text:
snowpack in just 40 years, a United States Geological Survey scientist predicts.
Read the full story here Web Link posted Monday, March 26, 2012, 7:22 AM
Original post made on Mar 26, 2012
Comments (64)
Really Chicken Little...global warming, again? I thought we finally put this debunked, fake agenda driven pseudo-science behind us?
So let me get this straight. You can barely tell me that with only a 60% probability that it will rain this weekend but you are 100% certain that over the next 40 years we will loose snowpack, ocean levels will rise, famine, drought, cats & dogs living together, etc...
Suchanek? Sounds Eastern European, and probably communist. Educated in Prage by chance? Most scientists now believe the kinds of claims Suchaneck makes are not credable. Anyone see the Sierra snowpack last week? I rest my case.
Ahh, Rachel, and YOU are so sure that global warming ISN'T happening. Your argument that the scientist is wrong cannot be said with certainty either.
"fake agenda driven pseudo-science behind us?"
Pseudo-science is what you listen to. I guess you support Santorum and his "I don't believe in evolution" nonsense? Unbelievable that in 2012, we have people who don't believe in evolution, global warming, birth control!
You might want to read scientific facts before making a fool of yourself with ignorant comments.
Hang in there Rachel M. I trust your word a lot more then some elitist seudo-scientists who want to blame everything on Americans.
I am sure when China overtakes the U.S. as the largest CO2 contributor that there will an abrupt about face from the naysayers here to blame China when our Sierra snowpack runs dry.
Global warming religionists, we were told a few years ago that we'd all be underwater by now, due to rising sea levels. So want happened? Algore bought beach front property.
Just to humor you fear mongerers, (doesnt your Ilk always blame the republicans for spreading fear?), let's say your faith in various climate models is true......there's still no irrefutable proof it's due to human activity. The earth has warmed before the industrial revolution....why? It's now all about politics, control and money.
Besides, no matter how much you whine, the Indians and the chinese contribute way more carbon....they own us and have no intention of complying with your trite notions and religious beliefs.
I think China has already overtaken the US.
"100% certain that over the next 40 years we will loose snowpack"
The article doesn't say that. It says "could". I'd say it is worth studying -- wouldn't you?
Steve is just a spigit of information. He knows that all sientists are religionists practicing their witchcraft while the eyes of the Almight God, Jesus, looks down upon their unpatriotic spews. I can name at least 30 religionists who said only a few years ago we'd all be underwater by now, but why bother. This is common knowlege that eveyone knows accept the evil trolls who get on here and tell you there lyies.
Say it isn't so Algore? The high priest of the global warming/cooling/changing has spoken.
Web Link
Sun gets hot, CO2 rises, temperature rises. Repeat cycle every 20,000 (give or take 2000)years.
We must find a way to legislate any future solar flare activity by the sun or we are dooooooooooooomed!
This alarmist presentation is based on predictions from models, yet climate models show no skill in predicting climate. You can read climate scientist Dr. Roger Pielke Sr's blog for a number of articles on models: Web Link
In the Wall Street Journal there is an opinion piece by Princeton physicist William Happer titled, "Global Warming Models Are Wrong Again."
An excerpt from the article:Web Link
"There has indeed been some warming, perhaps about 0.8 degrees Celsius, since the end of the so-called Little Ice Age in the early 1800s. Some of that warming has probably come from increased amounts of CO2, but the timing of the warming—much of it before CO2 levels had increased appreciably—suggests that a substantial fraction of the warming is from natural causes that have nothing to do with mankind.
Frustrated by the lack of computer-predicted warming over the past decade, some IPCC supporters have been claiming that "extreme weather" has become more common because of more CO2. But there is no hard evidence this is true. After an unusually cold winter in 2011 (December 2010-February 2011) the winter of 2012 was unusually warm in the continental United States. But the winter of 2012 was bitter in Europe, Asia and Alaska.
Weather conditions similar to 2012 occurred in the winter of 1942, when the U.S. Midwest was unusually warm, and when the Wehrmacht encountered the formidable forces of "General Frost" in a Russian winter not unlike the one Russians just had.
Large fluctuations from warm to cold winters have been the rule for the U.S., as one can see from records kept by the National Ocean and Atmospheric Administration, NOAA. For example, the winters of 1932 and 1934 were as warm as or warmer than the 2011-2012 one and the winter of 1936 was much colder."
California is in la-la land if it thinks it can make an impact on climate. Cap & trade or any carb tax scheme is a tax on production to generate revenue.
adrianna, you're free to believe whatever you want, but you are not free to rule others lives through regulations meant to indocrinate others in your beliefs, however misguided and arrogant they might be.
Imagine you and your followers actually having an impact (one way or another) on global climate.....you can't honestly believe that a fly spec like you can change the planet by driving your Prius or riding your bike and demanding others attain 3rd world status, do you?
TOS, if you have a subscription to Time magazine, you can read this linked article published in 1974 about the next ice age (global cooling): Web Link
I suppose all these scares come and go in waves.....the next will be worldwide water shortages because our hedonistic lifestyle promotes daily bathing......bet gollum, mittens will be the first to stop bathing so he/she/it can save the world.
So Steve, are you saying we shouldn't even bother to study the climate, or man's impact on it? Should we just not bother with it?
"More ideas",
You said "California is in la-la land if it thinks it can make an impact on climate. "
What is the scientific basis for that? What scientific evidence do you have that man's activities can't have an impact on the climate?
Jack, I never said stop studying. By all means, keep raking in cash grants for our largest, academic institutions and we'll pretend that the large sums of money they consume will produce unbiased results.
As for your straw man arguements, before you advocate spending more money tilting at windmills, whether by taking money away from other programs or by increasingly conficating earnings via taxes, the burden of proof is on the scientists irrefutable evidence that the additional spending will produce an expected result that justifies the spending. Is that not fair or logical? Or should we cave into the hysterical rantings of the chicken little's? Maybe we should be paying repairations to the weather gods for BBQ'ing on the weekends.....
'Documents obtained by Greenpeace under the US Freedom of Information Act show that the Charles G. Koch Foundation gave Soon two grants totaling $175,000 in 2005/6 and again in 2010. Multiple grants from the American Petroleum Institute between 2001 and 2007 totalled $274,000, and grants from Exxon Mobil totalled $335,000 between 2005 and 2010. Other coal and oil industry sources which funded him include the Mobil Foundation, the Texaco Foundation and the Electric Power Research Institute. Soon has stated unequivocally that he has "never been motivated by financial reward in any of my scientific research."[3]'
And Willy Happer, cited by another P-town intelectual above:
"geosciences professor Michael Oppenheimer stressed that the preponderance of evidence and majority of expert opinion pointed to a strong anthropogenic influence on rising global temperatures, and advised Happer to read the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report and publish a scientific report detailing his objections to its findings. He has thus far, failed to provide a scientific response."
You see, here's the logic. All the scientist-religinists are getting grant money from the govt., based on their credibility through peer-reviewed published research. But thats all bunkum. All the real scientists - the 'denialologists' - get their money from oil and coal industries. That's capitalism and free enterprise, and so its the truth. And thats what me, steve and all the other farmboys of P-town beleive.
"... that the additional spending will produce an expected result that justifies the spending."
I'm not clear on what you are saying here. Are you arguing against any further research, because that would mean "additional spending"? Are you saying we've done enough research now, and should stop? Or are you arguing against increasing the ongoing spending, but are OK with continuing at the current spending levels? Please clarify.
" the burden of proof is on the scientists irrefutable evidence that the additional spending will produce an expected result that justifies the spending"
It sounds like you are saying "the scientists" should prove something before getting the money for the research. Could you please clarify what you are saying here, and would it be different from any kind of research, climate science, relativity, or whatever?
Hi Jack,
Since the alarmist presentation deals with snow cover of the Sierras, I'll let the science speak for itself: Web Link
"For those regions characterized by consistent monitoring and with the most robust statistical reproducibility, we find no statistically significant trends in their periods-of-record (up to 133 years) nor in the most recent 50 years. This result encompasses the main snowfall region of the western slope of the Sierra Nevada Mountains."
A more detailed reporting of John Christy's Sierra Snowfall study is covered in the SF Chronicle: Web Link
Here is an excerpt:
"The dramatic claims about snow disappearing in the Sierra just are not verified," said Christy, a climate change skeptic and director of the Earth System Science Center at the University of Alabama in Huntsville. "It looks like you're going to have snow for the foreseeable future."
Let's be clear about the fact that the original article posted to the PW is not science; rather, it is a policy agenda communication piece from "Forecast the Facts" along the lines of Fenton Communications working in conjunction with Soros funded Tides Center.
As for my opinion that California's policy will not be able to make any appreciable impact on global climate change, I direct you to several of the science/policy discussions on Dr Judith Curry's blog Climate Etc.: Web Link
The policy cart has been put before the horse, so to speak, and our understanding of the physical science is still in its infancy. Yes, I believe that human's impact the earth's biosphere through land use and fossil fuels. But unless CA can lasso the ENSO cycles, the CA green policies will do little to change the earth's global climate. I'm all for regional adaptation and mitigation strategies, but the top down, whole earth sustainability models are grossly unjustified at this point.
Humans are resilient and adaptable, and I try to do my part. I drive a Prius, work virtual as often as I can, keep the thermostat down to 68 F. in winter, don't run the air conditioning in summer, use a drip system to irrigate our landscaping, recycle & compost, but I cannot afford a solar system, nor justify the cost-benefit analysis over the long term.
CA has a proud heritage of fighting pollution, but I believe CA has far greater policy concerns than the impacts of global climate change.
That's my opinion from years of following climate change alarmism back to the seventies and the alarm over an impending ice age, not to mention a number of Malthusian alarmist predictions of overpopulation. I support the views of Freeman Dyson who says that "climate change is part of the normal order of things, and we know it was happening before humans came."
Back to work now.
'more ideas from foothill' cites Freeman Dyson. But Dyson...
is well-aware that his "heresy" on global warming has been strongly criticized by an overwhelming majority of the scientific community. In reply, he notes that "[m]y objections to the global warming propaganda are not so much over the technical facts, about which I do not know much, but it's rather against the way those people behave and the kind of intolerance to criticism that a lot of them have."[17] Yes, because scietists should be receptive to criticism, especially when the critic admits to not having much knowledge about technicial facts.
So, fruitcake from Foothill, more ideas or more wishful thinking? Are you able to recognize the difference between a scientific study and some of the oil company-financed sham opinions that you've been promoting?
The fruitcake from Foothill, calling himself 'more ideas' (make that more misinformation), cites the climate skeptic John Christy -- professor at the highly prestigeous U of Alabama ... Huntsville.
About Christy:
John Christy has been found to be a shill for the oil companies, receiving considerable funding because he was unable to procure grants from credible grants institutions, and he has been exposed for a fudged study (in short, he lied) that he was forced to retract. Recently, however, he has been seen as adapting to the mainstream view and leaving skepticism behind.
It is more than a little disgusting that people like the fruitcake from foothill attempt to fob off this rubbish upon readers.
Apparently I hit a nerve. Nothing that I wrote deserves the name calling. I linked the SF Chronicle article for a contrasting view. John Christy is a respected climate scientist. I pointed out a few links to climate discussion at a deeper level on Dr. Curry's blog. For the sake of brevity, I tried to characterize my skepticism to the alarmists mantra, ala Freemon Dyson. You add nothing to the discussion by trotting out these false big oil memes. Climate alarmism funding far exceeds the funding of independent scientists.
You probably hit a nerve because your "ideas" are "supported" by largely discredited, bought-and-paid for, er, "independent" scientists as you refer to them. You appear not to have a grounded conception of what science is or how credible scientists secure funding for their research. In short, a blog or newspaper opinion piece is not the same thing as a blind, peer reveiwed essay. You appear not to know this. Our planet is burning up, largely (not entirely) on account of human activity, and silly geese like yourself refer to blogs and opinion pieces written by people who either are admittedly ignorant of the facts (Dyson) or bought off by the industries that produce carbon dioxide (Christy, Soon, Happer). Your reliance on these shills suggests you either are ignorant or willfully disingenuous (or, in my judgment, an unfortunate combination of both). You wonder why people call you names?
So someone made a mistake. Still not a reason to call someone names. It says a lot more about the name-caller than the one who made the mistake. Such wonderful behavior we model for our children here.
So, let me get this straight. The Foothill High School District guy, under the name 'more ideas', promotes an agenda of misinformation bought and paid for by the likes of Mobil, Exxon and Shell, and Stacey gets bent out of shape because I call the guy a silly goose? File this one under the category: There is a world (which is burning up), and then there is Stacey's world of PW Forum behavior. Nothing like having one's priorities (realities) in order!
Actually, I have great respect for the physical science processes and peer-review. Unfortunately, some climate scientists have made a mockery of what used to be considered the gold-standard of peer-reviewed science by their gate-keeping. Do you want to discuss the antics of climate scientists as revealed by "climategate" I & II or the IPCC?
As for grant funding, I know all to well how it works in the service of policy.
This is a town forum discsussion. I posted links in kind to add to the discussion. I don't believe the hyped alarmism that the Sierras will be without snow. I posted a link to the peer-reviewed literature. In fact, this type of alarmism is harming the "cause."
While you claim the planet is burning up, are you relying on the climate model predictions that overestimate the earth's sensitivity to CO2? Because physical reality does not support your claim.
The agenda of name-calling, shill charging alarmism says it all.
The science that describes and evaluates global warming, contrary to the silly goose's right-wing fantasy claim, is not in the service of policy. The science knows neither Bush nor Obama administration. The science proceeds according to critical theory building/hypothesis testing.
Yes, the media made a big deal about some reputable scientists joking to themselves about a couple of fools and how those same scientists acted to exclude the fools from partaking of a forum consisting of legitimate scientific discourse; and given your agenda, no doubt you've read the media reports without bothering to know the bases of the joking and exclusion. In science, some arguments are so transparently false, so illogical, so contradicted by theory and fact, that scientists will not entertain them. (Think of the relationship between the Amer Medical Assoc and chiropractors. Hint: chiropractors are not invited to speak at AMA conferences. Or see jokes medical doctors tell about chiropractors.)
All the silly goose from Foothill has offered is an unsupported claim: climate model predictions are not supported by physical reality. His proof? Once again, he can only fall back on Shell's and the Koch Bros.' bought-and-paid for propagandists who have absolutely zero credibility in the scientific community.
Next the goose is going to tell us that Darwin's theory of evolution also isn't supported by physical reality. And from there it isn't far from jumping off a 100-foot bridge while screaming the 'law of gravity' is a scientific (policy serving) plot that isn't supported by physical reality.
This is my first time responding to the ignorance I'm reading in above contributions. What I'm sensing is that people think it's okay to be ignorant, it's okay to be willfully ignorant, it's even okay to tell outright lies, just don't call anyone on it because it's impolite and might hurt the ignorant one's feelings. I'm so very sorry!
I get you Wayne (and Russell too). It's ok to call others names because name-calling is a sound method of science education, gently nudging others in the direction of realizing when they are wrong. Sounds like Wayne is getting bent out of shape over someone calling him on his name-calling.
"more ideas" said: "That's my opinion from years of following climate change alarmism back to the seventies and the alarm over an impending ice age, not to mention a number of Malthusian alarmist predictions of overpopulation. I support the views of Freeman Dyson who says that "climate change is part of the normal order of things, and we know it was happening before humans came."
I don't think that you realize the time scale on which these things take place. Yeah, as far as ice-age cycles we're in a warming period but the ice-age cycle has a period of something like 100,000 or 200,000 years, as I recall. That cycle is a much longer term cycle than the global temperature changes that are the focus of global warming theory of several decades.
The claimed global warming trend is very slow but steady. I'll bet that most people here don't even know what the global temperature warming trend is (although that doesn't seem to stop anyone from voicing their own 2-bit opinion). Is it 1 Fahrenheit per year? Or 0.1 Fahrenheit per year? Any guesses anyone?
As I recall, the rate of global temperature warming is about 0.8 Celcius or 1.5 Fahrenheit over the last 100 years. That works out to an increase of about 0.015 Fahrenheit per year. Yes, it sounds small and you're not going to be able to measure it by comparing year 2012 temperatures to 2011 temperatures, or even to 2000 temperatures. That's too short of a time frame. But as time goes on with decade after decade, even 0.015 Fahrenheit per year adds up to a big problem. I don't know how much it will matter to many of us, but if the predictions are true it's going to be a big problem for our children and grandchildren.
I posted the link to John Christy's peer-reviewed science: Web Link
Because it is behind a paywall, I also posted the SF Gate link. It is relevant to the original post. For more detailed background, here is the press release to his article that I excerpted below: Web Link
"A native of Fresno, Christy wondered if the snow he remembered covering the Sierra Nevada's peaks is actually disappearing. His preliminary investigation found a potentially useful set of data: Records of snow measurements at stations along the Southern Pacific Railroad.
"They took great care to measure snowfall because they had to know how much snow fell before sending trains through the mountain passes," Christy said. "No one else had looked at this data in detail. The records are pretty thorough and the measuring tools — a device resembling a tall, sturdy yardstick — are easy to use and obviously don't need power, so there aren't many gaps in the record."
There was, however, one catch: "They were good at measuring snow but the data they collected in written records had never been keyed in into a computer dataset. Before I could do the analysis I had to manually input 100,000 station-months of data."
The railroad data was coupled with data from other sources, including hydro-power and regional water systems vitally interested in knowing how much water would be available from snow melt. Other data was collected from logging and mining companies, as well as National Weather Service stations and volunteers. That data had already been digitized by the National Climatic Data Center."
I posted on this story because I thought the coverage by a scientist who grew up in California and was interested in the Sierras was relevant to the original post.
You are absolutely correct that science proceeds from critical theory to hypothesis testing. I also linked to the peer-reviewed literature on global climate models that lack validation and verification. For brevity sake, I posted a link to Dr. Roger Pielke Sr's blog where numerous peer-reviewed articles describe model deficiency: Web Link
Actually, take a look at his most recent post on bias in funding agencies. This is not a technical forum. This is a discussion forum. I do not have a right-wing conservative agenda. I am a member of the community and respect CA's proud heritage in fighting pollution. But this original article is alarmist garbage and not sound science.
Plenty of real science, but not all science the alarmist screed.
typo in last line:
...but not all science *supports* the alarmist screed.
Thanks to Sam for the input. Of course you do realize, Sam, that the degree of temp warming typically differs from one region to the next? I'm not so sure people in, say, New Orleans would agree with you about the problem only more likely affecting our children and grandchildren.
Thanks to Stacey for her insights into global warming. Oops, sorry. She hasn't offered any insights. However, her suggestion that this ongoing discourse has been about science education is really pretty funny. There is nothing scientific about the claims being made by the silly goose from Foothill High District or the frauds he cites as experts. It is politicizing, nothing more. And transparently bad politicizing at that.
Stacey, you may call me any name you desire. I find it more important to focus on people's arguments rather than obsessing on whether name-calling is civil or not. But you seem most comfortable in the area of manners, not ideas. So be it.
Wayne said: "Thanks to Sam for the input. Of course you do realize, Sam, that the degree of temp warming typically differs from one region to the next? I'm not so sure people in, say, New Orleans would agree with you about the problem only more likely affecting our children and grandchildren."
I think that the focus of global warming studies is on global temperature trends over long time periods (i.e., decades), not local differences in temperatures. But, yes, New Orleans would have a problem if global warming continues due to their height with respect to sea level. That's not a problem due to local temperatures in New Orleans, of course, but because of temperature changes at the Poles.
You're right Wayne. I'm too sad, ignorant, dumb, and stupid to understand that our climate change challenge is best served by name-calling and politicizing rather than science education. Continue on with "focusing" on people's "arguments"! *wink* *wink*
Yes, Sam, the more extreme temp changes occur at the poles ... which is having already a dramatic effect upon oceans. Re. N. Orleans, I was thinking of increased intensity of hurricaines in Gulf of Mexico, 'aided' by warming waters.
Thanks for your honest self reflection, Stacey. Goose from Foothill, yes please continue citing discredited goofs as the basis for your claims.
Hot off the presses.
I can't find a link to the study so this will have to do for now.
Web Link
Wayne, I've sat back reading your tedious bloviating about the oil companies and it's the same thing over and over and over. Just give up plastics, synthetics garments, gasoline, diesel, computers, carpets...those and MANY OTHER products derived from the resource those EVIL COMPANIES provide: OIL!
Call me a shill for oil. I know a good thing when I see it.
Reverend Russell, there's two l's in intellectual, but then you knew that, right?
I won't call you a shill, Dan. But I will call you uneducated. Science?, Dan asks. Who needs it (unless it involves drilling for oil)? No, instead, Dan cites the British tabloid "Mail", which is on a par with National Enquirer. Now Dan, with his Enquiring mind, allows the tabloid piece to do the reasoning for him. Here's the reasoning: Because the earth has experienced global warming in the past, therefore it is impossible that human activity could be contributing to global warming in our contemporary times. Wonderful. Thanks for sharing, Dan. You have given us all much to think about.
Now you know why the global warming scam has been debunked as a pseudo religion.....just check out wayne and russels comments above.
They are both the same person ( notice Russell stopped posting and his alter ego Wayne appears) and are clearly dillusional alarmists with multiple personalities.
Keep trying to push your narrative kids....it's very entertaining watching you flounder trying to promote your agenda.
I entered this conversation looking for intellectual engagement, and, with perhaps one exception, all I've encountered is laughably extremist blogs, oil company propagandists, National Enquirer readers, and politeness prescriptions from Miss Abby. If that isn't bad enough, now some nut case named Steve is accusing me of being "dillusional" and having multiple personalities. So, this is what passes for reasoned discourse in Pleasanton? Thank you, but really, no thank you. Well ... back to my dreaming about dill pickles and Bertrand Russell.
Yep, Wayne's idea of intellectual engagement is to call others names.
Hey Russell/Wayne, where did you get your degree in climatology?
Stacey, you're just too good for me. Thank you ever so kindly once again for your meaningful contributions. Now, seriously, I think there's a book on my shelf that has been crying out to be read. Best wishes.
Since you asked. No degree in climatology. Doctorate in philosophy with an emphasis in medical ethics. And to the best of my knowledge, I don't know any Russell, nor am I able to deduce how you and your sidekick Steve arrived at your accusations. Again, all best. It's been a real joy!
Stacey, I don't think that any of us here have a degree in climatology. As for the next best thing, I may be the only professional Ph.D. scientist here, but I doubt that Steve or any of the others here are going to ask me for my opinion. It's not the nature of these forums to argue on the basis of facts or educated opinions.
Sam, exactly. That's why the intellectually dishonest claim that one is here for reasoned discussion while calling others names is more unfortunate politicizing of the subject.
BTW Sam, what's your opinion? I agree with the consensus on climate change and recognize that as time goes on there will be advances in its study. Scientists can't do science without a healthy dose of skepticism. It does take the minority studies, even those funded by big oil, to poke at general theories and advance our understanding. Thankfully the peer-review process is done by people who are much more competent than us at evaluating it.
It's unfortunate that this issue is so much politicized even by those who should know better.
Haven't read any of the comments but could someone explain to me what happened during the Ice Age and all its glaciers? Did the dinos have one big bodily gas expression...all at the same time? Seriously, it's one thing to be concerned, it's another to declare the sky is falling. Since when has Mother Nature taken a second fiddle? BTW, study the stats of how much "carbon footprint" one volcanic eruption spews out vs how much man does. It's overwhelming NOT in favor of the volcanoes. Can we plug those suckers up?
when i talk about the weather i know what i'm talking about...
Stacey, it is indeed unfortunate that this topic has become so politicized. As for what I think, I honestly don't know. I haven't studied the topic in sufficient detail to form an educated opinion on the likely near-term future of the earth's global temperatures. But although the future is murky, at least for me, looking back at the recent past is easy. There is an interesting plot of global mean temperatures for the past century (see, for example, the plot in Wikpedia Web Link) which shows a global temperature increase of about 0.8 Celsius over the last 100 years. I think that this plot is worth studying because it shows what the claimed global warming temperature trends are and what they are not. They are about a slow steady increase in temperature but with a lot of year-to-year or even decade-to-decade scatter in the mean temperature. It's nonsense to claim that one particularly hot summer "proves" global warming or that one particularly cold winter "disproves" global warming. Even a relatively large 30 year time period of 1940 to 1970 doesn't show a global warming trend. But over the larger 100 year time period the trend is unmistakeable.
I don't know what the future will bring though because, as I said, I really haven't studied global climate models at all. Those models are very complicated and involve a lot of factors. I don't find it implausible that human industrial activity could result in global warming through increases in CO2 emissions, but there are still a lot of unknowns about how carbon is cycled from the atmosphere to the rest of the earth. Based on what I've heard and read about the subject, my best answer about whether global warming due to human activity is true is "probably, but I don't know for sure".
" I doubt that Steve or any of the others here are going to ask me for my opinion. It's not the nature of these forums to argue on the basis of facts or educated opinions."
Exactly, right, Sam...brilliant deductions as to why your opinion has not been requested (other than by a subsequent, patronizing request by Stacey). If any of us thought you'd bring facts or an educated opinion to the forum, we're sure you would have volunteered that information much earlier.....before sybil/wayne/russell put down his book and start spewing carbon.
In closing, Sam, you know vey well why this subject is politicized: Once legislators figured out they could garner votes from guilt ridden pseudo-scientists and their followers by passing laws that regulate and dimish our quality of life and the free flow of commerce, they have succeeded in turning this subject into a political exercise in control of the masses.
Sam wrote: "I don't find it implausible that human industrial activity could result in global warming through increases in CO2 emissions, but there are still a lot of unknowns about how carbon is cycled from the atmosphere to the rest of the earth. Based on what I've heard and read about the subject, my best answer about whether global warming due to human activity is true is "probably, but I don't know for sure"."
Yea, that's how I look at it. It's hard to say that over 100 years of the continual extra loading of CO2 and particulate matter into the atmosphere by human activity wouldn't have some sort of effect. There's never really a final answer but a process of continual discovery.
You're powers of philosophical observation are second to none. It matters none to you that I CLEARLY indicated that I couldn't find the study.
No, smart guy. You have to use a useless degree to prove...what?
"Uneducated"? "Shill"? Your attack lacks any creativity or, frankly, usefulness to the discussion.
I accuse you not of ignorance, but of originality of thought.
Put succinctly: you sir, are a bore.
I laugh at you. My guess is, so do a lot of others.
Get a life, Plato. Oops, sorry, Dr. Plato.
Way to go DAn! Thats' telling him. I second you're accusation. I also accuse Dr. Plato of not ignorance but originality of thought.
You're arguments boared right through to the meat of the matter. I respect you're guts and so, do a lot of others. Wayne has no life but it matters, none to me. Global warming has happened before, so leave it to this bore and the rest of the bores to tell us that its man made.
Sam, you are, sir, a bore to. You're claim to be a chemist are not only exaggerated but genuine. Your nothing but a boaring sock puppet for the goverment supported scientists. Go ahead and respond wise guy! I can boor a whole through any argument, you post.
*whew* I was wondering when you'd get to "boor"!
Grammar police are boring.
Geez, lighten up people.
Dan, who possesses an Enquiring mind, claims that grammar is way overrated. I agree. Grammar is what we use to make our thoughts meaningful and coherent. But, really, who needs meaning and coherence? Way overrated. Meaning and coherence is the stuff of our thought processes. But who needs thought? I let others do my thinking for me! I'm with you, Dan, my brother. Stay strong and don't let the wise guys get, to you.
Noam Chomsky would have to disagree with you there, Russell.
Ah, I see, Russell comes from the "prescriptive" school of thought on the matter and confuses reasoning with grammar.
My rear end seems plagued by global warming. Oops, I've been eating to much chile with beans.
Ms. Stacey, I don't know much about your Chompsky fella. Can you tell me how he is against grammar being essential to (not identical with) rational thought? In the meantime, allow me to meaningfully and coherently close off this missive by offering this rational kernal of truth: "Colorless green sleep furiously ideas upon inadvertant in meanderings of perspicuity perspicaciousness and once." Grammar? Who needs it, eh? Dan, stay strong my brother!
You supposedly are smarter than everyone here on climate change, Russell. You certainly don't need me to tell you how Chomsky would disagree with your assertion that Dan is stupid because you think he uses grammar incorrectly. Prescription in language is way outdated.
Climate change? I only know that our best hope is those critical scientists as you call them who are paid by oil and coal companies to come up with evidence that supports continued oil and coal consumption.
Regular scientists aren't critical. At all. So there's no hope. At all. We can't trust them.
As for me, you and Chompsky, I can't help you. And I never said Dan was stupid. Me and him are simpatico. Are you mistaking me for somebody else? You mean we can't prescribe proper use of grammar any more? Grammar is outdated? I'd love to show this to my wife, cuz I've been telling her that for years now. Can you give me a source or something?
Simpatico? Uh, huh. Riiiiight.
Of course humans are affecting the climate. But there is not much we can do about it. If somehow tomorrow you could stop every industrial affect on CO2 (and other man made greenhouse gas output) we would still be producing more CO2 everyday then we were well into the industrial revolution just due to population growth. Meaning that there is zero possibility of reversing climate change from human CO2 output because just the act of breathing will increase CO2 well into the 1900s as compared to prior centuries which where we are "suppose" to get back to to stop this detrimental change.
We as humans can not possibly win. There is a 0% chance of reaching pre-1900 CO2 levels based solely on population, so what is the point? Go back to 1990 levels? What does that get us?
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Message Board
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Truest Love: The Universe
Commando Jerrod lives in a world of constant death and danger, haunted by a nightmare that is set to kill him. Jerrod marries a fascinating and beautiful Korean woman, Forget Me Not. She leaves her family to be with Jerrod, a man she believes is not like the men in her country. They marry, raise a child and he has an affair. He becomes spiritual when she leaves. They reconcile before she dies of cancer. Jerrod finally realizes what true love is, making ...


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| 10.9°C Belfast
Gogglebox stars June and Leon Bernicoff have insisted that the Channel 4 reality show is not scripted.
The retired couple are regulars on the hit show which follows people's reactions to TV programmes as they watch them, but some have suggested their witty one-liners could be scripted by TV bosses.
June told the Radio Times: "It's been suggested that the show is scripted - believe me, if you knew Leon you'd know that just isn't possible. If they asked him to say something, he'd say the opposite."
Leon admitted his comments sometimes got him into trouble: "My daughter isn't always pleased. She doesn't like it when I'm rude. You know the one when I mentioned June's knicks? She didn't like that."
He added: "I sometimes say things [I'm not comfortable with], but generally June gets them cut out if they upset her. She'll say, 'Don't put that in'."
June said that she had had doubts about letting the nation see her living room each week, but said: "To be honest I didn't think it would take off. It seemed such a simple idea - who wants to watch people watching TV? I'm amazed."
The couple said they were sad to hear Sir Bruce Forsyth was retiring from Strictly Come Dancing, but Leon had an idea for a replacement.
Asked whether he'd present the BBC dancing contest, he said: "I'd love to! I'm not a bad dancer."
June interrupted wth "dreadful," but he replied: "Oh, shut up June. I'm not bad at all. We were members of the Cavern in Liverpool in the 1950s, when it was traditional jazz and skiffle."


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There is an ongoing investigation to determine more about this outbreak. This is a rapidly evolving situation and information will be updated as it becomes available.
Every community has a Child Care Resource and Referral Agency (CCR&R) who can connect parents with local child care options and provide referrals for support.


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With hardly 45 permanent residents and a land mass of 17.5 sq. km., the islet of Antikythera (or, differently, Tsirigoto) is found between the islands of Kythera and Crete. Its inhabitants are in fishing, cattle-breeding, apiculture and vine-growing. The history of the island is faded away in the Prehistoric years. Its first inhabitants are thought to be the Dolopes, which were followed by the Dryopes and the Cretans. The Roman conquerors sent here their unwanted and unsubdued subjects, while later the island became a lair of pirates. At the beginning of the 20th century two bronze objects of great archaeological value were recovered from the sea of Antikythera: the famous Adolescent of Antikythera (340 B.C.) and the mechanism for astronomical and calendar calculations (around 80 B.C.), that are displayed in the National Archaeological Museum. Being an ideal destination for quiet vacations, the island is characterized by a rare wild beauty, with low hills, rich flora and fauna, picturesque country chapels, caves and a lot of paths, which give a unique occasion for walks and excursions on foot. The islet of Antikythera has a distance of 17 naval miles from the cape Kapello, in the southern utmost of Kythera. There is a coastal line from Piraeus port, Gythio, Neapoli (prefecture of Laconia), Kythera and the Kasteli Kissamos (Prefecture of Chania-Crete).
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A Study to See If Taking One or Two Extra Drugs Can Lower HIV Levels in Patients Who Have Failed Their Anti-HIV Drug Treatment
|The safety and scientific validity of this study is the responsibility of the study sponsor and investigators. Listing a study does not mean it has been evaluated by the U.S. Federal Government. Read our disclaimer for details.
|ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00006152
Recruitment Status : Completed
First Posted : August 31, 2001
Last Update Posted : May 21, 2012
- Study Details
- Tabular View
- No Results Posted
- Disclaimer
- How to Read a Study Record
|Condition or disease
|HIV Infections
|Drug: Ritonavir Drug: Abacavir sulfate Drug: Amprenavir
|Phase 2
Successful therapy following viral rebound has been problematic. Intensification of the existing regimen by adding 1 or 2 drugs generally has been avoided. However, successfully adding new drugs to an existing regimen would be advantageous since it would expose the patient to fewer antiretroviral agents in the overall treatment course. Recent evidence suggests that a significant proportion of patients who experience viral rebound while receiving a protease inhibitor (PI) actually have viral rebound with a PI-sensitive virus. Other studies have shown that treatment decisions based on resistance assays result in better virologic outcomes. This trial examines further the effect of resistance assay-directed intensification of a PI-containing antiretroviral regimen on viral load. [AS PER AMENDMENT 04/03/01: The antiretroviral regimen need not contain a protease inhibitor.]
Patients are stratified by baseline plasma HIV-1 RNA levels (5,000 copies/ml or less versus greater than 5,000 copies/ml). Patients undergo phenotypic drug resistance testing prior to study entry. Based on the phenotypic results, patients are [AS PER AMENDMENT 11/9/00: selectively] randomized equally to 1 of 3 [AS PER AMENDMENT 11/9/00: 1 of 2] intensification strategies while remaining on their current, initial [AS PER AMENDMENT 11/9/00: (background)] antiretroviral therapy (ART). [AS PER AMENDMENT 04/03/01: ART need not be initial.] A patient is excluded from randomization to an arm if that arm contains a drug to which the patient has phenotypic resistance. Arm A adds abacavir (ABC). Arm B adds amprenavir (APV) [AS PER AMENDMENT 11/9/00: and ritonavir (RTV)]. Arm C adds didanosine (ddI) plus hydroxyurea (HU). [AS PER AMENDMENT 11/9/00: Arm C has been discontinued.] A patient's HIV must be sensitive to at least 3 drugs. [AS PER AMENDMENT 11/9/00: Each patient must be taking at least 3 drugs to which his/her HIV isolate is sensitive, including ABC or APV and at least 2 other drugs that are part of the current, initial (background) ART. If phenotypic resistance testing at screening indicates resistance to a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) drug in the patient's current, initial (background) ART, then the local investigator may choose to discontinue that drug. However, the patient and local investigator may choose to continue the drug but it will not be considered an active drug per this protocol.] [AS PER AMENDMENT 04/03/01: ART need not be initial.] Patients have regular clinic visits for physical exams and blood tests, including CD4 and CD8 cell counts, plasma HIV-1 RNA assays, and tests for pharmacokinetic variability. In the event of viral rebound of 500 copies/ml or more at Week 12 or later, phenotypic/genotypic drug resistance is assayed. In addition, phenotypic drug resistance is assayed at the primary endpoint (Week 24) and at the end of treatment (Week 48) on all patients.
|Study Type :
|Interventional (Clinical Trial)
|Enrollment :
|42 participants
|Primary Purpose:
|Official Title:
|A Phase II, Restrictively Randomized, Open-Label, Pilot Study of Treatment Intensification of Early Virologic Failure
|Actual Study Completion Date :
|August 2002
Choosing to participate in a study is an important personal decision. Talk with your doctor and family members or friends about deciding to join a study. To learn more about this study, you or your doctor may contact the study research staff using the contacts provided below. For general information, Learn About Clinical Studies.
|Ages Eligible for Study:
|13 Years and older (Child, Adult, Older Adult)
|Sexes Eligible for Study:
|Accepts Healthy Volunteers:
Inclusion Criteria
Patients may be eligible for this study if they:
- Are HIV-positive.
- Are taking 3 or more anti-HIV drugs for at least 24 weeks. (This study has been changed. Previously, only patients taking their first round of anti-HIV drugs, which included a PI, were being studied.)
- Had a viral load below 500 copies/ml while on their anti-HIV drugs, and then had an increase in viral load to between 500 and 10,000 copies/ml. (This study has been changed. Previously, only patients whose levels increased on their first round of anti-HIV drugs were being studied.)
- Have a CD4 cell count of 100 cells/mm3 or more.
- Are age 13 or older (consent of a parent or legal guardian is required if under 18).
- Agree to use 2 methods of birth control during the study and for 60 days after. (This study has changed the birth control requirements.)
Exclusion Criteria
Patients will not be eligible for this study if they:
- Are currently being treated for a serious infection or other serious medical illness.
- Have had certain illnesses in the past.
- Have a fever within 7 days of study entry.
- Have already taken all of the study drugs for more than 4 weeks.
- Are unable to take any of the study drugs.
- Have certain types of cancer.
- Received certain vaccines within 21 days of study entry.
- Have received certain medications.
- Are pregnant or breast-feeding.
- Patients will not be eligible for Group A if they:
- Have a history of hypersensitivity reaction to abacavir.
To learn more about this study, you or your doctor may contact the study research staff using the contact information provided by the sponsor.
Please refer to this study by its ClinicalTrials.gov identifier (NCT number): NCT00006152
|United States, Alabama
|Univ of Alabama at Birmingham
|Birmingham, Alabama, United States, 35294
|United States, California
|Univ of Southern California / LA County USC Med Ctr
|Los Angeles, California, United States, 900331079
|Univ of California, San Diego
|San Diego, California, United States, 92103
|United States, Colorado
|Univ of Colorado Health Sciences Ctr
|Denver, Colorado, United States, 80262
|United States, Illinois
|Northwestern Univ Med School
|Chicago, Illinois, United States, 60611
|The CORE Ctr
|Chicago, Illinois, United States, 60612
|United States, Massachusetts
|Beth Israel Deaconess - West Campus
|Boston, Massachusetts, United States, 02215
|United States, Missouri
|St Louis Regional Hosp / St Louis Regional Med Ctr
|St Louis, Missouri, United States, 63112
|United States, New York
|Beth Israel Med Ctr
|New York, New York, United States, 10003
|United States, North Carolina
|Univ of North Carolina
|Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States, 275997215
|Duke Univ Med Ctr
|Durham, North Carolina, United States, 27710
|United States, South Carolina
|Julio Arroyo
|West Columbia, South Carolina, United States, 29169
|United States, Texas
|Univ of Texas Galveston
|Galveston, Texas, United States, 775550435
|Study Chair:
|Robert Murphy
|Study Chair:
|William Powderly
|Study Chair:
|Mary Albrecht
|Responsible Party:
|National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
|ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:
|Other Study ID Numbers:
10898 ( Registry Identifier: DAIDS ES )
|First Posted:
|August 31, 2001 Key Record Dates
|Last Update Posted:
|May 21, 2012
|Last Verified:
|May 2012
Drug Therapy, Combination
HIV Protease Inhibitors
Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
Anti-HIV Agents
Viral Load
HIV Infections
Lentivirus Infections
Retroviridae Infections
RNA Virus Infections
Virus Diseases
Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Viral
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes
Immune System Diseases
HIV Protease Inhibitors
Protease Inhibitors
Enzyme Inhibitors
Molecular Mechanisms of Pharmacological Action
Anti-HIV Agents
Anti-Retroviral Agents
Antiviral Agents
Anti-Infective Agents
Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A Inhibitors
Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors
Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors
Antibiotics, Antitubercular
Antitubercular Agents
Anti-Bacterial Agents


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Events Calendar
Involvement Fest
Life on campus is full of activity. Take full advantage by joining a club or organization!
Date: September 17, 2019 - September 17, 2019
Time: 12:30 p.m. - 1:30 p.m.
Location: LeChase Commons
Organized by the Office of Campus Life
Check out all the clubs and organizations Fisher has to offer at the Involvement Festival! Held in LeChase Commons (Rain location: Campus Center Mainstage)
There will be giveaways, food, and ice cream! So come "get the scoop" on clubs at Fisher!
For more information, contact the Office of Campus Life at email@example.com or (585) 385-8334.


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Click here for the full list of Packer draft picks. Initial thoughts:
- Glad we picked up an OLB, a DT, a CB and a DE. We do have depth on our D – but we have room for improvement w/respect to quality. We do need numbers especially along the D-Line so taking a DT and a DE in particular makes sense.
- I like Davon House mostly because there will be fan chaos if he returns a pick for a TD…taking it to the____.
- I did find it curious that we took 2 TEs. One of them, as the link above indicates, will probably be used more for special teams if they both make the team.
- DE Rick Elmore has an interesting name for a guy nowadays. Rick. Seems like an 80's flashback pick.
- I really like what I've read about Alexander Green's pass catching ability. I stand well-opposed in my opinion that we need to upgrade at #3 RB. Jackson has brought quality blocking and good pass-catching and I really like his attitude. But I still think we can improve at the #3 RB and this Green guy looks good.
- I like getting a return guy. It bothered me every time Williams, Woodson or even Jordy would go back for a kick/punt. Those guys weren't ever really that good at returning and it always just seemed that we were taking on unnecessary risks by putting them back there.
- I like that we picked up a highly rated OT and an OG with big upside and a great name (Schlauderaff).


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Behind the Scenes at the MillerCoors Malthouse
Your ticket into the secret world of boozemaking.
Ask any passionate homebrewer about the hops that he uses. He'll likely be able to tell you the variety, its alpha acid content, where it was grown, and maybe even the name of the farmer. Now ask that same homebrewer about his malt. You'll probably get blank stares when you ask where it was grown, or where and how it was malted. In these days of meticulous hop selection, finely-tuned water chemistry, and constant yeast health analysis, most folks brewing beer at home know surprisingly little about where their malt comes from.
It's not a phenomenon that's easily explained. Malt is undeniably more important to beer production than hops—malted grain not only provides the foundation for beer's flavor, but it also imparts the essential sugars necessary for fermentation. Without malting, there is no beer. I have certainly been guilty of this lapse in knowledge, so I took a trip to Golden, Colorado, to see what I could learn.
The word around Golden is "Coors, Coors, Coors," and for good reason. The tiny mountain town is home to the world's largest single-site brewery. But what most don't know is that the MillerCoors compound is also home to the country's 4th largest malting facility. The MillerCoors malthouse produces 530 million pounds of malt every year. Not a bad place to witness malting firsthand.
Take the tour with me in the slideshow above »
More from Mike Reis
We Test the White House Honey Ale and Porter Recipes
How to Identify Hops in Your Beer: The Three C's
8 Tips for Hosting a Beer Dinner at Home
The Best Places to Drink Beer Outside in San Francisco and the East Bay
Aging Beer: 6 Tips to Get You Started
Hops From a Land Down Under
The Best Beers I Drank In Europe
All products linked here have been independently selected by our editors. We may earn a commission on purchases, as described in our affiliate policy.


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By LIANA KRAMER //
Brandi Carlile at Edgefield on 08/23/19 Photos
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By TOM D'ANTONI /// Sarah Clarke, Dirty Revival's singer has helped form Musicians In Solidarity and People Records...and that's not all.
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Oregon Music News - Oregon's all-genre, music magazine covers music news and events in Portland and throughout the state.
Contact Us | About Oregon Music News | Advertise With Us OMN Contributors | Web Help


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Pharmaceutical Recruitment Agencies Directory
The pharmaceutical industry (sometimes referred to as the pharma industry) is a massive global economic force. Europe is responsible for more than 30% of all worldwide pharmaceutical sales, and the UK alone spends in excess of £4 billion each year on research and development. In total, 65,000 people are employed in the industry, but this figure has been steadily rising over the past decade. Today, pharmaceutical employment is at an all-time high, and is expected to continue its upward growth.
Though pharma recruitment agencies offer employment opportunities for a wide range of jobs in the sector, common positions include Clinical Trials Coordinator, SAS Programmer, and Medical Representative. The industry encompasses professional interests ranging from biochemistry to sales, and draws in experts with diverse backgrounds and specialisations. It is typical for careers in the industry to require advanced degree qualifications, as much of the work is highly technical and involves in-depth medical knowledge. Careers, however, vary widely and there are certainly opportunities for positions requiring limited experience, which provide necessary training on-the-job.
Salaries start at about £20K for most entry-level and junior roles. The top 10% of earners make upwards of £45K, however, and those based in London can expect to earn significantly more than their counterparts throughout the rest of the UK. Overall, the average salary for professionals in the pharmaceutical sector is about £30K.
Press "Search 8000+ Agencies" when your new query is ready.
Most Popular Pharmaceutical Job Roles
Most Popular Locations for Pharmaceutical
Do a search and improve your results
Use our quick search to create a personalised list of agencies that recruit for your industry and location.


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Like others before me, I am trying to participate in Rabbi Phyllis Sommer's #BlogElul. Here's a thought for Day 3.
The first time she said it, I am pretty sure I rolled my eyes. The second time too. Probably the third time. But somewhere along the way, the lights dimmed, candles burning, and the sounds of everyone else's ujayyi breath lulled me into acquiescence.
I should state, for the record, that I had never been much of a yogi. Give me a good spin class or dance class, or sign me up for a 5K any day. If I am going to be exercising, I want to be breathing hard, sweating, and probably wondering if I am going to make it. But stretching myself, finding balance, and taking a moment of stillness? That sounds like hard work.
But, I fell in love with a dance class—and a community—and yoga came with it. And so,several days a week, I found myself closing my eyes, breathing deeply and finally giving in. "Take a breath. Let it travel through your body. And, just when you think your lungs are full—sip a little more air. And then a little more. Hold the breath, and in this space: Set an intention for your practice." Yeah, right. Can't we just start dancing?!
Somewhere along the way, though, I noticed that my experience in those opening moments shifted. I stopped rolling my eyes, and started closing them. I stopped smirking, and started breathing. And I began to set an intention—sometimes an inward reflection. At first, my intentions were solely fitness-based: Lose weight. Get in shape. Tone my arms.
But as those physical changes actually did start to happen, I noticed that my intentions grew more expansive, if still totally embodied: Love my shape. Celebrate my body's abilities.
Then, my intentions grew wider, more integral to the life that I was living. Sometimes a specific goal. Sometimes a one word plan: Hope. Contentment. Focus. And my dance became more than just a way to work out.
Sadly, I had to leave my studio behind. But I often hear my teachers' words when I embark on a new project, a new endeavor. And they came right back to me as I began Daf Yomi a few weeks ago. While I am not sure I will be able to finish it, I have—for the time—committed to studying a daf (two pages) of Talmud every day…for 7.5 years. And I thought to myself—I better set an intention. And so I did. One of discpline, of learning lishmah (for its own sake, and of rejoining a conversation I think desperately needs our liberal, female voices.
The Talmud begins with a discussion of the recitation of the Shema. After a thorough discussion of when to recite Shema, the rabbis begin to ask how we recite Shema. The case that they bring is of someone who is engaged in Torah study of some sort of another—even studying the verses that contain the words of the Shema—when the time arrives for the recitation of Shema. What, they ask, is he to do? The rabbis teach that if he directs his heart towards the recitation of the Shema, he (or she, I suppose!) has fulfilled the obligation to recite the Shema.
The word for "direction" here is kavannah. While it is often used to describe the parts of the prayer service that happen organically, in contrast to the fixed liturgical pieces, it more correctly means "intention." It means your internal compass is focused, directed, on what you are doing—or what you hope to do.
And the Gemara continues with one short, weighty statement: Mitzvot require kavannah. To engage in the significant acts of Jewish life, it is not enough to do so woodenly, robotically, without deep thought and commitment.
As Elul begins, we are asked to take spiritual stock, to reflect on the year that was—to consider who we have been and what we have done. And this "inventory" we are asked to take should inform who want to become and the steps we'll take to get there.
So, I invite you to sit. Close your eyes. Breathe deeply. Breathe in a little more. And set an intention for your practice.
Rabbi Sari Laufer is the Associate Rabbi at Congregation Rodeph Sholom in New York City. She also blogs at torahblahnik.blogspot.com, and is Tweeting #DafYomi @rabbilaufer


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I am a nb and have not published a website.
I am working to create a website which will have pages about my city along with another section providing a business directory. Not knowing much when I started I began using an html template and edited it by putting my contents into it. I now have many pages. At the time, I did not know anything different. Now, with the site getting large I would like a way to have a CMS so that pages can be created dynamically rather than changing one by one for hundreds. How can I do this?
if you need more details, just ask.


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The Assistant Secretary of Defense for Special Operations/Low-Intensity Conflict (ASD (SO/LIC)) established CTTSO in 1999 to consolidate its research and development programs previously administered by the Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense (Command, Control, Communications, and Intelligence). The research and development effort that supports the interagency Technical Support Working Group (TSWG) was the first program to transition to CTTSO. The TSWG is divided into 10 subgroups, each chaired by senior representatives from federal agencies with special expertise in those functional areas. The Explosive Ordnance Disposal/Low-Intensity Conflict (EOD/LIC) Program, which develops advanced technologies for Joint Service EOD and Special Operations Forces (SOF) missions, transitioned in 2001. In 2007, the Irregular Warfare Support (IWS) Program was initiated to satisfy a growing need to improve the capacity of the United States to counter insurgencies and fight an irregular war. In FY16, portions of the EOD/LIC and IWS Programs that support the CTTSO mission were transitioned to TSWG under the Improvised Device Defeat/Explosives Countermeasures and Irregular Warfare and Evolving Threats, respectively.
The Combating Terrorism Technical Support Office (CTTSO) is charged with providing a forum for interagency and international users to discuss mission requirements to combat terrorism, prioritize those requirements, fund and manage solutions, and deliver capabilities. The CTTSO accomplishes these objectives through rapid prototyping of novel solutions developed and field-tested before the traditional acquisition systems are fully engaged. This low-risk approach encourages interdepartmental and interagency collaboration, thereby reducing duplication, eliminating capability gaps, and stretching development dollars.


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White Oaks Bridge Replacement Cultural Resources Survey Smokey Bear Ranger District, Lincoln National Forest, Lincoln County, New Mexico
Author(s): David M. Johnson
Year: 1995
This resource is a citation record only, the Center for Digital Antiquity does not have a copy of this document. The information in this record has been migrated into tDAR from the National Archaeological Database Reports Module (NADB-R) and updated. Most NADB-R records consist of a document citation and other metadata but do not have the documents themselves uploaded.
If you have a digital copy of the document and would like to have it curated in tDAR, please contact us at firstname.lastname@example.com.
Cite this Record
White Oaks Bridge Replacement Cultural Resources Survey Smokey Bear Ranger District, Lincoln National Forest, Lincoln County, New Mexico. David M. Johnson. 1995 ( tDAR id: 276319)
This Resource is Part of the Following Collections
Site Type
Bridge Replacement • Cultural Resource
Geographic Keywords
35027 (Fips Code) • Lincoln (County) • New Mexico (State / Territory) • North America (Continent) • United States of America (Country)
Spatial Coverage
min long: -106.374; min lat: 33.132 ; max long: -104.885; max lat: 34.347 ;
Individual & Institutional Roles
Sponsor(s): Forest Service; US Forest Service Lincoln National Forest
Prepared By(s): US Forest Service Lincoln NF-Smokey Bear Ranger District
Record Identifiers
NADB document id number(s): 5451330
NADB citation id number(s): 000000235706
General Note: Submitted to: US Forest Service Lincoln National Forest
General Note: Sent from: US Forest Service Lincoln NF-Smokey Bear Ranger District
General Note: Contract number: 1995-08-125B


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Previously, the U.S. has provided about $117 million in nonlethal aid to the Syrian opposition.
ISTANBUL — The United States is providing Syrian rebels with $123 million in new nonlethal aid that may include body armor and other types of supplies that haven't been part of the assistance package in the past.
The additional money will double the nonlethal assistance to the Syrian opposition as well as increase humanitarian aid. The nonlethal aid could include armored vehicles, night vision goggles and advanced communications equipment.
Foreign ministers from the main supporters of the rebels trying to topple the Syrian government were meeting in Istanbul over the weekend to increase pressure on Syrian President Bashar Assad to step down. The United Nations estimates that the fighting in Syria has killed more than 70,000 people.
"The stakes in Syria couldn't be more clear: chemical weapons, the slaughter of people by ballistic missiles and other weapons of huge destruction, the potential of a whole country ... being torn apart into enclaves, the potential of sectarian violence," U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry said in a statement.
"This bloodshed needs to stop and that's what brought us here tonight on Saturday and a very early Sunday morning to talk about the possibilities for peace and transition," Kerry said.
In a joint statement, the foreign ministers said they welcomed the Syrian National Coalition's "firm rejection of extremism and its commitment not to use chemical weapons" and cited those commitments in agreeing to enhance and expand support for all coalition institutions.
The foreign ministers said they recognized the "need to change the balance of power on the ground" and, in looking at the current flow of military assistance, welcomed the additional pledges and commitments to further increase the support to the Supreme Military Council. The head of the council provided a military briefing during the meeting.
Syrian opposition leader Moaz al-Khatib said in a statement, "Our revolution is for the entire Syrian people."
Still, the Syrian National Coalition said the limited support, while appreciated, wasn't enough. "We call on the international community to be more forthcoming and unreserved to fulfill its responsibilities in extending support that is needed by the Syrian people," the coalition said in a statement.
The foreign ministers also urged an immediate investigation by the United Nations to substantiate claims that chemical weapons had been used. "If these allegations are proven to be correct, there will be severe consequences," they said.
European nations were considering changes to an arms embargo that would allow arms transfers to the Syrian opposition. But European Union action seemed unlikely before May, and the fresh U.S. help fell short of the strongest demands from the Syrian National Coalition: drone strikes to disable Assad's chemical weapon and missile capability; a no-fly zone requiring significant military operations; and a U.N. resolution that condemns Assad for attacks on Syrians.
"The technical ability to take specific action to prevent the human tragedy and suffering of innocent civilians, mostly women and children, is available in the form of specific intelligence and equipment," the group said in a statement before the conference ended.
"Syrians understand that such ability is within the reach of a number of members of the Friends of Syria group, yet nothing serious has been done to put an end to such terror and criminality."
At the open of Saturday's meeting, Turkish Foreign Minister Ahmet Davutoglu said he wanted the conference to help bring peace to Syria, which has endured more than two years of civil war.
"I hope this meeting will be helping to peace in Syria, to regional peace and global peace. At the end of the day, we are all working together to end the pains of Syrian people," he said.
German's foreign minister, Guido Westerwelle, spoke of giving the opposition greater political power and concrete support. "That is how we are trying to ease the pain of the Syrian people," he said. "A violent solution is not a solution, only a democratic one is a real solution."
Kerry met with Davutoglu and Khatib before the conference got underway.
In the latest clashes, Syrian troops backed by pro-government gunmen captured at least one village in a strategic area near the Lebanese border, activists and state media reported.
President Barack Obama has said he has no plans to send weapons or give lethal aid to the rebels, despite pressure from Congress, some administration advisers and appeals from the Syrian opposition leadership.
Since February, the U.S. has shipped food and medical supplies directly to the Free Syrian Army, but Obama recently expanded that include defensive military equipment.
Kerry's announcement Saturday was the first under that new authorization. So far, the U.S. has provided an estimated $117 million in nonlethal aid to the Syrian opposition, according to the White House.
Some Arab states are supplying the rebels with arms, and Britain and France are leading a push to modify the European Union's arms embargo on Syria to permit weapons transfers to the opposition.
The embargo is to expire at the end of May unless it is extended or revised.
Those in favor of the change say there have been no decisions on whether to actually supply the rebels with arms. They argue that allowing such transfers would increase the pressure on Assad. U.S. officials say they support testing this strategy.
Germany and the Netherlands, however, are said to be reluctant to support the step because they fear it would lead to further bloodshed.
Kerry said before leaving Washington that the conference aim was to get the opposition and all prospective donors "on the same page" with how Syria would be governed if and when Assad left power or was toppled.
The U.S. and its European and Arab allies are struggling to find ways to stem the escalating violence that has led to fears that chemical weapons may have been used. Despite international pressure, Assad has managed to retain power far longer than the Obama administration or its allies expected.
The U.S. is not opposed to other countries arming the rebels, provided there are assurances the weapons do not get to extremist groups that have gained ground in the conflict.
Kerry planned to meet Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov next week in Brussels on the sidelines of a NATO-Russia Council meeting. He has said he has not given up on persuading Moscow to reverse its support for Assad.


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Report: Germany to recover gold reserves from N.Y. Fed
BERLIN Germany's central bank will repatriate some of its massive gold reserves stored in vaults in the United States and in France, a business daily reported Tuesday.
The Bundesbank's overall reserves of 3,400 tons are worth about $200 billion at current market rates.
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The central bank now plans to bring back to Germany some of the 1,500 tons of gold stored in the vaults of the Federal Reserve in New York, and all of the 450 tons currently stashed with the Bank of France in Paris, according to Handelsblatt.
The central bank declined to comment on the report but on Wednesday will present a new plan to manage the gold reserves of 270,000 gold bars, the world's second-largest stockpile trailing only the U.S. reserves.
Most of Germany's reserves have been stored abroad since the Cold War over fears of a Soviet invasion.
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The auditors' report stunned Germany, where the Bundesbank routinely tops polls of the nation's most trusted institutions. The central bank was taken aback and maintained it didn't see the need for more scrutiny in overseeing the reserves, saying "there is no doubt about the integrity of the foreign storage sites."
But the debate on the gold reserves, most of which are held by foreign authorities, caused some inevitable conspiracy theories questioning their very existence. Several politicians then jumped on the issue and called for some of the reserves to be repatriated.
Since the postwar days, when Germany worried about a possible land war with the Soviet bloc, most of the reserves have been kept in the vaults abroad. Just under half of them are now stored in New York, a little more than 10 percent each in London and Paris, with the remaining third kept in vaults at the Bundesbank's headquarters in Frankfurt.


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