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World War II
|World War II
From top left to bottom right: Commonwealth army in the desert; Japanese troops burying a Chinese person alive; A German submarine under attack; Soviet forces in the Eastern Front; Soviet troops fighting in Berlin; Japanese planes readying for take off from an aircraft carrier.
United Kingdom
|Commanders and leaders
|Allied leaders
|Axis leaders
|Casualties and losses
|Military Dead::
Over 16,000,000
|Military Dead:
Over 8,000,000
World War II (WWII or WW2), also known as the Second World War, was a global war. It took place between 1939 to 1945. Most of the world's countries, including all of the great powers, fought as part of two military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. The war was fought as a "total war", meaning all resources a country had were used in the war, even those that didn't belong to the army, such as factories. It involved more countries, cost more money, and killed more people than any other war in human history.[1] Between 50 and 70 million people died.[2][3] The mass bombing of cities, The Holocaust and two atomic bombings of Japan are three events which killed many civilians.
The start of the war is usually said to be the Invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939, but some sources count the Japanese invasion of China on 7 July 1937, as the start.[4] The United States reacted to the Japanese invasion of China by placing an embargo on Japan. France, United Kingdom, and most of their colonies reacted to the German invasion of Poland by declaring war on Germany. Germany expanded its territory greatly in Europe. By 1941, most of Europe was under German control, while only Britain remained fighting against the Axis in North Africa, Mediterranean, and the Atlantic. In June 1941, the Axis Powers invaded the Soviet Union, starting the largest theatre of war in history. This would harm the Axis military power greatly. In December 1941, Japan attacked Western colonies in the Pacific.
The Japanese victories were stopped in 1942, and the European Axis victories were also stopped by 1943, both in North Africa and in the Soviet Union. After that, the Allies started to fight back from all sides. The Axis lost North Africa and, starting in 1943, were forced to defend Italy. In 1944, the Allies invaded France, heading towards Germany, while the Soviets kept closing in from the East. Germany surrendered in May 1945. Japan formally surrendered on 2 September 1945. The war ended with the Allied victory.
After the war, the United Nations was set up to develop support between countries and to prevent future wars. The Cold War took place between the two superpowers, the Soviet Union and the United States, but they did not fight each other in an actual war. Decolonization of Asia and Africa, where those countries controlled by European countries were given their independence, happened as well. This was because European power was weakened from the war. Economic recovery and the political integration (the process of uniting countries) were among other results of the war.
- 1 The two sides
- 2 Background
- 3 Course of the war
- 4 At the end
- 5 Effect
- 6 Notes
- 7 Related pages
- 8 Other websites
The two sides
The countries that joined the war were on one of two sides: the Axis and the Allies (also called the Allied Powers).
The Axis Powers at the start of the war were Germany, Italy and Japan. There were many meetings to create the alliance between these countries: Rome-Berlin Axis (Germany-Italy), in October 1936; Anti-Comintern Pact (Germany-Japan) in November 1936,[5] which Italy later joined in November 1937;[6] and Pact of Steel, (formal; Germany-Italy) in May 1939.[7] Germany made the Axis Powers formal alliance in September 1940 with Tripartite Pact.[8] Finland, Slovakia, Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary, and Thailand joined the Axis later. However, as the war continued, many Axis countries changed to join the Allies instead.
The Allied Powers were the United Kingdom and some of its Commonwealth, France, Poland, Yugoslavia, Greece, Belgium and China at the start of the war. In June 1941, The Soviet Union joined the Allies, after Germany attacked it. On 11 December 1941, four days after Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, the United States joined the Allies.
World War I had greatly changed the way of diplomacy and politics in Asia, Europe, and Africa with the defeat of the Central Powers. Many empires which sided with the Central Powers were disestablished. The Russian Empire, however, which did not side with the Central Powers, was disestablished as well. The war also changed the map of Eastern Europe, with many new countries born. The war led to strong irredentism and revanchism in Europe. These senses were especially strong in Germany, which had no choices but sign the Treaty of Versailles.[9] The Germans also had 13% of their homeland area and all colonies taken away, and they had to pay back a very large sum of money to the Allies. This was about 269 billion German marks (96,000 ton of gold).[10] The number of soldiers and military vehicles it could have (tanks, aeroplanes, warships) was also limited,[11] while its air force was completely banned. Soon, Lenin's death brought Stalin to power in the Soviet Union, the communist state which was created from the result of the Russian Civil War.
In Italy, nationalists were unhappy with the outcome of the war, thinking that their country should have gained far more territory from the past agreement with the Allies. The fascist movement in 1920s brought Mussolini to the leadership of the country. He promised to make Italy a great power by creating its colonial empire.[12]
After the Kuomintang, the governing party of China, unified the country in 1920s, the civil war between it and the its past ally Communist Party of China began.[13] In 1931, Japan claimed Mukden Incident as a reason to take over China, which was the first step of its plan to rule Asia. Japan was able to take over Manchuria and set up its puppet state, Manchukuo,[14] while the League of Nations could not do anything to stop it. The Tanggu Truce, a ceasefire, was signed in 1933. In 1936, the Kuomintang and the communists agreed to stop fighting against each other to fight Japan instead.[15] In 1937, Japan attacked China again.[16]
After the German Empire was disestablished, the democratic Weimar Republic was set up. There were disagreements between the Germans which involved many political ideologies, ranging from nationalism to communism. The fascist movement in Germany rose because of the Great Depression. Adolf Hitler, leader of the Nazi Party, became the Chancellor in 1933, even though he was jailed once after a failed coup. After the Reichstag fire, Hitler created a totalitarian state, where there is only one party by law.[17] Hitler wanted to change the world order and quickly rebuilt the army, navy and air force,[18] especially after Saarland was reunited in 1935. In March 1936, Hitler sent the army to Rhineland. The Spanish Civil War began in July 1936. The war ended with the nationalist victory, supported by Italy and Germany.
In March 1938, Germany sent its army to Austria, which had only a little reaction from European countries.[19] Shortly after that, the Allies agreed to give Sudetenland, part of Czechoslovakia, to Germany, so that Hitler would promise to stop taking more land.[20] But the rest of the country was either forced to surrender[21] or invaded by March 1939.[22] The Allies now tried to stop him, by promising to help Poland if it was attacked.[23] Just before the war, Germany and the Soviet Union signed Molotov-Ribbentrop pact, agreeing that they would not attack each other for ten years.[24] In the secret part of it, they agreed to share Eastern Europe for themselves.[25]
Course of the war
- See also: Timeline of World War II
War breaks out
World War II began on September 1, 1939, as Germany invaded Poland. On September 3, Britain and France, followed by the Commonwealth, declared war on Germany. They could not help Poland much and only sent a small French attack on Germany from the West.[26] The Soviet Union invaded eastern Poland soon after Germany, on September 17.[27] Finally, Poland was divided, but it never formally surrendered and continued fighting on the side of the Allies elsewhere.[28]
Germany then signed an agreement to work together with the Soviet Union. After that, the Soviet Union forced the Baltic countries to allow it to keep Soviet soldiers in their countries.[29] Finland did not accept the Soviet call for its land, so it was attacked in November 1939.[30] The war ended in March 1940 with a peace treaty.[31] France and Britain thought that the Soviet Union might enter the war on the side of Germany and drove the Soviet Union out of the League of Nations.[32]
After Poland was defeated, the "Phoney War" began in the Western Europe. While British soldiers were sent to the Continent, there were no big battles fought between two sides.[33] Then, in April 1940, Germany decided to attack Norway and Denmark so that it would be safer to transport iron ore from Sweden. The Allies tried to disrupt the German occupation, but had to leave to help the French.[34] Chamberlain was replaced by Churchill as Prime Minister of United Kingdom in May 1940 because the British were unhappy with his work.[35]
Axis early victories
On May 10, Germany invaded France, Belgium, Holland and Luxembourg and quickly defeated by using blitzkrieg tactics.[36] The British were forced to leave mainland Europe at Dunkirk. On June 10, Italy invaded France, declaring war on France and the United Kingdom. Soon after that, France was divided into occupation zones. One was directly controlled by Germany and Italy,[37] and the other was unoccupied Vichy France.
By June 1940, the Soviet Union moved its soldiers into the Baltic States and took over them,[38] followed by some parts of Romania. Although there had been some collaboration between the Soviet Union and Germany earlier, this event made it serious.[39][40] Later, when the two could not agree to work more closely together, relationships between them became worse to the point of war.[41]
Then Germany began an air battle over Britain to prepare for a landing on the island,[42] but the plan was finally canceled in September. The German Navy succeeded in destroying the British ships transporting goods in the Atlantic.[43] Italy, by this time, had begun its operation in the Mediterranean. The United States, which had not joined the war on either side, started to help the Allies. By helping to protect British ships in the Atlantic, the United States found itself fighting German ships by October 1941, although this was not a formal war.[44]
In September 1940, Italy began to invade British-held Egypt. In October, Italy invaded Greece, but it only resulted in an Italian retreat to Albania.[45] Again, in early 1941, an Italian army was pushed from Egypt to Libya in Africa. Germany soon helped Italy. Under Rommel's command, by the end of April 1941, the Commonwealth army was pushed back to Egypt again.[46] Other than North Africa, Germany also successfully invaded Greece, Yugoslavia and Crete by May.[47] Despite these victories, Hitler decided to cancel the bombing of Britain after May 11.[48]
At the same time, Japan's progress in China was still not much, although the nationalist and communist Chinese began fighting each other again.[49] Japan was planning to take over European colonies in Asia while they were weak, and the Soviet Union could feel a danger from Germany, so a non-aggression pact (which was an agreement that both countries would not attack each other) between the two was signed in April 1941.[50] However, Germany kept preparing an attack on the Soviet Union, moving its soldiers close to the Soviet border.[51]
The war becomes global
On June 22, 1941, the European Axis countries and Finland invaded the Soviet Union. Its main targets were to destroy the Soviet military power and included some Nazi ideological goals, as well as to make use of Russia's rich deposits of natural resources, helpful, to continue fighting the war against the Allies. During the summer, the Axis quickly captured Ukraine and the Baltic regions, and caused a huge damage to the Soviets. Britain and the Soviet Union formed a military alliance between them in July.[52] Although there was great progress in the last two months, when winter arrived, the tired German army was forced to delay its attack, just outside Moscow.[53] It showed that the Axis had failed its main targets, while the Soviet army was still not weakened. This marked the end of the blitzkrieg stage of the war.[54]
By December, the Red Army facing the Axis army had received more soldiers from the East. It began a counter-attack that pushed the German army to the west.[55] The Axis lost a lot of soldiers but it still saved most of the land it received before.[56]
By November 1941, the Commonwealth counter-attacked the Axis in North Africa and got all the land it lost before.[57] However, the Axis pushed the Allies back again until stopped at El Alamein.[58]
In Asia, German successes encouraged Japan to call for oil supplies from the Dutch East Indies.[59] Many Western countries reacted to the occupation of French Indochina by banning oil trading with Japan.[60] Japan planned to take over European colonies in Asia to create a great defensive area in the Pacific which would let it free to get resources.[61] But first, before any future invasion, it had to destroy the American Pacific Fleet in the Pacific Ocean.[62] On December 7, 1941, it attacked Pearl Harbor as well as many harbors in several South East Asian countries.[63] This event led the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, Western Allies and China to declare war on Japan, while the Soviet Union remained neutral.[64] Most of the Axis nations reacted by declaring war on the United States.
By April 1942, many South East Asian countries: Burma, Malaya, the Dutch East Indies and Singapore, had almost fallen to the Japanese.[65] In May 1942, the Philippines fell. The Japanese navy had many quick victories. But in June 1942, Japan was defeated at Midway. Japan could not take more land after this because a large part of its navy was destroyed during the battle.
Allies are advancing
Japan then began its plan to take over Papua New Guinea again,[66] while the United States planned to attack the Solomon Islands. The fight on Guadalcanal began in September 1942 and involved a lot of troops and ships from both sides. It ended with the Japanese defeat in early 1943.[67]
On the Eastern Front, the Axis defeated Soviet attacks during summer and began its own main offensive to southern Russia along Don and Volga Rivers in June 1942, trying to take over oil fields in Caucasus and a great steppe. Stalingrad was in the path of the Axis army, and the Soviets decided to defend the city. By November the Germans had nearly taken Stalingrad, however the Soviets were able to surround the Germans during winter[68] and forced the heavily lost German army in the city to surrender in February 1943.[69] Even though the front was pushed back more than its position before the summer attacks, the German army still become dangerous to an area around Kursk.[70]
In August 1942, because of the Allied defense at El Alamein, the Axis army failed to take the town. The Allies continued by starting its own offensive, which drove the Axis west across Libya in a few months later,[71] just after the Anglo-American invasion of the French North Africa, forcing it to join the Allies.[72] The Axis army faced Allied armies from the east and west and had to defend Tunisia. It was completely lost in May 1943.[73]
In the Soviet Union, July 4, 1943, Germany started an attack around Kursk. But within a week, a lot of German soldiers were lost because of the Soviet well-created defenses.[74][75] Hitler canceled the attack before any clear outcome.[76] The Soviets then started their own counter-attack, which was one of the turning point of the war. After this, the Soviets became the attacking force on the Eastern Front, instead of the Germans.[77][78]
On July 9, 1943, affected by the earlier Soviet victories, the Western Allies landed on Sicily. This resulted in the arrest of Mussolini in the same month.[79] In September 1943, the Allies invaded mainland Italy, following the Italian armistice with the Allies.[80] Germany then took control of Italy and disarmed its army,[81] and built up many defensive lines to slow the Allied invasion down.[82] German special forces then rescued Mussolini, who then soon created the German-occupied client state, Italian Social Republic.[83]
In early 1944, the Soviet army drove off the German army from Leningrad,[84] ending the longest and deadliest siege in history. After that, the Soviets began a big counter-attack. By May, the Soviets had retaken Crimea. With the attacks in Italy from September 1943, the Allies succeeded in capturing Rome on June 4, 1944, and made the German forces fall back.[85]
The end in Europe
On D-Day, 6 June 1944, the Allies began the invasion of Normandy, France. The code name for the invasion was Operation Overlord. The landings were successful, and led to the defeat of the German forces in France. Paris was liberated from the Germans on August 25, and the Allies continued and pushed the Germans back to the Rhine before the beginning of 1945. The Allied invasion in Italy also pushed the Germans there to their last defensive line.
On June 22, the great Soviet offensive, codenamed Operation Bagration, almost destroyed the German Army Group Centre.[86] Soon the Germans were forced to defend Ukraine and Poland. Arriving Soviet troops caused uprisings against German government in Eastern European countries, but all of those failed to succeed unless helped by the Soviets.[87] Then another Soviet offensive forced Romania and Bulgaria to join the Allies.[88] Communist Serbs partisans under Josip Broz Tito retook Belgrade with some help from Bulgaria and the Soviet Union. By early 1945, the Soviets attacked many German-occupied countries: Greece, Albania, Yugoslavia and Hungary. Finland also stopped fighting the Soviets and joined the Allies.
On 16 December 1944, the Germans tried for the last time to win on the Western Front by attacking the Allies in the Ardennes, Belgium, known as the Battle of the Bulge, which was also the last German major attack in the war, yet it failed every target.[89] But it also made clear, that the war could not be won in a short period of time, as predicted, because of immense German defense efforts. By March 1945, the Soviet army moved quickly from Vistula River in Poland to East Prussia and Vienna, while the Western Allies crossed the Rhine, closing in from Western Germany. By late April, the Allies pushed forward in Italy, while the Soviets attacked Berlin. The two linked up on Elbe river on April 25.
Hitler committed suicide in 30 April 1945, two days after Mussolini's death.[90] In his will, he appointed his navy commander, Grand Admiral Karl Dönitz, to be the President of Germany.[91] Opposing Hitler's will to have Germany continue fighting, Dönitz wanted to surrender to the Western Allies.
German forces surrendered in Italy on 29 April. Germany surrendered to the Western Allies on 7 May, known as V-E Day, and was forced to surrender to the Soviets on 8 May. The final battle in Europe was ended in Italy on May 11.[92]
The end in the Pacific
In the Pacific, American forces arrived on the Philippines in June 1944. And by April 1945, American and Philippine forces had cleared much of the Japanese forces, but the fighting continued in some parts of the Philippines until the end of the war.[93] British and Chinese forces advanced in Northern Burma and captured Rangoon by May 3.[94] American forces then took Iwo Jima by March and Okinawa by June.[95] Many Japanese cities were destroyed by Allied bombings, and Japanese imports were cut off by American submarines.
The Allies wanted Japan to surrender with no terms, but Japan refused. The United States then dropped two atomic bombs over Hiroshima (August 6) and Nagasaki (August 9). On August 8, the Soviets invaded Manchuria, quickly defeated primary Imperial Japanese Army there.[96] On August 15, Japan surrendered to the Allies. The surrender documents were signed formally on board of USS Missouri on September 2, 1945, ending the war.[97]
At the end
The Allies managed to occupy Austria and Germany. Germany was divided into western and eastern parts, under the Western Allies and the Soviet control, respectively. The Allies began denazification, removing Nazi ideas from history,[source?] and most high-rank Nazis captured were brought to a special court. Germany lost a quarter of the land it had in 1937, with the land given to Poland and the Soviet Union. The Soviets also took some parts of Poland[98][99][100] and Finland,[101] as well as three Baltic countries.[102][103]
The United Nations was formed on October 24, 1945,[104] to keep peace between countries in the world.[105] However, the relationship between the Western Allies and the Soviet Union had worsened during the war[106] and, soon after the war, each power quickly built up their power over controlled area. In Western Europe and West Germany, it was the United States, while in East Germany and Eastern Europe, it was the Soviet Union, in which many countries were turned into Communist states. The Cold War started after the formation of the American-led NATO and the Soviet-led Warsaw Pact.[107]
In Asia, Japan was put under American occupation. Korea was divided into North and South Korea, each claiming to be legal representative of the Koreans, which led to Korean War in 1948.[108] Civil war in China continued fighting in 1946, and resulted with the nationalists retreating to Taiwan in 1949.[109] The communist People's Republic of China was formed on the mainland. In the Middle East, the Arab disagreement on United Nations plan to create Israel marked the beginning of conflicts between the Arabs and Israeli.
After the war, decolonization took place in many European colonies.[110] Bad economies and people wanting to rule themselves were main reasons for that. In most cases, it happened peacefully, except some countries, such as Indochina and Algeria.[111] In many regions, European withdrawal caused divisions among the people who had different ethnic group or religion.[112]
Economic recovery was different in many parts of the world. In general, it was quite positive. The United States became richer than any other country and, by 1950, it took over the world's economy.[113][114] It also ordered Marshall Plan (1948-1951) to help European countries. German,[115] Italian,[116][117] and French economies recovered.[118] However, the British economy was badly harmed[119] and continued to worsen for more than ten years.[120] The Soviet economy grew very fast suddenly after the war was over.[121] This also happened with the Japanese economy, becoming the one of the largest economies in 1980s.[122] China returned to the same production level as before the war by 1952.[123]
Death and war crimes
There is no exact total number of deaths, because many were unrecorded. Many studies said that more than 60 million people died in the war, mostly civilians. The Soviet Union lost around 27 million people,[124] almost half of the recorded number.[125] This means that 25% of the Soviets were killed or wounded in the war.[126] About 85% of the total deaths were on the Allies side, and the other 15% were on the Axis. Mostly, people died because they were sick, hungry to death, bombed, or killed because of their ethnicity.
The Nazis killed many groups of people they selected, known as The Holocaust.[127] Around 11[128] to 17 million[129] civilians died. Around 7.5 million people were killed in China by the Japanese.[130] The most well-known Japanese crime is the Nanking Massacre, in which hundreds of thousands of Chinese civilians were d and murdered. There were reports that the Germans and Japanese tested biological weapons against civilians[131] and prisoners of war.[132]
Although many of the Axis's crimes were brought to the first international court,[133] crimes caused by the Allies were not.
Concentration camps and slave work
Other than the Holocaust, about 12 million, mostly Eastern Europeans, were forced to work for the German economy.[134] German concentration camps and Soviet gulags caused a lot of death. Both treated prisoners of war badly. This was even the case for Soviet soldiers who survived and returned home.
Japanese prisoner-of-war camps, many of which were used as labour camps, also caused a lot of deaths. The death rate of Western prisoners was 27.1%,[135] seven times that of prisoners under Germans and Italians.[136] More than 10 million Chinese civilians were made slave for work in mines and war factories.[137] Between 4 to 10 million people were forced to work in Java.[138]
Between 1942 and 1945, Roosevelt signed an order which made Japanese Americans go to internment camps. Some Germans and Italians were included too.
The Allies agreed that the Soviet Union could use prisoners of war and civilians for forced labor.[139] Hungarians were forced to work for the Soviet Union until 1955.[140]
Home fronts and production
Before the war, in Europe, the Allies had a larger population and economy than the Axis. If colonies are included, the GDP of the Allies then would be two times of that of the Axis.[141] While in Asia, China had only 38% higher GDP than the Japanese if their colonies are counted.[141]
The Allies's economy and population compared with the Axis's lessened with the early Axis victories. However, this was no longer the case after the United States and Soviet Union joined the Allies in 1941. The Allies were able to have a higher production level compared with the Axis because the Allies had more natural resources. Also, Germany and Japan did not plan for a long war and had no ability to do so.[142][143] Both tried to improve their economies by using slave laborers.[144]
As men went off to fight, women were forced to take over many of the jobs they left behind. At factories, women were employed to make bombs, guns, aircraft, clothes and parachutes. In Britain, thousands of women were sent to work on farms as part of the Land Army. Others formed the Women's Royal Naval Service to help with building and repairing ships. By 1945 some weapons (made in the factories) were run almost entirely by women.
In the beginning, women were rarely used in the labour forces in Germany and Japan.[145][146] However, Allied bombings[147][148] and Germany's change to a war economy made women take a greater part.[149]
In Britain, women also worked in gathering intelligence, at Bletchley Park and other places.
Germany had two different ideas of how it would occupy countries. In Western, Northern, and Central Europe, Germany set economic policies which would make it rich. During the war, these policies brought as much as 40% of total German income.[150] In the East, the war with the Soviet Union meant Germany could not use the land to gain resources. The Nazis used their racial policy and murdered a lot of people they thought non-human. The Resistance, the group of people who fight Germany secretly, could not harm the Nazis much until 1943.[151][152]
In Asia, Japan claimed to free colonised Asian countries from European colonial powers.[153] Although they were welcomed at first in many territories, their cruel actions turned the opinions against them within a short time.[154] During the occupation, Japan used 4 million barrels of oil left behind by the Allies at the war's end. By 1943, it was able to produce up to 50 million barrels of oil in the Dutch East Indies. This was 76% of its 1940 rate.[154]
Developments in technology
The war brought new methods for fighting and killing for future wars. The air forces improved greatly in fields such as air transport,[155] strategic bombing (to use bombs to destroy industry and morale),[156] as well as radar, and weapons for destroying aircraft. Jet aircraft were developed and would be used in worldwide air forces.[157]
At sea, the war focused on using aircraft carriers and submarines. Aircraft carriers soon replaced battleships.[158][159][160] The important reason was they were cheaper.[161] Submarines, a deadly weapon since the World War I,[162] also took an important part in the war. The British improved weapons for destroying submarines, such as sonar, while the Germans improved submarine tactics.[163]
The style of war on the land changed from World War I to be more moveable. Tanks, which were used to support infantry, changed to a primary weapon.[164] The tank was improved in speed, armour and firepower during the war. At the start of the war, most commanders thought that using better tanks was the best way to fight enemy tanks.[165] However, early tanks could harm armour just a little. The German idea to avoid letting tanks fight one another meant tanks facing tanks rarely happened. This was a successful tactic used in Poland and France.[164] Ways to destroy tanks also improved. Even though vehicles became more used in the war, infantry remained the main part of the army,[166] and most equipped like in the World War I.[167]
Portable machine guns became widely used. A good example was the German MG42. Many of them were suited to fight in cities and jungles.[167] The assault rifle, a development combining features of the rifle and submachine gun, became the main weapon for most armies after the war.[168]
Other developments included ways to send and read coded messages. A good example is the German Enigma. Another feature of military intelligence was the use of deception, especially by the Allies. Others include the first programmable computers, modern missiles and rockets, and the atomic bombs.
- ↑ Keegan, John (1989), The Second World War, Glenfield, Auckland 10, New Zealand: Hutchinson
- ↑ Sommerville, Donald 2008. The complete illustrated history of World War Two: an authoritative account of the deadliest conflict in human history with analysis of decisive encounters and landmark engagements. Lorenz Books, p. 5. ISBN 0-7548-1898-5
- ↑ source list and detailed death tolls for the twentieth century hemoclysm.
- ↑ Beevor, Antony (2012). The Second World War. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 2. .
- ↑ Gerhard Weinberg 1970. The foreign policy of Hitler's Germany diplomatic revolution in Europe 1933-36, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, p 346.
- ↑ Robert Melvin Spector. World without civilization: mass murder and the Holocaust, history, and analysis, pg. 257
- ↑ Dear I.C.B. & Foot M.R.D eds 2002. Pact of Steel, in Oxford Companion to World War II. Oxford University Press, p. 674. ISBN 0-19-860446-7
- ↑ Weinberg, Gerhard L. 1995. A world at arms: a global history of World War II. Cambridge University Press, p.182 ISBN 0-521-55879-4
- ↑ Hakim, Joy 1995. A history of us: war, peace and all that jazz. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509514-6
- ↑ "Reparations and post-war Germany". Alpha History. http://alphahistory.com/weimargermany/reparations/. Retrieved 2013-08-23.
- ↑ Kantowicz, Edward R 1999. The rage of nations. Eerdmans, p. 149. ISBN 0-8028-4455-3
- ↑ Shaw, Anthony (2000). World War II day by day. MBI Publishing. p. 35 .
- ↑ Preston, Peter 1998. Pacific Asia in the global system: an introduction. Oxford: Blackwell, p. 104. ISBN 0631202382
- ↑ Ralph Steadman, Winston Smith 2004. All riot on the Western Front. Last gasp, p. 28. ISBN 0-86719-616-5
- ↑ Busky, Donald F 2002. Communism in history and theory: Asia, Africa, and the Americas. Praeger, p.10. ISBN 0275977331
- ↑ Fairbank, John King; Feuerwerker, Albert; Twitchett, Denis Crispin 1986. The Cambridge history of China. Cambridge University Press, pp. 547–551. ISBN 0-521-24338-6
- ↑ Bullock, A. (1962). Hitler: A study in tyranny. Penguin Books. p. 162.
- ↑ Kenneth, Brody, J 1999. The avoidable war: Pierre Laval and the politics of reality, 1935–1936. Transaction, p. 4. ISBN 0-7658-0622-3.
- ↑ Collier, Martin; Pedley, Philip (2000). Germany 1919–45. Heinemann. p. 144. .
- ↑ Kershaw, Ian 2001. Hitler, 1936–1945: Nemesis, W.W. Norton, p.121-122. ISBN 0-393-32252-1
- ↑ Kershaw, Ian 2001. Hitler, 1936–1945: Nemesis. W.W. Norton, p.157. ISBN 0393322521
- ↑ Davies, Norman (2008). No Simple Victory: World War II in Europe, 1939–1945. Penguin, p.143-4. ISBN 0143114093
- ↑ Andrew J. Crozier. The Causes of the Second World War, pg. 151
- ↑ Shore, Zachary 2005. What Hitler knew: the battle for information in Nazi foreign policy. Oxford University Press, p. 108.
- ↑ general editor, I.C.B. Dear, consultant editor, M.R.D. Foot. 2002. Nazi-Soviet Pact, in Dear and Foot, ed. Oxford University Press, p. 608. ISBN 0-19-860446-7
- ↑ May, Ernest R (2000) (Google books). Strange Victory: Hitler's Conquest of France. I.B.Tauris. p. 93. ISBN 1-85043-329-1. Retrieved 2009-11-15.
- ↑ Zaloga Steven J,, Howard Gearad (2002) (Google books). Poland 1939: The Birth of Blitzkrieg. Osprey Publishing. p. 83. ISBN 1-84176-408-6. Retrieved 2009-11-15.
- ↑ Hempel, Andrew (2003) (Google books). Poland in World War II: An Illustrated Military History. Hippocrene Books. p. 24. . http://books.google.com/?id=9SmbqqQfp1gC&dq=Poland+in+World+War+II:+An+Illustrated+Military+History'&printsec=frontcover&q=. Retrieved 15 November 2009.
- ↑ Smith, David J. (2002) (Google books). The Baltic States: Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. Routledge. 1st edition. p. 24. ISBN 0-415-28580-1. Retrieved 2009-11-15.
- ↑ Spring, D. W (April 1986). The Soviet Decision for War against Finland, 30 November 1939. Europe-Asia Studies 38 (2): 207–226.
- ↑ Hanhimäki, Jussi M (1997) (Google books). Containing Coexistence: America, Russia, and the "Finnish Solution". Kent State University Press. p. 12. ISBN 0-87338-558-6. Retrieved 2009-11-15.
- ↑ Murray, Williamson; Millett, Allan Reed (2001). A War to Be Won: Fighting the Second World War. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0674006801. p.55-6
- ↑ Weinberg, Gerhard L. (1995), A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-55879-4. p. 95 & 121
- ↑ Murray, Williamson; Millett, Allan Reed (2001), A War to Be Won: Fighting the Second World War, Harvard University Press, ISBN 0-674-00680-1. p.57-63
- ↑ Reynolds, David (27 April 2006) (Google books). From World War to Cold War: Churchill, Roosevelt, and the International History of the 1940s. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 76. . http://books.google.com/?id=Qk_xKD62G7cC&lpg=PP1&dq=From%20World%20War%20to%20Cold%20War%3A%20Churchill%2C%20Roosevelt%2C%20and%20the%20International%20History%20of%20the%201940s&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q=. Retrieved 15 November 2009.
- ↑ Crawford, Keith; Foster, Stuart J (2007) (Google books). War, nation, memory: international perspectives on World War II in school history textbooks. Information Age Publishing. p. 68. ISBN 1-59311-852-X. . Retrieved 2009-11-15.
- ↑ Klaus, Autbert (2001). Germany and the Second World War Volume 2: Germany's Initial Conquests in Europe. Oxford University Press. p. 311. Retrieved 2009-11-15.
- ↑ Bilinsky, Yaroslav (1999) (Google books). Endgame in NATO's Enlargement: The Baltic States and Ukraine. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 9. ISBN 0-275-96363-2. Retrieved 2009-11-15.
- ↑ H. W. Koch. Hitler's 'Programme' and the Genesis of Operation 'Barbarossa'. The Historical Journal, Vol. 26, No. 4 (Dec., 1983), pp. 891-920
- ↑ Roberts, Geoffrey (2006). Stalin's Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939–1953. Yale University Press. p. 56. .
- ↑ Roberts, Geoffrey (2006). Stalin's Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939–1953. Yale University Press. p. 59. .
- ↑ Kelly, Nigel; Rees, Rosemary; Shuter, Jane (1998). Twentieth Century World. Heinemann. p. 38. ISBN 0-435-30983-8.
- ↑ Goldstein, Margaret J (2004). World War II. Twenty-First Century Books. p. 35. .
- ↑ Murray, Williamson; Millett, Allan Reed (2001). A War to Be Won: Fighting the Second World War. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0674006801. p. 233-45
- ↑ Clogg, Richard (1992). A Concise History of Greece. Cambridge University Press. p. 118. ISBN 0-521-80872-3
- ↑ Murray, Williamson; Millett, Allan Reed (2001), A War to Be Won: Fighting the Second World War, Harvard University Press, ISBN 0-674-00680-1. p. 263-267.
- ↑ Weinberg, Gerhard L. (1995), A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-55879-4. p. 229.
- ↑ The London Blitz, 1940. Eyewitness to History. 2001. Retrieved 2008-03-11.
- ↑ Fairbank, John King; Goldman, Merle (1994). China: A New History. Harvard University Press. p. 320. .
- ↑ Garver, John W (1988). Chinese-Soviet Relations, 1937–1945: The Diplomacy of Chinese Nationalism. Oxford University Press. p. 114. ISBN 0-19-505432-6.
- ↑ Weinberg, Gerhard L. (1995), A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-55879-4. p. 195.
- ↑ Pravda, Alex; Duncan, Peter J. S (1990). Soviet-British Relations Since the 1970s. Cambridge University Press. p. 29. .
- ↑ Reinhardt, Klaus; Keenan, Karl B (1992). Moscow-The Turning Point: The Failure of Hitler's Strategy in the Winter of 1941–42. Berg. p. 227. ISBN 0-85496-695-1.
- ↑ Milward, A.S. (1964). The End of the Blitzkrieg. The Economic History Review. 16 (3): 499–518.
- ↑ Welch, David (1999). Modern European History, 1871–2000: A Documentary Reader. Routledge. p. 102. ISBN 0-415-21582-X
- ↑ Glantz, David M. (2001), Soviet‐German War 1941–45 Myths and Realities: A Survey Essay. p.31
- ↑ Gannon, James (2002). Stealing Secrets, Telling Lies: How Spies and Codebreakers Helped Shape the Twentieth Century. Brassey's. p. 76. .
- ↑ Rich, Norman (1992). Hitler's War Aims: Ideology, the Nazi State, and the Course of Expansion. Norton. p. 178. .
- ↑ AFLMA Year in Review, p. 32.
- ↑ Northrup, Cynthia Clark (2003). The American economy: a historical encyclopedia, Volume 2. ABC-CLIO. p. 214. ISBN 1-57607-866-3.
- ↑ Weinberg, Gerhard L (2005). A World At Arms. Cambridge University Press. p. 310. .
- ↑ Morgan, Patrick M (1983). Strategic Military Surprise: Incentives and Opportunities. Transaction Publishers. p. 51. ISBN 0-87855-912-4.
- ↑ Wohlstetter, Roberta (1962). Pearl Harbor: Warning and Decision. Stanford University Press. pp. 341–43. ISBN 0804-70597-6.
- ↑ Dunn, Dennis J (1998). Caught Between Roosevelt & Stalin: America's Ambassadors to Moscow. The University Press of Kentucky. p. 157. .
- ↑ Klam, Julie (2002). The Rise of Japan and Pearl Harbor. Black Rabbit Books. p. 27. ISBN 1-58340-188-1.
- ↑ Weinberg, Gerhard L. (1995), A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-55879-4. p.339
- ↑ Hane, Mikiso (2001). Modern Japan: A Historical Survey. Westview Press. p. 340. ISBN 0-8133-3756-9.
- ↑ Badsey, Stephen (2000). The Hutchinson Atlas of World War II Battle Plans: Before and After. Taylor & Francis. pp. 235–36. ISBN 1-57958-265-6.
- ↑ Gilbert, Sir Martin (2004). The Second World War: A Complete History. Macmillan. pp. 397–400. ISBN 0-8050-7623-9.
- ↑ Shukman, Harold (2001). Stalin's Generals. Phoenix Press. p. 142. ISBN 1-84212-513-3.
- ↑ Thomas, Nigel; Andrew, Stephen (1998). German Army 1939–1945 (2): North Africa & Balkans. Osprey Publishing. p. 8. ISBN 1-85532-640-X.
- ↑ Ross, Steven T (1997). American War Plans, 1941–1945: The Test of Battle. Frank Cass & Co. p. 38. ISBN 0-7146-4634-2.
- ↑ Collier, Paul (2003). The Second World War (4): The Mediterranean 1940–1945. Osprey Publishing. p. 11. ISBN 1-84176-539-2.
- ↑ Glantz. (1986), "Soviet Defensive Tactics at Kursk, July 1943", CSI Report No. 11., OCLC 278029256. Retrieved 2010-01-25.
- ↑ Glantz, David M (1989). Soviet military deception in the Second World War. Routledge. pp. 149–59. ISBN 978-0-7146-3347-3.
- ↑ Kershaw, Ian (2001). Hitler, 1936–1945: Nemesis. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 592. ISBN 0-393-32252-1.
- ↑ O'Reilly, Charles T (2001). Forgotten Battles: Italy's War of Liberation, 1943–1945. Lexington Books. p. 35. ISBN 0-7391-0195-1.
- ↑ Healy, Mark (1992). Kursk 1943: The tide turns in the East. Osprey Publishing. p. 90. ISBN 1-85532-211-0.
- ↑ O'Reilly, Charles T (2001). Forgotten Battles: Italy's War of Liberation, 1943–1945. Lexington Books. p. 32. ISBN 0-7391-0195-1.
- ↑ McGowen, Tom (2002). Assault From The Sea: Amphibious Invasions in the Twentieth Century. Twenty-First Century Books. pp. 43–44. ISBN 0-7613-1811-9.
- ↑ Lamb, Richard (1996). War in Italy, 1943–1945: A Brutal Story. Da Capo Press. pp. 154–55. ISBN 0-306-80688-6.
- ↑ Hart, Stephen; Hart, Russell; Hughes, Matthew (2000). The German Soldier in World War II. MBI Publishing Company. p. 151. ISBN 0-7603-0846-2.
- ↑ Blinkhorn, Martin (1984). Mussolini and Fascist Italy. Methuen & Co. p. 52. ISBN 0-415-10231-6.
- ↑ Glantz, David M (2001). The siege of Leningrad, 1941–1944: 900 days of terror. Zenith Imprint. pp. 166–69. ISBN 0-7603-0941-8.
- ↑ Havighurst, Alfred F (1962). Britain in Transition: The Twentieth Century. The University of Chicago Press. p. 344. ISBN 0-226-31971-7.
- ↑ Zaloga, Steven J 1996. Bagration 1944: The destruction of Army Group Centre. Osprey Publishing. p. 7. ISBN 1-85532-478-4
- ↑ Berend, Ivan T. 1999. Central and Eastern Europe, 1944–1993: Detour from the periphery to the periphery. Cambridge University Press, p. 8. ISBN 0-521-55066-1
- ↑ Armistice Negotiations and Soviet Occupation. US Library of Congress. Retrieved 2009-11-14.
- ↑ Parker, Danny S 2004. Battle of the Bulge: Hitler's Ardennes offensive, 1944–1945. Da Capo Press. pp. xiii–xiv, 6–8, 68–70 & 329–330. ISBN 0-306-81391-2
- ↑ O'Reilly, Charles T 2001. Forgotten Battles: Italy's war of liberation, 1943–1945. Lexington Books, p. 244. ISBN 0-7391-0195-1
- ↑ Kershaw, Ian 2001, Hitler, 1936–1945: Nemesis. W.W. Norton, p.823. ISBN 0-393-32252-1
- ↑ Glantz, David M. 1995. When titans clashed: how the Red Army stopped Hitler. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas, p. 34. ISBN 0-7006-0899-0
- ↑ Chant, Christopher (1986). The Encyclopedia of Codenames of World War II. Routledge & Kegan Paul. p. 118. ISBN 0-7102-0718-2.
- ↑ Drea, Edward J (2003). In the Service of the Emperor: Essays on the Imperial Japanese Army. University of Nebraska Press. p. 57. ISBN 0-8032-6638-3.
- ↑ Jowett, Philip S.; Andrew, Stephen (2002), The Japanese Army, 1931–45, Osprey Publishing, ISBN 1-84176-353-5
- ↑ Glantz, David M (2005), August Storm: The Soviet Strategic Offensive in Manchuria, Leavenworth Papers (Combined Arms Research Library), OCLC 78918907. Retrieved 2010-01-25.
- ↑ Donnelly, Mark (1999). Britain in the Second World War. Routledge. p. xiv. ISBN 0-415-17425-2
- ↑ Roberts, Geoffrey (2006). Stalin's Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939–1953. Yale University Press. p. 43. .
- ↑ Roberts, Geoffrey (2006). Stalin's Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939–1953. Yale University Press. p. 55. .
- ↑ Shirer, William L. (1990). The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany. Simon and Schuster. p. 794.
- ↑ Kennedy-Pipe, Caroline (1995). Stalin's Cold War. Manchester University Press. .
- ↑ Wettig, Gerhard (2008). Stalin and the Cold War in Europe. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 20–21. .
- ↑ Senn, Alfred Erich (2007). Lithuania 1940: revolution from above. Rodopi. .
- ↑ History of the UN. United Nations. Retrieved 2010-1-25.
- ↑ Yoder, Amos (1997). The Evolution of the United Nations System. Taylor & Francis. p. 39. ISBN 1-56032-546-1.
- ↑ Kantowicz, Edward R (2000). Coming Apart, Coming Together. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 6. .
- ↑ Leffler, Melvyn P.; Painter, David S (1994). Origins of the Cold War: An International History. Routledge. p. 318. .
- ↑ Connor, Mary E. (2009). "History". In Connor, Mary E.. The Koreas. Asia in Focus. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. pp. 43–45. . http://books.google.com/?id=j2gYgXGENM0C.
- ↑ Lynch, Michael (2010). The Chinese Civil War 1945–49. Botley: Osprey Publishing. pp. 12–13. .
- ↑ Betts, Raymond F. (2004). Decolonization. Routledge. pp. 21–24. .
- ↑ Conteh-Morgan, Earl (2004). Collective Political Violence: An Introduction to the Theories and Cases of Violent Conflicts. Routledge. p. 30. .
- ↑ Vess, Deborah (2001). "Chapter 7, The impact on colonialism: the Middle East, Africa, and Asia in crisis following World War II" (Google books). AP World History: The Best Preparation for the AP World History Exam. Research & Education Association. p. 564. . http://books.google.ca/books?id=1dOLbfnYWvwC&pg=RA2-PA564. Retrieved 2010-01-22.
- ↑ Harrison, Mark (1998). "The economics of World WarII: an overview". In Harrison, Mark. The Economics of World War II: Six great powers in international comparison. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 34–35. .
- ↑ Dear, I.C.B and Foot, M.R.D. (editors) (2005). "World trade and world economy". The Oxford Companion to World War II. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 1006. .
- ↑ Dornbusch, Rüdiger; Nölling, Wilhelm; Layard, P. Richard G (1993). Postwar Economic Reconstruction and Lessons for the East Today. Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press. p29 -p30, 32, ISBN 0-262-04136-7.
- ↑ Bull, Martin J.; Newell, James (2005). Italian Politics: Adjustment Under Duress. Polity. p. 20. .
- ↑ Bull, Martin J.; Newell, James (2005). Italian Politics: Adjustment Under Duress. Polity. p. 21. .
- ↑ Harrop, Martin (1992). Power and Policy in Liberal Democracies. Cambridge University Press. p. 23. .
- ↑ Dornbusch, Rüdiger; Nölling, Wilhelm; Layard, P. Richard G (1993). Postwar Economic Reconstruction and Lessons for the East Today. Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press. p. 117. .
- ↑ Emadi-Coffin, Barbara (2002). Rethinking International Organization: Deregulation and Global Governance. Routledge. p. 64. .
- ↑ Smith, Alan (1993). Russia And the World Economy: Problems of Integration. Routledge. p. 32. .
- ↑ Harrop, Martin (1992). Power and Policy in Liberal Democracies. Cambridge University Press. p. 49. .
- ↑ Genzberger, Christine (1994). China Business: The Portable Encyclopedia for Doing Business with China. Petaluma, California: World Trade Press. p. 4. . http://books.google.com/?id=YSCunEaqnI8C&pg=PA4&dq=China+pre-war+production+1953#v=onepage&q=China%20pre-war%20production%201953&f=false.
- ↑ "Rulers and victims: the Russians in the Soviet Union". Geoffrey A. Hosking (2006). Harvard University Press. p.242. ISBN 0-674-02178-9
- ↑ "Leaders mourn Soviet wartime dead". BBC News. 9 May 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4530565.stm. Retrieved 7 December 2009.
- ↑ "The World's Wasted Wealth 2: Save Our Wealth, Save Our Environment". J. W. Smith (1994). p.204. ISBN 0-9624423-2-1
- ↑ Todd, Allan (2001). The Modern World. Oxford University Press. p. 121. .
- ↑ Florida Center for Instructional Technology (2005). "Victims". A Teacher's Guide to the Holocaust. University of South Florida. http://fcit.usf.edu/Holocaust/people/victims.htm. Retrieved 2 February 2008.
- ↑ Niewyk, Donald L. and Nicosia, Francis R. The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust, Columbia University Press, 2000, pp. 45-52.
- ↑ Winter, J. M (2002). "Demography of the War". In Dear, I. C. B.; Foot, M. R. D. Oxford Companion to World War II. Oxford University Press. p. 290. .
- ↑ Sabella, Robert; Li, Fei Fei; Liu, David (2002). Nanking 1937: Memory and Healing. M.E. Sharpe. p. 69. .
- ↑ "Japan tested chemical weapons on Aussie POW: new evidence". The Japan Times Online. 27 July 2004. http://search.japantimes.co.jp/member/nn20040727a9.html. Retrieved 25 January 2010.
- ↑ Aksar, Yusuf (2004). Implementing International Humanitarian Law: From the Ad Hoc Tribunals to a Permanent International Criminal Court. Routledge. p. 45. .
- ↑ Marek, Michael (27 October 2005). "Final Compensation Pending for Former Nazi Forced Laborers". dw-world.de. Deutsche Welle. Archived from the original on 19 January 2010. http://www.webcitation.org/5mtTTntBR. Retrieved 19 January 2010.
- ↑ "Japanese Atrocities in the Philippines". American Experience: the Bataan Rescue. PBS Online. Archived from the original on 19 January 2010. http://www.webcitation.org/5mtVNGYHW. Retrieved 18 January 2010.
- ↑ Tanaka, Yuki (1996). Hidden Horrors: Japanese War Crimes in World War II. Westview Press. pp. 2–3. .
- ↑ Ju, Zhifen (June 2002). "Japan's atrocities of conscripting and abusing north China draftees after the outbreak of the Pacific war". Joint Study of the Sino-Japanese War:Minutes of the June 2002 Conference. Harvard University Faculty of Arts and Sciences. http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~asiactr/sino-japanese/session6.htm. Retrieved 18 February 2010.
- ↑ "Indonesia: World War II and the Struggle For Independence, 1942–50; The Japanese Occupation, 1942–45". Library of Congress. 1992. http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+id0029). Retrieved 9 February 2007.
- ↑ Eugene Davidson "The death and life of Germany: an account of the American occupation". p.121
- ↑ Stark, Tamás. ""Malenki Robot" – Hungarian Forced Labourers in the Soviet Union (1944–1955)" (PDF). Minorities Research. http://www.epa.hu/00400/00463/00007/pdf/155_stark.pdf. Retrieved 22 January 2010.
- ↑ 141.0 141.1 Harrison, Mark (2000). The Economics of World War II: Six Great Powers in International Comparison. Cambridge University Press. p. 3. .
- ↑ Lindberg, Michael; Daniel, Todd (2001). Brown-, Green- and Blue-Water Fleets: the Influence of Geography on Naval Warfare, 1861 to the Present. Praeger. p. 126. .
- ↑ Cox, Sebastian (1998). The Strategic Air War Against Germany, 1939–1945. Frank Cass Publishers. p. 84. .
- ↑ Unidas, Naciones (2005). World Economic And Social Survey 2004: International Migration. United Nations Pubns. p. 23. .
- ↑ Hughes, Matthew; Mann, Chris (2000). Inside Hitler's Germany: Life Under the Third Reich. Potomac Books Inc. p. 148. .
- ↑ Bernstein, Gail Lee (1991). Recreating Japanese Women, 1600–1945. University of California Press. p. 267. .
- ↑ Hughes, Matthew; Mann, Chris (2000). Inside Hitler's Germany: Life Under the Third Reich. Potomac Books Inc. p. 151. .
- ↑ Griffith, Charles (1999). The Quest: Haywood Hansell and American Strategic Bombing in World War II. DIANE Publishing. p. 203. .
- ↑ Overy, R.J (1995). War and Economy in the Third Reich. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 26. .
- ↑ Milward, Alan S (1979). War, Economy, and Society, 1939–1945. University of California Press. p. 138. .
- ↑ Hill, Alexander (2005). The War Behind The Eastern Front: The Soviet Partisan Movement In North-West Russia 1941–1944. Routledge. p. 5. .
- ↑ Christofferson, Thomas R; Christofferson, Michael S (2006). France During World War II: From Defeat to Liberation. Fordham University Press. p. 156. .
- ↑ Ikeo, Aiko (1997). Economic Development in Twentieth Century East Asia: The International Context. Routledge. p. 107. .
- ↑ 154.0 154.1 Boog, Horst; Rahn, Werner; Stumpf, Reinhard; Wegner, Bernd (2001). Militärgeschichtliches Forschungsamt Germany and the Second World War—Volume VI: The Global War. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 266. .
- ↑ Tucker, Spencer C.; Roberts, Priscilla Mary Roberts (2004). Encyclopedia of World War II: A Political, Social, and Military History. ABC-CLIO. p. 76. .
- ↑ Levine, Alan J. (1992). The Strategic Bombing of Germany, 1940–1945. Greenwood Press. p. 217. .
- ↑ Sauvain, Philip (2005). Key Themes of the Twentieth Century: Teacher's Guide. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 128. .
- ↑ Tucker, Spencer C.; Roberts, Priscilla Mary Roberts (2004). Encyclopedia of World War II: A Political, Social, and Military History. ABC-CLIO. p. 163. .
- ↑ Bishop, Chris; Chant, Chris (2004). Aircraft Carriers: The World's Greatest Naval Vessels and Their Aircraft. Silverdale Books. p. 7. .
- ↑ Chenoweth, H. Avery; Nihart, Brooke (2005). Semper Fi: The Definitive Illustrated History of the U.S. Marines. Main Street. p. 180. .
- ↑ Hearn, Chester G. (2007). Carriers in Combat: The Air War at Sea. Stackpole Books. p. 14. .
- ↑ Rydill, Louis (1995). Concepts in Submarine Design. Cambridge University Press. p. 15. .
- ↑ Rydill, Louis (1995). Concepts in Submarine Design. Cambridge University Press. p. 16. .
- ↑ 164.0 164.1 Tucker, Spencer C.; Roberts, Priscilla Mary Roberts (2004). Encyclopedia of World War II: A Political, Social, and Military History. ABC-CLIO. p. 125. .
- ↑ Tucker, Spencer C.; Roberts, Priscilla Mary Roberts (2004). Encyclopedia of World War II: A Political, Social, and Military History. ABC-CLIO. p. 108. .
- ↑ Tucker, Spencer C.; Roberts, Priscilla Mary Roberts (2004). Encyclopedia of World War II: A Political, Social, and Military History. ABC-CLIO. p. 734. .
- ↑ 167.0 167.1 Cowley, Robert; Parker, Geoffrey (2001). The Reader's Companion to Military History. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 221. .
- ↑ Sprague, Oliver; Griffiths, Hugh (2006). "The AK-47: the worlds favourite killing machine" (pdf). controlarms.org. p. 1. http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/ACT30/011/2006/en/11079910-d422-11dd-8743-d305bea2b2c7/act300112006en.pdf. Retrieved 2009-11-14.
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text:
JK Rowling's children probably get a little bit more of the Hogwarts magic than your average child does, and it looks like Rowling's latest property improvement project will bring them even more Harry Potter whimsy. Rowling has filed for permission to build a pair of fantasy treehouse towers in her back garden.
Rowling filed plans with the City of Edinburgh to add these two treehouses, to be constructed by luxury treehouse builder Blue Forest. The towers look like they would make cozy wizards' homes, but they also come with a few tweaks that would make Fred and George Weasley grin. A secret tunnel will lead up to the treehouses, one of which features a trap door and a fireman's pole for easy escapes. The construction will cost in the neighborhood of £150,000.
We can see the plans for these elaborate playhouses as a matter of public record, but I'm really curious about what they'll look like on the inside. Will the interiors similarly evoke a Potter-like sense of fancy? It's a shame we'll probably never get a tour.
Images by Blue Forest, filed with the Edinburgh City Council.
JK Rowling and the £150,000 Hogwarts playground [Daily Mail via Neatorama]

subset: commoncrawl


text:
The history of St. Peter's Cathedral in Bremen is characterised by construction and destruction. It has borne witness to Christian life, as well as political misconduct – the cathedral's doors attest to this. It is a memorial, a place of hope beyond the grave and contemplation outside in the bible garden, the former cloister on the cathedral's south side.
It all started in 789 with a wooden cathedral. 16 years later, the original building was razed to the ground in a major fire, so a stone cathedral was built in its place. The next fire came in 1041, and the next church was inspired by Cologne Cathedral and built in a Romanesque style. Romanesque then became Gothic, and various styles have left their mark on the building's façade. The cathedral in Bremen was completely closed for 70 years while professed Lutherans renovated the decaying building for their services.
World War II only brought more destruction... But fundamental restoration works have now restored the cathedral church to its former glory: an opulent cathedral with two crypts modelled on designs from the Middle Ages, an ornate bronze 13th century baptismal font and the remains of the former choir stalls with a design inspired by the 14th century example in Magdeburg. The cathedral also boasts newly designed stained-glass windows, altars and five (!) organs dating back to the 19th and 20th centuries, including one designed by Andreas Silbermann. Artists from the north have been buried here for centuries, including someone whose ideas are back in fashion today: Adolph Freiherr Knigge, an advocate of good manners who was once responsible for bringing order to the cathedral's church and school.
Opening hours: Monday to Friday, 10am to 5pm; Saturday, 10am to 2pm; Sunday, 2pm to 5pm; June to September: Monday to Friday and Sunday: open until 6pm
Entry: free
Nearest train station: Bremen
Accessible entrance via the "Am Dom 1" address (bible garden); for guided tours of the cathedral and information on the lead basement, Cathedral Museum, access to the tower (for a fee) plus all opening hours, including special opening times (in German), visit:
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text:
Warning: I had to read this article several times before I understood it. To say it is a twisted tale is an understatement. I am still not certain I understand all of it. The story involves a lawsuit that could only happen in Florida. Yet it could also set a precedent that will alter laws about DNA nationwide.
Toronto businessman Harold Peerenboom and Marvel Entertainment chairman Isaac "Ike" Perlmutter were locked in an absurd suburban skirmish, bickering over who should run the tennis center at Sloan's Curve, the exclusive Palm Beach waterfront community where both men resided. The legal battle took a rather unexpected turn when the lawyers for Peerenboom surreptitiously obtained a DNA sample from a water bottle that both Mr. and Mrs. Perlmutter had used inside the courtroom.
In 2016, the Perlmutters countersued Peerenboom, his attorney, and the forensic lab for "conversion." Conversion is roughly the civil court equivalent of theft. The Perlmutters were alleging that Peerenboom and his attorney had effectively stolen their DNA and the information contained within the DNA sample.
"By collecting analyzing and testing genetic material to obtain the Perlmutter's confidential genetic information, conspirators exercise an act of dominion and authority that deprives the Perlmutters' of their right to ownership, possession, control, and privacy," the initial countersuit read. In this case, the "right to ownership, possession, control, and privacy" refers to their DNA information.
But wait… there's more.
In January 2017, Judge Meenu Sasser agreed to let the claim continue and wrote, "The Perlmutters plainly retain intangible rights to their genetic information," she wrote, adding, "At the very least, one possesses important privacy interests in such information."
"A lot of people say that by recognizing a property right in our genetics, we're on the slippery slope of commodifying human beings," said Jessica Roberts, the director of the University of Houston Health Law and Policy Institute, "and that your genetic data is too precious to be property."
Depending how this case winds its way through the courts, it may or may not agree that each person has a right to keep his or her own their genetic data private. This could have a huge effect on web sites such as GEDmatch, 23andMe, Ancestry, FamilyTreeDNA, MyHeritage, and others. However, don't expect a final resolution anytime soon.
You can read the full article by Kristen V. Brown in the Gizmodo web site at http://bit.ly/2yb0oGc.


text:
Stockdale Symposium
This event occurred in the past
Date and Time
- Wednesday, January 25, 2012 at 6:30 p.m.
Shiley Theatre
Martin L. Cook, the Admiral James Bond Stockdale Professor of Professional Military Ethics at the United States Naval War College, will be the speaker for the 15th annual James Bond Stockdale Leadership Symposium at 6:30 p.m. on Wednesday, Jan. 25 in the University of San Diego Shiley Theatre.
Cook will discuss "Reflections on the Stockdale Legacy." He serves as editor of The Journal of Military Ethics and as a member of the editorial board of Parameters, the scholarly journal of the United States Army War College. He is the author of The Moral Warrior: Ethics and Service in the U.S. Military, published in 2003 by the State University of New York Press. A second collection of essays for SUNY is in progress. Before joining the Naval War College, he served as professor of philosophy and deputy department head in the Department of Philosophy at the U.S. Air Force Academy. He has lectured on topics of military ethics in the United Kingdom, Australia, Singapore and Norway.
The purpose of the Stockdale Symposium is to help attendees to understand some of the difficult moral and ethical issues facing military officers today. The late Admiral Stockdale, a Medal of Honor recipient, bore witness to the importance of studying, understanding and applying ethical principles to one's profession and the conduct of one's life.
USD's School of Leadership and Education Sciences and the NROTC San Diego Battalion are sponsors of the symposium. The event is free and open to the public. Prior to the lecture in Shiley Theatre, there will be a public reception from 5:30 to 6:15 p.m. in the School of Education, also located on the west end of the USD campus.
Please RSVP to firstname.lastname@example.com.
Contact Information
Degheri Alumni Center 228
5998 Alcalá Park
San Diego, CA 92110
Phone: (619) 260-4724
Fax: (619) 260-4790


text:
1. Regular tests (done at the lab, back within a few hours).
2. Local send-outs (done in the city, but we "send-out" the sample to another hospital. Can take a few days).
3. Major League send-outs (only a few places in the country, or even the world, may do these. Several weeks to get back).
So yesterday afternoon, around 4:00, I was trying to track down some results in category #3. The hospital lab kept switching me from person to person, and each time I had to tell them my story, the patient's name, etc.
Finally I reached a supervisor, who said: "Oh, those are rare labs. We had to send them quite a ways. I'm going to have to connect you to Israel."
I was quite surprised, but patiently held the line. After about 10 seconds it began ringing, and a male voice answered.
Male voice: "Lab, can I help you?"
Dr. Grumpy: "Um, I'm looking for some send-out results from about a month ago on Mr. John Smith..... Hey, what time is it there anyway?"
Male voice (surprised): "Uh, about 4 in the afternoon."
Dr. Grumpy: "Oh..... I thought I was being connected to Israel."
Male voice: "I'm Israel Nunez. I work in send-outs. What's the patient's birthday?"
At least he got me my lab results.


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is currently backordered. You may still purchase it now but we won't be able to ship it until it becomes available again.
Non-aerosol, thermal styling, protection spray. Protects hair against heat styling while adding body and volume for long-lasting control.
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Lipids, An Issue of Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics
Publication Date
This issue of the Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America, devoted to the topic of lipids, provides the most essential updates and new treatments in the field. The following subject matter is addressed: assessment of the effectiveness of advanced lipoprotein testing; rosk scores for prediction of cardiovascular outcomes; lifestyle and dietary approaches to lowering LDC-cholesterol and triglycerides, and raising HDL-cholesterol; comparative efficacy and safety of statins, ezetimibe, bile acide binders, and combinations for lowering LDL-C; alternative therapies for reducing LDL-C, including intestinal bypass, and new medications such as squalene synthase inhibitors, ApoB antisense oligonucleotides, small interfering RNA's of Apo B and proprotein convertase subtilism kexin 9 (PCSK9); myopathic problems of statins; pharmacologic management of hypertriglyceridemia, including fibric acids, niacin, and fish oils; new treatments for raising LDL cholesterol, lipid management in special patient populations, including pediatric, geriatric, and patients with HIV; lipid management in renal failure, hemodialysis, and transplantation.
|Author Informaiton
|By Donald A. Smith, MD, MPH
|Publication Date
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|In Stock
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Hebei Seven Fruit Trade Co.,Ltd.
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Scalextric Track Extension Pack 4
Extending your Scalextric layout has never been easier. The eight Scalextric Track Extension Packs are totally flexible in their design. Any of these packs can be added to Standard or Digital Scalextric circuits.
Each pack can be incorporated into a Scalextric circuit, from simple ovals and figure-of-eight tracks to the largest layouts. One or more Track Extension Packs can be added to the same circuit. You could use all the Track Extension Packs to make a hugely impressive circuit incorporating all the featured track pieces. The reverse side of the packaging explains how the Track Extension Pack can be incorporated into any number of layouts
- - 'One size fits all' concept
- - Compatible with Digital and Standard sets
- - Fits any sized layout
- - 4 x Standard Straight Track
Please note: The Leap Ramp pieces found in Track Extension Pack 2 and the Ultimate Extension Pack are not suitable for Digital Circuits.
Tech Specs
- Age Suitability: 5+
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1.) My cold seems noticeably less severe today.
2.) The rain stopped at last.
3.) After only two more visits to the store, all the curtain rods are installed. In theory, we only have to go back to the store ONCE more, because they didn't have enough curtain rings in stock when Demetrios went before.
4.) The problem with Demetrios' car has been diagnosed, after it refused to start at all and was towed to the dealer this afternoon. Needs a new fuel pump. Parts and labor, over $1,200.00. It can probably be repaired by tomorrow afternoon, in time for Demetrios to drive it to his medical conference, which begins Thursday in Washington, D.C.
5.) Today was release day for the Squirrels, Mozart and Beethoven. They both hung around their cage for an hour or so after I opened the door. Then Mozart departed. Beethoven is spending the night back in the cage, with the door re-closed for his protection. Tomorrow morning I'll open it again. If Beethoven leaves tomorrow, I'll be down to 4 Gray Squirrels (weaned), 2 Raccoons, and 1 Mouse.
5.) Both Raccoons have learned how to suck out of a baby bottle (the kind human babies use.) They let you know when they are hungry by screaming loudly. They want feeding about every 5 hours.
6.) Tiki the Mouse, now confirmed as female, crawls eagerly onto my warmed finger when I put it near her, having already learned it means feeding. She gobbles down her formula from a bunny nipple, long and very thin. She also lets you know when she is full, by turning her head away. Or you could look at her belly and see how much milk is in it, since her skin is so thin and her belly doesn't yet have its fur. She wants feeding about every 2.5 hours. Round the clock. (Too bad for her; she goes longer at night, because I feed her at midnight, 3:30 a.m., and 7 a.m. only. I'm sorry, but there are priorities in life, and getting up twice in the night for a mouse isn't one of them.)
Here's a photo of somebody else's baby mouse. It looks just like Tiki, but Tiki is only 1/2 to 3/4 that size, eyes still closed, and looks to be in much better shape, all sleek and smooth. Whereas the baby mouse in the photo is squinting, in reality, the eyes are round and somewhat bulging, when open. (My digital camera is in Greece!!)
7.) The work on our new sunroom is all but finished, now that the curtain rods are up. All that needs doing now is painting trim and cleaning up the new tile floor. I will miss Charles and Tracey, the man-and-wife team doing the work. She is an exotic, dark beauty with a kind, sweet disposition. He looks very, very much like Paul Newman. They are honest, straightforward, responsible, hard-working, and they never charge enough. We always end up paying them more than they charged because we feel bad otherwise.
Tuesday, April 29, 2008
Update, or "Today was A Bit Better."
1.) My cold seems noticeably less severe today.
1 comments:
- DebD said...
A sunroom - how wonderful! I hope the car's problems are worked out quickly. Sadly, there never seem to be cheap fixes.
- April 30, 2008 at 5:49 AM


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Modesty Lecture Creates Controversy
Editor's note: This article was initially published in The Daily Gazette, Swarthmore's online, daily newspaper founded in Fall 1996. As of Fall 2018, the DG has merged with The Phoenix. See the about page to read more about the DG.
The atmosphere of the full house that greeted Wendy Shalit's discussion, "Modesty: An Alternative Lifestyle?" was nearly as giddy as that which had greeted Margaret Cho in the same room a month ago, though for very different reasons. Author of A Return to Modesty: Discovering the Lost Virtue and Girls Gone Mild, Shalit is a cultural critic of a stripe rarely seen in daylight at Swarthmore. The group of students sitting behind this reporter seemed to reflect the general attitude of the crowd when they suggested watching a pornographic film on a laptop during Shalit's talk.
Ms. Shalit is a 1997 graduate of Williams College, where hall members vote at the beginning of the year on whether or not their hall's bathrooms will be gendered or coed. Shalit's hall voted for coed bathrooms, a decision that made her intensely uncomfortable. But when she talked to her Junior Advisors (Williams' version of RAs) about her discomfort, they reassured her that she would come to be comfortable with her body and coed bathrooms. If not, she could talk to Psych Services. This experience propelled Shalit into the role she has now occupied of more than ten years, that of advocate for the extension of the "penumbra of tolerance to include modesty as a valid lifestyle".
Shalit touched on many themes in her discussion, including the intense pressure both men and women feel to participate in the "hook-up culture", the possibility of a generation gap between parents who grew up during the sexual revolution of the 1960s and 70s and their children, and the innateness of a desire for modesty. Shalit did not precisely define the buzzwords she used throughout, including "higher standards" and the "we" and "they" she referred to throughout. Several people raised this issue of language later on, during questions, but did not ultimately seem satisfied by the answers Shalit gave. The one definition that Shalit did provide, "Modesty is about setting boundaries and dignity" was greeted with skeptical, "huhs?" from the crowd.
The audience seemed unimpressed by Shalit's evidence for her arguments from women's magazines, such as Marie Claire and Elle, and excerpts from letters she has received. Zoe Lewicki, '11, said, "I thought that a lot of it [Shalit's claims] was invalid because it seemed like she was getting most of her information from teen magazines and her impressions of current culture." When asked by a student for evidence of her apparent claim that modesty is innate, Shalit pondered why children in sexual education classes would giggle. "If kids are giggling, maybe it's because they know sex is significant," she said.
The heteronormativity of Shalit's focus was brought up during the questions by one student who inquired into "the queer community's role" in her discussion of modesty. Shalit's reply that her call for "the respect of boundaries applies to everyone" but that queerness wasn't what she "was about" did little to satisfy the crowd, already riled up by a comment Shalit made earlier in the evening that many audience members felt was dismissive of queerness: a girl wrote to Shalit, sharing that her mother thought she was a lesbian because she had not had any boyfriends, which Shalit interpreted as indicative that we have become tolerant of homosexuality but not modesty.
The crowd grew increasingly restless with Shalit's apparent evasion of questions during the question portion of the discussion. While Shalit attempted to answer the query about evidence for the innateness of modesty, a student yelled, "You know infants masturbate, don't you?" Soon thereafter, Rachael Mansbach, '11, stood up and asked the audience to return the dialogue to a "level that is polite" to warm applause.
Mansbach had read some of Girls Gone Mild previous to the evening's discussion, and found Shalit's ideas to be better articulated in the book than in her presentation. When asked what she thought could be the cause of the audience's dissatisfaction with Shalit, Mansbach said, "Her choice of language was not as careful as a lot of people here are used to having. They would immediately jump on her use of language and not listen to what underlay the language."


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For 10 exciting days this October, Perimeter Institute's 10th anniversary science celebration "Quantum to Cosmos: Ideas for the Future" will take a global audience from the strange subatomic world to the outer frontiers of the universe.
"Ideas developed in the pursuit of pure knowledge have time and again driven fundamental innovation", says Perimeter Institute Director, Neil Turok. "Just one major discovery is literally capable of changing the world. The Festival's three interconnected themes of Quantum, Cosmos and Ideas for the Future will celebrate human ingenuity and our continued ability to make the scientific breakthroughs we need to drive tomorrow's technologies."
About the Festival
Events will take place from October 15 to 25, 2009, commemorating the 10th anniversary of Perimeter Institute's creation, contributing to Canada's National Science and Technology Week activities, and providing one of the world's most interesting on-site and online destinations during this International Year of Astronomy.
An extensive program will feature more than 50 events including keynote presentations, panel discussions, exhibits, film screenings, world premieres and cultural events (see details below) that will showcase a wide variety of fascinating topics such as new forms of quantum communication, scientific visualization, the future of robotics, green technologies, personal genetics, and even the possibility of life on other planets.
John Matlock, Perimeter Institute Director of Outreach and External Relations, says, "Quantum to Cosmos will transcend traditional science festivals. Not only will Q2C presentations inspire tens of thousands of on-site visitors here in Waterloo, Ontario, the ideas and information will be shared with hundreds of thousands more via live television broadcasts throughout Ontario and Canada as well as live website streaming of most events to online audiences around the world."
Media Partnership
Perimeter Institute is particularly pleased to announce that TVO, Ontario's public educational media organization, will be the official Presenting Media Partner for the Q2C Festival. TVO's coverage will include:
- Five special editions of TVO's flagship current affairs program The Agenda with Steve Paikin broadcast live from Perimeter Institute's soaring Atrium.
- Lectures and panel discussions recorded in the Mike Lazaridis Theatre of Ideas for later broadcast on TVO's Big Ideas series.
- TVOKids cameras and hosts on location throughout exhibit areas in Waterloo, capturing unique content for inclusion in after-school programming.
"At TVO we're always looking for innovative ways to engage people in the issues, ideas and conversations that shape our world," says CEO Lisa de Wilde. "That's why we're so delighted to be the Presenting Media Partner for the Quantum to Cosmos Festival. This is a unique opportunity to open up access to the world's leading scientific thinkers, and to demystify their sometimes complex ideas for families across Ontario, and beyond."
Confirmed Speakers and Panel Guests include:
- Larry Abbott, Neuroscientist, Columbia University
- Stewart Brand, President, The Long Now Foundation
- Sean Carroll, Author and Physicist, Caltech
- Sean B. Carroll, Author and Biologist, University of Wisconsin
- David Cory, Physicist, MIT
- Peter Diamandis, CEO, the X Prize Foundation
- James Gates Jr., Physicist, University of Maryland
- Michael Griffin, former Administrator of NASA
- Lawrence Krauss, Author and Director of the Origins Initiative
- Fotini Markopoulou, Physicist, Perimeter Institute
- Lee Smolin, Physicist, Perimeter Institute
- Robert Spekkens, Physicist, Perimeter Institute
- Neal Stephenson, Author
- Kip Thorne, Author and Physicist, Caltech
- Neil Turok, Director, Perimeter Institute
- Avi Wigderson, Computer Scientist, Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton
With many other on-site guest speakers still to be announced.
In addition, many leading experts will appear via multi-media presentations (see The Quantum Tamers premiere, below) including Dorit Aharonov, Alain Aspect, Joseph Emerson, Nicolas Gisin, Daniel Gottesman, Lucien Hardy, Stephen Hawking, Seth Lloyd, Gerard Milburn, Peter Shor, Barbara Terhal, Andrew White, David Wineland, Stuart Wolf, William Wootters, Anton Zeilinger and Wojciech Zurek.
Exhibits and Hands-on Fun involve:
- The Mars Science Laboratory• Inspect this full-scale model of the next Mars Rover, named "Curiosity", which replicates in every detail the SUV-sized Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) due to blast off in October 2011.
- A Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Machine • Learn how quantum physics contributes to technology as you witness a Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) machine in action.
- Physica Phantastica Tent • Experience the mysteries of the universe under a "Big Top" in the Waterloo Public Square with exciting hands-on science activities, presentations for families and an immersive 3-D journey through the cosmos.
Science Film Festival featuring:
- Science-Inspired Movies and Related Presentations• Enjoy events in the Uptown Waterloo Princess Cinemas, with daytime activities for school groups and evening and weekend screenings for general audiences. This venue will also feature "The Physics of Innovation," an inspirational presentation that shows how our scientific exploration of nature can help explain reality and allow us to build cool stuff.
World Premiere of:
- "The Quantum Tamers: Revealing Our Weird & Wired Future"• This High Definition broadcast documentary, produced by Perimeter Institute and Title Entertainment, was shot in 16 cities in 6 countries and brings together the planet's brightest minds, including Prof. Stephen Hawking, the Q2C Festival's Honorary President, to show how the weird is becoming wired and why a new era of quantum technologies may rock your world.
Science in the Pub
- Discussions with Festival Speakers in a relaxed pub setting• Following the lectures, broadcasts and screenings, the guest speakers will discuss their ideas with Wilson da Silva, Editor of Cosmos Magazine, and fellow audience members in a convivial setting. Extra topics will be add, including:- Mission to Mars: Should We Go and Can We Live There?- Who Am I? The Brain, Memory and What Makes Me, Me?
- The Fusion Solution: Will We Ever Make the World's Cleanest Power Source a Reality?
Cultural Activities
- From Jazz in the Black Hole Bistro to the world premiere of:• Quantum Quartet by composer Kotoka Suzuki, for string quartet, interactive video, dancers, and quantum computer. Enjoy this evening of music performed by the Penderecki String Quartet that examines the luminous influence of Wolfgang von Goethe in the realms of literature, music, science, and physics.
Location, Tickets and Information
The free events, from October 15 to 25, 2009, will be held at Perimeter Institute's award-winning facility as well as at walking-distance venues located throughout Uptown Waterloo. Tickets will become available online starting Tuesday, September 8, 2009. Sign up to receive email alerts on new speakers and events as they are confirmed by visiting http://www.q2cfestival.com/
Special Thanks
Perimeter Institute would like to recognize the following sponsors for their generous support:
- TVO, Ontario's public educational media organization
- The Government of Ontario, including the Ontario Ministry of Tourism and Ministry of Research and Innovation
- The Government of Canada through Perimeter Institute funding via Industry Canada
- Tech Capital Partners, Waterloo, Ontario
- About TVO
- TVO is Ontario's public educational media organization and a trusted source of interactive educational content that informs, inspires and stimulates curiosity and thought. TVO's vision is to empower people to be engaged citizens of Ontario through educational media. For more information, visit http://www.tvo.org/.
Festival Partners:


text: I found the most interesting site while browsing sk*rt today! Zafu.com asks you several questions and recommends jeans based on your answers. I was quite impressed with the results I got - almost all were jeans that I had never tried before, but are on my list now. Including Michael Kors Signature jeans, which I've been dying to try on anyway. Sign up for an account, and save all the goodness, because not only do they do jeans and plus size jeans (awesome!), but pants and bras are coming soon.


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"For yesterday is but a dream, and tomorrow is only a vision" is part of the Sanskrit proverb quoted at the beginning of the book which has become one of the basic building blocks for a life of sobriety. In addition to a thought, meditation and prayer for each day of the year, this handy, pocket-sized volume also contains the Serenity Prayer and the 12 Steps and 12 Traditions of Alcoholics Anonymous. It is a simple, yet effective way to help us relate the Twelve Steps to everyday life and helps us find the power not to take that first drink each day.
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Love is a Force of Nature: Sequel to Summer of Love is coming soon!
Harry Potter keeps me sane.
This is for you Ash (GryffindorGoddess)
So keep those happy pills coming!!!
Disclaimer: The two banners above, I owe all to excellent avatars from HPNatoko Photbucket!
Long-time HP lover. After finishing HBP, I have to say I wish I was Ginny. Harry sure knows how to romance a woman. Too bad he's only "16" (actually according to JKR he's 25 now). I'm 21. Oh yeah and he's not real! I keep forgeting that. =)
H/G fan fics make me wish I was Ginny more and more each day. =) But I frequent R/Hr, D/Hr, H/R (and other SLASH), and Scandalous Liasons such as Sirius/Ginny, which is my favorite.
Check my website link above for updates. I'll always post there as soon as I submit an update. Now how long it takes to get out of queue, that I won't know.
If anyone happens to check out my favorite stories, please understand that they are only the uncompleted stories. The completed stories I have saved in my browser's favorites folder. I wanted to keep all the uncompletes together and separate so I could check for updates faster and easily. If you'd like me to recommend one of my favorites, just email me with the pairing you'd like to read and if I have it as a favorite I will definately recommend it.
*If anyone likes the Tim Burton fonts I use, go to timburtoncollective.com because that's where I downloaded them from.
SLASH RW/HP (Rated R and AU just in case)
This is a SB/GW story. I know it's a major age difference, but if written right, this pairing is beautiful.
AU for SB/GW relationship. - R rating in later chapters.
Post-HBP Song Fic Spolier Alert


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Last Days in Vietnam
During the chaotic final days of the Vietnam War, as the North Vietnamese Army closed in on Saigon, the South Vietnamese resistance crumbled. The United States had only a skeleton crew of diplomats and military operatives still in the country. With a communist victory inevitable and the U.S. readying to withdraw, many Americans on the ground worried their South Vietnamese allies and friends faced imprisonment or death at the hands of the approaching North Vietnamese. With the clock ticking and the city under fire, a number of heroic Americans took matters into their own hands, engaging in unsanctioned and often makeshift operations in a desperate effort to save as many South Vietnamese as possible. A film by Rory Kennedy.


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Colored Vintage
The colors in the carpet will be perceived differently depending on the angle you view it from.
Colored Vintage carpet from Turkey.
Colored Vintage carpets are produced from older Turkish carpets of at least 20-50 years of age. Each carpet is carefully selected and undergoes a unique process of colour neutralisation before being over-dyed in an exciting new colour. The result is a mix of traditional Turkish carpet design fused with a contemporary retro style. Colored vintage carpets may lose some of its initial colour characteristics and become even more unique in its look over time.
Please note that these carpets have an intentional worn down vintage appearance. Due to the dyes used in the production of this article we do not recommend that you use CarpetVista's Stain Remover on this carpet. We advice that in the event of a stain you consult a specialist in your area or contact our customer service team.
Durable Wool
Wool is a natural textile fibre and one of the most sought after materials for rug making. Wool rugs are highly durable and perfectly capable of resisting wear and tear of every day use. Wool has a naturally dirt-repelling effect and is easy to keep clean. It is also flame resistant and characteristically retains it's shape so that the pile of the rug always rises.


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Dec. 25th, Annual Christmas Caroling at Central Prison
Thursday, Dec 25th, 10am Christmas Caroling Outside Central Prison- Meet under the railroad trestle on Western Blvd. Enter Boylan Heights through Boylan Ave.
All are invited to the Fr. Charlie Mulholland Catholic Worker House annual Christmas morning witness and caroling at Central Prison at 10 A.M. We will rally around the perimeter of the prison on Christmas morning to sing carols. Drummers will also be there to make a joyful noise. We hold a big Merry Christmas sign and bring the only cheer the inmates get on Christmas (The warden does not allow visiting on Christmas to give more guards the day off). Singing starts around 10 am. Believe me, this is a great way to remember what the season is about. Peace and Blessings, Patrick O'Neill
Isaiah 61:1
The Spirit of the Lord God is upon me; because the Lord hath anointed me to preach good tidings unto the meek; he hath sent me to bind up the brokenhearted, to proclaim liberty to the captives, and the opening of the prison to them that are bound;


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Cruelty-Free Fashion Friday: Purses & Hand Bags
A gal can never have enough purses. They're like shoes—there's a bag for every mood, outfit, and occasion. There a million bunzillion cruelty-free and vegan (i.e. non-leather) hand bags to choose from (ahem, NO excuses people!), and I wanted to share a few of my faves. Lemme know whatcha think. 🙂
$66 – fashion-conscience.com
About Sunny (Sunny's Profile)Longtime vegan, hardcore compassionate beauty junkie, serious cake aficionado, and lover of all things floofy and sparkly! If there's something in particular you'd like me to review, drop me a line at firstname.lastname@example.com. You can also find me on Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, YouTube, and Google +.
Filed in: Vegan Beauty • vegan fashion
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Seriously agree with you about no such thing as too many purses. I love that purple purse you featured but sadly they're out of stock right now. Oh well, will have to check back later for sure 🙂
Ogorgeous makes amaaaaaazzinng vegan gym bags that are so beautiful and spacious. I use mine as a carry on and gym tote. It even holds a yoga mat!


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To me, the American flag holds much more meaning in my heart than any state flag does. My husband is former military, we married right outside of Fort Hood, TX. My family has road tripped across this great country more times than I can count and I love it. I love that I can say I have seen the World's Largest Ball of Twine. I have stood on a corner in Winslow, AZ. I have seen the sunflowers in bloom in Kansas fields. It's this love that has made the top of my bucket list to visit all 50 states. 34 down, 16 to go! It is also this love for my country that I rose to the challenge of doing the American flag in reclaimed fence pickets.
|One coat of blue, I ended up doing 3 coats.
|All 50 stars in their stunning glory.
|Showing off my hard work!