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My parents didn't really read books to my brother and I when we were little; I don't know if it's because they were too busy, or didn't feel like being bothered, or if it was just something their generation didn't do. Whatever the reason, I didn't get hyped on books until I was able to get myself to the library—that magical, beautiful building where there were books a plenty, each waiting to take my imagination places I couldn't conjure up all on my own. I was a huge Beverly Cleary fan, and Judy Blume could do no wrong, and I literally wore out the pages of my favorite Frances Hodgson Burnett books—"The Secret Garden," and "The Little Princess."
I never considered that none of the characters in those books didn't look like me; they were fantastic stories that made me laugh out loud and wonder. They were my friends.
Still, when I had my Mari, I knew that I had to do better by her—that I needed to surround her not only with stories and music that spoke directly to my little brown baby, but to stretch and bend and reach for material that moved beyond the obvious. Sure, I adored reading books by authors like Andrea Pinkney and Ezra Jack Keats and Vera B. Williams, each of whom made clear that stories featuring children of color mattered and were meaningful and lovely. But I was trying to raise a baby who would love listening to opera (Kathleen Battle's "So Many Stars") and jazz (Tony Bennett's "Playground" and Louis Armstrong's "Disney Songs The Satchmo Way") as much as she did the Teletubbies and Elmo, and who wouldn't be afraid to raise a fist in the air when it came time to rep being a beautiful, strong, smart little black girl. So she might catch a little Alice Walker up in the glider, or a word or two of Toni Morrison whispered in her ear while she dreamed in her crib. I adored reading poetry to her most of all—particularly anything by Nikki Giovanni, long a hero of mine. For her audacity. For her fearlessness. For her straight up love and dedication to the African diaspora. Her poem, "Ego Trippin," was—and still is—a staple. It's girl power at its finest.
Today, I could use a little girl power to get me through.
Maybe you can, too.
Ego Trippin (there may be a reason why)
By Nikki Giovanni
I was born in the Congo
I walked to the Fertile Crescent and built the Sphinx
I designed a pyramid so tough that a star that only glows every one hundred years falls into the center giving divine perfect light.
I am bad.
I sat on the throne drinking nectar with Allah
I got hot and sent an ice age to Europe to cool my thirst.
My oldest daughter is Nefertiti
The tears from my birth pains created the Nile
I am a beautiful woman.
I gazed upon the forest and burned out the Sahara desert
With a packet of goat's meat and a change of clothes
I crossed it in two hours
I am a gazelle so swift--so swift--you can't catch me.
For a birthday present when he was three
I gave my son Hannibal an elephant
He gave me Rome for Mother's Day
My strength flows ever on
My son Noah built a new ark and
I stood proudly at the helm as we sailed on a soft summer day
I turned myself into my self and was Jesus
Men intone my loving name
All praise, all praise
I am the one who would save
I sowed diamonds in my back yard
My bowels delivered uranium
The fillings from my fingernails are
semi-precious jewels
Once on a trip north
I caught a cold and blew
my nose, giving oil to the Arab world
I am so hip my errors are correct.
I sailed west to reach east and had to round off the Earth as I went
The hair from my head thinned and gold was laid across three continents.
I am so perfect,
so divine
so ethereal
so surreal
I cannot be comprehended except by my permission
I mean....I....can fly
Like a bird in the sky....


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Freestyle Sessions are open to all current U.S. Figure Skating Members. RSA permits independent coaches to accompany their students on the ice at no additional cost. There is a limit to the number of skaters per Freestyle Session, so check the most current RSA schedule for availability.
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Delegates elected by their respective regions gathered today in Naples for a General Chapter, with the main purpose of electing a new Superior General. The death of Superior General, Fr. Salvatore Izzo on Good Friday this past March necessitated the convening of a General Chapter to find his successor. The chapter begins with two days for a reflective retreat for all participants to be followed by a week of discussions, culminating in the election of the new Superior General. A candidate for Superior General must be at least 35 years of age and be perpetually professed for at least 10 years.
Since the announcement of the upcoming Chapter one month ago, Missionaries around the world have been offering special prayers that the Holy Spirit will guide the Delegates and that God will bless the works of the Chapter.


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What you need to know before you go
Maine is home to spectacular mountains, secluded miles of sandy beaches and state parks, as well as a longstanding reputation as a haven for seafood lovers. The western region – known locally as Maine's Lakes and Mountains region – is part of the Appalachian Trail, which stretches west and north from the New Hampshire border to Sebago Lake. Maine is also known for its historic lighthouses, with 18th-century Portland Head Light in Cape Elizabeth reigning as the oldest in the region.
The Maine Highlands attract outdoor enthusiasts with hiking trails leading to Katahdin, Maine's tallest mountain, and the tranquil Moosehead Lake. During wintertime, you can enjoy adventures such as skiing and snowboarding at ski resorts dotting Sugarloaf and Shawnee Peak.
Trending now in MaineFeatured stories & fun stuff
10 Ghost Towns in Maine
The presence of ghost towns in Maine owe to this north-easternmost state being home to some of the earliest US settlements. Each region has its fair share of ghost towns – relics of both gradual changes over the course of history and sudden, dramatic events – and Maine is no exception.
There are plenty of examples of intriguing ghost towns scattered across the nation's 50 states, but Maine has a particularly heavy crop that range from abandoned island towns to submerged settlements. There are enough creepy and abandoned sites around Maine to keep even the most curious traveler occupied.Read more
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* Any views expressed in this opinion piece are those of the author and not of Thomson Reuters Foundation.
Food producers are finally being heard in climate policy discussions
As a lifelong scientist I have attended climate change meetings for over 30 years. Our aim was to convince scientists and policymakers to take climate change seriously. The message was: 'Take action now, to leave a better world for your grandchildren.'
In the past, many of my colleagues working in development were not convinced - poor and hungry people cannot afford to worry about climate change. Such was the conventional wisdom.
The conference on "Hunger-Nutrition-Climate Justice" that I attended in Dublin this month has shown a hugely significant development. Finally, grassroots activists, smallholder farmers, pastoralists and fishermen are being given a voice and placed at the centre of climate change discussions.
Participants from 60 countries, many from Africa and Asia, were not discussing some vague threat in the distant future, but the serious challenges of managing risks to their livelihoods from extreme weather events, droughts, floods and hurricanes happening today. Evidently, climate change has caught up with us.
I was inspired by the discussions in Dublin, where participants shared their experiences of employing successful strategies to increase their capacity to adapt to climate change.
We heard about farmers in Senegal working with extension officers and the meteorological service on seasonal weather forecasts that are directly useful to them. We learned about farmers in Ethiopia engaging in the development of drought-insurance schemes, and farmers in Malawi adopting new varieties of orange-fleshed, drought-resistant sweet potato to help overcome vitamin A deficiency in infants.
Today, at least 870 million people go to bed hungry. A quarter of the world's children under five years of age are stunted by chronic malnourishment and will never reach their full potential. President Higgins of Ireland called it, "…the greatest ethical failure of our world."
Climate change is exacerbating the hunger and malnutrition challenge - undermining the progress we desperately need for a food-secure future. And it's hitting those that contributed least to greenhouse gas emissions the hardest - the smallholder farmers in developing countries who possess the least capacity to adapt. Ending hunger and malnutrition can only happen if we address climate change at the same time.
Agriculture not only multiplies risk for smallholder farmers. Food production and consumption also emits as much as 30 percent of all greenhouse gases. But in its evolution also lies the potential for fighting climate change.
We need to develop more innovative climate-smart agricultural solutions. We require investments in research that produces innovations for our food systems – systems that will need to be both resilient to climatic changes and have low carbon emissions.
And agricultural research also needs to do so much more than issue academic publications; we are entering a new phase of partnering with those in the field to put scientific innovation into real-life contexts.
The good news from Dublin was that we have a fair idea of what we have to do: Let the smallholder farmers, women in particular, tell scientists and policymakers about their needs and then empower those farmers with tools and policies to deal with climate risk in their own way.
Give a prominent role to local knowledge and combine it with cutting-edge science to fashion local innovations. Improve crop varieties that are productive, nutritious and resilient. Change the way pastures are used and the mix of livestock breeds. Manage landscapes, soils and forests to reduce emissions and conserve biodiversity. And finally, hold governments accountable to deliver on their commitments.
While this may be easy to say, we all know it is the hardest part to implement. It requires governments, the private sector, researchers, and producers working together in joined-up approaches. It requires close collaboration to ensure that agriculture and climate change adaptation issues are properly addressed in the creation of post-2015 development goals.
It will require investments, even in tough times. The Irish government, hosting this summit as a key part of its EU Presidency, is an example for all. It will maintain its development commitment despite the domestic financial crisis – and it will allocate over 20 percent of its development budget to end hunger and malnutrition.
The Irish hosts, recalling their own history of famine, were calling on the world to address climate justice. They were giving a voice to the voiceless and putting their money where their mouth is.
While these challenges are far from insignificant, they are not insurmountable. In the words of former U.S. Vice President Al Gore, who addressed the conference, "If we were to walk off that climate cliff, what does that say about our generation?"
Frank Rijsberman is CEO of the CGIAR Consortium, whose Research Programme on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) co-organised the Hunger-Nutrition-Climate Justice Conference in Dublin earlier this month.


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The Panasonic UT50 series features the world-beating picture of the ST50 series but at an even lower price; only in daylight do black levels falter.
Panasonic has a reputation for producing high-quality plasma televisions, and with its newest models the company has only strengthened this. The new lineup has single-handedly changed the level of quality we now expect from entry-level televisions. The Panasonic TC-P55ST50 is a barnstormer that has redefined the picture quality/value equation, and the TC-P50UT50 is very close behind it. The UT50 is positioned as the value option and misses a couple of features the ST50 has, but it boasts picture quality that's almost as impressive.
So what's missing on the UT50? Two main things: the UT50 doesn't have the ST50's louver filter and so isn't as talented when the lights are on; and it only has three video inputs in total, including two HDMI ports, so if you have lots of outboard gear you may need to trade up to the ST50.
Black levels on the UT50 are the same as the VT30's were when it came out 12 months ago, which is almost unbelievable in such a cheap TV, and while the lack of color controls gives little wiggle room, the picture is still bright and colorful.
Which should you choose between the UT50 and ST50? Do you watch TV with the lights off all the time? I don't, and you probably don't, either, but you might find a $300 savings could be enough incentive to put up with the UT50's slightly reduced picture quality in a lit room. We'd still give the nod to the ST50 since it doesn't require you to pull the shades, but on its own merits the UT50 is an excellent TV.
My colleague David Katzmaier and I had big hopes for the ST50 after the ST30 became our value pick of ST50, but its stellar performance shocked the both of us. Similarly, we expected the UT50 would perform at a similar level to the ST30 series. But no, the UT50 is almost as good as the ST50.
Black levels are still some of the best we've seen outside of an OLED TV, and the UT50 isn't going to make too much of a dent in your checkbook.
The UT50's color fidelity isn't the best, and if you want the intensity that full control can give we'd say pay for the ST50 and use our calibration settings -- trust me, it's worth paying the difference in price. That said, the UT50's colors do look perfectly good when it's not sitting right next to its peers.
Be respectful, keep it civil and stay on topic. We delete comments that violate our policy, which we encourage you to read. Discussion threads can be closed at any time at our discretion.


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Enjoy The Comm.
Events for December 28, 2019
Events Search and Views Navigation
All Day
Educational Improvement Tax Credit Giving
Turn your taxes into a philanthropic gift to benefit the Waverly Community House educational programming through the Pennsylvania Educational Improvement Tax Credit Program. A company can receive PA State Tax credits equal to 75% of its contribution up to a maximum of $750,000.00 per taxable year. This can be increased to 90% of the contribution…Find out more »
9:00 am
Destination Freedom Self-Guided Walking Tour
The Destination Freedom Walking Tour is a self-guided map designed to educate visitors on the rich history of the Underground Railroad Movement in the Northeast Pennsylvania region. On this tour, participants can view the nearby sites of significance as they pertain to this time period and learn more about the area residents…Find out more »
10:00 am
Upstairs Thrift
The upscale thrift shop at the Comm! Featuring women's, men's, and children's clothing, housewares and many more treasures! Come in and check it out! Hours: Wednesday through Friday: 10:00 am - 4:00 pm; Saturday 10:00 am - 1:00 pm Located in the North wing of The Comm. Parking in the rear of the building and…Find out more »


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Difference between revisions of "Group 5 Project - Electron Microsopy"
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This electron microscope does not require the specimen itself to be in a vacuum and can be operated at warmer temperatures, allowing similar conditions to the specimen's normal environment. This offers a greater insight into specimens and their functions as they would be in life<ref name="Pluk"/><ref>Stokes, D.J.; "Recent advances in electron imaging, image interpretation and applications: environmental scanning electron microscopy', page 2771. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London A, 2003 </ref>.
This electron microscope does not require the specimen itself to be in a vacuum and can be operated at warmer temperatures, allowing similar conditions to the specimen's normal environment. This offers a greater insight into specimens and their functions as they would be in life<ref name="Pluk"/><ref>Stokes, D.J.; "Recent advances in electron imaging, image interpretation and applications: environmental scanning electron microscopy', page 2771. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London A, 2003 </ref>.
==Links to External Sources
==Links to External Sources==
* Peter Mac Facility for Cancer Research [http://www.petermac.org/Research/Microscopy]
* Peter Mac Facility for Cancer Research [http://www.petermac.org/Research/Microscopy]
* Australian Microscopy and Microanalysis Society (AMMS Inc.) [http://www.imc2014aus.org/mmaustralia.html]
* Australian Microscopy and Microanalysis Society (AMMS Inc.) [http://www.imc2014aus.org/mmaustralia.html]
* Electron Microscopy News, ABC: Catalyst [http://www.abc.net.au/catalyst/stories/2508133.htm]
* Electron Microscopy News, ABC: Catalyst [http://www.abc.net.au/catalyst/stories/2508133.htm]
==Uses At UNSW==
==Uses At UNSW==
Revision as of 13:39, 19 May 2010
- 1 Introduction
- 2 History
- 3 How It Works - The Electron Microscope
- 4 Current Applications
- 4.1 Studies of cells
- 4.2 Virus Identification
- 4.3 Environmental Forensic Microscopy Investigations
- 4.4 Semiconductors Analysis
- 4.5 Materials and Chemical Research
- 4.6 Cryo-electron microscopy
- 5 Future Applications
- 6 Links to External Sources
- 7 Uses At UNSW
- 8 Glossary
- 9 References
One of the most important techniques in cell biology, possibly the most important, is electron microscopy as it allows for the analysis of cells, organelles, molecules and particles that are too small to be seen with the naked eye. Using an accelerated beam of electrons which has a much smaller wavelength than light and a number of electromagnetic 'lenses', an image with much greater resolution can be obtained, permitting a more in-depth analysis of the specimen.
Electron microscopes have permitted cell biologists to see cells and cell components with much greater resolution than light microscopes, providing insight into cell structure and function that would have previously been impossible. The analysis of microstructures helps to differentiate between minute elements of the specimen being investigated and also provides information about the integrity of a structure. The electron microscope has also proven important in materials research, environmental forensic investigations, and the semiconductor industry.
There are two major types of electron microscope - the transmission electron microscope (TEM) and the scanning electron microscope (SEM).
J.J Thompson (1856 - 1940) - Discovery of the Electron
- In 1897 during a series of experiments that were set up to study the nature of electric discharge in a high-vacuum cathode ray tube, he discovered the electron. [1]
- Received the Nobel Prize in Physics, 1906
Louis deBroglie (1892 - 1987) - Wavelength of moving electrons
- Discovered the wave nature of electrons [2]
- Awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1929 for his work.
Hans Busch - Magnetic or electric fields act as lenses for electrons (1927) [3]
- Calculated the electron trajectories in an electron ray bundle and found that a magnetic field of the short coil had the same effect on the electron bundle as a convex glass lens has on a light bundle.
Ernst Ruska (1906 - 1988) and the development of the electron microscope [3]
- In 1929 he submitted his Student Project Thesis on a method of designing a cathode ray oscillograph on the basis of the experimentally found dependence of the writing spot diameter on the position of the concentrating coil.
- In 1930 he published a paper on the contribution to geometrical electron optics.
- In 1931 the first blueprints of the electron microscope were put together by Ernst Ruska and Max Knoll
- Ernst Ruska and Max Knoll published Das Elektronenmikroskop (The electron microscope) in 1932, announcing the development of the electron microscope to the scientific world.
- Started work with Bodo von Borries in 1932, refining the magnetic converging lens of the short field lens needed to obtain a better-than-light resolution.
- In 1937 along with Bodo von Borries, began collaborating with Siemens to industrially produce the electron microscope.
- By 1938 two prototypes with a condenser and polepieces for objective and projective as well as airlocks for specimens and photoplates had been completed, with a maximum resolution of 30,000x
- In 1939 the first serially produced electron microscope was delivered to IG Farbenindustrie, a major representative of the chemical industry, at its works in Hoeschst.
- In 1986 Ernst Ruska was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for his work in electron optics and the design of the first electron microscope.
M. Knoll - First Scanning Electron Micrograph [4] [5]
- In 1935, Knoll used a primitive version of a SEM which contained two cathode ray tubes and produced a micrograph of a solid polycrystalline structure which was a piece of steel.
Manfred von Ardenne - 1938 [4] [5]
- Made groundbreaking research on the physical properties of the SEM and beam specimen interactions.
- He developed a British patent SEM but it was never made into a working model.
Zworykin et al. - first early form of SE Image - 1942 [4] [5]
- Developed a sealed- off field emission SEM and produced a primitive SEM image. However it did not meet up with the swiftly developing Transmission Electron Microscope and so was considered uneventful and further progress was terminated.
Professor Sir Charles Oatley (1904-1996) and his involvement in the development of the Scanning Electron Microscope [5]
- In the late 1940s, Oatley, a lecturer in engineering became interested in conducting some research in electron optics and decided to pursue the SEM to complement the works of fellow colleague - V. E. Cosslett's work on the Transmission Electron Microscope.
- In 1948, with one of his students - Dennis McMullan, built their first SEM. With this microscope they could achieve a resolution of 50nm, and were able to produce the first micrographs showing the striking 3D imaging characteristics of the modern-day SEM
- In 1952, Oatley began work with another student, Ken Smith. Together they continued to make improvements to the electron optical system and increase the efficiency of secondary electron collection. In 1955 they published 'The Scanning Electron Microscope its Fields of Application', which outlined the uses of the SEM.
- A third research student, O. C. Wells started work with Oatley in 1953. He developed the second SEM which had many improvements on the original SEM. These improvements made the SEM better for experimental work and the configuration was used in all subsequent SEMs.
- His fourth student, Everhart who started in 1955, worked with Oatley and together they worked on tweaking the SEM to make it more efficient and improve the quality of the images produced.
- With his fifth student Peter Spreadbury in 1956, they built a simple SEM which utilised CRT as a display unit.
- Between 1956 and 1960, Oatley supervised a number of other students who continued to improve the SEM, by applying ion beam optics, adding a magnetic objective lens which improved resolution, modifying the SEM built by Wells to enable the examination of thermionic emitters at temperatures exceeding 1000K and achieving a resolution of 10nm.
- The first SEM designed for commercial use was developed in the early 1960's.
How It Works - The Electron Microscope
There are two main types of electron microscope: the Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) and the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), both of which are covered here. Before looking at each individually, a general overview of electron microscopes will be given.
Looking at an electron microscope for the first time, understanding how it works can seem like a daunting task. However, it is easier to grasp the basic concept once one realises that the electron microscope follows the same basic pattern as the light microscope, but with some differences:
|Light Microscope
|Electron Microscope
|Has a light source
|A beam of electrons replaces the light source
|Has a place for the specimen
|The prepared specimen sits in a vacuum chamber
|Has lenses to magnify the specimen
|The "lenses" are hoop-like coiled electromagnets that the electron beam passes through
|Displays a magnified image of the specimen[6]
|The image is displayed on a screen, or as a photograph [6]
A beam of electrons fired from an electron gun is used because a fast-moving electron beam has a much smaller wavelength than light, allowing the electron microscope to have a much higher resolution than the light microscope. Commonly, a tungsten filament is used in the electron gun; a very high voltage (ranging from 50,000 to millions of volts) is passed through the filament, causing electrons to be thrown off. An anode (a positively-charged electrode) is used to accelerate the electron beam, which reduces the wavelength and allows for higher resolution images. [7]
Preparation of specimens is different for transmission and scanning electron microscopy. However, in both transmission and scanning electron microscopy, the electron beam and the specimen must be kept in a vacuum, since electrons can lose their energy to particles in air. Thus, neither TEMs nor SEMs can be used to observe live specimens, as living creatures could not survive the required fixation/preparation process, or being positioned in a vacuum (though there are some exceptions to this rule in the case of SEMs)[8]. [9]
In a light microscope, the lenses concentrate the light into a beam and magnify the image of the specimen by refracting that beam of light. The electromagnetic "lenses" of the electron microscope (coils of wire through which a current of one amp or less is passed) act in a similar way, whereby the magnetic field generated by the lenses bends and focuses the electron beam passing through it. [10]
Finally, the electrons containing information about the specimen are interpreted into an image that can be viewed either as a photograph image or on a cathode-ray TV screen. The way images are formed differs between TEMs and SEMs.[9]
Transmission Electron Microscope
TEMs give us the ability to study the internal structure of cells and organelles. Specimens being prepared for TEMs must be fixed and sliced into very thin sections. Fixation with glutaraldehyde followed by osmium tetroxide (which acts as a fixative and an electron-dense stain) is common in electron microscopy, though there are a range of fixation techniques available, such as fixation with formaldehyde or cryo-fixation – the method of fixation depends on the specimen to be viewed and the view desired. Specimens for electron microscopy must be stained with an electron-dense substance (like lead, osmium or gold) because otherwise the accelerated electron beam can damage the specimen. [11]
Electrons are fired from the electron gun into a vacuum, where the condenser lenses focus the beam of accelerated electrons on the specimen. The electrons interact with and pass through the specimen to reach the objective lens, which produces the first image of the specimen and performs the first focusing and magnification. Next is the intermediate lens which controls magnification of the image, followed by the projector lenses, which project the final image onto an imaging device such as a photographic plate, fluorescent screen or CCD camera. The image is viewed through a leaded window or magnifying binocular eyepieces, or the image is captured by camera and viewed on an external screen. [12]
Areas of the image appearing as bright are less dense, so more electrons were able to pass through, while dark areas indicate dense areas of the specimen where fewer electrons were able to pass through. Images produced by TEMs are two-dimensional. TEMs have the highest resolution of any electron microscope, allowing us to see structures 1-2 nanometres in size (1 million times magnification).[13] Cite error: Closing
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<ref> tag
Scanning Electron Microscope
Since SEMs give us an image of the surface of a specimen, preparation of specimens for scanning electron microscopy differs from that of transmission electron microscopy. Larger specimens can be placed in an SEM than can be placed in a TEM (e.g. whole insects) as the beam does not have to pass through the specimen but over it. Specimens must be coated with a metal that reflects electrons, such as gold; this coating of a conductive substance amplifies the electron signal and also prevents the electrons from charging the specimen.
Electrons are fired from the electron gun into the vacuum and accelerated before they pass through one or two condenser lenses that focus the electron beam. The beam then passes through magnetic coils controlled by a scanning generator that direct it in a predetermined scanning motion over the surface of the specimen. As electrons hit the surface of the specimen they bounce off – these are known as secondary electrons. The secondary electrons are detected by an electron collector which is connected to an amplifier, which processes and amplifies the signal before it is sent to a cathode-ray tube screen where the image can be viewed. The scanning generator also scans the electron beam in the cathode ray tube, and allows magnification of the view displayed on the cathode-ray tube screen by reducing the surface area of the specimen being scanned. [9]
SEMs produce very sharp three-dimensional images of the surfaces of specimens; however, the resolution is less than that of TEMs, with maximum resolution being approximately between 3-20 nanometres, depending on the microscope.Cite error: Closing
</ref> missing for
<ref> tag The SEM also has a wide field of vision, allowing more of a specimen to be viewed at any one time than when using other imaging methods. Although in the vast majority of cases the specimen to be studied must be dead in order to complete this preparation process, there is a form of the SEM called the Environmental SEM (ESEM) that can, in some cases, be used to study live specimens. In these microscopes, the electron beam is kept in a vacuum until it reaches the specimen, which is not in a vacuum, allowing it to remain alive. An ionizable gas (e.g. water) is released into the specimen chamber to amplify the signal from scattered electrons and to prevent charge building up on the specimen. However, scattering of the electron beam occurs to a much greater extent in this technique as the electron beam is not constantly in a vacuum.[14] [9]
Comparing the Two
|Transmision Electron Microscope
|Scanning Electron Microscope
|Image produced is a section through specimen
|Image produced is of the surface of specimen
|Electron beam passes through specimen
|Electron beam 'scans' over specimen
|Specimens must be very thin
|Specimens can be larger
|Very high resolution (1-2 nanometres, or x1,000,000)
|Resolution not as high as TEM (3-20 nanometres)
|Specimens must be dead
|Specimens must be dead (with some special exceptions)
|All images are black and white
|Microscopes are large and expensive
|A vacuum is required
Current Applications
The Electron Microscope (EM) has many applications unique to itself as it has a stronger magnification power than light microscopy. This allows a better understanding of the phenomena that occur out of the range of other viewing devices. Some examples of the current uses of electron microscopy include:
Studies of cells
Providing discoveries in:
Cell Morphology and Ultrastructure
The EM provides information about surface structures giving insight to the relationship with internal structure, as well as allowing identification of cells based on their surface morphology.[15]. The ultrastructural detail obtained by findings can be applied to for a better understanding of cellular functions and the processes associated. With the use of the TEM, Morinaga et al (2009) were able to show osseointegration does not take place at the surface of bone or the titanium implants, and thus an altered understanding of ultrastructural development of lamellar bone in relation to titanium implants over time [16].
Cell-Cell Communication
With the use of electron micrographs we are able to see the arrangement of gap junctions, which facilitate cell-cell communication. The connexins can be seen to take a hexagonal shape and allow small molecules to pass through [17]. Such understanding of gap junctions is only possible by knowing their structure from using the EM.
The EM helps to display the importance of phagocytosis for the body's reaction to foreign particles. From the micrographs in Berry and Galle's article (1980), it is clear that the alveolar pneumocytes have phagocytosed glass and clay in an attempt to eliminate the particles from the airways [18]. With the application of the EM, we are able to gain a better understanding of human phagocytes. From EM images, hypotheses have been made about other cellular components that may be involved in the phagocytic process, for example dense filaments for transports of vacuoles [19], providing leads for further research.
Distribution of Ribosomes, Parasites or Proteins in Ultrathin Sections of Cell Tissue
Using TEM, RNA probes and cell hybridisation concurrently, we are able to display the distribution of ribosomes, nuclei, mitochondria, parasites [20] and proteins across a tissue, the sites at which genes are expressed [21], and the effects that viruses have on components [22]. This is important when locating and identifying a desired subject, gaining insight about its origin and effects, and also when verifying results from other methods, such as light microscopy, by comparing consistencies.
Structural Information of Organelles
As electron microscopy improves, so does our knowledge of all cells including their cellular components. Where previous researchers have made assumptions on the indefinite, current researchers can analyse based on EM findings. Often the structure of mitochondria was presented as uniform yet recent research has shown that it is highly variable and that "cristae conformation is a direct consequence of the specialized function of the respective tissue." [23]. This explains the variety of structures of the mitochondria across a range of tissue types. Structures of Golgi Apparatuses have also been shown to differ greatly in different tissues, from small stacks, to large cylindrical shapes [24]. In 1984, Barnes and Blackmore clarified perceptions of the chloroplast, confirming a sharply defined envelope which connected to the inner membranous system in places, and were able to deduce exact sizes of the organelles as well [25].
Mechanisms of Disease
In the University of California, San Francisco scientists have viewed the ultrastructural of Glaucoma using the SEM, to gain insight into the mechanisms of ocular disease. Using the TEM, they can also views intracellular conditions and components over a range of Glaucoma specimens, both in vivo and in vitro [26].
Link for Further Research University of San Francisco - Department of Ophthalmology
Virus Identification
In 1947, electron microscopy was used to distinguish chickenpox from smallpox as the sizes of the cells are smaller and sparse[27]. The detail acquired of such small particles and their structures, makes it possible to differentiate a wide variety of contagious agents. One downfall of the electron microscope for detecting viruses is that the images can be ambiguous, and thus the analyst must find multiple cells of the same morphology before identifying the virus and initial photographs must be kept to verify the identification[28].
Environmental Forensic Microscopy Investigations
In environmental forensic investigations, the EM is applied to assess hygiene and monitor the environment providing information about contaminants that are present. Dust, lead and asbestos particles, hairs, fibers and mineral grains are analysed by the EM and may be can be connected to causes of poor hygiene and can also be used as evidence in criminal cases, linking suspects to crime scenes [29].
Semiconductors Analysis
TEM is highly useful in the semiconductor industry for obtaining precise measurements of devices (nanometrology) and the analysis of faults that develop when manufactured (failure analysis). The semiconductors are so small that such detail can only be acquired by the EM. The devices are evaluated, providing feedback about certain materials used, the effectiveness of the semiconductor and a failure analysis [30].
Materials and Chemical Research
The application of TEM to materials research, such as crystallography, presents feedback that allows for improvements in the composition of a substance and analysis of the behaviour of a material in a given situation [31], particularly nanosized materials.
Cryo-electron microscopy
This procedure was developed as the existing fixation techniques lead to altered structures of some specimens due to varied levels of dehydration. The alternative fixation was freezing the hydrated specimens. This made it possible to view a fully hydrated subject, without separation from the vacuum chamber, which greatly reduces the resolution [32] [33]. Cryo-electron microscopy is particularly effective for structures that only exist under the forces of liquid water, and thus cannot be viewed in a dehydrated form [32].
Recently, there has been a significant development in the area of cryo-microscopy. On April 30th of this year a study was published in the journal Cell reporting that researchers at UCLA have imaged the structure of a virus (aquereovirus) at 3.3 angstroms – a level of resolution so great researchers could, in effect, "see" atoms. This is the first published occurrence of imaging of a biological specimen at such a resolution. [34][35]
The study has shed new light on the previously little-understood method by which non-envelope viruses fuse with and infect host cells. Using the high-resolution images, the researchers determined that the aquereovirus uses a priming stage during which it sheds its protective protein coating and readies itself to use a protein termed an "insertion finger" to invade a host cell.[34]
This study is an example of the exciting potential for cryo-electron microscopy to produce extremely high-resolution images of organic specimens in their native environment. [34]
Link to Article: A Cryo-EM Structure of a Nonenveloped Virus Reveals a Priming Mechanism for Cell Entry
Link to BBC News Article: Cryo-Electron Microscopy
Future Applications
Apart from developing applications that are currently in use, there are some areas where little research has been undertaken, and thus a greater focus in these areas may lead to future uses.
Diagnosis of Cancer
Where the use of routine techniques, such as light microscopy, may lead to an incorrect diagnosis of a difficult tumour, the additional ultrastructural detail obtained from EM would increase the likelihood of an accurate diagnosis. Cell-cell communication between malignant and normal cells could be monitored, as well as the location of cancerous cells via immunogold labeling. Although there is not much research in this area it appears to hold promise for the future, as it could prove to be more cost effective than current procedures. [36]
Rapid detection of infectious agents
The EM must remain as one of the primary tools of rapid diagnostic virology, as it can be used to identify unexpected agents quickly such that they can be treated. An example of this is quick response and identification of B. anthracis in the biological terrorist letter attack on the U.S. [28].
Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy (ESEM)
This electron microscope does not require the specimen itself to be in a vacuum and can be operated at warmer temperatures, allowing similar conditions to the specimen's normal environment. This offers a greater insight into specimens and their functions as they would be in life[15][37].
Links to External Sources
- Peter Mac Facility for Cancer Research [1]
- Australian Microscopy and Microanalysis Society (AMMS Inc.) [2]
- Electron Microscopy News, ABC: Catalyst [3]
Uses At UNSW
The University of New South Wales has its own Electron Microscope Unit (UNSW Analytical Centre, 2010). It is located in the Basement of the Chemical Science Building on the main campus.
In the EMU, there are two TEMs and five SEMs available to use, all of which are used for different types of analysis. They also have a variety of equipment that is used for the preparation of both organic and inorganic specimens as well as equipment that prepares specimens for use in SEM and TEM examinations.
The EMU is used for research services, training and programs. It provides microscopy services to researchers from the UNSW community as well as other universities and other research bodies. The EMU is used in the collection of data for over 300 peer-reviewed papers per year. This unit educates researchers and academics through seminars, training courses and workshops as well as hands on practical experience.[38]
To access the EMU at UNSW web site click on the link: | EMU at UNSW
Angstrom: The smallest recognised division of a chemical element; approximately the distance between the hydrogen atoms in a molecule of water
Anode: Positively-charged electrode
Chloroplast: A plastid containing chlorophyll, where photosynthesis takes place
Condenser: A lens used to concentrate light or electrons on an object
Crystallography: The science of analyzing crystalline structures and functions of materials
Electron: A negative electric charged subatomic particle
Electromagnet: A temporary magnet in which the magnetic field is produced by the flow of electric current
EM: Electron microscope
ESEM: Environmental scanning electron microscope
Glaucoma: An eye disease that damages the optic nerve and impairs vision
Glutaraldehyde: A fixative for electron microscopy
Golgi Apparatus: An organelle that is active in the modification and transport of proteins
Immunogold labeling: Gold markers used for indirect labeling of a specific site
Morphology: Shape or structure
Mitochondria: An organelle responsible for producing a cell's energy
Nanometrology: The science of measurement at the nanoscale level
Non-envelope virus: Viruses lacking an outer envelope membrane used to fuse with and infect host cells
Nuclei: A membrane-enclosed organelle containing most of the cell's genetic material
Organelle: A physical compartment of a cell
Oscillograph: A device that records the waveforms of fluctuating voltages or currents
Osmium Tetroxide: an electron-dense stain
Osseointegration: The growth action of bone tissue, as it assimilates surgically implanted devices or prostheses
Parasite: An animal or plant that lives in or on a host
Phagocytosis: The process where a cell engulfs and digests microorganisms a solid particle, such as a microorganism
Polepiece: An item of magnetic material comprising one end of a magnet that is shaped to direct the magnetic flux distributed around it
Resolution: The number of pixels per square inch in a photo or computer-generated display
Ribosome: An organelle in cells that makes proteins from amino acids and by translating messenger RNA
SEM: Scanning electron microscope
Semiconductor: A material that has a limited capacity for conducting an electric current
TEM: Transmission electron microscope
Ultrastructure: The very fine details of a structure
Vacuum: An empty space devoid of matter
Wavelength: The distance between two points over which a wave's shape repeats
- ↑ Harre R. Great Scientific Experiments: Twenty Experiments that Changed our View of the World 2002,p171, Dover Publications, USA, accessed on the 19/04/2010, <http://books.google.com.au/books?id=yTqoV1aJWtkC&pg=RA1-PA171&dq=jj+thomson+discovery+of+the+electron&client=firefox-a&cd=2#v=onepage&q=jj%20thomson%20discovery%20of%20the%20electron&f=false>
- ↑ de Broglie, L ,1929, The Wave Nature of the Electron: Nobel Lecture, December 12, 1929, Nobel Lectures, Physics 1922-1941, Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1965 Accessed at <http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1929/broglie-lecture.html>
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Ruska, E 1987, The Development of the Electron Microscope and of Electron Microscopy, Reviews of Modern Physics, Vol 59 Issue 3 pp 627-638
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Wells OC. and Joy DC.The early history and future of the SEM, Surface and Interface Analysis 2006, Vol38 Issue 12-13 pp 1738-1742.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Breton, B 2009, The Early History and Development of The Scanning Electron Microscope, Scientific Imaging Group at Cambridge University Engineering Department, Accessed 18/04/2010, <http://www2.eng.cam.ac.uk/~bcb/history.htm>
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Woodford, Chris. (2009) How Electron Microscopes Work Explain That Stuff. Accessed 21/4/2010<http://www.explainthatstuff.com/electronmicroscopes.html>
- ↑ Hunter, Elaine. (1993) Practical Electron Microscopy: A Beginner's Illustrated Guide (2nd ed.) New York and Oakleigh: Cambridge University Press. pp 114-115. isbn= 0-521-38539-3
- ↑ Hunter, Elaine. (1993) Practical Electron Microscopy: A Beginner's Illustrated Guide (2nd ed.) New York and Oakleigh: Cambridge University Press. p 107. isbn= 0-521-38539-3
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Nixon, W.C (1971). The General Principles of Scanning Electron Microscopy in Huxley, H.E and Klug, A. New Developments in Electron Microscopy. London: The Royal Society. pp. 45-50.
- ↑ Weakly, Brenda S. (1972) A Beginner's Handbook in Biological Electron Microscopy Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. pp. 4-7. ISBN 0443009082
- ↑ Hunter, Elaine. (1993) Practical Electron Microscopy: A Beginner's Illustrated Guide (2nd ed.) New York and Oakleigh: Cambridge University Press. pp 3-7. isbn= 0-521-38539-3
- ↑ Hunter, Elaine. (1993) Practical Electron Microscopy: A Beginner's Illustrated Guide (2nd ed.) New York and Oakleigh: Cambridge University Press. pp 103-107, 114-112. isbn= 0-521-38539-3
- ↑ Alberts, B et al. (2009) Essential Cell Biology (3rd ed.) New York and Milton Park:Garland Science. p7.
- ↑ (2000) SEM A New Tool Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History. Accessed 1/5/2010 <http://www.mnh.si.edu/highlight/sem/newtool.html>
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 Pluk, H., Stokes D.J., Lich, B., Wieringa, B.,& Fransen, J.: " Advantages of indium–tin oxide-coated glass slides in correlative scanning electron microscopy applications of uncoated cultured cells ', page 353. Journal of Microscopy, 2008.
- ↑ Morinaga, K., Kido, H., Sato, A., Watazu, A. & Matsuura, M.: "Chronological Changes in the Ultrastructure of Titanium-Bone Interfaces: Analysis by Light Microscopy, Transmission Electron Microscopy, and Micro-Computed Tomography', page 59. Clinical Implant Dentistry and Related Research, 2009.
- ↑ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=stryer&part=A1835
- ↑ Berry, J.P. & Galle, P.: " Phagocytosis by Alveolar Cells Studied by Electron Microscopy and Microanalysis: Comparison of Two Types of Particles', page 247. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH, 1980.
- ↑ Glick, A.D., Getnick, R.A. & Cole, R.M.: "Electron Microscopy of Group A Streptococci After Phagocytosis by Human Monocytes', page 772. INFECTION AND IMMUNITY, 1971.
- ↑ Lherminier, J., Bonfiglioli, R.G., Daire, X., Symons, R.H., Boudon-Padieu, E.: "Oligodeoxynucleotides as probes for in situ hybridization with transmission electron microscopy to specifically localize phytoplasma in plant cells', page 41. Molecular and Cellular Probes, 1999.
- ↑ Binder, M., Tourmente, S., Roth, J., Renaud, M.,Gehring, W.J.: "In situ hybridization at the electron microscope level: localization of transcripts on ultrathin sections of Lowicryl', page 1646. The Journal of Cell Biology, 1986.
- ↑ Besse, S., Puvion-Dutilleul F.: "Distribution of ribosomal genes in nucleoli of herpes simplex virus type 1 infected cells', page 33. The European Journal of Cell Biology, 1996.
- ↑ Perkins, G.A. & Frey, T.G.: "Recent structural insight into mitochondria gained by microscopy', page 97. Micron 31, 2000.
- ↑ Koga, D. & Ushiki, T.: "Three-dimensional ultrastructure of the Golgi apparatus in different cells: high-resolution scanning electron microscopy of osmium-macerated tissues', page 357. Archives of Histology and Cytology, 2006.
- ↑ Barnes, S.H. & Blackmore, S.: "Scanning Electron-Microscopy of Chloroplast Ultrastructure', page 187. MICRON AND MICROSCOPICA ACTA, 1984.
- ↑ http://ucsfeye.net/electronmicroscopy.shtml
- ↑ Nagler, FPO & Rake G: The Use of the Electron Microscope in Diagnosis of Variola, Vaccinia, and Varicella ', page 45. Journal of Bacteriology, 1945.
- ↑ 28.0 28.1 Hazelton, P.R. & Gelderblom, H.R.: Electron Microscopy for Rapid Diagnosis of Infectious Agents in Emergent Situations', page 294. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 2003.
- ↑ Millette, J.R., Brown, R.S. & Hill, W.B.: Using environmental forensic microscopy in exposure science', page 20. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE AND ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY, 2008.
- ↑ Rai, R.S. & Subramanian, S.: Role of transmission electron microscopy in the semiconductor industry for process development and failure analysis', page 63. PROGRESS IN CRYSTAL GROWTH AND CHARACTERIZATION OF MATERIALS, 2009.
- ↑ Pyo, S.G. & Kim, N.J.: Role of interface boundaries in the deformation behavior of TiAl polysynthetically twinned crystal: In situ transmission electron microscopy deformation study', page 1888. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS RESEARCH, 2005.
- ↑ 32.0 32.1 Dubochet, J., Adrian, M., Chang, J.J., Homo, J.C., Lepault, J., Mcdowall, A.W., Schultz, P.: CRYO-ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF VITRIFIED SPECIMENS', page 129-228. QUARTERLY REVIEWS OF BIOPHYSICS, 1988.
- ↑ http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/hub/A914302
- ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 Rodewald, M. (2010) Cryo-Electron Microscopy Images Shed Light On Virus Structure, Function. Medical News Today. <http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/187611.php>
- ↑ Zhang, X., Lei, J., Fang, Q., Hui, W.H. and Zhou, Z.H. A Cryo-EM Structure of a Nonenveloped Virus Reveals a Priming Mechanism for Cell Entry. Cell: 2010; 141:3, pp. 472-482 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WSN-4YVPPVC-2&_user=10&_coverDate=04%2F30%2F2010&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=browse&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=851f8101a74c7d2ff287ba8a0d2c7d84
- ↑ King, J.A.: "Role of transmission electron microscopy in cancer diagnosis and research', page 20. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS , 2007.
- ↑ Stokes, D.J.; "Recent advances in electron imaging, image interpretation and applications: environmental scanning electron microscopy', page 2771. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London A, 2003
- ↑ UNSW Analytical Centre 2010, Homepage of Electron Microscope Unit UNSW Analytical Centre, UNSW. Accessed 22/4/2010 <http://srv.emunit.unsw.edu.au/Index.htm>
2010 Projects
Fluorescent-PCR | RNA Interference | Immunohistochemistry | Cell Culture | Electron Microsopy | Confocal Microscopy | Monoclonal Antibodies | Microarray | Fluorescent Proteins | Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer


text:
Vibhanshu Chaudhary
विभान्शु चौधरी
Mozilla Rep, Regional Coordinator, Fx QA, Webmaker Mentor, l10n, MDN
Proud Mozillian | WebVR India Focus Team | Mozilla Policy & Advocacy Functional Group | Activate Mozilla | Developer Engagement | Test Pilot | Mozilla Add-ons |Club Captain | Firefox Student Ambassador| Graduate student | Club Lead | MLS Task Force | Pilot Run | Webmaker | Placement Coordinator | Web Literacy Skill Sharer | Technology Enthusiastic | Good Motivator | MDN Starter
Tagsfirefox student ambassadors, army of awesome, sumo, mozilla india, l10n:translation, community builders, engagement, firefoxos, python, bugzilla, privacy, qa, testing, evangelism, localization, policy, add-ons, webmaker, support, thunderbird, security, coding, open badges, persona, program management, communications
Skills.css3 html5 javascript, a bit of everything, blogger, c and java, c++ html css, club leading, computer tweaker, event management, event organiser, firefox os evangelist, html javascript css php mysql, linux basics, mozvr, public relations, public speaker, qa tester, student co-ordinator, webvr
LanguagesEnglish, Hindi
Vouched By
Jessica Osorio
Vibhanshu Chaudhary is a very engaged Mozillian. He is one of our greatest ambassadors. In 2015, he won a grand prize in a social reach contest to promote Firefox. He definitely has a true passion for the Mozilla project.
Amit Kumar Jaiswal
Vibhanshu has been an active mozillian and FSA. He formed a FSA club in his college. He has also contributed into webmaker project and has motivated many students toward making their own makes. Recently he is started with Firefox QA, MozVR and has done firefox beta testing.
Mahmood Abdul-Hameed Al-Qudah
He is very active member on l10n and organizer for many events and club leader
Priya Thakre
Vibhanshu is a very active member of the "Mozilla Noida community". Some of his work is: 60000+ points in MLS, Localized MDN ,Organized many events in college, Webmaker Mentor and Club Lead of "NIET Firefox Club Noida". He is one of the founding members of his local community.Keep It Up...!!!
Bala Subramaniyan
Vibhanshu Chaudhary, Doing great in his Noida community. Initiated new things, Supporting net neutrality by raising with greater noida community team using mozilla memes. Contributed at various techy and non-techy projects. My vouching adds extra blaze in him. Hope, He will do good things ahead. < vibhanshuchaudhary.wordpress.com >


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As for the threat of veterans being present as polling stations on Election Day, that reeks of intimidation, and is something that the CAF has worked to prevent from happening in other countries when they vote. I can't believe anyone would ever think this is in any way okay in Canada?
Does that mean I can claim founder status?
Army veteran Ron Clarke of North Sydney decided to start the ABC campaign last year, with the intention of mobilizing veterans after an election call.
Right there in Black and White.
And I said I started saying last year too. Tom Beaver put his name on the official paperwork. What does Clarke being a part of the campaign have to do with the price of tea in China? He's a spokesman for the campaign, just like almost 12,000 other people are.You're picking flysh*t out of pepper. Really. This is what I was talking about in regards to a small group of people with an axe to grind trying to link the campaign to anything they don't personally like in an effort to smear the whole thing. You're dividing veterans, and that's being part of the problem, not of the solution.
Guess you should have copyrighted your idea.
We're dividing veterans?Any group that supports (or shows lack of support) for one political party over any other is the one doing the dividing, because it is telling those veterans who may still consider voting for the non-favoured group that they are not welcome in that club.
And it's not nitpicking. Clarke didn't say that he decided to vocalize his ABC beliefs or use any other wording that would make it seem like an individual effort. The article says he decided to start the campaign.Definition of campaign as a verb: work in an organized and active way toward a particular goal, typically a political or social one.And as a noun: an organized course of action to achieve a particular goal.That certainly doesn't give the impression of one person acting, but more like organizing and encouraging a group of people.Your reply seems more like nitpicking, whereas the rest of us are taking the FB posts and news articles at face value.
Oh, and the claim of union funds comes straight from Clarke's own FB post from June. I seriously doubt he would bring up any sponsorship that was given 3 years ago (which by your reasoning, ABC didn't exist so I don't even know why you brought up that comment) which was likely spent some time ago.
You'll have to refresh my memory if it's been posted already (I don't see it, but I do see Danjanou claiming he saw something about $25K), but which FB post from Clarke in June referred to union funds? The union funds I referred to were over three years ago, from UVAE to CVA for a specific purpose, and I highly doubt UVAE had the foresight to donate funds almost four years before an ABC Veterans campaign.
Duffy was charged with fraud, breach of trust and bribery.What criminal acts are you alleging here, in the context of the ABC campaign?
Just wondering why you excuse some of questionable finances, yet open to accuse others? Is it really appropriate that CDN25K was given to Mr Clarke in the same time-frame?
One, I don't know if it actually happened or not - nobody's provided anything in the line of proof.Two, why are we even discussing this? I don't know what organization Mr. Clarke is alleged to have been running at the time of this supposed transaction, but is it illegal or even questionable for a union to donate funds to an organization that shares a common goal or two? I personally don't have a problem with a union backing any group working towards sacking the Conservatives, or any other worthy cause.
I think it's rather amusing, JJT...we have several people all making innuendo and accusations of something that nobody has proof of, and even if they did, it doesn't even qualify as "questionable".I think I'll just sit by and wait for some proof to get offered up, and then for someone to explain what's questionable about it.
Frankly, I do not find any of it amusing. I find the whole political process as putrefying. If any military personnel or previous military members are part of it, they should do so with proper decorum and respect.
I agree. Other than the guy with a dodgy beret and t-shirt, and a fire & brimstone speech that went a little too far with the picketing polling stations issue, I would say the campaign is sticking to the facts and conducting themselves well. Somehow, I get the feeling that a certain group of people will still go out of their way to fabricate arguments against the campaign because of their own political beliefs, and not because there's something wrong with the campaign itself.
I agree. Other than the guy with a dodgy beret and t-shirt, and a fire & brimstone speech that went a little too far with the picketing polling stations issue, I would say the campaign is sticking to the facts and conducting themselves well. Somehow, I get the feeling that a certain group of people will still go out of their way to fabricate present arguments against the campaign because of their own political beliefs, and not because there's something wrong with the campaign itself.
Of course they will (if you'll agree that "fabricate" is a loaded word) because it is a political campaign and opinions matter. You have an opinion, one to which you are certainly entitled; your interlocutor has a different opinion, one which he is entitled to hold, too. You're not going to convince one another, in fact you're not really trying to convince one another: neither of you wants to concede even the smallest point to the other, nor does either of you want to let the other the last word.


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Having just returned from a splendid autumn backpack in the Hunter Fryingpan Wilderness in Colorado, I was particularly discomfited by the recent article on privatization of our public lands (Feds push for privatization of U.S. forest campgrounds, Sept. 28).
While claims of American exceptionalism are often over-blown during an election, it is fair to say our public lands in western North America are an exceptional legacy of our cultural heritage. For some of us, the shameless rush to cash in on their bounty is reminiscent of the money changers in the temples.
These dealings are tied up with those who know the price of everything, but the value of nothing. Congress has been bleeding dry our public land agencies since the days of Ronald Reagan. These privatization agendas in the name of efficiency are a ruse to inject our commons with a dose of capital from the highest bidders and reward them with healthy profits.
The American Recreation Coalition, cited in the article as the umbrella group poised to unveil a dozen such programs, gives a list of members ranging from the Association of International Snowmobile Manufacturers to the Walt Disney Corporation. House Republicans recently passed the Sportsmen's Heritage Act, a bill thinly disguised to gut the 1964 Wilderness Act, and supported by the Romney/Ryan ticket. The ski industry in Colorado, largely harbored on public lands, has rarely seen an uncut slope not in their sights for expansion so as to "remain competitive."
Amory Lovins, a man who has thought long and hard about the plight of the planet and the role of markets once said, "Markets are meant to be greedy, not fair. Efficient, not sufficient. They're very good at short-term allocation of scarce resources, but that's all they're good at. They were never meant to tell you how much is enough or how to fulfill the higher purpose of a human being." And here may lie the greatest tragedy. The temples are not for sale.


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"What right does Ray have to mimic, mangle, and manipulate Native ceremonies that have been carefully handed down among indigenous cultures over millennia? Ray does not own any rights to Native spirituality, because they are owned collectively by indigenous peoples and cannot be sold." – Valerie Taliman, Navajo, president of Three Sisters Media
When three people died at the end 0f 2009 in a sweat lodge ceremony led by New Age guru, "Secret" booster, and two-time Oprah guest James Arthur Ray, few, including Ray himself, could have anticipated the "accident" (as he described it) would lead to three convictions of negligent homicide. That it would bring mainstream media attention to the long-fought issue of cultural appropriation, dampen commerce in the normally recession-proof New Age markets of Sedona, Arizona, and possibly change the way many non-Native practitioners approach their teachers and spiritual technologies. As news of this verdict ripples outward, I want to spotlight three different perspectives on what these deaths, and the subsequent conviction of Ray, mean: Native Americans who have seen an indigenous spiritual technology misused in such way as to cause the death of three people, the families and friends of the victims, and the modern Pagan community, which shares some overlap with the New Age community, and has wrestled with issues of indigenous appropriation for several years.
Turning to some of the Native reactions first, the initial outpouring seems to be a mixture of relief at a conviction, ongoing anger at Ray, sadness for the victims, and some emerging thoughts on how Tribal governments should approach appropriation in the future. Heather at the activist site Don't Pay to Pray said she was "surprised & pleased" at the verdict, and is currently working on a longer response. Maria Myers, Ojibwe/Lakota, is praying that those who died "can finally have some peace" and that this is the end of "sweatlodge deaths." The most significant Native response so-far has been from Steve Russell, a member of the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma, and a Texas trial court judge. In an editorial for Indian Country Today, Russell talks about the abuse of Indian ceremonies and proposes the idea of Tribal governments banning the selling of ceremonies.
"Indians seeking a way out of being blamed for abuse of ceremonies they don't want public in the first place have one weapon. The First Amendment does not apply to Indian nations, since the First Amendment bans "establishment of religion" and for many tribes spiritual practices have been the glue holding them together, in some cases for millennia. Tribal governments can ban the sale of ceremonies. This ban could only be applied to tribal citizens but it could arguably be applied to them wherever they are. If they put the tribe's spiritual heritage up for sale, disenroll them, so that they may claim to be healthy, wealthy, and wise, but not Indigenous."
In a statement made shortly after the sweat lodge deaths, Lakota Pipekeeper Chief Arvol Looking Horse asked "all Nations upon Grandmother Earth to please respect our sacred ceremonial way of life and stop the exploitation of our Tunka Oyate (Spiritual Grandfathers)." Whether the abuses of Native ceremonies by Ray and those like him can be halted through Tribal governmental laws or calls for respect from Indian religious leaders remains an open question. New Age leaders like Kiesha "Little Grandmother" Crowther continue to make tenuous claims to authenticity while charging for ceremonies, and faux-Native sweat lodges still occur, though there are signs that may be changing.
"At the time of the deaths, sweat-lodge "experiences" were widely offered by tour guides, spa owners, and motivational speakers as lures for clients seeking a taste of Native American spirituality. But the Sedona incident prompted an apparent decline in the use of commercial sweat lodges, a trend that pleases many Native Americans, who believe sweat lodges are sacred and should not be commercialized. Now some see the Ray tragedy as karma."
I am in contact with other Native voices regarding this issue, and will be spotlighting them in future posts. As for the friends and families of the victims this conviction it is a small piece of justice, and perhaps the beginning of closure. Liz Neuman's ex-husband and her children said they were "satisfied" with the conviction that they "believe justice has been served." The family of Kirby Brown, in a public statement, thanked the jurors, and announced the formation of a new organization designed to prevent more deaths at the hands of would-be gurus.
"As the horrific details of the three deaths emerged in this trial, we realized that the potential danger posed by "self-help" gurus extends well beyond James Ray. Since Kirby's voice has been forever silenced, her family will now speak for her. We have launched a not-for-profit organization, SEEK, (Self-help Empowerment through Education and Knowledge) to educate the public about the self-help industry. It will empower all seekers to ask important questions and consider possible "red-flags" before following a self-proclaimed "guru", even if they have been vetted by the public media. We will work to protect those desiring personal growth by exposing scam artists and frauds. SEEK will advocate for professional standards, and explore avenues of accountability for this totally unregulated industry. The SEEKsafely.org website is officially ready for participation. Kirby, our "super nova", would be proud that we stood together, each day to speak and seek the truth."
There's been a long and ongoing debate concerning the regulation of self-help/seminar culture. Will this conviction spur new action here? Or will the unscrupulous teachers simply lie low until the dust settles? As with the issue of appropriation, there's no quick and simple answer.
Finally, I would like to spotlight some Pagan and polytheist voices on this verdict. While the New Age movement and modern Paganism are two separate and distinct phenomena, there is some overlap with teachers and authors, and both communities have long wrestled with accusations of cultural appropriation. So I think it is apt to turn to some of our own voices on this issue, and move these conversations forward.
One of the most outspoken voices regarding Ray and the cultural appropriation of Native ceremonies is Celtic Reconstructionist Kathryn Price NicDhàna. She has a released a statement on the verdict, and discusses the racism and invisibility of Native voices during the trial and in the media.
"The James Ray trial has provided a few small openings to educate about cultural appropriation and the cultural genocide perpetuated by frauds like James Arthur Ray. But mostly it has been horrible and disappointing: Newagers on parade, racism, and the perpetuation of negative stereotypes. Three people are dead and up until today nothing had really changed, except that a lot of ignorant non-Natives now think anyone can attend a sweat lodge and it's only inappropriate if you make it too hot and too long. Or they don't understand that what James Ray led was not a Native ceremony, and now they mistakenly believe that Native people have scary and deadly practices. Some Pagans who have commented seem to think it's only a matter of a few mistakes in construction and timing, "Oh, he used plastic tarps and overdid it." In terms of non-Native perceptions of Native people and Native lifeways, I'd say the net result has been more of the same ignorance about Native traditions, just on a bigger scale."
While NicDhàna does think this case is an opportunity for education, she is concerned that not much has changed with the New Age or Pagan communities. She warns that if "attitudes about cultural integrity and cultural misappropriation" don't change the next deaths could happen at a Pagan gathering. Preventing those possible deaths seems to be forefront in the mind of Pagan author and neoshamanic practitioner Lupa, who argues that competency is the key factor at issue in this tragedy.
"Let's instead focus on increasing and maintaining competency. Not "What does this person believe?", but "What is this person doing, and is it safe?" What reduces competency? Is it the proliferation of inaccurate information on how to enact certain rites when the correct information is often restricted in access? Is it people having unhealthy relationships with the money that represents resources for everyday survival? Is it mental disorders such as Narcissistic Personality Disorder? Is it cultural appropriation? Is it any/all of these and more? What can we do about these things that doesn't just involve repeating "Don't Pay to Pray!" and "You're Doing It Wrong!"? How do we answer both the concerns of marginalized indigenous peoples in the Americas and elsewhere, and those of non-indigenous people who do find New Age and neoshamanic practices spiritually, psychologically, and personally fulfilling? This, I feel, is a lot more productive start to dialogue than the assumption that James Arthur Ray is the rule, not the exception."
Pagan author and philosopher Brendan Myers explores the moral dimensions of this tragedy, and critiques the relativism that tolerates unsafe line-crossing within ritual.
"I'm aware that this conclusion may seem controversial. Many pagans like to believe that there is no such thing as a universal moral truth, and many recoil at the use of the word 'should'. James Ray's sweatlodge puts that kind of relativism to a life-and-death test. As a final remark, my friends, may I say that you do not need to undergo a heat endurance test to the death in order to know that you are strong in spirit."
Patheos columnist and author P. Sufenas Virius Lupus echoes Myers in criticizing "the underlying assumption that spiritual things are always more important than physical things, including one's own physical well-being and one's own physical limitations." Lupus stresses the importance of an "opt-out" to any ritual setting, one that is respected by the ritual leaders. A practice that could have saved three lives in Sedona back in 2009.
There is much more to unpack and say on the issues raised here. I am committed to continuing the conversation within the Pagan community regarding cultural appropriation (and misappropriation), regulations, and ritual safety. In the days and weeks to come I'll be highlighting more voices. Native and indigenous voices, as well as Pagan voices. Since this incident occurred I have been convinced that this is an issue that our interconnected communities need to pay attention to and learn from. For now, I feel that a small measure of justice has been done in Ray's conviction, and hope that the reverberations from this case can bring forward new conversations, greater understanding, and healthier practices.


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The Libertarian National Party has a new program, Liberty Decides '08 designed "to promote our pre-nomination presidential candidates as they engage in a competitive process. To participate in the program, candidates must cross three thresholds: meet the LP bylaws requirements; file with the FEC; and raise at least $5,000 for the LP or LP state parties for ballot access.
Once qualified, candidates will be ranked by the funds they have raised for the program and promoted through the Internet, mail and LP publications."
40% of all donations to this program will be set aside in a special fund to be used for expenditures coordinated with the candidate who does eventually win the LP nomination in convention. The remainder of the funds will be used to help the LP move forward with core issues such as media, ballot access and member recruitment.
One candidate has declined to participate, noting that the money does not go to help the candidates now, when they need help the most, and only 40% will go to the eventual nominee – whoever that may be – not necessarily the candidate that the donors click on to contribute in the name of.
Further controversy ensued when, in an early version of Liberty Decides, this candidate was included without his consent, and a silhouette of Ron Paul was used as a "Future/Unannounced Candidate." The silhouette was removed, as was the objecting candidate, but in a controversial and widely talked about move, the LNC voted unanimously to invite Ron Paul to seek the LP nomination for President if he does not get the Republican nomination.
Some candidates are more positive about Liberty Decides.
Some other Libertarian activists have criticized Liberty Decides, notably Susan Hogarth, who wrote:
It would be a much more useful tool for Libertarian activists and likely convention delegates (you know, the folks who actually select the LP nominee) with two simple additions, which I mentioned yesterday:
1) some indication of how many individual donors each candidate has (and, ideally, how many of them are Party members).
2) some indication (other than a link to their websites) of positions.
Susan shares her thoughts about Liberty Decides here, here,
here, and
Despite the criticism, the LNC expressed support for Executive Director Shane Cory and Liberty Decides at its recent meeting in Charleston.


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Few weeks ago I wanted to try to see how many oric games had been released on DSK format, and could not find one single working download link. The best I got as a "part one out of three" rar file.
If you want people to test something, it should be easy to find (ie: at a fixed location, not some random miror that can disappear when Kim dot com gets busted by the FBI), and with a clear explanation on how to use the thing.
I downloaded the "oric.rar" that was recently linked, and here is my experience:
- First, it's called "Oric.rar", not "Oric-gamebase-v3.xxx.rar" or something that would make it easy to reference the file. That means that if somebody is googling for download links to the oric game base, it will not be found.
- Then, the choice of "rar" instead of "zip". I know that RAR packs better, but ZIP is supported by default by most operating systems without having to install software to handle rar. One more hurdle for the potential user. (and the potential size win is probably dwarfed by the fact you forgot to remove a 20 megabytes AVI file from the oricutron folder).
- Then after unpacking, there's no explanation. All there is is a "help.htm" that says the following:
There's nothing that tells you what actually is a gamebase, where to download it, what it does, etc...This file is named "help.htm" and is pointed to in the file "credits.ini" within your GameBase database folder.
Please check out "credits.ini" to see how you can customise GameBase's Help menu and create links to your own Web Site, Email address and Database Documentation.
If there's one thing I learnt by providing stuff to people on the internet, is that you have to be like the parent birds: You have to pre-mash everything, else you will just miss opportunities to connect with people.
Based on what you wrote, what I would suggest is:
- Make sure there is a task on the Oricutron bug tracker regarding having an easy way to take screenshots, explaining how you would like the feature to work (ex: I'd like oricutron to automatically save screenshots in a folder called "screenshots" using the name of the currently loaded tape or dsk file and automatically incrementing the name with a number each time I press the key, and I'd like screenshots to be in PNG format. Or something like that), explaining that you need the feature to maintain the gamebase or to make it easier for people to post screenshots on Oric.org, and saying that because of this one feature you need to use Euphoric. I'm sure that will motivate Xeron and the other.
- Find a fixed/reliable location where to put the gamebase, with a clear name and version number. (hint: If asked, the owner of defence-force.org may be considering providing a direct link in an easy to remember place on the site, even possible a custom page and subdomain. I'm pretty sure the same would be possible on oric.org)
- Make sure there's an easy to follow "how to use" that explains how to install the whole thing, with the list of know issues or common mistakes, with possibly a link to your email for people to send feedback, and making sure the archive itself contains information about where to get the updates - in case somebody gets the archive from somebody who did not bother to indicate where it came from -
Then when this is done, only then, advertise about it.


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We can now confirm that the third installment in Peter Jackson's The Hobbit trilogy will open on July 18th, 2014. The film will now be called The Hobbit: There and Back Again. Before you get too confused, the second film has been re-titled, The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug. No title or release date changes have touched the first film, so, in summation:
- The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey will open on December 14th, 2012.
- The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug will open December 13th, 2013.
- The Hobbit: There and Back Again will open July 18th, 2014.
Still with me? Hit the jump for more on The Hobbit shuffle.
Deadline reported on the new release date for the third film in The Hobbit trilogy as well as the shuffling of titles. We previously posited the question of when we would see the dragon, Smaug (motion-captured and voiced by Benedict Cumberbatch) in the trilogy. Matt also reported that the closing chapter would probably still carry the title of The Hobbit: There and Back Again with the middle installment taking on either The Desolation of Smaug or Riddles in the Dark. So why the shorter time between the second and third films? A statement from Dan Fellman, Warner Bros Pictures President of Domestic Distribution said:
"We wanted to have a shorter gap between the second and third films of The Hobbit Trilogy. Opening in July affords us not only the perfect summer tentpole, but fans will have less time to wait for the finale of this epic adventure."
Works for me. What do you folks think of the new title?


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The Reserve Bank has rejected submissions by Australian-owned banks operating in New Zealand for relief from new rules to guard against bank failures which will see them pay around $25 million in extra tax annually in this country.
The concerns of the Australian banks are reported in the Reserve Bank's response to submissions on the impact of new capital adequacy rules, known as Basel 3, which banks worldwide are being obliged to put in place as a buffer against future financial crises.
At stake is the treatment of financial instruments under the new regulations, requiring the nominal value of the instrument to be reduced by the potential tax and other offsets that occur at the time of conversion or write off in a bank rescue.
This so-called "tax hair-cut" could be worth around $25 million to New Zealand's Inland Revenue Department, the Reserve Bank noted in its regulatory impact statement on the effects of the Basel 3 changes, earlier this year.
The RIS says: "It is assumed that higher capital will shift income from a foreign tax jurisdiction (in practice Australia) to the New Zealand tax base generating a net benefit of about $25 million a year."
That is relatively small beer for the Aussie banks and represents a shift from Australia to New Zealand of taxable income.
All four of the major Australian-owned banks operating in New Zealand - Westpac, ANZ, BNZ and ASB - were hit with a collective $2.3 billion tax avoidance bill spanning several years in the late 1990s and early 2000s, in a landmark win for the IRD in December 2009.
However, banks had submitted to the Reserve Bank that "it would be difficult for banks to avoid the tax hair-cut and for the Australian-owned banks this could mean the parent bank would itself raise regulatory capital and inject capital into the New Zealand subsidiary rather than the New Zealand subsidiary raising capital through the New Zealand capital markets."
"This in turn could result in a parent bank running up against Australian Prudential Regulation Authority," which enforces capital adequacy ratios across the Ditch.
The banks also submitted they would be "highly likely" to have tax losses available "sufficient to offset any debt forgiveness income that would arise from a write-off."
The Reserve Bank, which was accused last week of having a bias in favour of the Australian-owned banks by Green Party leader Russel Norman, rejected those pleas.
"The Reserve Bank ... wishes to remove any risks to the generation of this capital at the time of conversion or write-off," it says in its response to the banks' submissions. "The Reserve Bank accepts that if a bank had tax losses at the time of the non-viability event, then these losses could be offset against the income generated from the write-off.
"However, the Reserve Bank considers it is not possible to forecast the size of such losses in advance."
If a distressed bank were sold as part of a rescue, it would lose access to any tax losses, which cannot be transferred to new owners.
"The Reserve Bank has therefore not changed its tax hair-cut requirement."


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