text:
Isabelle users exchanged techniques and results. Both finished work and work in progress were reported. Papers were submitted electronically. There was no formal refereeing.
The workshop was held at the University of Cambridge. Accommodation was in Clare College.
The programme and list of participants are available.
A printed proceedings was produced from the papers appearing below. (Most of the titles link to abstracts, not the full papers.)
Front matter (Cover, preface, table of contents)
Marco Benini, firstname.lastname@example.com
Barendregt's Lambda-Cube in Isabelle (full paper)
Seán Matthews, firstname.lastname@example.com
FS0 in Isabelle:
Proceedings paper available
Chris Owens, email@example.com
Coding Binding and Substitution Explicitly in Isabelle
Proceedings paper available
Sten Agerholm, firstname.lastname@example.com
A Comparison of HOL-ST and Isabelle/ZF
Proceedings paper available
Larry Paulson, email@example.com and
Krzysztof Grąbczewski, email@example.com
Mechanising Set Theory: Cardinal Arithmetic and
Proceedings paper available
Abdelwaheb Ayari and David Basin, {abdu,email@example.com
Interpretation of the Deductive Tableau in HOL
Proceedings paper available
Marek A Bednarczyk and Tomasz Borzyszkowski,
Towards program development, specification
Proceedings paper available
Stephen Hill, Simon Thompson, firstname.lastname@example.com
Miranda in Isabelle
Proceedings paper available
David Basin, Sáan Matthews and
ò, {basin,sean,email@example.com
A Modular Presentation of Modal Logics
Proceedings paper available
Sara Kalvala and Valeria de Paiva, {sk,email@example.com
Linear Logic in Isabelle (full paper)
Sara Kalvala, email@example.com
Annotation issues in Isabelle
Proceedings paper available
Florian Kammüller, Gabi Keller, Martin Simons and Matthias Weber, {zopotrum,keller,simons,email@example.com
Proceedings paper available
Mark Staples, email@example.com
Window Inference in Isabelle
Proceedings paper available
Norbert Völker, email@example.com
On the Representation of Datatypes in Isabelle/HOL
Proceedings paper available
Bo Zheng, email@example.com and
On Linear Decision Procedures
Olaf Müller and Tobias Nipkow,
Combining Model Checking and Deduction for I/O-Automata
Proceedings paper available
Ole Rasmussen, email@example.com
Ruby in Isabelle
Proceedings paper available
Last revised: Wednesday, 5 August 2020


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Incubator for the Velvet Underground: From a dingy apartment, an iconic band launched the downtown art-rock movement
by John Cale
Wall Street Journal online, Jan. 20, 2013
associated video: https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424 ... 0759540276
When I moved into 56 Ludlow St. in early 1964, [Manhattan's] Lower East Side was a pretty bleak place. It was grimy times, and there wasn't much activity around here at night. The entire neighborhood was dark—except for the solitary bulb burning in the tea merchant's window on the ground floor. No matter how late I came home, the guy was always sitting in that window in the pale yellow light. It was eerie, but it fit the whole scene down here.
I live in Los Angeles now and haven't been back to this building in almost 50 years. Actually, I'm surprised it's still here. I was just told it's an artists' co-op today, which is gratifying to know. Emotionally, I feel confusion returning here. I'm trying to appreciate what's changed, but at the same time I'm feeling some nostalgia for the place. I remember the good times we had here, where we cracked some ideas. But you can't re-create that.
In the fifth-floor apartment in '65, Lou [Reed], Sterling [Morrison] and I combined the music of Erik Satie, John Cage, Phil Spector, Hank Williams and Bob Dylan. The result was a new form of rock—more about art than commerce. We rehearsed, we experimented, and the six songs we taped in the apartment in July '65 on our Wollensak recorder wound up being the basis for our first album in '67—"The Velvet Underground & Nico."
I'm originally from Wales, and I studied music and composition at the University of London's Goldsmiths' College. While there, I had met [composer] Aaron Copland, who helped me get a summer scholarship to the Tanglewood Music Center in Massachusetts in '63. At the end of the summer, I moved to New York. I wanted to be cut off from distractions, so I could think freely and creatively.
When I arrived in the city, I began playing viola in an experimental performance group led by La Monte Young. John Cage had introduced us. In September '63, I performed on piano with Cage during an 18-hour marathon concert at the Pocket Theater on Third Avenue near 13th Street. A week later, I went on a CBS TV show called "I've Got a Secret." The panel had to guess my connection to the other guest—he was the only one who had sat through the entire performance.
In La Monte's group, I met [experimental filmmaker] Tony Conrad. He invited me to move into his one-bedroom apartment at 56 Ludlow and split the $25 monthly rent. The building was filled with single-minded artists then like poet Angus MacLise, filmmaker Piero Heliczer, director Jack Smith and actor Mario Montez.
Our apartment was a railroad flat—a long room running from the windows in the front to a small bedroom and a bathroom in the back. I slept on a mattress, under the windowsill in the front overlooking Ludlow. We burned crates and furniture in the fireplace to keep warm. There was no heat in the winter other than the gas stove.
Tony and I lived on what we could afford—mostly canned stew and milkshakes. Across the street in the morning, you could hear kids from the nearby high school singing doo-wop in the doorway there. Other kids threw rocks at us because they thought we looked like the Beatles. A lot of guys around here didn't like them early on.
One night in '64, Tony and I went to a party and met Jerry Vance of Pickwick Records. Jerry said we looked commercial and asked if we wanted to record and play gigs to support a newly written pop song called "The Ostrich." He invited us out to Queens, where I met Lou [Reed], who was a staff writer for the label.
I know a lot of books say that Lou moved into the apartment Tony and I shared, but he never did. After graduating from college, Lou continued to live at home in Freeport, on Long Island. When Lou and I began working hard on ideas for the band, he'd commute in on the weekends to the apartment.
When we rehearsed, we weren't too loud. We only had acoustic instruments and the most basic amps. We stole electricity from other apartments, so wires snaked all over the place. Besides, the people downstairs were always blasting music on the radio, so no one in the building heard us or complained.
At first we called ourselves the Warlocks and then the Falling Spikes. But these names weren't very poetic or intriguing. Then one day we saw an S&M novel Tony had found on the street called "The Velvet Underground." It was perfect. There was nothing velvet about the underground world we were living in, that's for sure.
When [drummer Maureen] "Moe" Tucker joined in late '65, we began looking for gigs in the city, but we didn't catch on immediately. We were playing a new form of expressive rock—not three-minute transistor-radio hits. Club managers wanted us to cover dance singles. We agreed to do that but never would and kept getting fired.
As we struggled, the apartment took on the aesthetic of a coal mine. But I was happy living the artist's dream. Sitting around not knowing what we'd come up with was exciting. Tony moved out at the end of '65, and I moved out shortly after to a loft on nearby Lispenard Street.
I wish I had taken the bedsprings Tony and I wedged against the front window. Tony had skinned down a mattress, and the bedsprings let in light and air and kept the bad guys from entering off the fire escape. The bedsprings symbolized everything—danger, edge, minimalism. It would make a nice art piece today.
—as told to Marc Myers
John Cale on Ludlow Street
For discussion of all aspects of the New York legends.
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4 posts • Page 1 of 1
- Sheila Klein
- Head held high
- Posts: 557
- Joined: 15 Feb 2010 20:16
Re: John Cale on Ludlow Street
Thanks for posting. Good that Cale was willing to reflect and go back, but shame there wasn't shots of inside - maybe that's coming in a longer documentary piece?
Spotted this from the roof footage..
Spotted this from the roof footage..
- iaredatsun
- Now jelly rolls in the street
- Posts: 1456
- Joined: 08 Jun 2004 21:38
- Location: London, Texas
Re: John Cale on Ludlow Street
Nice reminiscence article. Evocative. Thank-you.
underground, overground
- iaredatsun
- Now jelly rolls in the street
- Posts: 1456
- Joined: 08 Jun 2004 21:38
- Location: London, Texas
Re: John Cale on Ludlow Street
At times, it's been said that Cale shared Ludlow with Reed. And yet here, he [Cale] says that he moved out shortly after Conrad.
In this article - also about Ludlow:
He specifically does say that Reed never lived there. I guess many will know that already, but I had not realised that before. Even Olivier Landemaine's site still says that Reed shared Ludlow with Cale. (scroll down to December 1965):
http://olivier.landemaine.free.fr/vu/an ... tudio.html
In this article - also about Ludlow:
He specifically does say that Reed never lived there. I guess many will know that already, but I had not realised that before. Even Olivier Landemaine's site still says that Reed shared Ludlow with Cale. (scroll down to December 1965):
http://olivier.landemaine.free.fr/vu/an ... tudio.html
underground, overground
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4 posts • Page 1 of 1

subset: commoncrawl


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Friday, October 07, 2011
Random Observations on Armor
I've been playing RIFT again lately, mostly as a casual leveling game. But recently I stumbled across the raid armor vendor, and I thought that their system for handling raid sets was rather neat.
Basically, RIFT has 4-piece armor sets, but the set bonuses are actually on a different piece of gear, a "synergy crystal". There are 8 souls in each class and each soul uses a different set of abilities. So each soul has it's own synergy crystal. The armor sets themselves are more generic. For example, there's DPS armor and tanking armor. So you buy the armor for your role, and then get the synergy crystal for your main soul.
In WoW terms, it would be like having a single DPS plate armor set that could be used by any warrior, death knight or paladin. Then you pick up a Retribution crystal, Fury crystal, etc. to get set bonuses specific to your spec.
Obviously, it's not the best solution for WoW, if only because WoW classes prefer unique looks. But for RIFT, it's a rather elegant solution, as each class has its own armor type.
New Need Before Greed System
Blizzard posted that the new Raid Finder will use a modified Need Before Greed system. Items will be tagged with roles. If a player with the same role as the item rolls Need, she gets a +100 bonus to the roll.
Basically, it's Main Spec beats Off-spec, but you hit Need if you want it for either spec. Your role is defined as the current role you are playing in the raid.
It's an interesting solution. Tanks always get priority on tank gear. DPS gets priority on DPS gear. And healers get priority on healing gear.
The hard part here, as always, is classifying items. Is an Intellect cloth item without Spirit or Hit considered Healing or DPS or both? Are categories going to be restrictive or broad?
But still, this should be an improvement. Nothing burns a tank more than seeing a DPS--who has proven themselves unwilling to take the hard job of tanking--grab an upgrade that the tank needed.
Apparently, plate bikini bottoms are selling on the Auction House for 5000+ gold.
Hooray for transmogrification?
6 comments:
Apparently, plate bikini bottoms are selling on the Auction House for 5000+ gold.ReplyDelete
Hearing things like this almost makes me want to resub by itself. I miss playing the AH more than anything else.
As for the role bonus on NbG, it's about time. I only hope that when they say "currently selected role" they don't mean that the Fury warrior can right-click his unit frame and change it to Tank when the boss is at 5%.
I rather doubt you'll be able to change roles in Raid or Dungeon Finder group. You probably get the role the system assigns you at the start, and the option to change will be disabled.ReplyDelete
That being said, I've never tried to change my role in a Dungeon Finder group.
The announcement for the role bonus says that items can be flagged for multiple roles. So I would imagine that ambiguous cloth gear would just be flagged as both healer and DPS.ReplyDelete
And as far as I can tell, a role can only be changed in a Finder group when a full party role check is performed. Which seems to only be when you need to re-queue. That said, I know that players can manually set their roles in a normal raid, and I've never tried to do this in the Dungeon Finder.
Communities drive a lot of the systems. WoW introduced different looking armor sets with the first raid in the Molten Core. Ever since then, there was just this unsaid expectation that all following tiers must look different from before and different from other classes.ReplyDelete
13 PvE Tiers, 11 seasons, 10 classes, that is 140 UNIQUE looking armor sets right there. And then there are the dungeon sets and other matching sets sprinkled throughout the game.
The raid loot rules though seem interesting. But what if one asshole respeced to a tanking role right before a fight, and ninja'ed the item anyway?
I don't think you can change your role in the Raid Finder. I believe you can't change your role in the Dungeon Finder, and I imagine that the Raid Finder would work the same way.ReplyDelete
Apparently, plate bikini bottoms are selling on the Auction House for 5000+ gold.ReplyDelete
Hooray for transmogrification?
I'm reminded of Age of Conan, when they went with vanity gear. Think of all the topless female toons, particularly in the lowbie and freeplay zones. Combine that with a Succubus, and you get the idea.


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It could also be an opportunity for another 8 Spruce.
If Gary is building a lame box at a world-class site like 217W 57th, we'll get a lousy GHW box in this dump.
It could also be an opportunity for another 8 Spruce.
If Gary went cheap on the Nordstrom site, don't expect much here.
As of last week, demolition was close to complete.
was this supermarket built on top of a large puddle of toxic sludge?
Landfill. East River creep. And remnants of Friday's deluge.
Looks like a bunch of taxis melted. That is mighty yellow.
That diagram does not look promising.
To Read MoreGroundwork continues on Extell Developments 847-foot-tall mega-rental complex at the foot of the Manhattan Bridge. Rumored to be called One Manhattan Square, the project at 250 South Street will bring a staggering 790 luxury rentals and 205 affordable units to a remote section of the Two Bridges/Chinatown neighborhood. The project rises on the former site of a cherished one-story Pathmark supermarket and its sprawling parking lot.
As per the DOB diagram, that may be the actual design.


text:
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Water SA
On-line version ISSN 1816-7950
Print version ISSN 0378-4738
Water SA vol.37 n.1 Pretoria Jan. 2011
Application of phycoremediation technology in the treatment of wastewater from a leather-processing chemical manufacturing facility
P Hanumantha Rao*; R Ranjith Kumar; BG Raghavan; VV Subramanian; V Sivasubramanian
Department of Plant Biology and Plant Biotechnology, R.K.M. Vivekananda College, Chennai 600 004, Tamil Nadu, India
Phycoremediation is the use of algae for the removal or biotransformation of pollutants from wastewater. Employing this technology in the treatment of industrial effluents presents an alternative to the current practice of using conventional methods, including physical and chemical methods. In the present study, the effluent from a leather-processing chemical manufacturing facility, situated at Ranipet, Tamil Nadu, India, was treated using the microalga, Chlorella vulgaris, which was isolated from the effluent itself. The objective of this study was to treat the effluent as well as ETP (effluent treatment plant) solid waste by phycoremediation (pilot-scale field study as well as laboratory study) and to analyse the physico-chemical parameters before and after treatment. The results obtained showed that Chlorella vulgaris exhibited appreciable nutrient scavenging properties under both laboratory and field conditions, although phycoremediation carried out in sunlight (field study) gave better results. Moreover, the growth of Chlorella vulgaris was faster under field conditions.
Keywords: Phycoremediation, microalgae, Chlorella vulgaris, effluent, ETP solid
Phycoremediation is the use of macroalgae or microalgae for the removal or biotransformation of pollutants, including nutrients and xenobiotics, from wastewater and CO2 from waste air (Olguin, 2003). Over the last few decades, efforts have been made to apply intensive microalgal cultures to perform the biological tertiary treatment of secondary effluents (Oswald and Gotaas, 1957; De la Noüe et al., 1992). The underlying assumption is that the microalgae will transform some of the contaminants into non-hazardous materials enabling the treated water to then be reused or safely discharged (Oswald, 1988). As microalgae use carbon dioxide as a carbon source, they can grow photoautotrophically without the addition of an organic carbon source. Unicellular green algae such as Chlorella spp. and Scenedesmus spp. have been widely used in wastewater treatment as they often colonise the ponds naturally and have fast growth rates and high nutrient removal capabilities. Thus, the use of microalgae for removal of nutrients from different wastes has been described by a number of authors (Beneman et al., 1980; De-Bashan et al., 2002; Gantar et al., 1991; Queiroz et al., 2007).
Microalgae offer a low-cost and effective approach to remove excess nutrients and other contaminants in tertiary wastewater treatment, while producing potentially valuable biomass, because of a high capacity for inorganic nutrient uptake (Bolan et al., 2004; Muñoz and Guieyssea, 2006). In a study by Zhang et al. (2008), Scendesmus sp. showed high removal efficiency for inorganic nutrients from artificial and real domestic secondary effluents. In addition, microalgae play an important role during the tertiary treatment of domestic wastewater in maturation ponds or the treatment of small- to middle-scale municipal wastewater in facultative or aerobic ponds (Aziz and Ng, 1993; Mara and Pearson, 1986; Oswald, 1995). They have been used for removing nitrogen and phosphorus from wastewater (Oswald, 1988) and have the potential to be used to remove various pollutants, including oxides of nitrogen (NOx) (Nagase et al., 2001). Similarly, degradation of complex organic carbon substrates in tannery wastewater has been attempted in high-rate algal ponding systems (Dunn, 1998). Finally, if the purpose is to cultivate green biomass in the wastewater, micro-algae would be a good alternative to chemical precipitation (Larsdotter, 2006).
Microalgae assimilate a significant amount of nutrients because they require high amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus for the synthesis of proteins (45-60% of microalgal dry weight), nucleic acids and phospholipids. Nutrient removal can also be further increased by NH3 stripping or P precipitation due to the rise in the pH associated with photosynthesis (Laliberté et al., 1994; Nurdogan and Oswald, 1995; Oswald, 2003).
In the era of global warming, climate change and carbon crediting, there is grave concern about increasing carbon dioxide levels in addition to the laborious task of treating pollutant-containing wastes. Of late, microalgal cultures have been proposed for use in fixation of CO2, which is of interest in greenhouse gas mitigation and in production of biofuels. Algae considered as green-cell factories are not only good scavengers of toxic chemicals but are also involved in oxygenation of the atmosphere and carbon dioxide sequestration, thereby making them a better candidate among bioremediation systems. The development of this idea was first conceptualised by Oswald and Golueke (1960), who described a large-scale system with dozens of large (40 ha) high-rate ponds, with the algae grown and the biomass harvested by a simple flocculation-settling step, and the concentrated algal sludge anaerobically digested to produce biogas (methane and CO2).
Using microalgae in continuous treatment processes would be of great advantage, because most industries are in dire exigency for implementing cost-effective continuous treatment processes. Algal species are relatively easy to grow, adapt and manipulate within a laboratory setting and appear to be ideal organisms for use in remediation studies (Dresback et al., 2001). In addition, phycoremediation has advantages over other conventional physico-chemical methods, such as ion-exchange, reverse osmosis, dialysis and electro-dialysis, membrane separation, activated carbon adsorption, and chemical reduction or oxidation, due to its better nutrient removal efficiency and the low cost of its implementation and maintenance.
In the present study, the green microalga, Chlorella vulgaris, was used to treat the effluent of a leather-processing chemical manufacturing facility (a multinational company), situated at Ranipet, Tamil Nadu, India. The manufacturer is one of the world's leading suppliers of leather-processing products and also has a strong market niche in many proprietary products. Some of the products from the industry include polyurethane and acrylic resins, lacquers and lacquer emulsions, pigment dispersions, protein binders, wax emulsions and fillers, shoe finishes and dye formulations. The average total effluent generated per day by the factory amounts to approx. 25-30 kℓ. The characteristic raw effluent contains residual pigments, chemicals and heavy metals. Production of protein binders in the plant also results in the presence of some biological compounds such as casein. The constituents of the effluent vary according to the product manufactured in the particular batch. However, the heavy metals present in the effluent are well below alarming or hazardous levels. An already-existing effluent treatment plant (ETP) functioning inside the factory premises converts the pollutants into solid waste by polyelectrolyte precipitation and pressure filtration of the raw effluent. However, as a result of this treatment, tons of ETP solid waste which has been separated from the effluent have accumulated over the years. The filtered water is passed onto the aeration tank before being passed through a series of clarifying settlers and finally filtered through dual media filter (primary sand filter and activated carbon filter). In this study, we made an attempt to treat the effluent as well as ETP solid waste by phycoremediation technology using C. vulgaris. Physicochemical parameters of the effluent and ETP solid waste (heavy metal study to be published separately) before and after treatment were analysed. We conducted the study in both laboratory and in situ field conditions.
Materials and methods
Isolation and culturing of microalgae
Chlorella vulgaris Beij. was isolated from the effluent using serial dilution, standard plating, colony isolation and culture techniques. The monograph of Philipose (1967) was used for the identification of the microalga. An axenic culture of C. vulgaris was maintained in Bold's basal medium (BBM) (Nichols and Bold, 1965) at 24±1ºC in a thermostatically controlled environmental chamber illuminated with cool white fluorescent lamps (Philips 40 W, cool daylight, 6 500 K) at an intensity of 2 000 lux in a 12/12 h light/dark cycle. For outdoor cultivation of the microalga, improvised CFTRI medium (Venkataraman and Becker, 1985) with slight modifications was used. Improvised CFTRI medium was used for field studies because the chemicals used were of low cost and commercial grade and the medium has been well established for outdoor cultivation by the above-mentioned authors.
Laboratory trials
Exponential phase cells of C. vulgaris (growth determined by cell count method using a haemocytometer) were centrifuged and the washed pellet was re-suspended in 2 ℓ of the diluted effluent (5 times with BBM) in a conical flask bioreactor and incubated in the above-mentioned conditions for 7 days. The effluent sample was analysed for physico-chemical parameters before and after treatment according to the method of APHA (2000). In the treated effluent, algal cells were separated by centrifugation before analysis.
Field trials
High-rate Algal Pond (HRAP)
The concept of the HRAP was developed by Oswald et al. (1957) in the mid 1950s and is in place in various countries around the world. In subsequent decades, the HRAP was used in effluent treatment by many authors, for example, by Rose et al. (1996) in the treatment of tannery wastewaters. Later, integrated algal ponding systems, a combination of ponding system units involving an algal component in their operation, began to be used in the treatment of winery and distillery wastewaters (Rose, 2002). In this study, an HRAP was constructed inside the factory premises with a wall thickness of 0.12 m. The inner dimensions of the pond were such that the length was 3.65 m and the width was 1.80 m. The depth of the pond was kept at 0.44 m to allow sufficient light penetration for the growth of algae. A partition wall was constructed in the middle of the pond for a length of 2.46 m and width of 0.12 m. The floor was constructed with a slight slope on either side of the partition in the opposite direction, to enable proper mixing of the culture. The inside of the pond wall was lined with white tiles to prevent seepage of the medium into the wall and for a better visual observation of algal growth. This also aids in sunlight reflection and thereby provides more light for microalgal growth. The pond was provided with a tap water connection for preparation of the medium and 2 outlets were provided to enable cleaning the pond. The pond contents were manually mixed 3 times a day to ensure proper dispersion of nutrients and better aeration.
Sloping pilot pond
The principle of the sloping design is to create a turbulent flow while the algal suspension flows across the sloping surfaces or trenches present in the slope. A pump returns the algal medium from the lowest point to the top of the slope. The turbulence is produced by gravity, according to the flow speed of the liquid given by the slope of the surface (Becker, 1994). The pilot sloping pond was constructed with dimensions similar to those of the HRAP. A sloping angle made of GI (galvanised iron) sheeting was fixed over the open HRAP at an angle of 15º. The advantages of the sloping pond include enhanced sunlight exposure to the individual algal cell and aeration so that micro-algal growth can be hastened. In addition, it creates homogeneous suspension of the nutrients. The major advantage of this design is the fact that, with the exception of a pump with low pressure, no other mechanical device is required. One centimetre of water in the pond equalled 70 ℓ. During the trial, the flow rate was standardised to 800 ℓ/h by a trial-and-error method and the plant was run for 9 h during the day.
Field trials with the effluent using C. vulgaris
Chlorella vulgaris was grown in 1 kℓ of improvised CFTRI medium in the HRAP and allowed to reach the exponential phase; 200 ℓ of the effluent was added to it and, prior to its addition, the same quantity of the culture was pumped out so that the final volume remained unchanged. Addition of the effluent was carried out after standardising the growth rates in various dilutions in our laboratory experiments. The dilution of the effluent with the medium was performed in order to supplement the algae with additional nutrients. The microalga was allowed to grow for 5 days. Physico-chemical parameters of the pre- and post-treated effluent were analysed after separating the algal biomass from the treated effluent by the auto-settling method. In addition, sludge removal capacity of C. vulgaris was studied on a daily basis for 5 days by the dry weight method (dried at 105ºC until obtaining concordant weights).
Field trials with the ETP solid using C. vulgaris
Chlorella vulgaris was allowed to grow in 1 kℓ of improvised CFTRI medium in the sloping pilot pond. ETP solid treatment was carried out in the sloping pilot pond so as to provide continued mixing, because discontinuous mixing will result in very quick settling of the sludge. To the logarithmic phase culture, 1% of ETP solid was added and mixed to obtain a homogeneous suspension of ETP solid waste. The percentage was standardised after performing laboratory experiments on growth rates. After 5 days, the physico-chemical parameters were analysed and before- and after-treatment values were compared; the algal biomass was separated before analysis from the treated ETP solid suspension by the auto-settling method.
Sludge removal in ETP solid samples using C. vulgaris
To study the tolerance and survival limits of C. vulgaris in high sludge concentrations, 5% suspension of ETP solid waste (which is approximately equivalent to the raw effluent) was prepared in the logarithmic phase culture of C. Vulgaris in the sloping pilot pond. Sludge concentrations were measured by the dry weight method as described earlier for 5 days on a daily basis.
pH stabilisation study using C. vulgaris
Chlorella vulgaris was grown in 1 kℓ of improvised CFTRI medium in the HRAP. On reaching the exponential phase, 100 ℓ of the logarithmic phase culture was replaced with the same quantity of the effluent. After 5 days, the effluent load was increased to 200 ℓ and subsequent additions of 100 ℓ once every 5 days were made so that the effluent load became 500 ℓ in 20 days. pH was monitored using a pH meter (Elico LI 120; Hyderabad, India) for 25 days from Day 0 to Day 25.
Statistical analysis
Values of all data are expressed as mean ± SD. The one-tailed paired Student's t-test was used to determine statistical significance between the untreated and treated parameters at P < 0.05. All analyses were carried out in triplicate.
Phycoremediation of effluent laboratory study
The results of the laboratory study are presented in Table 1, after multiplying the values by the dilution factor. At the end of the phycoremediation using C. vulgaris, i.e., on day 7, pH of the effluent increased from 7.6 to 8 and maintained thereafter, while total dissolved solids (TDS) was slightly reduced by 1.3%. The microalgal treatment resulted in a significant reduction in total hardness by about 50%. Calcium and magnesium also followed a similar trend with 63% and 50% reductions respectively. Sodium and potassium, which form an important constituent of inorganic TDS, were only reduced to a small extent, by around 14% and 18%, respectively. Free ammonia levels were reduced by 80%, nitrite levels by 89%, nitrates by 29% and total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) by 73%. Phosphate levels were drastically reduced by 94%. Reductions in biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) levels were 22% and 38%, respectively, during the phycoremediation process.
Field studies
Phycoremediation of effluent
The photographs of field trials at the factory site are shown in Fig. 1, and the results are given in Table 2, after multiplying the values by the dilution factor. After phycoremediation of the effluent using C. vulgaris, TDS, an important physical parameter for the discharge of the effluent, decreased by about 21% and electrical conductivity directly related to TDS also showed a similar pattern. Regarding chemical parameters, pH of the effluent increased from 7.9 to 8.3 and remained stable thereafter. Reduction in total hardness by approximately 83%, in turn, accounted for 82% and 85% reductions in calcium and magnesium levels, respectively. With respect to other inorganic cations, a small amount of reduction in sodium and potassium was observed. The phosphate levels were reduced by 99%, which is considered as a reduction to almost nil.
During the phycoremediation process, TKN, which includes most of the organic nitrogen, reduced by 74% and thereby resulted in a decrease in ammonia by 82%. Nitrites and nitrates, constituents of inorganic nitrogen, were reduced by 48% and 24% respectively. The reductions in BOD and COD levels were almost similar and were approximately 50%.
With respect to sludge reduction, the initial dry weight of the sludge on the inoculated day, which was around 0.4 g/ℓ, was drastically reduced by 93% on the final day (Fig. 2). This study exhibited good sludge removal potential of C. vulgaris during effluent treatment.
Phycoremediation carried out in field conditions was considered better because of the increased nutrient removal efficiency rates when compared with that of the indoor study. The field study treatment was far superior in reducing the majority of inorganic parameters such as total hardness, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, nitrites and nitrates. Overall, outdoor treatment was considered to be a success and this can be attributed to the sunlight factor. In the pilot-scale field study, the minimum light intensity was 15 000 lux and the maximum 75 000 lux (morning 25 000 lux, noon 75 000 lux and evening 15 000 lux), whereas artificial illumination provided inside the laboratory was around 2 000 to 4 000 lux. Moreover, aeration was better in the field conditions due to regular manual mixing and also due to the mixing created by wind movement (Becker, 1994), thereby resulting in a homogeneous nutrient mixture, increased exposure of algal cells to sunlight and improved aeration.
Phycoremediation of ETP solid waste
Removal of colour and odour
During the phycoremediation of the ETP solid dissolved sample, the pitch black colour prior to the treatment completely transformed into a pleasant green colour, which almost looked like an algal culture (Fig. 3). Microscopical examination revealed the dominance of C. vulgaris cells with very minimal sludge (Fig. 4). In addition, the phycoremediation process resulted in a rich algal smell thereby completely removing the offensive smell of the sample.
Physico-chemical analysis
The results of the ETP solid treatment study are shown in Table 3. After the treatment of the ETP solid sample, TDS was reduced by 14% and the electrical conductivity showed a similar pattern with a reduction of about 15%. As regards the chemical parameters, the treatment yielded very encouraging results. Effluent pH, which was initially at 8.08, rose to 8.55. A decrease in total hardness by 35% was also accompanied by 26% and 46% reductions in calcium and magnesium, respectively. Potassium was reduced significantly, while sodium levels were slightly reduced. Phosphates were totally utilised during the treatment.
TKN was reduced by 12% and ammonia levels by 29%. Nitrites and nitrates were decreased by 88% and 84% respectively. The reduction in the levels of BOD and COD was highly significant and followed a similar trend, of an approx. 83% reduction
Sludge removal
Initial dry sludge weight was about 11.33 g/ℓ and was measured everyday for up to 5 days (Fig. 5). The trend showed a nearly 50% reduction in dry sludge during the first 2 days. Thereafter, the sludge levels were reduced by 95% on the 5th and concluding day of the trial.
Stabilisation of pH in the effluent
Initial pH of the effluent, which was 7.1, increased steadily to 8.15 in 5 days after the addition of C. vulgaris culture. However, after gradual increase, pH was maintained at around 8.6 (Fig. 6). Even after 25 days, i.e., even during gradual increase in the load of the effluent, pH was stable and was well within the discharge limits; this study has showed that phycoremediation technology has a wider scope in pH regulation, apart from nutrient removal capabilities. Thus, the buffering capacity of the microalgae remained, even during the addition of effluent, suggesting the potential of C. vulgaris in continuous treatment of the effluent.
In this study, C. vulgaris has been shown to possess excellent nutrient scavenging capability. During the phycoremediation process, pH levels increased initially and thereafter remained around 8. The microalga reduces dissolved CO2 concentrations through photosynthesis which, in turn, raises the pH level. The inorganic species normally used by microalgae are CO2 and bicarbonate (Borowitzka, 1998), the latter requiring the enzyme carbonic anhydrase to convert it to CO2. Furthermore, the pH levels are maintained so that there will be no increase in ammonia concentrations. Ammonia concentrations in the effluent and the pH are related by the following equilibrium relationship:
A high pH above 9 would move the equilibrium to the left and raise the ammonia concentration. Hence, pH stabilisation during microalgal treatment not only keeps the ammonia levels in check but also makes the effluent pH level conform to discharge standards (pH 6-9). Total dissolved solids content of the effluent decreased upon treatment, which is due to the utilisation of various nutrients by C. vulgaris. The quantification might project reduced reduction levels because there could be a conversion of the total suspended solids already present in the effluent into dissolved materials for algal uptake and assimilation.
Nitrogen is another crucial parameter and is becoming increasingly important in wastewater management because nitrogen can have many effects on the environment (Halling-Sørensen and Jørgensen, 1993). Nitrogen can exist in different forms because of various oxidation states, and it can readily change from one form to another depending on the oxidation state present at the time. In the environment, living organisms can accomplish changes from one oxidation state to another. The principal forms of nitrogen are organic nitrogen, ammonia (NH4+ or NH3), nitrite (NO2-) and nitrate (NO3-).
The presence of nitrogen in wastewater during discharge can be undesirable because it has ecological impacts and can affect public health. Ammonia is extremely toxic and also an oxygen-consuming compound, which can deplete the dissolved oxygen in water. Although nitrate itself is not toxic, its conversion to nitrite is a concern in the domain of public health. Nitrite is a potential public health hazard (Sedlak, 1991) and, in the body, can oxidise iron (II) and form methaemoglobin, which binds oxygen less effectively than normal haemoglobin. All forms of nitrogen are taken up as a nutrient by the micro-alga, although the most common nitrogen compounds assimilated by microalgae are ammonium (NH4+) and nitrate (NH3-) (Oliver and Ganf, 2000). In our study, C. vulgaris was able to reduce all forms of nitrogen substantially, and ammonia and nitrate levels, in particular, were drastically reduced. Ammonia may also be stripped off into the air as a result of the increased pH values often found in algal cultures (Nunez et al., 2001). There is not much of a concern regarding nitrite values in the context of the present study because the levels are very low in the effluent, and nitrite often occurs as an intermediate during nitrification processes.
Phosphate removal by C. vulgaris during phycoremediation is due to the utilisation of phosphorus for growth. The phosphorus, which is used in the algal cells mainly for production of phospholipids, adenosine triphosphates (ATP) and nucleic acids, gets assimilated as inorganic orthophosphate, preferably as H2PO4- or HPO42-, and the uptake process is active, i.e. it requires energy (Becker, 1994). The chemical stripping of phosphorus may be regarded as an advantageous side-effect of the algal growth, with enhanced phosphorus removal as a result. The investigation revealed that the phosphate removal efficiency of C. vulgaris was nearly 100% in both the wastewater and ETP solid treatment processes. These phosphates were removed by photosynthetic assimilation and calcium phosphate precipitation because of high pH levels caused by intense algal photosynthetic activity (Hammouda et al., 1994). Moreover, microalgae are able to assimilate phosphorus in excess, which is stored in the cells as polyphosphate granules, and magnesium and potassium are co-transported along with phosphate (Bitton, 1990). During phycoremediation using C. vulgaris, a drastic reduction in magnesium levels and moderate decrease in potassium levels was observed. Although sodium levels did not show appreciable change, there was a significant reduction in calcium concentrations. This is aided by the carbonate ions, which not only decrease the crystallinity of calcium phosphates and promote the formation of amorphous calcium phosphates but also compete with phosphates in precipitating with calcium to form calcite (CaCO3) at pH values above 8 (Arvin, 1983). However, sodium levels were reduced due to the tendency of the microalga for bioaccumulation. In addition, C. vulgaris induced progressive reduction in both BOD and COD values of the effluent and this could be attributed to the high algal growth rate and intense photosynthetic activity (Colak and Kaya, 1988).
Sludge reduction by C. vulgaris in the effluent as well as in ETP solid is of great significance because all other conventional methods, including other bioremediation methods, generate enormous sludge. In fact, the industry has accumulated tons of solid waste over the years through their already-existing conventional treatment methods. Thus sludge generation is not only a problem to this particular industry but also to many processing industries. Hence, for effective treatment with minimal sludge generation, phycoremediation offers ample scope for the future.
The benefits of phycoremediation can be summarised as follows:
Ability of microalgae to tackle more than one problem simultaneously, a solution not possible by conventional chemical processes
Case-specific as the process can be operated batch-wise, semi-continuously or in a continuous manner
Commercial benefits derived from the biomass and other extracted biochemicals
Compatibility with existing operations
Cost-effective as it saves power and a lot of chemicals
CO2 sequestration a solution for the threat of global warming
Flexibility to handle fluctuations in quality and quantity of effluent feed
Oxygenation of environment
Possible co-production of biofuels and biofertilisers
Robust to minimise automation, maintenance and the need for skilled operators
Selective to remove only the contaminants under consideration
Sustainability and eco-friendliness from an ecological perspective.
Therefore, further studies are warranted on the less-explored phycoremediation technology for implementation at an industrial level.
The following conclusions can be drawn from this study:
Chlorella vulgaris exhibited appreciable nutrient removal capacities
Pilot-scale field studies proved that phycoremediation under field conditions (i.e. in sunlight) is far better than under laboratory conditions
The microalga during phycoremediation drastically reduced the sludge levels; the accumulation of sludge generated by conventional treatment methods has been the major problem for the industry
Before commercialisation and industrial scaling-up, further studies are to be carried out for implementation at an industrial scale as well as for effective utilisation of biomass. Furthermore, India being a tropical country with plenty of sunshine is well suited for implementation of phycoremediation as a technology.
We thank the Secretary and Principal, R.K.M. Vivekananda College, Chennai 600 004, India, for providing us with the necessary infrastructure and facilities required for the study. Our thanks to the management and staff of the industry for the help rendered to us during the field studies. We are grateful to Mr. Sundaram Ramachandran , Scientific Publishing Services Pvt. Ltd., Chennai, for his help in language editing of the manuscript. We also thank the anonymous reviewer and the editor for their comments and suggestions, which helped greatly in improving the manuscript. Hanumantha Rao P, received financial assistance from the Department of Collegiate Education, Chennai 600 006, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Received 23 April 2010; accepted in revised form 13 December 2010.
* To whom all correspondence should be addressed. +91 9841910222; e-mail: email@example.com


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Planned Giving
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DOVER — Friday night the Kentucky Derby came to Dover, sort of.
"When the Greater Dover Chamber of Commerce was planning its 12th Annual Sweepstakes and Auction, with the Kentucky Derby the next day, what better could we call it than The Dover Derby?," said Michael Mengers, Community Events Manager for the Chamber.
In recent years, the Chamber has held this event at a variety of venues, and the latest seemed to meet with the approval of all who attended.
Taking place at the new Garrison Wing Conference Center at Wentworth-Douglass Hospital was, according to business owner and former City Councilor Gina Cruikshank, "a perfect fit. I love the décor, it is really classy."
In agreement was Noreen Biehl, Vice President of Community Relations for the hospital. "This is really our first local function, we had community events in mind when planning this room, it certainly looks like something we can do more of."
With over 200 in attendance, the evening seemed to support that.
First off was a sumptuous meal provided by the Orchard Street Chop Shop with dessert from Harvey's Bakery and Coffee Shop.
In keeping with the theme of the night, almost all who attended wore hats in a Derby fashion. Many of the distaff side favored large flowered millinery, while straw boaters and derbys seemed to be the favorite of the men.
During the evening, a hat contest was held with Master of Ceremonies Don Briand verbally moving those so inclined to parade in front of the judges and throughout the room.
Eventually after, according to Briand "some long hard discussion," prizes were awarded. The Best Derby Hat prize went to Laurie Widmark whose red and white creation matched the rest of her ensemble.
A smiling Widmark said, "I give all the credit to my daughters Samantha Barry and Jenna Barstow, they made this on a day's notice."
The Most Spirited Hat award winners were Malcolm and Vi McNeill attired in hats that, according to Malcolm, "we wore at the Kentucky Derby two years ago." The Dover attorney was so pleased with the award that in jest he commented on his ten gallon hat, "I am going to wear this to work from now on."
As these events were taking place, Briand was paring the list of ticket holders for the top $10,000 prize. Each ticket cost $100, and according to most purchasers, was a bargain, given the potential reward.
In addition to bidding on the live auction prizes, which included a $3,243 value Foster's Advertising Package and Rascal Flatts tickets at the Meadowbrook Pavilion in Gilford, all perused a veritable cornucopia of silent auction items from Red Sox tickets at $260 to the priceless rental of the Keefe House at the Woodman Institute Museum.
Delise West enjoyed her evening. "This is such fun, informal, entertaining and I love the hat idea, it almost makes one feel like a different person."
Property Manager Beth Fisher said, "I love coming to the sweeps, we are all so busy with our lives that though we live and work in the same town, we don't see each other often enough. A night like this gives us that opportunity. This facility is outstanding, it can be used for so many things."
As the evening wound down and Briand got to the final 10 ticket holders,moans could be heard as the owners were dropped from the list.
It came down to the final two, with only ticket holder Dennis Ciotti in attendance.
Past tradition has given the last two ticket holders an opportunity to split the winnings but with only Ciotti there, Briand pulled the last name and it was Ciotti's. Pandemonium broke out, as Ciotti, a former City Councilor and current Planning Board Chair, had his hand held up prizefighter style by Briand.
When asked what he was planning on doing with the winnings, Ciotti said, "I have special plans for this."
As the more than 200 guests began to exit, Dover City Manager Michael Joyal agreed with the comments by Chamber Executive Director Molly Hodgson Smith that "everything went well." He added, "this is something you look forward to every year, and it is still fresh."


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CEO Jeffrey Katzenberg is officially top dog at DreamWorks Animation with 61% of voting control after his former DreamWorks partner David Geffen relinquished all super-voting stock.
The company said in an SEC filing Tuesday that Geffen has converted 3 million shares of the super voting Class B stock into an equivalent number of less potent Class A shares issued by DreamWorks Animation.
Media companies, including Viacom, News Corp. and others, often use two classes of stock that give enhanced voting power and de facto control to a certain group of shareholders, usually founders and owners, and their close allies.
The move was voluntary. "Upon such conversion, the Geffen Entities ceased to own any shares of Class B Common Stock," the filing said. DWA didn't receive any payment for the Class A shares it issued.
DWA said it now has a total of 76.5 million shares of Class A common stock outstanding, and 7.8 million shares of Class B.
All of the B shares, repping approximately 61% of the company's total voting power, are held by Katzenberg and entities controlled by him.


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- Tour preferred sole for enhanced bounce
Looking for a club that enables you to be a little more daring and imaginative? Then the T100 is for you - book in for a custom fitting session today and start taking your game to the next level.


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A new trailer has been release for Skyfall. There's only a little new footage, but it does feature Bond's iconic introduction, so that's always worth a watch. The movie has been garnering ecstatic buzz, and I can't wait to finally get a look at what director Sam Mendes has brought to the franchise (other than the influence of The Dark Knight).
Hit the jump to check out the trailer. The film stars Daniel Craig, Judi Dench, Javier Bardem, Helen McCrory, Ralph Fiennes, Ben Whishaw, Berenice Marlohe, and Naomie Harris. Skyfall opens November 9th.
Via HeyUGuys.
Here's the official synopsis for Skyfall:
Daniel Craig is back as James Bond 007 in Skyfall, the 23rd adventure in the longest-running film franchise of all time. In Skyfall, Bond's loyalty to M (Judi Dench) is tested as her past comes back to haunt her. As MI6 comes under attack, 007 must track down and destroy the threat, no matter how personal the cost.


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Forensic Sciences Experts Serving New Jersey
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The application of scientific knowledge to legal principles and cases. Accepted forensic sciences include medicine, pathology and psychiatry. Forensic Sciences experts serve as expert witnesses and forensic consultants in New Jersey legal matters, and provide expert reports and testimony for judges, attorneys, lawyers, law firms, insurance companies and government agencies in Federal and state court trials and arbitrations in New Jersey.
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Expert ListingsMeier Fire Investigation, LLC
Richard Meier
Palmetto, FL
Licensed, Certified and Court Qualified Fire & Explosion Expert. Origin & Cause Investigations; Evidence Collection, Examination & Storage; Laboratory Testing; Safety Standard & Code Research and Analysis; Case File Review; Failure Analysis; Expert Deposition & Trial Testimony. Whether a house fire across town or a multi-million dollar industrial fire across the country, we can handle your case - start to finish!
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Dr. Monte Miller
Riverside, CA
Over 20 years of specialized DNA experience including over 13 years in forensic Biology/DNA, crime scene investigation, and paternity DNA testing. Free crime lab, paternity, or crime scene report synopsis.
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Alan Friedman, PhD
Milwaukee, WI
I bring twenty years of experience translating forensic science into clear, understandable English for attorneys, judges and juries. Testimony in over 60 cases in 9 states as well as Federal Courts. Expert DNA case review, testimony and laboratory witnessing in sexual assaults, homicides, robberies and other major felonies as well as paternity and other civil cases. Accept public defender and court appointments. Call for a free initial consultation. forensic Forensic DNA dna
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Donald Schuessler, M.S.
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Thirty years experience in forensic examination and expert witness testimony. Strong technical skills in crime / death scene and physical evidence examination. Bloodstain interpretation, fingerprint, footprint, footwear comparison,digital imaging.
Gerard Macri & Associates
Gerard Macri, Ph.D.
New Windsor, NY
Principals provide expert technical assistance to counsel in litigation involving forensic chemical investigations, probable causes of fires and/or explosions based on chemical analysis of residues/products, probable causes of slip and falls from chemical analysis of residues, sources of malodors from mixing incompatible chemicals: Sporicidin & bleach, chemical analyses and identification of unknown substances or residues.


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Size Does Matter - Batteries (2000-03-12)Size does matter when it comes to AEG batteries. And why not? It's only intuitive to even the most casual and non-engineering aligned observer to speculate that the bigger the battery, the more juice it will have. Additionally, the bigger the battery, the longer it will last and the less you'll have to change batteries in the middle of a heated skirmish!
Overlooked by most first-time airsoft enthusiasts, battery size should be a major consideration when you are shopping for your AEG. If you're likely to keep your AEG stock, then the consideration is not as large. "Why?" you ask. Well here's the low-down.
There are two things you use to measure a battery:
(1) It's voltage (7.2v, 8.4v, 9.6, 10v, and 12v)
(2) It's current (ranging anywhere from 600milliamps (mah) to 3300 milliamps or more
Having defined these measurement criteria, here is what you need to know. The higher the voltage and current, the higher speed the motor will be able to generate in driving a high powered, upgraded spring, thereby translating into higher FPS (feet per second of the BB). Higher current also typically drives the motor faster thereby increasing rate of fire. So going back to the first statement of why you should consider the battery size of an AEG before you buy one? Simply that if you plan to upgrade your AEG to a higher spring rate, you should consider buying an AEG that can take a larger battery that's capable of generating the voltage you need.
To give an example, let's look at the MP5A5. While a terrific all-round performer, it is designed to accomodate a SMALL 600mah 8.4v battery to drive it's EG700 motor and M90 spring. This is great if you intend to keep the gun stock but once you upgrade the A5 to an M120 or above, the SMALL battery simply cannot produce enough power to drive the stiffer spring and the owner is often forced to carry a LARGE 1300mah battery in a strap-on canvas battery bag to drive the upgraded spring (the A5's front grip is only just large enough to hold the SMALL battery). The situation is even more severe in the MP5K and PDW series AEGs which utilize the even smaller 7.2v stick type battery.
So what?
Well most airsofters simply resent having to carry an external battery since it ruins the authenticity of the gun. Heck if you didn't mind the external battery bag, you could carry as large a battery as you need. The classic example is the Vulcan where I've seen some folks carry car batteries on their backs to drive these monsters! For some who have been forced down this route with the more compact AEGs but can't stand the sight of the external battery bag, many methods have been derived to hide the large battery, such as by storing it in a gutted magazine, gutted scope, and other black metallic boxes attached to the gun. These custom solutions often require the owner to buy individual power cells and soldering them together in a fashion that fits the intended storage compartment (whether it be in the scope or the mag, or any other contraption).
The table below shows voltage requirements for typical spring upgrades.
|AEG Spring
|Minimum required battery to drive the upgrade
|Small 8.4v 600mah battery (barely)
|Large 8.4v 1300mah battery, preferably 1700mah battery
|Large 8.4v 1700mah battery
|Large 8.4v 1700mah battery
|Large 8.4v 2000mah
The table above only represents the typically needed battery sizes. For some guns like the M4A1 and AUG, custom sized batteries are available to drive the higher spring rates. These custom batteries typically have a short life span with higher voltages, but benefit from their ability to fit inside the stock storage compartment of the AEG. For example, the custom 12v 600mah battery for the M4A1 can power the M150 upgrade and fits snugly in the front foregrip. Lifespan is limited to 600 rounds or so. Larger batteries obviously last much much longer.
As you can probably derive from this information - if you're planning to upgrade your weapon, it's best to get an AEG that has room to store a large battery. That's why AEGs like the AK47, M16A1/A2, G3A3/SG1, and MP5A4/SD5 make such great upgrade candidates. Their fixed stock offer generous amounts of space for a large battery. In the case of the SG1, you can even deepen the stock (via a small modification) to fit a EXTRA LARGE 9.6v battery for super power! One thing you should also be aware of is that ANY spring upgrade will require an EG700 motor or above. The EG560 simply does not have enough power to drive stiff springs.
If you're thinking to yourself that "Hey, I don't need to upgrade anyways", here's another thought. You can increase the ROF of a stock AEG simply by moving to a battery with higher amperage ratings. On a stock AK47, the difference in using a LARGE 8.4v 1700mah battery and a LARGE 8.4v 2000mah battery is quite apparent; the 2000mah battery drives the BB's out at a much higher rate (can you say "Bullet Hose"?)!
Alright, so does this mean that you should go out and get a 9.6v 3000mah battery with M150 spring and EG1000 motor?
Absolutely not! Overdoing it will strip your gears and wear down your AEG unnecessarily. Due to the design of AEGs, you cannot run the motor too fast, and driving an EG1000 with a 9.6v 3000mah (or even an 8.4v) battery would translate into instantly stripped gears before you can even get your first 10 shots off! However if you've installed an upgraded spring, the extra resistance on the motor will allow you to go up one notch on the battery scale and still be relatively safe. Sound confusing? It is and there really isn't a set guideline as to what works and what doesn't - that's the beauty of it all - you should trial and error to see what combination fits your needs the best.
Here's a table based on our own experience to guide you on what's reasonably safe:
Disclaimer: The maximum
recommended battery ratings are based on experience at RedWolf
airsoft. Actual maximum's may vary depending on the
"mileage" of the AEG being modified and the gearbox type in
question. The reader should be aware that ANY upgrade will increase
wear-and-tear on AEGs and you should not expect an upgraded AEG to be as
durable or even last as long as a stock AEG under sustained use.
* Notice that the entire column for EG560 is "-" for anything above a stock spring. As I mentioned above, ANY spring upgrade would invalidate the EG560.
Also note that we typically don't encourage use of 9.6v batteries. The reason is that the power is driven up quite a bit and unless you have a very highly rated spring - otherwise the 9.6v battery may provide too much power and leave you with stripped gears - it's like revving an engine too high for too long a time beyond redline. LARGE 9.6v batteries also tend to cause carbonization at the motor brush contacts and may require more meticulous maintenance to keep things running smoothly in the long term.
So in summary, here are some basic rules to remember.
1. AEG Upgrades require use of large batteries or custom batteries
2. More voltage and current translates into more torque and higher rate of fire
3. EG1000 motors have more torque by nature than EG700 motors so you may not need to feed an EG1000 with too much voltage and current to achieve maximum performance
4. LARGE 9.6v batteries (ie with amperage of 1700mah or more) tend to wear out motors quicker
5. More is not always good. There is a limit to what you can match up in terms of motor, battery, and spring. Too much good stuff will strip your gun!
For a full list of batteries that we carry, check out our accessories section.


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Given annually to the nation's top interior lineman on either side of the ball, the Outland Trophy Thursday morning became the latest in an ongoing line of awards to release their preseason watch list.
This year, 75 players make up the initial grouping of players to watch, including the lone Football Writers Association of America first-team All-American from last year to make the list — Texas A&M offensive tackle Jake Matthews. Matthews' teammate, Luke Joeckel, became the first Aggie to take home the Outland Trophy last year, a few months before being selected No. 2 overall in the April NFL draft.
All three finalists from a year ago — Joeckel, Alabama's Barrett Jones and North Carolina's Jonathan Cooper — have gone on to the NFL.
Of the 75 players, 25 are offensive tackles; 20 are defensive tackles; 19 are guards; and 11 are centers.
Stanford was the only team with three players represented (Kevin Danser, Cameron Fleming and David Yankey). 11 other teams had two players each.
Conference-wise, the SEC leads the way with 16 players on the initial watch list. The only conferences in double figures are the Pac-12 (12), ACC (11), Big Ten (10) and Big 12 (10). All told, all 10 FBS conferences are represented, as well as three players from two different independent programs (two from Notre Dame, one from BYU).
Below is the complete 75-player watch list:


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A Pocono Mountain West student has been charged with attempted involuntary deviate sexual intercourse in connection with an incident at the school on June 10.
A Pocono Mountain West student has been charged with attempted involuntary deviate sexual intercourse in connection with an incident at the school on June 10.
According to Pocono Mountain Regional Police, a school district hall monitor checked a bathroom for females around 10:45 a.m. on a routine patrol and found Alonzo L. McGill Jr., 19, of Jonas, attempting to sexually assault a female student. The hall monitor managed to get the female student to safety.
When the police arrived, McGill was being disorderly and defiant to school staff as they tried to investigate the bathroom incident. He refused to obey commands by police and attempted to leave the school. As the police attempted to restrain McGill, he resisted, but was taken into custody without further incident, the report said.
Pocono Mountain School District spokeswoman Wendy Frable said, "Administration has already assigned additional security personnel and hall monitors to the Pocono Mountain West High School during the school day. There are school resource officers in both of our high schools, and other police officers visit our schools during school days when they are in the area."
Frable said the school district has available mental health counseling programs for troubled students. The district also will refer families to county agencies for services that are not available at the school. In addition to that, the administration continually evaluates safeguards and works with law enforcement to improve the safety of the schools.
"The Pocono Mountain School District team works very hard to keep our schools safe," Frable said.
McGill has been charged with criminal attempt to commit involuntary deviate sexual intercourse, as well as indecent exposure, false imprisonment, open lewdness, resisting arrest, and disorderly conduct, according to the police report.
His bail was set at $50,000 and his preliminary hearing is scheduled for Thursday.


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Actor's sudden death raises awareness about men's heart health
The sudden death of 51-year-old actor James Gandolfini of an apparent heart attack surprised many. It's also raising questions about men's health.
"I don't see a doctor very often but I probably should," Matthew Bennett said.
Bennett admitted he doesn't invest much time into preventative medicine despite his girlfriend's pressure.
"I'm always on him," his girlfriend said.
"I say, 'OK, I'll do it. I'll do it,' but I never do," Bennett said.
He's not alone. According to a survey with the American academy of Family Physicians 55 percent of men in the United States haven't seen their doctor in the past year.
"We know that men are at a higher risk of having a heart attack than women," Froedtert and Medical College of Wisconsin cardiologist Dr. David Marks said.
Marks said staying heart healthy is simple. Exercise and watching what you eat are at the top of the list.
"We know people who are sedentary have heart attacks more than those who are physically active," Marks said.
Other important things -- don't smoke and don't avoid your doctor.
"Heart attacks are most frequently caused by a blood clot forming in one of the arteries of the heart," Marks said.
An ongoing relationship with your primary care provider could minimize those risks and help keep you in check.
"Just to stay on top of things," Dennis Robinson said.
It's something Robinson does by going for an exam at least once a year.
"If you're ahead of the game you can probably prevent something," Robinson said.
Marks said it's important not to jump right into a stringent exercise routine.
He recommends men talk to their primary health care provider to customize a routine that will work best for them.


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Last January, my oncologist gave me a prescription for Femara because my five-year course with tamoxifen had finished. Research shows maximum benefits from hormonal treatment if tamoxifen is followed by an aromatase inhibitor like Arimidex or Femara for five years. I tried Arimidex in 2006 and wrote about how I had to stop because the side effects were so debilitating. So I initially put off taking it and then later blogged about the prescription still stuck to my fridge. Comments from many of you tried to ease my concerns and encouraged me to take it. So I agreed I would.
I need to come clean. Until I had the bone cancer scare that I wrote about last week in my blog about pain and breast cancer, I wasn't taking Femara. I had good intentions — really I did — mostly because of concerns about metastasizing cancer, and I really wanted to follow your advice. I just kept putting it off. The thought of experiencing the side effects again that I had while on Arimidex is just such a huge drawback for me.
Well, like I said, I did start taking Femara last week. I also stopped taking it last week. Truthfully, you can't blame me. When I discussed the side effects detailed on the pharmacy printout with Sister, it was just horrendous to think I could subject myself to those risks — they seem just as bad as cancer!
The side effects listed for Femara are things like joint pain, muscle and skeletal pain, blurry vision, chest pains, blood clots and nausea and diarrhea. Those aren't even the serious side effects. The serious side effects are stroke and heart attack, and the warning advises you to contact your doctor if you experience jaw or arm pain or any other symptoms related to stroke or heart failure. Seriously, the pharmaceutical companies really think that this is acceptable? We are talking millions of dollars in research — plus millions more made back in profits from these drugs — and these are the things they subject us to?
In my mind, if you create a drug that can block the estrogen that feeds breast cancer, you don't stop until you make it safe. This drug does not sound safe to me. If any woman other than a breast cancer survivor walked into her doctor's office with any of the symptoms listed as side effects of this drug, the doctor would think she was seriously ill.
When I see my oncologist in January, I will once again have the discussion about taking Femara. I know my doctor will tell me it is important to reduce my risk of cancer spread and this drug is meant to extend my life. What kind of a life is it if I have to avoid operating heavy machinery? Oh yeah — that is one of the side effects, too.
Important: The views and opinions expressed in this article are those of the author and not Everyday Health.


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The man you see in this picture is Kevin Rogers. A football lifer, he is most famous for being Donovan McNabb's quarterback coach at Syracuse. He and his wife Betty are the parents of three. Earlier today, Rogers was hired by new coach Brad Childress to become the quarterbacks coach for the Minnesota Vikings. For the last four years, Rogers was the quarterbacks coach at Virginia Tech.
OK. Now let that rattle around your brain there for a moment. The guy who coached Marcus Vick for the last three years is heading to the Minnesota Vikings. Marcus Vick's coach is going to the land of 1,000 sex boats. Which means it's possible — if you can possible handle this — that the Vikings could draft Vick, and he could be a part of next year's rookie hazing, and well, criminy, that would be just about the most amazing thing that has ever happened.
Aw, man, what if they drafted Tavares Gooden? The world would be like "Playmakers!" Lawrence Taylor and Joe Namath could coach! Ohpleaseohpleaseohplease let this happen.
Vikings Hire VT QB Coach [ESPN]


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Thank you so much to all of our bloggers, readers, and friends for your constant support of your fellow beauty addicts. I hope to see you all continuing to read, write, and be fantastic from today and onwards!
Closing our doors
As of August 2nd, 2014, Beauty Blog Link Love is now closed. It's been a beautiful four years, and I've met so many amazing women running this community, but I can no longer give BBLL the attention it (and its members) deserve.
02/08/14 Link Love
Looking for a great physical sunscreen? This week at theNotice, Rae reviews & compares a few all-natural options for you. Don't miss it!
Musicalhouses takes an in depth look at the controversy and science, and tackles whether parabens are safe, and their role in cosmetics!
Get Feline Fierce with Phyrra's Too Faced Cat Eyes Tutorial!
FabDiva20 has B2M'd for four amazing MAC lipsticks from the permanent range and she is loving them that she cannot just choose one favorite out of the four! Check out her review & swatches!
Lisamarie from Beauty Crazed dresses up her nails with textured top coats from Maybelline and Sally Hansen - come admire her adorned nails!
What if I told you that you can melt away make-up and impurities in less than 3 minutes?!? Jenn from SpicedBeauty has the scoop.
Labels: Link Love roundups
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More than 1500 people have braved the early morning Hobart chill for the annual Dark Mofo nude winter solstice swim - a festival record.
With the air temperature around seven degrees, the hardy swimmers dropped their towels and ran into the River Derwent on Friday when the sun rose at 7.42am.
The crowd of 1537 beats last year's record by several hundred.
Australian Associated Press


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BrowseTubi KidsNEW
S01:E32 - Field of Screams, Part 2
20 min
Camula continues to wreak havoc at Duel Academy, this time setting her sights on Zane.
Season 1
S01:E01 - The Next King of Games
When Jaden arrives late to his entrance exam for Duel Academy, he has to go above and beyond expectations to prove that he deserves to make the cut.
S01:E02 - Welcome to Duel Academy
The incoming class is welcomed to Duel Academy, but Jaden finds a less-than-warm reception from freshman hotshot Chazz when he's challenged to a duel.
S01:E03 - A Duel in Love
When Syrus stumbles into the girls' dorm, he puts himself and Jaden in danger of being expelled, forcing Jaden to win a duel to win their freedom.
S01:E04 - Raring to Go
On test day at Duel Academy, Dr. Crowler steals a new card shipment to stack the deck against Jaden and embarrass him in front of the entire school!
S01:E05 - The Shadow Duelist, Part 1
When Jaden and the crew wander into an abandoned dorm, they encounter a mysterious duelist who claims he's taken Alexis to the Shadow Realm, and unless Jaden duels him, he's going to keep her there.
S01:E06 - The Shadow Duelist, Part 2
Jaden continues his duel with the mysterious Shadow Duelist, fighting now not just for Alexis' soul, but for his own.
S01:E07 - Duel and Unusual Punishment
Having been caught for trespassing into the abandoned dorm, Jaden and Syrus are sentenced to a tag team duel. If they lose, they'll be expelled.
S01:E08 - For the Sake of Syrus
To help Syrus overcome some serious confidence issues, Jaden looks to duel Zane, Syrus' older brother and the best duelist at Duel Academy.
S01:E09 - Family Business
When Chumley's father comes to remove him from Duel Academy, Jaden and Syrus stand by their friend when he tries to outduel his father so he can stay.
S01:E10 - Tag Team Trial, Part 1
The tag match to determine Jaden and Syrus's fate at Duel Academy begins, but not just against any tag team: against the legendary Paradox Brothers!
S01:E11 - Tag Team Trial, Part 2
In the expulsion match against the Paradox Brothers, Syrus must overcome his issues with his older brother Zane in order win the match.
S01:E12 - Formula for Success
Dr. Crowler taps dueling whiz kid Bastion Misawa to be his new protégé, but first must beat Obelisk Blue's Chazz Princeton to prove his worth.
S01:E13 - Monkey See, Monkey Duel
When Chazz suddenly goes missing, Jaden and the crew go looking for him, but instead of finding Chazz, they find a dueling monkey who takes one of Alexis's friends hostage!
S01:E14 - A Spirit Summoned
After some students accidentally summon a Duel Monster for real, it's up to Jaden to duel him and win their souls back.
S01:E15 - Courting Alexis
Jaden finds himself in an outrageously competitive duel against a sports nut who's bent winning Alexis's heart and making Jaden look bad.
S01:E16 - The Duel Giant
After a menacing Duel Giant is seen around campus, Dr. Crowler convinces Jaden to track him down, but when Jaden catches up with the titan, he must beat him in a duel or become his next victim!
S01:E17 - Nature of the Draw
When someone is stealing from the Card Shack, Jaden and the crew go on a stakeout to catch the culprit, but when the thief turns out to be a former student who's been living in the jungle, a truly wild duel ensues.
S01:E18 - The King of Copycats, Part 1
A copycat duelist steals Yugi Muto's deck and mannerisms, and Jaden must duel him to win it back.
S01:E19 - The King of Copycats, Part 2
Jaden continues his duel against the copycat duelist, trying his best to defeat the legendary and powerful deck that was used by the King of Games.
S01:E20 - The Maiden in Love
When a love-struck girl sneaks into the boys' dorm, Jaden challenges her to a duel to find out exactly why she's there and what she wants.
S01:E21 - The Duel Off, Part 1
To decide who will be Duel Academy's representative at the high stakes School Duel with North Academy, Jaden and Bastion must battle it out.
S01:E22 - The Duel Off, Part 2
Jaden and Bastion continue their duel to see who will win the honor of representing Duel Academy at the School Duel.
S01:E23 - The Little Belowski
Not being able to stomach the thought of Jaden representing Duel Academy at the School Duel, Doctor Crowler arranges a duel where if Jaden loses, he'll end up in a lazy daze forever.
S01:E24 - The New Chazz
When Chazz ends up shipwrecked at sea, he suddenly finds himself at the doors of North Academy and in a fifty-man duel gauntlet to prove his worth.
S01:E25 - The School Duel, Part 1
It's Jaden versus Chazz at the School Duel, and with Chazz's brothers in attendance ordering him to win or else, the stakes have never been higher.
S01:E26 - The School Duel, Part 2
Freedom is on the line as Jaden and Chazz continue to duel it out for school and personal pride.
S01:E27 - Grave Risk, Part 1
When Jaden and the gang get trapped in an ancient world, it's up to Jaden to win a duel or be buried alive with the rest of his friends!
S01:E28 - Grave Risk, Part 2
Jaden continues to battle in the duel of his life to save his friends and the chance to make it back to his world.
S01:E29 - Doomsday Day, Part 1
When the Shadow Riders descend upon Duel Academy to unleash the three Sacred Beast Cards, Jaden's up first to defend the school.
S01:E30 - Doomsday Day, Part 2
Jaden continues his duel against the Shadow Rider known as Nightshroud, who has extra mysteries of his own!
S01:E31 - Field of Screams, Part 1
A vampiress named Camula is the second Shadow Rider to arrive at Duel Academy, but she's not there to suck blood, she's there to suck up souls!
S01:E32 - Field of Screams, Part 2
Camula continues to wreak havoc at Duel Academy, this time setting her sights on Zane.
S01:E33 - Field of Screams, Part 3
Jaden steps up to confront Camula with the souls of Dr. Crowler and Zane at stake.
S01:E34 - The Fear Factor
Jaden and the gang get sucked into a strange vortex where a duelist who bears a striking resemblance to Kaiba forces Jaden to face his worst fears or be overcome by them!
S01:E35 - Sibling Rivalry
Chazz's brothers have come back to Duel Academy for revenge, forcing Chazz to face them in a duel where if he loses, the deed to Duel Academy will be passed to them!
S01:E36 - Duel Distractions, Part 1
The third Shadow Rider arrives and uses all her feminine wiles and charms to distract Bastion.
S01:E37 - Duel Distractions, Part 2
Jaden must duel Tania to snap Bastion out of a lovestruck stupor and keep the Shadow Riders from winning another Spirit Key!
S01:E38 - Get Yarr Game On!
A pirate challenges Jaden to a duel where if he loses, he'll be forced to become the first mate of a new Duel Academy at the bottom of the ocean!
S01:E39 - The Dark Scorpions
n a desperate bid for the remaining Spirit Keys, a unit of the Shadow Riders called the Dark Scorpions steal them... but they end up having to face Chazz in a duel to unlock their magical powers.
S01:E40 - A Lying Legend
The fifth Shadow Rider is unleashed upon Duel Academy, and with an undefeated dueling record and a legendary reputation, he's the most powerful one yet…or is he?
S01:E41 - A Reason to Win
Titan the Shadow Duelist persuades Alexis to duel him to by promising to return her brother's memory is she wins… but if she loses, she'll be the one in need of rescue!
S01:E42 - Duel Monsters Spirit Day
It's Duel Monsters Spirit Day at the Academy, but when someone who looks remarkably like Dark Magician Girl shows up for the annual Costume Duel, Syrus goes gaga.
S01:E43 - Hearts Are Wild
A mysterious Gambler shows up at Duel Academy, and he's bent on dueling Alexis to prove his skills and his… love?
S01:E44 - The Seventh Shadow Rider
When Jaden and the gang go searching for Professor Banner, they find the seventh Shadow Rider instead, and he's even more dangerous than they ever feared.
S01:E45 - Amnael's Endgame, Part 1
Jaden must face Amnael, the seventh Shadow Rider, in a match that will decide not only his fate but the fa te of all his friends!
S01:E46 - Amnael's Endgame, Part 2
Upon learning that the seventh Shadow Rider is really Professor B anner, Jaden must rise to a whole new level of dueling expertise to win the high stakes match.
S01:E47 - Chazz-Anova
Chazz a rranges a duel with Alexis so that he can prove his love to her, but Alexis has other ideas.
S01:E48 - Rise of the Sacred Beasts, Part 1
Kagemaru, the leader of the Shadow Riders, descends on Duel Academy and demands a duel with Jaden so that he can raise the Sacred Beasts and win the power to rule the world!
S01:E49 - Rise of the Sacred Beasts, Part 2
Kagemaru and Jaden duel each other with all their might as the fate of the world and Duel Monsters spirits everywhere hang in the balance!
S01:E50 - Magna Chum Laude
When Chumley is accepted into Industrial Illusions's card design program, he must beat Dr. Crowler in a duel to win his consent!
S01:E51 - The Graduation Match, Part 1
Zane picks Jaden as his opponent at the prestigious Graduation Match, giving Jaden the chance to avenge his earlier loss.
S01:E52 - The Graduation Match, Part 2
Zane and Jaden battle it out in the last duel of the school year, settling once and for all who truly is the Academy's best duelist.
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Nike Wmns Pro 3 Shorts - Black/Pink
The Nike Tempo 3" Kids' Running Shorts feature Dri-FIT microfiber fabric to wick moisture away from the skin. Tapered mesh side insets deliver ventilation and ideal range of motion. Elastic waistband with internal drawcord provides easy adjustment. Internal card/key pocket keeps important items close and secure. Built-in briefs offer superior comfort and support. Curving lines and a low-rise design show off a new modern look. 100% polyester.


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Possible Duplicate:
focussed or focused? The double consonant
Sometimes, final consonants are doubled when adding -ed or -ing to the end of a verb whose penultimate letter is a vowel.
- stop → stopping
- grab → grabbing
- mar → marring
- run → running
But sometimes, the consonant is not doubled.
- label → labeling
- madden → maddening
- book → booking
Is there any way to tell whether it will be necessary to double the letter in a generic way, or is this another case of English's general rule of "you must memorize all cases separately"?
I think this also relates to pluralizing nouns in some cases, although an example escapes me at the moment.


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For 85 years, James Hook & Co. has delivered the best live lobsters, lobster dinners and fresh seafood shipped from the cold waters of the North Atlantic Ocean direct to your dinner table the next day. Certainly many things have changed since 1925, but one thing that hasn't changed is our commitment and dedication to bringing quality lobster and seafood products to both the wholesale and retail markets. The next time you visit Boston's historic waterfront, we hope you'll stop by our retail showroom for a visit and a chance to experience another one of Boston's treasures...James Hook & Co.
© TripAdvisor 2020
© Yelp 2020


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JACKSONVILLE, Fla. – Residents in Arlington are reacting to a SWAT Standoff that ended peacefully on Saturday night.
Police said they were called to a home on Tidewater Circle over an incident that began during a domestic dispute.
According to authorities, a man threatened his wife with a gun.
Police have not released the identity of the man.
Neighbors said their neighborhood is usually quiet, and the man keeps to himself.
"Well, we've lived here over 20 years and they've been here quite a while and we've never had a problem like that, so it's probably just an isolated incident," said Deborah Plant. "He's been a good neighbor. He's been concerned about us and he always came over to see if we were OK."
Neighbors said they were surprised by how patient the police were during the situation.
According to residents, authorities politely asked couple to come out of the home, but later had to fire tear gas inside.


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The best gifts New Zealand has to offer.
You can now buy the best of The Garden Party products on line, from the comfort of your own home. We have put together a comprehensive range of our tried and true best sellers. We will gift wrap and card your gift and send either to you or straight to the lucky recipient.
We have a store in Ponsonby Auckland and we specialise in unique and beautiful gifts made in New Zealand. We hope by offering the option of online shopping, we will make it even easier for customers to keep track of our rapidly-changing stock.
The website features our best-selling, (mostly) New Zealand made ranges. After all, we want to help and promote our local designers, artists and crafts people, as it is their work that makes The Garden Party an interesting and eclectic place to shop. But we have also included some non-New Zealand products: tried and true favourites that The Garden Party staff and our customers have enjoyed using or gifting to people.
The original Garden Party shop opened in Ponsonby, Auckland in 1994. The idea came about when locals Pam Lim and her sister, Diana Firth, wanted to find somewhere to sell their hand-painted pottery plates. Pam called her daughter Anna, who was in India at the time, and suggested they start up a ceramics shop.
Anna came home, and the mother and daughter team found an old villa on Ponsonby Road and renovated it into a stunning shop with a courtyard garden.
Although, the original idea of The Garden Party had been to sell only the hand-painted plates, it quickly grew to sell all sorts of unusual and beautiful objects. Lots of local artisans and crafts people bought their products to the shop to sell.
It grew into a shop specializing in and championing New Zealand designed products. We want the shop to be entertaining. We love it when we hear the customers giggling at our stock. We're always getting in new products and changing, so it's different every time customers come in.
We have always tried unusual products. We even had a beautiful hand decorated coffin for sale in the shop once. We hand painted the plates in the back room and after a few cramped years of doing this the ceramics were turning out to be extremely popular and we needed more space, so we moved the shop next door, losing the garden, but gaining enough space for a shop and a small ceramics factory.
After a few years The Garden Party Factory became big enough to become an entity in its own right and is now located on beautiful Waiheke Island and supplies shops nationally and internationally.
We have moved across the road from our original site. After 25 years we thought it was time for a fresh new change. We are now in a new, bright shop at 130 Ponsonby Rd, near Icebreaker.
We are passionate about NZ made and designed products and try to support local talent. The Garden Party is well known in Auckland and attracts publicity from local, international and social media. Our products are often featured in local publications and on television.
However, in our quest for a truly eclectic mix, we also scour the world to find unusual products to compliment the local stock. Please come in, explore, enjoy and have fun in our shop and on our website. And remember contact us if you have any questions. We can arrange to have whatever sent to wherever. Just sing out, we are here to help.