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The Raspberry Pi's default image viewing program is GPicView – generically referred to as "Image Viewer" in the menu system. This software, which has not been significantly updated in nearly 10 years, ships with all standard "Desktop" versions of the Raspbian operating system.
Although it may be adequate for very basic and occasional image viewing, its behavior is not even slightly customizable. Among many limitations, it doesn't support human-friendly "natural sorting". For example, it insists on displaying image 1 AFTER image 10. It also has no "repeating key" functionality if your folder contains more than 500 images. So if you need to rapidly view hundreds or thousands of images by simply holding down the "next image" key, you're out of luck. It also lacks other basic features of modern image viewers – like the ability to automatically display images in full-screen mode, or display a slideshow of pictures inside a folder.
The good news is that there's a much more powerful and flexible image viewer that's available for the Raspberry. It's known as "feh" and it's completely free and open source.
There's a catch, however: Like many potent solutions in the Linux world, it caters to "command line nerds". These technically sophisticated users often prefer a text-based Terminal screen over a windowed environment like Microsoft Windows or the Mac – a state of affairs that leaves many everyday users out in the cold.
Fortunately, I've now written a script that automatically builds the very latest version of feh AND makes it behave in a highly customizable "windows-like" manner.
Appearances are deceiving.
It will only take 15 SECONDS of your time to get all the advanced image-viewing capabilities in my tutorial! That's because you only need to do 2 simple things:
Paste my automatic script into Terminal – about 5 seconds of total effort. And then type 2 words and check a box in the "Open With" window – about 10 seconds of total effort.
That's it!
That's a grand total of only 15 seconds to set everything up! The script itself takes about 3 minutes to run – but that's an automated process that does not require any effort on your part.
The reason I'm being so thorough is that I've come to anticipate the many questions I would otherwise get if I didn't explain and document everything so carefully. This is due in part to my considerable experience maintaining my much bigger FFmpeg / mpv tutorial – as well as my other tutorials, such as my "update NOOBS" sticky at the top of the General Discussion room, or my file sorting tutorial in the General Programming room.
Remember also – first and foremost, this is a TUTORIAL. Its main purpose, beyond providing a high-quality image viewing experience, is to show people HOW to do things on their Raspberry. If I just said "yo, here's a script!" and didn't explain anything, that certainly wouldn't be a tutorial. It would be just a random bunch of unexplained code.
Saying something is "#1" is admittedly a subjective statement. But I can honestly say that feh is the meanest, leanest, fastest image viewer I've ever encountered on the Raspberry. Just as importantly, its behavior is HIGHLY customizable.
As a result of imaging experiments I conducted with a Raspberry-based surveillance system in my backyard, I have personal experience in rapidly reviewing and "digesting" up to 100,000 high-definition images in a quest to find a needle in a haystack – a "bird in flight" image sequence!
Because no $35 computer is really designed to handle that kind of massive image volume, I had to develop an entire workflow that would make it possible. After extensive research and testing of competing solutions, it became clear that only feh had the raw power to meet my demanding needs.
The initial inspiration for this tutorial was a genealogist who recently posted a question on my file sorting tutorial. Although I previously developed a whole series of advanced techniques to sort files by renaming them, I've now turned my attention to "viewing sorted files" in a completely passive, "non-destructive" manner that does not rename or touch the files in any way.
In the case of the genealogists, they had purchased a dozen Raspberries to analyze a large volume of census imagery – more than half a million scans of birth, death and other records to determine genealogical histories. Unfortunately, the team of genealogists were constantly flummoxed by the non-intuitive order in which the Raspberry's default image viewer displays images – such as listing page 6 AFTER page 686, and page 1 AFTER page 10.
The reason for this is that GPicView does not observe human-friendly "natural" sorting order.
There is, however, an underlying logic to GPicView's behavior: 1 and 10 both begin with a "1" – just like Apple and Aardvark both begin with the letter "A". Other numbers that don't begin with "1" – such as 2 and 23 – are treated as members of different "groups" and are therefore clustered together separately.
To make things even more confusing, the Raspberry's default file browser – the program known as File Manager – does indeed observe natural sorting order!
It stands to reason that most people would appreciate the basic ability to scroll through an alphanumeric list of names or page numbers in File Manager, double-click whatever they're interested in, and then conveniently move to the next LOGICAL image by simply tapping the right arrow key or spacebar inside the image viewer. Unfortunately, that's when non-intuitive things happen – like image 1 appearing AFTER image 10.
The good news is that my implementation of feh resolves all of that with automatic natural sorting. But before I continue, here's a detailed study I conducted of file sorting behavior on the Raspberry Pi:
To view this image at full resolution, right-click and select "open image in new tab" – or on phones and tablets, "tap and hold" and save it to your pictures for full-size viewing.
Glad you asked! My solution offers many benefits beyond automatic natural sorting. In fact, the question from the genealogist was merely the first step down the rabbit hole. That's because it led me to completely re-evaluate the entire image-viewing experience on the Raspberry Pi.
I'm glad this matter came up – because this tutorial now provides a high-quality solution for viewing images in the same comprehensive way that my FFmpeg / mpv tutorial provides for video and audio. Together, they provide a full-spectrum solution for all major forms of media.
My automated script gives your Raspberry 4 major things:
1: LATEST VERSION OF FEH: It builds and installs the latest version of feh from raw source code.
2: FEHVIEW: Because feh is an excellent but geek-oriented image viewer, my script creates a new system command that I call "fehview". It makes feh behave in a "GUI-friendly" manner. This means feh will automatically open images directly from File Manager in the same way that any "windows" program would. But you will NOT have to personally use or understand this command: It simply runs quietly in the background anytime you open an image. IT JUST WORKS!
3: FEHSHOW: My script also creates a second system command that I call "fehshow". This is also a command you don't need to "understand" or "use". It simply allows you to create a brand-new right-click option in File Manager that turns pictures or images inside any folder into an instant full-screen slideshow!
4: CONVENIENT AND HIGHLY CUSTOMIZABLE SETTINGS: My script automatically creates 2 feh-related "buttons" on your Desktop. One is called "Image Viewing Settings" and the other is called "Slideshow Settings". Double-clicking either of these will instantly display the "guts" of my 2 commands (fehview and fehshow) – thus allowing you to quickly and easily change the behavior of feh in image viewing mode or slideshow mode! For example, if you don't want feh to automatically enlarge smaller images to fill up your display, just switch that option off! Or if you want a more rapid slideshow that displays a new image every 5 seconds instead of every 3 seconds, just change the delay value from "3" to "5". Feh has an astonishing number of individual options – 63 in total. When multiple options are combined at the same time, thousands of distinct behaviors are possible! This represents an insane level of customization and control that goes far beyond the Raspberry's "off the shelf" image-viewing capability.
OK, fine – if you insist! Here's a detailed feature comparison between the Raspberry's "off the shelf" image-viewing solution (GPicView) and my feh-based solution:
To view this image at full resolution, right-click and select "open image in new tab" – or on phones and tablets, "tap and hold" and save it to your pictures for full-size viewing.
I conducted all image display rate tests with a 1080p monitor and a Raspberry Pi 3B+ (after a clean boot and a good minute to let the system fully settle down). All test images were JPGs of outdoor scenes with lots of complex geometry.
In the case of my 960 x 540 tests (exactly 1/4 of a 1080p image), "fill screen" means I'm using feh in "auto-zoom" mode. In other words, although the images have a modest resolution of only 960 x 540, I'm forcing feh to enlarge their displayed size so that they completely fill up my 1920 x 1080 screen! This requires continuous interpolation and is therefore much more computationally intensive than simply displaying the image at its actual size. Because of this need to continuously "render" 1080p images from 540p inputs, performance drops by a factor of 3 (from 30 FPS to 10 FPS).
You can also see that even when keeping a smaller image at its actual size, the simple act of placing the image in "full screen mode" causes a modest drop in performance (from 30 FPS to 26 FPS). Although no interpolation is occurring in this instance, feh still has to keep the image centered while maintaining a pure black background that surrounds the image.
Finally, there's a reason why 1080p images have a rather slow 10 FPS display rate – despite the fact that 1080p images perfectly match my monitor's resolution and therefore don't require any resizing or added background in full-screen mode. It's because I'm using a $35 computer! The Raspberry is extraordinarily capable for its price, but it's certainly not a $3,500 computer! A 1080p JPG is a lot of data to continuously de-compress and display. Also, keep in mind that unlike my GPU-accelerated build of mpv, feh's heavy lifting is occurring "in software". In other words, it's doing its calculations in the general-purpose CPU, not the GPU.
If anything, I was being generous when I indicated "N/A (Not Applicable)" for GPicView's image display rate. Here's why: If you need to rapidly view images in a folder – by holding down the right arrow key or spacebar – GPicView will completely lock up and do nothing if the number of images in your folder exceeds 500.
Up to about 200 images or so, GPicView actually maintains a respectable display rate that's almost as good as feh (about 28 FPS). But if there are 300 to 400 images in the folder, the display rate doesn't just slow down – it actually "drops frames". In other words, entire pictures are simply skipped over and not even displayed.
But if you have 500 or more images in your folder, the display rate drops to 0 FPS! It simply locks up (unless you release your finger and manually re-tap the key as fast as you can – a totally impractical solution). And that's when the images have a resolution of only 960 x 540. GPicView chokes up even worse if the resolution is higher.
How do I know these things? Lots of careful observation and testing!
Feh, on the other hand, is simply not intimidated by the number of images you have in a folder. In fact, in my testing of 100,000 JPG images, feh's display rate was completely unaffected by image count.
Here are some observations on other image formats – and how their particular characteristics affect FPS performance:
PNG images are much more "computationally intensive" to de-compress and view than JPG images – especially when set to the maximum compression setting of "9" (which is also the most common setting you'll typically find). The main bottleneck with PNGs would therefore be the CPU. This results in a much slower display rate compared to JPGs. In my testing, 1080p PNGs with complex scenes averaged 3.0 FPS in full-screen mode.
Realize also that although PNGs use compression, they are still a lossless format – unlike their lossy JPG counterparts. They therefore tend to produce a much bigger file than a roughly equivalent JPG. In very general terms, a typical PNG file at the highest compression setting of "9" will usually be about 3 to 10 times bigger than a JPG of the same resolution. Nonetheless, in most cases with PNGs, the data-rate issue is still likely to be secondary to the computational issue in terms of its impact on FPS.
[Just to make things even more complicated, in certain specific scenarios that happen to play to the compression strength of PNGs, they can actually be several times smaller than a JPG!]
In the case of a raw TIF image, however, there is typically no compression – so "computation" would not be the primary bottleneck. Instead, the limitation would be "data rate". A single 1920 x 1080 raw TIF image takes up a whopping 8.3 MB of data. That's because it's losslessly capturing 2.1 megapixels, with no compression, at 32-bits (8 bits for each of the RGB color channels + 8 bits for the transparency alpha channel).
That would be a real problem on the Raspberry.
To give a ballpark sense of the Raspberry's data-rate limitations, I know from real-world testing that a 3B+ can only transfer about 15 MB of data per second when using high-end Samsung flash technology. To be specific, I'm talking about copying a single, contiguous file (like an MP4 video from the internal SD card to a USB thumb drive). File transfer rates can easily drop below 10 MB per second if you're transferring multiple files.
Data transfer, however, involves a "read + write" – a more time-consuming process than simply viewing images (which only requires a "read").
Nonetheless, despite my expectation that "read only" image viewing would be faster, I was still astonished at how fast feh was at displaying 8.3 MB TIF images: My tests consistently demonstrated a display rate of 5.8 FPS. That's an implied data rate of 48 MB per second! [5.8 x 8.3]. That's so unbelievably fast for a $35 computer that I almost wonder if feh was somehow anticipating that I was about to hold down the right-arrow key to rapidly view my test images – and was therefore pre-loading some of the images into RAM to make things go extra fast! I have no evidence of this, but it does make me wonder.
Finally, just to go "full nerd" on the topic of FPS rates, there's a giant elephant in the room that I haven't mentioned. With a few notable exceptions, such as the GCC compiler, almost every piece of software on the Raspberry primarily relies on sequential programming techniques. In other words, the code is not written to take full advantage of the kind of parallel processing that the 4 cores in the Raspberry's CPU can theoretically provide.
[This is not unique to the Raspberry, by the way – many pieces of software, on many different computing systems, are like this for a very simple reason: In general, truly parallel programming is a lot harder to do than serial programming!]
This is clearly evidenced when I hold down the "next image" key and force feh to rapidly display 1080p images. Whether it's JPGs, PNGs or TIFs, the CPU's total activity never exceeds 33% (and sometimes drops below 25%). This indicates that no more than 1/3 of the Raspberry's total theoretical processing power is being used. In other words, only one core is ever at full throttle.
BOTTOM LINE #1: If you want high display rates on the Raspberry, you definitely want JPGs! They represent the perfect blend of low-intensity de-compression and modest file size.
BOTTOM LINE #2: None of the FPS limitations I've discussed have anything to do with my solution or feh itself. Any standard image viewer – no matter how good it is – would find itself hitting these fundamental hardware limitations on the Raspberry.
Some might be wondering why they should use my script when they can just install feh from the official Raspbian software repository by running "sudo apt-get install feh". That will indeed give you a perfectly good copy of feh. Unfortunately, it comes with a giant catch – the version you'll get is now more than 2 years old! To be specific, you'll get version 2.18, which was released on November 1, 2016. For comparison, my script builds version 3.0 – a brand-new version that was released just a few weeks ago.
Older software is now typical of what's available in the Raspberry's official software repository. To be clear, however, this is a deliberate feature, not a flaw. There's a reason why the Raspberry's operating system is so dependable – it's precisely because it's based on the conservative, two-year release cycle of Debian Linux. It takes a long time to make sure thousands of programs "play nice" together and don't have unanticipated consequences.
But like any approach, there are pros and cons. In the case of image viewing on the Raspberry, a major advance occurred only 8 months ago in March of 2018. That's when feh added automatic natural sorting to its formidable list of capabilities. So if you want that feature – and many others that have since been added – your only option is to build the latest version of feh from source code. That's exactly what my script does. But it does something else as well that's just as important – it also installs my fehview and fehshow commands that greatly enhance its versatility on the Raspberry.
Before you run my script, let me issue a quick "software conflict warning" to those out there who may have already experimented with a previous version of feh. Like most software, multiple versions of feh will not peacefully coexist: So if you previously installed feh from the repository via "sudo apt-get install feh", simply remove it by running "sudo apt-get remove feh". And to the few out there who may have conducted source code building experiments with feh, be sure to properly remove it – by running "sudo make uninstall", for example, inside the build folder (and then completely delete the entire build folder).
Just as I had to do with my FFmpeg / mpv tutorial, I feel the need to explicitly state that my entire script assumes you have a truly "normal", "standard", fully-updated copy of the desktop version of the Raspberry's standard operating system – Raspbian Stretch.
So if you're the kind that likes to "tinker" and customize your system in ways I obviously can't anticipate, I make no guarantee about anything! But I can say one thing with extreme certainty: My script has been thoroughly tested, personally by me, on a "clean" copy of Raspbian Stretch. It works perfectly! So if you encounter any problems, it has absolutely nothing to do with me! [haha].
Finally, all my testing was conducted on a Raspberry Pi 3B+, but it will also work fine on models 3B and 2 (with somewhat lower image display rates, of course). I won't speculate or make claims about other Raspberry models: I don't own any of them. I therefore have no way of evaluating their performance, or whether my script will even work on them. (Compiling is quite demanding.)
But first, make sure you have an Internet connection and that no other programs are currently running on your system (such as the web browser, etc). It's always a best practice to not have a "distracted" system when doing something intense like compiling software. Also, during the building process you will probably see a pinkish-colored "warning" about an implicit declaration of function 'strverscmp'. That's a harmless developer-related notification that you can ignore.
Note also that I took the time to annotate each section of my script in plain English. It's a good learning tool for those who wish to learn the basics of building programs from source code. It's one of the main reasons I call this a tutorial!
When you copy my script, be aware of 3 things:
1: Don't forget to include the large blue "curly braces" at the beginning AND end of my code.
2: Don't "overcopy" – the last character you select should be the final curly brace and nothing more.
3: Deep inside my script – the one you're about to copy and paste – I make multiple references to "choosing" and "editing" command lines. That is not intended for you at this point – those are simply instructions that will end up appearing inside the 2 settings "buttons" my script will place on your Desktop. In other words: Do not tamper with my script – just "mindlessly" paste it into Terminal and let it do its thing! After it's finished, you can adjust your image viewing and slideshow settings any way you want via the 2 Desktop "buttons" that you will soon have.
That's it! So copy my long block of code – then right-click inside the Terminal window, click Paste, and hit the Enter key! It will only take about 3 minutes for my script to do everything. When it's finished, the command prompt will re-appear:
##### This first part of my script installs 9 "dependencies" – standard software packages from the official Raspbian repository. These packages are needed to build the feh program from its source code. This, by the way, is the most time-consuming part of my entire script (it will only download less than 25 MB of dependencies from the repository, but the Raspberry will take at least 2 minutes to unpack and install them). And in case you're wondering why I use so many "echo" commands, it's to provide good spatial separation in Terminal's output. That way, when the script is finished executing, it makes it very easy to scroll up and clearly see what happened for each of the main components of my script:
echo; echo; echo
sudo apt-get update
echo; echo; echo
sudo apt-get install -y libcurl4-openssl-dev libx11-dev libxt-dev libimlib2-dev libxinerama-dev libjpeg-progs libpng-dev libexif-dev libexif12 imagemagick
echo; echo; echo
##### The following line creates a brand-new folder on your system called "Feh_Build". That's where all the source code "building" will take place:
mkdir Feh_Build
##### Now we need to download and unzip the raw source code from feh's official website. In this case, it's in the form of a "stable release tarball". By choosing the most recent stable release version, instead of the developmental "git" version, we can know the code is "locked in" and predictable in its behavior:
cd Feh_Build
wget https://feh.finalrewind.org/feh-3.0.tar.bz2
echo; echo
tar jxvf feh-3.0.tar.bz2
cd feh-3.0
echo; echo; echo
##### This is where we build (compile) a working feh program from its source code. We then install it. The "j4", by the way, instructs all 4 cores of the Raspberry's CPU to work on this task simultaneously – a rather impressive capability for a $35 computer! It should only take about 30 seconds:
make -j4 exif=1
sudo make install
sudo ldconfig
echo; echo; echo
feh -version
echo; echo; echo
##### At this point, the feh program should be fully built and installed. This next step creates my "fehview" command. It will control feh's default image-viewing behavior and allow it to work seamlessly with Raspbian's File Manager GUI. In other words, double-clicking any image file of your choice (such as a .jpg, .png, .tif, etc.) will automatically trigger feh to open them and behave in any manner you desire. A detailed explanation of exactly what this code does appears in the "Explanation for Nerds" section at the end of my tutorial:
echo $'#!/bin/bash
filename=$(basename "$1")
directory=$(dirname "$1")
cd "$directory"
# INSTRUCTIONS: CAREFULLY CHOOSE ONE OF THE FOLLOWING 3 COMMAND LINES TO CHANGE FEH\'S IMAGE VIEWING SETTINGS. TO CHOOSE A COMMAND LINE AND MAKE IT ACTIVE, SIMPLY REMOVE THE HASHTAG IN FRONT OF THE WORD "feh". HOWEVER, BE CERTAIN THAT ALL THE OTHER LINES STILL HAVE THEIR HASHTAGS (ONLY ONE LINE AT A TIME CAN BE WITHOUT A HASHTAG). OR, IF YOU WISH TO CUSTOMIZE THE SETTINGS TO YOUR OWN LIKING, FEEL FREE TO CAREFULLY EDIT THE COMMAND LINE(S). WHEN YOU\'RE DONE MAKING CHANGES, SIMPLY PRESS CTRL+S TO SAVE THIS FILE:
feh --start-at ./"$filename" -F --zoom max --hide-pointer --sort name --version-sort
#feh --start-at ./"$filename" -F --hide-pointer --sort name --version-sort
#feh --start-at ./"$filename" -F --zoom max -d --hide-pointer --sort name --version-sort' | sudo cp /dev/stdin /usr/bin/fehview
sudo chmod 755 /usr/bin/fehview
##### This next step creates my 2nd command, which I call "fehshow". It commands feh to operate in "slideshow mode", and also determines its behavior while in that mode – such as whether smaller images are automatically expanded to fill the screen, how long each picture is displayed, etc. For example, as you can see below, I chose a "hold period" (delay) of 3 seconds for each picture before it displays the next picture (via feh's -D 3 option). You can even set the delay to only 0.1 seconds for a rapid display effect. But don't change any of these settings now – leave everything alone and run my script "as is":
echo $'#!/bin/bash
cd "$1"
# INSTRUCTIONS: CAREFULLY CHOOSE ONE OF THE FOLLOWING 2 COMMAND LINES TO CHANGE FEH\'S SLIDESHOW SETTINGS. TO CHOOSE A COMMAND LINE AND MAKE IT ACTIVE, SIMPLY REMOVE THE HASHTAG IN FRONT OF THE WORD "feh". HOWEVER, BE CERTAIN THAT ALL THE OTHER LINES STILL HAVE THEIR HASHTAGS (ONLY ONE LINE AT A TIME CAN BE WITHOUT A HASHTAG). OR, IF YOU WISH TO CUSTOMIZE THE SETTINGS TO YOUR OWN LIKING, FEEL FREE TO CAREFULLY EDIT THE COMMAND LINE(S). WHEN YOU\'RE DONE MAKING CHANGES, SIMPLY PRESS CTRL+S TO SAVE THIS FILE:
feh -F --zoom max -D 3 --hide-pointer --sort name --version-sort
#feh -F -D 3 --hide-pointer --sort name --version-sort' | sudo cp /dev/stdin /usr/bin/fehshow
sudo chmod 755 /usr/bin/fehshow
##### This final section creates 3 feh-related items that will appear on your Desktop. The first is quite simple – it's just a standard text file that contains feh's official manual. The final two are called "Image Viewing Settings" and "Slideshow Settings". These "buttons" provide a quick and convenient way to control the behavior of feh in image viewing mode (fehview) and slideshow mode (fehshow). When double-clicked, the icons will automatically open the "guts" of my script for each command (fehview and fehshow) by launching the Raspberry's standard Text Editor (known as leafpad). I prefaced the leafpad command with "sudo" because the /usr/bin folder is owned by root – thus all files inside it require root-user editing rights. Finally, the sleep period of 1 second between the creation of the Desktop files is the result of extensive testing. Without that delay, the "Image Viewing Settings" icon often ended up below the "Slideshow Settings" icon; I did not want the icons to appear in that less-than-logical order! Even a delay of 0.7 seconds resulted in the wrong order about 20% of the time. Only a full second of sleep was sufficient to guarantee proper order:
man feh > "/home/pi/Desktop/Feh Manual"
sleep 1
echo '[Desktop Entry]
Name=Image Viewing Settings
Exec=bash -c "sudo leafpad /usr/bin/fehview"
Terminal=false' > /home/pi/Desktop/edit-fehview.desktop
sleep 1
echo '[Desktop Entry]
Name=Slideshow Settings
Exec=bash -c "sudo leafpad /usr/bin/fehshow"
Terminal=false' > /home/pi/Desktop/edit-fehshow.desktop
This is super simple: Open File Manager and right-click an image file – such as a file ending in .jpg, .png or .tif. Then, click "Open With...". When the small window appears, click the "Custom Command Line" tab. In this example, I'll use .jpg to show how easy this is. Simply fill out the window exactly as I'm showing in my illustration: Type "fehview" twice and check one single box! That's it! As you can see, it's easy as 1, 2, 3:
REPEAT the same procedure, if you wish, for .png and .tif images (see my entire section, below, on associating additional image formats if you'd like to know more about that topic). And don't worry about the "spelling" difference, for example, between .jpg, .jpeg, .JPG, and JPEG. The Raspberry's file association system is smart enough to recognize all of them in one shot – so you only need to associate one version of the "spelling" and it will automatically know the rest!
This is the final one-time step – very similar to what you previously did for the "fehview" command. Except this time, you need to right-click any FOLDER with pictures inside it! Then, click "Open With" and do the same basic "1, 2, 3" procedure you did for the other command – except this time, instead of typing in the word "fehview", make sure you enter the word "fehshow".
That's it! From then on, any time you right-click a folder, you'll see a new right-click option that says "fehshow"! Just click that and your full-screen slideshow will automatically begin!
CRITICAL NOTE: Posts on this website are limited to a maximum of 3 images. I have therefore included the fehshow graphic in the next post immediately after this one! I did the "1, 2, 3" callouts in blue instead of red – just to make clear that what you need to enter is slightly different.
You don't need to change any settings – unless you want to! If you run my script and don't do anything more, you will automatically get the following "factory settings" that I chose for image viewing. In other words, they are the "default settings" that determine feh's behavior when viewing images. Why did I make this the default behavior? Simple! It's my personal favorite! Here are the main things it does:
1: Full screen mode and nothing else – your entire display will fill up with every image. If the aspect ratio of an image does not match your screen, it will use a pure black background to fill in the empty space. In other words, while enlarging or shrinking images to fill your screen, feh will never distort the height-to-width ratio by squeezing or stretching in one direction. Unless you want it to, of course – as I mentioned, feh can do almost anything you want!
2: If the image is bigger than your display's resolution, it will automatically shrink it to fit your screen (while maintaining aspect ratio).
3: If the image is smaller than your display's resolution, it will automatically enlarge it to fill up your screen (while maintaining aspect ratio).
4: Mouse arrow is hidden. Again, my whole idea behind my "factory settings" is "total purity and no distractions – nothing but the image!"
Some people, however, may not like my "factory settings". For example, they may want "small" images to be displayed at their actual size instead of filling up their screen. Personally, I like seeing all my images at "maximum possible size". It makes it very easy to clearly see smaller images from a distance. Nonetheless, when you double-click the new "button" on your Desktop – the one that says "Image Viewing Settings" – you can easily change that behavior to match your personal taste. You will also see other "pre-made" options that I provided for your image-viewing pleasure!
I even included a pre-built setting that I personally recommend for the team of genealogists. The option I created for them is exactly the same as my "factory setting" – except feh will also display the name of the file being viewed in the upper-left corner of the screen. That way, the genealogists will always know whether they're looking at "SMITH, page 23" or "SMITH, page 24".
Keep in mind that you are NOT limited to my pre-built selections!
Feel free to look at feh's official manual to make your own custom settings. As I mentioned, feh is extremely flexible and there are thousands of possible configurations! If you run my script, you will automatically have feh's manual on your Desktop. Just be sure not to tamper with the beginning part of feh's command line [feh --start-at ./"$filename"]. Aside from that, you can tweak things however you wish – just be careful not to make any typos, accidentally add extra spaces, or use "bogus" options that do not comply with feh's requirements. Just use common sense and the sky's the limit!
You can easily do this by double-clicking the second "button" on your Desktop. It also includes a couple "pre-built" slideshow settings. The "factory setting" I chose is the same behavior I chose for standard image viewing. However, since these settings pertain to a slideshow, we must also have a time setting for the "delay" between each image. It's the "-D 3" item in feh's command line. It controls the delay between pictures in the slideshow. So if you want each picture to remain on your screen for 5 seconds, for instance, carefully change that part to "-D 5". You can also create a rather freaky "rapid slideshow effect" by putting the value all the way down to 1/10th of a second with "-D 0.1".
Personally, the only raster-based image formats I ever work with are JPG and PNG. Together, they pretty much offer the best of both worlds: JPG offers a high-quality "lossy" format with modest file sizes. And at the cost of larger file size and greater computational demands, PNG offers 100% perfect image replication without any quality loss whatsoever. It also supports alpha transparency.
JPG and PNG are also, by far, the most common and universally-accepted image formats on the Internet. Feh also has built-in native support for TIF and GIF images (however, since it's not an animation or movie-viewing program, feh will only display the first frame of an animated GIF. My build of mpv, by the way, fully supports animated GIFs and will play them just like an MP4 video!).
But if you want feh to support many other image formats, you can easily do that because feh fully supports a powerful "image translation and conversion tool" that automatically comes with the completely free and well-respected ImageMagick program.
This converter "translates" image formats that feh does not natively support and converts them into a feh-friendly format that feh can display! All of this happens "behind the scenes" – invisibly, without any action by the user.
I should also emphasize that this "conversion" is entirely non-destructive. In other words, it does not tamper with or touch the original image AT ALL. It simply does a behind-the-scenes "translation" so that feh can display it!
Be aware, however, that some of the more obscure image formats can be very computationally intensive to translate (taking up to several seconds per image). So if you have a folder that's loaded with a bunch of images in all kinds of obscure and different formats – but all you really want is to display JPGs or PNGs or TIFs at high speed – be aware that invoking the translation tool will slow things down dramatically. However, you can easily toggle the translation capability off or on at any time by double-clicking the settings "button" that my script places on your Desktop!
So, if you want to enable full support for numerous other image formats, switch on the image translation feature by adding this to feh's settings:
--conversion-timeout 20
If you didn't know about this hidden, pre-loaded "feature" of the Raspberry, it could easily drive you crazy – especially if you like to play slideshows or watch movies! That's because the Raspbian operating system, by default, will put your screen to sleep every 10 minutes if it doesn't detect any keyboard activity. The fact a slideshow or movie might still be running is irrelevant – the entire screen will still go blank! I suppose it's a good-intentioned attempt to save a bit of energy and reduce the Raspberry's carbon footprint.
Whatever the case, there's a simple way to permanently disable this behavior. Just run the following command in Terminal (it installs a screensaver utility):
sudo apt-get install xscreensaver
Once it's done installing, you need to REBOOT to let the software fully "kick in". If you don't reboot, the window will typically flash and disappear if you attempt to launch it.
When your system comes back up from the reboot, simply click the Raspberry Menu | Preferences | Screensaver:
On the window that appears, you need to do only ONE thing – just change the "Mode" drop-down box in the upper-left corner from "Random Screen Saver" to "Disable Screen Saver". Then close the window (there's no OK button or anything). And bingo – that's it! Your screen will never go to sleep due to keyboard inactivity!
Left & Right arrow keys: Move back and forth through all the images in the current folder (you can also use the Backspace & Spacebar for the same purpose). These back and forth keys will even work in slideshow mode (as do many of the keyboard controls).
Up & Down arrow keys: Zoom in and out. This can be fun to use on occasion, but it's probably not a keyboard control that will be used much, given that my "factory settings" automatically place images in "auto-zoom" mode – where images smaller than your screen's resolution are automatically enlarged to fill up your display while maintaining the image's aspect ratio.
f: Toggles full screen mode off and on.
d: Toggles the display of the file name you're currently looking at.
e: Toggles the display of Exif metadata (such as when a picture was taken, its shutter speed, aperture value, etc). Exif metadata is most commonly found with JPG pictures taken by a digital camera; be aware that many images simply don't have Exif metadata – in those cases, this toggle will display "No Exif data in file".
h: Toggles slideshows between pause and play (if you want to temporarily "hold" an image during the playing of a slideshow).
Z (capital Z; typically, this means you'll press Shift + z): Toggles auto-zoom mode off and on. Auto-zoom is where images smaller than your screen's resolution are automatically enlarged to fill up your display while maintaining the image's aspect ratio. This is the default "factory setting", simply because I personally like that mode – but you can obviously switch it off with the Image Viewing Settings "button" on the Desktop. It's the "--zoom max" part of feh's command line.
> (typically, this is Shift + the period key): Rotates the image 90 degrees clockwise each time you press it.
< (typically, this is Shift + the comma key): Rotates the image 90 degrees counter-clockwise each time you press it.
Ctrl + delete: Completely deletes the image that's currently being viewed (use carefully)!
Right-Click the Mouse: Displays an on-screen menu so you can choose additional options.
Esc: Escape out of feh and completely close your image-viewing session.
There are many other keyboard controls. The full list appears under the "KEYS" section in feh's official manual (which my script will have automatically placed on your Desktop).
Why do I call the script that makes my fehview command a metascript? That's because it's a script that creates another script! In this particular case, that "other script" becomes a system command that I call fehview.
The real purpose of my fehview command is two-fold: It addresses the very specific file-handling needs of feh AND tells feh how to behave whenever you open an image.
What follows is an explanation of the underlying technical issues I had to address in order to get feh to work properly with the Raspberry's File Manager:
Feh's "--start-at" option is essential in allowing the user to directly open a specific image inside a folder AND start feh's "filelist" feature at that specific image. Without a properly started "filelist", feh will not be aware of the other images in the folder – and therefore will not allow you to simply tap the right-arrow key or spacebar to move to the next image. In other words, without this feature, you would simply be "stuck" at whatever image you opened – with no means within feh to move to the next or previous image.
You might be thinking at this point "but you just said feh has this nifty "--start-at" option that takes care of all that!" Unfortunately, there's a big catch: The "--start-at" option requires an individual filename, such as "image.jpg" – not the full path to the image, such as "/home/pi/image.jpg". The reason why this is a big deal is that the "%f" field code that File Manager uses in the "Open With" dialog grabs the entire path to the file, not the filename by itself. In other words, the "%f" field code – which, conceptually, can be thought of as the "f variable" – will end up containing the value "/home/pi/image.jpg" (not "image.jpg").
That's why I had to come up with a way to extract the core file name (without the entire path) in order to make it "feh friendly". Fortunately, Linux has the "basename" command that does exactly that! It will automatically extract "image.jpg" from a full path like "/home/pi/image.jpg". As you can see, it does this by operating on the value of the "$1" positional parameter – which, conceptually, can be thought of as the "1 variable". The value of the "1 variable", in effect, inherits the value of the "f variable". In other words, if the file you double-clicked on in File Manager is called "image.jpg", the value of the "1 variable" will be "/home/pi/image.jpg" (since that is also the value of the "f variable").
That alone, however, is not enough to make things "feh friendly". Being a "nerd-centric" command line program, feh of course is designed to focus its attention on the current working directory. Since people will naturally double-click images in whatever folder they choose, this also has to be taken into account. Yet again, Linux comes to the rescue with the "dirname" command. It does the opposite of the basename command by extracting "just the directory" from a file's full path. In other words, it will extract "/home/pi" from "/home/pi/image.jpg".
I then assign those values – image.jpg and /home/pi – to the respective variables named "filename" and "directory".
Once that's done, it's a straightforward matter of using the "cd" command to enter the proper directory – the exact same folder in which the image was double-clicked.
At that point, I can use the feh command as though I were using it as a standard command line inside Terminal! This approach gives me tremendous flexibility in making feh behave any way I want.
As you can see, I feed the "--start-at" option with the value of the "filename" variable – along with any other default options I want feh to have – such as automatically placing images in full screen mode with the "-F" option, hiding the mouse pointer with the "--hide-pointer" option, and making smaller images "auto-zoom" to fill up the entire screen!
My next step was to place the internal fehview script inside single quotes for use with the echo command – and then output all that single-quoted text to the /usr/bin folder and give it the filename "fehview". This then becomes my infamous fehview command!
However, because /usr/bin is owned by root, you can't directly output a file to that folder (you'll get "permission denied" if you try). To circumvent that, I use a Linux trick that copies the "standard input" with sudo and pastes it directly into the root-owned /usr/bin folder.
Finally, using the sudo chmod command, I change the permissions of the "fehview" file to a standard executable (755) – thus transforming it into a full-fledged system command that can be used with all image-related file associations!
So there ya go – that's how I did it. Carry on nerds!


text:
Photo With Flash
Posted by: MIKE JOHNSTON thanks to Andy
Check out our new site at www.theonlinephotographer.com!
Do I contradict myself?
Very well then I contradict myself,
(I am large, I contain multitudes.)
Detail, K10 sample
Thomas Eisner, untitled color photocopy, from "Eye Catching Images of Nature, Made With a Common Machine"
This spectacular photograph of fresh, red-hot pahoehoe lava shows off the 300mm ED(IF) lens at its best. Ctein was less than four meters from this flow, much closer than the older 300mm lens could focus.
The old (left) Pentax 300mm ƒ/4 lens and new (right) 300mm ED(IF) ƒ/4 lens. Note the narrow depth of field scale on the new lens.
These are enlargements of 3mm-wide regions at the edges of negatives made with the old 300mm (left) and the new 300mm ED(IF) (right) lenses. Note the pronounced red-green color fringing produced by the old lens.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
The delivery of the sample was timely so I'm not knocking the vendor, however the product did not seem rugged enough for my needs. The product I received is 5.25" high (north-south direction) x 6" gutter run length (same direction as bead of black caulk on side that faces gutter trough, east-west direction).
I am glad I purchased the sample of the Leafs Out Micro Mesh Gutter System. I was so impressed I purchased 160 feet for my house.
These are demo options only. To explore all theme features, check control panel or documentation.


text:
Sfendoni Cave or Sfendoni's hole (Zoniana)
Sfendoni Cave is located near the village of Zoniana (Rethymno Prefecture), at a distance of just 43 kilometers from the town of Heraklion and 52 kilometers from the town of Rethymno. It is one of the most important caves in Greece, covering an area of about 3.000 square meters. The cave's unique and rare beauty mesmerizes everybody, establishing it as one of Crete's most beautiful caves. Visitors are allowed to explore a route of about 270 m, along which they can admire a variety of impressive formations. Large columns create labyrinthine compartments inside the cave and stalactites and stalagmites of different colours and shapes decorate the cave's chambers.
In several spots one may observe water basins and the so-called "cave pearls", a very intriguing type of speleothem. Finally, the glow coming from the tiny crystals of calcium carbonate that cover the cave walls is particularly impressive.
Inside the cave, one may meet unique life forms (insects, snails, and bats amongst them) adjusted to total darkness, increased humidity and scarce food. Animals that live in caves are transparent or colourless, blind and usually tiny and delicate.
According to previously realized excavations, Sfendoni cave has been systematically used as a seasonal dwelling during the Protominoan age, while its use continued through the Roman period. Later on, during times of revolution, the cave has also been used as refuge for the so-called "chainides", which means rebels in the Cretan dialect. Various legends also mention the presence of fairies in the cave, while in the last chamber (the lost child chamber) the skeleton of a young child, covered in stalactitic material, has been discovered and still remains a mystery.
The specially constructed path inside the cave makes visits possible to the disabled too. Sfendoni Cave is part of the Natural Park of Psiloritis, which belongs to the European Geopark Network, a network of protected areas of particular geological heritage, protected by UNESCO.
Elizabeth Sathopoulou
Ph.D. in Geology
Visitgreece.gr is the official tourism web site for Greece, run by the Greek National Tourism Organisation, where you'll find information on the main tourist destinations, such as cities, beaches, as well as activities, events and much more!
All content included on this site consists intellectual property of GNTO and you are not allowed to reproduce the whole or part of this work in any way.
For information please contact: firstname.lastname@example.com. All Rights Reserved. GNTO © 2020.


text:
Changing ourselves—changing our world
We learn so much about ourselves by seeing our impact on others. Community service, in all aspects, is about personal growth as much as it is about forging positive growth in the community.
During my four years at Denison, I served on the Denison Community Association (DCA) cabinet and the Habitat for Humanity executive board. These experiences showed me the wealth of personal discovery that happens in a service setting. I've grown because of it—and I watched the Denison community grow, too.
One of the most impactful memories I have of my time at Denison is when I volunteered for Big Red's Big Day during my sophomore year. It's an annual service project in which DCA engages the entire campus community, attempting to bring in new volunteers and those that can't participate in regular, ongoing service.
This particular project brought together a group of random students, with no connections beyond the fact that we had each signed up to take a few hours one Saturday afternoon and do something for others.
Three of the students that joined my group were members of the Denison football team, who hadn't volunteered previously. Our project was to build from scratch of a "can cottage," a small shack equipped for members of the community to donate recyclable cans. These cans would then be recycled by Habitat for Humanity, and the profits from their recycling would help to build Habitat homes in the area.
In the beginning of the project, the football team members were quiet and reserved, but as we began planning—measuring the angles, figuring out the length of beams, and deciding how many beams we needed—the enthusiasm and energy jumped considerably. One took charge of the project and helped to steer the group through the process. He marked angles, even showed me how to use a saw, and became fully engaged in the project. In those short few hours these athletes went from quiet students to motivated members of the community.
When we had finished, a perfect, structurally sound shack stood ready for use. The entire group had bonded in just a few hours, and everyone had transformed from sleepy college students to active and engaged citizens. The bus ride back was filled with animated conversation about how to get involved in Habitat for Humanity, what that time commitment was like, who benefit from those can cottages, and more.
The transformation evidenced on that day still stands out to me as an example of what can be achieved by taking part in the betterment of others and being a part of a larger goal.
I don't engage in service because I have to or because I want to look good for others. I participate in service because of the transformative experience it represents—because of the ability for others to become passionate about changing our world for the better. While that can cottage may not have represented a major change for the community, engaging in service as college students allows us to experience the good that service can do both internally in self-growth and externally in aiding others.
By helping others we help ourselves. We build confidence in our abilities. We gain both interest and a passion for contributing positively to the community. In a liberal arts setting, such as Denison, we have the opportunity to expand our passions to so many different areas of involvement, and service is a key part of this well-rounded experience. The mission of Denison University is to create active citizens, and there is no better way to do this than by engaging in the community and becoming passionate about changing it for the better.


text:
Hans Gissenger
The technique: Rub the bird with an herbal, citrusy salt mixture and let it chill overnight. As the turkey sits, the salt draws moisture to the skin. During roasting, the flavorful liquid seasons the meat and keeps it moist.
The payoff: A superjuicy bird with crisp, browned skin.
- Yield
- Makes 8 to 10 servings
- Active Time
- 30 minutes
- Total Time
- 21 hours 45 minutes (includes salting and roasting time)
- Rub:
- 1/3 cup coarse kosher salt (preferably Diamond Crystal brand)
- 2 tablespoons chopped fresh oregano or 1 tablespoon dried oregano
- 2 tablespoons finely grated lemon peel
- 2 tablespoons finely chopped garlic
- 1 tablespoon ground black pepper
- 1 14- to 16-pound turkey; neck, heart, and gizzard reserved for Ultimate Turkey Stock
- 3 lemons, coarsely chopped
- 2 celery stalks, chopped
- 1 onion, chopped
- 2 tablespoons chopped fresh oregano
- 2 teaspoons chopped fresh thyme
- 2 teaspoons ground black pepper
- 1 teaspoon coarse kosher salt
- 1/2 cup extra-virgin olive oil, divided
- 6 tablespoons fresh lemon juice, divided
- 3 1/2 to 4 1/2 cups Ultimate Turkey Stock or low-salt chicken broth, divided
- Greek-Inspired Fresh Oregano and Giblet Pan Gravy
- For salt rub:
- Mix all ingredients in small bowl.
- For turkey:
- Rinse turkey. Pull out metal insert that holds legs and remove fat pads from neck and main cavities. Sprinkle 4 tablespoons salt rub inside cavities. Slide bird into turkey-size oven bag. Sprinkle remaining salt rub over bird. Close bag; place on rimmed baking sheet and refrigerate turkey 18 to 24 hours.
- To roast turkey:
- Set rack at lowest position in oven and preheat to 350°F. Place rack in large roasting pan. Rinse turkey; pat dry. Combine lemons, next 6 ingredients, 1/4 cup oil, and 3 tablespoons lemon juice in large bowl; spoon into main cavity. Whisk remaining oil and lemon juice in small bowl. Tuck wing tips under; tie legs loosely. Place turkey on rack; brush with some lemon oil.
- Pour 2 cups stock into roasting pan. Roast turkey 1 hour. Brush all over with remaining lemon oil. Roast turkey 45 minutes; pour 1 cup stock into pan. Roast 45 minutes; add 1/2 cup to 11/2 cups stock to pan to maintain liquid level. Turn pan around. Roast until thermometer inserted into thickest part of thigh registers 165°F, about 45 minutes longer. Transfer turkey to platter; reserve pan with juices. Tent turkey loosely with foil; let rest 30 to 45 minutes (internal temperature will rise 5 to 10 degrees).
- While turkey rests, prepare gravy.


text:
The backyard is Oreo's domain. Show up to the house and ask him, he'll tell you — in a matter of barks.
He established this early on. And it makes sense. On the day we adopted Oreo, we brought him straight to the yard — which is completely fenced in, thanks to the former owners of the property — and let him loose. It was his first experience of home.
Yes, the backyard is definitely Oreo's special place. And that includes the giant lilac bush (which he takes it upon himself to prune frequently — a nibble here, a nibble there); the rock garden (which he perceives as an obstacle course); the kiddie pool (where he runs in circles and bites waves); the basketball hoop (which he must constantly protect from people chucking balls at); the lawn (where he practices fung shui with his toys); and the flower garden (where he snacks on chives, drinks from a lovely glass bowl set right at head level and retrieves delicious blocks of seeds from miniature houses the humans like to dangle from poles).
So when someone started messing with Oreo's flower garden, digging up his mulch and gnawing on his chives, he was none too impressed. And he could tell that the humans didn't seem happy about it either.
Oreo began to watch the garden more closely on his daily patrol of the premises. Unfortunately, he could never seem to catch the culprit in the act.
After a while, he began to suspect the two resident cats — Bo and Arrow — who were certainly malicious enough to vandalize his domain. Yet, the cats never went outside.
So he wondered, could it be his friend Dexter, the neighbor's black lab-collie mix? He'd hate to accuse his playmate of such a thing. Yet the more he thought about it …. Dexter was sneaky. For example, he had caught Dexter stealing his deer antlers and ropes on several occasions.
But Dexter's slate was wiped clean on one sunny day in August when Oreo glanced up from chewing his Kong Ball and spied a brown creature emerging from the flower garden. Intent on bringing the criminal to justice, he leapt up and said, "bark!" (Rough translation: "Stop now and put your paws where I can see them.")
Yet the creature kept going, right across Oreo's carefully decorated lawn and into the rock garden at the edge of the yard.
Oreo was fed up.
In a few graceful bounds, he pinned the furry creature to the ground. But it was slippery and wiggly, and in a matter of seconds, it escaped Oreo's paws and squeezed through a gap in the fence.
The humans were late in assisting. They stood nearby, eyes wide. "The groundhog!" one gasped. (Clearly, they knew who the culprit was all along and hadn't told Oreo.)
The groundhog hasn't been back since. All in all, Oreo, a job well done.
A little bit about groundhogs: They're a big squirrel — the biggest squirrel, actually, according to National Geographic. At about 13 pounds, the average groundhog is the size of a large house cat. Though people associate them with the ground, understandably, they can climb trees and are decent swimmers, too. And as herbivores, they eat grass, plants, fruit and tree bark, making them a common problem for gardeners like Oreo. For information about groundhogs, visit animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mammals/groundhog/.


text:
There are few concepts more prone to disaster than an exotic car test drive. Combine a salesman staring down a large payday with a driver determined to push the limits of an powerful unfamiliar car and things like the fiery crash you see here are bound to happen.
What is particularly perplexing is the fact it was a McLaren MP4-12C that was being driven this past Wednesday in Germany when this test drive went wrong. Surely the car's 616 horsepower is enough to get any driver in trouble, but the McLarens amazing engineering has resulted in a car that is almost too comfortable and easy to drive for some.
Even so, it certainly appears from these pictures someone found the limit of the MP4-12Cs advanced traction control and tuned suspension outside Munich last week. According to GTspirit, the driver of this McLaren lost control of the car and hit a tree. The car was wearing dealer plates at the time of the accident.
After the McLaren hit the tree it roasted itself in rather dramatic fashion. Both occupants of the car managed to escape the car before it ignited. While we'd guess it's a death sentence for this MP4-12C, the two people in the car sustained non-life threatening injuries.
We can only wonder if a test drive ending in this kind of fiery carnage is actually enough to change the mind of this potential McLaren buyer.


text:
NEW YORK (Reuters) - U.S. retail investors have raced to scoop up the government's newly launched platinum coins, data shows, as industrial metals prices outperformed bullion, a long-time favorite among collectors.
In the first three weeks since relaunching the American Eagle platinum coins on March 10, the U.S. Mint sold some 10,000 ounces, data showed. In March, platinum prices rose almost 1 percent, sharply outperforming gold's 3 percent fall.
Sales of the Eagle platinum coins remained small compared with sales of lower-cost established products like silver coins, but the total is almost a third of the 33,000 ounces sold in 2008 before the government abandoned the product due to weak demand.
Dealers said the early, brisk pace of sales reflects pent-up demand and worries about future supplies from top-producing country South Africa. Platinum held by the world's major exchange-traded funds was currently at their highest level in at least four years, Reuters data showed.
"The outright platinum market has actually been performing better than gold and silver, and that has helped attract some investors to the physical platinum market," Said Roy Friedman, executive vice president at Dillon Gage, a major U.S. coin wholesaler in Dallas.
Investors have been piling into the platinum market on hopes that an improving global economy will boost the metal mostly consumed by the auto industry.
The Mint resumed selling its platinum bullion coins on March 10, ending a four-year absence from the market.
Demand for gold coins, considered a benchmark for retail appetite for bullion, sank as investors continued to liquidate stockpiles.
Gold coin sales totaled just 21,000 ounces in March, its lowest in seven months and its weakest March since 2007. It is down 70 percent from a year ago.
Wealthy investors continued to sell used coins, flooding the beleaguered market with secondary supplies and hurting demand for new 2014 coins.
"The sales of new gold eagles have been impacted by several large institutional investors' liquidation of previous years' gold Eagles," Friedman.
"Consumers and investors alike have been taking advantage of the lower-premium non-2014 coins."
Investors started liquidating stocks of older-dated coins in February due in part to the sudden recovery in bullion prices. The sales were conspicuous coming early in the year, usually a time when investors load up on new gold coins.
The trend fed worries that investors are cashing in stockpiles hoarded during the long rally in bullion prices that ended last year. It also undermined hopes that tensions between Russian and Ukraine may reignite demand for gold as a safe-haven investment.
Last year, gold price fell $225 on April 12 and April 15, a record two-day drop that unleashed years of pent-up demand for gold coins among retail investors. However, the wave of strong retail buying faded by the second half of the 2013.
U.S. coin sales tend to be highly seasonal, with the strongest performance at the start of the year as investors seek the most-recent mintage, and the fourth quarter usually being the quietest of the year.
Meanwhile, sales of silver Eagles rose 60 percent year-over-year to 5.35 million ounces in March, the highest in 14 months, as dealers stocked up on inventory after the Mint had boosted its inventory.
Increased supply of silver coin blanks and stronger inventory at the U.S. Mint allowed dealers to buy more silver coins in March, Friedman said.
(Reporting by Frank Tang; Editing by David Gregorio)


text:
Frequent Links
This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in français. (April 2015) Click [show] for important translation instructions.
#REDIRECT Template:If empty *This is a redirect from a page that has been moved (renamed). This page was kept as a redirect to avoid breaking links, both internal and external, that may have been made to the old page name. For more information follow the category link.
An 1888 lithograph of the 1883 eruption of Krakatoa.
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|Spesial Ribu
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|primary |name= }}
|Last eruption
|March 2014
Krakatoa, or Krakatau (Indonesian: Krakatau), is a volcanic island situated in the Sunda Strait between the islands of Java and Sumatra in the Indonesian province of Lampung. The name is also used for the surrounding island group comprising the remnants of a much larger island of three volcanic peaks which was obliterated in a cataclysmic 1883 eruption, unleashing huge tsunamis (killing more than 36,000 people) and destroying over two-thirds of the island. The explosion is considered to be the loudest sound ever heard in modern history, with reports of it being heard up to Script error: No such module "convert". from its point of origin. The shock waves from the explosion were recorded on barographs around the globe.
In 1927 a new island, Anak Krakatau, or "Child of Krakatoa", emerged from the caldera formed in 1883 and is the current location of eruptive activity.
- 1 Historical significance
- 2 Etymology
- 3 Geographical setting
- 4 Pre-1883 history
- 5 1883 eruption
- 6 Subsequent volcanism
- 7 Biological research
- 8 Popular culture
- 9 See also
- 10 References
- 11 External links
Historical significance
The most notable eruptions of Krakatoa culminated in a series of massive explosions over August 26–27, 1883, which were among the most violent volcanic events in recorded history.
With an estimated Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) of 6,[1] the eruption was equivalent to Script error: No such module "convert". —about 13,000 times the nuclear yield of the Little Boy bomb (13 to 16 kt) that devastated Hiroshima, Japan, during World War II, and four times the yield of Tsar Bomba (50 Mt), the most powerful nuclear device ever detonated.
The 1883 eruption ejected approximately Script error: No such module "convert". of rock.[2] The cataclysmic explosion was heard Script error: No such module "convert". away in Alice Springs, as well as on the island of Rodrigues near Mauritius, Script error: No such module "convert". to the west.[3]
According to the official records of the Dutch East Indies colony, 165 villages and towns were destroyed near Krakatoa, and 132 were seriously damaged. At least 36,417 people died, and many more thousands were injured, mostly from the tsunamis that followed the explosion. The eruption destroyed two-thirds of the island of Krakatoa.
Eruptions in the area since 1927 have built a new island at the same location, named Anak Krakatau (which is Indonesian for "Child of Krakatoa"). Periodic eruptions have continued since, with recent eruptions in 2009, 2010, 2011, and 2012. As of late 2011, this island has a radius of roughly Script error: No such module "convert"., and a high point of about Script error: No such module "convert". above sea level,[4] growing Script error: No such module "convert". each year.[5]
Although there are earlier descriptions of an island in the Sunda Strait with a "pointed mountain," the earliest mention of Krakatoa by name in the western world was on a 1611 map by Lucas Janszoon Waghenaer, who labelled the island "Pulo Carcata" (pulo is the Sundanese word for "island"). About two dozen variants have been found, including Crackatouw, Cracatoa, and Krakatao (in an older Portuguese-based spelling). The first known appearance of the spelling Krakatau was by Wouter Schouten, who passed by "the high tree-covered island of Krakatau" in October 1658.[6]
The origin of the Indonesian name Krakatau is uncertain.[7] The Smithsonian Institution's Global Volcanism Program cites the Indonesian name, Krakatau, as the correct name, but says that Krakatoa is often employed.[5][8][9] While Krakatoa is more common in the English-speaking world, the Indonesian Krakatau tends to be favored by others, including geologists.[citation needed]
Geographical setting
Indonesia has over 130 active volcanoes,[10] the most of any nation. They make up the axis of the Indonesian island arc system, which was produced by northeastward subduction of the Indo-Australian Plate. A majority of these volcanoes lie along Indonesia's two largest islands, Java and Sumatra. These two islands are separated by the Sunda Strait, which is located at a bend in the axis of the island arc. Krakatoa is directly above the subduction zone of the Eurasian Plate and the Indo-Australian Plate where the plate boundaries make a sharp change of direction, possibly resulting in an unusually weak crust in the region.
Pre-1883 history
At some point in prehistory, an earlier caldera-forming eruption had occurred, leaving as remnants Verlaten (or Sertung); Lang (also known as Rakata Kecil, or Panjang); Poolsche Hoed; ("Polish Hat")[11] and the base of Rakata. Later, at least two more cones (Perboewatan and Danan) formed and eventually joined with Rakata, forming the main island of Krakatoa.[12] At the time of the 1883 eruption, the Krakatoa group comprised Lang, Verlaten, and Krakatoa itself, an island Script error: No such module "convert". long by Script error: No such module "convert". wide. There were also the tree-covered islet near Lang (Poolsche Hoed) and several small rocky islets or banks between Krakatoa and Verlaten.
There were three volcanic cones on Krakatoa island: Rakata, (Script error: No such module "convert".) to the south; Danan, (Script error: No such module "convert".) near the center; and Perboewatan, (Script error: No such module "convert".) to the north.
AD 416 event
The Javanese Book of Kings (Pustaka Raja) records that in the year 338 Saka (AD 416):
A thundering sound was heard from the mountain Batuwara [now called Pulosari, an extinct volcano in Bantam, the nearest to the Sunda Strait] which was answered by a similar noise from Kapi, lying westward of the modern Bantam [(Banten) is the westernmost province in Java, so this seems to indicate that Krakatoa is meant]. A great glowing fire, which reached the sky, came out of the last-named mountain; the whole world was greatly shaken and violent thundering, accompanied by heavy rain and storms took place, but not only did not this heavy rain extinguish the eruption of the fire of the mountain Kapi, but augmented the fire; the noise was fearful, at last the mountain Kapi with a tremendous roar burst into pieces and sank into the deepest of the earth. The water of the sea rose and inundated the land, the country to the east of the mountain Batuwara, to the mountain Rajabasa [the most southerly volcano in Sumatra], was inundated by the sea; the inhabitants of the northern part of the Sunda country to the mountain Rajabasa were drowned and swept away with all property[13] ... The water subsided but the land on which Kapi stood became sea, and Java and Sumatra were divided into two parts.
There is no geological evidence of a Krakatoa eruption of this size around that time; it may describe loss of land which previously joined Java to Sumatra across what is now the narrow east end of the Sunda Strait; or it may be a mistaken date, referring to a later eruption in AD 535, for which there is some corroborating historical evidence.[14]
AD 535 event
David Keys, Ken Wohletz, and others have postulated that a violent volcanic eruption, possibly of Krakatoa, in 535 may have been responsible for the global climate changes of 535–536.[14] Keys explores what he believes to be the radical and far-ranging global effects of just such a putative 6th-century eruption in his book Catastrophe: An Investigation into the Origins of the Modern World. Additionally, in recent times, it has been argued that it was this eruption which created the islands of Verlaten, Lang, and the beginnings of Rakata —all indicators of early Krakatoa's caldera's size. To date, however, little datable charcoal from that eruption has been found.
Thornton mentions that Krakatoa was known as "The Fire Mountain" during Java's Sailendra dynasty, with records of seven eruptive events between the 9th and 16th centuries.[15] These have been tentatively dated as having occurred in 850, 950, 1050, 1150, 1320, and 1530.
In February 1681, Johann Wilhelm Vogel, a Dutch mining engineer at Salida, Sumatra (near Padang), on his way to Batavia (modern Jakarta) passed through the Sunda Strait. In his diary he wrote:
...I saw with amazement that the island of Krakatoa, on my first trip to Sumatra [June 1679] completely green and healthy with trees, lay completely burnt and barren in front of our eyes and that at four locations was throwing up large chunks of fire. And when I asked the ship's Captain when the aforementioned island had erupted, he told me that this had happened in May 1680 ... He showed me a piece of pumice as big as his fist.
Vogel spent several months in Batavia, returning to Sumatra in November 1681. On the same ship were several other Dutch travellers, including Elias Hesse, a writer. Hesse's journal reports:
...on the 19th [of November 1681] we again lifted anchor and proceeded first to the north of us to the island of Sleepzie (Sebesi), uninhabited, ... and then still north of the island of Krakatou, which erupted about a year ago and also is uninhabited. The rising smoke column of this island can be seen from miles away; we were with our ship very close to shore and we could see the trees sticking out high on the mountain, and which looked completely burned, but we could not see the fire itself.[16]
The eruption was also reported by a Bengali sea captain, who wrote of the event later, but who had not recorded it at the time in the ship's log.[17] Neither Vogel nor Hesse mention Krakatoa in any real detail in their other passages, and no other travelers at the time mention an eruption or evidence of one. (In November 1681, a pepper crop was being offered for sale by inhabitants.)[18] In 1880, Verbeek investigated a fresh unweathered lava flow at the northern coast of Perboewatan, which could not have been more than two centuries old.
Visit by HMS Discovery
In February 1780 the crews of HMS Resolution (1771) and HMS Discovery (1774), on the way home after Captain James Cook's death in Hawaiʻi, stopped for a few days on Krakatoa. They found two springs on the island, one fresh water and the other hot. They described the natives who then lived on the island as "friendly" and made several sketches. (In his journal, John Ledyard calls the island "Cocoterra.")
Visit by USS Peacock
Edmund Roberts calls the island Crokatoa in his journal. A paraphrased account follows: On 8 September 1832, US sloop-of war Peacock (1828) anchored off the north end, also visiting Long Island, in search of inhabitants, fresh water, and yams. It was found difficult to effect a landing any where, owing to a heavy surf and to the coral having extended itself to a considerable distance from the shore. Hot springs boiling furiously up, through many fathoms of water, were found on the eastern side of Krakatoa, 150 feet from the shore. Roberts, Capt. Geisinger and marine Lieutenant Fowler visited Forsaken island, having mistaken the singing of locusts for the sound of running water. The boat glided over crystal clear water, over an extensive and highly beautiful submarine garden. Corals of every shape and hue were there; some resembling sunflowers and mushrooms; others, cabbages from an inch to three feet in diameter: while a third bore a striking likeness to the rose. The hillsides were typical of tropical climate; large flocks of parrots, monkeys in great variety, wild-mango and orange groves — a superb scene of plants and flowers of every description, glowing in vivid tints of purple, red, blue, brown, and green — but not the so-much-needed supply of water and provisions.[19]
Dutch activity
In 1620 the Dutch set up a naval station on the islands and somewhat later a shipyard was built. Sometime in the late 17th century an attempt was made to establish a pepper plantation on Krakatoa but the islands were generally ignored by the Dutch East India Company. In 1809 a penal colony was established at an unspecified location, which was in operation for about a decade. By the 1880s the islands were without permanent inhabitants; the nearest settlement was the nearby island of Sebesi (about 12 km away) with a population of 3,000.
Several surveys and mariners' charts were made, and the islands were little explored or studied. An 1854 map of the islands was used in an English chart, which shows some difference from a Dutch chart made in 1874. In July 1880, Rogier Verbeek, made an official survey of the islands but he was only allowed to spend a few hours there. He was able to collect samples from several places, and his investigation proved important in judging the geological impact of the 1883 eruption.[20]:9
1883 eruption
While seismic activity around the volcano was intense in the years preceding the cataclysmic 1883 eruption, a series of lesser eruptions began on May 20, 1883. The volcano released huge plumes of steam and ash lasting until late August.[21]
On August 27 a series of four huge explosions almost entirely destroyed the island. The explosions were so violent that they were heard Script error: No such module "convert". away in Perth, Western Australia, and the island of Rodrigues near Mauritius, Script error: No such module "convert". away.[3] The pressure wave from the final explosion was recorded on barographs around the world. Several barographs recorded the wave seven times over the course of five days: four times with the wave travelling away from the volcano to its antipodal point, and three times travelling back to the volcano.[20]:63 Hence, the wave rounded the globe three and a half times. Ash was propelled to a height of Script error: No such module "convert".. The sound of the eruption was so loud it was reported that if anyone was within ten miles (16 km), they would have gone deaf.
The combined effects of pyroclastic flows, volcanic ashes, and tsunamis had disastrous results in the region and world-wide. The death toll recorded by the Dutch authorities was 36,417, although some sources put the estimate at more than 120,000. There are numerous documented reports of groups of human skeletons floating across the Indian Ocean on rafts of volcanic pumice and washing up on the east coast of Africa up to a year after the eruption. Average global temperatures fell by as much as 1.2 degrees Celsius in the year following the eruption. Weather patterns continued to be chaotic for years and temperatures did not return to normal until 1888.
Subsequent volcanism
Anak Krakatau
Verbeek, in his report on the eruption, predicted that any new activity would manifest itself in the region which had been between Perboewatan and Danan. This prediction came true on 29 December 1927, when a submarine lava dome in the area of Perboewatan showed evidence of eruptions (an earlier event in the same area had been reported in June 1927). A new island volcano rose above the waterline a few days later. The eruptions were initially of pumice and ash, and that island and the two islands that followed were quickly eroded away by the sea. Eventually a fourth island named Anak Krakatau broke water in August 1930 and produced lava flows faster than the waves could erode them. These new islands are of considerable interest to volcanologists, and have been the subject of extensive study.
- Indonesia, Sunda Straits.jpg
Volcanic activity at Anak Krakatau, 2008
- Krakatau, Indonesia.jpg
2010: The thick brown plume of ash, steam and volcanic gas rising from Anak Krakatau in this true-colour satellite image is a common sight at the volcano
- Anak Krakatoa.jpg
"Anak Krakatoa" in 2007
Current activity
Anak Krakatau has grown at an average rate of five inches (13 cm) per week since the 1950s. This equates to an average growth of 6.8 meters per year. The island is still active, with its most recent eruptive episode having begun in 1994. Quiet periods of a few days have alternated with almost continuous Strombolian eruptions since then.
Hot gases, rocks, and lava were released in an eruption in April 2008. Scientists monitoring the volcano have warned people to stay out of a 3 km zone around the island.[22] Several videos of Krakatoa on YouTube show recent footage of eruptions[23] and of the inside of the crater as seen from the rim of the volcano.[24]
On 6 May 2009 the Volcanological Survey of Indonesia raised the eruption alert status of Anak Krakatau to Level III.[25] A recent expedition to the volcano has revealed that a 100-meter (328-foot)-wide lava dome is growing in its crater. The dome has two active vents that eject incandescent gas.
Biological research
The islands have become a major case study of island biogeography and founder populations in an ecosystem being built from the ground up in an environment virtually cleaned.[26]
The islands had been little studied or biologically surveyed before the 1883 catastrophe—only two pre-1883 biological collections are known: one of plant specimens and the other part of a shell collection. From descriptions and drawings made by the HMS Discovery, the flora appears to have been representative of a typical Javan tropical climax forest. The pre-1883 fauna is virtually unknown but was probably typical of the smaller islands in the area.
Botanical studies
From a biological perspective, the Krakatau problem[27] refers to the question of whether the islands were completely sterilized by the 1883 eruption or whether some indigenous life survived. When the first researchers reached the islands in May 1884, the only living thing they found was a spider in a crevice on the south side of Rakata. Life quickly recolonized the islands, however; Verbeek's visit in October 1884 found grass shoots already growing. The eastern side of the island has been extensively vegetated by trees and shrubs, presumably brought there as seeds washed up by ocean currents or carried in birds' droppings (or brought by natives and scientific investigators). It is, however, in a somewhat fragile position, and the vegetated area has been badly damaged by recent eruptions.
Handl's occupancy
A German, Johann Handl, obtained a permit to mine pumice in October 1916.[15] His lease of Script error: No such module "convert". (basically the eastern half of the island), was to be for 30 years. He occupied the south slope of Rakata from 1915 to 1917, when he left due to "violation of the terms of the lease." (According to Winchester, Handl arrived in 1917 and stayed there for four years.) Handl built a house and planted a garden with "4 European families and about 30 coolies". It is his party that is believed to have inadvertently introduced the black rat to the island. Handl found unburned wood below the 1883 ash deposits while digging, and fresh water was found below Script error: No such module "convert"..
Popular culture
A large part of the 1947 children's novel The Twenty-One Balloons by William Pene du Bois takes place on Krakatoa, where several families have established a wealthy and fanciful colony based on fictional diamond mines on the island.
Krakatoa has been featured as a subject and a part of the story in various television and film dramas. In the 1953 film Fair Wind to Java, an American sea captain and a pirate leader race one another to recover a fortune in diamonds hidden on Krakatoa, which begins its final eruption as they search the island for the treasure.[28] The island was a prominent part of the plot of '"Crack of Doom," an episode of the Irwin Allen television series The Time Tunnel in 1966. It was also featured as the main part of the story line in the 1969 film, Krakatoa, East of Java (retitled Volcano in a re-release in the 1970s), which depicts an effort to salvage a priceless cargo of pearls located perilously close to the erupting volcano. An Indonesian martial arts action film, Krakatau (1977), starring Dicky Zulkarnaen and Advent Bangun, also set the story on the mountain. In more recent years, it has been the subject of a 2006 television drama, Krakatoa: Volcano of Destruction and again in 2008 as Krakatoa.
In Klaus Teuber's board game Seafarers of Catan, the "Krakatoa Variant" is a scenario involving an island composed of three volcano tiles.[29]
See also
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- List of volcanic eruptions by death toll
- List of volcanoes in Indonesia
- Krakatoa documentary and historical materials
- Timetable of major worldwide volcanic eruptions
- ^ Breining, Greg (2007). "The Deadliest Volcanoes". Super Volcano: The Ticking Time Bomb Beneath Yellowstone National Park. Voyageur Press. p. 256. ISBN 978-0-7603-2925-2.
- ^ Hopkinson, Deborah (January 2004). "The Volcano That Shook the World: Krakatoa 1883" 11 (4). New York: Storyworks. p. 8.
- ^ a b "How Krakatoa made the biggest bang". London: The Independent. 2006-05-03. Retrieved 2012-03-20.
- ^ "Anak Krakatau". Retrieved 2011-11-10.
- ^ a b "Krakatau". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.
- ^ Winchester 2003, p. 27.
- ^ Note:The main theories are:
- Onomatopoeia, imitating the noise made by cockatoos (Kakatoes) which used to inhabit the island. However, Van den Berg points out that these birds are found only in the "eastern part of the archipelago" (meaning the Lesser Sundas, east of Java, on the other side of the Wallace Line).[citation needed]
- From Sanskrit karka or karkata or karkataka, meaning "lobster" or "crab". (Rakata also means "crab" in the older Javan language.) This is considered[by whom?] the most likely origin.[citation needed]
- The closest Malay word is kelakatu, meaning "white-winged ant". Furneaux points out that in pre-1883 maps, Krakatoa does somewhat resemble an ant seen from above, with Lang and Verlaten lying to the sides like wings.[citation needed]
- Van den Berg (1884) recites a story that Krakatau was the result of a linguistic error. According to the legend, a visiting ship's captain asked a local inhabitant the island's name, and the latter replied, "Kaga tau" (Aku enggak tahu)—a Jakartan/Betawinese slang phrase meaning "I don't know". This story is largely discounted; it closely resembles other linguistic myths about the origin of the word kangaroo and the name of the Yucatán Peninsula.
- ^ Note: This spelling has been attributed to a sub-editor at The Times (who may have typographically swapped the 'a' and 'o' of the Portuguese spelling) interpreting telegraphic reporting on the massive eruption of 1883.
- ^ Winchester 2003, p. 183.
- ^ "Volcanoes of Indonesia". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 25 March 2007.
- ^ Note: apparently because it looked like a hat from the sea
- ^ Note: The dating of these events is currently unknown. The Sunda Strait was first mentioned by Arab sailors circa 1100.
- ^ "Krakatau version 1.0, Part 2". The Anthropogene. 2003-11-11. Retrieved 2010-01-23.
- ^ a b Wohletz KH, 2000, Were the Dark Ages triggered by volcano-related climate changes in the 6th century? EOS Trans Amer Geophys Union 48(890), F1305.
- ^ a b Thornton, Ian (1997). Krakatau: the destruction and reassembly of an island ecosystem (1st ed.). Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0674505728.
- ^ Note: Vogel returned to Amsterdam in 1688 and published the first edition of his journal in 1690.
- ^ Winchester 2003, p. 132–133.
- ^ Note: Historians Van den Berg and Verbeek both conclude that Vogel must have exaggerated the extent of the eruption he saw. Even so, there must have been an eruption around this time.
- ^ Roberts, Edmund (October 12, 2007) [1837]. "Chapter III. Arrival at Crokatoa and Forsaken Islands". Embassy to the Eastern courts of Cochin-China, Siam, and Muscat : in the U. S. sloop-of-war Peacock ... during the years 1832-3-4. Harper & brothers. Digital images 46–48.
- ^ a b Symons, G.J. (ed) ''The Eruption of Krakatoa and Subsequent Phenomena'' (Report of the Krakatoa Committee of the Royal Society). London, 1888. Archive.org. 2008-04-01. Retrieved 2015-05-05.
- ^ Winchester 2003, p. 154–166.
- ^ "Indonesia's Krakatau roars, dazzles with fireworks". Reuters India. 2007-11-11. Retrieved 2010-01-23.
- ^ "Anak Krakatoa from safer distance". YouTube. Retrieved 2011-03-17.
- ^ "Krakatau". YouTube. 2010-11-01. Retrieved 2011-03-17.
- ^ "VSI Alert". Volcanological Survey of Indonesia. Archived from the original on 2009-05-06. Retrieved 2012-03-20.
- ^ Wilson, Edward. O. (1999). The Diversity of Life. New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company. p. 425.
- ^ Backer, Cornell's Andries (1929). The Problem of Krakatau, as Seen by a Botanist. author, at Weltevreden, Java.
- ^ tcm.com Fair Wind to Java (1953) Overview
- ^ "Krakatoa Bay". Catan Maps. Retrieved 2 May 2015.
- Alfred, E. & Seward, A.C.; The New Flora of the Volcanic Island of Krakatau, (reissued by Cambridge University Press, 2009, ISBN 978-1-108-00433-6)
- Dickins, Rosie; The Children's Book of Art (An introduction to famous paintings) Usborne Publishing Ltd., Usborne House, 83–85 Saffron Hill, London ISBN 978-0-439-88981-0 (2005)
- Furneaux, Rupert; Krakatoa Secker and Warburg, London (1965)
- Self, Stephen & Rampino, Michael R. (1981). "The 1883 eruption of Krakatau". Nature 294 (5843): 699–704. Bibcode:1981Natur.294..699S. doi:10.1038/294699a0.
- Simkin, Tom and Richard S. Fiske (editors); Krakatau, 1883—the volcanic eruption and its effects Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. ISBN 0-87474-841-0 (1983)
- Symons, G.J. (ed); The Eruption of Krakatoa and Subsequent Phenomena (Report of the Krakatoa Committee of the Royal Society) London (1888)
- Thornton, Ian; Krakatau: The Destruction and Reassembly of an Island Ecosystem (1996)
- Verbeek, R. D. M. (1884). "The Krakatoa eruption". Nature 30 (757): 10–15. Bibcode:1884Natur..30...10V. doi:10.1038/030010a0.
- Verbeek, Rogier Diederik Marius; Krakatau Batavia (1885)
- Winchester, Simon (2003). Krakatoa: The Day the World Exploded, August 27, 1883. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-621285-5.
- Wilson, Edward O. (1999). The Diversity of Life. New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company. p. 425. ISBN 0-393-31940-7.
External links
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Krakatoa.
- 1883 Eruption of Krakatau from the United States Geological Survey's Cascades Volcano Observatory
- Krakatau, Indonesia (1883) – information from San Diego State University about the 1883 eruption
- Krakatoa - The Great Volcanic Eruption – Naked Science


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Sarah Michelle Gellar and husband Freddie Prinze Jr. are set to welcome a new addition to their family.
The "Ringer" actress is pregnant with her second child, People magazine reported.
A close friend of Gellar's told People that the couple is "thrilled."
U.S. & World
Gellar, 35, and Prinze, 36, met while filming the 1997 horror flick "I Know What You Did Last Summer" and began dating three years later.
After getting married on a beach in Mexico in 2002 and enjoying their time as newlyweds, they had their first daughter, Charlotte Grace, in 2009.
Gellar recently told Us Weekly that Prinze has been thrilled about spending one-on-one time with Charlotte as she was busy filming the first season of the CW thriller "Ringer" that premiered last year.
"He loves it. We fight over who gets to stay home," Gellar told Us Weekly of her husband. "You'd think it would be the opposite, that the parents would be like, 'No, I'll go to work!' but he's like, 'You stayed home for two years! It's my turn!'"
It's unclear when the little one is expected to make his or her debut.


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Newspapers have danced with ups and downs in the past few years. But, as I have posted on periodically in the past, this segment of publishing was one of the first to analyze its options in the new tech environment, embrace change, initiate appropriate training and launch new business models that have included digital and associated mobiles, etc.
This brought about a big learning curve (that is still active) – but, what has shaken out thus far looks promising and has resulted in positive growth in digital circulation and stopped the bleeding in print circulation and even turned print around a little.
Now, let's drill down and get into some numbers provided by AAM (Alliance of Audited Media) that will tell us for sure if the 'newspapers + digital + metered paywalls' mix is a hot mixture or not.
Matthew Flamm reports on the semi-annual newspaper AAM numbers for Crain's New York Business:
New York Times overtakes USA Today as No. 2
The Grey Lady gains 18% in circulation in the past year as metered paywall pays off. The Wall Street Journal jumps 12% in the much-anticipated semi-annual industry audit.
The New York Times has moved into the No. 2 spot in newspaper circulation, ahead of USA Today, as the addition of more than 300,000 digital subscriptions gave the paper an average weekday circulation of 1.9 million print and digital copies in the six months ending March 31.
The number marked a nearly 18% circulation gain compared to a year ago, with digital gaining enough to more than offset print losses, according to the Alliance of Audited Media, which released its semi-annual newspaper survey on Tuesday.
The alliance includes in its digital count subscriptions to the online paper distributed to tablets, iPhones and through its website.
The Wall Street Journal, in first place, was up 12% in combined weekday circulation, to 2.4 million print and digital copies. Both papers relied on digital circulation for growth. The Journal's print edition fell 5% to 1.5 million copies, while the Times' slid 6% to 731,000.
USA Today dropped 8%, to 1.7 million copies, of which only 250,000 were digital.
On Sundays, the Times remains the clear No. 1, with total circulation of 2.3 million copies, up 16% from a year ago. Its print edition slid less than 1% to 1.25 million copies.
This Publishing/Writing Blog can be delivered right to your Kindle 🙂


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"Why don't you just leave the relationship?"
According to Sarah Buel: "This question has been fueled by those who believe that remaining with a batterer indicates stupidity, masochism, or codependence. Far from being accurate, such labels prove dangerous to victims because they tend to absolve batterers of responsibility for their crimes."
There are many different reasons that a victim may stay in an abusive relationship. This week to shed some light on the frequently asked question of why a victim doesn't just leave, we're taking a closer look at 50 different obstacles that prevent someone from leaving. Follow along on our blog throughout the week to read about all of them.
If you or someone you know is in an abusive relationship, call us toll-free and confidentially at 1-800-799-SAFE(7233) to speak confidentially with an advocate.
21. Keeping the Family Together: Victims believe it is in their children's best interest to have their father or a male role model in the family.
22. Illiterate Victims: Illiterate victims may be forced to rely on the literate batterer for everyday survival.
23. Incarcerated or Newly Released Abuse Victims: Such victims often don't have support systems to assist them with re-entry to the community. Parole officers may require that they return home if that appears to be a stable environment.
24. Law Enforcement Officer: If the perpetrator is a law enforcement officer, the victim may fear that other officers will refuse to assist or believe them if they come forward.
25. Lesbian and Gay Victims: Victims may feel silenced if disclosing their sexual orientation (to qualify for a protective order) could result in losing their job, family, and home.
26. Low Self-Esteem: Victims may believe they deserve no better than the abuse they receive.
27. Love: Since many batterers are initially charming, victims fall in love and may have difficulty altering their feelings with the first sign of a problem.
28. Mediation: Mediation can put the victim in the dangerous position of incurring the batterer's wrath for disclosing the extent of the violence.
29. Medical Problems: The victim must stay with the batterer to obtain medical services, especially if they share insurance.
30. Mentally Ill Victims: Victims face negative societal stereotypes in addition to the batterer's taunts that the victim is crazy and nobody will believe anything that they say.


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Coming up this week on 'UPFRONT with Mike Gousha'
This week on UPFRONT. The running mates court Wisconsin voters in the ground game for the badger state. Mike Gousha talks to state party leaders Mike Tate, Chair of the Democratic Party of Wisconsin, and Brian Schimming, Vice Chair of the Republican Party of Wisconsin, about whether Wisconsin's more than a battleground state. Could it be a key to winning the race, and who's got the momentum to rally on election day?
Then, a major issue in the great debates: the nation's fiscal cliff. The country faces deep cuts to programs and tax hikes if Congress fails reach a budget agreement by year end. In that context, what questions should we be asking the presidential candidates? Mike's guest is Diane Lim Rogers, author of Economistmom.com and Chief Economist with the non-partisan Concord Coalition.
Plus, WISN 12 News Political Reporter Kent Wainscott reports on the Vice Presidential Debate. A look at the preparation and performance of the running mates. Did Congressman Paul Ryan's deliver a defining moment? Kent talks with a Cedarburg native who helped Ryan prepare to debate.
Plus, FACTCHECK. The man whose job is fact checking the debate claims talks with Mike Gousha. Rob Farley, Managing Editor of FACTCHECK.org, discusses the challenges of determining truth or fiction. What's the threshold for truth? Can the public rely on the fact checkers?