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SAMJ: South African Medical Journal
On-line version ISSN 2078-5135
Print version ISSN 0256-9574
SAMJ, S. Afr. med. j. vol.101 n.11 Cape Town Nov. 2011
Supporting registration of child-focused clinical trials in Africa: the child strategy project
Child-focused health care workers are compelled to prescribe medicines that lack adequate dosage guidelines for children, as dosing is often derived from data extrapolated from adult studies.1-3 Given that the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of treatments are often unknown for children, and that effectiveness may vary according to age, developmental stage and body size, there is an urgent need to study diagnostic and therapeutic interventions in children to increase the evidence base.4-7 A 2005 report of African HIV trial activity identified 77 randomised controlled HIV/AIDS trials prior to 2004.8 Analysis revealed poor representation of children and adolescents.9 Currently there is no database dedicated to collating child-focused clinical research for the African continent. Our aim is to summarise evolving efforts for such a resource.
Before the launch of the Pan African Clinical Trials Registry (PACTR) (www.pactr.org) in September 2009, there was no concerted effort among African nations to collect and monitor information on trial activity in any formalised and cohesive manner. The PACTR was developed in response to this need and aims to increase clinical trial registration in Africa through its user-friendly open-access repository. PACTR is currently the only African member of the World Health Organization (WHO)'s Network of Primary Registries. This expanding initiative provides data to the International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP), thereby increasing visibility of African clinical trials.10,11
Combining the lack of trial registration repositories in Africa with the paucity of research globally on interventions and medications for children,12,13 there is clearly a need to develop a better understanding of the clinical trial landscape in the region, especially for infants and children. In October 2009, the PACTR initiated the Africa-region Child Strategy, partnering with the WHO and complementing its ongoing activities.
In December 2009, the Child Strategy was formally launched as a sub-project of the PACTR (www.pactr.org). The Strategy's objectives include developing an awareness of the global and continental need to register and conduct paediatric clinical trial research within the region, encouraging trials in the region to include children as participants, and increasing the number of registered trials enrolling children in Africa. Presentations at relevant conferences and agenda-setting meetings have increased awareness of these activities.14,15
The registry staff developed a database of child-focused stakeholders in Africa aiming to facilitate networking of researchers, funders, institutions, non-profit organisations, development agencies and policymakers. The main purpose is to increase collaboration and information sharing through regular communication and future collaborative meetings. The Child Strategy's dedicated Special Interest Group advises on the development of the research network and focused advocacy activities.
Trialists are encouraged to register in the first WHO-endorsed primary registry on the African continent, thus helping to fill in gaps about knowledge of African trial activity. The initiative continues to look for opportunities to disseminate these important activities further and looks to readers, and stakeholders, to inform us of venues through which this can be done. We welcome input. Those interested in becoming involved in the Child Strategy or seeking more information about the PACTR or the Child Strategy should visit the registry website www.pactr.org.
Conflicts of interest. We are members of the Africa-region Child Strategy Special Interest Group. Involvement in this group is voluntary and no payment is received in exchange for time committed to the project. No additional benefits are provided to group members.
Authors' contributions. AA and NO drafted the first draft of this document. All others contributed significantly to the re-writing and editing of the piece.
Role of funding source. Funding for the original Child Strategy development was granted through the World Health Organization, but the formal grant requirements and activities came to a close at the end of November 2010. No funding or money was provided to the authors in exchange for their time working on this project or editorial.
Amber L Abrams, Newton Opiyo, Mark Cotton, Siobhan Crowley, Joseph Okebe, Charles Shey Wiysonge
Members of the Africa-region Child Strategy Special Interest Group
1. Choonara I. Clinical trials of medicines in children: US experience shows how to ensure that treatment of children is evidence based. BMJ 2000;321:1093-1094. [ Links ]
2. Conroy S, Choonara I, Impicciatore P, et al. Survey of unlicensed and off label drug use in paediatric wards in European countries. European Network for Drug Investigation in Children. BMJ 2000;320:79-82. [ Links ]
3. Schriener M, Greeley W. Pediatric clinical trials: shall we take a lead? Anesth Analg 2002;94:1-3. [ Links ]
4. Kurz R, Gill D. Practical and ethical issues in paediatric clinical trials. Applied Clinical Trials Online. 2003. http://www.springerlink.com/content/rkrx8u0432tfag36/ (accessed 26 May 2010). [ Links ]
5. Assael B. Therapuetic orphans: European perspective. Pediatrics 1999;104:591-592. [ Links ]
6. Klassen T, Hartling L, Craig J, Offringa M. Children are not just small adults: the urgent need for high quality trial evidence in children. PLoS Med 2008;5(8):1180-1182. [ Links ]
7. Smyth R, Weindling M. Research in children: ethical and scientific aspects. Lancet 1999;354(suppl II):21-24. [ Links ]
8. Siegfried N, Clarke M, Volmink J. Randomised controlled trials in Africa of HIV and AIDS: descriptive study and spatial distribution. BMJ 2005;331(7519):742. [ Links ]
9. Naranbhai V, Karim QA. HIV prevention and treatment research in sub-Saharan Africa: where are the adolescents? AIDS 2006;20(7):1090-1091. [ Links ]
10. Abrams A, Siegfried N. The Pan African Clinical Trials Registry: year one data analysis of the only African member of the World Health Organization Network of Primary Registries. JEBM 2010;3:195-200. [ Links ]
11. Abrams A, Siegfried N. Growing every day: The Pan African Clinical Trials Registry. Journal of Evidence Based Medicine 2011 (in press). [ Links ]
12. Tan E, Cranswick N, Rayner C, Chapman C. Dosing information for paediatric patients: are they really 'therapeutic orphans'? Med J Aust 2003;179:195-198. [ Links ]
13. Greener M. Bitter medicine: new regulations aim to address the dearth of clinical safety trials for drugs used in children. Science and Society 2008;9:505-508. [ Links ]
14. Abrams A, Siegfried N. The Child Strategy: The Pan African Clinical Trial Registry efforts, in collaboration with the World Health Organization, to paint a more precise picture of the landscape of clinical trials recruiting children. Cochrane and Campbell Joint Colloquium; Keyston, Colorado (USA): Wiley, 2010. [ Links ]
15. Abrams A, Siegfried N, eds. The Pan African Clinical Trials Registry (www.pactr.org): How can we help you? Presented at the International Pediatric Association (I-CATCH Workshop), 6 August 2010, Johannesburg. [ Links ]
Corresponding author: A L Abrams (email@example.com)


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Welcome to WholesaleNow.com!
We have been in business since 1981 with an internet presence since 1997. For over 35 years, we have built a reputation for the finest customer service on fireplaces, gas logs, and gas grills at low wholesale prices! You will find a large selection of high value fireplaces, gas grills, gas logs, and all of the accessories.
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Christina Aguilera Gets Purple Streaks
A new season of 'The Voice' means a new look for the show's sole female coach and resident looker Christina Aguilera. The singer debuted purple streaks in her platinum blond hair during the press junket for the smash hit NBC show, which returns for a third season in September.
Aguilera, looking a bit too baked thanks to an overdose of orange-y bronzer, wove lavender and purple streaks into her signature white blond locks. The streaks look amazing on her, giving her an almost dip-dyed, ombre look.
They're either clip in or braided extensions, but we hope she keeps them, since they fit the edgy, leather and black outfit she wore while meeting with the media to promote Season 3 of the singing show.
With her rivals Mariah Carey and Britney Spears joining competing shows, as well as Demi Lovato (who is a newborn cub compared to powerhouse veterans like Mariah/Brit/Xtina), Aguilera needs to look her best at all times. We think she started off on the right foot with this look!
Let's see more of this style, Xtina!
Watch the Christina Aguilera 'Beautiful' Video


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- Description
DetailsThe Heritage collection by Richard Burbidge has been designed with quality, durability and safety in mind.
Thanks to its classic style, Heritage will look superb in any setting. All components are made from the finest white oak timber.
This post-to-post newel is also available in the over-the-post (continuous handrail) system.
Newels and spindles are also available in a smaller size of 95mm.
- 115mm Turned Heritage white oak newel post
- Hampton profile
- Size: 115 x 115 x 825mm
- For use on post-to-post intermediate quarter and half turn landings
- Pack qty 1
- Post to Post
- 4 week lead time on Heritage (this excludes Heritage 95mm Newel /46mm Spindle ranges. These have a 2-3 day delivery)


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BiomechanicsCarret icon
(3 cr.) This course focuses on the advanced study of human movement, concentrating on the principles of mechanics they relate to the human body. Areas of athletic injury, pathology, sport performance, occupational risks, injury prevention, and rehabilitation are addressed. Projects are designed not only to achieve scientific insights into biomechanical problems but also to train students in state-of-the-art interdisciplinary research procedures. Kinematic and kinetic analyses are conducted. Prerequisite: BIO 211,, BIO 212 or permission of instructor. Every Year, Fall and Spring
Section 01
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- Stephen Straub
- Days
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- 11:00 am - 12:15 pm
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- Echlin Center Room 207


text:
Thank you for our friendship
For it means so much to me,
Your compassion and understanding
And loving ways you share so free.
Thank you for being there for me
When I needed someone that cared,
And thank you for your prayers
For the times together we shared.
Thank you for our friendship
For it's something even money can't buy,
Thank you for holding me tightly
When there was a need I had to cry.
Thank you for always smiling
When I couldn't smile at all,
And thank you for boosting my ego
For the times I felt so small.
I thank God for our friendship
So this message to you I send,
May God bless and always watch over you
And may you always remain my friend.
FRIENDSHIP, whether it is between people, lovers, former lovers, siblings, people and animals or other, is the most outstandingly valuable relationship we possess. To know that there is another on this earth who loves us so much, that they willingly put themselves in second place in a loving gesture to make sure that we are blissful, is a gift which is incomparable. This diminutive poem is for my friend Kimmy, who has been my sister in Christ for what seems like an entire lifetime. Our friendship is amazingly special and tremendously unique, why? because from the very first time I've known her I feel the guiding spirit between us. I just hope and pray… and I declare by the Holy Blood of Jesus Christ that we'll continue our friendship in heaven. I am always here for you sweetie and I will always treasure you forever!
P.S: I can't sleep so I made this poem for Kimmy.
video: credit to the owner


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ORILLIA, Ont. - New information has led the Ontario provincial police to deem their probe of a fatal mall roof collapse in Elliot Lake a criminal investigation.
Two women were killed on June 23 when the roof of the Algo Centre Mall caved in and plummeted two floors down into the building.
The provincial police force was assisting the Ontario Chief Coroner's office in its investigation into the deaths of Doloris Perizzolo, 74, and Lucie Aylwin, 37, but "as a result of information obtained," the police said Tuesday they are now also looking into the collapse as a criminal investigation.
Ontario Premier Dalton McGuinty announced a public inquiry into the mall collapse Friday following public outcry about why search-and-rescue efforts were called off two days after the accident, only to be restarted hours later after an appeal from McGuinty.
Residents have since complained that the mall was in shabby condition before the cave-in and have questioned the speed at which rescuers tried to reach those trapped in the rubble.
The Ministry of Labour is also conducting an investigation, but has said its probe will not look into the cause of the collapse.
The ministry paid six visits to the mall over the last three years, the latest one being in January when it received a complaint about a leak in the rooftop parking garage.
The inspector went to the site and found it covered in snow, making it difficult to determine the origin of any leaks, a spokesman for Ontario Labour Minister Linda Jeffrey has said. The inspector found no health and safety violations and no orders were issued.
Perizzolo is set to be buried Wednesday at Woodlands Cemetery, located steps away from the waters of Elliot Lake in the western part of the city.
Note to readers: This is a corrected story. An earlier version had an incorrect age for Perizzolo.


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Stanley Trumpet Voluntary (Opus 6 No.5) for 2 Cellos & Piano
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Stanley's Trumpet Volunary arranged for a pair of Cellos & Piano.
Stanley, who was blind from an early age, studied music with Maurice Greene and held a number of organist appointments in London, such as St Andrew's, Holborn from 1726. He was a friend of George Frideric Handel, and following Handel's death, Stanley joined first with John Christopher Smith and later with Thomas Linley to continue the series of oratorio concerts Handel had established, and succeeded him as a governor of the Foundling Hospital (continuing his tradition of performing "Messiah" for them).
In 1779, Stanley succeeded William Boyce as Master of the King's Musick.
Stanley's works include the opera Teraminta, the dramatic cantata The Choice of Hercules, twelve other cantatas with texts by John Hawkins, the oratorios Jephtha, The Fall of Egypt and Zimri, and instrumental music, notably three volumes of Voluntaries for organ (1748, 1752, and 1754). Nearly all of the voluntaries feature a short, slow introduction followed by either a solo-stop movement (such as the so called trumpet voluntaries) or a fugue. Some of the former have been arranged in modern times for string chamber orchestra and trumpet.
Opus 1 Eight Solos for Flute and Continuo (1740) Opus 2 Six Concertos for strings (or organ & strings or flute & continuo) (1742/1745) Opus 3 Six Cantatas (1742) Opus 4 Six Solos for Flute and Continuo (1745) Opus 5 Ten Voluntaries for Organ (1748) Opus 6 Ten Voluntaries for Organ (1752) Opus 7 Ten Voluntaries for Organ (1754) Opus 8 Six Cantatas (1751) Opus 9 Three Cantatas (1751) Opus 10 Six Concertos for Organ or Harpsichord solo (1775)
For anything not permitted by the above licence then you should contact the publisher first to obtain permission.
Reviews of Stanley Trumpet Voluntary (Opus 6 No.5) for 2 Cellos & Piano
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The Auditor-General for New South Wales, Margaret Crawford, released her report today on the results of the financial audits of agencies in the Education cluster. The report focuses on key observations and findings from the most recent financial audits of these agencies. 'I am pleased to report that unqualified audit opinions were issued on the financial statements of both agencies in the Education cluster', the Auditor-General said. Statements were subm
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The urban renewal projects on former railway land in the Newcastle city centre are well targeted to support the objectives of the Newcastle Urban Transformation and Transport Program (the Program), according to a report released today by the Auditor-General for New South Wales, Margaret Crawford. The planned uses of the former railway land achieve a balance between the economic and social objectives of the Program at a reasonable cost to the government.
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New Evidence Finds Jewish Support for Pope Pius XII
Researcher points to magazine articles from the 1930s and other examples as proof.
DENVER (CNA) — An expert on Pope Pius XII says new discoveries show that the Jewish community strongly supported the Holy Father for his stand against anti-Semitism and support for Jewish rights during World War II.
Researcher William Doino outlined evidence that he says makes it clear the late Pope "wanted to break down walls of anti-Jewish prejudice, not erect them."
Doino shared his findings exclusively with CNA, pointing to magazine articles from the 1930s that feature Jewish-American veterans lauding Pius XII for his deep respect for the Jewish community and their customs.
In April of 1939, just one month after Cardinal Eugenio Pacelli was elected Pope, the U.S. Jewish Veteran magazine called the new Pope's leadership "a source of great satisfaction to Jews."
"Pope Pius XII is known as a staunch friend of Jews," the veterans wrote, noting the success of his election despite the attempts by anti-Semitic Fascists to prevent it.
The March 1939 issue of the magazine also expressed the community's "fervent hope" that Pius XII would "have a long and successful reign; that he will fill the spiritual vacuum left by the decease of his predecessor, and that he too will be sanctified by the love of his fellow men."
Doino, who has contributed extensively to an anthology titled The Pius War: Responses to the Critics of Pius XII (Lexington Books), said it has long been documented that Pius XII strongly opposed Fascism and Nazism and "abhorred anti-Semitism."
However, he said, "research in the last decade has revealed more."
"Pacelli not only opposed racism and totalitarianism, but showed an express sympathy for the Jewish faith and practice."
One example of this is how the late Pope made it a point to have kosher food prepared for Jewish guests at the Vatican "way back in the 1930s, when Catholic-Jewish relations were not nearly as developed as they are today."
Doino said that the Jewish Veteran articles are not unique and that many other Jewish publications offered comparable praise for Pius XII "before and during his papacy, and especially after his death."
In July of 1944, shortly after the liberation of Rome, the American Jewish Congress publicly praised the Vatican for providing kosher food for Jews who were being sheltered in Catholic institutions during the German occupation of Rome.
Doino said that these findings should not surprise people since then-Cardinal Pacelli had intervened to block an anti-kosher law in Poland in 1938.
Had the legislation passed, it would have forbidden Jewish ritual practices and constituted a "true persecution for Jews," Pope Pius wrote at the time.
"If you examine Pacelli's life, you'll find early friendships with Jewish schoolmates; an appreciation for Jewish theology; support for the Jewish community in America, when he visited in 1936; sympathy for the Jewish people in the Holy Land, and an openness toward their yearning for a Jewish state — long before Israel was established; and an affirmation of both Jews and Judaism," Doino said.
Later in 1941, "just as the anti-Semitic persecutions were entering their worst phase," Doino said, a Jewish refugee visited the Vatican and begged the Pope to intervene for his persecuted brethren who had been shipwrecked and imprisoned on a Fascist-controlled island.
Not only did Pius XII promise the young man his support, but said before a large audience that he was just as worthy as every other human being, and encouraged him to "always be proud to be a Jew."
"The refugee was so moved by this encounter that he later wrote an unforgettable first-person narrative about it for the Palestine Post," Doino recounted.
Later that same year, Pius XII published his first encyclical, Summi Pontificatus, which "condemned the evils of racism and totalitarianism, and similarly stressed the unity of mankind, expressing solidarity with non-Catholics as well," the expert recalled.
Doino's research surfaces just after the Israeli ambassador to the Vatican, Mordechai Lewy, aroused controversy in Israel and abroad by praising Pius XII for helping save Jews during the Holocaust.
In the wake of criticism from Jewish groups, the ambassador said on June 27 — days after his positive comments about the Pope — that his words were historically "premature."
However, Doino expressed support for Ambassador Lewy and welcomed his remarks as an occasion for renewed dialogue on the issue.
He also said that he is looking forward to the public release of the Vatican's remaining wartime archives.
Doino referenced "significant leads and discoveries" from "at least half a dozen top-flight Pius XII specialists who are engaged in historical research revealing Pius XII's active support for the Jewish community, both before and after he became Pope.
"The idea that he was a self-enclosed Catholic leader, insensitive to Jewish concerns, is pure myth — an image that is thankfully being reversed by modern scholarship."


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Patos (Durango, Mexico)
Patos, an Old Colony Mennonite settlement consisting of 3,000 persons in 1950, is established in the state of Durango, Mexico, about 75 miles north and west of the capital. Patos is the Mexican town that serves as the post office, trading center, and railroad station for the more than sixteen villages that comprise the Mennonite settlement. Mennonites do not live in the town, but in agricultural villages within driving distance of this town. It is of historical interest that originally all of the Old Colony Mennonites now in Mexico had planned to settle in the state of Durango. Land bought there by the large settlement now in the state of Chihuahua was later exchanged for land in Chihuahua before the settlers actually arrived. The Durango Colony is about 500 miles south of the larger settlements of Chihuahua.
|J. Winfield Fretz
|Date Published
Cite This Article
MLA style
Fretz, J. Winfield. "Patos (Durango, Mexico)." Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. 1959. Web. 30 Sep 2020. https://gameo.org/index.php?title=Patos_(Durango,_Mexico)&oldid=76875.
APA style
Fretz, J. Winfield. (1959). Patos (Durango, Mexico). Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. Retrieved 30 September 2020, from https://gameo.org/index.php?title=Patos_(Durango,_Mexico)&oldid=76875.
Adapted by permission of Herald Press, Harrisonburg, Virginia, from Mennonite Encyclopedia, Vol. 4, p. 124. All rights reserved.
©1996-2020 by the Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. All rights reserved.


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by Martin Walker ‧ RELEASE DATE: Aug. 30, 2011
A paean to the truffle.
When Hercule Vendrot is murdered while hunting truffles in the Dordogne, his death comes under the purview of his friend and fellow enthusiast of the melanosporum (black diamond truffle) Bruno Courreges. Vendrot had warned Bruno, Chief of Police of the village of St. Denis, that there were shenanigans going on in the Ste. Alvere truffle market. The troubles had escalated from price-fixing to the ransacking of a Vietnamese stall, the firebombing of a Chinese restaurant and full-scale Asian warfare, with Chinese and Vietnamese gangs battling each other for control of the valuable truffle market. Furthermore, both Guillaume Pons and his father, truffle dealers, are vying to become mayor, and the Communists, the Socialists and the Greens are taking sides to determine the outcome. More complications arise when it appears that Vendrot's past includes a stint supervising governmental torture, assassinations and upheaval during the Vietnam era. His will lists his Vietnamese daughter as one of his heirs, if only she can be found. Bruno's love life takes a turn for the worse when an English ex-pat becomes enamored of Guillaume, but he finds solace in preparing a venison casserole and creme brulee with truffles for Vendrot's wake, providing a soothing respite before he's tossed back into a mess that includes more arson, a double murder, illegals scurrying hither and yon and Vendrot's memoirs revealing Algerian treachery.The meat-and-potatoes political thriller is supplemented and upstaged by a glorious foodie's delight, from an author who knows his way around the French passions (The Dark Vineyard, 2010, etc.).
Pub Date: Aug. 30, 2011
Page Count: 320
Publisher: Knopf
Review Posted Online: July 26, 2011
Kirkus Reviews Issue: Aug. 15, 2011
Categories: GENERAL MYSTERY & DETECTIVE | MYSTERY & DETECTIVE
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by Kathy Reichs ‧ RELEASE DATE: March 17, 2020
Another sweltering month in Charlotte, another boatload of mysteries past and present for overworked, overstressed forensic anthropologist Temperance Brennan.
A week after the night she chases but fails to catch a mysterious trespasser outside her town house, some unknown party texts Tempe four images of a corpse that looks as if it's been chewed by wild hogs, because it has been. Showboat Medical Examiner Margot Heavner makes it clear that, breaking with her department's earlier practice (The Bone Collection, 2016, etc.), she has no intention of calling in Tempe as a consultant and promptly identifies the faceless body herself as that of a young Asian man. Nettled by several errors in Heavner's analysis, and even more by her willingness to share the gory details at a press conference, Tempe launches her own investigation, which is not so much off the books as against the books. Heavner isn't exactly mollified when Tempe, aided by retired police detective Skinny Slidell and a host of experts, puts a name to the dead man. But the hints of other crimes Tempe's identification uncovers, particularly crimes against children, spur her on to redouble her efforts despite the new M.E.'s splenetic outbursts. Before he died, it seems, Felix Vodyanov was linked to a passenger ferry that sank in 1994, an even earlier U.S. government project to research biological agents that could control human behavior, the hinky spiritual retreat Sparkling Waters, the dark web site DeepUnder, and the disappearances of at least four schoolchildren, two of whom have also turned up dead. And why on earth was Vodyanov carrying Tempe's own contact information? The mounting evidence of ever more and ever worse skulduggery will pull Tempe deeper and deeper down what even she sees as a rabbit hole before she confronts a ringleader implicated in "Drugs. Fraud. Breaking and entering. Arson. Kidnapping. How does attempted murder sound?"Forget about solving all these crimes; the signal triumph here is (spoiler) the heroine's survival.
Pub Date: March 17, 2020
Page Count: 352
Publisher: Scribner
Review Posted Online: Dec. 23, 2019
Kirkus Reviews Issue: Jan. 15, 2020
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by Kathy Reichs
by Attica Locke ‧ RELEASE DATE: Sept. 17, 2019
The redoubtable Locke follows up her Edgar-winning Bluebird, Bluebird (2017) with an even knottier tale of racism and deceit set in the same scruffy East Texas boondocks.
It's the 2016 holiday season, and African American Texas Ranger Darren Matthews has plenty of reasons for disquiet besides the recent election results. Chiefly there's the ongoing fallout from Darren's double murder investigation involving the Aryan Brotherhood of Texas. He and his wife are in counseling. He's become a "desk jockey" in the Rangers' Houston office while fending off suspicions from a district attorney who thinks Darren hasn't been totally upfront with him about a Brotherhood member's death. (He hasn't.) And his not-so-loving mother is holding on to evidence that could either save or crucify him with the district attorney. So maybe it's kind of a relief for Darren to head for the once-thriving coastal town of Jefferson, where the 9-year-old son of another Brotherhood member serving hard time for murdering a black man has gone missing while motorboating on a nearby lake. Then again, there isn't that much relief given the presence of short-fused white supremacists living not far from descendants of the town's original black and Native American settlers—one of whom, an elderly black man, is a suspect in the possible murder of the still-missing boy. Meanwhile, Darren's cultivating his own suspicions of chicanery involving the boy's wealthy and imperious grandmother, whose own family history is entwined with the town's antebellum past and who isn't so fazed with her grandson's disappearance that she can't have a lavish dinner party at her mansion. In addition to her gifts for tight pacing and intense lyricism, Locke shows with this installment of her Highway 59 series a facility for unraveling the tangled strands of the Southwest's cultural legacy and weaving them back together with the volatile racial politics and traumatic economic stresses of the present day. With her confident narrative hands on the wheel, this novel manages to evoke a portrait of Trump-era America—which, as someone observes of a pivotal character in the story, resembles "a toy ball tottering on a wire fence" that "could fall either way."Locke's advancement here is so bracing that you can't wait to discover what happens next along her East Texas highway.
Pub Date: Sept. 17, 2019
Page Count: 304
Publisher: Mulholland Books/Little, Brown
Review Posted Online: July 1, 2019
Kirkus Reviews Issue: July 15, 2019
Categories: GENERAL MYSTERY & DETECTIVE | MYSTERY & DETECTIVE | POLICE PROCEDURALS
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by Attica Locke
by Attica Locke
by Attica Locke
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Contemporary in-depth sequencing of environmental samples has provided novel insights into microbial community structures, revealing that their diversity had been previously underestimated. Communities in marine environments are commonly composed of a few dominant taxa and a high number of taxonomically diverse, low-abundance organisms. However, studying the roles and genomic information of these "rare" organisms remains challenging, because little is known about their ecological niches and the environmental conditions to which they respond. Given the current threat to coral reef ecosystems, we investigated the potential of corals to provide highly specialized habitats for bacterial taxa including those that are rarely detected or absent in surrounding reef waters. The analysis of more than 350,000 small subunit ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) sequence tags and almost 2,000 nearly full-length 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that rare seawater biosphere members are highly abundant or even dominant in diverse Caribbean corals. Closely related corals (in the same genus/family) harbored similar bacterial communities. At higher taxonomic levels, however, the similarities of these communities did not correlate with the phylogenetic relationships among corals, opening novel questions about the evolutionary stability of coral-microbial associations. Large proportions of OTUs (28.7–49.1%) were unique to the coral species of origin. Analysis of the most dominant ribotypes suggests that many uncovered bacterial taxa exist in coral habitats and await future exploration. Our results indicate that coral species, and by extension other animal hosts, act as specialized habitats of otherwise rare microbes in marine ecosystems. Here, deep sequencing provided insights into coral microbiota at an unparalleled resolution and revealed that corals harbor many bacterial taxa previously not known. Given that two of the coral species investigated are listed as threatened under the U.S. Endangered Species Act, our results add an important microbial diversity-based perspective to the significance of conserving coral reefs.
Citation: Sunagawa S, Woodley CM, Medina M (2010) Threatened Corals Provide Underexplored Microbial Habitats. PLoS ONE 5(3): e9554. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0009554
Editor: Stuart A. Sandin, University of California San Diego, United States of America
Received: December 17, 2009; Accepted: February 14, 2010; Published: March 5, 2010
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Public Domain declaration which stipulates that, once placed in the public domain, this work may be freely reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, built upon, or otherwise used by anyone for any lawful purpose.
Funding: This project was supported by the International Census of Marine Microbes and the W.M. Keck Foundation award to the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, MA, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Coral Reef Conservation Program, Coral Disease and Health Consortium Project 1939–2009 to C.M.W., a Sigma Xi Grant to S.S., and National Science Foundation grants IOS-0644438 and OCE-0313708 to M.M. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Microorganisms dominate the oceans' total biomass [1], phylogenetic diversity and metabolic activity. Only recently have advances in sequencing technology allowed large-scale exploration of taxonomic diversity, population structure, functional potential, and geographic distribution of marine microbes [2], [3], [4]. One of the most remarkable findings has been that diverse microbial taxa exist at very low abundances while accounting for much of the total diversity in various marine environments [3]. This "rare biosphere" stands largely unexplored, but is inherently linked to several important questions [5]. For example, it is unknown whether low-abundance microbes are restricted to particular environments or universally dispersed [6]. In theory, rare organisms may become abundant, if not dominant, in response to environmental or habitat changes, i.e., when conditions shift to become more suitable for rapid growth. However, the exact nature of these changes is yet to be determined. Therefore, the identification of environmental conditions and/or ecological habitats specialized to support rare and underexplored bacteria are critical steps toward a better understanding of the evolutionary mechanisms and ecological forces that drive the biogeography, population structure, and temporal dynamics of the marine microbial biosphere.
Coral reefs are among the most biologically diverse ecosystems in the world, but they are facing an alarming risk of further and more rapid decline [7]. Corals are sessile keystone species in tropical reef environments exposed to tidal mixing and reef water flow (ensuring high dispersal of planktonic microorganisms); thus, they represent a well-suited study system to investigate their role as specialized microbial habitats. Microbial communities in corals have been studied with regard to coral health and disease [8], [9], antimicrobial properties of coral mucus [10], [11], and their potential role in recycling organic matter within reef ecosystems [12]. It has also been hypothesized that microbial partners play important roles in the response (and potentially the adaptation) of the coral holobiont, i.e., the host organism with all its associated microbes, to environmental changes [13].
Diversity surveys using nuclear small subunit ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) gene clone library sequence data have provided evidence that communities of coral-associated bacteria appear to be host species-specific, and differ from those dominating the surrounding reef water [14], [15], [16]. One major drawback of these studies is that conventional sequencing methods are limited if the complexity and diversity of microbial community populations are to be captured beyond the most dominant taxa [17], [18], [19]. With the advent of second-generation sequencing technologies (e.g., pyrosequencing), it is now possible to detect rare taxa [3] that may serve as a reservoir of functional diversity and potentially becoming dominant when environmental conditions change [20].
In this study, over 350,000 hypervariable region 6 small subunit ribosomal RNA (V6) tag sequences and 1,960 nearly full-length 16S rRNA gene sequences were generated according to previously published protocols [18], [21]. We directly compared bacterial community members living in close association with seven Caribbean coral species and those inhabiting the surrounding seawater to test the potential of corals to provide habitats for marine bacteria. Bacterial communities were also clustered by similarity to determine whether they displayed correlations with the known phylogenetic relationships among the sampled corals. Our study included two Caribbean coral species that are listed as threatened under the U.S. Endangered Species Act to assess the magnitude of biodiversity loss if we fail to preserve imperiled coral species.
Results and Discussion
Corals Provide Habitats for Extremely Diverse Bacterial Communities Including Rare Seawater Biosphere Members
Ranking of the unique V6-tags sampled from reef water by abundance yielded a low number of dominant taxa, results similar to those previously reported for other marine environments [3], [5], [21]. More than 50% of all reads were found in 12 unique V6-tags and a large number of rare taxa accounted for most of the observed diversity (Figure 1A, Table S1). A superimposition of tags collected from the seven coral species revealed that many taxa rarely detected in the reef water were highly abundant, and in some cases represented the most dominant taxa in coral samples (Figure 1A). Furthermore, we identified more than 20,000 V6-tags that were unique to coral samples (Figure 1B). We corroborated the bacterial origin for many of these V6-tags by mapping the tag-sequences to nearly full-length 16S rRNA sequences that were generated from the same set of samples (Figure 1A and B). While we cannot discern whether our observations are a consequence of coral-associated bacteria becoming diluted in reef waters or are rare members of the water column finding suitable environments for rapid replication in coral hosts, these results demonstrate that corals provide specialized habitats for select groups of marine bacteria.
(A) Rank abundance curve for V6-tags detected in reef water superimposed with abundances found in coral samples shown as vertical colored bars. (B) Abundances of V6-tags, which were detected exclusively in corals, are shown alphabetically sorted by taxonomic classification of V6-tags (x-axis). In (A) and (B), circles denote log-scaled abundances of nearly full-length 16S rRNA gene sequences that were mapped to the respective V6-tag sequences. (C) Taxonomic composition of all samples and dendrogram of OTU abundances showing similarities between samples, which are color-coded according coral host taxonomy. Details on the taxonomic composition of each sample can be found in Table S1. Abbreviations used: Acer = Acropora cervicornis; Apal = Acropora palmata; Dstr = Diploria strigosa; Gven = Gorgonia ventalina; Mfav = Montastraea faveolata; Mfra = Montastraea franksi; Past = Porites astreoides; Reef = reef water.
Estimates of species richness may be biased by errors in pyrosequencing data [22], [23] and uneven sampling efforts [24]. Thus, we first re-sampled all sequences to a common depth based on the dataset with the lowest number of reads (15,932 tags, Table S1), and second, clustered V6-tag sequences to the 97% similarity level (OTU0.03) before comparing the species richness in each coral sample (Table 1). Our results suggest that corals potentially harbor several thousand OTUs0.03, which is largely in accordance with previous diversity estimates [15], [18]. Corals that form massive, mound-shaped colonies (Montastraea spp., Diploria strigosa, and Porites astreoides) had higher estimated diversities than the branch-forming acroporid species (Acropora spp.) and the gorgonian coral Gorgonia ventalina (Table 1). Therefore, the possibility that morphology plays a role in determining the diversity of coral microbiota becomes an intriguing hypothesis. In total, more than 8,500 OTUs0.03 were detected and assigned to 31 phyla, with up to 26 phyla per coral species. This census of bacterial taxa in corals with 1,143–2,050 OTUs0.03 detected and 2,177–4,026 OTUs0.03 predicted (Table 1) suggests an extraordinary diversity of coral-associated bacteria, which is comparable to the one recently described for sponges [25].
Previous studies using clone library sequencing and community profiling data (T-RFLP and DGGE) suggest that bacterial communities in corals are distinct from those inhabiting the surrounding seawater [14], [16]. With virtually no overlap (e.g., only 5% of ribotypes were shared between seawater and dead coral surface libraries) between coral-associated and seawater bacteria [14], and vertical transmission of bacteria seemingly absent in at least one coral species [26], one important question arises: How (and when) do corals acquire the complex microbiota commonly found in adult colonies? Compared to previous studies, our massive sequencing approach has 1) increased the depth of sampling by more than two orders of magnitude, and 2) uncovered a vast number of bacterial taxa associated with an unparalleled number of coral species interrogated for their bacterial communities. More than 4,000 V6-tags were shared in coral and seawater libraries (Figure 1A), thus a lack of sequencing depth was a likely reason for the apparent absence of overlap between coral- and seawater-associated bacteria in previous studies. The detection of rare taxa in the water column, while being dominant in corals, has also important implications for the mode of bacterial symbiont acquisition in coral hosts. Given our results, it is reasonable to hypothesize that rare seawater biosphere members act as seed organisms for coral microbiota, implying that corals could acquire species-specific bacteria from the environment without any vertical mode of transmission. The possibility to capture the presence of rare taxa will thus be extremely valuable in studying both the onset of coral-microbial associations and the spatio-temporal variability in coral-associated microbiota.
Similarities of Bacterial Communities Based on V6-Tag Abundance Profiles
Reef-building corals (Hexacorallia∶Scleractinia) are divided into two main phylogenic lineages (i.e., Short/Robust and Long/Complex clades), which are separated by approximately 240–288 million years of divergent evolution [27], [28]. We clustered V6-tag abundance profiles to ask whether a correlation exists between the bacterial community composition and the known coral host phylogeny (Figure 1C). Similarities between bacterial communities were found to partially reflect the known coral phylogeny, but also showed inconsistencies at higher taxonomic levels. For example, the most similar bacterial communities among all samples were derived from the congeneric species Acropora palmata and A. cervicornis. Furthermore, samples clustered by their clade affiliation, i.e., Montastraea faveolata, M. franksi, and Diploria strigosa (Short/Robust clade) were found in a different cluster than the more distantly related acroporid relatives (Long/Complex clade). Conversely, we found the octocoral-derived bacterial community to be inconsistent (i.e., clustering with Short/Robust clade communities) with the currently accepted phylogenetic placement of gorgonians in the anthozoan tree (i.e., outside Scleractinia). Likewise, Porites astreoides did not cluster with the acroporid species, although they belong to the same clade (Long/Complex).
Understanding of the acquisition, maintenance, and change of microbial communities in a coral host are fundamental questions in the study of coral-microbial associations. Vertical transmission of bacteria has, at least for one coral species, been excluded as a mode of symbiont acquisition [26], implying that corals may need to acquire their complex microbiota solely by environmental (horizontal) transmission throughout their lifespan. Thus, adult corals are likely to be associated with a mixed consortium of bacteria of which many may not co-evolve with their host. In fact, Littman et al. (2009) compared bacterial communities of three Indo-Pacific acroporid species at two environmentally distinct locations using DGGE, T-RFLP, and 16S RNA gene clone library sequencing, and found that samples grouped by location rather than coral species [29]. Thus, environmental factors appear to play an important role in driving coral-bacterial community composition, which is in accordance with temporal variations that had previously been reported for a Mediterranean coral species [30]. Our data did not allow for assessing inter-colonial variability, i.e., whether replicate samples from different corals would have clustered according to species. However, it is intriguing to note that an averaged, abundance-based index of community composition displayed similar profiles among closely related corals in the same genus (Acropora spp.) or family (Montastraea spp. and D. strigosa), but not at higher taxonomic levels. Thus, our results lend further support to the idea that coral-associated microbiota are similar among closely related coral species. Interestingly, coral-associated microbial communities were also found to show higher similarities in metabolic characteristics within groups of congeneric coral species (reviewed in [31]), while the topology of the clusters was found to be inconsistent with the higher clade designations of reef-building corals (e.g., the Short/Robust clade corals in the genus Diploria were grouped together with clusters of species belonging to the Long/Complex clade genera Acropora and Porites). Based on this information, corals may represent specialized habitats in which microorganisms have divergently evolved over many generations (e.g., due to the availability of nutrients specific to each coral host), but many coral-microbial associations may not be stable over long evolutionary time scales. More focused work is required in order to 1) better understand the ecological and evolutionary forces that drive coral-associated bacterial community composition, and 2) identify specific bacterial species that may be co-evolving with their hosts as has been exemplified in a number of animals including cnidarians [32], [33], [34], [35], [36].
Threatened Coral Species Host Unique and Underexplored Bacterial Taxa
We examined whether different coral species provide distinct microbial habitats by testing the null-hypothesis that OTUs were randomly present or absent in any of the 8 samples. We binned unique OTUs0.03 into the 28 ( = 256) possible permutations (e.g., V6-tags present in reef water only, tags present in reef water and M. faveolata, etc.) and found that among all possible combinations, those that represent the presence of OTUs0.03 in one particular environment only (e.g., present in reef water only, in M. faveolata only, etc.) ranked at the top 8 positions (Table 2). This result significantly deviates from a random distribution, and supports the hypothesis that coral species are likely to harbor a number of host-specific bacteria [15]. A search for the most closely related relatives to the most abundant coral-associated bacteria revealed that corals harbor many unclassified species and potentially novel genera or even higher taxonomic groups (Table 3). In the future, a sampling strategy that includes multiple individuals of the same coral species in different environments will help in 1) delineating host species-specific taxa from individual-to-individual variability, and 2) determining the role of environmental factors on the diversity and community structure of coral microbiota.
Host-associated bacterial communities can be shaped by a number of biological and physicochemical factors. For example, in humans, inter-microbial competition, pH and the activity of the immune system are all known to influence the formation of the microbiota [37], [38]. Likewise in corals, antimicrobial activity has been detected and suggested to play a role in the regulation of microbial populations [10], [11]. In addition, it is important to notice that reef-building corals live in symbiosis with photosynthetic dinoflagellates, which are responsible for strong diurnal fluctuations in pH and O2 concentrations within coral tissues [39], [40]. These parameters change along a steep gradient ranging from the coral tissue layer across a diffusive boundary layer that separates the coral tissue microenvironment from the surrounding seawater [39], [40]. We suggest that a combination of coral host immunity, inter-microbial interactions, physicochemical parameters (e.g., nutrients, pH, O2), and other factors, are likely to create adaptive landscapes that explain the ecological niche partitioning observed in this study. Furthermore, the adaptation to physico-chemically distinct microenvironments in different coral hosts over evolutionary time scales has potentially generated an untapped source of genomic innovation.
At the beginning of the 21st century, we find ourselves in an era where second-generation sequencing technologies have exposed a vast amount of undiscovered microbial diversity governing the Earth's biosphere. The high rate of discoveries ironically parallels the worldwide decline of many ecosystems, including coral reefs. Often considered as the proverbial canary in the mine for the oceans, their survival is currently at stake [7], while the ecological role and genomic makeup of the coral microbiome still remain largely unknown. Here, the application of 16S pyrotag sequencing revealed an extraordinary bacterial diversity in reef-building coral species, and provided first insights into the link between coral host communities and rare seawater biosphere members. Inconsistencies in the correlation between bacterial community composition and coral host phylogenies emphasized the need to better understand the ecological and evolutionary forces that determine the structure and composition of coral microbiota. The application of massively-parallel tag sequencing, along with hybridization-based methods [18] and metagenomics studies [9], [41], [42], represents a promising tool to complement established methods in rapidly advancing our knowledge about the ecological role, population structure, and dynamics of microbial communities in healthy vs. stressed/diseased states of corals [43].
Our study included two coral species, Acropora palmata and A. cervicornis, that once represented the most abundant species in Caribbean coral reefs, but are now listed as threatened under the U. S. Endangered Species Act. Given that our results are based on only a handful of coral species, it is reasonable to predict that future sequencing of coral- and other host-associated microbiota is likely to uncover a wealth of yet unknown genetic and functional diversity. Thus, our findings substantiate the justification [44] and highlight the importance of conserving coral reefs as an underexplored ecosystem from a microbial diversity-based perspective.
Materials and Methods
Ethics Statement
Experimental research followed internationally recognized guidelines according to CITES (the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) permit numbers: SEX/A-26-08 and SE/A-13-08. No ethical approval was required for any of the experimental research described here.
Sample Collection and Isolation of Nucleic Acids
On the 26th and 27th of March 2008, replicate samples (N = 5) from seven Caribbean coral species (depth range: 1.5–5.5 m) were collected together with a reef water sample at "Crawl Cay" reef near Bocas del Toro in Panamá (9°15′N; 82°07′W) by SCUBA using a hammer and chisel. All collected coral fragments (size: 1–4 cm2) were placed in plastic bags, rinsed with 0.22 µm filtered seawater, and flash frozen in a dry shipper within less than one hour after collection. The reference water sample was collected (depth: ∼1 m) at the Crawl Cay buoy using a 5 L plastic bottle and filtered using a 0.22 µm Sterivex™ filter unit (Millipore), which was immediately flash frozen after filtration. At UC Merced, the coral fragments were homogenized on dry ice using a mortar and pestle and the frozen filter cut into smaller pieces (∼25 mm2). Approximately 50 mg of the resulting coral powder or the frozen filter pieces were used to extract DNA using the PowerPlant DNA extraction kit (MoBio Laboratories, Carlsbad, CA, USA). To increase the yield and quality of DNA preparations, we modified the manufacturer's instructions by: 1) adding 0.19 µL lysozyme (Epicentre; final: 10 U µL−1) to the Bead Solution/sample mixture, followed by an incubation of 10 min at room temperature, 2) adding 25 µL proteinase K (Invitrogen; final: ∼0.8 mg mL−1) to the lysozyme-treated mixture, followed by an incubation for 60 min at 65°C, and 3) adding 400 mg of each 0.1 and 0.5 mm zirconia/silica beads before samples were homogenized for 30 s using a Mini-BeadBeater-8 (Biospec Products, Inc., Bartlesville, OK, USA) instead of a Vortex Adapter (MoBio).
V6-Tag and Nearly Full-Length Sequence Generation
The amplification of V6-tag amplicons from total DNA of coral samples required optimizations of previously published methods [3], [21]. After pooling replicate DNA extractions of each sample/species, we used Platinum High-Fidelity Taq Polymerase (Invitrogen) in combination with Buffer G (Epicentre), 50 ng of template DNA and keyed primers [21] in triplicate 30 µL PCR reactions and ran the following cycling conditions: [94°C–2′, (94°C–30″, 56°C–30″, 68°C–30″)×30, 68°C–2′]. The triplicate reactions were pooled and amplicons purified (Qiagen), before they were run out on a 2% agarose gel, excised (Qiagen), and purified to remove non-specific amplification products. Samples were sent to the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, MA, for pyrosequencing. The resulting data were processed in February 2009 according to previously published methods [3], [21]. V6-tag sequences have been deposited in the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) Short Read Archive (SRA) under the project number SRP001172 and are publicly available from the Visualization and Analysis of Microbial Population Structure (VAMPS) database at http://vamps.mbl.edu.
In addition to V6-tag amplicons, nearly full-length 16S rRNA gene amplicons were generated from each sample and clone libraries generated following standard methods [18]. Transformed clone library stocks were sequenced by Agencourt Bioscience.
Sequence Data Processing, Clustering, and Diversity Estimates
Chromatograms of nearly full-length 16S rRNA gene sequences were assembled, trimmed, quality-checked, and chimeric sequences removed as previously described [18]. The resulting sequences were classified using two different software pipelines (STAP [45] and RDP [46]), which were identical in their outcome regarding the identification of chloroplast-derived sequences (data not shown). All nearly full-length 16S rRNA gene sequences were deposited to the DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank databases under accession numbers: GU117926-GU119887.
Unique V6-tag sequences and their abundance data for each sample were downloaded from the VAMPS database. A local MySQL database was updated, and queried at different stages of the analysis to obtain general statistics or data matrices for further analyses. After downloading the processed sequence data, misclassified (as Firmicutes) chloroplast-derived V6-tags were identified by mapping all tags to nearly full-length sequences and subsequently removed. The rank abundance curve for tags detected in seawater was plotted and superimposed with tags present in coral samples using functions in R. V6-tags that were detected in clone library-derived 16S rRNA gene sequences were identified as described above and their quantities visualized in Figure 1A and B.
In order to account for uneven sampling efforts, V6-tags were re-sampled to a common total of 15,932, i.e., the number of unique sequences in the sample with the lowest number of sampled tags, using Daisy_chopper (v1.0) [24]. Re-sampled sequences were aligned and a pair-wise distance matrix calculated with the software programs MUSCLE [47] and quickdist [3], [48]. V6-tags were clustered into operational taxonomic units at the 97% similarity level (OTU0.03) and Chao1 nonparametric richness estimates calculated using the program DOTUR [49].
Sample Clustering and Distribution of OTUs0.03
Determining the similarities of bacterial communities based on V6-tags using phylogenetic methods [50] was not feasible since many tags had no significant match to any sequence in the complete Greengenes [51] (45%; release November 2008) or Silva [52] databases (31%; release 100). Thus, we clustered V6-tags based on OTU0.03 data using Bray-Curtis distances and inferred a dendrogram with the unweighted pair-group average algorithm (UPGMA) as implemented in the NEIGHBOR program of the PHYLIP package [53]. The taxonomic composition of samples are based on the V6-tag classifications provided by the VAMPS database and were visualized using iTOL [54]. For the distribution of OTUs0.03 among all samples, we assigned one of 256 ( = 28) possible combinations of presence or absence to each OTU0.03, and ranked the combinations by OTU abundance.
Similarity Searches of Most Abundant 16S rRNA Sequences
For similarity searches of 16S rRNA gene sequences, all sequences within each sample were aligned using NAST [55], a distance matrix calculated using the DNADIST tool of the PHYLIP package through the Greengenes website [51], and clustered to the 97% similarity level as described above. The best cluster representative was identified based on sequence length and average quality values. A BLASTn (megablast) search was performed against the GenBank nucleotide database to identify the most similar non-coral-derived sequence entry.
Data were analyzed using MySQL database queries, custom and published [24] Perl scripts, and UNIX commands (custom commands and scripts available upon request). Statistical analyses were performed in the R software environment [56] and visualization of data was supported by R scripts and iTOL [54].
Supporting Information
Table S1.
Re-sampled V6-tag abundances in coral samples and reef water.
We would like to thank G. Jácome, P. Gondola, E. Gomez, C. Voolstra, N. Bax and other staff at STRI in Panamá for their support during fieldwork, L. Amaral Zettler, H. Morrison, S. Huse and K. Andreishcheva for V6-tag sequencing-related support, and members of the Medina Lab and Lisa May for comments on this manuscript. This research was performed by S. Sunagawa in partial fulfillment of his doctoral dissertation in Quantitative and Systems Biology at UC Merced. This is contribution #3 of the STRI Caribbean Reef Futures initiative.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: SS MM. Performed the experiments: SS. Analyzed the data: SS. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: SS CMW MM. Wrote the paper: SS CMW MM.
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Strava as iPad App
I have both an iPhone and iPad.
I would love an app designed for the iPad so I can use the iPad to record and view activities just like on the iPhone. I know I can use the iPhone app on the iPad but it does not look good and does not make good use of the iPad larger screen.
A suggestion for recording mode could be the map and current position shown on the screen and a window similar to the iPhone app superimposed on top.


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by Special Collections Librarian, Pennie Borchers
Micrographia: or Some Physiological Descriptions of Minute Bodies Made by Magnifying Glasses With Observations and Inquiries Thereupon
Robert Hooke (1635 – 1703)
Robert Hooke was one of the most penetrating and original minds of the 17th century. A scholar at the Westminster School in England, Hooke read and absorbed Euclid's first six books in a week and – in his spare time – invented thirty separate flying techniques. He also explored the world of microscopy.
Early microscopes were primitive tools with a small field of view and images so distorted and dark that peering through their lenses for any length of time resulted in blurred vision. Hooke, undeterred by such obstacles, examined a myriad of tiny objects – from needles and razors to moulds and fungi and, ultimately, the intricate structure of insects. Nowhere is his artistic ability more apparent than in his depiction of the drone fly's eye. In drawings executed with astounding accuracy and beauty, each anatomic detail was revealed with precision, down to the cell itself, Hooke's own discovery.
At the age of twenty-nine Robert Hooke produced his masterpiece, the Micrographia.
The National Library of Medicine has created a digitized copy of the Micrographia, which can be examined online at http://archive.nlm.nih.gov/proj/ttp/flash/hooke/hooke.html.
The P. I. Nixon Medical Historical Library owns the beautiful 1667 edition. If you would like to have a close-up look at this amazing book, please contact Pennie Borchers, Special Collections Librarian: firstname.lastname@example.com.
Eye-to-eye with a grey drone fly
"I took a grey Drone-Fly… I found this Fly to have the biggest clusters of eyes in proportion to his head of any small kind of Fly that I have yet seen… The surface of each of these was shaped into a multitude of small Hemispheres, ranged over the whole surface of the eye in very lovely rows, between each of which were left long and regular trenches perfectly intire. I was assured of this by the regularly reflected Image of Objects which I moved to and fro between the head and the light, and by examining the Cornea or outward skin after I had stript it off, and by looking both upon the inside and against the light… Every one of these Hemispheres reflects as exact and perfect an Image of any Object from the surface as a small Ball of Quick-Silver of that bigness would do. In each of these Hemispheres, I have been able to discover a Landscape of those things which lay before my window…"
From the Micrographia by Robert Hooke
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The Senate Judiciary Committee on Tuesday advanced legislation requiring all gun buyers to get a background check, voting along party lines to send a version of the bill to the full Senate.
But the bill passed in committee does not represent the legislative language that both sides ultimately expect the full Senate to consider.
Instead, it's a Democratic version of a background check bill, voted upon by the committee because a bipartisan group of negotiators haven't yet been able to compromise on its specifics.
"I've been talking and continuing to talk to colleagues across the political spectrum and across the aisle about a compromise approach, and I remain optimistic that we'll be able to roll one up," Sen. Chuck Schumer said at the Judiciary Committee's meeting on Tuesday. "But we're not there yet."
Senators are working on a package that would require all gun buyers to get a background check before they buy a gun. Under current law, only licensed dealers have to get a background check from a buyer before they sell a firearm. The bipartisan group had agreed on some exceptions, including one for people selling or giving guns to family members.
If that group -- led by Democrats Schumer and Joe Manchin and including Republican Sen. Mark Kirk -- can find common ground, the bill they produce is expected to become the centerpiece of President Barack Obama's gun control agenda in the Senate.
Those negotiations stalled when Republican Sen. Tom Coburn -- who carries an "A" rating from the National Rifle Association -- couldn't agree with Democrats about whether to require private sellers to keep records of the guns they sell.
Schumer and Manchin are now looking for a second Republican co-sponsor, preferably someone with a top NRA rating. They've reached out to a number of GOP lawmakers, including Sens. Jeff Flake, Susan Collins and Johnny Isakson. Schumer is now taking meetings with some of those Republicans.
Senators also advanced a school safety measure on Tuesday. That bill had bipartisan support.
This story was originally published on Tue Mar 12, 2013 11:21 AM EDT


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Shotgun on My Chest:
Memoirs of a Lewis and
Clark Book Collector
by Roger Wendlick
On December 2, 1806, in his State of the Union address, Thomas Jefferson formally announced the return of the Lewis and Clark expedition from their historic transcontinental journey from the Atlantic to the Pacific. Jefferson had sent the "Corps of Discovery" in 1804 to explore the recently purchased Louisiana Territory and to find a water route to the Pacific. He concluded his proclamation regarding their return with this note of admiration: "Lewis and Clarke (sic) and their brave companions have by this arduous service deserved well of their country." They had overcome hostile natives, challenging and unknown terrain, extremes of weather, and survived countless brushes with death.
Their contribution to geography and science was immense. But Jefferson's words of gratitude were not repeated, at least during Meriwether Lewis and William Clark's lifetime. Lewis committed suicide in 1809. Clark went on to serve in various army posts and as a superintendent of Indian affairs. When he died in 1838, the Corps of Discovery was a fading memory. At the end of the 19th century, the great historian Henry Adams devoted four volumes and nearly 2,000 pages to Jefferson's presidency. Lewis and Clark got five sentences.
Adams' lack of interest in the explorers capped 80 years of indifference. There had been an initial flurry of interest in the expedition after the men returned. Patrick Gass, the Corps' carpenter, published the first and bestselling account of the adventure, Journal of Voyages and Travels, in 1807. It went through four American, a British, and a French edition in the first five years. But by the time the Lewis and Clark's official report was published in 1814, reader interest had evaporated.
A new edition of Lewis and Clark's journals would not appear in the United States until 1842, when nearly everyone involved was dead. The Lewis and Clark legend has been revived only in the past 100 years, and with that new interest came a fascination for Sacagawea, the pregnant, 16-year-old Indian girl who served as their translator on the expedition. Hundreds of books have now been devoted to the feats of the Corps of Discovery, and after two centuries, the public now shows an enduring interest in their feats of discovery.


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Unabridged CD
A mysterious circus terrifies an audience for one extraordinaryperformance before disappearing into the night, taking one of thespectators along with it . . . In a novella set two years after theevents of American Gods, Shadow pays a visit to an ancientScottish mansion, and finds himself trapped in a game of murder andmonsters . . . In a Hugo Award-winning short story set in a strangelyaltered Victorian England, the great detective Sherlock Holmes mustsolve a most unsettling royal murder . . . Two teenage boys crash aparty and meet the girls of their dreams—and nightmares . . . In aLocus Award-winning tale, the members of an exclusive epicurean clublament that they've eaten everything that can be eaten, with theexception of a legendary, rare, and exceedingly dangerous Egyptian bird. . . Such marvelous creations and more—including a short story set inthe world of The Matrix, and others set in the worlds of gothicfiction and children's fiction—can be found in this extraordinarycollection, which showcases Gaiman's storytelling brilliance as well ashis terrifyingly entertaining dark sense of humor. By turns delightful,disturbing, and diverting, Fragile Things is a gift of literary enchantment from one of the most unique writers of our time.


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CC, Mo complete Yanks' sweep of White Sox
Closer collects first four-out save since July 2011; Sabathia wins No. 13
NEW YORK -- There is no wiggle room for the Yankees to get cute at this must-win stage of the schedule, a fact reinforced as Mariano Rivera trotted through the bullpen gate in search of his first multi-inning save in more than two years.
The game might have gone off script a bit after seven breezy innings, but Rivera cleaned up the mess. The all-time saves leader notched the final four outs, preserving a 6-5 victory for CC Sabathia and completing a three-game series sweep of the White Sox.
"In some situations, I have to do that," said Rivera, whose last four-out save came on July 24, 2011. "Tonight was one of them. It doesn't matter, as long as we get it done. You get a win tonight, and we had the lead and we just had to hold it."
Rivera's 41st save and second in as many nights peeled another date off the calendar for the Yankees, who have won five of six contests heading into a crucial four-game showdown with the American League East-leading Red Sox.
"It could do a lot to determine where we're going to be at," Yankees manager Joe Girardi said. "I think it's important that we concentrate on one game at a time and not look too far ahead."
That has been Girardi's mantra for some time. If the Yankees, who are 2 1/2 games back of Tampa Bay for the second American League Wild Card, are to overcome their long odds and make the playoffs, it would be easier if this version of Sabathia -- the one that earned a standing ovation when exiting in the eighth inning -- hangs around for a bit.
Sabathia's line of three earned runs in 7 1/3 innings was dented when David Robertson permitted two inherited runners to score in a shaky relief outing, but the left-hander turned in his longest outing since Aug. 7, which also came against the White Sox in Chicago.
"I feel like I'm getting better," Sabathia said. "Like I've said, I'll keep building, keep working and try to help the team win."
The Yankees collected five runs (three earned) and seven hits in six innings against touted right-hander Erik Johnson, who served up a first-inning homer to Robinson Cano and took the loss in his Major League debut.
That support helped Sabathia stay in command of the White Sox lineup for most of the night, limiting Chicago to five hits -- two of which came in Sabathia's final inning.
"I thought he was pretty good tonight," Girardi said. "I don't think too many pitches cut tonight. He gave us distance tonight. He did a very good job."
Girardi said he sensed some fatigue with Sabathia at 111 pitches, leading him to call on Robertson.
With two on and one out, Robertson allowed a run-scoring single to Avisail Garcia and a two-out, two-run single to Josh Phegley, prompting a mound visit from pitching coach Larry Rothschild.
"It was a tough inning," Robertson said. "I couldn't make anything work. It seemed like everything I threw either got put in play or found a hole or was hit hard."
Marcus Semien collected his first Major League RBI with a single up the middle, and the Yanks pressed the panic button. Rivera entered to punch out Alejandro De Aza on a disputed third strike before setting the White Sox down in order in the ninth.
"We need to do whatever it takes to help the team win," Rivera said. "If it's two outs, three outs, four outs, whatever it takes. That's what we're here for."
Johnson is ranked as Chicago's No. 2 prospect according to MLB.com, and Cano welcomed the rookie to The Show with a long first-inning homer that landed in the right-field bleachers.
It was Cano's 203rd career homer, passing Bill Dickey for sole possession of 15th place on the Yankees' all-time list.
"We didn't know much about [Johnson]," Cano said. "We just knew that he was pitching good in the Minors. We were able to score some runs early, we took advantage when he threw some balls over the plate."
New York assembled a four-run fourth inning, helped by a Johnson throwing error. Lyle Overbay stroked an RBI double, Brett Gardner skied a two-run triple and Cano legged out a RBI infield hit, creating a nice cushion for Sabathia.
"It's a real tough lineup they've got over there," Johnson said. "I thought I could have done a little bit better job, but overall I thought it was a good one to start with."
Alfonso Soriano also had a sacrifice fly for the Yankees, who won't have much time to savor the sweep. They now must prepare for an even more serious challenge; a pivotal 11-game stretch with the Red Sox and Orioles.
"Obviously, you're playing in your division, you're playing teams that are next to you or right ahead of you, and you're trying to make up ground on other teams," Girardi said. "So it's real important."