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Diagnostic Service
If you are unsure of the fault or you have attempted an unsuccessful repair, we can offer you a Diagnostic Service. You should also select this service if you require multiple repair services on the same device. i.e. you have a faulty hard drive and a broken screen as we heavily discount multiple repairs.
Our expert technicians will carefully investigate and diagnose your device to look for any current or potential faults. We will then contact you and inform you if a repair is necessary and discuss the extra costs to continue with the repair service. At any point, your device can be returned without paying extra for repairs, you are under no obligation to agree with the extra repairs needed.
The diagnostic cost will be deducted from the overall cost of repair, if you choose to proceed. Please bear in mind that the diagnostic cost is a non-refundable service.
You can check the progress of your device's diagnostic by using our Repair Tracker.
* Please include a brief summary of the faults you are experiencing with your device in the additional information section during the checkout process.
You can send your device to us in the following ways (please select at checkout)
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4. Drop the device into our shop.
We will return the device to you free of charge even if you do not proceed with the repair
The address you should send your device to can be found on our contacts page


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-al; -ial, -eal
(Latin: suffix; pertaining to, like, of the kind of, relating to, characterized by, belonging to; action of, process of)
A stomach ache has been defined as an abominable pain in the abdominal area.
The condition may be a result of surgery or the result of a trauma or chronic inflammation. The patient with this condition experiences an abdominal distention, pain, nausea, vomiting, plus an increased pulse rate which might require surgery to improve the person's situation.
This term refers to the portion of the aorta (largest artery in the body) below the diaphragm to the bifurcation (split into two parts) into the right and left common iliac arteries or the upper and largest, part of the bony pelvic girdle.
It supplies blood to the abdominal viscera, pelvic organs, and lower extremities.
The abdominal aorta provides blood to the abdominal structures; such as, the testes, ovaries, kidneys, and stomach.
This is known to occur to some degree with aging, but other risk factors that accelerate this process have been identified; including: high cholesterol, high blood pressure, smoking, diabetes, and family history for atherosclerotic disease.
The celiac artery supplies the front part of the intestine, the superior mesenteric artery supplies the middle intestine, and the inferior (lower) mesenteric artery supplies the back section of the intestine.
Such breathing may be seen in various abnormal conditions; such as, cerebrovascular accident, spinal cord injury, and coma.
Singers practice this method so they can enhance their vocal performances.2. Breathing which is supplemented by abdominal wall muscles that compress the contents of the abdomen and indirectly raise the diaphragm.
This kind of deep breathing is shown by the expansion of the abdomen rather than the chest when breathing.
It is generally considered a healthier and fuller way to ingest oxygen, and it is often used as a therapy for hyperventilation, anxiety disorders and stuttering.
2. Etymology: from Latin abdomen, abdominis, "belly" and from medical Latin abdominalis.
The stomach (which is in the abdominal area) is lined with thirty-five million glands that produce about three quarts (2.85 liters) of gastric juices daily. Hydrochloric acid makes up roughly five percent of these juices and, together with other acids and various enzymes, constantly works to digest food particles.
It usually refers to pain which occurs during sickle cell anemia crisis or that results from syphilis.
The technique is intended to reduce pain and to shorten labor during the birth of a child or children.

subset: commoncrawl


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Welcome to Colorado Springs House of Bounce and over 9,000
sq. ft. of inflatable fun! Filled with exciting slides, obstacle courses, magic
castle bouncers and jumpers, Colorado Springs House of Bounce was created to provide a safe and clean environment for kids
to play.Our aim is to provide extreme fun for kids, so we hope you and your family will enjoy Colorado Springs
House of Bounce and make it one of your regular outings.For those special birthdays and other happy occassions, we have three private party rooms. We also have a
designated toddlers' area downstairs and our concession stand area, conveniently situated upstairs with tables and chairs,
allows parents or guardians to relax while overlooking all of their children below. Our toddlers' dedicated play area features
an interactive bounce house, rollercoaster, playscape and rocking horses. Colorado Springs House of Bounce is for 12 year
old children and younger.Try our well stocked snack bar for snacks, drinks and coffee or, if you prefer, you are welcome to bring your
own food and drinks. *
Our Open Play times are Monday through Thursday 10:00-6:00pm, Friday and Saturday 10:00-8:00pm, Sunday 12:00-6:00pm. Visit our Parties page for Open Play and Private Party times. You may also check our Calendar for the availability of our party time slots.Parents
accompanying children are admitted free of charge and kids may come and go all day, just pay once only.Admission
for children age 2 and under is $9, kids between 3 and 12 years of age are charged $11 for an all day pass. Open Play parties
and Private parties are available by reservation.Socks are required at all times.* Out of courtesy to other customers, all parties must be reserved
and cannot take place in our general seating area. We always welcome groups to play, however do not allow special-event, celebration,
gifts or party foods outside the party room. Please ensure that all parties are scheduled, to maximize the fun for all customers.
Thank you for your understanding.


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I have had an eventful week with our beloved dog, Sugar and her diabetes, and various other family related issues. It is all under control now, or I should say moving in the right directions. Life happens. You deal with it and move on to the next thing.
Sugar is home today and we are armed with new food, syringes, insulin and a strict feeding schedule! Sugar can no longer have dog biscuits, dog chews, or any of her other favorite snacks. It makes sense to me that Sugar will only eat twice a day and then receive her insulin after eating. 7a.m. and 7p.m. are the feeding and dosing times. This way if she is not munching on other snacks, etc. her sugar will not spike or get too low. Instead, we will have her on a nice steady schedule.
I had to learn how to give her a shot today. I was scared to death! I made it through and Sugar still loves me! Spice is not happy about all of these changes. We have always fed the dogs with food in their bowl for them to eat when they were hungry. Now, Spice will have to adhere to Sugar's scheduled eating habits. Change is good and we will all adapt in time. Time heals everything.
Sugar – happy to be home. Lounging in front of the fan! This girl has no shame!
The other thing I managed to get done this week was a doily I had been working on for months. I try to work on my book, my blog, and my crocheting every day. Some days that does not work, but what the heck – retired means you set your own schedule! I get it done as I get it done.
This doily is called, "In the Vineyard." Perfect for my wine drinking hobby which I think I will be partaking in later this afternoon.
I am going to leave this doily on my dining room table as it is quite large. However, I do like the detail of the grapes and grape leaves. I am working on an entirely different piece now that I will share at a later date. Thanks for cheering me up through my crazy week. I enjoy your company!


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The self-described Atlanta-based "oppo researcher" who helped broker the release of the secret video that has rocked the Romney campaign got a congratulatory email today from his famous grandfather -- former President Jimmy Carter.
GOP presidential nominee Mitt Romney defended his unguarded comments, secretly recorded at a private fundraising event in May and provided to the liberal magazine Mother Jones, that shows him speaking frankly about Obama's supporters. NBC's Michael Isikoff reports.
James Carter IV told NBC News in an interview that, starting late last month, he tracked down the source who took the secret Romney video via Twitter -- and then in a series of messages encouraged him to release the full tape to Mother Jones magazine.
After emailing his grandfather the magazine's story about the tape -- under the subject, "Huge campaign news," and calling it "my biggest story yet" -- the former president wrote back at 7:16 am Tuesday: "James: This is extraordinary. Congratulations! Papa."
"I'm proud of my role in being able to track him down," James Carter, 35, said about the source who took the video. "I'm a partisan Democrat. My motivation is to help Democrats get elected. If there is anything I can find in any race, I try to do that."
Related: Leaked video is the latest hit for Romney
But Carter also confirmed there is a personal side to the backstory of the campaign video: he was especially motivated, he said, because of Romney's frequent attacks on the presidency of his grandfather, including the GOP candidate's comparisons to the "weak" foreign policy of Carter and Barack Obama.
"It gets under my skin -- mostly the weakness on the foreign policy stuff," Carter said. "I just think it's ridiculous. I don't like criticism of my family."
Carter said he is currently unemployed and has not been paid for his work by the Obama campaign or any other political organization. What motivated him at first was Romney's role at Bain Capital and the controversy over whether the GOP candidate as a businessman had invested in companies that outsourced jobs overseas.
Carter had focused, in particular, on Bain Capital's 1998 investment -- while Romney was still chief executive -- in Global Tech Appliances, a Chinese manufacturing company. Carter was listed as providing "research assistance" to a July 11 story about the investment by David Corn, Mother Jones' Washington bureau chief and an MSNBC contributor.
Related: Romney: Secretly recorded remarks 'not elegantly stated'
Then, in late August, just before the Republican convention, Carter spotted a YouTube link to a brief video clip in which Romney talks about his investment in a Chinese company. The link was posted under the name "Rachel Maddow" but was quickly taken down because the poster had no relationship to the MSNBC host.
The video then reappeared on YouTube under a different account -- "Anne Onymous." Carter said he was fascinated by the video -- and figured there had to be more to Romney's talk.
"It was just weird video to all of a sudden come across," he said. "It was all very strange and it piqued my curiosity," he said.
Carter Tweeted a link to the video -- and then soon noticed he had a new follower named "Anne Onymous."
The Daily Rundown's Chuck Todd reports on a statement that may significantly damage Mitt Romney's presidential campaign.
"I recognized it" -- and then messaged the follower back, resulting in a series of exchanges in which he encouraged the poster to come forward and give the full video to Corn.
The source who took the video has confirmed to NBC News that it was taken at a May 17 $50,000-a-plate fundraiser at the Boca Raton, Fla., home of private-equity mogul Marc Leder, chief executive of Sun Capital Advisors.
Leder has given $225,000 to Restore Our Future, the pro-Romney Super PAC, in addition to raising money for Romney's presidential campaign. He has also been the subject of controversy after a report in the New York Post last year -- under the headline "Nude Frolic in Tycoon's Pool" -- about a wild party at his Bridgehampton mansion in which, according to the Post's account, "guests cavorted nude in the pool" and scantily clad Russian dancers performed on platforms.
Leder has not responded to a request for comment from NBC News.


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Go Back to Class of 1986
Clifford Cato
His Profile is REALLY bare! Encourage him to submit his profile information! or submit some info for him!
When he submits his info, we'll list cool facts like what he was involved in during Bible School, and what he's currently doing in the ministry.
Alumni Relatives & Associations
This profile was last updated October 25, 2011


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The Football Earned Run Average is real football analysis of pro football statistics, scores, and handicapping. This special algorithm measures a teams performance at the LINE OF SCRIMMAGE as best as can be done after film analysis with a comprehensive statistical analysis of a team's performance.
Wednesday, February 1, 2012
Plaxico doesn't sound like he'll be back with the Jets
Jets receiver Plaxico Burress is in Indy, signing autographs. He's likely not finishing with a flourish that includes "Jets 2012."
As Brian Costello of the New York Post writes, Plaxico was less than gushing in his praise of quarterback Mark Sanchez, or in other comments about the team.
Basically, Plax followed the "it is what it is" approach to answering the questions.
Asked about the team's quarterback, Burress: "Mark Sanchez is Mark Sanchez."
How did the season go? "It went as it went."
On whether the Jets used Burress to the best of his abilities, Burress said, "They used me the way they wanted to use me."
OK, last try. What's your impression of the Jets locker room? "The Jets locker room is the Jets locker room."
And so it sounds like Burress won't be back. Though he didn't expressly agree with Brandon Jacobs' assessment from Tuesday that Plaxico wishes he'd signed with the Giants instead of the Jets, it's safe to say that his decision was what his decision was, and that his next move will be his next move.
source: PFT.com
author: Mike Florio
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Defense Secretary Leon Panetta's decision to lift the 20-year ban on women serving in combat will open some 237,000 combat-related positions to women. Initially, women will be assigned to combat communications, logistics and drivers. NBC's Jim Miklaszewski reports.
U.S. Defense Secretary Leon Panetta has decided to clear the way for women to serve in many combat positions in the U.S. armed forces, a senior defense official told NBC News on Wednesday afternoon.
The Pentagon chief will announce on Thursday that he is eliminating the direct ground combat exclusion — the Department of Defense policy that excluded women from assignment to units below the brigade level if the unit would be engaged in direct combat.
This will allow women to be assigned to select positions in ground combat units at the battalion level, opening approximately 237,000 individual jobs to women across service branches, including 5,000 positions for female Marines in ground combat elements.
"I support it. It reflects the reality of 21st century military operations," said Sen. Carl Levin, D-Mich., chairman of the Senate Armed Services Committee, in anticipation of the announcement.
"We are moving in the direction of women as infantry soldiers," one senior defense official said.
Longstanding opponents of lifting the ban on women in combat lambasted the move as a show of "political correctness."
"The point of the military is to protect our country," said Penny Nance, President and CEO of Concerned Women for America Legislative Action Committee, a conservative lobbying group. "Anything that distracts from that is detrimental. Our military cannot continue to choose social experimentation and political correctness over combat readiness. While this decision is not unexpected from this administration, it is still disappointing."
Panetta, who is expected to leave his position as Defense Secretary in February, will call on the military services to study whether it is possible to open all jobs to women, and the services must come back with their individual plans and recommendations by May 15, a senior defense official said. He will call for all changes to be in place, and women serving in the new roles by Jan. 1, 2016.
But a senior defense official who spoke to NBC News said they expect exceptions to remain. Elite Special Operations positions in Navy SEALS, Army Rangers, and Delta Force were likely to remain closed to women, the official said, while the Army is likely to open up jobs for female pilots in the elite 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment.
Karim Sahib / AFP - Getty Images file
Female soldiers from the US 1st Cavalry on patrol in Baghdad's al-Jihad quarter in this Mar. 21, 2004, file photograph.
Sen. Patty Murray, D-Wash., called the decision "historic."
"In fact, it's important to remember that in recent wars that lacked any true front lines, thousands of women already spent their days in combat situations serving side-by-side with their fellow male servicemembers," said Murray, who heads the Senate Veterans' Affairs Committee.
In November, a group of women in the military and the non-profit American Civil Liberties Union sued the Pentagon over the policy of excluding women from combat roles. Their complaint argued that they were already serving in combat roles, but not getting recognized for it.
So far, 152 women have died while deployed in support of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan and at least 958 have been wounded in action.
"This is really the implementation of a policy that has been a reality for women for years," one senior defense official said.
According to the most recent Defense numbers, there are 1.4 million active duty members of the military, and nearly 15 percent of them are women.
This new military-wide rule — distinct from a law — will replace the 1994 policy memo barring women in combat roles, which was signed by then-Secretary Les Aspin.
NBC News correspondent Kelly O'Donnell and NBC staff writer Kari Huus and The Associated Press contributed to this report.
Female veterans cheer new era: 'It's about time!'
Women in the infantry? Forget about it, says female Marine officer


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PT Pos Indonesia, asks us to inform the designated operators of UPU member countries that postal services are back to normal following the disruption caused by the earthquake in Lombok Island, Indonesia. However, delays are to be expected in the processing and delivery of priority letter-post items, parcels as well as EMS items.
PT Pos Indonesia thanks designated operators for their understanding.


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The Story
Multi-layered and delicately balanced, Elaborate is a pure perfume that builds on the senses slowly, gentle releasing its sexuality in soft pulses that flow like ripples from a stone dropped in a pond. A distinct touch of the animalistic sets the base tone – a dashing confection of oud, musk and civet – with a swash of violet at the perfume's core to deliver a perfectly polished finish. On first application the effect is startlingly heady, but wait a moment or two for Elaborate to settle into a scent of utmost sophistication, exuding animal attraction.
The Courage Collection
Like fearless Boadicea, epitome of heroism, courage runs like a backbone through this brave-hearted collection. Reveal your daring and zeal with a range of adventurous fragrances that exude unflinching desire. Strictly for the bold, they capture the spirit of the age - gallant and unflinching, an invincible force that will capture and enrapture all in its path. As with all Boadicea the Victorious fragrances, both the eau de perfumes and pure perfumes deliver exceptional endurance on the skin.
Fragrance Notes
- Leather
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- 1
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thank you. As far as I am aware it is all true and it is fairly common knowledge to people who are locals. We have many 1st world war graves in Broadway cemetery as the hospital was used alot during that war. there are young men from all over what was then the empire buried there and sadly they look far from their best today. As for Thomas Hunter I wonder if he is/was looking for a way to get back to his adopted home of Australia.
Most Haunted in Your City
Started by White Witch , Aug 05 2012 07:30 PM
66 replies to this topic
Posted 16 October 2013 - 08:42 AM
Posted 16 October 2013 - 10:29 AM
I'd love to know if the new family has anything happening. I just love the look of the place.
Right this way to my haunted space.
Posted 17 October 2013 - 09:00 AM
No one lives there full time anymore and the last siting was back in the 1970s as far as I am aware. I do know however that the flat is now part of the museum and a small part is now an area for the staff to go for their tea breaks. I know a woman who used to work there and she claims that she was in there making tea when someone came in. Without turning she asked if the other person wanted a cup of tea and she got no answer, when she turned around there was no one there. So I guess things go on there still. I have not been there for a couple of years now perhaps talking about it I sholud go and look around. Even if I do not see anything at least I will get some education.
Posted 18 October 2013 - 08:05 AM
So does the museum not allow investigations, soulrunner? I would think paranormal groups would be aching to do that. In my opinion, it seems that it would be a fascinating experience.
Posted 21 October 2013 - 03:35 AM
they do allow investigations and I am sure if you look on line there are bound to be some reports.
Posted 21 October 2013 - 08:06 AM
Good to know. Thanks.
Posted 28 October 2013 - 10:52 AM
There are just some buildings that you look at and know you would love to investigate them.
Right this way to my haunted space.
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Victim of Southeast Texas serial killer identified four decades later
After nearly four decades, a team of Harris County forensic scientists has identified one of the last victims of Houston serial killer Dean Corll as Roy Eugene Bunton, a teenager missing since about 1971.
Bunton was only 17 or 18 when he disappeared, possibly snatched up while hitchhiking by Corll or one of his two teenaged accomplices.
Harris County forensic anthropologist Sharon Derrick said Wednesday that Bunton's body, which was recently exhumed as part of an effort paid for by National Institute of Justice, was identified through a combination of DNA and circumstantial evidence.
He was one of only two still unidentified victims of the serial killer, who tortured and kidnapped at least 28 Houston teens, forcing some to write false runaway letters to their families. Both of those bodies were found buried in a boathouse that belonged to Corll, whose murder spree ended when Corll was killed by his teenaged accomplice, Elmer Wayne Henley Jr., in August 1973.
Henley and another accomplice, David Brooks, were convicted in the teen murders and remain in prison.
Bunton's body had previously been mistakenly identified as a different teen -- Michael Baulch -- an error discovered after earlier DNA tests in 2010.
In 1971 or 1972, Bunton left for work at a shoe store at Houston's Northwest Mall and never came home.
Bunton's sister, who still lives in Houston, first contacted Derrick, the forensic anthropologist, in 2009 about her fear that Corll had killed her missing brother. Like other victims, Bunton lived in the Houston Heights neighborhood where Corll's family had owned a candy factory and where Corll trolled for local teens.
Derrick reviewed her files, but in 2009 found no unsolved cases that could have matched Bunton, an unusually long-legged teen with blonde hair and a wide smile who stood a full 6-feet tall.
That changed in 2010, however, when Derrick discovered an error that had been made back in 1973: A body buried in a family plot thought to be that of Michael Baulch, another Corll victim, was not Baulch after all.
Hints at identity
As she examined the newly disinterred body, she immediately thought of the call she'd gotten in 2009 from Bunton's sister.
"As I kept working, I kept seeing things that reminded me of Roy Bunton. He would have gone missing at the same time and he was either 18 or 19," she remembers. This boy too had unusually long legs. And when she checked for Roy's photos in her files, the shape of the teeth matched too.
Bunton's family plans a private burial. His sister declined comment through Harris County officials.
Corll's victims were found in three different mass graves: four in St. Augustine on Lake Sam Rayburn in East Texas; seven on the beach at High Island and 17 buried in the Houston boathouse.
In 2008, another long- unidentified boathouse victim was confirmed to be Randy Harvey, only 15 when he disappeared in 1971 after riding his bicycle to a gas station. In 2009, another positive ID was made of 17-year-old Joseph Lyles, whose skeletal remains were discovered in another mass burial site on High Island in 1983, the last of Corll's known victims' remains to be recovered.
Now, it is the last unidentified teen who haunts Derrick. She is hoping for yet another relative to call about this boy whose body was discovered buried near Bunton's.
Clothing stands out
He likely went missing in 1971 or 1972. Two possible candidates, old unsolved missing persons cases, remain open from that era. But their last names are so common -- French and Harmon or Harman -- that Derrick has been unable to find any relatives.
The unknown boy died still wearing distinctive striped swim trunks, red white and blue, and a tan shirt with a huge peace symbol. When examined under a microscope, the shirt reveals several tiny letters that might be LB4 MF or possibly LBHMF. Was this boy or an older brother a U.S. Marine?
Derrick wonders if the letters might refer to the Third battalion of the 4th Marines, which saw action in its deployment to Vietnam. For now, he has only a case number: ML73-3356.


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If you're looking to find the finest quality window coverings for your home in the Twin Cities area, Viking Blinds won't disappoint. Find the shades, blinds or shutters you've been looking for at one of our four showroom locations. Or call us for a free home consultation. We can take care of all your window treatments needs. Find out how much you could save with our sales and specials, and then pop in for a visit or contact us today.
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We specialize in helping you find just the right treatment fit for you and for your windows. We start by carrying only the highest quality brands, such as: Hunter Douglas, Redi Shade, T-Handles and more. We also ensure you a huge selection of fabrics, colors and styles to choose from. We'll measure your windows with precision, and once your custom-tailored shades are ready, we come back to your home and see to it that they are professionally installed.
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Everyone loves a company that offers customers ways to save money. For Twin Cities residents looking for new window treatments, we offer specials and sales in addition to keeping our regular prices fair. We also provide cleaning and repair services, so that you can maintain a good condition of the blinds or shutters you already have. And the choice is yours: we can sell you the parts or do the repairs for you.
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You are currently browsing the tag archive for the 'boutiques' tag.
Last week one of Ireland's leading fashion agencies Acappella launched their Autumn/Winter 10 fashion brands in the beautiful setting that is their showrooms in Fashion City, Ballymount. With an abundance of labels to be seen Stellar went along to check out the latest offerings from the likes of fashion brands Snob, Darling, Religion, Rare, Carousel (a new Irish owned label) to name a few.
The Acappella fashion presentation was inspired by the 1960s US drama Mad Men where Rare Opulence (Rare's more glamorous older sister range) featured along with the one size fits all, adjustable collection from Jolaby.
Edgy, rock-star labels Religion and Supertrash stuck to what they do best offering up embellished leather jackets, skull printed tees, and skinny pants but not forgetting the more grown up elements like sequins, faux-fur and perfectly fitting dresses.
Darling offered a contrast to this with pretty floral-printed dresses and lace-trimmed pastel cardigans that seem to be inspired by clothing of the past. The mixture of vintage influenced clothing with modern shapes makes for one really cute, and on-trend label. After all everyone loves and needs a floral dress in their wardrobe. Our fave item was the Adele dress, which is perfect worn with riding-boots and ribbed cotton tights for winter but also the perfect transitional spring dress.
New Irish owned label Carousel was also exclusively featured for the first time. Their collection includes a number of adorable kitschy dresses that are nipped in at the waist and covered in strawberry, floral or cupcake prints. How cute, we hear ya say!
Acappella now supplies over 15 internationally recognised fashion brands and supplies up to 350 boutiques and stores around Dublin, so girls no matter what brand of choice is your bound to find it in a shop near you!
For stockists and buying enquiries contact firstname.lastname@example.com.(Credits: Photography Patrick O Leary and Brian McEvoy, Make up Gillian Rafferty, Hair Gina at Zeba and styling Barbara Meade.


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All States Except Oregon Now Limit Abortion Access
Roe v. Wade guaranteed abortion as a legal right across the country. A separate decision two decades later, Planned Parenthood v. Casey, guaranteed states' rights to limit access to abortion, so long as it did not pose an "undue burden" on the woman.
States have, over the past four decades, made no short use of that latter right. Only one state, Oregon, has not layered additional restrictions on top of the Roe decision. At the other end of the spectrum is Oklahoma: With 22 abortion restrictions, it has more than any other state. The chart below, courtesy of Remapping the Debate, has the full list. You can also go here for an interactive version of the graphic, which will let you look at what type of restrictions each state has set.


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For a while on the last Friday afternoon in October before Halloween, Dwight Watson had his audience seeing ghosts in Salter Hall.
(See a photo album from the event here.)
The writer, actor, director, and Wabash theater professor was delivering ""An 'Abridgement' Between Nathaniel Dunn's and the Graveyard," the 30th LaFollette Lecture. And though conjuring is atypical of academic talks, Watson noted that "ghosts are not altogether absent in the theater."
"There are ghosts in the wood paneling on the stage wall behind me," he told his Salter Hall audience. "Some are more evident than others and they usually line up in threes and fours."
For 30 seconds—as eyes scanned the grain of the wood paneling—the lecture became a leap of the imagination not unlike theater itself.
Not unlike the "synapse" Watson had described earlier—that "gap or open space between the axon and dendrite that works like a bridge between the two."
Or the ways an actor can become, as Watson said, "a direct-line connection between two worlds."
Thirty seconds reminiscent of the energy, challenge, and collaboration that makes theater important to so many Wabash students and such a necessary discipline to the liberal arts. And a LaFollette Lecture that brought imagination, thoughtful reflection, and a self-deprecating sense of humor together in the way that makes Watson an essential artist and citizen of the Wabash community.
"Engagement with students and the wider Wabash community life is Dwight's signature," said Dean of the College and last year's LaFollette Lecturer Gary Phillips as he introduced Watson. "He has fashioned a career of teaching, scholarship, and leadership that serves as a model of the Wabash teacher/scholar."
The author of nine books and plays, with his creative work appearing in seven different anthologies, Watson has been a presenter or invited speaker at 18 regional, national, and international meetings, and has received playwriting awards in more than a dozen different competitions.
"He has directed 40 plays on the Wabash stage, all of which, as is his practice, fully involved students in the critical and creative work of assistant directing and stage management," Phillips said. "By his choice of classical and contemporary dramatic works—Beckett, Brecht, Chekov, Golding, Ibsen, Moliere, Shakespeare, Sophocles, Stoppard, and his own plays—Dwight has enabled the Theater Department, and the Fine Arts, to be a leading voice in raising the great liberal arts questions, the enduring questions."
"Theater is an imperfect art that holds a mirror up to an imperfect world," Watson said. "Theater is about our limitations, [yet] theatre is about freeing ourselves—audience and performer—as best we can, from those limitations. It is about pursuing an action and experiencing a transcendent moment.
He quoted the late Bill Placher's LaFollette Lecture from 20 years ago: "One of the functions of the humanities is to capture the transcendent in the single, ordinary moment."
"If we read a text aloud, as I encourage my students to do, we awaken our senses and just might feel the heartbeat of a writer," Watson said. "If we take the challenge to think and feel as if we were Prospero, Hamlet or Dr. Stockmann, to surrender to their movements and actions, to assume, for all intents and purposes, a well-drawn literary character—a character uniquely created for human inhabitation, we open up the character's world, and, in doing so, we begin to realize an expression of freedom."
Watson spoke of the symbiotic relationship between theater and the other disciplines of the College.
"My art, the theater, may very well be deprived of meaning if we remain isolated and divorced from others," he said, noting that in the College library the plays of Ibsen rest beside the Annual of Scientific Discovery and opposite "shelves heavy wit the history and philosophy of science…Theater art and science meet in the most unlikely places."
"Theater was built on the ideas of integrative learning. It is hybridity… theater is memory, people and patterns, and community. It is as much a "Street Scene," as Bertolt Brecht would call it—or a demonstration, a simulation, an experiment or an assemblage, as it is recreation confined to a proscenium stage, picture frame, or a monitor. It is the liminal, the virtual, the avatar, the ghost."
And a pursuer of truth. Watson described the scene in Hamlet in which the prince stages a play to draw out his father's murderer.
"Does anyone else think it is odd that he used actors and the stage to solve the mystery of his father's death?" Watson asked. "What kind of CSI technique it that? 'The play's the thing/Wherein I'll catch the conscious of the King.' Really? No DNA technology. No forensic biology. Forget demonstrative evidence, 'The play's the thing.' And so it is."
When the actors arrive, Hamlet says, "for look where my abridgement comes."
"It is a mysterious and paradoxical choice of words—'abridgement,'" Watson said. "On one level it is easy to assume that Hamlet welcomes the actors to cut through the unpleasant and tedious conversation that he is having with Polonius. [Yet] I am also struck by the noun 'bridge' in 'my abridgement comes.' For me, this is a transcendent moment. It is as if the actors were Hamlet's direct-line connection between two worlds—the real and the imagined, the past and the present, judgment and feeling, innocence and guilt."
Watson explained the title of his talk—"An 'Abridgement' Between Nathaniel Dunn's and the Graveyard"—with the story of Sandford C. Cox, a boy in Crawfordsville writing between 1824-25 about a proposed college "north-west of town, between Nathaniel Dunn's and the graveyard."
Eight years later that proposal became Wabash College.
"My 'abridgement' between Nathaniel Dunn's and the graveyard is the theater and its 'strains which have descended to the present time,'" Watson concluded. "It is the stage, not this one, here, but its neighbors: Ball and the Experimental. If there are ghosts in Salter, I can assure you that, for me, the phantasm of sound and movement is very much alive and true in those spaces."
Photo below left: Adam Phipps '11 talks with Professor Watson following the LaFollette Lecture.


text:
rupi kaur
when she was five her mother handed her a paintbrush and said – draw your heart out. rupi kaur views her life as an exploration of that artistic journey. through her poetry and illustrations she engages with love loss trauma healing and femininity. for rupi writing has always been a collective experience. at the age of seventeen she began sharing her work. the stage was her first love and spoken word is where she found her voice. rupi pursued her love for language by studying rhetoric at the university of waterloo. she began working on her first collection milk and honey which eventually became a new york times bestseller. rupi's passion is expression. for her that expression is taking many forms. her photography and art direction are brought to various spaces around the world and her poetry and prose are breaking international boundaries.


text:
Here are the Arab problems that supposedly benefit Israel:
The chemical weapons massacre in Idlib: Israeli politicians protested the chemical weapon attack very publicly, therefore making Israel look moral by comparison.
Next: Israel benefits from the split between Fatah and Hamas. Obviously.
Third: The Islamic State in the Sinai. "The existence of terrorists in the Sinai to serve Israel's interest directly, but also indirectly ..because Israel wants to wear down the Egyptian army."
Fourth: Chaos in Yemen. This "created an opportunity for Israel to exploit the situation in order to smuggle 17 Jews from Yemen to the Jewish state."
Fifth: Iraq. Israel is supposedly helping Kurds "massacre Muslims" and export oil to Israel.
Oh, here's the picture to illustrate the story, although it came from an Illuminati conspiracy theory site.


text:
2013 Group 3 Project
2013 Projects: Group 1 | Group 2 | Group 3 | Group 4 | Group 5 | Group 6 | Group 7
- 2 Introduction
- 3 Structure
- 4 Function
- 5 History
- 6 Morphology and Molecular Mechannisms
- 7 Current Model for Behaviour during Mitosis
- 8 Limitations of Current Models
- 9 Areas of Future Research
- 10 External Links
- 11 Glossary
- 12 References
This page will specifically address the processes of mitosis in regards to the Golgi Apparatus as well as provide a well rounded explanation of structure, function and other major processes. It will explore past, current and future research prospects and provide experimental evidence which either supports or dis-regards the presented research.
The Golgi Apparatus discovered in 1897 by physician Camillo Golgi is a vital cellular organelle which is found in almost all eukaryotic cells. It is found in the cytoplasm and facilitates the formation and direction of membrane bound vesicles, mainly formed from proteins directed from the rough endoplasmic reticulum before they reach the plasma membrane. The Golgi is capable of regulating cellular transport and secretion depending on the volume and density of the vesicles and their contents. Structurally, it consists of a series of stacked components of cisternae and has two identified faces- a cis face and a trans face. [1]
The Golgi apparatus is a relatively large, membrane-bound organelle and thus one of the easiest cell structures to study in detail [2]. The organelle is located nearby the cell nucleus and is closely associated with the endoplasmic reticulum. By observing via metallic impregnation, it can be seen through phase contrast microscopy that the Golgi has a convoluted, dense and "ill-formed" morphology [3]. Initial studies have shown that the organelle has great variance in its form dependent on the type of cell it is in as well as the state of activity that the cell is in. There are roughly around 40-100 Golgi apparatus 'stacks' within a mammalian cell [4].
Overall, the Golgi apparatus is made of 4-8 flattened, membrane-bound sacs that are stacked upon one another [5]. These are known as cisternae. The Golgi also includes associated nearby vesicles. Each cisterna primarily contains products from the endoplasmic reticulum, which enter the Golgi at the cis face – the end that is closest to the ER and accepts incoming vesicles [6]. The cis face is where new cisternae are formed. The products eventually pass through two more functional regions (medial Golgi and endo Golgi networks) and then are exported via outgoing vesicles at the trans face of the organelle. The trans face is where formed proteins are sent off and is the face furthest away from the ER. There is a constant and relatively consistent distance kept between cisternae of the Golgi apparatus [5].
Golgi apparatus is considered to be essential membrane-bound organelle in eukaryotic cells that sums all plant, animal and fungi life [7]. It's physical structure is a composition of dozens of flattened cristernae that has been brought together and flattened with fenestrated rims. Golgi has a primary function of modifying and packaging proteins and lipids into several transport carriers to be able to send them to their proper locations. Proteins such as secretory or trans-membrane proteins are delivered from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the cis-Golgi network. Consequently, the Golgi act as a series of transportation canal where cargo molecules travel via different Golgi cristernae where residential enzymes modify and post-transitionally process them. Different modification involve different processes such as proteolysis, phosphorylation, glycosylation and sulfation [8]. Different cargo molecules move in different manner in the Golgi stack [9]. One such manner is through cisternal maturation where the cargo remains steady inside the cisternae, eventually forming a new functional cisternae at the cis-side. Coat Protein (COPI) is a complex protein that function by coating the vesicles transporting proteins from the cis end of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)and golgi compartmets. COPI in the Golgi apparatus will be responsible for the process of delivering the Golgi enzymes necessary for maturation of the newly synthesized cisternae that contains the cargo [10] [11] [12].
As an alternative, COPI is a usueful protein that facilitates transportation of different proteins between cisternae however it does not affect the resident enzymes since they reside in a relatively stable cisternal compartments [13] [14]. Cargo molecules may flow through the transient tubular connections between adjacent cisternae [15] or by fast partitioning between different lipid domains [16]. Golgi body also have a region where cargo molecules are being segregated and sorted out and transported to their appropriate destination, such region is called trans-Golgi network. It transports cargo proteins into the wider area destinations of the cell (in and out of cells)such as the plasma membrane and endosomal-lysosomal systems.It also contribute to the process of protein trafficking which is essentialin cell polarity [17] and the process of controlling the cell cycle [18]. Studies suggested that there is a strong link between cell trafficking and its effect to cell growth and the homeostasis of cell cycle.
|The organelle was first described by Camillo Golgi. It was observed via treatment of tissue with potassium dichromate and osmic acid followed by silver nitrate[19]. He termed the organelle 'appareil reticulaire interne' (internal reticular apparatus) and documented his findings in 'Arhives Italliennes de Biol 1898'.
|Up to 1950s
|The term 'Golgi apparatus' was coined in 1910, and its first appearance in scientific literature was in 1913[2]. The organelle was beginning to be observed in many animal cells and from this, SR Cajal concluded that it was a common component in all living cells. However, some French cytologists denied the presence of a Golgi apparatus, claiming it to be an artefact.
|With electron microscopy becoming more and more accessible, Dalton and Felix were able to demonstrate that certain structures observed under the electron microscope matched Golgi and Cajal's description of the 'appareil reticulaire interne'[20]. Vacuoles and cisternae could now also be observed.
|G Farquhar and G Palade recognised 3 key features to the Golgi apparatus through 20 years of research (published 1981 Journal of Cell Biology 91) [21]
• It is divided into compartments
|Studies conducted by J Rothmann et. al. (published as J Rothmann, 1996, Protein Sci, 5) supported the vesicular transport hypothesis. This was done via viral proteins marking vesicle membranes.
|Up to 1990s
|It was believed that all organelles, including the Golgi Apparatus never disappeared during mitosis but remained intact or in a fragmented state which would then be distributed between the two daughter cells. Thus, the two models of organelle partitioning were proposed. [22]
|After the 1990s
|The theory that organelle identity remained (via either models of division) were challenged due to new imaging techniques allowing in vivo studies of intracellular compartments during cell division[23]. These studies suggest that the Golgi apparatus, along with the nuclear envelope are reabsorbed into the ER, and hence disappears during mitosis[24].
Models of Division
Within the category of animal cells, there are several methods of division used by organelles to ensure the proper partitioning of cellular content into daughter cells.
1.) The Stochastic Strategy, determined by the law of probabilities is adopted by organelles which are dispersed and numerous. This accuracy of this method of separation relies of the equal dispersion of organelles throughout the cytoplasm.[25]
2.) An alternate strategy for cell division is the Ordered Partitioning Strategy. Unlike the former this method is highly regulated and organised. It is structured around the theory of mitotic spindles. This method ensures a high degree of accuracy particularly for low number organelles. In general, most membrane bound organelles use both methods through the process of cell division, however some organelles depend on one method more heavily.[26]
There is still much to be uncovered regarding the mitotic division of the Golgi. There are several steps in the process which remain obscure and controversial. Researchers have proposing various models for cell division. However, a general consensus can be seen in three major stages in its partitioning:
- Disassembly/Fragmentation
- Division
- Re-assembly
Morphology and Molecular Mechannisms
Prior to Cell Division
The Golgi apparatus in mammalian interphase cells is composed of flattened, membrane-bound structures approximately 1µm long, named Golgi cisternae. Between two and five cisternae align in a parallel fashion forming a Golgi stack[27]. At the onset of mitosis, the Golgi stacks take a polarized position around the cell nucleus and centrosome in a cis-trans fashion. The cisternae of same polarity belonging to two adjacent stacks are connected by thin tububules, forming the Golgi Ribbons [28]
Towards the end on interphase at G2/M of the cell cycle the Golgi ribbons begin to disassemble and assume a peri-nuclear arrangement around the nucleus. Micro-tubules are known to assist in this structural organization[29].
Unlinking the Golgi ribbon
This process emerge from Interphase to early G2 (prophase). It unlinks the golgi ribbon by detaching the cell's tubular connections between the cell's stacks [29]. In this process the ribbon may be converted into stacks depending on the protein enzymes such as MAP(Mitogen-activated protein) kinase and MEK1 (MAP ERK [Extracellular signal-regulated kinases] kinase 1) [30]. Study shows that the presence of MEK1 in cell division causes ribbon unlinking by reacting with ERK2 that also reacts with GRASP55 (Golgi reassembly stacking protein of 55kD) via the process of mitotic phosphorylation [31]. However, this can be a delicate process because if it reacted with the nonphosphorylatable GRASP55 which is a mutant form of GRASP55, it could interfere the ribbon unlinking especially in the late G2 [32]. Similarly, GRASP65 serve the role in severing the ribbon and connects the bridge in progression from G2 into M-phase [33]. There are also other proteins besides these kinases that serve an essential role in ribbon unlinking like the membrane fission protein CtBP1/BARS (C-Terminal Binding Protein 1/beta-adrenergic receptors) [34]. If BARS is non functional because of any defection or inhibition, it would prevent the golgi's ability to detach severe the ribbon and consequently affecting the G2/M transition during interphase [35].
During Cell Division
Here, fragmentation of the Golgi stacks continue until hundreds of Golgi stacks and vesicles are formed.At this stage the Golgi is a heterogeneous collection of tubular networks, short tubules, and vesicles, termed mitotic clusters.[36] These rudimentary building blocks are organised around the templates of spindle poles and a microtubule network. Research indicates that peaking levels of cdc2 kinase activity triggers much of the structural changes seen in the disassembly process.[37] This indicates that there is a possible correlation between kinase activity and structural fragmentation/assembly.[38]
Vesiculation and Unstacking
This process involves the cisternae. After the successful conversion of the Golgi ribbon into stacks via protein kinases and membrane fission protein, the cisternae will undergo into the process of vesiculation which is made possible by the COPI-dependent vesicle formation [39] [40]. The process occurs instantly and synchronously in early mitosis. Consequently, this gives an effect of fast transformation of Golgi into vesicular and tubular membranes. Such process occurs due to the imbalance of membrane budding and fusion in mitosis [41] [42]. During interphase, the cis-cisternae contains the COPI vesicles that has been captured and secured by giantin,p115 (protein115) interactive proteins and GM130 (Golgi matrix protein) via giantin-p115-GM130 tethering complex before the membrane fusion [43]. P115 serves as bridge that links giantin and GM130 on the Golgi cristernae [44] regulated and maintained by small GTPase Rab1[45] [46]. The link between the three form a complex called Soluble NSF Attachment Protein) Receptor (SNARE) complexes which is directly formed by P115 that consequently fusing two membranes [47] [48]. ADP-ribosylation factor 1 (Arf-1) is involved in protein trafficking among different compartments. It modulates vesicle budding and uncoating within the Golgi complex. In this case, Arf-1 continues to be active and the synthesis of COPI also remains active [49]. On the other hand, the vesicles are unable to fuse with the membranes that they are targeting because there is a disruption of vesicle restraint complex [50]. Cyclin-dependent kinase 1 also known as CDK1 is considered to be a key player in cell cycle regulation. CDK1 prevents P115 binding via phosphorylation of GM130 in the early mitosis stage. It is done to block the vesicle from forming a restraint and rapid and repetitive fusion [51] [52]. In addition, CDK1 also phosphorylates Rab1 which serves the same function when P115 is inhibited [53]. This process continues the does not stop the COPI vesicles from budding, however without fusion the persistent fusion gradually consumes the cisternae due to COPI-dependent vesiculation. If this process is done in an efficient way in an early mitosis via cristernae unstacking, it greatly enhances COPI formation. The phosphorylation of GRASP65 and 55 are essential in Golgi unstacking. These two Golgi peripheral membrane proteins form dimers that would interact together to form trans-oligomers which is essential because it holds the golgi cristernae together which is required in cell division [54]. The process of mitotic phosphorylation using GRASP proteins lead to GRASP deoligomerization that affects the Golgi to unstack.
Metaphase & Anaphase
The clusters formed in prophase adopt a ring-like formation around each centrosome, which are partitioned according to associated spindle poles and a sister chromatids. The division of the Golgi clusters are balanced due to the arrangement of spindle poles and structural support of the microtubules. This method of division should ultimately allow for the accurate partitioning of the Golgi into the resulting daughter cells.[55]
Telophase & Cytokinises
In the final steps of cell division the Golgi stacks begin to combine and re-position themselves at either side of the mid body and at each daughter cell centrosome. Ultimately they slowly begin to merge and reform into Golgi Apparatus.[56]
Current Model for Behaviour during Mitosis
During mitosis, the Golgi can undergoes one of two courses, depending on whether it is from an animal cell or a plant or yeast cell. In animal cells, it completely disintegrates and separates. The cisternae stacks come apart and move away from one another [57]. However in plant or yeast cells, the Golgi remains together. It is just before cytokinesis (during telophase) that the parts of the Golgi reassemble and from an intact organelle (in plant cell mitosis).
Continued Presence via Mitotic Fragmentation of the Golgi Ribbon
It was once theorized that the Golgi apparatus could be formed de novo within daughter and mitotic cells. It has since been discovered that in animal cells, the organelle cannot be synthesised de novo and thus, must divide when a cell divides [58]. Through cytochemical and immunofluorescence light microscopy, it has been shown that the Golgi would undergo breakdown early on in mitosis, giving rise to many Golgi fragments [59]. These fragments (in the form of small tubules and vesicles) would be dispersed throughout the cytoplasm at random. The partitioned Golgi would segregate into even groups and end up in the daughter cells to serve as a template to new Golgi apparatuses[60]. However, experimental evidence presented by David T. Shima et al highlights several behaviors exhibited by the mitotic Golgi contradicted the notion of random distribution facilitated by fragmentation. Specifically, the process was determined as being highly regulated and be segregating into defined time intervals. For example, one mechanism would be activated and terminated before the next event in partitioning could occurs.
In both animal and plant cells, cytokinesis is the final stage of mitosis, which describes the division of the cell membrane into two separate and independent new cells. It is known that part of the driving mechanism of this process are vesicles formed by the Golgi apparatus[61]. These formed vesicles travel along microtubules of the cytoplasm to the centre of the cell and assist in the cleaving of the cell membrane. Within plant cells, the vesicles travel along the phragmoplast, which forms at the beginning of mitosis and begins the creation of a cell plate.
Disappearance via The Golgi-ER Transport Model
Despite being one of the earliest organelles to be identified and studied, there are still grey areas concerning the division of the Golgi Apparatus. Some existing models of division for the Golgi suggest that it interacts with the endoplasmic reticulum during several points throughout cell division. This is due to their structural similarities during the interphase stage of mitosis in mammalian cells. Both consist of interconnect membrane networks and studies have found that both Golgi and ER proteins can be found together in bound vesicles. An experiment conducted by Jesch SA et. al. compares the distribution of the two organelles during interphase using innumnoflourecence microscopy, velocity gradient fractionation and density gradient fractionation. They concluded that the Golgi and the ER do not combine and furthermore that mitotic cells are unable to facilitate the fusion of the two.[62] This theory suggests that during the dis-assembly process the Golgi fragments are recycled into the ER. As the ER and GA are very closely associated in cell activity it is fair to hypothesis that there is a connection throughout cell division. To accurately test this hypothesis David T. Shima et al developed strategy using mSar1p (dominant interfering mutant of GTPase) micro-injection to determine if there is an accumulation of mitotic Golgi fragments in the ER. Their results yielding evidence that did not support their expectations. The mSar1p did not produce an accumulation at the ER. This could be explained by the use of an alternate pathway, one that is mSar1p-independent. This theory does not substantially explain the mechanism for dis-assembly of the Golgi.
Limitations of Current Models
The contradictory aspect of these two models (continued presence of Golgi apparatus as fragments versus reapsorption of Golgi enzymes in the ER) are argued to be the result of methodological problems[63]
Continued Presence Model
A key problem with this line of reasoning is that micro-injection of the identical Sar1p mutant protein (GDP- or GTP-bound form) in interphase cells leads to the fragmentation of the Golgi apparatus into vesicles and tubules very similar to those comprising the fragments dispersed throughout the cytoplasm.
This suggests that in itself cessation of transport from the ER is a detrimental factor for the maintenance of the Golgi apparatus and is independent of the localization of Golgi enzymes. One possibility is the requirement for a factor that needs to be transported to a downstream location to regulate maintenance/reassembly of the Golgi apparatus is accumulated in the ER. It is perhaps therefore not possible for normal Golgi reassembly to occur at the end of the mitosis in cells micro-injected with Sar1p DN .
The recycling of Golgi enzymes to the ER observed during interphase could take place to a certain extent during mitosis. More sensitive electron microscopy methods need to be developed to detect endogenous and transfected and epitope-tagged proteins that are expressed at low levels. These enzymes, when present in the ER, could indeed be partitioned in an ER-dependent manner, while others Golgi components, the structural Golgi proteins (see the Introduction), could be partitioned with the MGCs.
Disappearance Model
Presence of Golgi proteins or enzymes detected in the ER during mitosis could be caused by the fact that protein folding in ER is continued during mitosis which generates a pool of proteins that could be detected as Golgi proteins [64].
Also, in the presence of cycloheximide (used to inhibit protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells), the presence of Golgi enzymes in the ER was sixfold reduced, indicating that presence of enzymes in the ER that previously was assumed to indicate recycling was actually mostly due to new synthesis and not recycling from the Golgi apparatus[65]. However, the presence of the Golgi proteins in the ER, even at low levels raises the possibility that microscopy methods used are not always able to detect low concentrations of tagged proteins and recycling could have been missed[66]
In summary, the recycling of Golgi enzymes to the ER observed during interphase could take place to a certain extent during mitosis, but more sensitive electron microscopy methods need to be developed to detect the tagged proteins at low levels. [67] Presence of enzymes in the ER can indicate partitioning in an ER-dependent manner while other Golgi components such as structural Golgi proteins could be partitioned as fragments.
Areas of Future Research
- Mechanisms for the redistribution of Golgi clusters in structural dis-assembly during mitosis
- Microtubules are known to play a large role in the partitioning in the Golgi, however there many obscure areas regarding the specific relationship between the two. Studies have shown that there is a hindrance of structural organisation of the Golgi occurs once microtubule disrupting drugs such as nocodazole are introduced into the cells. Further research could clearly identify the role of microtubules and determine whether the relationship is direct or secondary element of regulation.[68]
- Research is currently delving into the involvement of the Golgi apparatus in cell death and thus, the use of its pathways in the treatment of cancer [69]. Inducing cell death within neoplastic tissue is imperative in cancer therapy as both a treatment as well as an indication of the progression of tumor growth and efficacy of treatments.
In current times, a number of pathways and cell processes have been identified and targeted as a way of treating cancer. However, recent studies have revealed the involvement of the ER-Golgi compartment in the apoptosis of cells[70]. Proteins that are involved in the homeostasis of the Golgi and ER have been noted and may be used in the development of therapeutic drugs. Further studies are required to implement drugs that may activate signalling pathways of the Golgi apparatus to create suicide programming of neoplastic tissue.
External Links
External Links Notice - The dynamic nature of the internet may mean that some of these listed links may no longer function. If the link no longer works search the web with the link text or name.
Golgi Apparatus Maintains Its Organization Independent of the Endoplasmic Reticulum
Partitioning of the Golgi Apparatus during Mitosis in Living HeLa Cells
GA - Golgi Apparatus
ER - Endoplasmic Reticulum, an organelle closely situated with the nucleus and Golgi apparatus, responsible for protein synthesis.
Endocytosis - The process of cell absorption of molecules via engulfment
Exocytosis - The secretion of internally synthesised molecules from of a cell to the external environment via vesicles
Microtubules -
Spindles -
- ↑ <pubmed>PMC2106267</pubmed>
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 <pubmed>9865849</pubmed>
- ↑ HW BEAMS, RG KESSEL - The Golgi Apparatus: Structure And Function. International Review of Cytology Vol. 23 1968
- ↑ <pubmed>18385516</pubmed>
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 <pubmed>19866649</pubmed>
- ↑ Krieger M, Scott MP, Matsudaira PT, Lodish HF, Darnell JE. Lawrence Z, Kaiser C, Arnold B. Molecular cell biology (5th edn ed.). 2004 New York: W.H. Freeman and CO
- ↑ <pubmed>21646379</pubmed>
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- ↑ <pubmed>16699523</pubmed>
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- ↑ <pubmed>12893530</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>15502824</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>18555781</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>16212495</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>18555781</pubmed>
- ↑ Tixier-Vidal A - The History of the Golgi apparatus. From structure to concepts. Biology of the Cell, Volume 90, Number 1, January 1998 , pp. 106-107(2)8
- ↑ <pubmed>13304901</pubmed>
- ↑ Tixier-Vidal A - The History of the Golgi apparatus. From structure to concepts. Biology of the Cell, Volume 90, Number 1, January 1998 , pp. 106-107(2)8
- ↑ Nunnari, J. and Walter, P., 1996, Regulation of organelle biogenesis. Cell., 94, 389-394.
- ↑ <pubmed>12851069</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>12851069</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>6343284</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>PMC2132765</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>12851069</pubmed>
- ↑ Rambourg, A. and Clermont, Y., 1997, Three-dimensional structure of the Golgi apparatus in mammalian cells. In The Golgi Apparatus , E. G. Berger and J. Roth, eds. (Birkhauser). pp.37-61.
- ↑ 29.0 29.1 <pubmed>17689238</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>9458043</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>11408587</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>18434598</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>12015985</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>15232108</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>17431394</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>3428259</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>1327755</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>PMC1692508</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>8163545</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>20083603</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>8352593</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>9753325</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>9490716</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>20197635</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>11285137</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>11306556</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>11927603</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>18167358</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>17562717</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>8163545</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>8163545</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>8663393</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>1902553</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>12839990</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>PMC2132765</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>PMC2132765</pubmed>
- ↑ Otegui, M.S., Mastronarde, D.N., Kang, B.H., Bednarek, S.Y., and Staehelin, L.A. "Three-dimensional analysis of syncytial-type cell plates during endosperm cellularization visualized by high resolution electron tomography." Plant Cell 13, 2033-2051 (2001)
- ↑ <pubmed>519753</pubmed>
- ↑ John M.Lucocq and Graham Warren. Fragmentation and partitioning of the Golgi apparatus during mitosis in HeLa cells. The EMBO Journal vol.6 no. 11 pp. 3239 -3246, 1987
- ↑ <pubmed>12851069</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>15695096</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>PMC25291</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>PMC2150754</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>PMC2150754</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>12851069</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>12851069</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>12851069</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>PMC2132765</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>19595459</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>11715037</pubmed>
2013 Projects: Group 1 | Group 2 | Group 3 | Group 4 | Group 5 | Group 6 | Group 7
- Dr Mark Hill 2013, UNSW Embryology ISBN: 978 0 7334 2609 4 - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G