dimensions of Burn Care. In: Herndon DN, ed.Total Burn Care. St Louis, Miss.: Saunders Elsevier, 2007:765-770. [ Links ]
22. Brewster LP, Bennett, BK, Gamelli RL. Application of rehabilitation ethics to a selected burn patient population's perspective. J Am Coll Surg 2006;203:766-771. [ Links ]
23. Kdnigova R. Quality of Life in Burn Victims: A Holistic Approach. Presented at the 8th Congress of the European Burns Association in Marathon,1999. R Hermans Lecture. [ Links ]
24. O'Mara MS, Chapyak D, Greenhalgh DG, et al. End of life in the pediatric burn patient. J Burn Care Res 2006;27:803-808. [ Links ]
25. Truog RD, Meyer EC, Burns JP. Toward intervention to improve end-of-life care in the pediatric intensive care unit.Crit Care Med 2006;34(11):S373-379. [ Links ]
Heinz Rode is Emeritus Professor of Paediatric Surgery at Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital and the University of Cape Town;
Alastair Millar is Charles FM Saint Professor and Head of the Paediatric Surgery Department, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital and the University of Cape Town;
Bernice Castle is a clinical psychologist and specialist educationalist in private practice in Cape Town;
and Jeff Lyle is a pre-medical student, University of North Carolina, USA.
Corresponding author: H Rode (email@example.com)


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Officials searching for clues in deadly Stamford fire
Officials: Searching for clues in blaze that killed 5 Christmas morning
STAMFORD -- The city was in mourning Monday as police and firefighters investigated a massive, three-alarm fire that tore through a three-story Shippan Avenue home Christmas morning, killing three young girls and their grandparents.
Authorities returned Monday to the scene of the fire, which broke out just before 5 a.m. Sunday at 2267 Shippan Ave. The home was demolished Monday after the city Building Department ordered it unsafe.
Madonna Badger, a prominent New York City advertising executive who bought the home last year for $1.7 million, escaped the blaze along with Michael Borcina, a friend and contractor who had been renovating the home.
A nursing supervisor at Stamford Hospital said Monday morning that Badger had been discharged, but that Borcina remained hospitalized and was in stable condition.
Badger's whereabouts Monday were unknown.
Assistant Police Chief Jon Fontneau said Badger's three daughters Lily, 10, and twin sisters Sarah and Grace, 7, are believed to have died in the blaze along with Badger's mother and father, Lomer and Pauline Johnson. Lomer played Santa for Saks Fifth Avenue in Manhattan this year.
Fontneau said police will not be able to absolutely confirm the identities of the dead until they talk with Badger. A time has not yet been set up for that meeting, he said.
Stamford Police Sgt. Paul Guzda said Badger's parents, who live in Heritage Village in Southbury, were visiting for the holiday.
Badger's estranged husband, Matthew Badger, was at his home in lower Manhattan when the fire broke out, and was driven to the scene Sunday morning by Stamford police.
Police and fire officials said Monday the fire's cause had not been determined. A press conference at the Government Center with Stamford Mayor Michael Pavia and Acting Fire Chief Antonio Conte is scheduled for Tuesday at 5 p.m., which may shed some light on the cause.
An excavator took down the house Monday morning and police will remain on vigil at the site until Tuesday, Fontneau said.
"Our hearts and prayers go out to the family," Fontneau said.
A spokeswoman for Saks Fifth Avenue confirmed in a statement that Lomer Johnson had worked as a Santa this year at its flagship store in Manhattan.
"Mr. Johnson was Saks Fifth Avenue's beloved Santa, and we are heartbroken about this terrible tragedy," spokeswoman Julia Bentley said.
All three girls attended lower school at Windward School, a day school in White Plains, N.Y., that focuses exclusively on students with language-based learning disabilities.
"It's an unimaginable tragedy for the Badger family and we are all incredibly sympathetic to what's happened in their lives," said John J. Russell, head of school at Windward. There are only 209 students in the lower school, Russell said Monday evening.
"Our teachers, students and families are all coming together in an effort to support the Badger family in addition to all our students here," he said.
Counselors from the Bereavement Center of Westchester will be on hand to work with students when they return to school on Tuesday, Jan. 3. In addition, the school is partnering with New York University's Child Study Center and the Child Mind Institute, based in New York City.
Members of the school's faculty will also have access to special programs, Russell said.
Stamford Professional Fire Fighters Association President Brendan Keatley said four firefighters were injured in the fire. One, a captain who was turned away by flames and smoke, received second-degree burns on his face after he climbed to the third floor in an attempt to save the children and their grandparents. Another suffered from smoke inhalation, and falls injured two others.
"They made a Herculean effort to get in there, because they knew they had to get in there," he said.
Ocean Drive West resident Charles Mangano said he heard a man screaming for help as flames consumed the house shortly before dawn Sunday. Mangano said he saw rescue workers helping a middle-aged man and woman into Emergency Medical Services trucks.
"They were both obviously in a state of shock," Mangano said. "He was in his boxers and a T-shirt, with no shoes. They were leading him up to an EMS truck. The woman said -- she was mumbling -- `my whole life is in there.' "
Badger, 47, bought the 3,349-square-foot home at 2267 Shippan Ave. about a year ago from William and Marilyn Foster for $1.7 million. Reached by phone Sunday, Marilyn Foster said Badger was living in the home.
"(Badger) was the buyer and she was living there with her children," Foster said. "She has three children."
Badger is founder of Badger and Winters, a fashion branding consulting firm. She is listed on the company website as a "20-year veteran of the beauty and fashion business."
Smoke was still rising from the charred building early Sunday afternoon as avia and Conte spoke to reporters during an emotional news conference at the scene. Conte said Stamford Fire & Rescue received the first report of the fire at 4:52 a.m. Firefighters tried to save the five other people trapped in the house, he said.
"First units on the scene attempted rescue within the structure, they were pushed back by intense flame and heat," Conte, said.
Conte, a 38-year fire department veteran, held back tears as he spoke. Pavia, who Mangano said arrived on the scene shortly after 5 a.m., said it was a "terrible, terrible day in the city of Stamford."
"Our heart goes out for the family, friends of these people, as well as the firefighters and emergency medical people, police department and all that were on the scene and are, frankly, suffering as a result," Pavia said. "Our heart goes out to them and we hope they find peace soon. It's Christmas Day. There probably has not been a worse Christmas Day in the city of Stamford."
Mangano, who said his house is located diagonally behind the Shippan Avenue home, said his wife woke him early in the morning to tell him there was a huge fire at one of the neighbors' homes.
"I got dressed real quick and ran outside," Mangano said. "I heard somebody yelling `help, help, help me.' I started sprinting up my driveway and made the turn onto the street and then I saw there were tons and tons of fire apparatus here. So I just came up to see if there was anything I could do. I mean, there was nothing I could do."
Mangano said he did not know the home's residents, but walks his dogs past the house daily in warm weather. He said the home was under heavy construction this past summer.
All five victims were removed from the second floor of the burned building Sunday, Conte said.
Shippan Avenue resident Sam Cingari, who lives directly across the street from the house, said he was awakened at 4:45 Christmas morning to the sound of a woman screaming.
"There were flames coming out of the first-, second- and third-floor windows," Cingari said. "The entire house was engulfed in flames. All I could see is flames coming out of every window and porch of the house."
Cingari said he later learned it had been Madonna Badger he heard screaming.
"The reason she was screaming, of course, was because her family was inside the house," he said.
Stamford property records list the house as a single-family five-bedroom house with 10 rooms and 3.5 baths. The house was built in 1895, has one fireplace and central heat.
Badger, a fashion consultant, helped create major advertising campaigns for leading fashion brands, including the iconic Marky Mark underwear ads for Calvin Klein.
Raised in Kentucky, Badger began her career working as a graphic designer in the art department of Esquire magazine. Before starting her own company, she worked as an art director for several magazines and CRK, the in-house advertising agency for designer Calvin Klein.
Badger & Winters has worked with Proctor & Gamble, CoverGirl, A/X Armani Exchange, Emanuel Ungaro and Vera Wang, among other high-profile corporations.
Staff writers Kate King, John Nickerson, Maggie Gordon, Ben Doody and Jonathan Lucas and the Associated Press contributed to this report.


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Mike Wallace tweets, then deletes, reaction to Jason Collins announcing he is gay
Jason Collins' announcement on Monday that he is gay has been met with an outpouring of support from the NBA community in the form of statements from the league and tweets from current and former players.
Unfortunately, a brief flicker of intolerance showed up thanks to new Miami Dolphins receiver Mike Wallace. "All these beautiful women in the world and guys wanna mess with other guys SMH..." He has since deleted the tweet, but you can see it below, because the Internet never forgets. He later added: "I'm not bashing anybody don't have anything against anyone I just don't understand it. ... Never said anything was right or wrong I just said I don't understand!! Deeply sorry for anyone that I offended"
The Miami Dolphins issued a statement regarding Wallace's tweet.
"Mike Wallace has apologized for his comments, and we have addressed the matter with him. Mike's comments do not reflect the views of the Miami Dolphins. We believe in a culture of inclusiveness and respect, and any statements to the contrary are in no way acceptable to our organization. We will address the entire team about our policy of inclusion and make sure they all understand the importance of respecting individual choices."
Read Collins personal essay on Sports Illustrated.


text: Dave's ESL Cafe's Student Discussion Forums :: View topic - Ban on Corporal Punishment Dave's ESL Cafe's Student Discussion Forums"The Internet's Meeting Place for ESL/EFL Students and Teachers from Around the World!" FAQ Search Memberlist Usergroups Register Profile Log in to check your private messages Log in Ban on Corporal Punishment Dave's ESL Cafe's Student Discussion Forums Forum Index -> Opinions View previous topic :: View next topic Author Message nora80Joined: 18 Feb 2009Posts: 8Location: Busan, South Korea Posted: Fri Apr 01, 2011 8:53 pm Post subject: Ban on Corporal Punishment First of all, I don't agree with the ban on corporal punishment. Of course, I've seen many teachers on the headline news for their abusive violence on the students. I don't know exactly how often that kind of accidents happen, but that's the problem of teachers' qualification, not of the act of punishing itself. To prevent such accidents from happening again, it would be more appropriate to raise the level of punishment on the violent teachers rather than to deprive all the teachers of their right to use corporal punishment. However, I would suggest two conditions for using corporal punishment. First, teachers should not give the rod out of anger: it could be seen just as a violence, not as a punishment that guides the students to a right direction. And try to avoid using corporal punishment to the students over 3rd grades in the elementary school, who are more likely to rise against any kind of pressure or discipline than to regret their bad behaviors. In that case, corporal punishment would work in the opposite way of what teachers intended. Besides, students who have sensitive and vulnerable personality can get easily hurt and shut their minds to the teachers. Back to top PeterAlexJoined: 31 Dec 2013Posts: 52Location: USA Posted: Thu Jan 16, 2014 4:24 am Post subject: Advocates of school corporal punishment argue that it provides an immediate response to indiscipline and that the student is quickly back in the classroom learning, rather than being suspended from school. Opponents believe that other disciplinary methods are equally or more effective. Some regard it as tantamount to violence or abuse. Back to top Display posts from previous: All Posts1 Day7 Days2 Weeks1 Month3 Months6 Months1 Year Oldest FirstNewest First Dave's ESL Cafe's Student Discussion Forums Forum Index -> Opinions All times are GMT - 8 Hours Page 1 of 1 Jump to: Select a forum Student Forums----------------ComputersCurrent NewsCultureEnglish SchoolsFamilyFilm and CinemaFoodHealth and FitnessHelp CenterHobbiesHolidaysLearning EnglishLiteratureMaking FriendsMusicOpinionsPetsScienceSportsThe Strange and MysteriousTOEFL and Other English ExamsTravel You cannot post new topics in this forumYou cannot reply to topics in this forumYou cannot edit your posts in this forumYou cannot delete your posts in this forumYou cannot vote in polls in this forum Dave's ESL Cafe is maintained by the one and only Dave Sperling. Banner Advertising | Bookstore / Alta Books | FAQs | Articles | Interview with Dave Copyright © 2018 Dave's ESL Cafe | All Rights Reserved | Contact Dave's ESL Cafe | Site Map Teachers College, Columbia University: Train to Teach English Here or Abroad Powered by phpBB © 2001, 2002 phpBB Group


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Fluoroelastomers (FKM) are one of the different types of rubber used as a packing material in shaft seals to prevent the pumped media from leaking.
The type of rubber used as packing material depends on the media and pressure in the system. Fluoroelastomer (FKM) covers a whole family of rubbers designed to withstand oil, fuel and a wide range of chemicals, including non-polar solvents. There are standard and special grades; the latter have special properties, such as improved resistance to low temperature operation and chemicals.FKMs offer excellent resistance to high temperature operation in different types of oil (up to 200°C depending on the grade of FKM). Fluoroelastomer rubbers have limited resistance to steam, hot water, methanol and other highly polar fluids. This type of rubber has poor resistance to amines, strong alkalis and many freons.


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Difference between revisions of "Halo numbers"
From nine inch nails wiki
Revision as of 11:44, 5 December 2019
Halo numbers are the numbers assigned to pieces of the Nine Inch Nails discography in the order that they are released, so that a collection can be neatly ordered, supplied, and bragged about. Halo numbers are sometimes modified for variations of a release, such as the different versions of The Downward Spiral.
Some Halo numbers are shared with promotional items; Halo 10 is shared with the Hurt and Piggy promo CDs and Halo 16 is shared with the Into The Void promo CD. There are also promotional releases that are given 'Seed' numbers and other Trent Reznor-related releases from The Null Corporation that are given 'Null' numbers.
Trent Reznor's decision to use a numbering system for his releases stemmed from the fact that Depeche Mode had already come up with a similar system, using BONG for singles.[1]
There are four types of Halo:
Strobe Light
Strobe Light was announced on April Fools' Day 2009. The only real clue to this album being a prank is that it was not assigned a Halo marking, as it would have been Halo 28. As part of the joke, the album was said to have been produced by Timbaland and feature special guest singers such as Jay-Z and Fergie.
"Halo-less" Official Releases
Promotional Releases
Promotional singles released to radio or the internet:
Seed numbers are used to catalog promotional releases that come directly from NIN, in a similar manner to the Halo numbers. The bootleg three-part The Definitive NIN collection was released via BitTorrent.
Null numbers
Releases from The Null Corporation that are not affiliated with Nine Inch Nails or How To Destroy Angels are assigned Null Numbers in the same system. On December 2nd, 2019, the assignment and order of the numbers was confirmed by John Crawford on Echoing The Sound forum.
See also
External Links
The following websites attempt to document every version of every NIN release:


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| 8.9°C Belfast
Russell Brand has turned his hand to writing children's books - to change the way they "see the world".
The star, 38, announced that he will be reinterpreting classic fairy tales in the series of three books.
Trickster Tales will be illustrated by the award-winning artist Chris Riddell, and will begin with the actor and comic's take on The Pied Piper Of Hamelin.
Russell said: "It's the first of a series called Russell Brand's Trickster Tales, where I do interpretations of fairy stories and folk tales, believing them to be the code to unlock aspects of our consciousness."
The star, who has called for an anti-capitalist revolution, added in a video: "It's coming out soon. Do you want it? You can have it if you want."
He later said in a statement: "Fairy stories are a code to change the way children see the world. Once children see the world differently change is inevitable."
Publisher Jamie Byng said: "The pairing of Russell and Chris is a match made in heaven and their series of illustrated retellings has the potential to become a worldwide phenomenon."
The former drug addict and Get Him To The Greek star released his autobiography My Booky Wook in 2007.
He is not the first comic to write children's books - David Walliams has enjoyed success with the likes of Mr Stink and Gangsta Granny, which was adapted into a comedy drama for BBC One.
The first of Russell's children's books, published by Canongate, will be released in November with the next two books following in 2015 and 2016.


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Cassandra Smith is 5'8 and 132 pounds. And she's on probation from Hooters corporate, which has kindly offered to give her a free gym membership and 30 days to lose weight.
My favorite part of this local news segment out of the Detroit area, syndicated by CNN, is when the reporter shows up to the Hooters location and the manager looks like this:
Needless to say, men at Hooters are held to a rather different standard. Here's what Hooters had to say for itself:
Smith, meanwhile, is said to be contemplating legal action.
Hooters Wants Employee To Lose Weight [CNN]
Woman Says Hooters Put Her On Probation For Weight Gain


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Eastside Crackhead "Pipe Dreams" (Episode 3) (Feat. Meek Mill)
Pipe Dreams is a Docu-series about former homeless, internet rap phenomenon, Eastside Crackhead as he fights to live a sober lifestyle, regain the respect of his family, and finally become a rap superstar with the help of his Manager Bigtime. To the casual observer, the world of a crack addict reflects the loss of all hope in life, and view Hip Hop as a flamboyant lifestyle that glorifies the selling of narcotics, violence, and discrimination of women. Eastside Crackhead shatters the myths of hopelessness, and delivers harsh tales of the effects of this lifestyle in a humorous, charismatic way, with his witty word play, and hilarious antics, in his quest of becoming a rap superstar. Starring: Eastside Crackhead - @EastsideCrackhead Bigtime CèO - @TheRealBigtime Credits: Executive Producers: Bigtime CèO @QWorldstar Production: Live it Up Qualitainment Director: Bigtime CèO Instagram : @EastsideCrackhead @TheRealBigtime @QWorldstar FaceBook.com/EastsideCrackhead Twitter.com/Ecrackhead www.EastsideCrackhead.com Posted By Abdul


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(for german newsletter, please follow the heading and look at it online, für die deutsche Version des Newsletters, bitte die Überschrift anklicken, und auf der Website die Sprache auf Deutsch setzen)
Well three weeks passed since the last map update, and quite a few changes over the last weeks. I'm still progging on both maps for Android as well as an online map (I already rented a nice online root server with 32GB RAM and I7 for rendering the maps), but also still adding or changing stuff on the main openmtbmaps/velomaps.
However as 10 days ago I broke my ankle, and ripped out a ligament, it means progress stopped a bit. Damn stupid thing, just jumping down 1m somewhere backwards, ankle folding over and misery there, no spectacular crash or anything like my "normal" injuries... So instead of making the best of the nice autumn weather mtbiking until the snow arrives, I'm out of order concerning sports for at least another 6 weeks.
Mac OSx gmap format maps now available worldwide
But so for changes - today or tomorrow I'll move all Mac OSx downloads to their dedicated download site, this also makes it easier for support as questions regarding mac osx will be found in one place. Main reason however is - that I'm currently finishing up rendering all maps for Mac OSx too. As for the windows maps, I took splitted the contourlines into separate downloads, so for many countries or continents where the contourlines are much bigger than the actual map data, it provides faster updates (you also only need to download the contourlines once, and then update only the maps themselves). To save traffic maybe in general I will in future only update the european country maps weekly, all other maps every two or three weeks? Let's see, it depends a bit on traffic how often I will update.
Other changes
I updated the contourlines for North America too now. They are based on viewfinderpanoramas.org 3" data - which isn't as detailed in some places as the 1" SRTM1 - however in general as it is voidfilled it offers a much better general quality - and also smaller download size. Canada contourlines are now also available for full Canada - and not stopping at 60° North. So if you update the North America maps, don't forget to also download the contourlines again.
I also updated the contourlines for some European countries, but the changes are minimal...
There have been quite a few changes to mkgmap, so some multipolygon errors in comparison to Mapnik are fixed too now. I too updated a bit the address search processing for Germany and fixe some more rather common access rules tagging mistakes. On the Velomap since 2 weeks, the routing on primaries and secondaries is a little bit degraded again, but the changes are rather small.
So that's been it, happy mapping and biking to everyone, I envy you but hope to be back in the outdoors ASAP!


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'Live Evolution Lost: The 13th Floor Elevators Live at the Houston Music Theatre' is the first-ever release of the complete performance of the band's legendary show from 18th February 1967 presented in a deluxe 2CD mediabook.
The trailblazing 13th Floor Elevators released the first "psychedelic" rock album in America, transforming culture throughout the 1960s and beyond. Formed in late 1965 in a small town in Texas by Electric Jug playing Tommy Hall, guitarist & vocalist Roky Erickson, guitarist Stacy Sutherland they were joined by bass player Benny Thurman, and drummer John Ike Walton; at a time where Baptist and Mormon preachers fought for the population's spiritual wellbeing, and Country & Western music filled the bars on a Saturday night. Out of these conflicting extremes, the Elevators were born and began making a name for themselves in the burgeoning music scene in Austin, Texas.
Though Roky Erickson was the frontman, the group's sound and philosophy were created by the unpredictable & impulsive Tommy Hall. The Elevators followed their own spiritual cosmic route searching for a new path to enlightenment whilst all the while creating a reputation for excess. The band developed a sound that merged garage-punk and psychedelic experimentation. Their music, from the beginning, played and created under the influence of LSD, was raw, ambitious and hugely experimental with Sutherland's pioneering use of reverb and echo, and bluesy, acid-drenched guitar mixed with Tommy Hall's innovative electric jug … 'psychedelic rock' was conceived.
A triple LP edition, on green, blue and red heavyweight vinyl, this special edition has been mastered by Spacemen 3's Sonic Boom and put together by band expert Paul Drummond. The set includes one reel unissued for over forty-five years.
"...shows a group at the top of their game: powerful, together, in control - possibly the last time they were any of those things... a fascinating historical document, the thought and effort gone into its packaging and sense of completeness are more than enough incentive to jump on board."
"This is the one to get. Beyond the post-main course jams, Live Evolution Lost has two other carrots for any potential purchaser. The first is new mastering by former Spacemen 3 member Sonic Boom; the sound is more full and widescreen than any previous issue, with a markedly greater clarity and separation between instruments and vocals. The other selling point is the package itself. Live Evolution Lost is evidence for the mysterious bond uniting the 13th Floor Elevators at a concert where they ought to have imploded - a connection which was soon to see them record Easter Everywhere, one of the pivotal and most cryptic albums of the Sixties. Essential to any understanding of what made this band a unique, vital force."
"Uniquely compulsive listening. Those with ears for the evolution of The Elevators, in all its epic ambition and tragedy, will find it profoundly affecting. The unravelling had begun. And what a sound."
Side 1
1. (I've Got) Levitation (3:31)
2. Roller Coaster (5:34)
3. Fire Engine (3:31)
4. Reverberation (Doubt) (4:06)
Side 2
1. Don't Fall Down (3:38)
2. Tried To Hide (4:13)
3. Splash 1 (4:32)
4. You're Gonna Miss Me (4:27)
5. Monkey Island (3:47)
Side 3
1. Kingdom Of Heaven (4:17)
2. She Lives (In A Time Of Her Own) (3:26)
3. Jam Intro (1:22)
4. Jam 1 - Roll Over Blue Suede Blues Jam (7:08)
Side 4
1. Jam 2 - Backwards Evolution Jam (4:47)
2. Jam 3 - Ed's Esoteric Jazz Jam (11:20)
Side 5
1. Jam 4 - (It's All Over Now) Baby Blue Jam (6:42)
2. Jam 5 - She Lives Jam (5:28)
3. Jam 6 - Hamburgers & Acid (4:14)
Side 6
1. Screen Print
Click here to order the Coloured 3LP Edition for £34.99 (+P&P)
This two CD mediabook edition catches the band with its classic line-up before the release of Easter Everywhere and is the only known complete recording of an Elevators' gig, and the latest to survive. Put together by band expert Paul Drummond, who also contributes extensive liner notes and mastered by Sonic Boom (Spacemen 3), this release also includes one reel unissued for over forty-five years.
Disc 1
(I've Got) Levitation
Roller Coaster
Fire Engine
Reverberation (Doubt)
Don't Fall Down
Tried To Hide
Splash 1
You're Gonna Miss Me
Monkey Island
Kingdom Of Heaven
She Lives (In A Time Of Her Own)
Disc 2
Jam Intro
Jam 1 - Roll Over Blue Suede Blues Jam
Jam 2 - Backwards Evolution Jam
Jam 3 - Ed's Esoteric Jazz Jam
Jam 4 - (It's All Over Now) Baby Blue Jam
Jam 5 - She Lives Jam
Jam 6 - Hamburgers & Acid
Release date: 16 June 2014 • available to pre-order now
Click here to order the 2CD Mediabook Edition for £11.99 (+P&P)


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The Bow in Practice
Rodion Azarkhin wrote of his experiments with a bow weighted with lead to
I felt that the bow should be updated to handle modern requirements. Merely pressing harder was not the answer. Obviously, the basic weight of the bow needed to be increased... With the 'loaded' bow I can produce a mezzoforte with the same amount of pressure as a piano with an 'unloaded' bow. And the 'loaded' bow offers many other advantages in performing. But let us understand that I do not intend that the 'loaded' bow be a substitute for attaining complete power and control with the normal bow!.
Donovan Stokes, Professor of Double Bass at Shenandoah Conservatory in the USA, plays with an extra length bow by Henk te Hietbrink weighing 257 g.
He writes:
I find that using a 'heavy' bow is better in every way. It allows both the string and the wood of the instrument to speak more quickly, it allows for ease in achieving a great range of dynamics, and it allows for the wood of the bass to more fully vibrate. Additionally, strokes such as spiccato and up-bow staccato are able to be executed with greater ease and beauty. My physical problems and pain, which were significant, have disappeared, as now the bow does the work. Of course the benefits of a longer bow are obvious. I know that it is called a 'heavy' bow, but I believe it to be the correct size. Instead, I believe the bow that bassists currently use today is equivalent to using a violin bow on a cello. Their bows are `light´ in my opinion.
Mr. Stokes, like Hans Roelofsen, uses the bow in the overhand grip. Azarkhin used mainly the underhand grip – so both bow holds are possible, and the aspects described above apply with both techniques.


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Whatever point you're at inside your career, most likely you need to become successful. Why people want career success are varied and can include:
Dollars and benefits
The status and standing to be inside a senior role
The task of climbing the job ladder and overcoming the obstacles that arise
Feeling of personal achievement
While you will find lots of explanations why people wish to achieve career success, there's in my opinion one key question you need to have the ability to answer. What exactly is the fact that question?
What's Your General CAREER GOAL?
There are a variety of explanations why it is necessary that you answer this plus they include:
Reason 1: Can help you make choices
If you wish to climb the job ladder and obtain a senior level publish, you will have to obtain a wide of abilities, understanding and experience. Additionally, you'll have to create a wide range of private characteristics. Odds are you will see many possibilities which will arise that might appear attractive financially but may not be advantageous in achieving your general career goal. When you are obvious in your overall career goal you may make informed new career choices.
Reason 2: Can help you decide focal points
Any time you make a decision around your job, for instance, walking up one stage further, then chances are you is going to be needed to commit more to operate. If the matches together with your focal points around lifestyle then there's not a problem. In fact many people don't take time to consider where career suits there overall lifestyle focal points. We very often forget that almost all people try to live not live to operate.
Reason 3: Can help you figure out how much you would like it
Climbing the job ladder and holding lower employment in a senior level is difficult. An issue you have to have the ability to response is just how much would you like it? You will have to consider how determined you're, just how much sacrifice you are prepared to create, just how much pressure you're comfortable coping with to mention only a couple of. It is best to rate your self on a proportions of one to ten, where 10 means that you would like it 100% and are prepared to do what must be done to obtain there.


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When Microsoft unveiled the "Origami" (now called UMPC for Utra Portable PC), the response was only lukewarm, as it was merely a smaller version of Tablet PCs introduced some two years back. To a certain extent, the UMPC is vastly similar to current Tablet PCs using Windows XP Tablet PC Edition. What it is not however is to replace the former that are either too big (with 12-inch LCDs) or thick for true mobility. The UMPC is catered to a special group of users who want the ultimate portable PC for simple applications like an office suite, emailing, using the Internet and streaming videos wirelessly. For the sole purpose of exploring the unique proposition of UMPC, we have with us the first UMPC released in the market, the Samsung Q1.
Wireless network connections are now available at offices, restaurants and homes; essentially anywhere where there's a concentration of people. This is exactly where a UMPC, like the Samsung Q1, comes in handy as compared to bigger notebooks. With built-in Wi-Fi (and wired LAN), the Q1 is so light that you can now roam freely from say the kitchen to the bedroom while being connected to the Internet at all times conveniently. Compared with PDA phones and bigger notebooks, the Q1 UMPC is perhaps the only practical platform that gives you the freedom to serve the Internet, chat with your friends over IM (Internet messaging), make a Skype phone call (or any other VOIP applications) or watch streaming videos (e.g. YouTube) anywhere with just the right size and weight ratio. On the function of VoIP, the Q1 is more than capable of making a VOIP call and recording voice via its integrated twin array microphones that ensure voice clarity.
Obviously, the Q1 is designed to be small and portable, hence it doesn't have any built-in keyboard. There are however, three different input methods: onscreen keyboard, Tablet PC Input Panel (ala PPC's Transcriber) and Dialkeys. New on the UMPC is the Dialkeys touchscreen input, which is essentially two halved "QWERTY" keyboards designed for easy thumb operation while you are holding the Q1.
Another cool feature of the Q1 UMPC is its entertainment quality. The Q1 comes with a "Program Launcher" that boots up a Media Center-like interface for browsing of photos, videos, music, and is even capable of launching MSN, Outlook Express and Internet explorer. Even though the UMPC is small, its built-in stereo speakers were surprisingly loud and blew us away during DVD playback (via an optional external DVD-ROM) and DivX videos. Powered by SRS technology, the audio playback was clear, crisp and surpassed our expectations where depth of audio was concerned.
Overall, we would say the Samsung Q1 is attractively designed and well built. After weeks of meddling, we soon grew fond of it and would highly recommend it to executives, journalists, road warriors and the likes desiring a small but immensely robust PC alternative with portable computing qualities not available in tablet and ultra-portable notebooks.
For its impressive multimedia and portable computing qualities, the Q1 gets our major approval as a handy travel companion on long-distance flights, daily commuting trips and the likes. And because it packs a CF card reader, the Q1 also presents itself as a valuable tool for photographers as well. The bundled Microsoft's Journal allows one convert the Q1 into a 'real notebook' to take down notes quickly by scribing directly on the screen by means of the stylus input. In the hands of the adventurous and creative sorts, the functional possibilities of Q1 UMPC are almost limitless – despite its inconspicuous dimensions. The only drawback we encountered of the Q1 was its narrow viewing angle of the otherwise sharp LCD screen.
The Samsung Q1 is currently available at selected retail outlets in the USA but will only be available in Singapore and other regions later. The recommended retail price of the Q1 is about US$1,100 and we strongly recommend that you also consider opting for the optional external DVD-ROM, keyboard, power bank (extra batteries) and sleeve, all of which will set you back at just under US$2,000 (with the Q1 of course).
Plus free total phone after-sales care with StarHub's JUMPhone.
Live in the future with Samsung's Family Hub Smart refrigerators
Check out our fibre broadband plan guide brought to you by MyRepublic


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my 100th post. Weee.
I'm posting a post just to say I've reached a 100 posts.
Which is pretty pointless, because usually people commemorate something when they reach the tens or the hundreds or the hundred-tens.
'the 160th anniversary of Christopher Columbus' voyage'
'210th anniversary of kicking out the British with the help of the French and 211th anniversary of kicking out the French'
'10th anniversary of my Digimon going down the toilet bowl and baba using kitchen tongs to take it out' :')
Pointless? Yes, much like the things we do everyday. Purposeless, more like it. That's what society does nowadays, ramble and do random things and commemorate things they don't even know the significance of just to have an excuse to celebrate and get entertained.
It's like a train. Everybody's on it having a great time, singing and dancing and giving good cheer. But nobody knows where the train is going, oh dear oh dear.
Where is your train going?
Hopefully not down the toilet bowl.
Wednesday, December 1, 2010
100th post.
my 100th post. Weee.
Posted by The Author at 10:02 PM
2 comments:
- Akmal Hayat said...
welcoming u to blogspot's "jubli emas"..
- December 2, 2010 at 12:13 AM
- The Author said...
Akmal: dah jubli emas, lg lama lg bykla kerja kna buat kn? hehe :p
- December 2, 2010 at 4:42 AM


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text:
Free Range Chicken Drumstick - boneless, skin on Castlemead PoultryLife 3d+*
Drumstick meat is dark, rich and delicious, its flavour benefiting greatly from its close proximity to the bone. Often ignored in favour of breast meat, drumsticks are equally versatile - tasting great in stews, casseroles, tagines and more - whilst offering a much more complex taste for the palate
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Product information
Storage details
Keep refrigerated.
Castlemead Poultry
Using Product and Allergen information
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Google is all about letting you know who is gay and who isn't these days.
Previously we reported a Google Android app that will tell you if your son is gay or not, now in Google search if you ask about certain celebrities, the top result will let you know if that person is or isn't gay.
But don't get too excited, Google only indexes celebs who have talked at some length about their sexuality. So chances are, you probably already know the answer.
For example if you ask Google "Is Neil Patrick Harris gay?" the top result will say, "Best guess for Neil Patrick Harris Sexual orientation is Gay."
It doesn't seem to say much about people who are not gay or might be bisexual.
So if you were wondering what is going on with Daniel Tosh, you won't find your answer from Google... yet.


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Heartgard Plus Chewables
- Highly effective dewomer that eliminates the tissue stages of heartworm larvae and removes adult roundworms and hookworms from dogs.
- Made with real beef and is a chewy treat for dogs.
- Easy to administer.
From $39.95
Product Detail: Heartgard Plus Chewables
Heartgard Plus Heartworm Treatment for Dogs
Heartgard Plus heartworm treatment eliminates the tissue stages of heartworm larvae (Dirofilaria immitis) and removes adult roundworms (Toxocara canis, Toxascaris leonina) and hookworms (Ancylostoma caninum, A. braziliense, Uncinaria stenocephala) from dogs.
Heartgard will control heartworm infections acquired in the previous 4 months provided that monthly treatment is continued for at least 12 consecutive months.
Dosage and Administration of Heartgard Plus
Give one Heartgard Plus chew each month, preferably on the same day or date. The Heartgard Plus cube may be offered by hand or added to the food. Dogs should be closely observed for several minutes following administration to make sure that the entire dose has been consumed.
Heartgard Plus Active Ingredients
Ivermectin & Pyrantel Embonate
How to Store Heartgard Plus
Store below 30 deg. C (room temperature). Do not freeze. Protect from light.
Heartgard Plus Manufacturer
Merial USA Pty Limited


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As was rumored, Microsoft announced an event on their campus scheduled for May 21, where they promise to talk about the next generation of the Xbox. Larry Hyrb, more popularly known as Xbox LIVE's Major Nelson, announced the event on his blog.
Timing-wise, it works out very well for Microsoft. They can reveal the console and its capabilities along with the story of how it ties into the rest of the Microsoft ecosystem, especially around Windows 8 and Windows Phone 8 in May. This reveal is then followed up 19 days later by the Electronic Entertainment Expo (E3) where Microsoft traditionally has had a major presence and a big keynote. This is where they show off the games that would accompany the launch, which is widely expected to by this Holiday season.
Finally, at the end of June comes //build, Microsoft's developer conference where they could tell a deeper story to the rest of the developers (besides the launch partners, which are expected to be big game developer houses) and put the developer pieces together for not just game developers but perhaps all developers. If the rumors are true and the next Xbox is really "Windows 8 Inside", there could be a lot of possibilities for all kinds of applications to be made available on the large screen. Combined with the power of the next version of Kinect, developers would have a great way to take their code from a Windows Phone 8 app or a Windows 8 app and tweak it for use on a large screen with gestures, voice and indirect touch via SmartGlass.
As for the #XboxReveal event itself, some of the media has been invited to the Xbox campus, but Microsoft is also live streaming the event on xbox.com, on Xbox LIVE on the console itself and on SpikeTV in the US and Canada. The event is on Tuesday, May 21st at 1pmET/10amPT/1700GMT.
As for the rumors, there have been a ton of them already about the specs of the console and the architecture. Much like Sony's PS4, the Xbox is believed to be running on AMD architecture. Additionally, a more precise version of Kinect is expected to be on-board. There were initially rumors of an entertainment-only version of the console, to align with Apple TV, Roku and others, but recent updates suggest that it may have been postponed for now.
Among the unknowns of course are what the console looks like (there have been no leaks of the renders), the pricing and of course whether the current Xbox 360 would be kept in the market and if so, at what price.
I am excited about this, but not so much for the gaming on next generation hardware. I am more interested in the non-gaming parts of the next Xbox. How about you?


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Under new management 2018
Course Name: Drone training course
Course Date: 11 May 2020
Course Location: Hull
Total Cost: GBP £792.00 (including VAT)
Please fill in the form below, once you have paid you will receive email confirmation of your booking.
Consent for EuroUSC to contact you by email is necessary for us to deliver you our services. We will only send you information relevant to your course booking, subsequent courses, relevant safety information, opportunities and renewals. We will treat your details with the utmost care and will never share your details with anyone. If at any time you wish us to remove you from our database, please just email us with a request.


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Western Union Partnership With ChinaPay Will Enable Direct RMB Payments for Universities Around the World
13 Nov, 2012, 10:00 GMT
LONDON, November 13, 2012 /PRNewswire/ --
Western Union Business Solutions, a unit of The Western Union Company (NYSE:WU), today announced its plans for expanding Western Union's partnership with ChinaPay, the online and mobile payments subsidiary of UnionPay, the bankcard association in China.
The expanded partnership with Western Union Business Solutions will enable participating universities and higher education institutions around the world to accept international tuition and student fees in the Chinese Renminbi (RMB).
Together, Western Union Business Solutions and ChinaPay intend to offer an integrated, co-branded platform that will allow universities to give incoming Chinese students and their parents the ability to make foreign tuition payments in their home country and currency. Combining ChinaPay's online and mobile payment portals with Western Union Business Solutions' integrated foreign exchange and payment platforms will enable fast and reliable fund reconciliation and will allow payers to have funds deducted from their bank accounts in real time.
"More students go abroad from China than any other country in the world" said Kerry Agiasotis, Chief Commercial Officer, Western Union Business Solutions. "Over 1 million Chinese students studied abroad in 2011 and China is clearly an important market for universities globally. I am delighted that our partnership with ChinaPay will allow us to create a platform that will make it easy for them to accept local RMB payments in a timely and efficient manner."[1]
"We are excited to be launching this collaboration with Western Union Business Solutions," said Cathy Wang, Vice General Manager of ChinaPay. "International education is increasingly important for many in China. Western Union's work to improve the speed and efficiency of cross-border payments for hundreds of universities and higher education institutions around the world make them an ideal partner that will give students and their families a reliable, convenient payment solution."
Students from China comprised 15.72 per cent of the international student body in the United Kingdom in 2010-11, according to the UK Council for International Student Affairs (UKCISA).[2] 67,325 Chinese students studied in the UK in 2010-11, an increase of 18 per cent from the previous year, and China provides more international students to the UK than any other country.
"Hundreds of millions of Chinese cardholders use ChinaPay's online services; they really are the market leader," concluded Mr. Agiasotis. "Combining their innovative and extensive platforms with our existing service will enable universities to make the most of the opportunities a globalised Renminbi presents and offer local currency payments in one of the world's largest international student markets."
Western Union Business Solutions enables businesses, colleges and universities of all sizes to send and receive international payments and manage foreign exchange in more than 135 currencies, creating unique solutions tailored to suit their FX needs. Institutions are supported by a network of trading offices, strategic banking relationships and a global clearing network. Universities use the cross-border payments service for study-abroad programs, student refunds, and for professors or recruiters traveling worldwide. For more information, visit http://business.westernunion.com/industry/education/
1. Beijing Times, 21 August, 2012; http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2012-08/21/content_15693813.htm
2. Source: http://www.ukcisa.org.uk/about/statistics_he.php#table1
About Western Union
The Western Union Company (NYSE: WU) is a leader in global payment services. Together with its Vigo, Orlandi Valuta, Pago Facil and Western Union Business Solutions branded payment services, Western Union provides consumers and businesses with fast, reliable and convenient ways to send and receive money around the world, to send payments and to purchase money orders. As of September 30, 2012, the Western Union, Vigo and Orlandi Valuta branded services were offered through a combined network of approximately 510,000 agent locations in 200 countries and territories. In 2011, The Western Union Company completed 226 million consumer-to-consumer transactions worldwide, moving $81 billion of principal between consumers, and 425 million business payments. For more information, visit http://www.westernunion.com.
About ChinaPay
ChinaPay was established in 2002 to engage in the online payment acquiring business under UnionPay. ChinaPay is a leading third-party payment service provider in China and holds the electronic payment licenses for third-party payment companies issued by the People's Bank of China. ChinaPay's self-proprietary unified payment gateway provides comprehensive and secure internet and mobile payment solutions for merchants. ChinaPay spearheaded the cross-border acceptance of UnionPay cards online by launching cooperation with overseas partners to provide merchants with internet payment solutions. For more information, please visit http://www.chinapay.com
Western Union Business Solutions
Jennifer Berlin
Redleaf Polhill
Lauren Franze / George Parrett / Karl Wiseman
Mr. Jian, GUAN
SOURCE Western Union Business Solutions


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Synchrotron Infrared Unveils a Mysterious Microbial Community
Berkeley Lab scientists join an international collaboration to understand how archaea and bacteria work together deep in a cold sulfur spring
In the fall of 2010, Hoi-Ying Holman of the U.S. Department of Energy's Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab) was approached by an international team researching a mysterious microbial community discovered deep in cold sulfur springs in southern Germany.
"They told me what they were doing and said, 'We know what you contributed to the oil-spill research,'" recalls Holman, who heads the Chemical Ecology group in Berkeley Lab's Earth Sciences Division. "They wondered if I could help them determine the biochemistry of their microbe samples."
Holman had co-authored a report in Science about bacteria in the Gulf of Mexico that thrived on the Deepwater Horizon oil plume. Using infrared spectromicroscopy at the Berkeley Synchrotron Infrared Structural Biology (BSISB) facility, which she directs at the Advanced Light Source (ALS), Holman helped determine how the novel bug obtained energy by eating the spilled crude. No stranger to subsurface bioscience, Holman would soon add a new actor to her cast of remarkable microbes.
Not extreme, but weird anyway
The name Archaea means "ancient things," but Archaea were recognized as a distinct domain of life less than forty years ago. First thought to be exclusively extremophiles – lovers of boiling hot springs, deep-sea black smokers, acid mine runoff, and other inhospitable environments – more and more archaea are found thriving in moderate and cold environments, almost always as minority members of much larger microbial communities.
A unique exception to this pattern was discovered less than 10 years ago in the Sippenauer Moor in Germany. In microbial mats in this cold sulfur spring's outflow, the SM1 Euryarchaeon lives in roughly equal abundance with bacteria in a community that forms symbiotic "strings of pearls": the archaea fill the "pearls" and filamentous bacteria cover the pearl surfaces and form strings between them. The two kinds of microbes were assumed to be syntrophic – dependent on each other for nourishment – but the biochemical details were a mystery.
Christine Moissl-Eichinger of the University of Regensburg was among the SM1 Euryarchaeon's discoverers. Before long what she calls "another amazing lifestyle" of the new archaeon emerged; biofilms that grew deep below the surface of another cold sulfur spring, the nearby Muehlbacher Schwefelquelle. Moissl-Eichinger and her team collected samples of the slime-like biofilm – which first seemed to be pure SM1 – on net traps underwater.
To augment their already extensive research, Moissl-Eichinger and Alexander Probst of her staff brought the Regensburg samples to Berkeley Lab, initially attracted by the PhyloChip, a DNA microarray invented by Berkeley Lab's Gary Andersen and Todd DeSantis and their colleagues. Because the PhyloChip probes for the 16S rRNA gene, found in all Bacteria and Archaea, it can quickly and accurately sort through all known species in a sample – including those, like SM1 and many other microorganisms, that can't be grown in culture.
Probst and DeSantis, both now with Second Genome, Inc., and Andersen were joined by Kasthuri Venkateswaran of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, a member of NASA's Biotechnology and Planetary Protection Group. Probst wanted to know who was living where in the subsurface sulfur-spring samples; Venkateswaran's interest is understanding the role of Archaea in space and analogous sites. Although SM1 was by far the dominant species in the subsurface community, they found that small amounts of other archaea were present as well – and about five percent of the community consisted of bacteria.
Bring on the synchrotron
Led by Andersen, the PhyloChip's inventors had contributed to the oil-spill research, and their previous association with Holman brought her and her BSISB colleagues aboard the SM1 research team.
"Lots of biochemical techniques can tell you what's in a sample – lipids and carbohydrates, for example – but just because they're there doesn't mean they interact," says Holman's colleague Giovanni Birarda, a member of the BSISB staff. "Synchrotron radiation–based Fourier-transform infrared spectromicroscopy – SR-FTIR – takes images and spectra of the same sample, so you can map the chemical relationships by combining the images with spectra that identify where the archaea and bacteria are."
Holman says, "The main difference is in their membrane lipids. Bacterial membrane lipids consist of fatty acids with long alkylic chains" – functional groups of singly bonded carbon and hydrogen atoms – "which have only one to two terminal methyl groups," groups with one carbon and three hydrogen. "By contrast, archaeal membrane lipids generally consist of branched and saturated isoprenes" – a more complex common hydrocarbon – "and are relatively less alkylic but have more methyl groups."
By revealing the bright spectral signals of alkylic and methyl groups, together with sulfur functional groups, synchrotron FTIR unambiguously identified the sulfate-reducing metabolic activity of the bacteria within the SM1 samples. The archaeal cells themselves showed no such activity, leading the researchers to posit a thriving mutual metabolism of the archaea and bacteria.
In many cases, such syntrophy requires close physical association. Covering the surface of each SM1 cell the researchers found spines made of three protein strands, equipped with terminal hooks where the strands divided. Moissl-Eichinger named them hami, Latin for barbs or hooks. These "nano-grappling hooks" apparently hold the microbial partners together, working in synchronization. The major hami protein is unlike any known proteinaceous archaeal or bacterial filaments.
How SM1 Euryarchaea interact with their bacterial partners may be a model for understanding other syntrophic relations essential to the carbon and sulfur cycles on which Earth's life depends. So far found in just two sites in Germany, the species is the only example yet of an archaeon that dominates a biological ecosystem – but related species have been found in sulfur springs as far afield as Turkey and may be widespread.
DOE's Office of Science supported building and equipping the BSISB and also supports the ALS. For additional information, see below.
More about the Berkeley Synchrotron Infrared Structural Biology Program is at http://infrared.als.lbl.gov/content/structuralbiology/overview.


text: Many thanks; all as it should be now. learning all the time what a powerful friend BW7 will be once I've learnt to drive it. Have been dipping into the forums and am frankly amazed at what is going on out there and what can be done. <What a resource> PTL


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From the mathematics of nature – To capturing it in photos
From expressing emotion in a film – To creating software that controls high tech
Peter Kolski grew up in the environment, which seems to leave no other choice than becoming an artist. In Berlin. The fascination of a digital world, led in early years to program own games. To express himself, first movies were done in school. To investigate the depth of the universe, he studied physics.
First steps in the art world began in 2001 with visuals installations in exhibitions. So did he do first live visual shows as a VJ to live music. The VJ work was performed internationally in widely known clubs. Bildpeter played in multiple bands as live visualist to support the bands music experience. The film-work ranges from experimental films, political activism to band videos.
Science is seen by Peter Kolski as the beauty of thoughts and curiosity between nature and philosophy. His scientific work is strongly influenced by his art, as an unconventional way of investigation. The fields of self-organisation and complex systems are approached strongly visually.


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Local dealer
Your local Volvo Penta dealer will be happy to help you determine the correct part number and make sure you get the parts or accessories you're looking for. Your dealer can also provide you with recommendations and expert advice regarding maintenance and care for your Volvo Penta product.
Web Shop
With 24-hour access, the Volvo Penta Shop lets you find parts and order when it's convenient for you. Available today in most European countries, the shop is being rolled out market by market in the rest of the world. To buy online, select a dealer in the shop.
Online parts catalog
In our online parts catalog, you can search for parts for your specific engine or drive, presented in detail and with exploded views. You can generate your own personal list of required parts so that they can be easily ordered from your Volvo Penta dealer.


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PALM COAST, Fla. – Flagler County sheriff's deputies are investigating a scene in Palm Coast where a deputy shot a 32-year-old man armed with a machete and carrying a Bible who had become violent towards his family earlier in the day, according to authorities.
The Deputies involved in the shooting were placed on administrative leave per agency policy and have been identified as Deputy Joseph Dailey and Brandon Fiveash.
The Sheriff's Office said a deputy used a Taser gun on Troy Gordon when he approached them and refused to drop the machete. When that failed to stop Gordon's advance, a second deputy fired his service weapon. Gordon died at the scene.
The incident started around 4:25 p.m. Saturday when deputies said responded to a possible Baker Act incident at a home on Brownstone Lane where the suspect's psychological state was of concern.
According to deputies, Gordon's grandmother said the he told family earlier in the day this was the end for him. Deputies were told the man had become paranoid recently and may have been using synthetic marijuana.
One deputy was transported to Florida Hospital Flagler after suffering minor injuries during the incident, authorities said.
The Florida Department of Law Enforcement was assisting the Sheriff's Office with the investigation.