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While only just beginning my adventures out of the wine world and back in the sphere of academia here at Cambridge, I've already stumbled upon an interesting connection.
Because of my longstanding and sustained interest in biodynamics, often referred to as the agricultural analog of homeopathic medicine in reference to its use of infinitesimally small 'homeopathic' doses of biodynamic preparations, I thought it appropriate to look at homeopathy in my first paper. In reading up on the biography of Samuel Hahnemann, founder of homeopathic medicine, I unearthed another of his contributions – the "Wine Test."
Because of the prevalence of sweetening wines by illegally adding "sugar of lead" in the early 18th century, an earlier test, the "Wurtemburg Wine Test" had been in use since 1707, which allowed for the detection of adulteration of wines via chemical reaction. However, it became clear that the test was incapable of differentiating between traces of lead from the addition of "sugar of lead" and more innocuous traces of iron, which could result from contact with metal tools or vessels (iron levels are of course closely monitored in modern wines). Hahnemann's contribution was thus to develop a new test that avoided the false positive resulting from iron contamination, and instead warned specifically of the presence of lead in wines. Hahnemann's test came to replace the Wurtemburg test as the official method for verification in Prussia.
Thus it turns out that in addition to inventing homeopathy, which was arguably an important precursor to the development of biodynamic agriculture, Samuel Hahnemann was also a pioneer in analytical chemistry for wine authentication.


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He's just a regular old guy...or maybe not."The vice president has chosen the emperor approach, revealing his true character."
ZitatEvery Friday the vice president takes a helicopter designated as Marine Two from the vice president's residence in northwest Washington to Joint Base Andrews in Maryland.He then hops on Air Force Two to fly back to his home in Delaware . At the end of the weekend, he returns on Air Force Two, usually a Boeing C-32.On Saturdays in warm weather, Biden regularly returns to Andrews on the airplane to play golf at the base with President Obama. After the game, he flies back to Delaware . On Sunday evening, he returns on the plane to Washington — all at taxpayer expense.The Boeing C-32 is a specially configured Boeing 757-200 commercial jet. The cost of flying the plane is $22,000 an hour, so each half-hour trip to or from Delaware costs about $10,000. Each golf game costs taxpayers $20,000. At that rate, the annual cost to taxpayers of Biden's weekend trips is well over $1 million. That does not include so-called deadhead flights when the plane often flies back to Washington empty and then returns empty to pick up Biden.In addition, the Secret Service rents more than 20 condominiums in the Wilmington area for agents who must accompany Biden when he returns to his home state. Rather than try to find hotel space, the Secret Service decided to rent the condos in part because, even when he knows his schedule in advance, Biden rarely tells agents until the last minute when he will be returning to Wilmington beyond his weekend trips. As a result, agents cannot plan their own lives.A Secret Service agent says that since Air Force Two parks at Andrews, Obama is obviously aware that Biden is running up a huge government tab for each game of golf they play.Biden's press office had no comment. Asked if President Obama thinks these costs are appropriate and why he has not questioned Biden's flying to play golf with him at a cost of $20,000 per game, the president's press office had no comment. Biden's commutes have cost taxpayers at least $4 million so far.After my story ran on Newsmax, a major media outlet obtained Pentagon records confirming the trips and costs. But so far, that outlet has not run the story. The rest of the media have ignored it.In addition to his salary as vice president of $230,700, Biden has free use of the vice president's residence at the Naval Observatory. The vice president's residence is a handsome 9,150-square-foot, three-story mansion overlooking Massachusetts Avenue NW in Washington.Complete with pool, pool house, and indoor gym, the white brick house was built in 1893 as the home of the superintendent of the U.S. Naval Observatory. Congress turned it into the official residence of the vice president in 1974 and gave it the address One Observatory Circle.During the day, at least five Navy stewards attend to every personal need of the second family, including cleaning, cooking, shopping for food, and doing the laundry.Biden has portrayed himself as a regular Joe, a product of a working-class family who takes on millionaires and Republicans who are said to be out of touch with middle-class Americans.Last June, Obama appointed Biden to root out wasteful government spending. But behind the scenes, it's a different matter.Biden's disregard for the cost of constantly shuttling back and forth to his home in Wilmington and his additional trips to golf with the president betray the arrogant, contemptuous attitude we saw him display toward Ryan during the debate."The White House is a character crucible," Bertram S. Brown, M.D., a psychiatrist who formerly headed the National Institute of Mental Health, told me for the Secret Service book. "It either creates or distorts character. Few decent people want to subject themselves to the kind of grueling abuse candidates take when they run in the first place," says Dr. Brown."Even if an individual is balanced, once someone becomes president, how does one solve the conundrum of staying real and somewhat humble when one is surrounded by the most powerful office in the land, and from becoming overwhelmed by a, at times, pathological environment that treats you every day as an emperor?"
Posted by a friend on FB, original story http://www.newsmax.com/Newsfront/Biden-w...6/04/id/441168/

subset: commoncrawl


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Los Angeles, CA – September 26, 2017 — One Life Vest President Maggie Solihin and Company Spokesperson Bella Verita will soon appear on the award-winning, global TV show, Modern Living with kathy ireland®. The segment's topic is the company's revolutionary skincare products.
Combining the amazing natural benefits of plants with modern day science, One Life Vest offers breakthrough skincare products that both prevent the effects of aging from happening as well as take care of existing signs of aging. The company was founded in 2013 and is headquartered in Beverly Hills, California.
Verita says that One Lift Vest stands out among other skincare companies because their products are both proactive and reactive. She explains, "When a lot of people start thinking about skincare, it's a little too late. It's that time where you start seeing wrinkles, and then people will invest in really expensive alternatives such as going under the knife. But if you come at skincare from a place of being proactive — before you start to wrinkle too much — you can really prevent the problem so you don't have to do expensive things like go under the knife. One of the greatest things about One Life Vest is that it fits right in the middle between being proactive and reactive. It's not only preventative, but it's also reactive where it will take care of any lines or wrinkles you already have."
JL Haber, Vice President of Programming for Modern Living with kathy ireland®, is happy to feature One Life Vest. He says, "Having youthful-looking, beautiful skin is something that so many people strive for. But it's easy to get lost in the sea of anti-aging skincare products that all seem to promise the same things. One Life Vest is different. Their products work in a unique way to offer anti-aging benefits like nothing else. We're so happy to feature One Life Vest on our show."
For more information about One Life Vest's anti-aging beauty products, visit OneLifeVest.com and tune in to WE tv as sponsored programming on Thursday, September 28, 2017 at 7:30am EST and Bloomberg International on Sunday, October 1, 2017 at 10:30am D.F. and 3:00pm HKT.
About Modern Living with kathy ireland®
Modern Living with kathy ireland® is a weekly business television program featuring real-world insights from corporate executives all over the globe.
Modern Living with kathy ireland® airs Thursday mornings throughout North America on WE tv as part of their sponsored programming lineup and to over 50 countries throughout the world on Sundays on Bloomberg International as part of their sponsored programming lineup.
Media Contact
Company Name: Modern Living with kathy ireland
Contact Person: Gila Stern | Communications Director
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Phone: 561-325-7700 x529
Country: United States
Website: www.modernlivingtv.com


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According to the article, specific social anxiety is less prevalent than the more generalized social anxiety, and primarily an issue if your work requires you to perform in public, and the symptoms may include:
...a racing heart, dry mouth, shaky voice, blushing, trembling, sweating, and nausea. In specific social anxiety, fear that people will notice these symptoms may impair performance, leading to a downward spiral in which worsening performance reinforces worsening anticipatory anxiety.The article notes that about 12 percent of U.S. adults will go through a social phobia at some time during their lifetimes (near 28 million people currently) -- but 2/3 of them, or nearly 20 million, will be women. It's also "the third most prevalent psychiatric disorder, behind substance abuse and depression, and the most common anxiety disorder." So if you've been wondering whether women fear situations like public speaking more, here's your evidence.
The article goes on to recommend cognitive behavioral therapy -- to learn your fears and habitual thoughts, to help you face your fears, and to learn coping skills -- and/or anxiety medications. A speaker trainer can help you practice, but a therapist may be more helpful at getting to the root issues with this anxiety. You can find qualified therapists at the Anxiety Disorders Association of America, and information on support groups and other resources at the Social Anxiety Association. Chalk it up to protecting the health of the speaker!


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Julia Leigh's Sleeping Beauty invites us into a world which unintentionally undoes its own effect. Ordinarily, the sex acts and humiliation would shock us, but we're asked to accept a reality in which every character passively accepts these depraved circumstances. The characters have perfectly justifiable reasons for their detachment but their ennui carries over to the audience due to Leigh's sparse approach, seductive visuals, and Emily Browning's brave but withdrawn performance. We become numb like the film's protagonist and we disconnect from any emotional attachment.
Sleeping Beauty opens under the pretense that Lucy (Emily Browning) is desperate for money. She's working four jobs including prostitution and she still can't pay her rent. Either she has the worst student loan payment plan of all time or she's a peculiar kind of submissive. Lucy isn't a character who wants to be in control by being out of control, but wants to emotionally disappear from the world by quietly serving others. One of the clearest examples of her servitude is when she's offered a job by Clara (Rachael Blake). Clara's business offers wealthy clients a highly specific form of sexual service. In the scene, Lucy is examined in a dark and disturbing way that's highly reminiscent of when potential buyers went to slave markets and inspected people as if they were cattle.
At first, Lucy is just a lingerie-clad servant, but then she's asked to engage in an even more peculiar (and lucrative) fetish. Lucy willingly allows herself to be drugged and have wealthy old men do whatever they want to her while she sleeps ("except penetration", as Clara reminds her clients). It's not much distance from the stupor Lucy's usually in except for her time with Birdman (Ewen Leslie), someone for whom she cares and not merely serves.
Unlike Shame, Lucy's meaningless sex isn't an addiction tearing her apart nor does Leigh attempt to show her reaching new depths of depravity. Instead, Leigh wants to keep the tone nice and even in order to show the monotony, coldness, and emptiness of Lucy's life. The movie plays almost entirely without music, uses long takes filled with vivid colors and muted performances, and Leigh's direction barely speaks above a whisper. We are voyeurs to this unusual world but Sleeping Beauty could care less whether we're watching or not.
Browning plays perfectly to the film's silent void so it's difficult to tell if it's a "good" performance. Lucy doesn't play a wide range of emotions and she's not supposed to. Sleeping Beauty forbids her from even providing subtle hints to how the character's feeling except when there's a clear break in her pristine exterior. She's a porcelain doll for the world to use as it sees fit and her central drive is to feel nothing and she only gets to show any personality and vitality during her time with Birdman. But while it's not a big performance, it is undeniably a fearless one. Browning lays herself bare and then she lets naked, disgusting old men climb use her body in disturbing ways.
The movie perfectly mirrors its protagonist and does its best to put us in her mindset. Sleeping Beauty is outwardly cold and captivating but its soul is dark, twisted, and in the distance.
Rating: C+
For all of our coverage of the 2011 Toronto International Film Festival, click here. Also, here are links to all of my TIFF 2011 reviews so far:
- 360
- Alps
- The Artist
- The Awakening
- A Dangerous Method
- The Descendants
- Friends with Kids
- God Bless America
- Goon
- Hick
- The Hunter
- The Ides of March
- Killer Joe
- Melancholia
- Pina
- Restless
- Salmon Fishing in the Yemen
- Shame
- The Skin I Live In
- Ten Year


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"Reeling In" History & Fun at the IGFA Fishing Hall of Fame & Museum
by Amy Lignor
It is not a surprise to learn that Fort Lauderdale is well-placed when it comes to being amongst some of the world's best fishing locations. Therefore, it will certainly not come as a shock to learn that the International Game Fish Association claims a spot in Fort Lauderdale for the world headquarters of their Fishing Hall of Fame and Museum.
Walking through this amazing 60,000 square foot location, no matter what age or level of experience you may be, you will be thrilled at the discoveries that lay around every corner. Combining seven galleries, a marina, 4 acres of wetlands, live alligators, tours, virtual fishing displays, a library and even more, the IGFA has a mission set in place to do all they can to collect historical information and artifacts related to sport fishing.
Guests are enthralled with the multimedia displays and virtual fishing that allows them to "reel in" everything from tarpon to sailfish to marlin. And there is even an educational center which includes the IGFA School of Sport Fishing, field trips and a fishing day camp to start off those young anglers on the right foot. IGFA also offers week-long summer camp adventures for children ages 7-12. These young, passionate anglers get to spend time deep sea fishing, learning knots and rigs, tying jigs and visiting area fishing locations. Focusing on conservation themed marine activities, all the participants learn while having the time of their lives. Add in a cool gift shop and a great café, and the IGFA becomes a "must see" location for any angler or tourist.
Individuals, organizations, and clubs contribute materials of historical significance to the E.K. Harry Library as well as the Museum, where they're secured and preserved for future generations. So when one and all wish to learn more about the evolution of international sport fishing – the science behind it, the technology that has developed from the sport, as well as find reference materials – the Library has it covered.
When it comes to the history of sport fishing, there is a true legacy that is thrilling to learn about, whether you be an angler or not. Filled with colorful and unforgettable characters, the advancements in the sport and the throngs of fascinating fish cause the imagination to soar. In the Library of Fishes, you will be free to explore one of the most extensive and comprehensive sport fishing collections in the world. A collection that is sure to see constant growth as the IGFA continues to work hard to promote responsible, ethical angling practices through science, education, and recognition of outstanding accomplishments in the field.
The annual contest that began in October of 2017, and will end in September of this year, offers a variety of awards, such as the biggest catch of the year, with 74 eligible species, in the Conventional, Fly and Junior categories. Here, anglers compete with others from around the world, with the grand prize winners being given a fishing trip of a lifetime.
From their work on the Billfish Conservation Act to hosting IGFA's Great Marlin race, this Association has continued to keep their eye on the ball and teach others that when it comes to game fish species and their habitats, they are assets that must be maintained and used wisely.
With the worldwide decline of many species, conservation and education have become important priorities for environmentalists throughout the world, which is why every IGFA educational program offers the opportunity to discover the "essence of fishing." There is even a School of Sport Fishing for adults where they can learn firsthand from some of the best captains in the world. These classes are designed for those looking to expand their sport fishing knowledge – learning how to rig baits and even where to target game fish.
Just think, after having a true learning experience at the IGFA Hall of Fame and Museum, you can then head out to explore the amazing sport fishing spots that Fort Lauderdale provides.
For more information about the great work IGFA does, head to www.igfa.org.
Source: BaretNewsWire.com


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Posts Tagged 'deafness'
On the trail of . . . Beethoven in Heiligenstadt (with audio)
September 11, 2016
Does any composer have more plaques, statues, museums or memorial sites than Ludwig van Beethoven? Top of the list are the 12 museums and memorial sites spread over five countries. Vienna has a quarter of them. The city is also decorated with many of the more shadowy 'Beethoven lived here' and 'site of the dwelling of . […]


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Amata highlights birthday of the Marine Corps
Washington, D.C. – This weekend, Congresswoman Aumua Amata is highlighting the remarkable history and 244th birthday of the United States Marine Corps.
"A special happy birthday to our United States Marine Corps, and congratulations to all our Marines," said Aumua Amata. "Thank you for your service! The Marine Corps has a proud history that began when they were established by the Continental Congress in 1775. Since then, the Marines have been a part of our country's history every step of the way. God bless and Semper Fi!"
The Marine Corps was founded on November 10, 1775, when the Continental Congress ordered that two battalions of Marines be raised for service as landing forces with the fleet. Marines have participated in all wars of the United States, being in most instances first, or among the first, to fight. In addition, Marines have executed more than 300 landings on foreign shores and served in every major U.S. naval action since 1775.
The U.S. Marine Corps is structured according to the National Security Act of 1947 and its amendments of 1952. The commandant of the corps has coequal status with members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff in all matters pertaining to the corps. The corps is composed of two operating forces, the Fleet Marine Force, Pacific (FMFPAC) and the Fleet Marine Force, Atlantic (FMFLANT); a supporting establishment for recruitment, training, supply logistics, and maintenance of bases, installations, and schools; and the Marine Corps Reserve.
The Marine Corps emblem is the Western Hemisphere superimposed on a foul anchor and surmounted by a spread eagle. The Corps motto is Semper Fidelis (Latin: "Always Faithful"), which is also the title of the Corps march, composed by John Philip Sousa. Perhaps even more familiar is "The Marines' Hymn." The Marine Band, the oldest musical organization in the U.S. armed forces, is known as "The President's Own" because of its privilege of performing at all state functions at the White House. The official colours of the Corps are scarlet and gold, but forest green enjoys semiofficial recognition. The distinctive dress-blue uniform of Marines, with its standing collar, is well known. From the standing collar—descended from the tall leather neckpiece of the 18th- and 19th-century uniform—comes the traditional nickname for Marines of "leathernecks." The forest-green service uniform was introduced in 1912. In naval formations, Marines have the privilege of forming on the right of line or at the head of column, the traditional places of honour and seniority.
(Source: www.britannica.com)


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Promising UFC bantamweight Nick Denis caught many surprise when he announced his MMA retirement on Thursday.
As the former Ph.D. student detailed in his blog, Denis was concerned about brain injury and decided to call it quits at just 29 years old.
MMAjunkie.com medical columnist and consultant Dr. Johnny Benjamin read Denis' blog and gives his thoughts on the fighter's decision.
* * * *
Doc, did you read UFC bantamweight Nick Denis retiring in part because of the risk of brain injuries? What do you think? – Adam Martin (@mmadammartin)
What an interesting real-life story from an equally interesting person, Nick Denis.
Denis made the difficult decision to walk away from the sport he loves and is quite proficient at just as he was making significant headway on MMA's grandest stage, the UFC. How many people can or would walk away from their dreams as they are materializing? Very, very few is my guess.
Who could walk away from a Major League Baseball team just after hitting a home run or telling the coach of Real Madrid, "Thanks but no thanks. Running around on the pitch in front of millions of adoring fans isn't in my best interest any longer."
Denis wasn't asked to leave. He made a choice between continuing a labor of love in the UFC and choosing a different path at the ripe old age of 29 – one potentially far less likely to cause significant brain injury.
Denis defies the "dumb jock" stereotype. He relinquished a scholarship at Ottawa University as a Ph.D candidate in something as mundane and simplistic as biochemistry. The mere thought of biochemistry in medical school makes me lose sleep. Denis noticed differences in himself after a brutal KO (major concussion) at the hands of the heavy-handed Marlon Sandro a few years ago. The scientist in doctoral candidate Denis compelled him to do some research that ultimately factored into his decision to retire from MMA.
I can go on and on about the potential perils of concussions; the ill effects of all of the thousands of meaningless, routine training and sparring head knocks (sub-concussive blows); and minimal traumatic brain injury (mTBI) with its depression, early dementia, mood changes, family breakdown and suicide attempts and ultimately chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) leading to severe neurodegenerative diseases such as ALS and Alzheimer's then death. But who wants to hear it? Fans want fights, and fighters want to win and get paid.
Many fans will dismiss the information and state "no one has ever died from MMA" (which by the way is also not true) or quip "when is the last time you heard of someone getting brain trauma from MMA" (please wish Eddie Yagin well). True, most of our knowledge about sports-related brain injury is derived from other contact sports, mostly the NFL.
However, research is revealing that regardless if one sustains his blows to the brain in the trenches of football at any level – or skating on the ice chasing a puck, fighting with four-ounce or 10-ounce gloves, playing a "non-contact" sport without a helmet as in girls' lacrosse, or heroically due to an IED explosion on a battlefield in some distant land – the resultant brain injuries share many similarities.
Thankfully, Denis has a background that allows him to systematically filter out the noise, do the research and then make a well-informed decision that is right for him and his family. I respect Denis and applaud his decision. I wish him nothing but happiness and good health.
Personally I am encouraged that the messages of concussion and sports-related brain injury awareness are starting to resonate with elite athletes and the general public alike. Safer and healthier sports are a good thing for all concerned!
I am fully aware that many people will read this article and scream and shout that Dr. Benjamin (many will refer to me much worse) is trying to destroy MMA. To them I say: Enjoy the remainder of your day and peace be with you.
Adam, thanks for the link to Nick Denis' blog ("Ninja of Love" – how cool is that?) so I could read his thoughts firsthand. (And for those of you unfamiliar with Adam Martin, he is one of the many fine young journalists that MMA has provided a platform. This dude eats, drinks and dreams MMA. If you don't believe me just follow him on Twitter @mmadammartin)
Dr. Johnny Benjamin is MMAjunkie.com's medical columnist and consultant and a noted combat-sports specialist. He is also a member of the Association of Boxing Commissions' MMA Medical Subcommittee. Dr. Benjamin writes an "Ask the Doc" column approximately every two weeks for MMAjunkie.com. To submit a question for a future column, email him at askthedoc [AT] mmajunkie.com, or share your questions and thoughts in the comments section below. You can find Dr. Benjamin online at www.drjohnnybenjamin.com, and you can read his other sports-related articles at blog.drjohnnybenjamin.com.


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For use in an Electric Warmer pop break off one melt cube and place on top of the melt warmer then follow the instructions for your burner. These work with absolutely every brand of electric warmer and as we only use Soy Wax in our products these do not cause damage to electric burners and are completely safe.
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Once you start you will not want to stop! Utterly divine Soy Scented Melts


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A collection of scholarly works about individual liberty and free markets. A project of Liberty Fund, Inc.
The Best of the OLL No. 4: Ludwig von Mises, "Liberty and Property" (October, 1958) (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 2013). https://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/2470,
|Available in the following formats:
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This is part of "The Best of the Online Library of Liberty" which is a collection of some of the most important material in the OLL. This one comes from a lecture Ludwig von Mises gave to the Mont Pelerin Society in October 1958 in which he shows the connection between the right to own property and individual as well as political liberty.
The copyright to this edition, in both print and electronic forms, is held by Liberty Fund, Inc.
This material is put online to further the educational goals of Liberty Fund, Inc. Unless otherwise stated in the Copyright Information section above, this material may be used freely for educational and academic purposes. It may not be used in any way for profit.


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Our pets love summer – running in the backyard during seemingly endless games of fetch, scaling trees to find the perfect sunbathing branch – but their warm weather romping can be cut short within seconds and without warning.
We talked earlier about the dangers of leaving your pet in the car, but what about leaving your pet outside? Here are a few warnings about the perils of leaving pets on the porch.
You don't have to take your pet hiking, camping or even through the woods to expose them to fleas and ticks. The warmer weather is when our pets are busy exploring the backyard, and when these parasites become especially active. Fleas will make your pet scratch incessantly, creating raw spots on their skin that can become infected. Ticks are found in and around your pets ears and on their skin. Some are smaller than the head of a pin whereas others are as big as a kernel of corn – all of them can create serious problems for your pet. Ticks can cause anemia and are carriers of many different potentially fatal diseases, like Lyme disease and Ehrlichia. Ask your veterinarian about flea and tick products available to protect your furry explorer.
Everyone notices the increase of mosquitoes during summer – our pets are no exception. Their bites may make us itch, but the over 70 different mosquito species capable of spreading heartworm disease can be fatal to your pet. Although dogs are highly susceptible to the infection, cats are not immune. If the disease is left untreated, it can progress from difficulty breathing and lethargy to heart failure, liver failure, and sudden death. Preventative treatment is available for dogs and cats. Treatment options vary by geographical location, so ask your veterinarian about the most effective preventative measures to protect your pet.
If your pet lives or plays outside, make certain that during the summer months there is a cool, shady spot for your pet to escape the hot summer sun and plenty of cool, clean water. Dehydration is a common cause of heat prostration, a summer illness that can, and does, kill many pets each year. A simple test to see if your pet is in danger of dehydration is to pull up the skin on the back of their neck. If it falls flat, they are good, but if the skin stands or stays pulled up, they need fluids immediately. Also, panting is how dogs sweat, so if your dog is in the heat and isn't panting, take him to your veterinarian immediately.
Summer is a time to enjoy spending time with your family, two and four-legged. Keep in mind that the same things that bother you about summer, like the sweltering heat and influx in insects, also bother your pets. Take precaution and protect yourself and your pets this summer so everyone can have fun in the sun.


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Paul Moritz Cohn
Quick Info
Hamburg, Germany
London, England
BiographyPaul Cohn studied at Trinity College Cambridge, and he was awarded a B.A. in 1948. He continued to study at Cambridge for his doctorate and this was awarded in 1951. In this same year he was appointed Charge de Recherches at the University of Nancy in France where he remained for a year.
In 1952 Cohn was appointed as a lecturer in mathematics at Manchester University. Cohn was a visiting professor at Yale University during 1961-62, spending part of 1962 at the University of California at Berkeley. This was the year that Cohn left his lectureship at Manchester to take up a Readership at Queen Mary College of the University of London. Cohn remained at Queen Mary College until 1967 but he spent some time on visiting appointments during those five years, holding visiting professorships at the University of Chicago in 1964 and at the State University of New York at Stony Brook in 1967.
Remaining within the University of London, Cohn moved to Bedford College in 1967 where he was appointed professor of mathematics and head of the Department of Mathematics. He was soon on his travels again, being a visiting professor at Rutgers University in 1967-68, at the University of Paris in 1969, and at Tulane University and the Indian Institute of Technology in Delhi both in 1971. Then in 1972 he was visiting professor at the University of Alberta and the following year he visited Carleton University in Ottawa. A visit to Israel in 1975 took him to Technion in Haifa and then in 1978 he was back in the United States at Iowa State University. The following year his travels took him back to Germany, the country of his birth, where he visited the University of Bielefeld.
Cohn moved again within the University of London in 1984 when he was appointed as professor at University College London. Two years later he was honoured with the title of Astor Professor of Mathematics at University College. He retired in 1989 being appointed Professor Emeritus and Honorary Research Fellow. In this period 1984-89, Cohn fitted in a number of further visits including a return visit to the University of Alberta in 1986 and a return visit to Israel in 1987, this time to visit Bar Ilan University at Ramat Gan.
In research interests Cohn has worked widely in many areas of algebra but, in particular he has made outstanding contributions to non-commutative ring theory. His first papers appeared in print in 1952 and these early papers cover many topics. He generalised a theorem due to Magnus, and worked on the structure of tensor spaces. In 1953 he published a joint paper with K Mahler on pseudo-valuations and the following year he published a work on Lie algebras. Over the next few years his work ranged across group theory, field theory, Lie rings, semigroups, abelian groups and ring theory. His first book Lie groups was published in 1957.
From 1958 he published papers on Jordan algebras, Lie division rings, skew fields, free ideal rings and non-commutative unique factorisation domains. His second book Linear equations was published in 1958 and another book Solid geometry was published in 1961. A further book Universal algebra was published in 1965 with a second edition appearing in 1981. From the mid 1960s his work concentrates on non-commutative ring theory and the theory of algebras.
Perhaps Cohn's best known research monograph Free rings and their relations was published in 1971. This contained a systematic development of the work of Cohn and others on free associative algebras and related classes of rings, in particular free ideal rings. Contained in the book are Cohn's beautiful results on the embedding of rings into skew fields which he had published in papers earlier. A reviewer commented:-
On the whole, the book is a notable event in the literature of modern algebra. It completes the formation of the theory of free associative algebras and related classes of rings as an independent domain of ring theory.A second edition of this book appeared in 1985 with additional material. A reviewer commented:-
This is the second edition of a book proven to be rather important in developing the subject of free (associative) algebras. Its importance is not only as a source for learning and reference but also as a collection of attractive open questions.In 1974 the first volume of his undergraduate book Algebra was published. Volume II of Algebra appeared in 1977 and when the work appeared in a second edition it was a three volume work, with volumes I and II in 1982 and volume III published in 1990. Other books by Cohn include Skew field constructions (1977), Algebraic numbers and algebraic functions (1991), Elements of linear algebra (1994) and Skew fields published as Volume 57 in the Encyclopedia of Mathematics and its Applications. This book extends the lecture notes Skew field constructions published in 1977 but the 1995 work provides a comprehensive look at the whole area:-
The theory of skew fields is still not so familiar as the commutative analogue. The complexity of the problems in the noncommutative setting is one of the reasons for this fact. It is Cohn's merit to provide a coherent treatment of this subject which at the same time leads the reader to a wide range of interesting and important research problems, related to questions in algebra, geometry and logic.Cohn was an enthusiastic member of the London Mathematical Society and he has served the Society as its secretary during 1965-67, as a Council member in 1968-71, 1972-75 and 1979-84, being President of the Society during 1982-84. He also acted as editor of the London Mathematical Society Monographs during 1968-77 and again 1980-93. He also served as a member of the Mathematical Committee of the Science Research Council from 1977 to 1980 and he served on the Council of the Royal Society of London in 1985-87. Cohn was elected a fellow of the Royal Society in 1980 and has received many honours for his outstanding contribution to mathematics. Among the various awards to Cohn have been the Lester R Ford Award from the Mathematical Association of America in 1972 and the Senior Berwick Prize of the London Mathematical Society in 1974.
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Written by J J O'Connor and E F Robertson
Last Update September 1998
Last Update September 1998


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Some people are surprised by the pick, I was caught off guard briefly, but the Cubs taking Kris Bryant wasn't as shocking as it might have seemed on the surface. The Cubs front office didn't bow to the pressure of Appel/Gray have to go 1-2, they trusted their scouting and had Appel number one, and Bryant number two, and I love the fact that they went with who they wanted, and not who everyone thought should be picked there. With that said, let's get to know Kris Bryant shall we?
POWER, it's not easy to find in the draft, and I'm talking big, major league ready power, that's what Bryant has. Bryant hit thirty-one home runs in just 228 at bats with the University of San Diego this year, yikes. What I like the most about him is his ability to get better, and adjust to things on the fly, which is not easy to do. As a Freshman, Bryant hit nine homers, as a Sophomore he hit fourteen, then came thirty-one this year. He has raw power but his adjustment in his approach at the plate is what led to more home runs. Bryant walked 66 times, and struck out 44 times in 228 at bats, what was the change at the plate? His stance changed, he went with a wider base, and simplified his approach as well, he was able to take pitches and hit them where they were pitched, using the whole field with power. Power is Bryant's main weapon, but he has other tools as well, one of them is an above-average arm which comes in handy at third base. Some scouts have said that Bryant profiles better as a right fielder as he has shown the ability to play there with that arm, and bat. However the Cubs have been clear that Bryant will play third base for the foreseeable future, that's the right move in my opinion as that is a glaring hole in the system.
The other thing I like about Bryant is his attitude on and off the field, infectious, and confident, "I obviously think I could play in the big leagues now," Bryant said. "I have that type of confidence in myself, but, like I said, that's not my decision. I'll leave that up to the guys in charge." I love hearing that out of a player's mouth, you can't play this game at a high level unless you believe you can, and Bryant knows he belongs. Jason McLeod also spoke to Bryant's make up, "It's how he carries himself on the field, how he deals with adversity, how he prepares, what kind of student athlete he was," McLeod said of the items they checked on the list. "All the information we gathered made us feel really good about him as a person and a player."
I'm excited to see Bryant signed and where he might start his Cubs professional career. Usually the thought is to start these picks out at Boise, but given his skill set already don't be surprised if he joins the prospect laden lineup at Kane County.
Congrats Kris! Welcome to the Cubs.


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William "Bill" Maher, Jr. ( /ˈmɑːr/; born January 20, 1956) is an American stand-up comedian, television host, political commentator, author and actor. Before his current role as the host of HBO's Real Time with Bill Maher, Maher hosted a similar late-night talk show called Politically Incorrect originally on Comedy Central and later on ABC.
Maher is known for his political satire and sociopolitical commentary, which targets a wide swath of topics: religion, politics, bureaucracies of many kinds, political correctness, the mass media, greed among people and persons in positions of high political and social power, the lack of intellectual curiosity of the electorate, among many topics. He supports the legalization of marijuana and same-sex marriage, and serves on the board of PETA. He is also a critic of religion and is an advisory board member of Project Reason, a foundation to promote scientific knowledge and secular values within society. Maher currently ranks number 38 on Comedy Central's 100 greatest stand-ups of all time. Bill Maher got a Hollywood Walk of Fame star on September 14, 2010. His is the 2,417th star dedicated on the famous sidewalk.
Maher was born in New York City, the son of Julie (née Berman), a nurse, and William Maher, Sr., a network news editor and radio announcer. He was raised in his Irish American father's Catholic religion, remaining unaware that his mother was Jewish until his early teenage years. Maher's family stopped attending church services when Maher was thirteen, due to his father's disagreement with the Catholic Church's position on birth control.


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Crochet & Knitting Groups
25 Elm Place, 5th Floor
Brooklyn, 11201
25 Elm Place, 5th Floor
Brooklyn, 11201
Date: August 10, 2020
Time: 2:00 PM - 4:00 PM
Time: 2:00 PM - 4:00 PM
Knit, crochet, hook rugs, do needlepoint or cross stitch; beginners & experienced needle workers are welcome. This class is open to seniors & adults with physical disabilities living in Brooklyn, Bronx, Manhattan & Queens.
Instructor: Michaeline Branker and Azzlee Bruce
To sign up: Contact Latricia James at (718) 907-1622.
Members: Transportation is NOT provided, but mass transit use may be reimbursed. Please speak to your care manager for more information.
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Denying Campus Club Funds Works in Favor of Pro-Life Group
The student society at the University of Victoria, British Columbia, defunded the campus' pro-life club, but the club is attracting even more members.
Pro-abortion activists on university campuses across Canada are finding their efforts to suppress the pro-life voice are sometimes self-defeating.
Last month hundreds of University of Victoria students witnessed a debate that pro-abortion groups on campus didn't want to happen and a graphic video they didn't want them to see.
The debate happened only because philosophy professor Eike Henner Kluge agreed to step in for the "pro-choice" side after the university Women's Centre, the Students Protecting Choice club, and the professors from women's studies, philosophy and law departments all declined to defend the pro-choice position, with the exception of Kluge.
Nonetheless, so many came to the midafternoon debate on Oct. 21 that the participants quickly agreed to stage a second debate right after the first. In all, 400 students and community members attended.
"It was a victory just to penetrate the other side's insistence the issue isn't worth debating," said Stephanie Gray, director of the Calgary-based Centre for Bioethical Reform.
Kluge opened his comments by condemning the pro-choice advocates who had refused to defend their own beliefs. "It's deplorable," he declared, because it undermined "the spirit of free inquiry" fundamental to the university.
Whether defenders of legalized abortion believe in free inquiry at all is in question. Eight years ago the student society's board of directors voted to kick out the campus pro-life club Youth Protecting Youth because its views on abortion ran counter to the society's. This drew the censure of British Columbia's human-rights tribunal, and, under threat of a fine, the board rescinded its decision.
With a membership that is mostly Catholic, but with the support of several evangelical Protestant clubs on campus, Youth Protecting Youth faced renewed attacks from pro-abortion groups on campus over the past two years, leading to repeated denials of funding from the student society on the grounds Youth Protecting Youth was "intimidating" female students with its posters of healthy children, women, old men and disabled persons.
Over the last two years, the university student society's board of directors has repeatedly denied the Youth Protecting Youth pro-life group its club funding as punishment for allegedly "intimidating" female students with pro-life messages. The latest defunding vote, only two weeks before the debate, sparked a protest from the British Columbia Civil Liberties Association.
The prospect of Gray's appearance in a debate sponsored by Youth Protecting Youth was cited in the decision to again deny the group funding. The pictures she presents in public were deemed "intimidating."
Gray lived up to her advance billing by showing a short but bloody film of an abortion. Protesting students from the pro-choice club easily blocked the 5'6" Gray from view but could not conceal the gruesome images on the overhead screen.
Gray argued that the weakness, dependency and size of unborn children were morally insufficient reasons for considering them inhuman and disposable. Disabled people and newborns are equally dependent and vulnerable, but "they are human beings. So the question tonight is, clearly, 'Are the unborn human beings or not?'"
Defending Images
Kluge responded by conceding that fetuses were human beings. "They are not a biological part of the mother," he declared, adding, "They are a bloody parasite," a remark that sparked nervous laughter from some and silence from most.
For Kluge, the real question is not the humanity of fetuses, but their personhood, which depends, he said, on their ability to think and to feel pain. Because the ability to do so is sufficiently developed in the fetus by about 20 weeks after conception, after that time "abortion is unethical."
Kluge also noted that the Canadian Supreme Court decision that threw out the abortion law in 1988 did not rule out future laws that protect fetuses at some point in their development in the womb.
Kluge also condemned appeals to emotion and applied this to Gray's use of abortion pictures.
In rebuttal, Gray led off by defending her pictures: "We use pictures to show the effects of drunk driving and genocide. Images are a reasonable tool to get at the truth."
She argued as well that Kluge's definition of a person was too subjective and hard to measure. Her definition of a person — a human being — is strictly biological.
In fact, molecular biology and embryology show that a human embryo is, from the moment of conception, a boy or a girl with his or her own unique DNA and normal human life expectancy. The Church teaches that "from the first moment of his existence, a human being must be recognized as having the rights of a person — among which is the inviolable right of every innocent being to life" (Catechism, No. 2270).
An audience survey taken afterwards showed that few minds had been changed, Gray told the Register. Most people who filled out the survey were true believers in one camp or the other.
However, free speech was a clear winner: Students emerged calling for more debates on controversial subjects, a clear rejection of the pro-choice tactic of denying pro-life students a voice.
There could be no clearer expression of this view than the University of Victoria's Women's Centre coordinator Sinead Charbonneau's statement to the student newspaper, the Martlet.
"I think that Youth Protecting Youth is engaged in a fallacious practice of intimidation. Religiously minded students should have the choice to be able to organize on campus, but when their ideology infringes on the rights of other people, their practices should be stymied, and their presence should be minimized."
Countered Anastasia Pearse, president of Youth Protecting Youth: "Many think this is a closed issue. We've shown that it isn't. I'm pleased with the result."
Father Dean Henderson, Catholic chaplain at the university, agreed. "I was absolutely thrilled the debate took place at all, and equally so that it took place in such an authentic and intellectually honest way, free from distractions such as the funding issue, abortion politics and women's issues. I'm grateful to Eike Kluge for making it possible and more appreciative than ever for Stephanie Gray's wonderful vocation."
Steve Weatherbe writes from Victoria, British Columbia.
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- November 22-28, 2009


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theatARGHthoughts and frustrations on Melbourne theatre through bright young eyes
Archive for dominic hill
Edinburgh Festival Bites: Part 2
The Traverse Theatre is one of many in the UK which champions new writing from primarily local, but also international, playwrights. Performing several different shows a day in the main Traverse One and the more intimate Traverse Two (a feat within itself), their program within the Edinburgh Fringe Festival this year is a fantastic demonstration of their attitude towards experimentation, innovation and investment in exciting co-productions in theatre. Below are some reviews of shows that I have managed to see there so far.


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Contemporary style is characterized by open spaces, modern, clean lines, and carefully selected accents in bold shades. Like most modern styles, there is a lack of ornamentation in contemporary design. Instead, spaces are kept open and decorative accents are carefully selected. Floors are typically hardwood, tile, or polished concrete. Contemporary style can be achieved in any architectural space; however, industrial spaces or contemporary-built homes with large, uncovered windows and high ceilings are more common for this design aesthetic. Furniture and walls are usually white, neutral, and black, with bold accent colors in the form of an accent wall, large-scale art, or geometric floor coverings. This design style often highlights architectural elements that have texture, such as exposed wooden beams, brick walls, or air ducts.
Elements of design:
- Open spaces with high ceilings and large, open windows
- Furniture is modern with solid color fabrics and clean, straight lines
- Textured textiles in natural fabrics add interest to the contemporary design style
- The color palette consists of white, neutrals, and black with the addition of bold accent colors
- Contemporary design is often enhanced by large pieces of art, accent walls, or accent details like pillows and rugs
- Ornamentation and clutter is kept to a minimum
- Chrome and metallic surfaces are common, especially in contemporary kitchen design


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Man's car stolen as he asks for directions at gas station
Police say man left unattended car running
MADISON, Wis. — Madison police said they were able to recover a man's car and make an arrest after the car was stolen while the owner was asking for directions at a gas station.
The incident happened last Wednesday at about 5 p.m. at the PDQ at 6702 Raymond Rd.
A 66-year-old Beloit man had to come to Madison for an appointment at the William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, and he decided to stop for a beer at a local tavern.
He was interested in checking out the bar at Bennett's Meadowood Country Club and, not familiar with the area, he stopped at the PDQ to ask for directions, according to a Madison Police Department incident report.
He figured it would only take a few seconds to poke his head in the door, and decided to leave his 1997 Cadillac DeVille running, police said.
But he lost sight of his car for a couple of minutes as the clerk thought it easiest to show the out-of-town visitor a map, which is located near the bathrooms, according to the incident report.
The man learned he was not far from Bennett's, and as he headed back to where he had parked his car, he didn't see it and realized it had been stolen.
The victim provided police with a description of his car and said that inside there was an electric garage heater and a six-pack of beer in a small cooler, items he had just purchased on his road trip to Madison.
A police officer at the PDQ put out an attempt to locate, and fairly quickly another officer found the dark green DeVille parked on Greenway View, just off of Todd Drive.
Police said the car was unoccupied, but the officer could see someone walking toward it. The officer concealed himself from view and watched as the suspected thief used the Beloit man's keys to enter the car, police said.
Madison police said they arrested Steven R. Woodson, 38, of Fitchburg, on a charge of operating a motor vehicle without the owner's consent.
Police gave the victim a ride in a squad car to Greenway View to reunite him with his car about 40 minutes after it was reported stolen, according to the incident report.
The Beloit man said almost everything appeared to be in order in his car, except now there were only two cold beers in his six-pack.


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Exploring Alternative Treatment For Resistant Warts
Plantar warts are generally benign and usually self-limiting lesions, but are often painful and can be quite debilitating. The incidence of plantar warts is 1 to 2 percent in the general population. Warts usually resolve spontaneously within a two-year period in 60 percent of cases. While multiple treatments have been proposed over the years, there is no uniformly effective treatment for warts so therapy can often be difficult and unrewarding. The most common treatment utilized is home therapy with a nonprescription salicylic acid preparation. Unfortunately, certain reports show that only two of five patients have success with salicylic acid.1 In the office, we commonly see patients who have already failed over the counter salicylic acid treatments. Many patients expect an immediate cure and are not interested in repeating salicylic acid. Therefore, it's important to be aware of the alternative treatments for resistant warts. It is also important to inform patients that a series of treatments and great deal of patience are often required, regardless of the therapy. Patients may favor an individual treatment and may help with the decision-making process. What You Should Know About Salicylic Acid And Cantharidin Salicylic acid. One can apply salicylic acid as a gel, paint or cream in concentrations ranging from 10 to 60 percent. The effectiveness of this treatment varies greatly and is completely dependent on patient compliance and proper debridement of lesions. Using occlusion (moleskin or tape) increases the efficacy. Be sure to confine the application strictly to the wart since salicylic acid does not discriminate between wart and healthy tissue. Complications can occur, especially when treating immunocompromised patients. Creating an aperture in a patch of moleskin and placing it over the wart allows a confined space for the application of the acid. One can subsequently cover the aperture with a bandage. If the area becomes sensitive, decrease the frequency of application from daily to every third day. During the follow-up visit, you should pare the keratotic debris and nonviable tissue in order to determine if there is any remaining viable wart tissue. Nonviable tissue will appear white and macerated, and you should be able to easily debride it from healthy tissue. Salicylic acid treatment can be advantageous with combination therapy (i.e., home use and cryotherapy treatments in the office). We rarely use salicylic acid as a monotherapy in the office unless we have it formulated by a pharmacist at a stronger strength than the 40 percent OTC preparations. However, we would only apply this increased strength in an office setting. Cantharidin. This blistering agent is derived from Spanish fly extract and green blistering beetle, and one would apply it to the debrided wart. Keep in mind that cantharidin initiates an inflammatory response that may take three to six applications to get the desired response. This response often accompanies blistering, erythema and superficial hemorrhaging. This response can be dramatic and painful when it finally occurs so it is important to prepare the patient for this with the right expectations as well as analgesics for mild to moderate pain. Cantharidin is supplied as a solution in a volatile solvent for rapid evaporation and can be applied by regular-sized or microtip cotton swabs, depending on the size of the wart. There will be no changes in the appearance of the wart immediately after application, and it requires simply pressing the soaked swab onto the wart for five to 10 seconds. If a large, tender blister forms, one may drain it with a sterile needle to alleviate the discomfort. Repeat the treatment every one to two weeks with debridement in the clinic. What About The Off-Label Use Of 5-Fluorouracil For Warts? 5-fluorouracil (Efudex, Carac Cream). One may utilize 5-fluorouracil as a cream with two existing forms, Efudex 5% cream and Carac 0.5% cream. The agent 5-fluorouracil is chemotherapeutic and is FDA-approved for actinic keratoses and basal cell carcinomas.2 However, there has been a great deal of interest in its off-label use for the HPV virus. We typically use Efudex in our treatment course for warts as it is has 10 times the strength of Carac cream. However, Carac cream is known to supply the 5-fluorouracil over an extended period of time. While the exact mechanism is unknown, this agent does inhibit DNA synthesis.2 By inhibiting DNA synthesis with 5-fluorouracil, we eradicate the wart because the wart is a DNA virus. We are currently conducting a controlled randomized trial with the use of Efudex cream. Prior to the study, we have utilized 5-fluorouracil as a first-line treatment for plantar warts with excellent success. In the clinic, you would apply the medication to the debrided lesion and occlude it with tape. This treatment course is simple both for the clinician and patient. If pinpoint bleeding occurs with debridement, you must establish hemostasis before applying 5-fluorouracil and tape (waterproof tape, duct tape). The choice of tape is open as long as it has strong adhesive properties and is waterproof. In order to maintain a high concentration of the 5-fluorouracil for the wart, emphasize to the patient that he or she should apply it twice a day and perform debridement with a pumice stone at home. It is extremely important to see the patient every one or two weeks in the clinic in order to pare nonviable tissue. Doing so allows maximum contact and penetration of the medication to the wart. Since 5-fluorouracil has the tendency to affect the wart exclusively, there is not as much of an issue of containing the medicine. Unlike salicylic acid, 5-fluorouracil has great affinity to the wart without affecting surrounding tissues. Many patients will have extensive maceration of the warts within two weeks. As the weeks go by and with diligent treatment at home, the wart will actually begin to ulcerate. This is normal as the wart is simply destroyed at a faster rate than it can be replaced with healthy skin. These ulcerations are superficial, minimally painful and are harbingers of complete destruction of the wart. When you can see skin lines running right to the edge of the ulcer, have the patient continue the treatment for one to two more weeks. At the end of this period, follow up with the patient, discontinue the 5-fluorouracil and allow the lesion to heal. The typical treatment course for 5-fluorouracil will be from eight to 10 weeks. A Closer Look At Using Imiquimod For Plantar Warts Imiquimod (Aldara cream). Imiquimod is an immune enhancer that induces interferon-alpha after it is applied topically.3 This cytokine is produced by keratinocytes. The cells respond as though they have been infected and this action clears the warts. In response to the viral infection, interferon-alpha induces keratinocytes to produce enzymes and other factors that block viral replicatory pathways.3 Imiquimod is FDA approved for anogenital warts but it can be successful in its off-label use for plantar warts. Instruct patients to apply the medication daily before bedtime with tape occlusion. They should repeat this process until the wart clears. Close follow-up visits in the clinic are necessary to ensure proper debridement of the verruca and hyperkeratotic tissue. Keep in mind that patients may experience local skin reactions such as erythema, erosion, excoriation/flaking and edema at the site of application or surrounding areas. If this occurs, tell the patients to discontinue the medication until the symptoms subside. Can Bleomycin Injections Make A Difference? Bleomycin. Bleomycin is a cytotoxic polypeptide with antitumor, antibacterial and antiviral properties. It was initially isolated from the soil fungus Streptomyces verticellus. The mechanism of action is inhibition of DNA synthesis. We reserve intralesional bleomycin for recalcitrant warts, considering the pain that is often associated with the injection. When using these injections, employ local anesthesia and prepare the patient for the potential pain involved with the treatment. One may prescribe analgesics for moderate pain. Our standard injection technique utilizes a 27-gauge needle and a 3-ml syringe with a 1.0- to 1.5-U/ml solution of bleomycin. One can prepare this by adding 10 to 15 ml of 0.5% marcaine with epinephrine to 15 units of bleomycin. Doing so produces an activity of 1 to 1.5 units of bleomycin per milliliter of prepared solution. Bleomycin is typically supplied in 15- or 30-unit vials of sterile lyophilized material and must be refrigerated. In a review of the literature, authors commonly utilized a 1.0-U/ml solution with sterile saline or water.4-6 The authors believe that the increase in strength from 1.0-U/ml to 1.5-U/ml can make a significant difference in cure rates without affecting safety. A 1-cm lesion will usually receive 0.5 to 0.75 ml of this solution. One should inject the bleomycin strictly into the wart without going deep into subcutaneous tissue. You can accomplish this by turning the needle bevel up away from the skin while inserting the needle at the edge of the wart. Make sure the insertion is as flush to the skin as possible in order to avoid too deep a penetration. Proceed to fan the needle across the wart through one puncture site in order to prevent the medication from seeping from multiple holes. Using the appropriate injection technique will allow you to see the needle through the transparency of the epidermis. There will be a hemorrhagic blister from the injection. This is normal. You should debride the blister during a return visit from the patient one or two weeks after the injection. Studies have reported success rates up to 99.23 percent via one to three injections of bleomycin into 1,052 warts at an Australian Air Force Base.4-6 Studies have also shown success with infiltration of bleomycin via a multiple puncture using a vaccination needle.4-6 Other Modalities That May Merit Consideration Candida antigen. A new and under-studied treatment for warts involves the intralesional injection of Candida skin test antigen.7 With the injection of the wart, 74 percent had complete clearing in the pilot study.7 The remarkable aspect of this study is that 78 percent of those with resolution also had resolution of anatomically distant, untreated warts. This suggests an HPV-directed immunity in some patients. In using this treatment approach, one would deliver the antigen with a needle and syringe, using the same concentration as with allergy testing, into the base of the wart. Then you would proceed to puncture the wart aggressively to help initiate an immune response. Keep in mind that this process is uncomfortable and may require a prescribed analgesic for the patient. One should follow up with the patient in one to two weeks. Duct tape. A fitting conclusion to the myriad of non-surgical therapies is the use of duct tape. In one study by Focht, et. al., on warts in children, 85 percent of those treated with duct tape had resolution while 60 percent of those treated with cryotherapy had resolution.8 This study shows the importance of the simple act of occluding the wart, which creates a macerating and keratolytic environment not unlike salicylic acid. This therapy does require the use of a pumice stone at home and clinical debridement in the office. Still, this may be a simple and painless treatment course for the pediatric patient. Results are not as promising with tape occlusion alone in the adult population. A preliminary result from a study we are conducting shows only 10 percent resolution in adult patients with tape occlusion alone. However, the majority of patients have had substantial reduction in size of their lesions after 12 weeks of treatment. By incorporating combination therapy with tape and a topical medication (i.e. 5-fluorouracil, imiquimod), we expect better results. A Closer Look At The Etiology And Diagnosis Of Warts Plantar warts are epidermal lesions caused by an infection by the human papilloma virus (HPV). Over 100 subtypes of HPV have been identified. The subtypes commonly found in plantar warts are HPV 1, 2, 4 and 10. The HPV virus is transmitted between hosts through direct contact. For infection and replication to take place, the virus requires a compromised skin surface with epithelial cells in an advanced state of differentiation. The virus attacks the granulosum and keratin layers of the epidermis. The viral DNA and protein production occur in the upper spinous layer with final virus assembly occurring in the granular layer.11 HPV is a non-enveloped, double-stranded DNA virus that replicates in all epithelial cell layers. However, viral replication is associated with excessive proliferation of all of the epidermal layers except the basal layer. This process produces acanthosis, parakeratosis and hyperkeratosis. There is also a deepening of the rete ridges, which produces the typical papillomatous architecture that produces pinpoint bleeding with debridement of the lesion. Plantar warts occur most frequently in children and young adults. One study suggests that the persistence of disease may be attributable to a lack of Langerhans' cells at the site of the lesion, leading to decreased stimulation of cell-mediated immune response.12 Minor trauma at the site of inoculation may be important as there could be an abrasion of the skin that allows penetration of the wart into the epidermis. Warts will frequently be present in high-pressure or high-friction areas that are often otherwise occupied by calluses. Though one can diagnose warts with a high degree of certainty based on their clinical appearance, a biopsy may be required for a definitive diagnosis. If a lesion is chronic, aggressive, irregular and resistant to multiple therapies, be cautious of possible malignancy. In rare cases, warts may degenerate into verrucous carcinomas.13 In Conclusion The key to success for treating the recalcitrant wart is combination therapy. It's also essential for patients to take an active role in their treatment. We will commonly incorporate a home therapy of 5-fluorouracil cream with tape occlusion and thorough debridement both in the office and by the patient with a pumice stone. Additionally, we will commonly prescribe cimetidine 400 mg TID and educate patients to take vitamin A and zinc supplements daily. Patients should expect to take these medications for at least three months. A study by Orlow and Pallor showed an 81 percent success rate in eradicating warts in children with cimetidine alone in three months.9 A similar study revealed only a 30 percent success rate among adults.10 When using the above treatment modalities and combination therapy, we infrequently need to implement more aggressive treatments like surgical excision and laser treatments. Furthermore, the aforementioned conservative modalities do not have as much pain and morbidity associated with them. Although there is a certain place for surgical curettage and laser treatments, there are times when these approaches are impractical. In conclusion, we have had great success with a conservative approach in treating the recalcitrant wart by employing combination therapy. Dr. Salk is the Director of Research at the Northern California Foot and Ankle Center. He is in private practice in San Francisco and Santa Rosa, Ca. Dr. Chang is Chief of the Department of Podiatric Medicine and Surgery at the Sutter Medical Center in Santa Rosa, Ca. He is a Clinical Professor at the California School of Podiatric Medicine at Samuel Merritt College. He is a Fellow of the American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons and is a faculty member of the Podiatry Institute. Dr. Grogan is a Research and Surgical Fellow at the Northern California Foot and Ankle Center, and practices in San Francisco and Santa Rosa, Ca. Dr. D'Costa is Chief of Staff-Elect at the Sutter Medical Center in Santa Rosa, Ca., and is in private practice in Santa Rosa, Ca.
References 1. Bunney, MH, Nolan, MW, Williams, DA. An assessment of methods of treating viral warts by comparative treatment trials based on a standard design. Br J Dermatol 94:667-679, 1976. 2. Diasio R, Harris B. Clinical Pharmacology of 5-fluorouracil. Clinical Pharmacokinetics 1989:16:215-237. 3. Dahl M. Imiquimod: An Immune Response Modifier. J Am Acad Dermatology. July 2000:S1-S5. 4. Templeton S, et al. Intradermal Bleomycin Injections Into Normal Human Skin. Arch Derm. 1994:130:577-583. 5. Amer M, et al. Therapeutic Evaluation for Intralesional Injection of Bleomycin Sulfate in 143 Resistant Warts. J Am Acad Derm. 1988;18:1313-1316. 6. Shelly W, et al. Intralesional Bleomycin Sulfate Therapy for Warts. Arch Derm. 1991;127:234-236. 7. Johnson S, et al. Intralesional Injection of Mumps or Candida Skin Test Antigens. Arch Derm. 2001;137:451-455. 8. Focht DR, et al. The Efficacy of Duct Tape vs Cryotherapy in the Treatment of Verruca Vulgaris (The Common Wart). Arch Pedi Adolesc Med. 2002;156:971-974. 9. Orlow SJ, Paller A. Cimetidine Therapy For Multiple Viral Warts In Children. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1993; 28(5), 794-5. 10. Rogers CJ, Gibney MD, et. al. Cimetidine therapy for recalcitrant warts in adults: is it any better than placebo? J Am Acd Dermatol 1999; 41:123-7. 11. Stoler MH, Broker TR. In situ hybridization detection of human papillomavirus DNAs and messenger RNAs in genital condylomas and cervical carcinoma. Hum Pathol. 1986;17:1250-1258. 12. Arany I, Tyring SK. Status of local cellular immunity in interferon-responsive and -nonresponsive human papillomavirus-associated lesions. Sex Transm Dis 1996;23:475. 13. Schwartz RA. Verrucous carcinoma of the skin and mucosa. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1995;32:121. Additional References 14. Stehr-Green PA, Hewer P, Meekin GE, et al. The aetiology and risk factors for warts among poultry processing workers. Int J Epidemiol. 1993;22:294-298. 15. Keefe M, Al-Ghamdi A, Coggon D, et al. Cutaneous warts in butchers. Br J Dermatol. 1994;130:9-14. 16. Gibbs S, Harvey I. Local treatments for cutaneous warts: systematic review. Br Medical Journal. 2002:325:461-464.


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I've waited patiently the last two months to see if some city government or health official somewhere might respond to Nature Magazine's breakthrough article on urban stressors affecting mental illness.
Regrettably, there is no gravy, corruption, hacking or sex scandal to make this a story. It's just the same- old, same-old professional specialists and government departments stuck in departmental silos and ivory towers — missing a golden opportunity to save billions of dollars in misspent public and private spending while avoiding unnecessary and preventable private suffering of millions.
This opportunity has now been dropped on health-conscious city planners, who can literally let their planning minds run wild with the implications of the Nature article and naturalized environments linked to a whole new approach to urban food production.
In June, Nature, commonly ranked as the best or second-best science journal in the world, published research findings of neurological and schizophrenia expert Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg.
Disturbed to discover that schizophrenia is twice as common among city-raised as country-raised individuals, Meyer-Lindenberg hopes to encourage brain specialists, psychiatrists and social scientists to cooperate as researchers. The new kids on the brain block can then try to weigh in with urban planners responsible for policy on green space and overcrowding, factors that loom large as possible explanations for city-countryside differences.
Meyer-Lindenberg's findings on brain functioning evoke pioneering campaigns by "biophilic" (nature-loving) educators and building designers, who believe people need lifelike surroundings akin to those in which people evolved over 99 percent of human history. His use of the latest techniques in brain imaging updates ancient folk wisdom expressed in such fables as the "country mouse and city mouse."
Specifically, Meyer-Lindenberg took brain images of volunteers subjected to stressful scolding. The images showed that two emotion-processing areas of the brain — the amygdala and the cingulate cortex — don't protect city dwellers with the inner calm or roll-with-the-punches habits that withstand typical urban and workplace hassles.
Why does this change the conversation about city planning and urban food production?
First, his experiments provide the kind of "smoking gun" evidence that's often needed to move public policy on health issues.
It's well-recognized, for example, that "hard" and "science-based" evidence on "second-hand smoke" was game-changer enabling public health campaigners to limit smoking in public spaces and workplaces during the 1980s and '90s.
Two factors account for that remarkably speedy turnaround, now widely accepted as plain common sense and good manners.
First, the new "science" on lung cancer specified precise physical pathways and biological processes that had a cause-effect relationship — one big and non-debatable step up from a "statistical association" between people who lived with or hung out with smokers and later contracted cancer, even though they never smoked themselves.
Second, the science on second-hand smoke destigmatised lung cancer, since "innocent" people who never smoked could not be blamed for lack of personal "willpower" and similar powers deemed "virtues" in a moralizing society. Only after individuals were cleared was the way clear for the environment beyond personal control to become the focus of policy.
Since the non-smokers' rights victories, "smoking gun" evidence has become the gold standard for public health campaigns.
Meyer-Lindenberg brings the same kind of cause-effect physical and scientific evidence on physical mechanisms and biological pathways to the much-stigmatized field of mental health. It's the amygdala, stupid!
Let's get physical. We're now clear to deal with the environment that can optimize the brain's functioning. The doors have been opened to discussing new public opportunities to nourish and protect mental, psychological and spiritual well-being, thereby saving billions of dollars of public money now spent treating the damage from relatively preventable diseases.
Going further back in time than the 1980s and '90s, there's a possibility that a new conversation of mental health and city form could duplicate the transformation of urban planning a century ago.
When scientists found that typhoid, cholera and other killer diseases that plagued 19th century cities were caused by pathogens in human excrement and garbage, the entire physical infrastructure for managing water and waste in cities had to be transformed. Water filtration plants, sewage pipes, garbage pickup and the like became the norm throughout the Global North – all universal services provided as a right to all residents.
We need the same scale of transformation of the "soft infrastructure" of cities today, whereby universal provision of green space and other land-use tools that boost personal well-being and social cohesion while preventing mental illnesses.
It's clear that there's as much public good to be done and as much public money to be saved solving the mental health problems of tomorrow's cities as was accomplished by sewage, water and public health reformers of yesteryear. Putting mind over matter is not such a bad guideline for city infrastructure of tomorrow.
The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 100 million people presently suffer from mental ill health disorders, surely a low-ball estimate given Meyer-Lindenberg's guesstimate that approximately one per cent of the population suffers from schizophrenia alone.
According to the U.S. Center for Disease Control and Prevention, about one American adult in ten suffers from chronic depression, which costs individuals as well as tax-funded medical and social support systems something like $317 billion a year, or $1000 per person per year. Estimates from the 2008 report for Chronic Diseases in Canada indicate the full medical and non-medical costs of mental illness in Canada add up to $51 billion a year.
If city land-use policies could reduce the toll of mental illness by modest amounts, savings in money and suffering would be substantial. If smart health-inspired land-use policies simultaneously yielded other health or economic improvements, the final (marginal) costs of improvement would be barely noticeable.
Look out for the second part of this two-part series next week!


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A collection of scholarly works about individual liberty and free markets. A project of Liberty Fund, Inc.
Economic Liberalism (New York: Random House, 1965). 2 vols. https://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/2129,
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