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|Oracle Solaris Administration: IP Services Oracle Solaris 10 1/13 Information Library
Part I Introducing System Administration: IP Services
1. Oracle Solaris TCP/IP Protocol Suite (Overview)
2. Planning Your TCP/IP Network (Tasks)
3. Introducing IPv6 (Overview)
4. Planning an IPv6 Network (Tasks)
5. Configuring TCP/IP Network Services and IPv4 Addressing (Tasks)
6. Administering Network Interfaces (Tasks)
7. Configuring an IPv6 Network (Tasks)
8. Administering a TCP/IP Network (Tasks)
9. Troubleshooting Network Problems (Tasks)
10. TCP/IP and IPv4 in Depth (Reference)
13. Planning for DHCP Service (Tasks)
14. Configuring the DHCP Service (Tasks)
15. Administering DHCP (Tasks)
16. Configuring and Administering the DHCP Client
Differences Between DHCPv4 and DHCPv6
How DHCP Client Protocols Manage Network Configuration Information
How the DHCPv4 Client Manages Network Configuration Information
How the DHCPv6 Client Manages Network Configuration Information
Enabling and Disabling a DHCP Client
ifconfig Command Options Used With the DHCP Client
Setting DHCP Client Configuration Parameters
DHCP Client Systems With Multiple Network Interfaces
How to Enable a DHCPv4 Client to Request a Specific Host Name
DHCP Client Systems and Name Services
Setting Up DHCP Clients as NIS+ Clients
How to Set Up DHCP Clients as NIS+ Clients
17. Troubleshooting DHCP (Reference)
18. DHCP Commands and Files (Reference)
19. IP Security Architecture (Overview)
21. IP Security Architecture (Reference)
22. Internet Key Exchange (Overview)
24. Internet Key Exchange (Reference)
25. IP Filter in Oracle Solaris (Overview)
27. Introducing IPMP (Overview)
28. Administering IPMP (Tasks)
Part VI IP Quality of Service (IPQoS)
29. Introducing IPQoS (Overview)
30. Planning for an IPQoS-Enabled Network (Tasks)
31. Creating the IPQoS Configuration File (Tasks)
32. Starting and Maintaining IPQoS (Tasks)
33. Using Flow Accounting and Statistics Gathering (Tasks)
34. IPQoS in Detail (Reference)
The DHCP client is the dhcpagent daemon. When you install Oracle Solaris, you are prompted to use DHCP to configure network interfaces. If you specify Yes for DHCPv4, then that protocol is enabled on your system during Oracle Solaris installation. There are no install time options specifically for DHCPv6. A related question, though, is about IPv6. If you enable IPv6, then DHCPv6 is also enabled on a local network that supports DHCPv6.
You do not need to do anything else with the Oracle Solaris client to use DHCP. The DHCP server's configuration determines what information is given to DHCP client systems that use the DHCP service.
If a client system is already running Oracle Solaris, but not using DHCP, you can reconfigure the client system to use DHCP. You can also reconfigure a DHCP client system so that it stops using DHCP and uses static network information that you provide. See Enabling and Disabling a DHCP Client for more information.
There is no DHCPv6 server available through Sun Microsystems for Oracle Solaris. Servers available from third parties are compatible with Sun's DHCPv6, and if there is a DHCPv6 server on the network, Sun's DHCPv6 client will use it.
See The DHCP Serverfor information on the Sun DHCPv4 server.
The two major differences between DHCPv4 and DHCPv6 are the following:
The administrative model
DHCPv4 – The administrator enables DHCP for each interface. Administration is on a per-logical interface basis.
DHCPv6 – Explicit configuration is not necessary. This protocol is enabled on a given physical interface.
Protocol details
DHCPv4 – The DHCP server supplies the subnet mask for each address. A hostname option sets the system-wide node name.
DHCPv6 – The subnet mask is supplied by Router Advertisements, not the DHCPv6 server. There is no DHCPv6 hostname option.
DHCPv4 requires explicit client configuration. You must set up the DHCPv4 system for addressing when desired, and this is typically done during initial system installation or dynamically through the use of ifconfig(1M) options
DHCPv6 does not require explicit client configuration. Instead, using DHCP is a property of the network, and the signal to use it is carried in Router Advertisement messages from local routers. The DHCP client automatically creates and destroys logical interfaces as needed.
The DHCPv6 mechanism is very similar administratively to the existing IPv6 stateless (automatic) address configuration. For stateless address configuration, you would set a flag on the local router to indicate that, for a given set of prefixes, each client should automatically configure an address on its own by using the advertised prefix plus a local interface token or random number. For DHCPv6, the same prefixes are required, but the addresses are acquired and managed through a DHCPv6 server instead of being assigned "randomly."
DHCPv4 uses the MAC address and an optional Client ID to identify the client for purposes of assigning an address. Each time the same client arrives on the network, it gets the same address, if possible.
DHCPv6 uses basically the same scheme, but makes the Client ID mandatory and imposes structure on it. The Client ID in DHCPv6 consists of two parts: a DHCP Unique Identifier (DUID) and an Identity Association Identifier (IAID). The DUID identifies the client system (rather than just an interface, as in DHCPv4), and the IAID identifies the interface on that system.
As described in RFC 3315, an identity association is the means used for a server and a client to identify, group, and manage a set of related IPv6 addresses. A client must associate at least one distinct IA with each of its network interfaces, and then uses the assigned IAs to obtain configuration information from a server for that interface. For additional information about IAs, see the next section, "Protocol Details."
DUID+IAID can also be used with DHCPv4. These can be concatenated together unambiguously so that they can serve as the Client ID. For compatibility reasons, this is not done for regular IPv4 interfaces. However, for logical interfaces (hme0:1), DUID+IAID is used if no Client ID is configured.
Unlike IPv4 DHCP, DHCPv6 does not provide a "client name" option, so there is no way to name your systems based on DHCPv6 alone. Instead, if you need to know the DNS name that goes with an address provided by DHCPv6, use DNS reverse-resolution (address-to-name query by using the getaddrinfo(3SOCKET) function) to find the corresponding name information. One implication of this is that if you are using only DHCPv6 and want a node to have a specific name, you must set /etc/nodename on your system.
With DHCPv4, the DHCP server supplies the subnet mask to be used with the assigned address. With DHCPv6, the subnet mask (also known as "prefix length") is assigned by the Router Advertisements, and is not controlled by the DHCP server.
DHCPv4 carries a Hostname option that is used to set the system-wide node name. DHCPv6 has no such option.
To configure a Client ID for DHCPv6 you must specify a DUID, rather than allowing the system to choose one automatically. You can do this globally for the daemon, or on a per-interface basis. Use the following format to set the global DUID (note the initial dot):
To set a particular interface to use a given DUID (and make the system appear to be multiple independent clients to a DHCPv6 server):
hme0.v6.CLIENT ID=DUID
Each Identity Association (IA) holds one type of address. For example, an identity association for temporary addresses (IA_TA) holds temporary addresses, while an identity association for non-temporary addresses (IA_NA), carries assigned addresses that are permanent. The version of DHCPv6 described in this guide provides only IA_NA associations.
Oracle Solaris assigns exactly one IAID to each interface, on demand, and the IAID is stored in a file in the root file system so that it remains constant for the life of the machine.
In the DHCPv4 client, each logical interface is independent and is an administrative unit. In addition to the zeroth logical interface (which defaults to the interface MAC address as an identifier), the user may configure specific logical interfaces to run DHCP by specifying a CLIENT_ID in the dhcpagent configuration file. For example:
DHCPv6 works differently. The zeroth logical interface on an IPv6 interface, unlike IPv4, is always a link-local. A link-local is used to automatically assign an IP address to a device in an IP network when there is no other assignment method available, such as a DHCP server. The zeroth logical interface cannot be under DHCP control, so although DHCPv6 is run on the zeroth logical interface (known, also, as the "physical" interface), it assigns addresses only on non-zero logical interfaces.
In response to a DHCPv6 client request, the DHCPv6 server returns a list of addresses for the client to configure.
In DHCPv6 there is an Option Request Option, which provides a hint to the server of what the client prefers to see. If all possible options were sent from the server to the client, so much information could be sent that some of it would have to be dropped on the way to the client. The server might use the hint to choose among the options to include in the reply. Alternatively, the server could ignore the hint and choose other items to include. On Oracle Solaris, for example, the preferred options might include the Oracle Solaris DNS address domain or the NIS address domain, but would probably not include the net BIOS server.
The same type of hint is also provided for DHCPv4, but without the special Option Request Option. Instead DHCPv4 uses the PARAM_REQUEST_LIST in /etc/default/dhcpagent.
Configure the DHCPv6 client in much the same way as the existing DHCPv4 client, using /etc/default/dhcpagent.
The syntax is augmented with a ".v6" marker between the interface name (if any) and the parameter to be configured. For example, the global IPv4 option request list is set like this:
An individual interface can be configured to omit the hostname option like this:
To set a global request list for DHCPv6, note the leading dot:
Or, to set an individual interface, follow this example:
For reference, here is an actual /etc/default/dhcpagent file for DHCPv6 configuration:
# The default DHCPv6 parameter request list has preference (7), unicast (12), # DNS addresses (23), DNS search list (24), NIS addresses (27), and # NIS domain (29). This may be changed by altering the following parameter- # value pair. The numbers correspond to the values defined in RFC 3315 and # the IANA dhcpv6-parameters registry. .v6.PARAM_REQUEST_LIST=7,12,23,24,27,29
In most cases, there is nothing you need to do for DHCPv6 client startup. The in.ndpd daemon starts up DHCPv6 automatically when it is needed. You might need to touch /etc/hostname6.$IFNAME to configure an interface to be plumbed for IPv6 at boot time. However, the installer already does this if you enable IPv6 on your system at install time.
For DHCPv4, however, you must request the client startup, if that was not done during Oracle Solaris installation. See How to Enable a DHCP Client.
The dhcpagent daemon obtains configuration information that is needed by other processes involved in booting the system. For this reason, the system startup scripts start dhcpagent early in the boot process and wait until the network configuration information from the DHCP server arrives.
Although the default is to run DHCPv6, you can choose to not have DHCPv6 run. After DHCPv6 starts running, you can stop it with the ifconfig command. You can also disable DHCPv6 so that it does not start on reboot, by modifying the /etc/inet/ndpd.conf file.
The following example show how to immediately shut down DHCPv6on the interface named hme0:
ex# echo ifdefault StatefulAddrConf false >> /etc/inet/ndpd.conf ex# pkill -HUP -x in.ndpd ex# ifconfig hme0 inet6 dhcp release
The presence of the file /etc/dhcp.interface (for example, /etc/dhcp.ce0 on a Sun Fire 880 system) indicates to the startup scripts that DHCPv4 is to be used on the specified interface. Upon finding a dhcp.interface file, the startup scripts start dhcpagent.
After startup, dhcpagent waits until it receives instructions to configure a network interface. The startup scripts issue the ifconfig interface dhcp start command, which instructs dhcpagent to start DHCPv4 as described in How DHCP Works. If commands are contained within the dhcp.interface file, they are appended to the dhcp start option of ifconfig. See the ifconfig(1M) man page for more information about options used with the ifconfig interface dhcp command.
Unlike DHCPv4, which is invoked by manual configuration, DHCPv6 is invoked by Router Advertisements (RAs). Depending on how the router is configured, the system automatically invokes DHCPv6 on the interface on which the Router Advertisement message was received and uses DHCP to get an address and other parameters, or the system requests only data other than an address (for example, DNS servers) with DHCPv6.
The in.ndpd daemon receives the Router Advertisement message. It does this automatically on all interfaces plumbed for IPv6 on the system. When in.ndpd sees an RA that specifies that DHCPv6 should run, it invokes it.
To prevent in.ndpd from starting up DHCPv6, you can change the /etc/inet/ndpd.conf file.
You can also stop DHCPv6 after it starts by using one of the following versions of ifconfig:
ifconfig <interface>inet6 dhcp drop
ifconfig <interface> inet6 dhcp release
DHCPv4 and DHCPv6 client protocols manage network configuration information in different ways. The key difference is that with DHCPv4 the negotiation is for the lease of a single address and some options to go with it. With DHCPv6, the negotiation is over a batch of addresses and a batch of options.
For background information on the interaction between DHCPv4 client and server, see Chapter 12, About DHCP (Overview).
After the information packet is obtained from a DHCP server, dhcpagent configures the network interface and brings up the interface. The daemon controls the interface for the duration of the lease time for the IP address, and maintains the configuration data in an internal table. The system startup scripts use the dhcpinfo command to extract configuration option values from the internal table. The values are used to configure the system and enable it to communicate on the network.
The dhcpagent daemon waits passively until a period of time elapses, usually half the lease time. The daemon then requests an extension of the lease from a DHCP server. If the system notifies dhcpagent that the interface is down or that the IP address has changed, the daemon does not control the interface until instructed by the ifconfig command to do so. If dhcpagent finds that the interface is up and the IP address has not changed, the daemon sends a request to the server for a lease renewal. If the lease cannot be renewed, dhcpagent takes down the interface at the end of the lease time.
Each time dhcpagent performs an action related to the lease, the daemon looks for an executable file called /etc/dhcp/eventhook. If an executable file with this name is found, dhcpagent invokes the executable. See DHCP Client Event Scripts for more information about using the event executable.
DHCPv6 communication between client and server begins with the client sending out a Solicit message, to locate servers. In response, all servers available for DHCP service send an Advertise message. The server message contains multiple IA_NA (Identity Association Non-Temporary Address) records plus other options (such as DNS server addresses) that the server can supply.
A client can request particular addresses (and multiples of them) by setting up its own IA_NA/IAADDR records in its Request message. A client typically requests specific addresses if it has old addresses recorded and it would like the server to provide the same ones, if possible. Regardless of what the client does (even if it requests no addresses at all), the server can supply any number of addresses to the client for a single DHCPv6 transaction.
This is a the message dialog that takes place between the clients and servers.
A client sends a Solicit message to locate servers.
Servers send an Advertise message to indicate they are available for DHCP service.
A client sends a Request message to request configuration parameters, including IP addresses, from servers with the greatest preference values. Server preference values are set by the administrator and extend from 0, at the lowest end, to 255 at the highest.
The server sends a Reply message that contains the address leases and configuration data.
If the preference value in the Advertise message is 255, the DHCPv6 client immediately selects that server. If the most preferred server does not respond, or fails to give a successful Reply to the Request message, then the client continues looking for less-preferred servers (in order) until there are no more Advertise messages on hand. At that point, the client starts over by again sending Solicit messages.
The chosen server sends a Reply message containing assigned addresses and configuration parameters in response to a Solicit or Request message.
At shutdown, the client sends a Release message to the server that assigned addresses to the client to indicate that the client will no longer use one or more of the assigned addresses. When the DHCPv4 client system shuts down normally, dhcpagent writes the current configuration information to a file, if the file exists. The filename for DHCPv4 is /etc/dhcp/interface.dhc, and /etc/dhcp/interface.dh6 is for DHCPv6. By default, the lease is saved rather than released, so the DHCP server can not detect that the IP address is not in active use, which enables the client to easily regain the address on next boot. This default action is the same as the ifconfig <interface> dhcp drop command.
If the lease in that file is still valid when the system reboots, dhcpagent sends an abbreviated request to use the same IP address and network configuration information. For DHCPv4, this is the Request message. For DHCPv6, the message is Confirm.
If the DHCP server permits this request, dhcpagent can use the information that it wrote to disk when the system shut down. If the server does not permit the client to use the information, dhcpagent initiates the DHCP protocol sequence described in How DHCP Works. As a result, the client obtains new network configuration information.


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Browse our calendar for classes, events, and support groups that we offer.
View Classes & Events
This event will discuss High Reliability and aspects of HRO practiced at Yale New-Haven Health.
All newly appointed medical staff members within ninety (90) days of initial appointment. Note: employees of Yale New Haven Health and its entities will receive HRO training during new employee orientation (NEO). If you have been hired by Yale New Haven Health and will be attending NEO, there is no need to register for this training.


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Khloe Kardashian Pregnant With First Child — Report
The youngest Kardashian sister is finally expecting her first child with hubby Lamar Odom, claims a new report. Also, she will feature her pregnancy in a new show for E! with sis Kim says the same report.
Khloe Kardashian and husband Lamar Odom's dreams to be parents could finally be coming true! The Keeping Up with the Kardashians star is expecting her first child after years of fertility struggles, according to MediaTakeOut.com.
Khloe has reportedly signed a deal to do a new E! reality show with older sister Kim Kardashian — who is pregnant with boyfriend Kanye West's baby — that will focus on their adventures as pregnant sisters, MediaTakeOut.com is claiming.
A source at the E! Network reportedly told MediaTakeOut.com that Kim and Khloe's new series will start filming in the spring, and that they both will make 50 percent more than they usually make on their reality shows.
HollywoodLife.com has reached out to Khloe's rep and is awaiting comment.
Khloe Kardashian: How She Really Feels About Kim Kardashian's Pregnancy
Khloe was not at all jealous when she found out that her sister Kim was pregnant with boyfriend Kanye's baby, a source close to Khloe told HollywoodLife.com EXCLUSIVELY.
Khloe has been plagued by fertility problems since she and husband of three years Lamar have been trying to have a baby. Her struggle to get pregnant was documented on the most recent season of Keeping Up with the Kardashians, and a fertility doctor told Khloe that she will have a harder time getting pregnant due to a hormone imbalance.
What do YOU think of Khloe and Lamar finally having a baby HollyMoms? Do you think a sister reality show is a good idea? Let us know in the comments below!
WATCH: Khloe Kardashian Pregnant – To Film New Show With Kim
— Christina Stiehl
More Khloe & Lamar news:
- 'KKTM' Preview: Khloe Kardashian Discusses Lying About Abortions
- Khloe Kardashian: The Truth Behind Her Surrogacy Plans
- Khloe Kardashian Making Getting Pregnant Her Top Priority Now


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Xander's Chance (#1, Damian Eternal)
As the single-most powerful vampire on the planet, Xander is the ultimate bored predator with too much time on his hands. He manipulates the minds of immortals for fun and bullies around the Gods, while guarding the secret source of his power, a crystal that can wipe out the planet. But beneath the surface, he's a shrewd creature who learned the brutal lesson of why there must be a balance between good and evil. An unwilling protector of the playthings known as humans, he knows when and where to use his power – and never to let anyone close enough to betray him. It's easy to do, since he has the power to read the minds of everyone around him.
Except for one: Jessi, an innocent looking woman with an unusual talent who shows up unexpectedly in his life. Her sudden appearance is too convenient to be coincidence or chance. Xander determines quickly that she was sent by someone, but he can't read her mind to discover why.
Jessi's secret – and Xander's – have the power to forever change the human world. Intrigued by a new sort of challenge, Xander won't know how much danger he's in, until he's placed his fate in the hands of a woman whose betrayal will cost either his heart or his life
About Lizzy
Lizzy Ford is the author of over seventeen novels written for young adult and adult paranormal romance readers, to include the internationally bestselling Rhyn Trilogy, Witchling Trilogy and the War of Gods series. Considered a freak of nature by her peers for the ability to write and release a commercial quality novel in under a month, Lizzy has focused on keeping her readers happy by producing brilliant, gritty romances that remind people why true love is a trial worth enduring.
Lizzy's books can be found on every major ereader library, to include: Amazon, Barnes and Noble, iBooks, Kobo, Sony and Smashwords. She lives in southern Arizona with her husband, three dogs and a cat.
Find Lizzy online! Website, Lizzy Ford Books on Facebook, Twitter, Google+, Goodreads, Amazon author page


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The righteous will flourish like a palm tree, they will grow like a cedar of Lebanon; planted in the house of the LORD, they will flourish in the courts of our God. They will still bear fruit in old age, they will stay fresh and green, proclaiming, "The LORD is upright; he is my Rock, and there is no wickedness in him."
—Psalm 92:12-15 (NIV)
As I share with numerous audiences my experiences from years of ministry in Asia, I often try to drive home the point that the Church in China teaches us that you can never be too young and never too old to serve Jesus.
Our Western church culture marginalizes youths until they have finished some level of higher education. And even worse, we marginalize those who are retired as now being "over the hill" and only fit to sit in a rocking chair for whatever years remain for them.
But repeatedly in the Old Testament, there are references to the elderly "still bearing fruit in old age!" And the persecuted church is replete with stories and testimonies giving evidence.
In 1997 I wrote a booklet titled Great Bible Women of China in which I share the story of five elderly Chinese Bible Women who completed long fruitful lives of service, finishing strong.
In his book, Vietnam's Christians: A Century of Growth in Adversity, veteran Vietnam missionary, Reg Reimer, shares the remarkable story of diminutive Mrs. Diep Thi Do. She and her pastor husband served as missionaries among the Stieng tribal people for twenty years. Just before Vietnam fell in 1975, her husband was captured by the communists and was never heard from again. She then did not dare do any tribal ministry except pray.
In 1981, emerging from the deep underground during the darkest years, she encountered some very discouraged Stieng Christians in the market. They begged her to be their missionary and pastor. She considered this a strong call from God and courageously called the Stieng back into church groups. She often "stared down" resistance from communist authorities. She presided over the building of the largest church sanctuary in Vietnam. She performed all pastoral functions including marrying, burying, appointing leaders and administering the sacraments. Her bravery and her spiritual authority ensured that no one ever challenged her operating essentially as a bishop.
Reg Reimer concludes, "She described herself as 'only a little woman.' But her faith and trust in God made her a giant in the lives of thousands of Stieng Christians she had served for fifty-five years. More than four thousand came to attend her funeral and celebrate her life when she died at age eighty-four in 2008."[1] You can never be too old to serve Jesus!
RESPONSE: Today I will acknowledge that disciples of Jesus can be useful for Him at any age—especially in their elderly years.
PRAYER: Pray that elderly believers will realize the giftedness they have and can continue to utilize.
1. Reg Reimer, Vietnam's Christians: A Century of Growth in Adversity (Pasadena, CA: William Carey Library, 2011), p. 60.
Standing Strong Through The Storm (SSTS), a daily devotional message by SSTS author Paul Estabrooks. © 2011 Open Doors International. Used by permission.


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(a) The court, shall determine whether any prospective juror is disqualified for jury service on the basis of information provided on the juror qualification form or interview with the prospective juror or other competent evidence. The clerk shall enter this determination in the space provided on the juror qualification form and on the alphabetical lists of names drawn from the jury wheel or jury box.
(b) A prospective juror is disqualified to serve on a jury if the prospective juror:
(1) Is not a citizen of the United States, at least 18 years old and a resident of the county;
(2) Is unable to read, speak and understand the English language. For the purposes of this section, the requirement of speaking and understanding the English language is met by the ability to communicate in American Sign Language or Signed English;
(3) Is incapable, by reason of substantial physical or mental disability, of rendering satisfactory jury service. A person claiming this disqualification may be required to submit a physician's certificate as to the disability and the certifying physician is subject to inquiry by the court at its discretion;
(4) Has, within the preceding two years, been summoned to serve as a petit juror, grand juror or magistrate court juror and has attended sessions of the magistrate or circuit court and been reimbursed for his or her expenses as a juror pursuant to the provisions of §52-1-21 or §52-2-13 of this code, or pursuant to an applicable rule or regulation of the Supreme Court of Appeals promulgated pursuant to the provisions of §50-5-8 of this code;
(5) Has lost the right to vote because of a criminal conviction; or
(6) Has been convicted of perjury, false swearing or any crime punishable by imprisonment in excess of one year under the applicable law of this state, another state or the United States.
(c) A prospective juror 70 years of age or older is not disqualified from serving but shall be excused from service by the court upon his or her request.
(d) A prospective grand juror is disqualified to serve on a grand jury if he or she is an officeholder under the laws of the United States or of this state except that the term "officeholder" does not include, notaries public.
(e) A person who is physically disabled and can render competent service with reasonable accommodation is not ineligible to act as juror and may not be dismissed from a jury panel on the basis of disability alone. The circuit judge shall, upon motion by either party or upon his or her own motion, disqualify a disabled juror if the circuit judge finds that the nature of potential evidence in the case including, but not limited to, the type or volume of exhibits or the disabled juror's ability to evaluate a witness or witnesses, unduly inhibits the disabled juror's ability to evaluate the potential evidence. For purposes of this section:
(1) Reasonable accommodation includes, but is not limited to, certified interpreters for the deaf and hard of hearing, spokespersons for the speech impaired, real-time court reporting and readers for the visually impaired.
(2) The court shall administer an oath or affirmation to any person present to facilitate communication for a disabled juror. The substance of the oath or affirmation shall be that any person present as an accommodation to a disabled juror will not deliberate on his or her own behalf, although present throughout the proceedings, but act only to accurately communicate for and to the disabled juror.
(f) Nothing in this article limits a party's right to preemptory strikes in civil or criminal actions.


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Tag: business value vs. price
RUSSO & WEITZ – DYNAMIC VALUE DUO – Transcript 1/03/2014 #1028
CONSUELO MACK: This week on WealthTrack, a dynamic duo of super value investors! Wally Weitz of the Weitz Funds and Tom Russo of Gardner Russo & Gardner search high and low for extraordinary bargains but find them very different places. Two great value investors are next on Consuelo Mack WealthTrack.
Hello and welcome to this edition of WealthTrack, I'm Consuelo Mack. This week for our first show of the New Year, we have a WealthTrack exclusive with two outstanding value investors together on television for the first time, although they are good friends and have known


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What you need to know before you go
St Tropez is one of the Mediterranean's fanciest beach destinations, on a stretch of coast known as the French Riviera. It's a small town that swells in the summer months when hundreds of yachts line the port and drop anchor in the deep blue waters of the Med.
This town is all about laidback luxury. Head to one of St Tropez's many beaches, drink something chilled and fizzy while eating freshly grilled seafood. Join the jet-set crowd down by the waterfront in Vieux Port or take a walk up to the citadel that has great views over the city.


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Journal Writing: A Prescription for Good Health
When your body is sick or injured, you probably seek medical attention and follow a regimen of prescriptions, bed rest, and even physical therapy. But did you know that keeping a journal might aid in your recovery? There's also some evidence that healthy people who keep journals report a greater well-being and fewer medical problems.
"I credit my journal for turning my life around, for getting me up and out into the world again, for giving me the strength to carry on," says Keith Bellinger of Warren Center, Pennsylvania.
A car crash in 1991 left Bellinger, a construction worker at the time, with three crushed vertebrae in his back and neck. He had kept a journal for more than 20 years, but found his daily writing to be even more therapeutic after his accident.
"Unable to move without pain, I lost myself in my writing," says Bellinger. "Without it I would have drowned in self-pity. The previous entries took me back to the job sites, let me walk in the sunlight, lift heavy walls, and guide trusses to their marks atop beams high in the air. New entries explored the reasons I was now disabled, helped put into perspective religion versus spirituality, and strengthened my resolve to turn to a simpler, less stressful lifestyle."
Helping to Connect
Vickie Beck, a nurse psychotherapist at the University of Maryland, encourages most of her patients to keep journals.
"I tailor journals to the interest of my clients—particularly with children—and do not limit it to the documentation and expression of previous events," says Beck. "For those clients with an interest in poetry, I encourage them to write poems of any sort. For those who like music, I encourage them to write lyrics, which we can then talk about and set to music if they wish. Many of my clients bring their writing to their sessions, and it provides a focus for the sessions."
For small children who haven't learned to write yet, Beck encourages them to keep a journal of pictures. She says this allows them to express and record their feelings and thoughts in a similar way to a written journal.
"Journal writing is not for everyone," Beck continues, "but for many it can be cathartic, insightful, and even fun. It can be shared or kept private, and still be beneficial as a tool for therapy. And long after therapy is needed, it can still be utilized to maintain health."
Writing About Chronic Conditions
A four-month study published in the Journal of the American Medical Association found that writing down details about particularly stressful events can improve the health of patients who suffer from ]]>asthma]]> and ]]>arthritis]]> .
In the study, the participants were divided into two groups. One group simply wrote about their plans for the day. Patients in the other group wrote about their feelings surrounding a stressful event in their lives. All of the people continued their regular medical treatment, and had their condition evaluated at two weeks, two months, and four months. Researchers found that 47% of the patients who wrote about their feelings showed improvement while only 24% of the other group did.
Dr. Arthur A. Stone, co-author of the study from the State University of New York at Stony Brook, is quick to point out that the study did not focus on journal writing.
"We looked at writing about the most stressful experience of one's life in an emotional way," says Dr. Stone. "How is this different than journaling? Well, for one thing, we don't know what people write about in their journals or about how they write. In other words, if a person was to simply record the day's events in a log-type manner, then this would be a very different task than the emotional writing about stressful events that we did. But perhaps some individuals journal in a very emotional way, attempting to solve problems and by providing their journal with detailed, emotional reactions to their life. This is clearly more similar to our task."
In another study, published in the Annals of Behavioral Medicine , researchers examined the effect of writing about a traumatic event. In this study, some participants focused on journaling about emotions related to the event, others focused on emotions and cognitions (thoughts), while others simply wrote factually about the daily news. Interestingly, writing about emotions alone increased negative symptoms from the trauma, while those who focused on both thoughts and feelings developed a sense that the stressful event had produced positive effects in their lives.
Keeping Student Journals
Dr. Charles M. Anderson, graduate coordinator in the Department of Rhetoric and Writing at the University of Arkansas at Little Rock, had completed research on the topic of writing and health. His book, Writing and Healing: Toward an Informed Practice , is designed to explore ways in which writing can promote healing.
"Most of the writing I have dealt with is from students who work to make sense of loss, pain, and traumatic events," says Dr. Anderson. "Events such as sexual abuse, violence at schools and home, and even violence depicted in movies and on television creates significant difficulties for many students. Writing is a natural and attractive technology for addressing and overcoming the effects of such events."
While Anderson believes journals can provide beneficial health effects, he feels there are also limitations.
"In my experience," Dr. Anderson says, "journal writing reveals traumatic images and promotes a very short-term cathartic effect, but does little to reintegrate the traumatic event into the life narrative of the sufferer. To be healed, the sufferer must reintegrate the event into his or her life."
Getting Started
Don't let the blank journal page intimidate you. Just start writing and write everyday until it becomes a daily habit. Books like Julia Cameron's The Artist's Way: A Spiritual Path to Higher Creativity and Natalie Goldberg's Writing Down The Bones: Freeing the Writer Within offer suggestions for finding the freedom to write down your emotions and feelings. And if you're more comfortable with a keyboard than with a pen, type away. The key is to get your feelings down, regardless of how you do it.
Keeping a journal is particularly effective for people undergoing long periods of grief, such as the loss of a spouse or child. The journal serves as a "vessel" for your emotions that you may be unable or unwilling to share.
Need some help getting started? In her journal-writing workshops, Charlene Kingston, of Writing the Journey, suggests some basic topics that will get you started.
- Who am I? How do I know who I am?
- What does it mean to be content?
- Do I listen more or talk more? Why?
- What does it mean to nurture myself?
- Am I comfortable with my feelings? What makes me cry or laugh? When am I comfortable expressing my feelings?
- How much of my time is spent with other people and how much am I alone?
- Why do bad things happen? Who is responsible when something bad happens to me?
- How do I handle stress? Do I welcome challenges?
- What is my unique gift to the world?
The American Institute of Stress
Mental Health America
Canadian Mental Health Association
Canadian Psychiatric Association
Anderson CM, MacCurdy MM. Writing and Healing: Toward an Informed Practice. Urbana, IL: National Council of Teachers of English; 1999.
The Center for Journal Therapy website. Available at: http://www.journaltherapy.com .
Ullrich PM, Lutgendorf SK. Journaling about stressful events: effects of cognitive processing and emotional expression. Ann Behav Med. 2002;24:244-250.
Writing the Journey website. Available at: http://www.writingthejourney.com .
Last reviewed May 2009 by ]]>Theodor B. Rais MD]]>
Please be aware that this information is provided to supplement the care provided by your physician. It is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. CALL YOUR HEALTHCARE PROVIDER IMMEDIATELY IF YOU THINK YOU MAY HAVE A MEDICAL EMERGENCY. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition.
Copyright © 2007 EBSCO Publishing All rights reserved.


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Current Concepts In Plantar Plate Repair
Do you find yourself in certain cases choosing between metatarsal realignment and plantar plate repair? Given this dilemma, these authors suggest that combining the Weil osteotomy with a dorsal approach to the anatomic plantar plate may be beneficial in addressing both plantar plate tears and metatarsalgia.
With any surgical procedure, there are problems and complications. The most commonly discussed problem associated with the Weil osteotomy is the "floating toe." Studies had identified the floating toe to occur 15 to 50 percent of the time following a Weil osteotomy.1-3 The floating toe does not touch the floor with neutral weightbearing after undergoing a metatarsal osteotomy.
Additionally, there is weakness and decreased ability to plantarflex the toe actively. Many have theorized as to the cause of floating toe and have suggested modifications to the procedure in order to prevent its occurrence.4-7 However, most of these changes have not altered the outcome and increased other complications (transfer metatarsalgia, stiffness, edema, etc.) and disability postoperatively.
For years, we have been trying to find a solution to the problem, whether it is making sure to perform the procedure in the articular surface to prevent plantar translation, performing appropriate dorsal soft tissue release, encouraging early physical therapy (seven days postoperative), and emphasizing plantarflexion strength and night splinting of the toe. Nonetheless, floating toe still occurred, although at rates much lower than cited in the literature. In our most unstable metatarsophalangeal joints (MPJs), we started trying to repair the plantar plate in conjunction with the osteotomy but with limited success due to the difficulty of exposure from the dorsal approach.
In the fall of 2007, the lead author had given a lecture on the Weil osteotomy at a Podiatry Institute conference in Florida. Immediately following the lecture, Craig Camasta, DPM, gave a lecture on plantar plate pathology and repair. Dr. Camasta was one of the real leaders in discussing the plantar plate and he made a very compelling argument as to the role of the plantar plate in lesser metatarsophalangeal joint problems. Listening to Dr. Camasta's rationale made the lead author strongly consider the possibility that plantar plate insufficiency may have more to do with the painful metatarsalgia entity and postoperative floating toe problems than previously appreciated. It also made him think that combining the Weil osteotomy with a plantar plate repair would be the best of both worlds.
Later in the exhibit hall, the lead author came across a company that was showing bone anchor concepts that were the standard of care for arthroscopic rotator cuff repair at the time. The delivery system for repairing the rotator cuff was something with which he was totally unfamiliar but he watched the salesman demonstrate the placement of sutures into tissue in a tight space. At that moment, he realized that he had a way to suture the plantar plate through the same dorsal exposure as the Weil osteotomy.
The following week, the lead author and his Fellow, Jason Glover, DPM, tried different combined Weil osteotomy/plantar plate repairs on cadavers and came up with a reproducible technique. They started performing the procedure for patients with the most unstable, painful metatarsalgia and closely followed the patients and their results. The lead author presented the first series of cases at the International Federation of Foot and Ankle Surgeons the following fall in Brazil with very encouraging early results showing high function and diminished incidence of floating toe.
Why Shorten The Metatarsal?
Metatarsalgia is one of the most common problems we see as foot and ankle specialists. Typically, the position and length of the second metatarsal (and occasionally the third) have created a biomechanical imbalance in the forefoot, causing pain and subsequent injury to the surrounding soft tissue structures, particularly the plantar plate. During the propulsive phase of gait, an elongated metatarsal will be overloaded with every step. Over time, that overload will cause attrition to the plantar plate and surrounding soft tissue structures, leading to pain, swelling, deviation of the joint, crossover toe deformity, hammertoe and ultimately dislocation.
Radiographically, this manifests as a subtle difference in the length of the second metatarsal in comparison to the contralateral foot (for unilateral pathology) or in comparison to the expected normal second metatarsal protrusion distance (for bilateral pathology). In our patients with unilateral plantar plate tears, the side with the plantar plate pathology had a second metatarsal protrusion distance of 4.4 ± 1.0 mm, which is 0.6 mm longer than the contralateral/non-pathological side (3.8 ± 1.0 mm).8
It is necessary to correct the underlying deformity by shortening the metatarsal. Without metatarsal shortening, soft tissue corrections will fail over time. Not correcting the metatarsal in this situation is much like addressing a posterior tendon dysfunction solely by repairing the tendon without changing the structural component with appropriate calcaneal osteotomies, arthroereisis or fusion procedures.
Why Repair The Plantar Plate?
The earliest description of the plantar plate can be credited to Cruveilhier, who described the plantar plate as a static structure that served to "protect" the lower portion of the lesser MPJ while increasing joint space area.9 More recently, authors have theorized the plantar plate to serve as both a static and dynamic structure having attachments to the deep transverse intermetatarsal ligament, the lateral collateral ligaments and the plantar fascia.10
The plantar plate is one of the main stabilizers of the lesser metatarsophalangeal joint. In concert with the collateral ligament complex, sagittal and transverse plane deformity (including dislocation) are resistant at the level of the MPJ. Sectioning of the plantar plate will decrease the amount of force necessary to dislocate the MPJ by 30 percent.11 Sectioning of the collateral ligaments will decrease the amount of force to dislocate the MPJ by 45 percent. Sectioning of both structures will decrease the amount of force needed to dislocate the MPJ by 79 percent.
It stands to reason, therefore, that pathology of the plantar plate needs repair in order to restore stability to the lesser MPJ. This concept is similar to that of a Brostrom procedure for lateral ankle stabilization. When the primary stabilizing structure of a joint undergoes repair, the joint becomes more stable.
How Common Is Plantar Plate Pathology?
In the experience of our institution, plantar plate pathology is responsible for much of the lesser MPJ pain/metatarsalgia in our patients. As many as 50 percent of our patients with metatarsalgia present to our clinic seeking a second opinion as they had previously seen physicians who diagnosed another pathology (generally capsulitis or a second interspace neuroma) that was resistant to treatment.
Interestingly, while conducting a cadaveric study earlier this year aimed at elucidating the cross-sectional anatomy of the metatarsal neck and the proximal attachment of the plantar plate, researchers found 80 percent (16 of 20) of these randomly selected specimens had one of four types of plantar plate tears (see the table "What A Cadaveric Study Reveals About Plantar Plate Pathology" below).12
How To Determine Plantar Plate Pathology
A thorough clinical examination can isolate the possibility of plantar plate pathology. Patients will typically present with pain to the ball of the foot that is progressive in nature. They may complain of some numbness in the area, which is likely due to swelling putting pressure on the nerves in the area. The toe may be changing position over time by becoming more dorsally aligned or with lateral or, more commonly, medial deviation. There can be concomitant first ray pathology (hallux valgus or hallux rigidus), but this is not always present.
In the most severe cases, there may be a crossover toe deformity or MPJ dislocation. Hammertoe deformities may or may not be present. In early manifestations of disease, swelling at the plantar aspect of the MPJ may be present. However, in the situation of complete tear, this may be absent. There will be pain at the plantar aspect of the MPJ or distal aspect of the metatarsal head. A modified drawer test may yield instability in comparison to the contralateral foot or in comparison to the "expected normal" when bilateral disease is present. A drawer test will be painful in the patient with an incomplete tear but is often painless with complete tear. There may be weakness of plantarflexion of the affected toe.
X-ray findings of bilateral weightbearing films will often show an altered metatarsal pattern with the second metatarsal being slightly longer in comparison to the contralateral foot, transverse plane deviation of the digits, splaying of the digits and a subtly increased metatarsus adductus angle. Interestingly, 60 percent of our patients had splaying of the second and third digits, and did not have an interdigital neuroma. In the past, advanced diagnostics were inconsistent at best. Magnetic resonance images (MRI) of a MPJ would rarely provide more than one or two slices through the joint and visualization of the plantar plate was inadequate. More recently, MRI techniques have allowed a much higher level of appreciation of the MPJ.
Our previous Fellow, Wenjay Sung, DPM, led our ACFAS Research Grant Award to determine MRI correlation to intraoperative findings of plantar plate pathology. The overall accuracy of MRI in determining if plantar plate pathology was present was 96 percent. This study also revealed a sensitivity of 95 percent, a specificity of 100 percent, a positive predictive value of 100 percent and a negative predictive value of 67 percent. This MRI study occurred without IV contrast and without intra-articular contrast, as had been done previously in the literature.13,14 Sung's MRI study was the 2011 poster award winner at the American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Surgeons Annual Summer Meeting, and will be published in the Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery in 2012.15
We also have an ongoing study looking at diagnostic ultrasound in comparison to MRI findings and intraoperative findings. The early results from this study suggest that ultrasound evaluation of the plantar plate is highly technician dependent. Although the ability of the ultrasound and technician to detect the presence of plantar plate pathology is relatively high (75 percent), the ability to accurately detect the location of the plantar plate pathology is very low (31 percent).
A Guide To Performing The Combined Plantar Plate Repair And Weil Osteotomy
To rectify plantar plate pathology and metatarsal deformity, we have developed a combined procedure to perform a dorsal approach anatomic plantar plate repair and a Weil osteotomy.
Make a linear incision overlying the extensor apparatus extending from the distal third of the metatarsal shaft to the midshaft of the proximal phalanx centering over the MPJ. After performing dissection down to the extensor apparatus, create an incision between the extensor digitorum longus and brevis to the level of bone from the distal metatarsal to the proximal phalanx shaft. Place a self-retaining retractor deep to the extensor tendons and expose the MPJ. Reflect the medial and lateral collaterals off the proximal phalanx base, making sure to preserve their metatarsal head attachments.
Then carefully place a small or medium McGlamry type elevator into the MPJ and advance it proximally (hugging the bone) to release adhesions and mobilize the proximal plantar plate attachment at the metatarsal neck. This allows improved exposure to the plantar plate in later steps. Only use the elevator plantarly and do not carry it to the medial or lateral side of the metatarsal head. This helps maintain collateral attachments as these attachments provide the most important blood supply to the metatarsal head.
Perform a Weil osteotomy in the affected metatarsal. The osteotomy starts in the dorsal (2 to 3 mm) articular surface of the metatarsal. The angle of the osteotomy is as close to parallel to the weightbearing surface as possible. This angle is important to prevent plantar displacement of the metatarsal head as one creates shortening.
After completing the osteotomy, use a metatarsal pushing device to push the metatarsal head proximally 7 to 15 mm and temporarily fixate it with a 1.6-mm threaded K-wire.
Place a mini-joint distraction device over the pin to fixate the metatarsal head and then place a second pin from dorsal to plantar, 5 mm distal to the base of the proximal phalanx. After placing the distractor, open it to gain dorsal access to the MPJ and visualize the plantar plate.
One can confirm plantar plate pathology with direct visualization of this structure. We have observed several different types of plantar plate injuries. These injuries include attenuation/attrition, longitudinal buttonhole tears, partial transverse tears or complete ruptures (see the table "What A Cadaveric Study Reveals About Plantar Plate Pathology" above). The most common pattern, in cadavers and our patients alike, is the incomplete transverse tears at the attachment into the proximal phalanx. These tears can be visible at the medial plantar plate attachment or, more commonly, the lateral plantar plate attachment. With more advanced disease, the entire plantar plate will be torn. Coughlin and colleagues published an anatomic study of plantar plate tears and a modified version of our grading scale.12,16
If the plantar plate has pathology, one must carefully dissect the entirety of the plantar plate off the base of the proximal phalanx. The flexor tendons run in close plantar (deep) proximity to the plantar plate at this level and one must take care not to cut them. After resecting the plantar plate off the phalanx, carry dissection proximally to create a full thickness flap of the plantar plate for advancement. A Freer elevator may be helpful to maintain a consistent level of tissue during this dissection.
After completely mobilizing the plantar plate, utilize a Mini-Scorpion device from the Complete Plantar Plate Repair System (Arthrex) to create a wide three-stitch mattress. Remove the distraction device and place a right angle towel clamp around the sides of the proximal phalanx. Perform manual distraction/plantarflexion to expose the base of the proximal phalanx. Remove any soft tissue attachments on the plantar surface of the proximal phalanx base. Using a small curette, roughen the plantar bony surface to facilitate plantar plate reattachment.
Create crossed bone tunnels in the proximal phalanx from distal dorsal medial to proximal plantar lateral. Create a second tunnel by drilling from distal dorsal lateral to proximal plantar medial. Then pass the sutures attached to the plantar plate from plantar to dorsal through the bone tunnels in the phalanx.
Proceed to remove the temporary fixation for the metatarsal head and pull the metatarsal head to its desired length. It is rare to shorten more than 3 mm. After achieving accurate alignment, fixate the osteotomy with one or two Snap-Off screws.
Plantarflex the phalanx to approximately 15 to 20 degrees. Then pull the sutures tightly to advance the plantar plate into the base of the proximal phalanx. Tie the sutures dorsally to secure the plantar plate position. The toe will appear plantarflexed. Then reapproximate deep tissue and skin, and apply a bulky compressive bandage to hold the second toe in plantarflexion. This bandage should remain in place for seven to 10 days with guarded partial weightbearing in a surgical shoe.
After removing the bandages, instruct the patient to return to a supportive athletic shoe with guarded weightbearing. The patient receives a night brace to reduce swelling. This brace (AFTR DC brace with osteotomy strap, BioSkin) will serve as a night splint to hold the toe in plantarflexion. This night splinting technique helps prevent dorsal contracture and scar tissue formation that can lead to limited postoperative plantarflexion.
Aggressive physical therapy begins at seven to 10 days postoperatively with particular emphasis on plantarflexion strength. Passive and active range of motion of the short and long flexor tendons — often under the direction of a physical therapist — two to three times a week is often included in the postoperative regimen.
Patients are able to return to normal shoe gear six to eight weeks postoperatively and begin aggressive weightbearing activities.
How Patients Have Fared Following The Procedure
Our early results of this procedure were published in Foot and Ankle Specialist in 2011.17 Postoperative visual analogue scale pain scores decreased from 7.3 + 1.6 to 1.7 + 1.8. Eighty-five percent of patients reported improved function and 77 percent of patients were satisfied or very satisfied with the outcome of the procedure. For this group of patients, there were two complications: painful hardware and continued metatarsalgia. There were no incidences of dehiscence, malunion, non-union or recurrent MPJ subluxation or dislocation.
Since the time of that study's publication, we have performed many more procedures, all with similar and significant reduction in pain level postoperatively. There have been a few patients who have sustained significantly painful post-op stiffness that has resolved after a joint manipulation with the patient under anesthesia. Further results will be available with longer follow-up of this larger cohort of patients.
In Conclusion
Through our research, we conclude that the incidence of plantar plate pathology is far more prevalent than commonly appreciated. In a randomized group of 20 cadavers, 80 percent of specimens had plantar plate tears.12 Anytime we see a painful metatarsalgia with plantar swelling at the MPJ, we suspect a plantar plate tear.
An appropriate clinical exam and radiographs can help detect plantar plate problems. Magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasound can help accurately define the presence and location of plantar plate deficits.
Previously, surgeons would have to choose whether to realign the metatarsal position or repair the plantar plate. Both procedures provide successful outcomes but have limitations as neither addresses the entire pathology involved. The dorsal approach for anatomic plantar plate repair provides a combined alternative to fully correct the complex nature of both a plantar plate repair and metatarsal deformity. The dorsal approach of this procedure allows the surgeon appreciation of both severe and subtler plantar plate injuries that may not be clearly evident from a plantar approach. This approach also allows for metatarsal realignment and prevention of a plantar scar.
We believe that with further attention and research, we can better understand, diagnose and treat plantar plate problems to provide surgeons and patients alike with the most optimal results.
Dr. Weil is the President and Fellowship Director of the Weil Foot, Ankle and Orthopedic Institute. He also serves as the Editor of Foot and Ankle Specialist. Dr. Weil is a Fellow of the American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons.
Dr. Klein is the Reconstructive Foot and Ankle Surgical Fellow at the Weil Foot, Ankle and Orthopedic Institute.
1. Highlander P, VonHerbulis E, Gonzalez A, Britt J, Buchman J. Complications of the Weil Osteotomy. Foot Ankle Spec. 2011;4(3):165-70.
2. Garg R, Thordarson DB, Schrumpf M, Castaneda D. Sliding oblique versus segmental resection osteotomies for lesser metatarsophalangeal joint pathology. Foot Ankle Int. 2008; 29(10):1009-14.
3. Migues A, Slullitel G, Bilbao F, Carrasco M, Solari G. Floating-toe deformity as a complication of the Weil osteotomy. Foot Ankle Int 2004; 25(9):609-13.
4. Joseph R, Schroeder K, Greenberg M. A retrospective analysis of lesser metatarsophalangeal joint fusion as a treatment option for hammertoe patholiogy associated with metatarsophalangeal joint instability. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2012; 51: 57–62.
5. Baravarian B, Thompson J, Nazarian D. Plantar plate tears: a review of the modified flexor tendon transfer repair of stabilization. Clin Pod Med Surg. 2011; 28: 57–58.
6. Bouche RT, Heit EJ. Combined plantar plate and hammertoe repair with flexor digitorum longus tendon transfer for chronic, severe sagittal plane instability of the lesser metatarsophalangeal joints: preliminary observations. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2008; 47(2):125-137.
7. Klammer G, Baumann G, Kaspar Moor B, Farshad M, Espinosa N. Early complication and recurrence rates after kirschner wire transfixation in lesser toe surgery: a prospective randomized study. Foot Ankle Int. 2012; 33(2):105-112.
8. Coughlin MJ. Second metatarsophalangeal joint instability in the athlete. Foot Ankle. 1993; 14:309-319.
9. Cruveilhier J. The Anatomy of the Human Body. Harper & Bros, New York, 1844, pp. 176.
10. Stainsby GD. Pathological anatomy and dynamic offect of the displaced paltnar plate and the importance of the integrity of the plantar plate-deep transverse intermetatarsal ligament tie-bar. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 1997; 79:58-68.
11. Bhatia D, Myerson MS, Curtis MJ, Cunningham BW, Jinnah RH. Anatomical restraints to dislocation of the second metatarsophalangeal joint and assessment for repair technique. JBJS. 1994; 76A(9):1371-1375.
12. Coughlin M, Schutt SA, Hirose CB, et al. Metatarsophalangeal joint pathology in crossover second toe deformity: a cadaveric study. Foot Ankle Int. 2012; 33(2):133-140.
13. Kier R, Abrahamian H, Caminear D, et al. MR arthrography of the second and third metatarsophalangeal joints for the detection of tears of the plantar plate and joint capsule. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2010; 194(4):1079-81.
14. Gregg J, Silberstein M, Schneider T, Marks P. Sonographic and MRI evaluation of the plantar plate: A prospective study. Eur Radiol. 2006; 16(12):2661-9.
15. Sung W, Burns P, Wukich D. Radiographic outcomes of primary first metatarsophalangeal joint arthrodesis for hallux abductovalgus deformities. E-Poster Competition, 26th Annual Summer Meeting of the American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society, July 7-10, 2010
16. Coughlin MJ, Baumfeld DS, Nery C. Second MTP joint instability: grading of the deformity and description of surgical repair of capsular insufficiency. Phys Sportsmed. 2011; 39(3):132-41.
17. Weil L Jr, Sung W, Weil LS Sr, Malinoski K. Anatomic plantar plate repair using the Weil metatarsal osteotomy approach. Foot Ankle Spec. 2011; 4(3):145-50.


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| 12.7°C Belfast
Harry Potter creator JK Rowling is turning sports writer to pen a series of match reports from the fictional Quidditch World Cup.
The writer's fans will be able to read regular updates from the tournament, which first featured in her books about the teenage wizard, on the Pottermore website.
Quidditch - a fictional sport played by the student wizards on flying broomsticks in the best-selling books - is so popular with fans that they have adapted a version of the game that can really be played.
Characters from the books will feature in the reports, which are credited to Harry's wife Ginny who is billed as " the Daily Prophet's Quidditch Correspondent in the Patagonian desert" where the tournament is said to be staged.
It comes after Rowling posted a history of the tournament last month on t he Pottermore site, which includes previously unpublished material about her young hero and also works as a one-stop shop for electronic and digital audio versions of her books.
Her fans are also awaiting her second novel in a crime series written under the pseudonym Robert Galbraith, which is due out on June 19.
Galbraith's true identity was exposed last year after a senior figure at a legal firm which represented her in the past blew her cover.


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Barry Torres
SLU Director of Ensembles
"What's the big deal about these School Songs," I said to myself when I started directing the Laurentian Singers in 1998. My assumption was that these would be like most traditionally functional songs - boring, vapid and overly sentimental. These preconceptions were quickly dispelled. My first "performance" with the Laurentians was singing the School Songs (as the 3 Songs of St. Lawrence are referred to, although there are many others) at a University function. The songs' honest expression and the depth of feeling the Singers invested in them infused the occasion with a sense of pride and tradition that was palpable. Each of the songs gets at a particular sentiment – nostalgia (Chapel Bells), pride (A Tribute) and love (Alma Mater) – which combined sum up the feelings of many Laurentians for their university. I hope you'll come to know, as I have over the past 14 years, that the meaning St. Lawrence holds for the members of this community, past and present, comes from a tradition of caring and respect fostered by this place. These songs, tuneful and heartfelt, are apt expressions of these sentiments. The Laurentian Singers never tire of singing them. We hope that each of you might learn to sing our Alma Mater and join your fellow Laurentians in perpetuating the traditions that have made St. Lawrence the special place it has been and continues to be today. (The linked song titles below will take you to performances of each one by the Laurentian Singers.)
Chapel Bells, written by Eugene Wright '49, was the first prize winner in a contest for a new original school song in 1948, sponsored by the Alumni Council. He came away with $50 prize money (a decent sum in 1948) and SLU had the last of its 3 School Songs. It was published along with the other two and 43 other songs in the third edition of Songs of St. Lawrence in 1950. The version you'll hear is a fine arrangement by my one of predecessors, J. R. (Dick) Gilbert, who was affectionately called "Papa G" by his singers. He directed the Laurentians from 1955 until his untimely death in 1970. Gilbert Recital Hall in Griffiths Arts Center is named in his honor.
Dr. Harry Shilkret '21 composed more SLU songs then anyone. An amateur musician and composer all his life (he even wrote a concerto for horn and orchestra), he co-edited the 1921 edition of the songbook with John Brush '22, who penned most of the lyrics to his tunes, including A Tribute. Shilkret not only wrote 16 of the 49 songs in the book (and several others that appeared in the 1950 edition) but also arranged most of the other songs, some for a cappella ensembles. We sing his own four-part setting.
St. Lawrence still benefits materially as well as spiritually from the song writing efforts of one of its most famous sons, J.K. Gannon '24. His long and illustrious career as a song writer (over 200 songs bear his name, mostly as lyricist) started here, and one of his first creations was our Alma Mater. At one point in his career he had 4 songs on the "Hit Parade" simultaneously. As recently as 2002 his most famous song, "I'll Be Home for Christmas," was number 9 on the list of the 25 all-time most-performed holiday songs published by ASCAP – a good thing for SLU since, in his estate, Gannon designated that thirty percent of all his song royalties be paid to the University.
All of the performances you've heard are from the Laurentian Singers 60th Reunion Concert on June 3, 2006 in Gunnison Chapel. Singers from the classes of '49 to '09, more than 75 of them altogether, were joined by the SRO audience in the singing of the Alma Mater. And if you're wondering if song writing is alive and well today at SLU, the newest school song, The Fount, with lyrics and tune by Neema Mawiyoo '06, was performed by her and the Reunion Chorus also at this very special concert. That's Dr. Michael Farley of the SLU Music Department (and a faculty member in the FYP) on the saxophone.
As you might gather from all this, singing has been an important tradition at SLU; so much so that President Sullivan sponsored a special Sesquicentennial Scholar to research the history of singing at SLU as part of the University's celebration of its 150th anniversary. In the summer of 2004 Wendy Berner '06, a Laurentian Singer herself, produced a substantial paper detailing the University's rich legacy of song.


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Michigan Becomes 24th Right-to-Work State
The speed with which the controversial legislation that makes it illegal for unions to require financial support as a condition of employment became law has left organized labor and Democrats reeling.
Michigan became the 24th right-to-work state in the blink of an eye Tuesday after the state House rushed through legislation and Gov. Rick Snyder immediately signed it, capping a day of charged emotions, huge crowds and mostly peaceful demonstrations.
The speed with which the controversial legislation became law left organized labor and Democrats reeling. There is talk of legal challenges and recall efforts. But Democrats and labor leaders say they are mostly focused on 2014, when they hope to regain control of the Legislature and the governor's office in the face of what they see as a Republican over-reach.
"This is a major day in Michigan's history," Snyder told reporters late Tuesday during a news conference, shortly after signing two right-to-work bills approved by the state House Tuesday and by the Senate last Thursday.
The news of the signing was a bit of a surprise, and relayed rather matter-of-factly by the governor. He said he saw how divisive the issue was and noted the large crowds of protesters outside the Capitol, saying he didn't see a need for a public signing or ceremony. Instead he said it was just time take a position and move forward.
"I don't view this as anti-labor. I view this as pro-worker," Snyder said.
Because the new law was designed to include a $1 million appropriation to cover implementation, it can't be repealed by voter initiative, as the controversial 2011 emergency manager law was on Nov. 6.
But the right-to-work law wasn't what many of the opponents said they were interested in recalling Tuesday.
"The sleeping tiger is awake now," Michigan AFL-CIO President Karla Swift told the Free Press. "We have 2014 as a goal to shift out and win justice."
An estimated 12,500 demonstrators from across the state and around the country converged on the Capitol, waving signs, hoisting inflatable rats mocking Snyder, and stomping their feet and shouting their voices hoarse in the Capitol Rotunda.
When their actions had no effect on the Legislature, demonstrators turned their focus to Snyder and briefly massed outside his offices in the Romney Building across from the Capitol, accusing him of a double-cross with his about-face on right-to-work.
Michigan, following Midwest neighbor Indiana into right-to-work status, garnered huge national and international attention, largely due to the state's history as a birthplace of the UAW and the location of the first sit-down strikes on the 1930s.
The process began Dec. 4 when Snyder announced publicly that the controversial issue was "on the agenda" in Lansing. By last Thursday, Snyder, who since taking office in 2011 had described right-to-work as too divisive and not on his agenda, bowed to pressure from the conservative wing and announced the process was moving forward. Just five days later, the change was law, without a committee hearing and with little debate in the Legislature.
The law, which makes it illegal to require financial support of a union as a condition of employment, is expected to deal a significant blow to the finances and political clout of organized labor. Snyder and other Republicans who back the law say unions will simply have to do a better job of showing value to members for the dues they pay, since they will no longer have a captive clientele.
Backers of organized labor were adamant that while Tuesday was a major setback for their cause, it was not the death knell. "Have you ever seen a squirrel get run over and get back up?" asked Joel Bullock, Sr., 66, of Detroit, a retired Ford worker from UAW Local 600 who was at the Capitol on Tuesday. "It's amazing, isn't it?
"You don't have to lay down and roll over just because you take a licking," he said. "This is coming up again. It won't be done after today."
Proponents, such as Patrick Wright, a senior legal analyst with the conservative Mackinac Center, said he's confident that despite the furor, the change the Legislature made Tuesday will help Michigan's still-recovering economy.
"We like to think this is bigger than unions," Wright said at the Capitol. "We like to think this will lead to a better day for all Michiganders."
"It's going to make this place a better choice for businesses to grow and expand," he said. "Unions," whose 700,000 Michigan members account for less than 20% of the state work force, "will continue to exist."
Steve Benkovsky, the Capitol facilities director, estimated the crowd peaked at 12,500 -- 10,000 outside the building and 2,500 inside.
Damage appeared to be minimal, he said.
There were some scuffles between police and protesters, leading police to use pepper spray. A tent erected by right-to-work proponents also got torn down. Three people were arrested and charged with disorderly conduct and are expected to be arraigned today. But, overall, considering the size of the crowd, police and organizers described the day as peaceful.
The right-to-work law is expected to take effect around April 1, and will cover all public and private employees in Michigan with the exception of police and firefighters, who were intentionally excluded.
Existing contracts won't be affected by the law, only contracts that take effect or are renewed after the law's effective date next spring, said Robert Sikkel, a Grand Rapids attorney specializing in employment issues.
Until existing contracts expire, all employees covered by union contracts at governments and businesses with closed shops will have to continue to pay union dues, or at least the union agency fee related to the cost of representation, Sikkel said. But once those contracts expire, employees will be free to decide whether they want to pay anything to the unions, and still will be covered by union-negotiated contracts whether they pay or not, he said.
The state House voted 58-51 to pass a right-to-work bill for public employees, and 58-52 on a bill for private sector workers.
State Rep. Jimmy Womack, D-Detroit, wasn't in the House for the vote on the public sector right to work bill, accounting for the one vote difference between the two bills.
All the Democrats in the House and six Republicans -- Anthony Forlini of Harrison Township, Ken Goike of Ray Township, Ken Horn of Frankenmuth, Dale Zorn of Ida, Ed McBroom of Vulcan (in the Upper Peninsula) and Pat Somerville of New Boston -- voted no. But it wasn't enough to defeat the legislation.
The debate over the two bills bill lasted nearly three hours, but were voted on without any committee hearings or input from the public, although audience members in the gallery overlooking the House chamber began chanting "Shame on you," as soon as the bills were passed.
State Rep. David Rutledge, D-Ypsilanti, provided a personal reason for opposing the legislation, telling his colleagues about being shoved off a diner stool as a young black man by another man who said he couldn't sit there.
"I can't begin to tell you what a humiliating experience that was. That changed the trajectory of my life," he said. "At the moment I hit the floor, that man seemed to have all the rules on his side. At that moment, I decided I wanted to be where the rules are made."
But state Rep. Marty Knollenberg, R-Troy, said the right-to-work debate has raged for decades and approving it was way past due.
"This is about freedom in the workplace; it is about fairness, opportunity and allowing choices," he said.
As the debate raged inside, the sounds of drums and shouts from protesters outside could be heard. Police entered the House floor when a verbal dispute erupted between Democrats and Republicans over a procedural move.
There was a muted reaction in the Capitol rotunda to the first vote, as protesters continued singing "Solidarity Forever" until word filtered around that it had passed. Then there were loud boos and chants of, "Veto!"
(c)2012 the Detroit Free Press
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And if you'd like to see a springtime coaster being made, Connie from Easy Video Crochet made a wonderful video tutorial for making these coasters. You can see it here . Thank you Connie!
download now
I really love this pattern. I've been knitting for quite awhile but decided to try crochet when I saw these. I'm not quite sure what I did but I somehow managed to make one with 10 petals...it still looks quite nice though! :D
These are so cute to make for gifts for my friends to use on their patio tables. They look like pretty flowers and they seem like they can be made very quickly. Thanks for the pattern.
They are adorable...Crochet is my passion....Thanks...
I Love them, I made ten coasters and i am wondering how can I put them together to make a throw or long doilie. Do you know how to attach them (Directions?) Thanks
Thank you, I'm glad you like these. :) And no, I'm sorry I've never tried to put them together to make anything else, so I don't have any instructions on that.
Thank you Doni, I will work on attaching them & If it comes out nice I'll let you know. Thanks again for the pattern to get me started.
Hi Carolann I'm a long time crocheter you would need to have a row around each one in the same colour to hide the joining stitches. Lay them out in way you want them, you can have spaces. Then to join them you could join two back to back and do a row of single or slip stitch in the stitches where they need to join then single crochet along to next join and put two together. OR I would just hand stitch them together using the same crochet cotton or wool starting and finishing just where the joins are needed.
Those are beautiful thank you.
Thank you so much for your time and effort to post this video. I am new at crocheting and reading patterns, so this was so helpful to me. I have already made three coasters and feel so proud of myself! Thanks again. Couldn't have done it without you.
Thank you Melanie, I'm so glad you are enjoying the pattern! But I can't take credit for the video. Connie from Easy Video Crochet was kind enough to put that together, and she did a wonderful job! :)
Wow...beautiful...thanks for the pattern..
I love your pattern for the scrubbie
dots. I am looking for a pattern for the ones made with net also. I love to crochet. do you have a poncho
for a little girl?
Simply lovely! This will definitely be my pattern for my next set of coasters. Thank you so much! :)
These are just adorable!!!! I cannot wait to make some of them. Thanks for shring!
You wouldn't happen to have a pattern for something to crochet for St. Patrick's Day would you? I love the springtime coasters. Never did a front crochet like that before but you made it easy! Thanks.
Absolutely love these coasters! Very easy and simple to make and fast, too. Completed a set of 4 during a Sunday afternoon of football. Thanks for sharing. I plan on giving them as birthday presents to my friends who don't do hand work. They will think I labored for hours.
Love these Coaster, Thank you for sharing
Love these Coaster, Thank you for sharing
Just found your site, Im a new follower. These coasters are gorgeous, thanks for sharing them with us. Love Katie x
Doni...I'm making my first coaster--I LOVE them!! However, I have just finished the white section, and I have 11 petals!!! Help....my flower is growing! I believed that I was skipping stitches & slip-stitiching as directed, but obviously, not!! LOL
The video is very helpful--I'll also try watching it again as I work.
Thank you for this free pattern! I have do much leftover yarn. Just finished my first one and it's so cute!
These are absolutely adorable! I can't wait to start crochet them. Thank you for sharing. :)


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UnNews:Diogenes searches world for honest mechanic
This article is part of UnNews, your source for up-to-the-microsecond misinformation.
17 July 2006
MANCHESTER, United Kingdom -- You see David Strayhearn from a distance, standing with a clipboard beside the propped-up hood of a 1985 Nissan Sentra. It's a gray morning, and very little light penetrates the 39-year-old mechanic's garage, but Strayhearn can see fine: His customer has a lantern hanging overhead.
"Yeah, well, I'm sorry to tell you this, but it's your transmission," Strayhearn tells the tall bearded man, staring steadily, almost menacingly at him. The lantern does not shake.
"It's sucking in metal from the rest of the engine, and that's what's causing your problem," Strayhearn continues, not looking at his customer. "It's, uh, probably going to cost you £1000."
The customer does not move at first. Then the lantern falls, the hood is closed, and the car goes out again.
"My car does not 'need' a new transmission anymore than a lady 'needs' a necklace of pearls or a diamond ring," says Diogenes of Sinope as his car lurches down the highway. "At best, it needs a transmission flush."
The self-described philosopher, a Greek of Turkish descent, has been taking his 22-year-old vehicle to automotive shops throughout the world, trying to find an honest mechanic who will diagnose the real problem with his car.
"Mechanics content themselves with poking and prodding," Diogenes says as his vehicle stalls out, "but no one shows any emulation in the pursuit of virtue."
Diogenes has taken his vehicle to mechanics in Greece, Sicily, Pennsylvania and New York City, none of whom, the philosopher says, have been "straightforward" with him about his car's troubles.
"Bearded, smelly guy, right?" says Mike Lanely of Lanely's Garage in Maspeth, N.Y. "Sure, I remember him. He had a busted tail light. I told him his whole electrical system had to be rebuilt. That got him mad for some reason."
"He told me something was wrong with his radiator," said Andy Balboni of E.C. Sizemore's in Bucks County, Penn. "I could see it he just needed a new cap, but you know how it goes -- I suggested that we had to rebuild his whole system. And he yelled, 'The stream of sacred coolant now runs backwards to its source!' and drove off."
Diogenes' quest has been described as cynical by some, but Diogenes himself remains upbeat, dismissing criticism that he has an old car that has run out its life.
"Why so?" he says as he beats furiously on his steering wheel and curses out an elderly driver in front of him. "It has run a long distance; ought it to stop when it was near the end, and not press on?"
Though many sympathize with his quest, some mechanics argue that Diogenes has made his troubles worse with his unorthodox views of car maintenance. Bill Jablonski of Ed's Garage in Manayunk, Penn. said that he saw Diogenes' problem as soon as he brought his car in.
"No oil in the car, whatsoever," he said. "So I told Diogenes to get some single weight. And he started -- well, touching himself in front of me. And I yelled, 'What the hell are you doing?' And he said, 'If only I could fill my oil pan by rubbing it.'"
Strayhearn, while standing by his transmission diagnosis, said he found several onions stuffed in the gas tank. "I suppose that's not necessarily dangerous, but boy, it's weird," he said.
Diogenes believes his quest is nearing an end. As he yells at a deer to get out of his headlights, he pulls the car into the first automotive shop he sees. There are several rusted out cars on the outside; Diogenes pulls his next to them and goes inside. A minute later he emerges with the night manager.
"So," says the mechanic, "where's your car?"
"I am looking for my car among these vehicles but can not tell it from the car of a slave," Diogenes replies.
- Diogenes of Sinope "Diogenes' Auto Log, from Cynicism and the Art of Compact Car Maintenance". Greek philosophy, April 23, 343 B.C.
|This article features first-hand journalism by an UnNews correspondent.
|Featured Article (read another featured article)
|Featured version: 13 September 2006
This article has been featured on the front page. — You can vote for or nominate your favourite articles at Uncyclopedia:VFH.


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Another Kind Of Landscape
Several weeks ago, I was listening to American Public Media's "Marketplace" on NPR as I was driving home from work. "Marketplace" host Kai Ryssdal conducted a brief interview with photographer J. Henry Fair about his recent book "The Day After Tomorrow: Images of Our Earth in Crisis."
"The photographer J. Henry Fair does landscapes, images of places that've been changed somehow by the industrial process," Ryssdal said in introducing the interview. "Places like the Gulf of Mexico and the BP oil spill. Or clear-cut forests and pulp mills. They're aerial shots of what is actually quite picturesque terrain."
The book sounded interesting, so when I arrived home I ordered a copy from Amazon.com. It arrived in a few days and I glanced at it, but I didn't get around to reading it and absorbing its full impact until a few days ago. "The Day After Tomorrow" presents an array of stunning images, many of which were taken from small airplanes. Some of the images are of environmentally devastated landscapes. Others are of massive facilities that drive home the scale of some human activities and the impact we have on Earth. The book also contains brief essays on environmental topics by a number of prominent writers, scientists, and environmentalists.
Fair is up-front about his motivation for publishing "The Day After Tomorrow." "This is a book of photographs of environmental disasters occurring at different points in the consumer/industrial cycle, which illustrate the negative impact our contemporary consumer society has on the planetary systems that sustain our existence," he writes in the introduction to the book.
"The objective of these pictures is not to vilify any given company or industry—there are good and bad actors everywhere. My intent is to engage the viewer, stimulate curiosity, and encourage dialog," he continues. "Our society's structure has evolved to the point where government responds not to the citizenry, but to the corporations that finance it. These days the vote that matters the most is the purchase decision. Though our government does not defend or respond to us, the manufacturers do. If we all demanded toilet paper made from old newspapers instead of blithely purchasing brands made from old-growth forests, those forests would be saved as would all of the animals who live there (not to mention the carbon that would remain sequestered). So the goal of these pictures is to promote an activist consumerism."
As Fair makes clear, "The Day After Tomorrow" is the work of an environmental activist. Fair is a photographer, not a scientist or engineer. Some of the captions on the photographs in the book are technically pretty sketchy.
That said, many of the images in "The Day After Tomorrow" are beautiful. They are also mesmerizing because they operate at so many levels. As art. As environmental statement. As indictment of our addiction to consumption. They are also disorienting because, in many cases, the sense of scale isn't immediately obvious. You have to spend some time with many of the photos to grasp the enormity of what you're looking at.
The accompanying essays are interesting, but it is the photographs and Fair's own words that make "The Day After Tomorrow" such a compelling book. His call for consumer activism is clear. "I believe that we could very easily change the direction of our society and economy toward sustainability with nothing but benefits for our children, ourselves, and our economy," he writes. "The only losers would be those currently making fortunes from destruction and exploitation. We have the power. Spend your dollars with your children in mind."
Thanks for reading.


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Headquartered in Southern California, DEI Holdings, Inc. is the parent company of some of the most respected brands in the consumer electronics industry. DEI Holdings is the largest designer and marketer in North America of premium audio (sold under the?Polk Audio?,?Definitive Technology?, and?BOOM??brand names), and consumer-branded vehicle security and remote start systems (sold under?Viper?,?Clifford?,?Python?,?AutoStart??and other brand names).
DEI Holdings markets its broad portfolio of products through a diverse array of channels including leading national retailers and specialty chains throughout North America and around the world. Founded in 1982, the company has operations in California, Maryland, Canada, Europe and Asia.
DEI is organized in two divisions,?Sound United?(audio) and?Directed??(vehicle security and remote start systems).


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Shepard Smith is giving up Fox Report, his nightly 7 p.m. newscast, to become chief anchor and managing editor for a division in charge of handling all breaking news coverage for Fox News.
Instead of a doing a fixed hour of straight news amid the commentators that front most of the Fox News shows, Smith's reporting will be "weaved in," as he says, throughout the day when necessary. Smith will be in charge of what he calls "a parallel editorial team" that will be ready to go on the air at any time when news is breaking, which means Fox News commentators can stick to what they do and not have to try to be objective journalists reporting a story.
Smith loves the move initiated by Fox News chairman Roger Ailes. "I don't know if I would have stayed around to read the TelePrompTer for three more years," says the newsman, who signed a new deal with the channel he's been with since it launched in 1996.
The immediacy of the new role is what appeals to Smith. He says his signature signoff "And now you know the news" on Fox Report no longer resonates in an age when most people can get information all day on their mobile devices. "A lot of them already know the news," he says.
With his own studio and producers, Smith will keep his 3 p.m. hour, to be renamed Shepard Smith Reporting, that will showcase the newsgathering of his new unit. The departure of Fox Report — which does not yet have an end date — clears the way for what will be a widely anticipated revamp of the primetime line-up. Megyn Kelly is expected to take over the 9 p.m. hour, with Sean Hannity moving to 7 p.m. Those changes could be announced as soon as next week.
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