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Like Packer Nation, I was very impressed by this win. I was at the game yesterday and I'm not sure I've ever seen a better Packer game. They totally dominated 56 minutes of that game – and it was simply a bonus that they fell behind 14 points right away as it game them the confidence to know they're never out of a game. Unbelievable fan excitement at Lambeau – though the silence after Seattle made it 14-0 was deafening. Key play of the game may have been McCarthy's challenge of the arbitrary spot – because the ref then arbitrarily moved the ball to an arbitrary spot further up the field resulting in another arbitrary measurement giving us the first down. (They need to develop technology to make first down measurements less arbitrary.)
One thing I noticed a lot yesterday was some tremendous blocking. James Jones and Ruvell Martin both opened up lanes for the run game as did Bubba Franks. In fact, Bubba's blocking in the game yesterday was one of those quiet factors that I'll bet will be more obvious when they watch the video of the game. While we don't miss Bubba as a pass receiver much, I do think we missed his blocking while he was out. Hall and Kuehn both had impressive seal blocks as well – not to mention the offensive line as a whole. Tremendous team blocking effort.
I agree with Steve that Bigby was a huge factor and I hope that he continues to play this aggressively as I think he effectively created a zone of fear out there for the receivers – it would be nice if he continued to do this. Bigby would get my defensive game ball. On offense, it's difficult to overlook Grant, Favre and Jennings, but I have to agree with Greg Bedard here and give the MVP yesterday to Tauscher. Bedard pulls out an interesting stat: that was the first time in Kerney's CAREER that he didn't register a single defensive stat. Last week, I said to a friend that Kerney is the one who should be nervous for this match-up and the friend asked me to stop using crack. Tauscher shut down a superstar and considering the havoc Kerney has wrought (if you will?) the last 9 weeks, Tausch should get the game ball.
Holmgren should get the lame ball. I said to my dad after Seattle scored making it 14-0, perhaps out of desperate optimism, that knowing Holmgren, he'll shut it down and play conversatively. That third quarter punt on 4th and 1 from his 41 was absoluteluy ridiculous. I don't think Seattle belonged on the field with the Packers yesterday, but I also think Holmgren should call it quits – his conservative style of coaching is out and the aggressive/confident style of McCarthy/Sean Payton is in.
UPDATE: I completely agree with Andy on Bubba Franks. We commented on this several times throughout the course of the game. I think he had at least five key blocks – two of them on touchdowns. I don't think we'll see him back here next year (his cap number is prohibitive) and I won't shed many tears about his departure, but if he plays hard now so that he can make more money somewhere else, I'm all for it.
Tags: Brett Favre, Cowboys, Lambeau Field, NFC Championship, Packers, Seahawks


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Serena blogged about her pre-match music playlist. Likely helped her beat the crap out of Sharapova this past week.
Some of the highlights:
Madonna "Hung Up", Beyonce "Check up on it", Ciara "1, 2 Step", Kelly Clarkson "Because of U" (sometimes), Eminem "Lose Yourself", Beyonce "Baby Boy", Destiny Child "Lose My Breath" (sometimes), Destiny Child "Bootylicious"
p.s. I'm not sure if that is her actual blog, because it's so shittily designed. But the Sydney Morning Herald published a story that used the blog as a source, so I'll stick to this post unless I find out otherwise.

subset: commoncrawl


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Everything's blue in this world, except for the orange stuff. Propaganda Games shows off what it can do with a limited color palette in this latest batch of screens from Tron: Evolution.
I like the color blue. It can be light and airy, cold and detached, or deep and commanding, depending on the shade. Despite its versatility, I still imagine that the team at Propaganda Games working on Tron: Evolution must be completely sick of the color by now. I bet fights broke out in the office over who got to handle the orange bits. We're I in charge I would have rotated out team members on a weekly basis to work on Pirates of the Caribbean: Armada of the Damned, just to give them a splash of color.
It's still quite fetching, but then we only have to look at it for the duration of the game.
Tron: Evolution comes out on December 7 for the PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, PC, PSP, Wii, and DS.


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We deliver a range of products like electric panel, transformer, servo stabilizer, and solar panels . Our organization offers a range of highly functional and very good quality of electrical control panels to promote the productivity of power factor energy. Single and three-phase Stabilizer of oil-cooled and air cool with different designs and sizes are available. Through switching the magnetic fields a transformer does also offers two or more coils of wires used to transfer electrical energy. We even develop a highly powerful Solar panel needed to reduce energy consumption. Solar panels are even designed by us to prevent excessive use of energy.
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CLEVELAND (AP) — Alex Cobb dodged trouble for nearly seven innings and the Tampa Bay Rays pitched their way to another must-have win on the road, beating the Cleveland Indians 4-0 on Wednesday night in the AL wild-card game.
Cobb, who missed a chunk of the regular season after he was hit in the head by a line drive, quieted a thundering Cleveland crowd and ended the Indians' unexpected season.
Delmon Young homered in the third inning off rookie Danny Salazar as the Rays, playing in their third city over four days, advanced to face the AL East champion Boston Red Sox in the division series starting Friday.
Cobb's comeback in August from his frightening injury helped stabilize the Rays, who have spent the past two weeks winning crucial games to make the postseason for the fourth time in six years.
(© Copyright 2013 The Associated Press. All Rights Reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.)


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ATLANTA — The number of backlogged veterans' health care applications grew despite an online program the Veterans Administration introduced in 2010 and touted as a quick, easy way for veterans to apply for benefits, according to a newspaper report.
The Atlanta Journal-Constitution reports the number of backlogged applications from veterans across the country had grown to nearly 848,700 by July 2012 and Atlanta-based program analyst Kimberly Hughes discovered that as many as 47,786 veterans died while their applications were pending. Hughes said about one in three online applications met a five-day turnaround date for processing.
The VA's Office of Inspector General and the House Committee on Veteran's Affairs is now investigating the application backlog.
"VA has a responsibility to facilitate the completion of this mountain of pending applications, and it is clearly not getting the job done," chairman of the House committee Rep. Jeff Miller, R-Fla., told the newspaper. "It's time for department leaders to outline a strategy to address this situation or explain to America's veterans why a backlog of nearly 900,000 pending health enrollment applications is acceptable."
In a blog posting and a written statement released Sunday night, officials from the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs said the report "failed to include key facts and information."
The statement said that more than 8.9 million veterans had enrolled in the VA health care system since 1998, and that about 2 percent of applications received were "found to be incomplete." The correct number of pending applications is 216,000, the statement said. It added that an analysis of 1,843 pending records conducted earlier this month "showed that the majority of records associated with deceased Veterans (75 were for Veterans who died who were not applying for health care benefits."
"We are working to resolve this situation so that our system will reflect only those Veterans who truly intend to apply for care and benefits," the statement added.


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1289 S. Torrey Pines Dr.Las Vegas, NV 89146
Main Number: 1-702-258-9895Toll Free: 1-888-258-9895
More contact info
On News 88.9 KNPR
On Classical 89.7
member station
History and folklore of Nevada, written by Associate Professor Michael Green of UNLV, and narrated by former Senator Richard Bryan. Supported by Nevada Humanities and dedicated to the memory of historian Frank Wright. (All segments prior to August 2003 were written by Frank Wright.)Nevada Yesterdays is the collection of essays written by Frank Wright that immortalize the real history of Las Vegas.
A hundred years ago, America came up with what has been called its best idea—creating a national park service.
Last time, we opened Caesars Palace. August 5 marked the legendary hotel's fiftieth anniversary. It opened with a bang, and things never seemed to slow down.
Today, let us hail Caesar. Caesars Palace, that is. August 5 marks the 50th anniversary of its opening. It's been quite a ride … from its prehistory.
Last time, we were talking about Muhammad Ali … before he was actually Muhammad Ali, just starting out as a professional fighter and winning the seventh bout of his career when he fought for the fi
The Thrilla in Manila. The Rumble in the Jungle. The Fight of the Century. Those are the boxing matches for which Muhammad Ali probably will be best remembered.
Last time, we were talking about the Oakland Raiders—not whether they actually will move to Las Vegas, but the time they played in Las Vegas.
There's been a lot of talk lately about building a new stadium in Las Vegas and the Oakland Raiders of the National Football League moving here to play in it.
Last time, we talked about the origins of the Aladdin Hotel under the leadership of Milton Prell. After he sold it, the trouble started. The next owner, Albert Parvin, had ties to Meyer Lansky.
No fooling. April 1 marks the golden anniversary of the opening of a major and often troubled part of the Las Vegas Strip's history: the Aladdin. Today it's the site of the Planet Hollywood.
The feathers may be gone, but the memories remain.
© All Rights Reserved. | Privacy Policy


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Event Archive - Lola Parks
Sat. July 27th 2013 @ Trees Organic Coffee House - Gastown (No Minors)
7pm - 10pm
Event CategoriesMusic: Folk / Celtic / Latin / World, Pop / Rock / Indie
2-3 acts take the stage on Saturdays at Trees Cafe!
ReviewsNo articles have been linked to this profile
Lola Parks (SOUL FOLK)
"FEMALE SONGWRITER OF THE YEAR" - 2012 VIMA Boho chic SOUL FOLK carried by dangerous lyrics, hypnotic grooves and a seductive voice. Lola Parks has been turning heads for years. A multi-award winner, including "Most Outstanding Musicianship" and "Female Songwriter of the Year" (and The Q's "Band of the Year" with her first band, Sonne... more info
Audio: Trouble With Me, The Show, Zimbabwe


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Shirley Greenfelder's 90th birthday was Jan. 16, 2014. Born to Eugene and Ruth Shrake McGuire in Canton in 1924, she has resided in and around her beloved Massillon all of her life, except a few years in the Florida sunshine, which she enjoyed greatly. Shirley is the proud mother of three sons, Jeff (Charlotte), Dan (Jan) and Greg (Leslie). Additionally, she has five grandchildren and several great-grandchildren of whom she is equally proud. For many years, Shirley served in a number of capacities at the former Massillon City Hospital. She also was a state and national officer in the AMVETS Auxiliary. Shirley presently resides in Altercare's Country Lawn Nursing Home near Navarre.
Happy Birthday, Shirley! With love, from your family.


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Sugar Shout Out January 19, 2012
Sugar Shout Out: Surprise Your Little Ones With Sweet Treats!
- Supersweet Valentine's Day treats for kids — and mama, too!
- Gwyneth Paltrow takes off with Chris, Apple, and Moses
- 5 super-indulgent Paula Deen dishes
- Benefit debuts its first liquid foundation
- Love lessons learned from lyrics of '90s music
- 15 of our favorite style setters — and why we love them
- See a home built with organization in mind
- Get a peek at all the upcoming 30 Rock guest stars!
- A simple way to save: the $5 savings jar
- Get the inside scoop on Rihanna's rock-hard abs
- Nike gamifies fitness with the Nike+ FuelBand
- Sick of almond butter? Whip up a batch of cinnamon sunbutter!
- Video: David Beckham on staying in America, raising Harper, and the royal wedding


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From Univex Commercial Mixers - Bowl, 80 qt., stainless steel - Your Source for Quality Restaurant Equipment and Supplies.
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Urchin Necklace
Urchin pendant
Urchin pendant with sapphire attachment
Urchin Pendant, oxidised with diamonds
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ST. BONAVENTURE, N.Y. — Pauline Hoffmann, Ph.D., has been named dean of the Russell J. Jandoli School of Journalism and Mass Communication at St. Bonaventure University, said Michael Fischer, Ph.D., provost and vice president for academic affairs. The appointment is effective immediately.
Hoffmann, an associate professor of journalism and mass communication, had been interim dean of the Jandoli School this academic year. She succeeds Lee Coppola, who retired at the end of the 2010-11 academic year after 15 years as dean.
"It is an exciting time to lead the School of Journalism and Mass Communication," said Hoffmann. "As an SBU alumna, I understand our unique challenges and our enormous strengths. I will continue to lead in the tradition of Dr. Jandoli with an emphasis on strong writing, reporting and communicating."
Prior to her faculty career at St. Bonaventure, she was the corporate communications manager for The CRS Companies in Williamsville, N.Y., creative services specialist for the Catholic Health System (now Catholic Health), and served as a free-lance consultant for organizations such as Catholic Health, Buffalo Women's Gifts, and the Health Care Access Coalition.
In addition to her teaching experience at St. Bonaventure, she has also served as a visiting instructor for the University at Buffalo. She earned her M.A. and Ph.D. in communication from the University at Buffalo in 2003 and 2007, respectively, and her bachelor's degree in biology with a minor in mass communication from St. Bonaventure in 1991.
Hoffmann was the founding faculty adviser to Embrace It Africa, a St. Bonaventure student organization-turned nonprofit organization that involves students in entrepreneurial service programs in Uganda. She now serves as an advisory board member for the organization.
Hoffmann has served as a member of the University's Faculty Senate, where she also chaired the Enrollment Committee and served as the Faculty Senate representative to the University Board of Trustees Enrollment Committee. She is the owner of Wild Mountain Organics of Alden.
"We are delighted with what Dr. Hoffmann accomplished in her year as interim dean, and look forward to the leadership she will provide for the Jandoli School," said Fischer. "Her professional communication experience, coupled with her teaching experience at both the undergraduate and graduate levels, will serve her well in this important role."
About the University: Inspired for more than 150 years by the Catholic Franciscan values of individual dignity, community inclusiveness, and service, St. Bonaventure University cultivates graduates who are confident and creative communicators, collaborative leaders and team members, and innovative problem solvers who are respectful of themselves, others, and the diverse world around them.
Application forms, procedures and additional information
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This is something i realised from documentaries of the recent awakening.
The strongmen, in their addresses to the nation, always begin with 'bismillahirrahmanirrahim'
In the Name of God, the All-Merciful, the Especially-Merciful.
No mercy also.
In the name of God. No fear of God either.
Once a man passed by 'Umar ra. He was sleeping under the shade of a tree. No guards, no armor, only him and the tree.
That is a picture of a man who ruled with justice.


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"Good in theory, bad in practice." Sure, the concept sounds nice, but people aren't very nice, right? Isn't capitalism much more suited to human nature—a nature dominated by competitiveness and venality?
Socialists don't believe these truisms. They don't view history as a mere chronicle of cruelty and selfishness. They also see countless acts of empathy, reciprocity, and love. People are complex: they do unspeakable things, but they also engage in remarkable acts of kindness and, even in difficult situations, show deep regard for others.
Adaner Usmani is a graduate student at New York University and on the board of "New Politics."
Filmed at Verso Books in Brooklyn, March 14, 2017.


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After flirting with Windows Mobile for their maiden foray into smartphones and then pinning hopes on webOS before it got killed two years ago. HP is taking another stab at the smartphone market with Android this time.
HP VoiceTab series – Slate 6 and Slate 7 – hit the crowded phablet market in India intended for consumers who prefer to have one device for calls as well as web browsing, media consumption, and games. Also, Slate 6 is a dual SIM device, and that appeals to a lot of users in India.
The HP VoiceTab Slate 6 is a surprisingly nicely designed phablet. It's just 9mm thick, making it one of the slimmest device in the category. Also, at 160gm, it is surprisingly light for its size.
The slim chassis of the 6-inch device makes it easy to hold and grip despite the large size. Of course, phablets of this size aren't made for one-handed operation despite what the marketing folks claim, but the Slate 6 is not unwieldy and is quite easy to carry.
The removable back cover has a grey checkered design pattern with matte finish that gives the device a premium feel despite being all plastic. The gold finish on the sides and the metal buttons also adds to the appeal.
While the build quality of the phone is pretty good overall, the plastic materials used are very average. When you hold it firmly and attempt to twist, you'd feel as you'd break it. The back panel too is pretty flimsy.
Powered by a not-so-popular 1.2 GHz Marvell PXA1088 quad-core processor with 1GB of RAM and Android 4.2.2, the Slate 6 looks good on paper for a mid-range device. The 16 GB internal storage with microSD expansion is at par as well.
However, the overall responsiveness of the device is a let-down. HP stays away from heavy customizations and skinning, and runs stock Android, but the optimizations seem to be missing. The UI has a noticeable lag and apps take a few extra, I won't say seconds, but maybe milliseconds. It wouldn't have been annoying for most users, but the performance is inconsistent and apps like the default browser would sometimes hang and require a force quit. Casual games work all well on the Slate 6, but graphic-intensive games like Asphalt 8 obviously struggle at high graphic settings.
The HP Slate 6 features a 6-inch IPS 720p display. While the display is good enough and colors are accurately bright, the viewing angles are below average.
The 5MP rear camera of the Slate 6 is a decent camera in good light. The contrast isn't right there and you wouldn't have a lot of details in the photo, but they are pretty okay and sharp. In low light and outdoors in evening though, the camera app takes quite a while to focus, and there's too much noise in the photos. The camera optics and the software disappoint overall. The 2MP front camera though works well for video calls and those selfies.
The HP VoiceTab Slate 6 works, but does not impress much. The design is surprisingly sophisticated, but the user experience is listless and the camera offers sub-par experience. The 3000mAh battery last through the day, which is pretty good for a phablet.
At INR 22,990, the Slate 6 is not a bad device, but the performance issues make it hard to be recommended, especially in a crowded market. A software update could take care of most issues, but that's shooting in the dark. The HP VoiceTab Slate 6 is well-intentioned, but an average comeback from HP.


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Difference between revisions of "2009 Lecture 21"
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==Blood Cells==
==Blood Cells==
* All different types of blood cells develop from a pluripotent stem cell in bone marrow
* All different types of blood cells develop from a pluripotent stem cell in bone marrow
* Precursors of differentiated cells undergo several rounds of cell division as they mature
* Precursors of differentiated cells undergo several rounds of cell division as they mature
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== Embryonic Stem Cells ==
== Embryonic Stem Cells ==
[http://stemcells.nih.gov/info/basics/basics3.asp NIH - What are embryonic stem cells?]
[http://stemcells.nih.gov/info/basics/basics3.asp NIH - What are embryonic stem cells?]
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== Neural Therapeutic Uses?==
== Neural Therapeutic Uses?==
Embryonic stem cells develop into functional dopaminergic neurons after transplantation in a Parkinson rat model
Embryonic stem cells develop into functional dopaminergic neurons after transplantation in a Parkinson rat model
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* STEM CELLS Journal [http://www.stemcellsportal.com/ Stem Cells Portal]
* STEM CELLS Journal [http://www.stemcellsportal.com/ Stem Cells Portal]
Latest revision as of 12:09, 10 September 2009
- 1 Stem Cells
- 1.1 Introduction
- 1.2 Research that led to Stem Cells
- 1.3 Tissue Stem Cells
- 1.4 Blood Cells
- 1.5 Embryonic Stem Cells
- 1.6 Historic References
- 1.7 Timeline of Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research
- 1.8 Cord Blood Stem Cells
- 1.9 Adult Stem Cells
- 1.10 Induced Pluripotent Cells
- 1.11 Stem Cell Markers
- 1.12 Stem Differentiation
- 1.13 Current stem cell research
- 1.14 Neural Therapeutic Uses?
- 1.15 References
- 1.16 Links
- 1.17 2009 Course Content
Stem Cells
The term "stem cell" is used so freely these days in many different forums that it is difficult sometimes understand without context what scientists, politicians, ethicists and commentators are discussing. This lecture will focus on the cell biology of stem cells and the current research on growing and differentiating theses cells.
Background information can also be found at UNSW Embryology Stem Cells and Week 1 Development.
Why are they in the News?
- Scientific and Ethical
- Therapeutic uses
- Issues relating to human cloning
- Use of excess human eggs/sperm for research purposes
- Availability of human stem cell lines
What can they be used for?
- Generation of "knock out" mice
- Studying regulation of cell differentiation in development
- Therapeutic uses?
- Genetic disease
- Neurodegenerative
- Injury
- Medline Search "stem cell"
- 2002 - 110,920
- 2004 - 128,485
- 2005 - 140,966
- 2006 - 154,176
Research that led to Stem Cells
- Human Diseases
- Generation of "knock out" mice
- Human Development
- Studying regulation of cell differentiation in development
- Human Reproduction
- Disorders, sterility
Tissue Stem Cells
- differentiated cells have short life spans continually replaced
- blood cells, epithelial cells of skin and digestive tract
- fully differentiated cells do not proliferate
- proliferation of less differentiated- stem cells
- produce daughter cells that either differentiate or remain as stem cells
Blood Cells
- All different types of blood cells develop from a pluripotent stem cell in bone marrow
- Precursors of differentiated cells undergo several rounds of cell division as they mature
- proliferation ceases at terminal stages of differentiation
Embryonic Stem Cells
NIH - What are embryonic stem cells?
Pluripotent Stem Cells
- What is a stem cell- Pluripotent
- Pluripotent - to describe stem cells that can give rise to cells derived from all 3 embryonic germ layers
- Mesoderm
- Endoderm
- Ectoderm
- layers are embryonic source of all cells of the body
- hollow structure composed of about 100 cells surrounding an inner cavity
- Only ES cells, which form inner cell mass, actually form the embryo.
- ES cells can be removed from the blastocyst and grown on lethally irradiated "feeder cells." (See E. Robertson et al., 1986, Nature 323:445)
Stem Cell Definition
- cell that has ability to divide for indefinite periods
- self replicate
- throughout life of organism
- stem cells can differentiate
- conditions, signals
- to the many different cell types
Chimeric Mouse
- ES or teratocarcinoma
- shows that stem cells can combine with cells of a normal blastocyst to form a healthy chimeric mouse
Embryoid Bodies
- spheroid cellular tissue culture structure
- mouse and human ES cells have the capacity to undergo controlled differentiation
- recapitulate some aspects of early development
- regional-specific differentiation program
- derivatives of all three embryonic germ layers
Historic References
- Isolation of a pluripotent cell line from early mouse embryos cultured in medium conditioned by teratocarcinoma stem cells. Martin GR. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1981 Dec;78(12):7634-8.
- Characterization of a pluripotent stem cell line derived from a mouse embryo. Wobus AM, Holzhausen H, Jakel P, Schoneich J. Exp Cell Res. 1984 May;152(1):212-9.
- Transgenesis by means of blastocyst-derived embryonic stem cell lines Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1986 Dec;83(23):9065-9. Gossler A, Doetschman T, Korn R, Serfling E, Kemler R.
Pig and Sheep
Derivation of pluripotent, embryonic cell lines from the pig and sheep. Notarianni E, Galli C, Laurie S, Moor RM, Evans MJ. J Reprod Fertil Suppl. 1991;43:255-60.
Isolation of a primate embryonic stem cell line. Thomson JA, Kalishman J, Golos TG, Durning M, Harris CP, Becker RA, Hearn JP. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1995 Aug 15;92(17):7844-8.
Embryonic stem cell lines derived from human blastocysts. Thomson JA, Itskovitz-Eldor J, Shapiro SS, Waknitz MA, Swiergiel JJ, Marshall VS, Jones JM. Science. 1998 Nov 6;282(5391):1145-7.
Stem Cell Lines ATCC - Embryonic Stem cell lines
Timeline of Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research
- 1878 First reported attempts to fertilize mammalian eggs outside the body
- 1959 First report of animals (rabbits) produced through IVF in the United States
- 1960's Studies of teratocarcinomas in the testes of several inbred strains of mice indicates they originated from embryonic germ cells. The work establishes embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells as a kind of stem cell
- 1968 Edwards and Bavister fertilize the first human egg in vitro
- 1970's EC cells injected into mouse blastocysts produce chimeric mice. Cultured SC cells are explored as models of embryonic development, although their complement of chromosomes is abnormal
- 1978 Louise Brown, the first IVF baby, is born in England
- 1980 Australia's first IVF baby, Candace Reed, is born in Melbourne
- 1981 Evans and Kaufman, and Martin derive mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells from the inner cell mass of blastocysts. They establish culture conditions for growing pluripotent mouse ES cells in vitro. The ES cells yield cell lines with normal, diploid karyotyes and generate derivatives of all three primary germ layers as well as primordial germ cells. Injecting the ES cells into mice induces the formation of teratomas. The first IVF baby, Elizabeth Carr, is born in the United States.
- 1984–88 Andrews et al., develop pluripotent, genetically identical (clonal) cells called embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells from Tera-2, a cell line of human testicular teratocarcinoma. Cloned human teratoma cells exposed to retinoic acid differentiate into neuron-like cells and other cell types
- 1989 Pera et al., derive a clonal line of human embryonal carcinoma cells, which yields tissues from all three primary germ layers. The cells are aneuploid (fewer or greater than the normal number of chromosomes in the cell) and their potential to differentiate spontaneously in vitro is typically limited. The behavior of human EC cell clones differs from that of mouse ES or EC cells
- 1994 Human blastocysts created for reproductive purposes using IVF and donated by patients for research, are generated from the 2-pronuclear stage. The inner cell mass of the blastocyst is maintained in culture and generates aggregates with trophoblast-like cells at the periphery and ES-like cells in the center. The cells retain a complete set of chromosomes (normal karyotype); most cultures retain a stem cell-like morphology, although some inner cell mass clumps differentiate into fibroblasts. The cultures are maintained for two passages
- 1995–96 Non-human primate ES cells are derived and maintained in vitro, first from the inner cell mass of rhesus monkeys, and then from marmosets. The primate ES cells are diploid and have normal karyotypes. They are pluripotent and differentiate into cells types derived from all three primary germ layers. The primate ES cells resemble human EC cells and indicate that it should be possible to derive and maintain human ES cells in vitro.
- 1998 Thomson et al., derive human ES cells from the inner cell mass of normal human blastocysts donated by couples undergoing treatment for infertility. The cells are cultured through many passages, retain their normal karyotypes, maintain high levels of telomerase activity, and express a panel of markers typical of human EC cells non-human primate ES cells. Several (non-clonal) cell lines are established that form teratomas when injected into immune-deficient mice. The teratomas include cell types derived from all three primary germ layers, demonstrating the pluripotency of human ES cells. Gearhart and colleagues derive human embryonic germ (EG) cells from the gonadal ridge and mesenchyma of 5- to 9-week fetal tissue that resulted from elective abortions. They grow EG cells in vitro for approximately 20 passages, and the cells maintain normal karyotypes. The cells spontaneously form aggregates that differentiate spontaneously, and ultimately contain derivatives of all three primary germ layers. Other indications of their pluripotency include the expression of a panel of markers typical of mouse ES and EG cells. The EG cells do not form teratomas when injected into immune-deficient mice
- 2000 Scientists in Singapore and Australia led by Pera, Trounson, and Bongso derive human ES cells from the inner cell mass of blastocysts donated by couples undergoing treatment for infertility. The ES cells proliferate for extended periods in vitro, maintain normal karyotypes, differentiate spontaneously into somatic cell lineages derived from all three primary germ layers, and form teratomas when injected into immune-deficient mice.
- 2001 As human ES cell lines are shared and new lines are derived, more research groups report methods to direct the differentiation of the cells in vitro. Many of the methods are aimed at generating human tissues for transplantation purposes, including pancreatic islet cells, neurons that release dopamine, and cardiac muscle cells.
Cord Blood Stem Cells
- Blood collected from the placental umbilical cord of a newborn baby shortly after birth
- total amount of blood about 90 ml
- blood stem cells that can be used to generate red blood cells and cells of the immune system
- collected, typed, stored in Cord Blood Bank
- Both public and private Banks have arisen
- available for use by the donor and compatible siblings
- suggested use to treat a range of blood disorders and immune system conditions such as leukaemia, anaemia and autoimmune diseases
- cells provide a resource for bone marrow replacement therapy in many diseases
Cord Blood - Disease Treatments
- Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia
- Acute Myeloblastic Leukaemia
- Adrenoleukodystrophy
- Blackfan-Diamond
- Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia
- Chronic Lymphocytic leukaemia
- Fanconi's Anaemia
- Hurler's Syndrome
- Krabbe's disease
- Lymphomas
- Myelodysplastic Syndrome
- Mucolipopolysaccharide deficiency
- Osteopetrosis
- Syndrome Severe Aplastic Anaemia
- Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disease
- Thalassaemia
- Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome
- Miscellaneous
- Cancer
- Genetic disorders
- Immune deficiency
- Storage disorders
Adult Stem Cells
NIH - What are adult stem cells?
Stem Cells in the Adult
- Connective Tissue
- Bone marrow
- Blood Cells, Osteoclasts, blasts
- Epithelia
- Gut
- Skin
- Neural?
Epidermis: Immortal Stem Cell
Induced Pluripotent Cells
- non-pluripotent cells engineered to become pluripotent
- a cell with a specialized function 'reprogrammed' to an unspecialized state
Stem Cell Markers
In order to carry out research on stem cells, it is important to be able to identify them. A number of different research groups in the late 90's generated several antibodies which specifically identified undifferentiated, differentiating or differentiated stem cells from a number of different sources and species. Note that the nomenclature in some cases is based upon the antibody used to identify the cell surface marker.
- Every cell surface has specialized proteins (receptors) that can selectively bind or adhere to other "signalling" molecules (ligands)
- Different types of receptors differ in structure and affinity for signalling molecules
- Cells use these receptors and molecules that bind to them as a way of communicating with other cells and to carry out their proper functions in the body
- Stage-Specific Embryonic Antigen-1 (SSEA-1) cell surface embryonic antigen which has a role in cell adhesion, migration and differentiation and is often differentially expressed during development. Can be identified by Davor Solter monoclonal antibody MC-480 (SSEA-1).
- Stage-Specific Embryonic Antigen-4 (SSEA-4) cell surface embryonic antigen of human teratocarcinoma stem cells (EC), human embryonic germ cells (EG) and human embryonic stem cells (ES) which is down-regulated following differentiation of human EC cells. Antigen not expressed on undifferentiated murine EC, ES and EG cells but upregulated on differentiation of murine EC and ES cells. Can be identified by Davor Solter monoclonal antibody MC-813-70 (SSEA-4)
- Tumor Rejection Antigen (TRA-1-60) Sialylated Keratan Sulfate Proteoglycan expressed on the surface of human teratocarcinoma stem cells (EC), human embryonic germ cells (EG) and human embryonic stem cells (ES).
- Tumor Rejection Antigen (TRA-1-81) antigen expressed on the surface of human teratocarcinoma stem cells (EC), human embryonic germ cells (EG) and human embryonic stem cells (ES).
- Both TRA antibodies identify a major polypeptide (Mr 240 kDa) and a minor polypeptide (Mr 415 kDa).
- Oct-4 (Pou5f1 – Mouse Genome Informatics) gene has an essential role in control of developmental pluripotency (Oct4 knockout embryo blastocysts die at the time of implantation). Oct4 also has a role in maintaining viability of mammalian germline.
- Stem Cell Antigen 1 (Sca-1) member of the Ly-6 family of GPI-linked surface proteins (Mr 18 kDa) and a major phenotypic marker for mouse hematopoietic progenitor/stem cell subset.
- CD133, AC133, prominin 5 transmembrane glycoprotein (865 aa) expressed on stem cells with hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic differentiation potential.
- Alkaline Phosphatase
- embryonic stem cell is characterized by high level of expression alkaline phosphatase (undifferentiated state) ATCC ELF Phosphatase Detection Kit for Embryonic Stem Cells
- assay to determine if embryonic stem cells are undifferentiated or are starting to differentiate
- uses a fluorescent detection of endogenous phosphatase activity in embryonic stem cells
PNAS - Expression of molecular markers characteristic of ES cells in morula-derived cell lines
Stem Differentiation
- each generation at least 1 "immortal" stem cell
- descendants present in patch in future
- Other basal cells
- leave basal layer and differentiate
- Committed, born different
or may be stem cells equivalent to immortal stem cell in character mortal in sense that their progeny jostled out of basal layer and shed from skin
Amplifying Cells
- Stem cells in many tissues divide only rarely
- give rise to transit amplifying cells
- daughters committed to differentiation that go through a limited series of more rapid divisions before completing the process.
- each stem cell division gives rise in this way to eight terminally differentiated progeny
Stem Cell Production - Stem Cell Daughter Fates
- Environmental asymmetry
- daughters are initially similar
- different pathways according to environmental influences that act on them after they are born
- number of stem cells can be increased or reduced to fit niche available
- Divisional asymmetry
- stem cell has an internal asymmetry
- divides in such a way two daughters are already have different determinants at time of their birth
Current stem cell research
How to:
- Isolate
- Grow
- Maintain, store
- Differentiate
- Therapeutic uses
Growth of Embryonic Stem Cells
- Mouse blastocyst-derived ES cell line D3
- from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC)
- Undifferentiated ES cells
- maintained on gelatin-coated dishes
- earlier studies, feeder layer
Growth Media
- DMEM (dulbecco's modified essential media)
- 2 mM glutamine (essential amino acid)
- 0.001% beta-mercaptoethanol (reducing agent)
- 1x nonessential amino acids (amino acids for growth)
- 10% donor horse serum (source of growth factors etc)
- human recombinant leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) 2,000 units/ml
Neural Therapeutic Uses?
NIH - Use of Genetically Modified Stem Cells in Experimental Gene Therapies
Embryonic stem cells develop into functional dopaminergic neurons after transplantation in a Parkinson rat model
- Implantation of fetal dopamine (DA) neurons can reduce parkinsonism in patients
- current methods are rudimentary
- lacking a reliable donor cell source
Transplanted ES cells can develop spontaneously into dopamine (DA) neurons
- Such DA neurons can restore cerebral function and behavior in an animal model of Parkinson's disease
- Björklund et al Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, Vol. 99, Issue 4, 2344-2349, February 19, 2002
Parkinson Rat Model
Embryonic stem cell Transplant
- transplanting low doses of undifferentiated mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells into rat striatum
- results in a proliferation of ES cells into fully differentiated DA neurons
- ES cell-derived DA neurons caused gradual and sustained behavioral restoration of DA-mediated motor asymmetry
Staining of a Graft
- 16 weeks after implantation of D3 ES cells into adult 6-OHDA lesioned striatum
- TH-positive neurons were found within the graft (A and B, green)
- All TH-positive profiles coexpressed the neuronal marker NeuN (A, red)
- TH (B) also was coexpressed with DAT (C, red) and AADC (D, blue), shown by white triple labelling (E)
Rotation response to Amphetamine
- 6-OHDA-lesioned animals were selected for transplantation by quantification of rotational behaviour in response to amphetamine
- response was examined post-transplantation at 5, 7, and 9 weeks
- Animals with ES cell-derived DA neurons showed recovery over time from amphetamine-induced turning behavior
Essential Cell Biology
- Chapter 19 Tissues p622-627
Molecular Biology of the Cell
Alberts, Bruce; Johnson, Alexander; Lewis, Julian; Raff, Martin; Roberts, Keith; Walter, Peter New York and London: Garland Science; c2002
- Molecular Biology of the Cell 4th ed. - Chapter 19 Cellular Mechanisms of Development p1037-1039
- Figure 22-4. The definition of a stem cell
- Figure 22-19. Renewal of the gut lining
- Figure 22-5. Two ways for a stem cell to produce daughters with different fates
Molecular Cell Biology
Lodish, Harvey; Berk, Arnold; Zipursky, S. Lawrence; Matsudaira, Paul; Baltimore, David; Darnell, James E. New York: W. H. Freeman & Co.; c1999
- Molecular Cell Biology - Chapter 23. Cell Interactions in Development
- Figure 24-8. Formation of differentiated blood cells from hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow
The Cell- A Molecular Approach
Cooper, Geoffrey M. Sunderland (MA): Sinauer Associates, Inc.; c2000
- The Cell - A Molecular Approach - IV. Cell Regulation Chapter 14. Cell Proliferation in Development and Differentiation
- Stem Cells
Search Online Textbooks
- Jensen J, Hyllner J, Björquist P. Human embryonic stem cell technologies and drug discovery. J Cell Physiol. 2009 Jun;219(3):513-9. Review. PMID: 19277978
- Allen ND, Baird DM. Telomere length maintenance in stem cell populations. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2009 Feb 11. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19419691
- Kenji Matsumoto, Takayuki Isagawa, Toshinobu Nishimura, Takunori Ogaeri, Koji Eto, Satsuki Miyazaki, Jun-ichi Miyazaki, Hiroyuki Aburatani, Hiromitsu Nakauchi, and Hideo Ema Stepwise Development of Hematopoietic Stem Cells from Embryonic Stem Cells PLoS ONE. 2009; 4(3): e4820. Published online 2009 March 16. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004820. PMCID: PMC2653650
- Tesar PJ. Derivation of germ-line-competent embryonic stem cell lines from preblastocyst mouse embryos. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Jun 7;102(23):8239-44. Epub 2005 May 25. PMID: 15917331
Search Entrez
- UNSW Embryology Stem Cells
- Australian Stem Cell Centre Australian Stem Cell Centre | Public Education | Fact Sheets | Australasian Society for Stem Cell Research
- NIH Stem Cell Information Home Page | Stem Cell Bank (NSCB) | Stem Cells: Scientific Progress and Future Research Directions 2001 | Regenerative Medicine 2006
- International Consortium of Stem Cell Networks International Consortium of Stem Cell Networks | Stem Cell Legislation - World Map | FAQs
- STEM CELLS Journal Stem Cells Portal
2009 Course Content
Cell Biology Introduction | Cells Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes | Cell Membranes and Compartments | Cell Nucleus | Cell Export - Exocytosis | Cell Import - Endocytosis | Cell Mitochondria | Cell Junctions | Cytoskeleton Introduction | Cytoskeleton 1 Intermediate Filaments | Cytoskeleton 2 Microtubules | Cytoskeleton 3 Microfilaments | Extracellular Matrix 1 | Extracellular Matrix 2 | Cell Cycle | Cell Division | Cell Death 1 | Cell Death 2 | Signal 1 | Signal 2 | Stem Cells | Stem Cells | Development | Revision
Introduction to Lab | Microscopy Methods | Preparation/Fixation | Immunochemistry | Cell Knockout Methods | Cytoskeleton Exercise | Confocal Microscopy | Tissue Culture 1 | Tissue Culture 2 | Microarray Lab visit
Dr Mark Hill 2015, UNSW Cell Biology - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G


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SINGAPORE - U.S. President Barack Obama's week-long visit to Asia was meant to reassure allies in the region of American support and re-engagement. But it raised Chinese hackles and failed to dispel doubts over his administration's 'pivot to Asia' strategy.
During his visit to Japan, South Korea, Malaysia and the Philippines Apr. 23-29, Obama repeatedly asserted that the key to prosperity in Asia lay in China playing by the rules, rather than bending them to suit its own interests.
His final stop was in Manila, traditionally a staunch U.S. ally that has an ongoing dispute with China over islands in the South China Sea. The Philippines and the U.S. signed an Agreement on Enhanced Defence Cooperation (AEDC) that will allow the U.S. to redeploy military forces in the islands for the first time in over two decades.
"What we see is Washington's 'exhibitionist syndrome', that is, the imperative it feels to 'show the flag' to its allies and to China, and to do so in an inexpensive way, with no rent to the host country."
- Walden Bello"Our territorial conflicts with China are the reason for this new agreement," noted Walden Bello, a member of parliament writing in the Philippines Daily Inquirer. "AEDC is the mechanism that will make the Chinese respect our rights to Scarborough Shoal, the nine islands and reefs we claim in the Spratly Islands, our continental shelf and our 200 Mile Exclusive Economic Zone. The truth of the matter, however, is that the deal will do no such thing."
Bello, a long-term critic of U.S. policy in the region, argues, "What we see is Washington's 'exhibitionist syndrome', that is, the imperative it feels to 'show the flag' to its allies and to China, and to do so in an inexpensive way, with no rent to the host country."
Obama said in a speech at the Philippines Army headquarters in Manila that nations and peoples have the right to live in security and peace and have their sovereignty and territorial integrity respected. "We believe that international law must be upheld, that freedom of navigation must be preserved and commerce must not be impeded," he said.
Critics say such comments have drawn further skepticism in the region because what Obama is preaching is not practiced by his own nation – as the history of American foreign policy in the past two decades clearly shows. China has also latched on to such arguments to claim that it is the U.S. rather than China that is trying to destabilize the region.
"Obama's rhetoric about peace and international law sounds hollow because it contradicts what Washington and (he) himself have been up to," said the state-controlled China Daily in an editorial on Apr. 29, adding "it is now clear that Washington is no longer bothering to conceal its attempt to contain China's influence in the region. It is even less convincing to say the U.S. pivot to the Asia-Pacific is not targeted against China."
Announced in January 2012, the Obama administration's 'pivot to Asia' strategy is a multi-dimensional one that includes improving bilateral relationships in the region, especially with its traditional allies; deepening working relationships with emerging powers, including China; and promoting trade and investment in the Asia-Pacific region.
"Asian allies (such as Singapore and the Philippines) believe a U.S.-centric order is good for the region by and large," argued Dr Tan See Seng, head of the Center for Multilateralism Studies at Nanyang Technological University (NTU) here.
"America is one of the major countries that sets the rules and expects others to follow even as it breaks its own rules. China sees that point very clearly and doesn't accept that," Tan told IPS.
China Daily says that for a considerably long period, the Chinese have cherished the "naive thought" that Washington will rein in its unruly allies when they go too far. "Obama's current trip should be a wake-up call that this is just wishful thinking," it argued. "Ganging up with its troublemaking allies, the U.S. is presenting itself as a security threat to China."
The troublesome allies China refers to are Japan and the Philippines. The dispute between Japan and China centres around the uninhabited islands that Japan calls Senkaku and China calls Diaoyu. Chinese claims to the islands are based on historical records going back to the Ming Dynasty in the 14th century but, at the end of World War II, Japan officially transferred ownership of the islands to the U.S. and, in 1972, the U.S. transferred it back to Japan, moves seen by China as illegal.
In an interview with Japan's Yomiuri Shimbun newspaper, Obama has said that the islands fall under the U.S.-Japan Mutual Cooperation and Security Treaty and that Washington opposes any "unilateral attempts to undermine Japan's administration of the islands." This comment has ruffled many feathers in Beijing.
Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesman Qin Gang was quoted in China Daily as saying that his country "firmly opposes" actions that place the Diaoyu Islands under the cover of the U.S.-Japan treaty and urged Washington to "speak and act cautiously." He said, "China's determination and will to safeguard territorial integrity, sovereignty and maritime interests is unshakeable."
Chinese commentators have referred to the Obama visit as an effort to form an Asian version of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).
But Dr Termsak Chalermpalanupap, lead researcher at the ASEAN Studies Center of the National University of Singapore, told IPS that such an organization was not necessary.
"Most countries in Southeast Asia don't want confrontation with China," argued Termsak, who worked with the ASEAN Secretariat for over 20 years. "China has become the top trading partner for most of these countries and what they welcome is more trade and economic integration with China."
Dr Evan Resnick, Coordinator of the U.S. Program at the Rajaratnam School of International Studies in Singapore believes the U.S. is concerned about freedom of navigation in the South China Sea. "It's a major artery for international commerce and the U.S. is interested in freedom of navigation for trade and military purposes," he told IPS.
Tan argues that the U.S. has been used to the "hegemonic manifestation" of its power in the Asian region. But with an emerging China and nationalistic pride contributing to growing assertiveness in the South China Sea, the U.S. sees itself as a declining power and is troubled by what it believes is China's challenge to it.
"Obama's 'pivot' is an attempt to continue and maintain its interests," he noted.


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This Kid's A Legend: 9-Year-Old Boy Who Built A Cardboard Arcade & About To Have The Best Day Of His Life!
Inside his dad's used auto part store
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Life in the Universe
An Educational Project Conducted by the SETI Institute with sponsorship from the National Science Foundation and NASA
The Life in the Universe curriculum is a unique set of resources, for elementary and middle school teachers, designed to bring the excitement of searching for life beyond Earth into the classroom. The SETI Institute, with funding from NSF and NASA, developed these award winning classroom materials with a team of educators, curriculum developers, and scientists. The Life in the Universe curriculum explores many facets of how scientists are trying to answer the questions: Where did life come from? What is its future? Are we alone?
In the Life in the Universe curriculum, students explore conditions that support life on Earth and the possible existence of life elsewhere. The curriculum draws upon the experience of SETI Institute scientists, whose research encompasses the full spectrum of astrobiology: astronomy, life sciences, Earth sciences, chemistry, physics, mathematics, engineering, and many other disciplines. The hands-on science activities were tested nationally in a variety of schools representing a broad range of students. Organized around story lines, these activities pose challenges that require students to investigate what is known about life on Earth.
The entire Life in the Universe curriculum consists of six teaching packages: The Science Detectives for grades 3-4; The SETI Academy Planet Project Volume 1: The Evolution of a Planetary System, The SETI Academy Planet Project Volume 2: How Might Life Evolve on Other Worlds?*, and The SETI Academy Planet Project Volume 3: The Rise of Intelligence and Culture* for grades 5-6; Life: Here? There? Elsewhere? The Search for Life on Venus and Mars for grades 7-8, and Project Haystack: The Search for Life in the Galaxy for grades 8-9. Each package contains a teacher's guide with sequential, interdisciplinary, hands-on science activities guides. To download the curriculum, visit Curriculum Files.
*Designated "Best Children's Science Book" by the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS).
Curriculum Files
Download curriculm files from each of the teacher's guides.
All of the guides will be available as PDF files this fall 2009.


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Contribute to ReadWriteThink / RSS / FAQs / Site Demonstrations / Contact Us / About Us
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Lesson Plan
Once Upon a Link: A PowerPoint Adventure With Fractured Fairy Tales
|3 – 5
|Lesson Plan Type
|Estimated Time
|Eight 50-minute sessions
|Lesson Author
Tampa, Florida
What would "The Three Little Pigs" be like from the wolf's point of view? Or "Cinderella" from the point of view of the evil stepsisters? In this lesson, students use both traditional and fractured fairy tales to study story structure and the six traits of writing. Students begin with a reading of several traditional and fractured fairy tales. As students read, they examine the tales for the six traits of writing: ideas, organization, voice, word choice, fluency, and conventions. After reading the tales, students compare two favorite versions of one fairy tale in terms of the six traits of writing. Next, students work in groups to plan their own original fractured fairy tale with several alternate plotlines and endings. Students then add images, transitions, and motion to enhance the text's meaning. In a culminating activity, students present their stories to the class and evaluate each other's presentations.
|PowerPoint Tool Tips: Students can use this handout to find useful tips for creating presentations in PowerPoint.
Anstey, M., & Bull, G. (2006). Teaching and learning multiliteracies: Changing times, changing literacies. Newark, DE: International Reading Association.
- The interactive nature of hyperlinked electronic texts means that the reader can choose different paths through the text.
- If the text is nonlinear, the reader (and writer) needs to develop effective reading (and writing) strategies.
Olness, R. (2005). Using literature to enhance writing instruction: A guide for K-5 teachers. Newark, DE: International Reading Association.
- Literature can be used to discover how authors use the six traits of writing.
- The six traits are ideas, organization, voice, word choice, fluency, and conventions.


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Listings in Marysville Sunrise Rotary Club, Training/Facilitation and Mortgages
Funeral Alternatives of Snohomish County - Gina Landerholm
in Funeral, Cremation and Cemetery Services, Marysville Sunrise Rotary Club
Funeral Alternatives is a family run funeral home dedicated to providing dignified services at a price affordable to most.
1321 State Ave Marysville WA
Fax: 360-659-8174
Cowork Chilliwack - Michael Berger
in Business Services, Professional Services, Counselling and Consulting, Training/Facilitation, Advertising, Promotion & Marketing, Communication & Media, Photography, Entertainment, Chilliwack Rotary Club
Do you self-identify as a creative type? Perfect. Cowork Chilliwack is a shared, collaborative workspace designed for working creative professionals! Working from home, car or coffee shop? Become a member of Cowork Chilliwack or drop in as a visitor
#12-8465 Harvard Place
Chilliwack, British Columbia V2P 7Z5
Empowered Business Coaching - Tony Malyk
in Business Services, Professional Services, Training/Facilitation, Financial Planning, Langley Central Rotary Club
Tony is a proud Rotarian and a Certified Professional Business Coach who works with business owners primarily in the manufacturing, distribution, technology and trades industries to reach their goals.
21389 86A Crescent
Langley, British Columbia V1M 2A2
Business Architect - Ajay Caleb
in Business Services, Training/Facilitation, Cloverdale Rotary Club
Most enterprises are driven by determination, creativity and innovation. Your success is a skillful balance of technology, business skills and people. Disruption to any one causes a company to falter. Let Ajay Caleb help you build your success.
33 - 7140 132 Street
Surrey, British Columbia V3W 1J5
Dominion Lending Centre Mortgage Broker - Robin Klassen
in Mortgages, Chilliwack Rotary Club
I help people find the right mortgage for their purchases, refinances and mortgage renewals. I work for you – not the lenders – to ensure you receive the best rates and products available in today's marketplace.
15-45966 Yale Road
Chilliwack, British Columbia V2P 2M3
Peoples Bank (Burlington) - Holly Peterson
in Mortgages, Financial Services, Burlington Midday Rotary Club
Holly Peterson, with the Burlington branch of Peoples Bank, will help you through the loan process by keeping open lines of communication and providing you with ample time to answer any questions - from origination to closing.
822 South Burlington Blvd.
Burlington, Washington 98233
United States
Fax: 360-404-2208
Berrisfords IT Services - Technology Training & Consulting
in Professional Services, Training/Facilitation, Computer Services - Sales, Repairs, Consulting, Education, Information Technology Management, I T Management Solutions, Port Moody Rotary Club, Training, Support, Coaching
In Home & Remote computer training/tutoring and technology consulting in the Tri Cities and surrounds .....
204 121 Shoreline Circle,
Port Moody, British Columbia V3H5G2


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Author Archives: losangelesloveaffair
Mt. Whitney
14,505 ft. of mountain. 12268 ft. of elevation change. 21.7 miles. 1 very long day.
You must start before the sun comes up. We hit the trail at 3:30 AM, which was pretty great because we did the first 4 miles in the dark while half-asleep and it is much easier to have no idea how hard you're working under these conditions. By 7:30, we'd gone the 7ish miles to Trail Camp.
We thought, "We're kicking this trail's ass, we'll summit by 11:00 at this pace!" We had come prepared with headlamps, iodine, moleskin… the usual hiker must-haves, but we had not prepared for the Switchbacks (dun dun dun). It's probably best that we didn't know about them because it would have been impossible to mentally prepare for the combination of elevation, distance, incline, and acrophobia.
So, the switchbacks begin. This 1600 foot ascent that covers about two miles took around 2.5 hours. It's not just that you're climbing, it's that you start the climbing at 12,000 feet after having already been hiking for 4 hours. And after you reach the top, it's another 2 miles or so across a traverse between 13,500 and 14,000 feet before your final 500 foot ascent to the top. Before the final ascent, passers-by like to tell you, "You're almost there!" so you start expecting a celebratory marching band and a round of applause after every turn, which was neither possible in this realm of reality nor true in its report of remaining distance. But, I suppose it's all relative.
The only other 14ers I've summitted were in Colorado where tree line ends around 11,700 feet and then arctic tundra begins, so there are signs of life all the way to the top. In reflection, what stands out most about this hike is how for the great majority of it you walk across a rocky, barren terrain. But, while in the moment of hiking this mountain there isn't just one thought that dominates because between the views, the blisters, the fellow hikers, and the "I'm the king of the world!" effect, your mind is busy the entire day. That is, until the end when you can't think, can't talk, and can't move. Unless, of course, you're choosing a restaurant, ordering dinner, and shoveling food into your mouth.
J.A.M. Sessions
J.A.M. Sessions began in 2008 at the John Anson Ford Amphitheatre. The idea is that these events are both free and participatory. The Ford's summer series is put on by the Los Angeles County Arts Commission, which has an entire program called "Free Concerts in Public Sites."
These free concerts have expanded in the last 5 years and now there are free J.A.M. Sessions in 5 locations throughout the county, from Newhall to Watts.
On the steps of the venue was a jam session lead by Ben Guzman of Triple Chicken Foot, and on the stage of the Egyptian influenced deco stage was a square dance called by Susan Michaels. Though the 1200 seats were mostly empty, there were over 50 dancers hooping and hollering around the 93-year-old theatre's stage.
For more about J.A.M. Sessions check here: http://www.fordtheatres.org/en/events/category/id/37
4th of July Parade: Chester, CA
I didn't intend to attend a small town 4th of July celebration. After solo camping at Juniper Lake in Lassen Volcanic National Park, I could've only hoped for a coffee shop to be open on the holiday as I travelled from Lassen down to Quincy for the High Sierra Music Festival. Thankfully, I found so much more than coffee.
While enjoying a pre-parade Bloody Mary at the local tavern, I spoke to a man who grew up in Plumas County and currently resides in Sacramento. There, he works in office furniture installation, but he aspires to work in sports management. Using my girly charms, I learned that being a high school student in Plumas County is not so different than being a high school student anywhere else- you spend most of your time blaming all your problems on geography and then you grow up to realize that home isn't half bad. I also learned that the two largest employers in Plumas are the US Forest Service and the local mill.
My back hurt from so many nights sleeping on the ground, so I hung in a forward fold (uttanasana) in the street before the parade began. An older woman came over to me and said, "That looks like it feels good. What are you doing?" As an over-eager recently certified yoga instructor, I aided her into the low back release. It is fair to say that she was at-risk for Type 2 diabetes, but she informed me that she had recently started going to Curves and she was enjoying feeling in control of her body again. As she rose from her forward fold, I noticed she was wearing a Tea Party tee-shirt. This is when I was reminded that being an American is complicated.
We can't agree if government is responsible for our health or our education or our privacy, but we do believe in freedom. I guess we also mostly believe that day drinking, abiding by a certain color scheme, listening to a certain classic rock genre, and putting our karate educated youth on display is an appropriate way to celebrate that freedom.
As I waited for the parade to begin (can you tell there was a lot of waiting for the parade? People put their lawn chairs out before I rode through town at 7 AM, the parade began at 11 AM, and it lasted for about 30 minutes. The wait-time to parade-time ratio was significant), a man offered me his spare lawn chair. He was probably a Tea Party member as well, but it didn't matter if he was red and I was blue, or green, or none of the above because we were able to be grateful to be American, together. We also worked as a team to collect candy thrown by parade participants for his grandchild like it was a patriotic Halloween.
Mt. Baldy
We ascended this 10,064 ft. peak via the Baldy Bowl Trail (otherwise known as the "Ski Hut Trail"), which starts at Manker Flats and, shortly after diverging from the San Antonio Falls Trail, begins to scale the side of the mountain. The rapid ascent means the king-of-the-world motivational factor sets in quickly, but it also means the strain in your glutes sets in quickly. You gain nearly 4000 feet of elevation in 4 miles. When we arrived at Manker Flats, we were like, "That was such a short drive. Why have we never been here before?" But by mile 3, we learned the answer to our question.
That being said, this was probably the most beautiful hike I've done in Southern California. You weave your way through Jeffrey Pine, scale your way through a Lodgepole forest, and get far-reaching views of the Antelope Valley, the San Gabriel Valley, and the San Gabriel range. And we weren't even hiking on a clear day! I've heard rumor you can see all the way to the ocean if you plan your trip according to the skies.
Okay, so on our way down we took the Devil's Backbone route to the ski lodge. There, we learned that an excellent option to experience the magic of Mt. Baldy might be to simply take the ski lift from Manker Flats to the Top of The Notch where you can sit on a dining patio with a burger and an IPA. But, as pleasant as that might be, you wouldn't get to rise above tree line (the very root of why we call the peak "bald") and you wouldn't be able to say you've been to the highest point in Los Angeles County.
He's gone to smell the loquats…
Funny how even without context it's still pretty clear what that means. That turn of phrase grew common in China where they once referred to brothels as "the gates of loquats" because the loquat blossoms smell so delicious. The trees grow rampant across this city, but people don't seem as excited about them here as they might be in China. Maybe we just don't know what they are or maybe we just don't own a tall enough ladder to reach the fruit. Either way, if you put in the effort you'll find a sweet stone fruit, not a citrus as its name's likeness to the kumquat might imply. "Quat" means orange in Cantonese. Kumquat: golden orange. Loquat: reed orange, meaning the tree likes to grow where it's swampy like a reed.
Korean Bell of Friendship
You know those places outside of national parks where they claim there's a special magnetic force field and they create optical illusions to prove the existence of said force field? Okay, the Korean Friendship Bell is a force field even though they do not advertise it as such. Additionally, I don't know that the magic seeps from the Friendship Bell itself, I think they chose a magical location for the bell.
This Angel's Gate Park plateau overlooks the ocean, the harbor and a splice of Palos Verdes. There's a strangeness to it all, and there's a celebration of freedom and of gratitude. One might even want to call it a west version of the Statue of Liberty, after all it was given to the United States to celebrate our bicentennial. But while the Statue of Liberty weighs 225 tons, this metal emblem of freedom only weights 17.
In this particular case, size does not matter and a day at the park with a kite and a picnic is well spent at this San Pedro pagoda. For more info, check here: http://www.sanpedro.com/sp_point/korenbel.htm
Coral Trees
Even though "Hollywood" montages of Los Angeles show palm trees galore, the official tree of Los Angeles is the Coral Tree. I always assumed we called it "coral" because of the color of its flowers, even though that never really made sense because the flowers are red, not coral. My second guess, still related to the flowers, was that because they are clustered in inflorescence, it kind of looks like sea coral. Wrong again! The name comes from the fact that their branches look like sea coral. But, when a tree has such vocal flowers, who's paying attention to the branches?
Perhaps the most impressive stand of Corals in the area is along San Vicente between the VA and the beach. There are about 120 trees planted along 5 miles of the ex-Red Car median. They were planted sometime after WWII. In 1976, they became a historic-cultural monument. In 2013, Brentwood residents are fighting to raise funds for the trees' maintenance. Learn more about their campaign here: http://www.brentwoodcommunitycouncil.org/resources-links/our-coral-trees
Holi Festival of Colors
St. Patrick's Day dominates the American mid-March holiday scene. The holiday, imported from Ireland, places the color green at the focal point of its festivities. Holi Festival of Colors, however, is imported from India and celebrates every color. Well, technically the festival celebrates that the hero of Holi's story, Prahlada, was set to fire in a pyre on the lap of his aunt, Holika. Holika burned to death and Prahlada survived. I don't know enough to tell whether we're celebrating the death of Holika, the survival of Prahlada, or if spring is just a really good time to throw colored chalk on a bunch of strangers. But, what a great idea for a holiday!
For more information on Los Angeles's celebration, check here: http://www.festivalofcolorsla.com/
Murphy Ranch
Murphy Ranch, more commonly known as the "Nazi Bunker," sits in the hills of the Pacific Palisades. It's creepy because had Germany won WWII, this is supposedly the place where Hitler planned to rule the world. With a 375,000 gallon water tank, a diesel power plant, and many other amenities, this estate could've harbored a world fascism headquarters for an uninterrupted year. To the misfortune of worldwide fascist domination, construction on the ranch was interrupted by the federal government the day after Pearl Harbor.
In 2013, it's perhaps a comical ruin of what never was. Hidden in LA's 6th richest census tract and watched over by the Santa Monica Mountains Conservancy, it has become home to local hooligans… beer cans scatter the grounds and graffiti covers every inch of poured concrete. This current narrative fits in more with the area's history. After all, just down the creek from Murphy Ranch is the former Uplifters' Clubhouse where bohemians hid out during Prohibition to keep the party going.
Despite its hidden nature, access is pretty simple. If you go up Capri from Sunset, you turn right on Casale Road and just park wherever you can, so thank you benevolent Palisades homeowners for letting us use your street parking. Anyway, if you turn back west an head down the road it will turn into Sullivan Fire Road. After a short while, the gates to the estate will appear. When there's a fork in the road, turn left to find an unruly amount of stairs. Good for simplicity's sake, and good for sculpting your butt.
February Skies
Today, they predicted thundershowers. I received text messages from friends saying, "Have you noticed it's a rather blustery day?" And my roommate ran around our unheated apartment yelling, "Why is it so cold?" The other day I got on the bus and, though I try not to spread negativity, it felt necessary to exclaim to the stranger next to me, "It's freezing out there." He, in all his Frenchness, responded, "Well, it's February." Though I may complain, if February keeps bringing skies like this, I say, "Keep 'em coming!"


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See the latest updates and information regarding the COVID-19 pandemic, including a list of University contact information at semo.edu/covid19.
On May 27, 1998, the Southeast Missouri State University Board of Regents requested and received approval from the University Foundation to purchase the buildings and grounds of St. Vincent's College and Seminary from the Priests of the Congregation of the Mission (Vincentian Fathers), a Roman Catholic religious community established in France by Saint Vincent DePaul. The property had been for sale for several years, and the buildings had been unoccupied since the early 1980s. Nearly nine years later, after many feasibility studies and arduous planning, Southeast Missouri State University moved its Earl and Margie Holland College of Arts and Media to the River Campus.
Founded in 1838 and situated on the banks of the Mississippi River in Cape Girardeau, St. Vincent's College and Seminary was responsible for the education of thousands of students, especially young men aspiring to the priesthood. The cornerstone of the first building of the Seminary was laid in spring 1843. In 1871, a three-story west wing was added to provide dormitory space and to create a large chapel and lecture room. Jerry Ford, Cape Girardeau businessman and musician, wrote a history of the Seminary entitled Honor to St. Vincent's, A History of St. Vincent's College and the River Campus, where he describes catastrophes which befell the school including a major flood in 1844, an explosion of the gunboat Seabird which was tied up near the Seminary grounds, and a tornado in 1850 which damaged main buildings and the Civil War. Mark Twain chronicles the Seminary in his 1883 book, Life on the Mississippi. He remarks, "There is a great Jesuit school for boys at the foot of town by the river. Uncle Mumford said it has as high a reputation for thoroughness as any similar institution in Missouri."
Declining enrollments in the 1890s nearly forced the closing of the college. Around 1910, however, the role of the school was redefined, and it became a type of preparatory school for the priesthood. Relatively healthy enrollments of 70 to 80 students became the norm. Young students at the college seemed to integrate increasingly into the local culture in the 1950s and years following, particularly as participants in sports activities.
The property acquired by Southeast in 1998 included 60,000 square feet of existing interior building space and 16.6 acres of real estate. Dr. Dale Nitzschke, Southeast Missouri State University's President at the time, observed, "The Vincentians provided us with a very attractive option to purchase the property as long as we maintain the historical nature of the structures and the educational mission of the facility. We have cooperated with the Vincentians in that they had a vision for a continuing educational use of the facility. There has been an educational mission at this site for more than 150 years, and we at Southeast will continue that rich tradition and hope to provide educational opportunities there at that location for at least another 150 years."
Mr. B.W. Harrison, a local businessman and long-time supporter of the University, donated the funds allowing the purchase of the property. In addition, he provided monies to allow the planning process to begin. From the outset, Mr. Harrison expressed his wish that the property be preserved and used for educational purposes. Raised in Salem, Mo., Harrison graduated from the University of Missouri-Columbia in 1936 and enjoyed a 40-year career with the Missouri Extension Service before opening his own business in Cape Girardeau.
Donald Dickerson, president of the University Board of Regents in 1998, noted that during negotiations for the acquisition of the Seminary property, meetings were held with civic and community leaders of Cape Girardeau.
"This venture is a great opportunity for a shared effort on behalf of the University and the entire region," Dickerson said. Eventually, the University and the City of Cape Girardeau came together in a joint partnership to provide public and private funding for the new facility which would be home to a newly-created College of Arts and Media, comprised of the academic departments of Art, Music, and Theatre/Dance. Also included were plans to bring the University Museum into the River Campus complex.
The University developed preliminary plans and a conceptual model of the new campus in summer of 1998 to arrive at a configuration of buildings that would best serve the delivery of academic programs while providing suitable venues for performances by outside touring shows. There had been keen interest expressed by both the citizens of the southeast Missouri region and the University to build a venue which would serve not only as a training ground for students, but also a location at which to offer cultural events of a national and international magnitude. Earliest configurations included a large performance theatre, a museum with a regional history focus, a 500-seat theatre, a 150-seat recital hall, and classrooms, offices and studios. In November 1998, the citizens of Cape Girardeau voted to help fund the River Campus project by approving the contribution of $8.9 million in restaurant and motel taxes to support the project in return for some public use of the facility.
A groundbreaking ceremony was held at the River Campus May 27, 2003. In attendance were U.S. Senator Kit Bond, Congresswoman Jo Anne Emerson, Cape Girardeau Mayor Jay Knudtson, Missouri Senate President Pro Tempore Peter Kinder, University President Kenneth Dobbins, and University Board of Regents President Don Dickerson, as well as representatives of the Missouri Department of Economic Development. Also attending were many private donors and over 700 citizens from the Southeast Missouri region. A final schematic design was presented Oct. 15, 2003, by Jacobs Facilities, Inc.of St. Louis. Theatre Project Consultants of South Norwalk, Conn., was contracted to configure the performance spaces. Plans included a large proscenium theatre with acoustic variability of 950 seats, a flexible theatre of 204 seats with telescopic risers and platforms in the seating pit, and a dance studio of about 1,835 square feet. The Seminary chapel was earmarked to be the new Music Recital Hall with special acoustical design proposed by Ove Arup & Partners, Ltd., of California.
In January 2005, construction documents were completed to the extent that advertisements
for demolition of the old gymnasium and site work packages could be distributed for
bid. Initial estimates indicated the three-year renovation/construction phase would
generate some 263 new jobs for two years and 132 jobs in the third year, with the
construction alone generating approximately $23.1 million in direct and indirect personal
income. The economic boost to the community by visitors to the Regional Museum and
other arts events could generate an additional $900,000 in the Cape Girardeau region.
At nearly the same time, the Seminary was awarded special status by being listed on the National Registry of Historical Places. The renovation and reconfiguration of old buildings presents special challenges. The Seminary building underwent rigorous inspection during the course of the renovation. Because Cape Girardeau is located on the New Madrid fault line, the likelihood of a future seismic event could not be discounted. As a result, BSI Constructors of St. Louis drilled 55,000 horizontal holes into existing brick walls into which steel rods were secured with epoxy. These walls were then covered with "shot-crete" to create walls within walls. Carl Cooper, the Project Manager for BSI, relates that the structures are designed to survive a "Level I" seismic event.
Since the Seminary building is located adjacent to a highway bridge and a railroad, special care was taken to insulate offices, studios, and performance spaces from outside noise. In most instances, specially constructed sound isolated double-paned windows have been installed at the facility. Special sound insulation is also used around the music practice rooms and the studios of music instructors. All theatre entry is through double-doored "sound and light locks." The spacious Seminary Chapel, now converted to the Shuck Music Recital Hall, also has sound-insulated windows. As a special feature, the old stained glass from the original chapel has been remounted and is placed on the inside of the chapel window frames.
Work on the Seminary, including landscaping was completed by the end of April, 2007. The move of faculty offices of the Departments of Art, Music, and Theatre/Dance was completed mid-summer, 2007. Fall classes began in the Seminary Building Aug. 20, 2007. The University Board of Regents met for the first time in the new Seminary Building May 11, 2007, to officially name various venues on the campus including The Earl and Margie Holland College of Arts and Media, the Donald C. Bedell Peformance Hall, the Rosemary Berkel and Harry L. Crisp II Southeast Missouri Regional Museum, the Wendy Kurka Rust Flexible Theatre and the Robert F. and Gertrude L. Shuck Music Recital Hall.
A grand opening of the entire facility, including the University Museum, was held Oct. 23, 2007, to coincide with Homecoming. Special speakers at the celebration included Missouri Lt. Gov. Peter Kinder, U.S. Rep. Jo Ann Emerson, University President Kenneth W. Dobbins, the Very Rev. James Swift, C.M., Provincial Superior of the Congregation of Mission Midwest Province, former Board of Regents President Donald L.Dickerson, Student Regent Leni Fluegge, Dr. Gary L. Miller, associate dean of the College of Arts and Media, Cape Girardeau Mayor Jay Knudtson, current Board of Regents President Brad Bedell, Kathy Swain, chair of the Missouri Coordinating Board for Higher Education, and Albert M. Spradling III, vice president of the Board of Regents.


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Borderlands 2
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PS VITA Release Date 30/05/14


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This is one of the winter-themed activities J did. I found a picture on Google Images and cut the pieces apart for J to put in order. This is simple prep work but great practice in sequencing.
Here are the images I used (including two different sets of snowmen). Build A Snowman Sequencing Activity
Age attempted: 32 months


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Often it is necessary or desirable to balance the light intensity in one part of a scene with another. This is especially true in situations where you don't have total light control, as in bright contrasty landscapes. Sometimes it is also desireable to add color to part of the photograph. For example, to add blue to only the sky. Lee Grad Color filters are part clear and part color. Lee Graduated Sunset filters enhance a sunset and are available in grades of 1 through 3, with 3 having the most dramatic effect.
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Lovely warm spring day at Carrington. Kiddo gave me a wave as he came out as the coaches were all raring to go but it took a while for the players to come out.When they did it was a very short briefing from the boss and then into some gentle jogging.Mancini seemed to think it wasn't that warm with a tracksuit top on and a scarf!
Plenty of warm up exercises today for the 19 players on show which included Rodwell but not Micah or Razak so I expect to see them playing at Rochdale when I go there shortly for the EDS game.They moved into keep ball circles right under my nose and the spirit in the group seemed fantastic.I don't think I have ever seen Carlos more relaxed and enjoying the team atmosphere.After this it was into the games with 5 a side goals alternating with full nets with headed goals only.Ivan Carminati runs this and constantly changes the game rules to keep them on their toes. One touch ,2 touch , all in are regular shouts.Carlos did a bit of goal hanging and tried to tee up a headed goal but whoever was coming in did so far too quickly and ran under the ball.
Zaba tried so hard to get a headed goal he clattered into the post,Milner tried one header lying flat on the ground but Barry was the one to score with a header.Aleks got hurt in a challenge and it didn't look good but he shrugged it off eventually.Kole headed a sitter wide and then both Zaba and Nasti headed over but it was a great mix of fun and top effort.
2 of the 5 a side goals were moved and they had a 3 touch game with the little goals remaining but the defences were too good. A break for drinks (nothing offered to me) and some more short sharp exercises leading into the game which was slightly delayed as there were no keepers!Right from the off in the game the intensity was high and the example was Carlos. Chasing around as he does in games and really looking to make things happen.Notables in the game:
Joe shouting at Vinnie and just calling him V
Someone shouting " Sergio heel" just sounded funny to me
The first goal was from a Maicon overlap surge and his cross rebounded to Nasri who scored with a scuffed shot
Carlos really close but Panti saved with is feet
Silva scored the equaliser with a typical low shot to the left corner
Edin came close but then Barry scored
A brilliant move,mostly about Silva, ended with a good Joe save
Sergio scored an easy goal after a really poor pass in the defence
Panti was dominant with anything crossed high and on one occasion landed on Kolo which was painful
Barry took Milner out cynically
Kolo scored a neat goal as he marauded forward
Than right at the end Edin got one after a lapse by the keeper
A really lively session.no suggestions of end of season from what I saw and basically a fully fit squad in great spirits.Now off to Rochdale.


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As tuition costs increase and job opportunities become more selective, it is vital that college students have skills for personal financial planning. During Financial Literacy Month this April, Penn State's University Libraries are offering a series of programs geared to help students plan and understand the issues.
The series includes:
• Monday, April 8, 6–7 p.m., 108 Business Building (no registration required)
"What I wish somebody told me about money," by Farnoosh Torabi via Skype
• Wednesday, April 10, 3 to 4 p. m., Foster Auditorium, 102 Paterno Library (no registration required)
"Ten things college students should know about money," by Cathy Bowen
• Wednesday, April 17, 3 to 4:30 p. m., 302 Paterno Library (registration required, see the financial literacy guide link noted below)
"Budgeting 101: Making dollars with sense," Daad Rizk, co-sponsored by the Adult Learner Advocacy Initiative's Financial Literacy Curriculum
• Wednesday, April 24, 6 to 7:30 p.m., 217 Business Building (registration required, see the financial literacy guide link noted below)
"Everything you want to know about personal finance — but are too afraid to ask," Dale Weaver, Ernst & Young (co-sponsor)
A financial literacy guide developed by Business Liaison Librarian Lauren Reiter is available at www.libraries.psu.edu/psul/researchguides/business/financialliteracy.html. Reiter emphasizes, "The understanding and management of personal finance and student loan debt are financial literacy topics of particular importance to college students. Tabs in this guide include books, articles, websites, and other resources that cover personal finance and student loan debt issues."
For more information or for questions about the physical access provided, contact Reiter at email@example.com or 814-865-4414.


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Macgasm notes that Apple has started to notify some MobileMe users of a new upgrade program offering a free copy of Mac OS X Snow Leopard. This offer is being offered to provide users of Macs running older versions of Mac OS X the opportunity to upgrade to OS X Lion. In addition, this reduces cost of upgrading to OS X Lion, which is required to take full advantage of the features of iCloud.
In an article sent to MobileMe customers, Apple has recommended that potential customers get in touch with Apple to receive a free DVD of Snow Leopard so that users can upgrade to Lion, and move to iCloud. All you have to do is follow this link, log in to MobileMe with your Mobile Me account, and fill out your mailing information. Apple will then send you a Snow Leopard DVD for free.
Since OS X Lion is only available via the Mac App Store, users need to have Mac OS X Snow Leopard installed on their Macs. This allows users to access the store. Since MobileMe will be discontinued in favor of iCloud as of June 30th, Apple is encouraging MobileMe users to move their accounts to iCloud. Once again, it just goes to show how much Apple cares about its customers. I don't know of any other company that would offer an entire OS for free so that users can use one of their products.
Mac OS X Snow Leopard is still available via the Apple online store for $29 for users wishing to purchase it.


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