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The highest mountain peak this side of the Mississippi is a quick drive from Asheville. On a fun day-trip the other day the temperature dropped from an unusually steamy 88° in Asheville to a pleasant 66° on the mountaintop. The scenic "slow" route up the Blue Ridge Parkway takes about an hour with spectacular views, woods and scenic overlooks along the way.
Craggy Gardensare definitely worth a stop with scenic trails, picnic areas and a Visitor's Center. In June and July the rhododendrons are blooming and form a blazing tunnel of flowers along the Craggy Pinnacle trail. The gnarly trees are sweet birch I think- striking in the wintertime.
Mount Mitchellis not that far beyond Craggy Gardens. A left on NC Highway 128 from the Parkway takes you right to the summit. Well not exactly. From the parking lot there is a steep little hike along a paved trail to the observation deck, so you can truly say you "climbed Mount Mitchell"! The views from the observation deck are well worth the little climb. At 6,684 feet above sea level you're likely to see clouds below you and weather forming miles away. The climate at the peak is more like Canada than North Carolina and the vegetation and even the birds are different than just 35 miles away in Asheville.
A shaded picnic area at the lower summit parking area was a lovely place to have lunch. There were shelters there as well as picnic tables and grills.
Originally it was thought that Grandfather Mountainwas the highest peak in the area, but in 1835 Dr. Elisha Mitchell, a professor at University of North Carolina calculated the elevation using barometric pressure readings and mathematical formulas to prove that the Black Mountains, the range that Mount Mitchell is a part of, were higher.
Of course there was controversy and on a subsequent visit to verify his measurements in 1857 Dr. Mitchell fell from a cliff above a 40 ft waterfall and drowned in the water below. The peak was named in honor of his work in 1858 and he was reburied on top of Mount Mitchell a year after his death.
Until this time the Black Mountain Range was referred to as a single mountain since it's ridgeline has such an even elevation. Although the elevation of the range is higher, its length is just 15 miles, much smaller than the Blue Ridge Mountains or the Great Smokies. As early as 1787 botanists prized the area for it's diverse specimens of trees, shrubs and plants. They would bring samples back to Europe to cultivate on royal plantations.
The Fraser Fir is named after one such explorer, Englishman John Fraser. The Fraser fir is the most abundant tree along the mountain crest and unfortunately, it has been hit hard by the Wooly Adelgids. An unwelcome visitor that made the trip to the US from Europe around 1900, this tiny insect has destroyed forests throughout the east as well as the northwest. Mount Mitchell was the first place in the southern Appalachians to be invaded by the pest beginning back in 1957, probably because of the high elevation.
Luckily for us the views are still pristine in spite of the Adelgids and the woods are filled with a great variety of trees and shrubs as well as wildflowers. We returned to Asheville refreshed, full from our picnic and a whole lot cooler.
See our Photo Gallery for more pictures!


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To properly define the capacity of a heating and ventilation system, requirements to indoor climate parameters must be considered.
An important parameter is the indoor temperature which represents the room air temperature in a given heated space.
A BMS (Building Management System) controls heat sources (and thereby temperature) by using a temperature sensor to measure the temperature in a room. The sensor is typically placed on a wall, which is not affected by other sources of heat (sunlight, etc.).
In a heating system where the radiators are controlled by radiator thermostats, the room temperature sensors can be built into the radiator thermostats.

subset: commoncrawl


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I hear it's 2007.
Let's talk resolutions.
1. Read 12 novels.
I'm embarrassed by how my reading has fallen off since I started working full time. I was an English major! This is completely doable.
2. Find a new job or go back to school. Or, ideally, find a new job AND go back to school.
3. Go to the gym with increased frequency.
If I made it to the gym 175 days this year, in addition to the exercise I get figure skating and playing soccer and hockey, I'd be doing very well.
4. Not make a weight-related resolution.
Because, honestly, as nice as it'd be to peel five or 10, I really don't need to.
5. Knit more.
Completely finish four projects. This is reasonable.
6. Stop the incessant purchasing.
To this, I will need to curb the visits to H&M. And stop browsing online too-good-to-be-true sales while at work. And stop buying myself a new outfit every time I go out with Colin. And exercise a bit of self-restraint.
7. Visit with my grandparents more.
I only have two of them. They won't be around forever. I am so fortunate to live so close to them and I need to take advantage of that.
8. Cut back on the coffee/hazelnut cappuccino mix that I feast on allfrickingdaylong at work. It's as bad as sipping on a soda all day.
I'll limit myself to one cup three days/week. The rest of the time, I can pass the hours drinking regular coffee, tea or water.
9. Become a sweet-ass juggler.
Any halfway decent soccer player can juggle the ball. Any halfway decent soccer player, that is, except for me. I never had a soccer coach who emphasized the importance of being able to juggle the ball and, as a result, I mostly suck at it. I would like to suck less at it. So I'm going to practice juggling the ball in 2007. And if I could do it 25 times without letting the ball hit the ground, I'd be pleased with myself.
10. Allow myself to trust Colin.
Because keeping my distance to protect my heart isn't doing anything to grow us. And us, I think, is an entity I'd really like to mature in 2007.
Thursday, January 04, 2007
10 to grow by
Posted by A at 4:45 PM
Labels: reflection, resolutions
1 comments:
- Laurie said...
This is the most realistic set of resolutions I have read in the blogosphere. I especially like #10. With all your history, it is easy not to trust him. It is vital for your future relationship to work on this.
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Most observers agree that President Obama's attempt to push the reset button with respect to America's relationship with Russia, Egypt and Iran, to name but a few, has not been successful (this is actually a bipartisan opinion!).
One of the main reasons for this failure is his lack of understanding of who he is dealing with. He didn't really know his adversary and so his strategy didn't mesh with the facts on the ground.
This may seem like a strange segue but this is actually an important message for all of us for Yom Kippur. Yom Kippur is our individual chance to push the reset button in our relationship with the Almighty. Perhaps we've been distant. Perhaps we've been uncaring. Or oblivious. Or self-absorbed. Or distracted. You name it.
For reasons too numerous and varied to list, our relationship with God is not exactly what we'd like it to be. So the Almighty gives us a gift. He gives us Yom Kippur, a chance to wipe the slate clean and start afresh.
And like the President, we need to know who our adversary is and we need to develop a strategy.
People with substance abuse issues are often asked to identify triggers – do you pass a bar on the way home from work every day? – and then plot ways to avoid them – like taking a different, although possibly less direct, route home.
This is our job in preparation for the holiday. What are our triggers? Our stumbling blocks? What are the places, situations and perhaps even people that we should avoid? Maybe we need to stay away from tempting bakeries (the simplest test), wild parties and friends who love to gossip.
Who are our adversaries? Are they people who try to sabotage our growth so that they won't feel guilty about their lack? Are they philosophies (and people who espouse them) that suggest that financial success and power are the ultimate goals whatever the personal cost? Is it our body that clamors for sleep, food and the satisfaction of our physical desires? Is it our ego which filters all experiences and relationships through a "me, me, me" prism?
We need to identify our challenges before we can confront them. We need to plot our attack – avoid some triggers, battle some adversaries, destroy some enemies.
And we need a plan. What will I do the next time the conversation deteriorates into nasty gossip? The next time I'm tempted to fight with my husband just to prove I'm right? The next time I'm about to raise my voice to my children in frustration? The next time my hostess puts a piece of chocolate cake on my plate ("It's just a sliver" she says!).
I need a plan or I won't succeed. I need to define my goals or I won't succeed. I need to be serious or I won't succeed.
The idea of pushing the reset button has become a political joke. But that doesn't mean the ideal isn't real. If we are sincerely sorry, if we truly regret our actions, if we really want to return to a deeper and more lasting relationship with our Creator, then He says, "Great! I've been waiting for you. Just take one step in my direction and I'll meet you the rest of the way."
Yom Kippur is truly an opportunity to push the reset button on our relationship with God, to rectify the mistakes of past and to inscribe a whole new future. Hopefully we'll know how to make the most of it.


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We work hard every day to make sure every customer has the best possible experience. Simply complete the form below and we will send this vehicle straight to your phone.
* The advertised price does not include sales tax, vehicle registration fees, other fees required by law or finance charges.
* Images, pricing and options shown are examples, only, and may not reflect exact vehicle color, trim, options, pricing or other specifications.


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PR WINNER OF THE WEEK: "A" (PR PERFECT) to Malala Yousafzai, for drawing international attention back to the nearly 300 Nigerian schoolgirls kidnapped three months ago by militant group Boko Haram. Though President Goodluck Jonathan said the Nigerian government is working hard to find the girls, there seems to be little progress. In addition to having a press conference during which Yousafzai appealed directly to the militants to "release my sisters," she met with some of the parents of the girls—something President Jonathan has yet to do.
PR LOSER OF THE WEEK: "F" (FULL FIASCO) to Oscar Pistorius, who was involved in an altercation in a nightclub last weekend. Pistorius claimed that a drunken patron verbally attacked him about his trial for the murder of his girlfriend, Reeva Steenkamp. The patron alleges otherwise. The real question: Does Pistorius have no one in his entourage who might clue him in to the fact that hitting the nightclub for a pint, while one is on trial for murder, is inadvisable from a PR standpoint?
THE PRV "THERE'S NO 'THERE' THERE" AWARD to Comcast for their limp response to an incredibly bad customer service interaction that promptly went viral. Ryan Block posted eight of the 20 minutes he spent arguing with a Comcast rep who refused to disconnect his service as requested. Social media, which eats this kind of thing with a large spoon, spread the clip like wildfire. Comcast merely said the employee's behavior was unacceptable and that they would contact Block to apologize. No word as to whether they'll honor Block's request and disconnect him, though.


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Al Johnson's Goat Cam
The two web cameras mounted on a rooftop peak of Al Johnson's Swedish Restaurant are pointed in slightly different directions, so they reveal 95% of the sod roof's surface.
If you can't see the goats in one picture, look closely at the other…it's a rare day that you can't see the goats somewhere on the roof…unless it's night-time, of course, because the goats are brought down each evening and spend the evening in a peaceful barn on the outskirts of Sister Bay.
Note that the goats are NOT on the roof in winter! They usually go onto the restaurant's sod roof at the start of each tourism season, in late May, continuing through mid-October.
Check out what's Happening
There's always something fun or interesting happening in Door County!
Stay current and you'll be able to time your next trip to coincide with the Half Marathon in May, the Roofing of the Goats Parade and Uncork Summer in June, Sister Bay's Fall Fest in October, Al's Annual Butik Sale in November, our traditional Swedish Julbord dinner in December, and much more.
All year long – even in winter – Door County is the place to be for a relaxing getaway in beautiful northeastern Wisconsin!


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Over the last 50 years, the owners of the James Bond movie franchise have had heart-stopping crises as thrilling as the ones that face their fictional secret agent.
They've nearly gone bust more than once and have come close to losing all of their rights in court.
But the franchise has survived and thrived under the family of late producer Albert R. "Cubby" Broccoli, whose name has graced every official Bond intro since "Dr. No" in 1962.
The son of Italian immigrants was a risk-taker, and his earlier ventures included farming the vegetable bearing the Broccoli name that his uncle brought to America. After years of hustling his way into Hollywood, Broccoli fought for the movie rights to the Ian Fleming novels and passed his faith in the British spy tales to his children.
"Cubby used to say, 'This is the goose that laid the golden egg, keep it safe,'" said Broccoli's youngest daughter, Barbara, now the series' co-producer, in a phone interview from London. "One of the things he said was we're temporary people making permanent decisions. When you have a franchise, and you're invested in it as emotionally as we are, you make decisions based on the health of the franchise going forward."
For five decades, the Broccoli family has held on to its 50 percent stake in the "007" movies, while studio partner Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Inc. owns the other half. The series is one of the longest running in history, having made $4.9 billion in ticket sales over 22 films. The 23rd Bond movie, "Skyfall," is set to premiere Oct. 23 in London.
It's not like the formula for action, sex and intrigue has always worked perfectly. Some films fell flat, like "On Her Majesty's Secret Service," George Lazenby's infamous one-Bond wonder.
The franchise has occasionally needed new blood to keep it fresh, and there have been six Bonds so far.
For "Skyfall," the family is making another noticeable change: it cast 31-year-old Ben Whishaw as Bond's gadget guru, Q. The last two movies did without the longtime sidekick, who had been played by the late Desmond Llewelyn in an epic 16 Bond films.
"The decision was made to make him a younger man, as would be the case these days," said Michael G. Wilson, Albert Broccoli's stepson who is also co-producer of the series, by phone. "Let's hope he goes on as long as Desmond Llewelyn did."
It may seem a minor casting decision, but nothing is taken lightly by the family that has stuck with Bond this long. Their tribulations are brought to life in the documentary, "Everything Or Nothing," which debuts today on EPIX.
In one incident from the 1970s, the film explains, Broccoli's Canadian co-producer, Harry Saltzman, had squandered his Bond fortune on outside investments. Instead of turning to his partner for help, Saltzman pledged their production partnership Danjaq as collateral on nearly $20 million in personal loans from Swiss bank UBS.
Broccoli enlisted Wilson, a practicing lawyer, to prevent the production company from being foreclosed on by the bank. Wilson argued Saltzman couldn't pledge 100 percent of the production entity without consulting his partner. In the end, the Saltzman- Broccoli partnership broke up. Saltzman bitterly sold his stake to United Artists, now a subsidiary of MGM, and was left penniless. Bond narrowly escaped unscathed.
In another segment, the family faces off against reallife nemesis Kevin McClory, an Irishman whose early script work with Fleming allowed him to win the movie rights to "Thunderball."
The rights form the basis for "Never Say Never Again," a 1983 remake. The film brought leading man Sean Connery back as Bond after a 12-year hiatus, and was a way for Connery to snub the producers that he felt had shortchanged him.
That year, Connery's Bond and Roger Moore's Bond in "Octopussy" hit theaters just months apart, though "Octopussy" won the box office battle. Due to the bitter rivalry, "Never Say Never Again" isn't included in Danjaq's count of 23 Bond flicks.
The documentary also explains why "Casino Royale," Fleming's first Bond book, was made twice. The first version debuted in 1967 and was a ridiculous mash-up featuring multiple Bonds played by the likes of David Niven, Peter Sellers and even Woody Allen. The spoof was possible because Fleming had sold that book's rights to Columbia Pictures, now owned by Sony Corp., for a measly $6,000.
Sony gave the rights back to the Broccolis in a legal settlement in 1999. Sony later became the distributor of the last two films and "Skyfall." That's why a Sony Vaio laptop is among Bond's arsenal of gadgets these days, despite Sony's former archenemy status. (Heineken, not a shaken martini, is also a new favorite Bond libation, thanks to the brewer's corporate sponsorship.)
Both Sony and MGM declined to comment about their business dealings ahead of the today's 50th anniversary.
But the curtain has yet to fall on the financial drama surrounding Bond.
In July, MGM made a preliminary filing with the Securities and Exchange Commission to prepare for an initial public offering of stock. The move would help pay off MGM's owners, including Highland Capital Management and Anchorage Advisors, who lent the studio $5 billion but booked a big loss in a bankruptcy that left them with a less valuable stake.
The IPO could happen before "Skyfall" or potentially before MGM's other major coproduction, the J.R.R. Tolkien tale "The Hobbit," which MGM is co-financing with Warner Bros. and is set for release in December.
According to a person familiar with the matter, the timing is meant to take advantage of the hype surrounding the two movies, which promise to be among the year's biggest moneymakers. The person declined to be identified because they aren't authorized to talk about confidential deliberations.
Barbara Broccoli said that this is the sort of financial engineering that her father never liked — but which the family has had to deal with many times over the years.
"I don't think he was comfortable with Bond being a pawn in the Wall Street gamble," Broccoli said.
Wilson, who fought hard to keep Bond from being hijacked by financial shenanigans, said his focus is different now than when he first stepped in to protect the family business.
"We just keep our heads down and make movies," Wilson said. "We keep it on track. That's our job really. That's what we do."
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Cuba may have been restricted politically and economically for the past 50 years, but its borders have remained open to wildlife for which Cuba's undeveloped islands are an irresistible draw. While many islands in the Caribbean have poisoned or paved over their ecological riches on land and in the sea in pursuit of a growing tourist industry, Cuba's wild landscapes have remained virtually untouched, creating a safe haven for rare and intriguing indigenous animals, as well as for hundreds of species of migrating birds and marine creatures. Coral reefs have benefited, too. Independent research has shown that Cuba's corals are doing much better than others both in the Caribbean and around the world.
All Documentary Films


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Obama has frequently spoken of McCain's military record, but the campaign is making a point of it today in light of Clark's comments on Face the Nation (and similar remarks in recent weeks on Morning Joe) that "I don't think riding in a fighter plane and getting shot down is a qualification to be president".
Earlier today, on Morning Joe, Obama spokesman Robert Gibbs distanced the campaign from Gen. Clark's remarks.
*** UPDATE *** Here's a statement from Obama spokesman Bill Burton on Wes Clark's controversial comments about McCain's military service. "As he's said many times before, Senator Obama honors and respects Senator McCain's service, and of course he rejects yesterday's statement by General Clark."MessNBC


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METALS:(Redirected from TIN.)
- Sources of the Metals.
- Gold ("zahab," connected with the root "ẓahab," "to shine"):
- Silver ("kesef"):
- Copper ("neḥoshet"):
- Iron ("barzel," "parzel"):
- Tin ("bedil," from a root meaning "to separate"):
- Lead ("'oferet"; Aramaic and Neo-Hebrew in Mishnah and Talmud, "abar," "abra"):
- Antimony or Stibium ("puk" = "eye-paint" [comp. "Z. D. M. G." v. 336]; now called "kuḥl" in the Orient; hence the verb "kaḥal" [Ezek. xxiii. 40]; often mentioned in the Talmud and Midrash [e.g., Shab. viii. 3]):
- Electrum:
- Metals in the Talmud.
- Argentum or Argentarium (Latin):
- Arsenicon (Greek):
- Asimon (Greek, ἄσημον):
- Ba'aẓ:
- Ḥalḳoma (Greek, χάλκωμα):
- Gruti (Greek, γρύτη):
- Ḥararah (Kelim. xi. 3):
- Karkemisha:
- Milela (Ket. 67a):
- Niska:
- 'Eshet and 'Ashashit:
- Obryzon (Greek, ὄβρυζον):
- Paliza (Arabic, "falaz"; but see Frankel, l.c. p. 153):
- Stomoma (Latin, from the Greek στόμωμα; in Ber. 62b,
- Sulfate of Iron:
- Marteka:
- Manufacture.
- Manipulation.
- Ornaments, Weapons, and Utensils.
- History.
- Miscellaneous Conditions.
- In the Middle Ages.
- Halakic Bearing.
- Value of Metals.
- Symbolic Meaning.
Although Deut. viii. 9 describes the Promised Land as one rich in ore, Palestine itself was really almost without metals, which had to be imported from neighboring countries. The passage in question is therefore taken by certain scholars to refer not to Palestine proper, but to Bashan, the present Hauran, whose rocks contain as much as 20 per cent of iron—hence the name "basalt." Nothing is known of mining among the Hebrews themselves (see Mines and Mining); the description in Job xxviii., which shows a full knowledge of the technical process, probably refers to Egypt, which had engaged in mining on the Sinaitic Peninsula from earliest times. The existence of these mines in Sinai may account for the fact that the Jerusalem Pentateuch Targum translates "the wilderness of Zin" (Num. xiii. 21; xxxiv. 3, 4) by "mountain of iron." Josephus ("B.J." iv. 8, § 2; comp. Malala's "Chronicle," xviii. 182), however, places "the iron mountain" in Trachonitis and not in the vicinity of Sinai (comp. Derenbourg in "R. E. J." viii. 275). Another "mountain of iron" is mentioned (Suk. iii. 1); but this was in the vicinity of Jerusalem, and received its name not from its richness in iron, but from the fact that its rocks were hard as iron. Robinson ("Researches," i. 512) has shown that the country about the Red Sea is likewise entirely without iron deposits.Sources of the Metals.
The Hebrews were aware of the existence of gold at Havilah, Ophir, and Uphaz; and they obtained the precious metal from these districts either by means of their own ships, as under Solomon (I Kings ix. 28) and Jehoshaphat (ib. xxii. 49), or through the markets of Tyre, where silver, iron, tin, and lead were brought (Ezek. xxvii. 12), probably by traders from Tarshish (ib. xxxviii. 13). Tarshish is mentioned as being under Tyrian dominion (Isa. xxiii. 10); but its location and even the meaning of its name are still disputed points. The same doubt attaches to two cities, Betah and Berothai, conquered by David, from which he "took exceeding much brass" (II Sam. viii. 8; in I Chron. xviii. 8 these cities are Tibhath and Chun). Copper utensils came also from Javan (which here probably means Cyprus), Tubal, and Meshech (Ezek. xxvii. 13). According to the ideas of the time, the people of the last-named country lived in the far north; and the expression "iron from the north" occurs in Jer. xv. 12. This iron seems to have been an especially good variety. The Rabbis mention the excellent Indian iron ('Ab. Zarah 16a; Ab. R. N., Recension A, xxviii.) and the Indian swords (Tan., Wa'etḥanan, 6). Since the Oriental trade was chiefly in the hands of the Phenicians, the Israelites could thus become directly acquainted with the metals and had opportunity to obtain possession of them.
A general name for "metal" does not occur in the Bible, but the following species are mentioned: gold, silver, copper, iron, tin, lead, antimony or stibium, and electrum.Gold ("zahab," connected with the root "ẓahab," "to shine"):
The various Biblical terms (see Gold) employed to designate the color or the degree of purity of different varieties of the metal are in part identical with the terms used in the Talmud (Yer. Yoma iv. 41d; a little different in Yoma 44b) to characterize seven varieties: (1) good gold (with reference to Gen. ii. 12; comp. "good gold from Ophir"; Targum Sheni to Esth. ii. 1, ed. Lagarde, p. 227); (2) pure gold, i.e., such gold as can be put into the fire without losing weight (the golden lamp of the Tabernacle is said to have been put into the fire eighty times without losing weight); (3) fine gold ("zahab segor"; comp. I Kings vi. 20); (4) "zahab mufaz," which, according to one explanation, looks like burning brimstone, and according to another and probably more correct explanation is so called from the place in which it was found (Solomon's throne was covered with this kind of gold; see I Kings x. 18); (5) unalloyed gold; (6) spun gold ("zahab shaḥuṭ."), flexible as wax (the emperor Hadrian is said to have had a piece of the size of an egg; Diocletian, one as large as a Gordian denarius); (7) Parvaim gold (II Chron. iii. 6), probably so called from an Arabian district. In the Babylonian Talmud gold of Ophir occupies the third place in the list; and "mufaz" gold is—apparently correctly—connectedwith "paz" (comp. Cant. v. 15). The word occurs with the same meaning in the Talmud (Giṭ. 11 b, 58a). If "ufaz" (Jer. x. 9; Dan. x. 5) is not a proper name, it is likewise probably connected with the same root. Some commentators, referring to Targum, Peshiṭta, and manuscripts of the Septuagint, consider it to be corrupted from "Ofir." Almost all the names for gold here mentioned occur in I Kings x. Perhaps "eshkar" (Ps. lxxii. 10; Ezek. xxvii. 15) should also be connected with "sagur"; in Assyrian "hurasu sakru" means "massive" or "solid gold" (Delitzsch, "Assyrisches Handwörterbuch," p. 499b); and "sagur" and "eshkar" may be synonymous (Cheyne, in "Proc. Soc. Bibl. Arch." 1899, xxi. 246; comp. Barth in "Programm des Berliner Rabbinerseminars," p. 32, Berlin, 1901). The Assyrian "hurasu" explains the Hebrew "haruẓ" (Prov. viii. 10, xii. 27); the latter is used poetically for gold and really means "decided," i.e., "declared a unit of value," which gold had been for a long time. Moreover, the Greek χρυσός (="gold") is said to come from the Hebrew (perhaps Phenician; see "R. E. J." xvi. 276) word "haruẓ" (Bochart, "Hierozoicon," ii. 534; H. Lewy, "Die Semitischen Fremdwörter im Griechischen," p. 59). Poetically "ketem" (Lam. iv. 1; Job xxviii. 19, xxxi. 24, etc.) is used, and appears also in connection with "paz." The expression "beẓer" occurs only twice (Job xxii. 24, 25), and is usually interpreted to mean "bars of gold." The meaning "gold in rings" is also accepted for it (Hoffmann, in "Zeitschrift für Assyriologie," 1887, p.48). "Ophir"—that is, gold of Ophir—is its parallel; and the writer of the Book of Job (Job l.c.) says that both of these kinds of gold shall be as of no value to those who fear God. In the Talmud "seething gold" is also mentioned ("zahab roteaḥ"; Sanh. 92b). See also Gold for Biblical passages.Silver ("kesef"):
This metal derives its name from its pale color. The denominative "hiksif" means "make pale" ("kasaf," like the Arabic "kasaf," ="desiderare"), although in Job xxii. 25 a comparison seems to be made between silver and something shining. The Greek ἀργύριον (= Latin "argentum") likewise goes back to ἀργός ("white"). "Kesef " was, in addition, a term for money in general among the Hebrews (see below). Silver has its veins (Job xxviii. 1). It is not found on the surface, nor in river-beds, like gold; but it must be taken with hard labor from the depths of the mountain. Strangely enough, the Septuagint translates "kasifya," in Ezra viii. 17, according to the meaning of the root: ἐν ἀργυρίου ṭόπῳ, "place of silver," that is, Ctesiphon.Copper ("neḥoshet"):
The Hebrews probably knew copper only in its natural state, and not as bronze, which is copper alloyed with tin, unless the copper ore was found mixed with tin. According to one hypothesis, the Biblical-Hebraic "sefer" means "brass" or "bronze" ("J. Q. R." xv. 102). The term
The mountains of Palestine contained iron ore (Deut. viii. 9). Its value was less than silver and more than stones (Isa. lx. 17). As was also the case in early times among the Greeks and Romans, iron was little used by the Hebrews; and it is mentioned only four times in the first four books of Moses (see Iron). Many understand the word "paldah" (Nah. ii. 4) to mean "steel," a preparation of iron; but the correctness of this interpretation is uncertain. Iron can be broken in pieces with a hammer. In this it is a symbol of the Torah, which has numerous attributes and characteristics (Suk. 52b; see Tos. ib.). A teacher of the Law must be as hard as iron (Ta'an. 4a). To forge and harden iron it must be put red-hot into cold water (Shab. 41a). Iron was heated on coal; and there are halakic regulations for doing this on the Sabbath (ib. 130a). Iron as well as lead was used on the yokes of animals (Kelim xiv. 4, 5). The Rabbis were acquainted with the magnetic stone which attracts iron (Soṭah 47a, "eben sho'ebet").Tin ("bedil," from a root meaning "to separate"):
The name itself indicates that the metal is not a pure one, but consists of parts separated from other metals, perhaps the lead in bars of silver (so Delitzsch on Isa. i. 25, where the word is used in the plural with "sigim"; Ibn Ezra rightly observes that no other names of metals occur in the plural); compare the Latin "stannum" (Pliny, "Historia Naturalis," xxxiv. 47); German, "werk"; and English, "alloy." That "bedil" denotes some particular metal is evident from passages like Num. xxxi. 22 and Ezek. xxii. 18, 20; xxvii. 12, where it is mentioned along with other metals; and according to the Septuagint this metal was κασσίτερος = "tin," a translation which Luther has throughout his version. Among the Romans, until the fourth century, tin was called "plumbum album." The Jews were probably acquainted with tin through the Phenicians, who brought it from their European colonies (from Britain [?]; see Gutschmid, "Kleine Schriften," ii. 55). The instrument used in summoning the people to synagogue in Babylonia was of tin (Pethahiah of Regensburg, p. 14, ed. London, 1856). Beautiful tin Seder platters are still in existence.Lead ("'oferet"; Aramaic and Neo-Hebrew in Mishnah and Talmud, "abar," "abra"):
Lead is mentioned in Num. xxxi. 22; Ezek. xxii. 18, 20; also in Ezek. xxvii. 12, where it is referred to as an export of Tarshish. Lead was obtained direct from the mines (Ḥul. 8a). It is the symbol of weight (Ex. xv. 10). Tradition relates that the river-beds near Jerusalem were lined with lead (Letter of Aristeas, ed. Wendland, § 90; comp. "Seder ha-Dorot," i. 115, Warsaw, 1891). White lead (Persian, "sapidag" [see "Z. D. M. G." l. 6, 43]; Syriac, "aspedka") occursin the "Halakot Gedolot" and elsewhere in the literature of the Geonim as "alsefidag" (see Kohut, "Aruch Completum," iv. 82). A wire of lead ("petilah shel abar"; Sanh. 52a) was used in killing those condemned to death by fire. The eaves of houses were made of lead (Miḳ. vi. 8).Antimony or Stibium ("puk" = "eye-paint" [comp. "Z. D. M. G." v. 336]; now called "kuḥl" in the Orient; hence the verb "kaḥal" [Ezek. xxiii. 40]; often mentioned in the Talmud and Midrash [e.g., Shab. viii. 3]):
One spoke of "enlarging" the eyes with paint (Jer. iv. 30, R. V.) or of painting them (II Kings ix. 30). The meaning of Isa. liv. 11 is disputed. According to Saadia, paint is meant here also; thus the meaning would be that the stones shine like women's eyes. More modern scholars read "nofek." Wisdom xiii. 14 interprets it to mean that on feast-days the faces of the gods were colored red with minium.Electrum:
A translation given by many for "ḥashmal" (Ezek. i. 4, viii. 2); the English versions have Amber. Bochart ("Hierozoicon," iii. 893) takes it to be the aurichalcum of the ancients. The Talmud has a haggadic interpretation for it (Ḥag. 13a; comp. Munk in "Guide des Egarés," ii. 229). Omitting "ḥashmal" as not being the name of a metal, Moses Cohen (on Ibn Ezra on Isa. i. 25) says that there are seven kinds of metals mentioned in the Bible.Metals in the Talmud.
A general name for metals, "matteket" (plural, "mattakot"; Kelim xiii. 7, xiv. 1; Ḥul. i. 6), from the root "matak" = "natak" (Targ. to I Kings vii. 16, 23), is first found in the post-Biblical literature of the Jews.
Table-silver; occurs often in the Midrash (Krauss, "Lehnwörter," ii. 126). A similar word is "chrysargyrum," a kind of money (see below).Arsenicon (Greek):
A chemical element which occurs naturally together with sulfur and metals. In the Talmud (Ḥul. 88b), Syriac, and Arabic it is called "zarnikh."Asimon (Greek, ἄσημον):
In Mishnah, Talmud, and Midrash, an unstamped (silver) coin (Krauss, l.c. p. 86). The word may, however, be related to the Syriac "sema," which means simply "silver" (Payne Smith, "Thesaurus Syriacus," p. 2494). By "asem" the Egyptians indicated a compound of gold and silver (Greek, ἤλεκτρον); and the Septuagint translates the Hebrew "ḥashmal" (see above) similarly.
From tannaitic times dates a regulation forbidding the making of weights out of "ba'aẓ" (see below), lead, tin (κασσίτερος), and other metals, because they gradually wear away to the disadvantage of the buyer (Tosef., B. B. v. 9 [ed. Zuckermandel, p. 405]; B. B. 89b); in the text of the "Halakot Gedolot," p. 421,
This metal, mentioned above, is probably a kind of tin (comp. Kelim. xxx. 3; Targ. to Ezek. xxii. 18, and Targ. Yer. to Num. xxxi. 22). Ba'aẓ ranks above lead and κασσίτερος (Men. 28b). It is doubtful whether "abaẓa" (Targum for "bedil") is related to it (see commentators on Kelim x. 2). Ba'aẓ was used for sealing documents (Targ. to Jer. xxxii. 11, 14).Ḥalḳoma (Greek, χάλκωμα):
Brass or copper; mentioned often in the Targum (Krauss, l.c. p. 299); especially bows of brass are mentioned (comp. the cognomen "Haliḳopri" = χαλκοπάρειος = "the man with a brazen face" (Krauss, l.c. p. 251). A similar analogy was: "A scholar is firm as iron" (Ta'an. 4a). Corinthian brass, celebrated in antiquity (
Pieces of metal (Krauss, l.c. p. 183). Perhaps the above-mentioned
Lumps of metal after casting.Karkemisha:
An Aramaic word of unknown origin, occurring in the Targum (Targ. Yer. to Num. xxi. 22; Job xix. 24), and meaning "lead."Milela (Ket. 67a):
Gold ore as broken in the mine (Jastrow, l.c. p. 793).Niska:
A bar of gold or silver; occurs a dozen times in the Babylonian Talmud (Jastrow, l.c. p. 917). According to J. Halévy (in "M. Scienc. Ling." xi. 73), "niska" is Sanskrit, and means "moneybag." The Greek βέλος also indicates "lumps" or "bars" (Krauss, l.c. p. 141; comp. the Greek μέδρος =Latin "massa" in Blümner, "Technologie," iv. 219).
For sheet metal there was likewise a term from the Greek,
Especially frequent terms (Kohut, l.c. vi. 281; Jastrow, l.c. p. 1127), meaning "lumps" or "plates" or something similar (comp. Yoma 34b). Plates of iron were warmed (for the high priest); iron plates are spoken of also in 'Ab. Zarah 16a. It is therefore natural to connect these words with the Biblical Hebrew "'eshet" (Ezek. xxvii. 19) = "hard iron"; since the idea "hard" seems certainly to be contained in it. In Men. 28b it is stated that the lamp of the sanctuary might be made of "'eshet" as well as of gold; but "'eshet" can not mean "iron," since it is classed above silver, unless indeed iron on account of its rarity was more valued than silver or even than gold. The metal must also have cast a reflection; for the lamp itself ("candela") is called "'ashasit." The plates, whether of iron, silver, or gold, must, therefore, have been highly polished, somewhat like the ancient mirrors.Obryzon (Greek, ὄβρυζον):
Pure gold; a term occurringonce in the Targum (Krauss, l.c. p. 14), and used also in Syriac and Arabic. Χρυσάργυρον, money called "gold-silver," occurs also in rabbinical writings (Krauss, l.c. p. 298).Paliza (Arabic, "falaz"; but see Frankel, l.c. p. 153):
A kind of bronze. Samuel (in the 3d cent.) bought a golden dish which was offered him as bronze (B. Ḳ. 113b).Stomoma (Latin, from the Greek στόμωμα; in Ber. 62b,
A term meaning sometimes the tempering of iron, sometimes steel itself. The expression is found also in Syriac, Mandæan, and Arabic; the genuine Arabic is "shaburkan" (Löw, in Krauss, l.c. p. 120; according to a passage quoted there, tin was also so tempered. Concerning the method see Blümner, l.c. iv. 343). Jäger, Reichenow, and Frenzel, in "Handbuch der Zoologie," etc. (ii. 510, Breslau, 1880), state that the art of changing iron to steel was practised by the Jews.Sulfate of Iron:
Used for ink; χάλκανθοσ = "vitriol"; often mentioned by the Rabbis (Krauss, l.c. p. 549).Marteka:
Silver-slag (Giṭ. 69b).Manufacture.
For the working of metals the Hebrews had to rely wholly on the Phenicians, as the history of the building of Solomon's Temple indicates. In Saul's time the Hebrews had armorers who were very unpopular with the Philistines (I Sam. xiii. 19, 20); and at the fall of Jerusalem smiths and locksmiths ("ḥaras" and "masger"; II Kings xxiv. 10) are mentioned.
The tools used were: the hammer or ax ("pa'am"; Isa. xli. 7; comp. ἄκμωμ in Sirach [Ecclus.] xxxviii. 33; other tools are mentioned, ib. xxxviii. 13, xlviii. 17; also "maḳḳabah" in Isa. xliv. 12; "paṭṭish," ib. xli. 7; and "halmut" in Judges v. 26); tongs ("melkaḥayim"; Isa. vi. 6); hatchet ("garzen"; Siloam inscription and Deut. xix. 5; this makes the word "barzel" in II Kings vi. 5 mean "tongs," whereas it usually denotes only "iron"); bellows ("mappuaḥ"; Jer. vi. 29; comp. Isa. liv. 6); fining-pot ("maẓref") for silver and a (melting) furnace ("kur") for gold (Prov. xvii. 3), whence the designation "furnace," for Egypt (Deut. iv. 20; comp. Isa. xlviii. 10), is derived. A prophecy of Ezekiel's (Ezek. xxii. 18-22) rests wholly on the technical process of metal-casting.
In Talmudic times there was used the anvil ("saddan" = "block"; Gen. R. x.), the "base" ("taḥtit"; Kelim xvii. 17) for forging, which was beaten upon with a hammer. "To beat with the hammer" ("makah ba-paṭṭish") is a very frequent expression in rabbinical literature. In the opinion of the Rabbis, tongs ("ẓebet")were created directly by God as the final act of creation (Ab. v. 6); compare the tongs ("yattukin" and "parakin" in Kelim xii. 3) used in metal-casting. There were used also the spade ("ḳardos," in Ps. lxxiv. 5, 6; comp. Ab. iv. 5), the shovel ("mara" = μαῤῥον), the ax ("ḥaẓina"), and the hammer ("ḳornos" = κέαρνος). For grinding a peculiar tool was used ("mashḥezet"; Kelim xvii. 17; comp. "yaḥad" in Prov. xxvii. 17). Iron sledges ("masreḳot shel barzel"; Ber. 61b; comp. Giṭ. 57b) are mentioned as instruments of torture.
The passage quoted from Ezekiel (xxii. 18-22) illustrates the manipulation of metals. The ore was gathered and thrown into the furnace, and the fire was blown to melt it ("natak," substantive, "hittuk").Manipulation.
To rid the cast of slag ("sig," "sigim") the metal was refined again in the fire ("ẓaraf," "zaḳaḳ"). To aid the process of melting, a kind of soap ("bar," "barit"= "sal alkali," "potash"; see Luzzatto on Isa. i. 25) was thrown into the furnace. Hence a distinction was made between unrefined silver ("kesef sigim" is probably the term; Ezek. xxii. 18) and refined silver ("kesef mezuḳḳaḳ" in I Chron. xxix. 4, or "ẓaruf" in Ps. xii. 7). After the metal had been purified it was tested ("baḥan"). Smelters and gold-workers in general were called "refiners" ("ẓorefim"; Neh. iii. 32; comp. ib. verse 31); there were also ironsmiths ("ḥarashe barzel"; II Chron. xxiv. 12) and coppersmiths ("ḥarash neḥoshet"; I Kings vii. 14). Copper could be worked in various ways; there were shining copper (yellow bronze?; "neḥoshet muẓhab" in Ezra viii. 27), polished copper ("neḥoshet ḳalal" in Ezek. i. 7; Dan. x. 6), and probably gilded copper also.
Perhaps certain places in Palestine derived their names from the foundries existing therein, e.g., "Zarephat" (I Kings xvii. 9) and "Misrephoth" (Josh. xi. 8, xiii. 6). Malleable metals, such as gold, were made into plates (
Ornaments of gold and silver are frequently mentioned in the Bible (see Costume). The Hebrews had metal mirrors ("mar'ot"; Ex. xxxviii. 8; comp. Blümner, l.c. iv. 265). Several metal articles recorded in the Bible and Mishnah are mentioned together in Kelim xi. 8; e.g., weapons (helmet, lance, νικών, greaves, cuirass), women's ornaments ("golden city," i.e., a kind of crown with an image of Jerusalem), necklaces ("catellæ"), nose-rings, finger-rings with or without seals, metal threads, etc. Besides, there were the sword ("ḥereb," "sayif"), knife, dagger ("pugio"), sickle, scissors, hair-curlers (καλλιγραφή), etc. (Kelim xiii. 1, 2). The mortar ("maktesh"; Prov. xxvii. 22) was usually of copper, probably for sanitary reasons, because copper does not rust; the pestle (Biblical "'eli"; Aramaic, "bukna"), of iron. The iron pestle breaks the copper mortar("asita"; Niddah 36b). Mention should also be made of: the hoe ("mafselet"), the cutting-knife (σμίλη = Hebr. "sakkin," "magrefah"), the metal funnel (πρόχοος = "aparkas"; Kelim xiv., end), and the furnace and hearth of metal (ib. v. 11). From this last arisesthe expression "copper bottom" of the furnace (ib. viii. 3).History.
The wealth of the Patriarchs in gold and silver is often emphasized (Gen. xiii. 2, xxiv. 22). According to a legend, Abraham built himself a high iron tower (Soferim ix.). The Israelites took articles of silver and gold with them out of Egypt (Ex. xi. 2, xii. 35); and the Midrash on this passage (Tan., Bo) states that they melted the idols of the Egyptians into lumps of metal. For the golden calf and for the Tabernacle the precious metal was used in large quantities. Many fabulous stories are told of the wealth of Korah, as also of that of Joseph. David's and Solomon's wealth in gold has already been spoken of. Solomon's throne was especially costly (I Kings x. 18). On the other hand, some of the later Jewish kings were so poor that they often used copper instead of gold. The copper pillars of Solomon's Temple are said to have been taken to Rome; but those taken could have been only from Herod's Temple. Benjamin of Tudela, who saw them in Rome, states that on the day of mourning for Jerusalem they wept and exuded sweat. Moreover, the pillars of the Temple (Herod's) are described as of silver, gold, copper, tin (
The high priest John, i.e., King John Hyrcanus, did away with "the noise of hammering" in Jerusalem (Ma'as. Sh. v. 15; otherwise interpreted in M. Ḳ. 11a). There are halakic regulations as to whether neighbors were required to endure the noise of hammering (see "Paḥad Yiẓḥaḳ," s.v.
In the Middle Ages there were makers of metal implements (Abraham, "Jewish Life in the Middle Ages," Index, London, 1896). It is interesting to note that Jews took part in the Bristol copper trade (ib.). The Jews engaged extensively in coinage also (See Minters). Strangely enough, the writings on alchemy in the Middle Ages circulated under the name of Moses; the word
Just as on the occasion of the war with Midian the Bible established laws of cleanliness in regard to metals, so later in rabbinical literature metal vessels are discussed in their relation to the Levitical laws of cleanliness. Metal vessels, whether flat or hollow, become unclean (vessels of other materials, if flat, do not become unclean): if they break they become clean; but when mended the earlier uncleanness returns (Kelim xi. 1). Each metal dish which has a particular name may become unclean (ib. 2). If clean iron is united with unclean iron, the larger constituent decides as to purity (ib. 4). All implements of war, all ornaments worn by women may become unclean in so far as they have a hollowed part, thus constituting a vessel (ib. 8). The rule that a firmly fitting cover protects from uncleanness does not apply to ba'aẓ (see above) and lead, because the cover only lies on top, but does not close the vessel hermetically (ib. x. 2). If metalvessels which have become unclean from contact with a corpse receive the purificative sprinkling, then break and are melted together and resprinkled, all on the same day, they, in the opinion of some, become clean (ib. xiv. 7). But these rules become lost in a sea of details, and further information on the subject must be obtained from the codes (Maimonides, "Yad," etc.). See Kelim.Value of Metals.
In the only passage in the Bible in which an almost complete list of the metals is given their order of value is as follows: gold, silver, copper, iron, tin, and lead (Num. xxx. 22). Generally, however, in the Bible, as also on the Egyptian monuments, silver is named before gold, to which metal it was preferred, owing to the greater difficulty in obtaining it. However, in estimating Solomon's wealth, it is said of silver that "it was nothing accounted of." Consequently, even at that early time gold must have been estimated at its true value (I Kings x. 21).
From the Talmudic description of the lamp (Men. 28b) the following classification of the metals according to their value results, beginning with the most precious: "'eshet" (see above), gold, silver, ba'aẓ (see above), lead, tin (κασσίτερος). The spears of the Hasmonean kings were of iron plated with ba'aẓ (ib.); hence iron stood at the foot of the list, but only in regard to value. In respect to usefulness it stood high among the Jews. Among the Greeks and Romans iron is always ranked above tin and lead (Blümner, l.c. iv. 8). The coinage of Oriental peoples rests on a gold basis; that of the Phenicians and the Greeks on a silver one; that of the Romans on one of copper (ib.). The Bible fixes silver as the medium of exchange (Levy, "Gesch. der Jüdischen Münzen," p. 8); so that in the matter of money, as in other things, the Hebrews were dependent on the Phenicians (comp. Schürer, l.c. ii. 53). A mishnah in this connection is instructive (B. M. iv. 1). It states which metal is to be regarded as a commodity, which as coin. "Silver buys gold (that is, as soon as the buyer has the gold coins—the commodity—in his hands, he must pay for them with silver coins); gold, however, will not buy silver. Silver will buy copper; but not vice versa. Stamped money ("maṭbea'") will buy asimon; but not vice versa."Symbolic Meaning.
Among the figures of speech in the Bible in which metals occur, there is the elaborate symbolism of Dan. ii. and vii., where the kingdoms of the earth are compared to metals. This idea was thoroughly exploited throughout the Middle Ages (see Driver, "Daniel," pp. 94-97, Cambridge, 1900); comp. Ex. R. xxxv. 5: "Gold is Babylon; silver is Media; copper is Greece; iron is not mentioned either at the time of the First or of the Second Temple, since it symbolizes Edom [Rome], which had destroyed the Temple; hence Edom can bring God no present in the Messianic kingdom." Iron is the symbol of war (Mek., Yitro; Tosef., B. Ḳ. vii. 6); the relation between gold and copper altars should be judged accordingly (Midr. Tadshe, xi.). A phallus was made of copper, or of gold (Ezek. xvi. 17; Isa. lvii. 8). According to Philo, who developed at length the symbolism of metals, gold denoted wisdom (σοφία; Philo, "De Leg. Alleg." ed. Mangey, i. 25) or reason (idem, "De Vita Moysis" iii. 4); copper denoted perception (αἴσθησις; ib.). From this Bähr ("Symbolik des Mosaischen Cultus," i. 280) tried in vain to prove the existence of an elaborat symbolism of metals among the Hebrews. Maimonides says of the Sabians that they associated a particular metal with each of the planets and made their statues to the latter of the appropriate metal (Chwolson, "Ssabier und Ssabismus," ii. 658 et seq.). In Alchemy "moon" is equivalent to silver; "sun," to gold. In the Midrash iron is the symbol of war (Mek., Yitro, 11; B. Ḳ. vii. 6). The golden altar in the sanctuary symbolized the soul; the copper one, the body (Midr. Tadshe, xi.). "A scholar who is not hard as iron is no scholar" (Ta'an. 7a); R. Sheshet was such a hard scholar (Men. 95b). A scholar appears to an idiot like a golden pitcher; if he has spoken to the idiot once he seems like a silver pitcher; and if he derives benefit from the fool he is only an earthen one (Shab. 52b). The strict ban was called "iron fate" ("gizra de-farzela"; B. Ḳ. 81b).
In sorcery and superstition the metals were important agents. If any one was bitten by a mad dog he was to drink out of a copper tube for twelve months; in a severe case he was to use a golden one (Yoma 84a). Just as imprecations were usually written on leaden tablets in Rome (R. Wünsch, "Sethianische Verfluchungstafeln aus Rom," Leipsic, 1898), so the Jews wrote, and still write, their Amulets preferably on metal tablets. Coins or gold ornaments were put in the shoes or clothing of a bridegroom, with the idea that gold would take away the power of witchcraft (responsum quoted in Glassberg's "Zikron Berit la-Rishonim," p. 149, Berlin, 1892). If copper, iron, tin, lead, or any other kind of metal is thrown into the fire and some of the pretended stone of wisdom is rubbed off into the metal, gold refined seven times will come out of the fire (Johanan Allemanno, in "Kerem Ḥemed," ii. 48; Glassberg, l.c. p. 204). Even to-day Jews give heed to the so-called "tekufah." Water may be kept from becoming poisonous if it comes in contact with iron (S. Landau, in "Aruch," p. 1665; Grünbaum, "Gesammelte Aufsätze zur Sprach- und Sagenkunde," pp. 102, 144, Berlin, 1901; "R. E. J." xli. 147). For sorcery with metals see also "Sefer Yuḥasin," ed. London, p. 234a.
In Yemen to-day most people wear iron bands on their arms and feet and claim to feel strengthened thereby. The children wear around their necks a thick band of seven kinds of iron ("Eben Safir," p. 58b, Lyck, 1866). With this should be compared the metal amulets("lamina") representing the serpent of Moses, which a sect of Jews wore early in the common era (Philastrius, "Hæres," § 21). In an apocryphal work ascribed to Cham, prescriptions on copper plates are spoken of (Fabricius, "Codex Apocr. N. T." i. 301). Indeed, Korah is said to have engaged in chemistry (Grünbaum, "Neue Beiträge zur Semitischen Sprach- und Sagenkunde," p. 171).
- De Wette, Lehrbuch der Hebräisch. Jüdischen Archäologie, §§ 105, 106, Leipsic, 1814;
- Rosenmüller, Biblische Alterthumskunde, iv. 1, 58;
- Movers, Phönizier, iii. 1, 27;
- Burton, The Gold Mines of Midian, London, 1878;
- Globus, xxxv. 282;
- Kinzler, Biblische Naturgeschichte, 9th ed.;
- Blümner, Technologie und Terminologie der Gewerbe und Künste bei Griechen und Römern, vol. iv., section 1, Leipsic,1886;
- Bähr, Symbolik des Mosaischen Cultus, i. 258-295, Heidelberg, 1837;
- E. Meyer, Gesch. des Alterthums, i. 226;
- Blau, Das Altjüdische Zauberwesen, p. 157;
- Z. D. P. V. ii. 101.


text:
neon pink
I've had these vintage iron Dansk candle holders for a while but with no candles for them because the spaces are so small. While at the store last week I was looking through the party section and found these neon pink birthday candles. They seemed like they would fit so I took a chance and brought them home.
They're a perfect fit and a nice punch of color for my bedroom desk.
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14 comments:
Very nice!ReplyDelete
wow! really good looking!ReplyDelete
I love the splash of neon !!!! :)ReplyDelete
- AnonymousMay 25, 2012
love this color!ReplyDelete
LOVE them Jen, JxxReplyDelete
Gorgeous! I love neon!ReplyDelete
Bam. Color. Excellent.ReplyDelete
Wow, you're right, they are a perfect fit! Looks great!ReplyDelete
beautiful! these candle holders are a perfect example for something I probably wouldn't buy until I see it in surroundings like yours.ReplyDelete
Looks great! And I'm loving your blog makeover....am I way behind on that? Looks clean and lovely. I'm attempting to pretty mine up this weekend... me and html....I hope I don't break the internet.ReplyDelete
Awsomeness! The color is fantastic, and I love the cute decor on your walls. :)ReplyDelete
Loving how the color just POPS against the white!! Nice touch!ReplyDelete
Cathy Trails
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text:
Everything seems to work as expected so far. But it looks like I'm missing a directory after the build process.
Code: Select all
$ cp -r /linux/arch/arm/boot/dts/overlays $INSTALL_MOD_PATH/boot
cp: cannot stat '/linux/arch/arm/boot/dts/overlays': No such file or directory
My build script is based on these instructions: https://www.raspberrypi.org/documentati ... uilding.md
And according to those, there should be a `arch/arm/boot/dts/overlays` directory.
Any ideas what went wrong here? I mean the whole build didn't throw any errors.sudo cp arch/arm/boot/dts/overlays/*.dtb* mnt/fat32/overlays/
Is it possible that the official instructions are wrong or outdated?
The build was done with commit 81d0cc85caabe062991ea45ddada814835d47fb0 which should be Kernel version 4.14.18
I picked that exact commit because for the latest commit of rpi-4.14.y there is no matching real time patch set.


text:
Отопление (kW):
Oхлаждения (kW):
Расхода воздуха (m3/h):
Pharmaceutical & Biotech processes require stable clean air for process control and storage.
Reznor's AB air curtains for industry sized doors provide a barrier of air that blocks incoming wind and stops warm air escaping, without hindering traffic. AB air curtains lower energy bills, allow doors to be left open for fork lifts and complement other heating systems.
The Reznor PREEVA is a new generation of air handlers capable of heating, cooling, ventilation and 'free cooling', with filtration.


text:
Juan Amezcua of South Los Angeles has always been a fan of the two-door Chevy Tahoe. He was able to finally purchase his two-door in early 2008, and the purchase was everything he hoped it would be. "I bought mostly to have it as a daily driver," explained Juan. While it had an everyday purpose, Juan still sought out ways to customize the truck to make it more unique. Juan and a few of his friends ended up going to a car show in 2009, and members of the newly formed Xplizit car club were also at the show. Introductions were made and the guys decided they wanted to join, but they wouldn't be able to right away. They all understood that they had some work to do on their respective trucks before they would become plaque-worthy, so they began working on their rides.
Juan's Tahoe was mostly stock at the time but he had already had plans of sending it to the shop for a makeover. "The truck came out of the shop in 2009 chopped with a tilt hood, custom doors, and metallic green paint," he says. The truck stayed like that until 2011 when he met Tintaz Auto Art. "I believe that the right shop can get you places and as soon as I saw their work, I knew that that was the right way to go with my build. I took my truck to him when I felt that I was ready for a major paint upgrade," says Juan. "The truck isn't done yet though; I have a few more things that I'm planning on doing to it!"
"Riddler's Revenge"
Owner: Juan Amezcua
Vehicle: 1995 Chevy Tahoe
City/State: Long Beach, CA
Club: Xplizit
Engine: Flowmaster, MSD plugs and wires and Optima battery.
Body/Paint: Cadillac Escalade front end and rear were added to the Tahoe. Shaved door handles, zigzag rear door. Cowboy of Tintaz Auto Art in Buena Park, CA did the bodywork. Izzy of Tintaz Auto Art used seven House of Kolor candy greens along with flakes, ice pearls, chameleon pearls to pattern out the truck inside and out. Miggy, also of Tintaz Auto Art finished it up with Riddler's logos through out.
Interior: Jr. of Medinas Upholstery in Paramount, CA stitched together the upgraded 2008 Tahoe bucket seats. Fiberglass dash, custom center console, granite floor and custom stripper pole were also added.
Sound System: Absolute 7″ head unit, 4 MA Audro amps, 5 MA Audio woofers, MA Audio mids and tweeters with a 26-inch monitor on the dash.
Wheels: 26-inch Strada Wheels


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News & Notes: Game 143
Monday, September 5, 2011 (1:05 p.m.) – PNC Field
Radio: WWKB AM 1520, bisons.com
Buffalo Bisons (61-81, 5th(-19.5), North)
LHP Mark Cohoon (4-10, 6.01)
Scranton/Wilkes-Barre Yankees (72-69, 3rd(-8.0), North)
RHP D.J. Mitchell (12-9, 3.35)
TODAY'S GAME: This afternoon, the Buffalo Bisons wrap up the 2011 season with the third game of a three-game series against the Scranton/Wilkes-Barre Yankees from PNC Field (1:05 p.m.). The Herd will have a losing record for just the seventh time in the 24 seasons of the modern era. The Bisons will also fail to qualify for the playoffs for the sixth consecutive year.
THE OPPONENTS: The Bisons are only 31-47 against the IL North this season. The Herd had a winning record against one divisional opponent, a 10-6 mark against Rochester. Buffalo played its best baseball against the IL South, posting a 17-15 mark against Charlotte, Durham, Gwinnett and Norfolk.
CLOSE CALLS: The Bisons actually fared much better when the games were close in 2011. The Herd is currently 37-37 in games decided by two runs or less. Buffalo had 29 comeback wins in 2011 and seven walk-off victories. In 15 of the Bisons' 61 wins so far, the team did not have lead after six innings.
HISTORY TO BE MADE?: Even with only one game left, there's still time for history to be made. On the final game of the 2010 season, INF JUSTIN TURNER became the first Bisons hitter to notch six hits in a game in the modern era in a 16-2 win at Rochester (September 6). Turner went 6-6 and hit for the cycle in the Herd's victory.
BIG YEAR: Of all the players on the Bisons, INF VALENTINO PASCUCCI had the biggest 2011. With 91RBI, Pascucci drove in the most runs in a single-season for a Bison since DH Ernie Young plated 100 in 2004. The Herd's Most Valuable Player is also the first Buffalo player with 20+ home runs since OF Jason Dubois homered 22 times in 2006. In 2011, Pascucci also led the Bisons in games (129), runs (58), hits (114), on-base pct (.370) and slugging pct (.473).
WOUNDED TEAM: Injuries will go down as a major storyline for the 2011 Bisons. The team sent a player to the disabled list 21 times this year for a total of 841 man-games missed. Ten different players missed at least 20 games on the DL. Five players went on the DL more than once in 2011.
IRONMEN: There were four players on the 2011 Bisons that remained active for the club from Opening Day to today: INF VALENTINO PASCUCCI, C RAUL CHAVEZ, LHP JUSTIN HAMPSON and LHP TAYLOR TANKERSLEY. All told, 54 different players played for the Bisons this year.
SEASON BITS: No Bisons player stole more than one base in a game this season…RHP DALE THAYER'S 21 saves were the 5th-most for a Bisons player in one year in the modern era…The Bisons were over the .500 mark for one day this season. The club was 4-3 after a 4-0 win over the Yankees on April 13.


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My wife and I live in a 3 bedroom home. We are middle age and quite happy sexually. My wife loves to turn me on. A few years back, she had her breast enlarged, so she would look hotter in the sexy outfits she buys. She is always buying very sexy outfits that make me so horny, to see her in them. I wanted her to have more of a sex drive, so we set up an appointment with a hormone doctor.
The result has been beyond our wildest dreams. We have always rented out a spare bedroom to young men with little sexual experience for extra money. My wife is always walking around the home in sexy outfits that leave a man wanting. The hormone treatments my wife takes make her constantly horny. She thinks about fucking and sucking my 10 inches most of the day.
I love how sexual she has become. It makes me fantasize about sexual adventures I would have never thought of before. One day I decided to buy for my wife a remote control butterfly. We tried it out almost immediately and the results where amazing. She walks around the house using the butterfly, to calm down her sexual desire while I am at work. I was beginning to understand why our young male tenant was spending more time than normal in the bathroom.
It has been a few weeks since I purchased the butterfly for my wife. I thought it would release some of her sexual desire while I was at work. It made her want me even more. I told her that I had a three day weekend coming up and she made plans.
I came home from work a little early Thursday and sat on the porch to smoke a cigarette before surprising my wife. While I was on the porch I heard my wife moaning with pleasure. She was wearing a sexy lavender flair dress that curved her braless breast and waist.
The dress was just short enough that as she bent slightly forward I could see her white satin panties along with the bulge of the butterfly. She was gorgeous in that position. I could see her pussy juices flowing down her legs. The interesting thing about this was that the young tenant was peeking around the corner of the hall near the bathroom.
I could see him caressing his medium side hard on. My wife was staring to slowly move her hips back and forth as though there was a man standing behind her move his dick slowly in and out of her pussy. It was a sight to experience. She reached for the remote and increases the speed of the vibrator. Within no time she started to moan loader.
I could tell she was Cumming as her pussy juices flowed like a river down her legs onto her matching lavender 5 inch heels. Her body started to shake and her knees buckled. She reached with shaking fingers as she dialed down the vibrator to a slow hum. I watched the tenant slip in to the bathroom to finish what he started.
I watched as my wife took a kitchen towel from the table and walked to the kitchen sink. She wet the towel with warm water and cleaned her shoes and legs. Then she cleaned the floor. She walked to the wash room and placed the towel in the dirty clothes hamper.
I watched intently as she removed her soaked satin panties and added them to the dirty clothes hamper. She walked through the kitchen and saw me standing at the screen door. A smile lit up her face. She knew I had seen her cum and it turned her on to know that I had watched her in her most uncontrollable desire. She could see that I had a huge hard on. I could tell it was turning her on. She walked up to me and took off my pants and walked me to the couch in the front room.
It left a great view for the tenant when he came out of the bathroom. My wife handed me the remote for the butterfly and I dialed up just enough to hear her start moaning. She pushed me down onto the couch and stared to taste the flow of precum. The taste made her take all of me down her throat for a moment. We where both turning each other on. I happen to see the young tenant staring at us and I waved for him to come over and watch.
He moved behind my wife and had a great view of her with no panties, while her pussy was dripping freely down her legs. I dialed up the vibrator more. My wife said; "Oh baby, please fuck me.
I need that hard dick in my tight pussy. I want it so bad." That was all I needed to hear. I knew she was so horny for dick that her hormones had taken control.
I told her. "I will fuck you if you let our young tenant fuck you." She said," Anything baby, I need some dick." I motioned the young tenant to get behind my wife. She did not realize he was behind her until he touched her fine ass with his hands. HE pulled his pants and underwear off. I told him," Stick your dick in her slowly and start moving it in and out of her slowly. She was shaking with anticipation. Her tongue was steadily licking the precum she was milking.
The tenant moved closer to her pussy and lifted his dick and slowly inserted the head. My wife started begging as the tenant moved slowly in and out of my wife.
My wife said;" Please make him fuck me hard".
This turned on the tenant so much that he swelled to the point that he made my wife's pussy grab his dick tight. I dialed up the vibrator just as I started to cum.
I told the tenant to fuck her faster. She was so wet that we could hear her pussy slouching as I came down her throat. This turned her on even more and she reached between her legs and started massaging the tenant's balls. He started to moan and as his moans became louder my wife began to moan loader. Her hand was holding my hard dick as I watched them both cum together. As soon as the tenant finished Cumming my wife turned around and took his dick in her mouth and started cleaning him off with her tongue and lips.
I began to get extremely turned on. I started to see my wife dripping pussy juice down her legs as she cleaned the pussy juice and sperm off the tenant's dick. All this time the vibrator was still on and I decided to get off the couch.
I got in position behind my wife and slowly slipped my hard 10 inches into my wife. As the head entered I slipped all ten inches inside of her. She moaned with extreme pleasure as I filled her full. I did not move and she begged me to fuck her while she continued to clean the tenant's dick.
I started to move slowly in and out of her with full strokes. I was driving her crazy. She started to deep throat the tenant. It did not take long before my wife's pussy was gushing with juice and slouching with each stroke. The tenant was so turned on that he started to moan with my wife.
"I want both of you to cum in me", was all she needed to say. The tenant shot a huge load down her throat as she took his entire dick in her mouth. He came so hard that he collapsed to the floor. This turned my wife on more; I took the butterfly remote from the couch and dialed it up.
My wife said," Please fuck me hard, I want it faster." I responded my fucking her a little faster. This drove her crazy and she started moving her hips back and forth trying to make me go faster.
Her body started to shake and I began to fuck her hard and fast. She was gushing pussy juice like a flowing river. Her moans were getting loader and suddenly she convulsed hard and her pussy soaked my dick and balls. Her body collapsed onto the floor. As she laid there shaking.
The tenant helped me lay her on the couch and cover her with a nearby blanket. I kissed her cheek and sat on the floor next to the couch by her. The tenant got up and kissed her cheek and thanked us both. I asked why and he said that he was a virgin until them.