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< BeagleBoard | GSoC | Meetings
May 07 16:03:03 <jkridner> ok, let's call to order with a quick roll call May 07 16:03:13 <praveendath92> Just a min. May 07 16:03:14 <jkridner> who all is here? May 07 16:03:21 <_av500_> I am May 07 16:03:27 <ds2> I might be May 07 16:03:36 * vvu|Log is here May 07 16:03:41 <praveendath92> Wiki: http://elinux.org/BeagleBoard/GSoC/BARD May 07 16:03:44 * Abhishek_ thinks he's here May 07 16:03:45 <jkridner> hi ds2. :) May 07 16:04:05 <praveendath92> Yo ! May 07 16:04:06 <cdsteinkuehler> present May 07 16:04:38 <alexanderhiam> ahoy May 07 16:05:25 <jkridner> DiegoTc said he might not be able to make it, but we've been in regular contact and sync'd up before the meeting May 07 16:05:53 <rseethamraju> present! May 07 16:06:01 <jkridner> vmayoral was here earlier. still here? May 07 16:06:04 <vvu|Log> praveendath92: k, look over them May 07 16:06:11 <vvu|Log> s/look/looked May 07 16:06:12 <jkridner> karki? May 07 16:06:29 <vmayoral> jkridner: here i am May 07 16:07:27 <praveendath92> vvu|Log: how does it look ? Any suggestions for edits ? May 07 16:07:41 <jkridner> students here: vmayoral, rseethamraju, praveendath92, Abhishek_ May 07 16:07:58 <bradfa> jkridner, how many students do we have in total (not just the ones who are present) May 07 16:07:59 <bradfa> ? May 07 16:07:59 <jkridner> karki and DiegoTc are logged in, but idle May 07 16:08:02 <jkridner> 7 May 07 16:08:03 <vvu|Log> praveendath92: good for now, we do not really have much to put in. May 07 16:08:05 <DiegoTc> I will be here but more in pasive mode. Sorry about that :( May 07 16:08:17 <praveendath92> True. May 07 16:08:20 * jkridner tries to remember who the 7th is May 07 16:08:28 <bradfa> joel_, are we meeting on mmc now, too, in parallel? May 07 16:08:35 <vvu|Log> praveendath92: try for the blog to maintain separate posts for each week. May 07 16:08:47 <Abhishek_> disdi, Saket is not here yet May 07 16:08:56 <vvu|Log> it will be difficult to just target a specific week if you have just one post with all of em May 07 16:09:04 <jkridner> disdi? May 07 16:09:11 <praveendath92> I will do that. May 07 16:09:20 <praveendath92> And update link at one place. May 07 16:09:23 <jkridner> bradfa are you meeting without disdi? May 07 16:09:29 <praveendath92> *Links May 07 16:09:46 <bradfa> jkridner, we (joel_ and I) met with disdi last week on irc May 07 16:10:03 <jkridner> I don't have much for topics today other than to again confirm that "bonding" is indeed going on with your mentors. May 07 16:10:08 <bradfa> but no one is in our channel but myself at this point May 07 16:10:20 <jkridner> what channel is that for the curious? May 07 16:10:32 <praveendath92> Can you send me the link for kernel programming practices again ? May 07 16:10:32 <bradfa> #beagle-mmc May 07 16:10:38 <praveendath92> I lost it. May 07 16:10:47 <DiegoTc> jkridner: still haven't been in contact with jongseuk May 07 16:11:06 <praveendath92> @ vvu|Log May 07 16:11:10 <vvu|Log> praveendath92: the eudyptula challange ? May 07 16:11:10 <Abhishek_> praveendath92: Is that eudytptula-challenge.org ? May 07 16:11:14 <vvu|Log> that one is it May 07 16:11:30 <praveendath92> I think so. May 07 16:11:31 <jkridner> DiegoTc: I think we'll be ok the 3 of us mentors: dcschelt, VoltVisionSteve and me May 07 16:11:43 <praveendath92> I was online from mobile that time also. May 07 16:11:57 * jkridner appreciates that VoltVisionSteve has been attentive! May 07 16:12:00 <praveendath92> I will bookmark right away. May 07 16:12:14 <ds2> Abhishek_: are you getting my late responses to your questions? (i.e. by scrolling back) May 07 16:12:52 * karki is here May 07 16:12:58 * karki had wandered off May 07 16:13:49 <jkridner> for all, I believe Abhishek_ is having some concerns on real-time web integration and is looking for some extra counsel on that. May 07 16:14:40 <vvu|Log> real-time web integration as in presenting real time data *graphs and other sutff* ? May 07 16:14:44 <jkridner> The libsigrok implementation seems to be moving forward from an outsider perspective May 07 16:14:56 <jkridner> ds2 interaction going well? May 07 16:15:23 <jkridner> vvu|Log: I think. I know he'd shown off a nice singal graphing utility. May 07 16:15:30 <jkridner> s/singal/signal/ May 07 16:16:00 <karki> jkridner : I set up my blog with github pages, still to make my video [exams :( ]. I had a couple of meetings with panto to break my project into smaller chunks May 07 16:16:08 <jkridner> Abhishek_, DiegoTc, karki, praveendath92, rseethamraju, vmayoral: are you somewhat familiar with the projects your peers are implementing? May 07 16:16:23 <jkridner> karki: cool. May 07 16:16:46 <praveendath92> I looked at DiegoTc samples May 07 16:16:49 <ds2> jkridner: yep...tweaking timezone differences May 07 16:16:52 <Abhishek_> vvu|Log : like a web-frontend for a logic-analyzer May 07 16:16:57 <jkridner> karki: I met with the creator of BotSpeak last week as well as the current maintainer (Tufts University Center for Engineering Education Outreach) May 07 16:17:02 <karki> jkridner : overall I know how the project will be broken down and what processes I'll be following. May 07 16:17:03 <vmayoral> i am a bit into praveendath92's work, needless to say I am interested May 07 16:17:05 <praveendath92> I know some web stuff. May 07 16:17:29 <praveendath92> Glad to know vmayoral May 07 16:17:48 <vmayoral> ;) May 07 16:17:50 <DiegoTc> not really. I watch vmayoral video. And have read about his project May 07 16:17:54 <DiegoTc> good video! May 07 16:18:01 <vmayoral> thanks! May 07 16:18:15 <praveendath92> I watched too. I suppose we all did ;) May 07 16:18:24 <jkridner> karki: they were fairly excited to hear about a PRU implementation and gave me a task to create a socket.io-based version of the BoneScript implementation. May 07 16:18:32 * Abhishek_ wonders he could use praveendath92's works for the front-end to BeagleLogic too ;) May 07 16:18:36 <praveendath92> It's good. And a nice seed for us all. May 07 16:19:22 <praveendath92> Abhishek_: i would be glad if i could help. May 07 16:19:28 <DiegoTc> also rseethamraju project May 07 16:19:39 <jkridner> karki: they have a Chrome plug-in that enables loading BotSpeak programs over a serial port or network connection and typing directly into the interpreter. May 07 16:19:52 <rseethamraju> me too! not really. I only know whats on vmayoral's video May 07 16:20:00 <DiegoTc> planning to use PyBBIO lib for writing the python tutorial May 07 16:20:10 <jkridner> karki: they also demonstrated all their stuff with LabView and Blockly. May 07 16:20:27 <vvu|Log> Abhishek_: i asked about the frontend on my university s CS club page...we have some frontend geeks over here maybe they can give any hints May 07 16:20:34 * karki looks like I was a bit late for the meeting :( May 07 16:20:55 <Abhishek_> praveendath92: I have a 9.7" A31 2048x1536 tablet if you need any non-Nexus tabs to try on May 07 16:20:55 <praveendath92> You are looking for graphing tools ? May 07 16:21:00 <praveendath92> On web ? May 07 16:21:37 <praveendath92> Sure. That will be of good help later :) May 07 16:22:05 <praveendath92> @Abhishek_: prev ques. May 07 16:22:16 <vmayoral> Abhishek_: what functions are you implementing in the Logic Analyzer? May 07 16:22:51 <jkridner> Abhishek_: I'd encourage use of socket.io for communication to the browser. It is really rather nice and simple. I'd think you'd want your C sigrok app to produce JSON on STDOUT and have a node.js listener forward it to the web page using socket.io. Alternatively, though I don't recommend it, you could use another websockets implementaiton: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_WebSocket_implementations May 07 16:23:20 <Abhishek_> currently sample, view and protocol decoding. Trigger implementation would be something basic at first, we'll see how far we can get. May 07 16:23:30 <jkridner> karki: you could also use a memory mapped circular buffer monitored by node.js. May 07 16:24:19 <jkridner> karki: https://www.npmjs.org/package/mmap May 07 16:24:21 <Abhishek_> jkridner: I too am in favour of Socket.io , will try it out soon. May 07 16:24:23 <karki> jkridner : I had mailed the creator of botspeak much before gsoc. He was excited! May 07 16:25:08 <jkridner> rseethamraju: are you encountering any issues? engaging with your mentors well? May 07 16:25:36 * jkridner looks for alexanderhiam and VoltVisionSteve May 07 16:25:51 <karki> jkridner : "monitored by node.js" ? I didn't get that bit... May 07 16:26:43 <rseethamraju> no. We've had a Skype call every Tuesday May 07 16:26:45 <alexanderhiam> hey, sorry, bit distracted May 07 16:26:55 <jkridner> karki: I mean, node.js would act as an intermediary handling the http requests on the client side and collecting data dumps from the sigrok side to forward on to the client. May 07 16:27:19 <jkridner> karki: by monitoring, I mean having event listeners for when new data comes from sigrok. May 07 16:28:11 <rseethamraju> I'll put up the video by tomorrow. And I'm working which parts of code to optimise and looking at C extensions May 07 16:28:13 <jkridner> alexanderhiam: understood. hope you don't mind the check-in with everyone to keep the interactions going. May 07 16:28:55 <alexanderhiam> no problem May 07 16:29:03 <praveendath92> av500: any recommendations for next week ? Video and some practice on writing kernel modules is what i have in mind currently. May 07 16:29:03 <Abhishek_> jkridner, mranostay: I was lately thinking of keeping the server completely in node.js and use JS bindings (which do not exist currently, but I recall you mentioning how to do native lib calls in node) for libsigrok to implement it. I would need more counsel on this too. May 07 16:29:24 <praveendath92> Also vvu|Log. May 07 16:29:38 <jkridner> Abhishek_: ah, node-ffi to use libsigrok directly. that'd be pretty easy. May 07 16:29:43 <karki> Abhishek_ : you are dealing with sigrok, right? May 07 16:29:47 <mranostay> Abhishek_: what server part? May 07 16:30:26 <Abhishek_> By server, I mean an app running on the BBB like sigrok-cli and sampling data from the PRU and processing it to pass it to the frontend May 07 16:30:56 <alexanderhiam> panto, karki: I haven't heard much about the botspeak project, let me know how I can help May 07 16:30:58 <DiegoTc> jkrinder, VoltVisionSteve just as an FYI, I'm planning to finish the BBB lightbox similarity plugin for friday. It will be easier to do it from 0, than trying to modify the lightbox plugin I was using. May 07 16:31:09 <mranostay> Abhishek_: using what for frontend? May 07 16:31:20 <cdsteinkuehler> Signing off...I have prior committments on Wednesdays :( ...but I'm always available via email. May 07 16:31:21 <Abhishek_> jkridner mranostay ds2 cdsteinkuehler : http://www.theembeddedkitchen.net/wp/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/GSoC14_Presentation_Rev1.pdf <= Draft PPT for video May 07 16:31:26 <panto> everyone is doing the same thing May 07 16:31:32 <panto> PRU basics are important May 07 16:31:50 <Abhishek_> mranostay: do go through that presentation May 07 16:31:56 <mranostay> and if i see anyone toggleing the pinmux via PRU here :) May 07 16:32:10 <vmayoral> praveendath92: can you share with me your tentative schedule? May 07 16:32:16 <vvu|Log> praveendath92: mainly the video needs to be about your project not linux kernel coding style May 07 16:32:22 <vvu|Log> or how to do modules May 07 16:32:23 <cdsteinkuehler> PDF looks good! May 07 16:34:18 <jkridner> Abhishek_: I like it. I'd just encourage you to spend a bit of time at the front to explain why you are motivated to create this and what makes running it on microcontrollers (PRUs) within a Linux computer with shared memory so interesting in a concise way. May 07 16:34:38 <praveendath92> vmayoral: I made while making my proposal. May 07 16:35:03 <praveendath92> Just a min. I will get you the link. May 07 16:35:15 <vmayoral> praveendath92: thanks! May 07 16:35:19 <karki> alexanderhiam : It's going quite steady, still figuring out the different chunks of the project! I'm looking at panto 's code (remote proc device driver ) and learning May 07 16:35:21 <jkridner> Abhishek_: a single example of how you envision using this as a learning tool (show me don't tell me sort of thing) right at the beginning would go a ways. May 07 16:35:32 <jkridner> Abhishek_: I like the whole way the project seems to be going. May 07 16:36:01 <praveendath92> vvu|Log: no no it won't be about kernel programming style. That's just for my reference. May 07 16:36:43 <praveendath92> vmayoral: http://blog.praveenkumar.co.in/2014/05/gsoc-14-proposal-for-beagleorg.html May 07 16:36:48 <vvu|Log> perfect if so May 07 16:36:51 <praveendath92> :) May 07 16:37:09 <jkridner> I think I've heard from everyone but disdi that communication is going well and issues are being addressed before the official start of coding in 12 days. May 07 16:37:26 <praveendath92> I'm lagging a bit but i will catch up. May 07 16:37:35 <_av500_> praveendath92: will you be on irc for the next 2 weeks? May 07 16:37:36 <jkridner> Please contact me directly if you have any concerns about how the program is going. May 07 16:37:39 <_av500_> before ocding starts? May 07 16:37:43 <_av500_> coding May 07 16:38:04 <praveendath92> Of course. I sorted out other issues. May 07 16:38:34 <jkridner> praveendath92: good to hear you'll be "bonding"! May 07 16:38:46 <praveendath92> I was missing for last 2 weeks. May 07 16:39:03 <praveendath92> Haha. Yeah just like Google said. May 07 16:39:13 <praveendath92> Sorry about that. May 07 16:39:21 * jkridner sounds gavel and leaves discussion to the active issues raised.


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subset: commoncrawl


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News archive
.ee's new accredited registrar is Remotely OÜ
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.ee's website has been updated with new guidelines! You can information on EIS' Data Protection Policy here and domain search WHOIS Terms and Conditions here. Registrars can find .ee's Guidelines on processing of personal data here. Should you have any questions, please contact us by e-mail firstname.lastname@example.com or by calling +372 727 1000.
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Tucked on the slopes of Kahala Valley
As I drove through the security gate and up the steep road into Kahala View Estates on the slopes of Kahala Valley, I immediately felt as if I was entering a different realm. The townhouses are perched on stilts, while the quiet community's landscaping has grown into a lush backdrop of eucalyptus trees, Norfolk pines and other foliage giving it a secluded, almost tree house-like, feel.
The units here don't often come on the market (there are 44 in total), so I was intrigued to check out this three-bedroom, two-and-a-half bath townhouse when I saw the listing last week. Click here for details.
I really liked the multilevel layout of the place, it adds a lot of character. The airy living room has high slanted ceilings and engineered hardwood floors. It's just a few steps up from the dining area, kitchen and half bath.
Down a few steps from there, you'll find two bedrooms, which are now used as a family room and office, the master bedroom and two bathrooms.
The master bath has two back-to-back vanities, rather than side by side, keeping the areas separate, a nice touch should your significant other's morning ablutions not be as tidy as your own.
Four decks are located throughout the 1,678-square-foot unit: off the dining area, the living room and two of the bedrooms – adding to the feeling of being able to carve out a private nook away from the rest of the space.
When you're not relaxing on one of the decks, split A/C units and ceiling fans keep the home cool. There are two parking stalls just outside the unit, one covered and one not. In addition, there are storage cabinets above the covered stall. Guest parking is located throughout the community (six stalls are close by), and there are several stalls by the pool.
If tennis is your game, there's a full-size court at the top of the property with an expansive view of Diamond Head.
I was surprised when the drive back down to Waialae Avenue took only about three minutes, putting you right at the Kahala Mall with its shops, restaurants, movie theater, and of course, Whole Foods.
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Money talk: $740,000 fee simple
Contact: Beth Chang, Coldwell Banker Pacific Properties, 808-478-7800, firstname.lastname@example.com


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Events for February 18, 2020
Events Search and Views Navigation
7:30 am
20th St. Courts: Open Play
The Courts are open to use at anytime but if you'd like to meet other players or learn how to play, regulars of all ages and abilities are welcome to drop in at this time. It is not unusual for players to continue playing beyond the "usual" hours. Beginners are welcome and encouraged to participate […]Find out more »
10:30 am
Chico Sports: Open Play
Pickleball courts with painted lines located in the basketball gym. Balls and paddles provided. Open court play. First come, first serve sign-up lists available for continuous play. Officials not provided. Court Type: Indoor Number of Courts: 3 (see note below) Cost: Free for members. Non-members must purchase a day pass at the Front Desk ($25 […]Find out more »


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We've discussed some general approaches in the past two posts, but what are the particular responsibilities of clergy and catechists? What should the candidates experience during this time to facilitate their initial conversion?
38. During this period, priests and deacons, catechists and other lay persons are to give the candidates a suitable explanation of the Gospel (see RCIA 42). The candidates are to receive help and attention so that with a purified and clearer intention they may cooperate with God's grace. Opportunities should be provided for them to meet families and others groups of Christians.
Section 38 reveals a theme we shall see repeated over and over in RCIA. The ministers are the entire Christian community, and from the very beginnings of first faith in those inquiring, the community has an indispensable role. Along with the community, catechists and clergy are to give a "suitable explanation" of the Gospel. Note this is not described as teaching, per se. Whatever this exposure to Christ is called, the end result of the precatechumenate is purer and clearer intentions. What might this mean? The unbaptized spouse or fiance might be guided to explore becoming a Christian for his or her own sake, not the expectations of the beloved, the families, or the culture of the Church.
How many parishes take RCIA 38 seriously and provide opportunities to meet families and other groups? I looked up my own parish's calendar for the coming week. On Tuesday, for example, inquirers might be invited to no less than five groups: Centering Prayer, the Honduras Ministry dinner, the cookie bake, the prayer group or the Bible study. The cookie bake, in particular, would be an excellent way for inquirers to meet parishioners socially and be exposed to how ordinary Catholics live the Gospel.
Needless to say, there is the strong hint here that families invite inquirers to their homes, to neighborhood gatherings, and do so in a natural and friendly way, especially when whole families are pondering becoming baptized.


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Answer: DE


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NASA loses hundreds of moon, space rocks
Thu., Dec. 8, 2011
WASHINGTON — Astronauts may have had the 'right stuff' to go to the moon, but when it comes to keeping track of what they brought back, NASA seems to have misplaced some of that stuff. In a report issued by the agency's Inspector General today, NASA concedes that more than 500 pieces of moon rocks, meteorites, comet chunks and other space material were stolen or have been missing since 1970. That includes 218 moon samples that were stolen and later returned and about two dozen moon rocks and chunks of lunar soil that were reported lost last year. NASA, which has loaned more than 26,000 samples, needs to keep better track of what's sent to researchers and museums, the report said. The lack of sufficient controls "increases the risk that these unique resources may be lost," the report concluded. After last year's case of a missing moon sample loaned to a Delaware astronomical observatory — which the astronomers there claimed they returned to NASA — the agency's inspector general decided to audit about one quarter of the thousands of samples of moon rocks, lunar dust, meteorites, and other space material that the agency loaned. Of those cases, 19 percent of the researchers either couldn't account for the samples or they had material that NASA records indicated had been destroyed or loaned to someone else. That included 22 meteorites and 2 comet samples from a daring mission that grabbed comet chunks. In two cases, one researcher still had nine lunar samples he borrowed 35 years ago and another had 10 chunks of meteorites he kept for 14 years. Neither had ever worked on them. Another researcher had 36 moon samples and kept them for 16 years after he had finished his research. The audit also unearthed records that listed hundreds of samples that no longer existed. In the Delaware case, NASA loaned the Mount Cuba observatory a disk of moon rocks and moon dust in 1978 with the loan expiring in 2008. In 2010, NASA contacted the observatory and learned that its manager had died and the observatory couldn't find the sample, the inspector general's report said. But that's not how the observatory sees it. "We didn't lose it," said University of Delaware physics professor Harry Shipman, a trustee of the observatory. Yes, the observatory manager died, but sometime in the 1990s "he returned it to NASA. We don't know what NASA did with it," he said. NASA told the auditors that the observatory returned meteorites, but not the lunar sample and that's still missing, said inspector general spokeswoman Renee Juhans. NASA spokesman Michael Cabbage said the agency will continue to loan out material to scientists and for educational display, but will adopt the specific recommendations the inspector general made to improve its tracking. "NASA does not consider these national treasure assets to be at high risk," he said.
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Maintenance Cost3.7/5
Preferred For : Daily Commute
46% of users have given a rating of 4.5 and above
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Not comfortable. Not at all suitable for long rides. Better to buy RE or other bike like Benelli, which are more rider friendly
I was owned this bike in he month of march 2020. Coming to the bike style and performance Everything is OK. Little heat of engine only .Rest all features are good.
Very bad expence regarding service center. Need to be huge improvement.It is a good bike but because of bad service centre.customers are not at all sutifued.
A great bike i have ever seen. intial pickup is awesome & has a capacity to beat Royal Enfield 350. Gear shift is smooth & gives a crazy look, more catchy to eyes.
Jawa 42 a good bike good milge and good comfrat and a good look and fast speed and a beuatiful bike his colur
Around 24 years ago i owned old jawa and rode it for thousands of KM . It will thrill me each and every time i touch the handle bar & pump it to start the engine. The exhaust thump & interval between the next thump cant say in words. Flick & Kick is a wonderful experience . I used to get mileage around 30 kmpl to 35 kmpl. Now to coming new jawa . I went test ride new jawa with imaginations & drove more than 210 km i got mileage of 23kmpl. Engine is powerful till 110 km/hr then it straining to climb speed with vibrations & becomes too noisy .The exhaust sound is like hero splendor bike. There are lots welding visually seen around new jawa . They recreated visibly old jawa . Visually good bike. I didn't get moved or ringed & impressed while riding.I never need a bike for visual pleasure.
Worst bike, first experience bike ka. Rha. 1600 km normal use me. Engine khul gya oil leakage ,timing chain problem . Sensor. Khrab ho gya. Fuel metre kharab . Metre me fog ,battrey problm. It feels like Purchsed bike just for show piece . Spending more than 2 lakh on this worst bike is useless. They are saying this problem is coming in every bike. I have seen. Almost every bike. Got the same engine problem While servicing.1st time and then 2 and time also . Every single bike there got the engine problem . So from my side jawa is useless . . Comapny jab tk ye isaues ni sahi krti apni bikes ko vapas lena chye. Ise. Bekuf bna ri. Jawa ka name pe. Bike bik ri. Bus. . They have to. Pay for it.
Agree with all users, The motorcycle is useless. The cols has cold start problems. The engine runs for 49 seconds without throttle in idle state when I crank the engine in the morning. The engine dies when i chug the accelerator when clutch is used. In traffic also the bike stalls when clutch is fully pressed. The re is an unbearable engine hiss. The seat is very hard. The dealer is an unscrupulous person lacking in infrastructure and the mechanic is untrained. ABSOLUTE WASTE OF MONEY. BUY RE INSTEAD
The bike on first hand looks good looking. Style design is good but in a very low quality product. Mine bike battery got drained and needs to be replaced in 4months post purchase. Then came the seat comfort issue which is too hard for long ride. After that in this first rain it starts rusting from its nuts bolts paint and whole suspensions are rusting in 7 months from purchasing the bike. If you have money and just to do show off then purchase this bike.
I love the bike and it performance everything is superrb only problem i have with this bike is its seat is very hard. If you sat on the seat for atleast half an hour you will get pain in your buttock. Its very hard. Another isssue is its ground clearance. Everything else is superrb bikes performance, design, mileage. For design i would give this bike a 4.5 out of 5.
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BS6 Jawa, Jawa Forty Two Reach DealershipsJun 17, 2020 | By Team ZigWheels
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The insurance cost of the base variant of Jawa 42 in Virar is Rs. 10,651.
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Referee: Paul Ward
Attendance: 277
Scoring Summary:
44' - VAN - Jordan Harvey
85' - VAN - Erik Hurtado
Match Stats:
Shots: Vancouver 10 - Real Salt Lake 12
Shots on Goal: Vancouver 3 - Real Salt Lake 6
Saves: Vancouver 6 - Real Salt Lake 1
Fouls: Vancouver 4 - Real Salt Lake 8
Offsides: Vancouver 1 - Real Salt Lake 2
Corners: Vancouver 11 - Real Salt Lake 1
27 - VAN - Gershon Koffie
Vancouver Whitecaps FC Reserves
18.Brad Knighton; 32.Greg Klazura, 43.Ethen Sampson+, 16.Johnny Leveron, 2.Jordan Harvey©; 28.Gershon Koffie, 20.Aminu Abdallah* (36.Bryce Alderson 62'), 8.Matt Watson; 19.Erik Hurtado, 29.Tommy Heinemann (34.Caleb Clarke 79'), 23.Kekuta Manneh (17.Omar Salgado 69')
Substitutes not used:
39.Simon Thomas, 25.Sam Adekugbe#, 33.Adam Clement
+ Whitecaps FC U-23 (USL PDL) - # Whitecaps FC U-18 (USSDA) - • Trailist
Real Salt Lake Reserves
45.Josh Saunders; 3.Kwame Watson-Siriboe, 4.Aaron Maund, 17.Chris Wingert, 29.Abdoulie Mansally (25.Rich Balchan 45'); 16.Carlos Salcedo (43.Andrew Brody# 78'), 19.Enzo Martinez, 23.Khari Stephenson (42.Jose Navarro# 78'), 27.John Stertzer; 13.Olmes Garcia (22.David Viana 45'), 49.Devon Sandoval
Substitutes not used:
24.Jeff Attinella
# Real Salt Lake U-18 (USSDA)
VANCOUVER, BC – Whitecaps FC Reserves kick off their 2013 MLS Reserve League campaign with a match against Real Salt Lake Reserves this Sunday at Thunderbird Stadium. Kickoff is at 11a.m. PT and you can follow the action on Twitter through @WhitecapsMatch.
Whitecaps FC Reserves begin their 2013 MLS Reserve League campaign following a series of matches against local University sides and North American Soccer League (NASL) club FC Edmonton.
The team recovered from losing their opening preseason match against UBC 3-0 to record four consecutive victories against the University of Victoria (3-0), Simon Fraser University (3-1), FC Edmonton (4-2), and Trinity Western University (6-1) were all seen off as the side built an impressive 4W-1L-0D record.
Of the teams that have already kicked off their 2013 MLS Reserve League campaign, Real Salt Lake are the only team remaining to have not tasted defeat. They began the year by beating San Jose Earthquakes Reserves away 1-0. Later, they took on Colorado Rapids Reserves twice in as many games with a 2-1 victory in Utah and a 0-0 draw in Colorado.
Key to the RSL Reserve team's success so far this season has been the presence of Josh Saunders, two-time MLS Cup winner with LA Galaxy in 2011 and 2012, in the RSL goal. Saunders has not conceded a single goal this campaign with the solitary goal coming under substitute Jeff Attinella's watch in the match against Colorado.
There will be a reunion for Paulo Jr. who made 22 MLS appearances for Real Salt Lake in 2012 before joining Vancouver in the offseason. Another fresh face, Tom Heinemann, was teammates with RSL's Cole Grossman at Columbus Crew last season.
The match will be the first ever meeting between the two reserve teams as Real Salt Lake compete in the Western Conference for the first time since Whitecaps FC joined the league.
The next match for Whitecaps FC Reserves will be a scrimmage against University of Washington on Tuesday, April 17 at Thunderbird Stadium. Kickoff for that match will be 1 p.m. PT.


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America's Oil Express
by: Auto Data Inc. • 2
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Minnesota overwhelms Toledo in 82-56 win
Coleman leads Gophers with 15 points
MINNEAPOLIS — Rodney Williams had 12 points, eight rebounds and four steals, Austin Hollins scored 10 of his 13 points in the game's first five minutes and Minnesota blew by Toledo 82-56 on Monday night.
Joe Coleman finished with 15 points and six rebounds despite eight turnovers, and Oto Osenieks pitched in eight points off the bench for the Gophers (2-0), who played so sharply and confidently in the first half their occasional sloppiness down the stretch didn't matter.
Rian Pearson led the Rockets (0-2) with 18 points, and freshman center Nathan Boothe added 13 points and seven rebounds.
Toledo went just 3 for 19 from 3-point range against an active, hustling Gophers defense. The Rockets were second in the Mid-American Conference in 3-point shooting last season and made nearly 44 percent from behind the arc over the last 12 games.


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To date, scientists have not been able to find a cure for HIV. What has been discovered are drugs that put the virus on hold, offering many people longer, healthier lives. These drugs, called antiretrovirals (ARVs), also bring a variety of side effects some of which are difficult to live with and get worse over the years. Unfortunately, antiretroviral drugs can't cure HIV -- if you stop using them the virus comes back.
HIV is like herpes -- you can control it, but not get rid of it. Because of this, HIV scientists and activists are looking at a new goal for therapy -- how to get the body to control HIV without antiretroviral drugs.
ARVs and IBTs
A healthy immune system will get rid of or control most viruses by itself. When the immune system cannot do this alone, one way to help is to use chemicals that kill, weaken or stop viruses from making more viruses. In the case of HIV these drugs are called antiretrovirals because HIV is a "retrovirus."
Another way to help the body fight a virus is to boost the body's immune system. When scientists develop a therapy that helps the immune system fight a disease, we call it an "immune based therapy" or IBT.
Why We Need IBTs
We need immune-based therapies because antiretrovirals are not good enough. Antiretrovirals are great drugs, but they must be taken forever, on time, all the time. If you miss doses, they can stop working. And then there are the side effects.
Some antiretrovirals make so much fat in your blood doctors are concerned that in the long run the drugs will cause heart attacks. Others antiretrovirals cause problems with your emotions or disturb your sleep with vivid nightmares. Some run the risk of allergic reactions that can be deadly. Many are very hard on the liver. Other antiretrovirals give you lipodystrophy -- making faces and buttocks skinny and bellies and breasts fat.
In addition to side effects, no one knows if the drugs can keep the virus down for a lifetime. And antiretrovirals are very expensive.
These are the reasons scientists are looking at immune-based therapies for a less toxic, cost effective alternative.
What Kinds of Immune-Based Therapies Are Being Studied?
All immune-based therapies try to boost the immune system -- allowing your body to fight HIV more efficiently. Several immune-based therapies are being studied. Immune-based therapies vaccines are being tested to see if they can boost the immune system's ability to fight HIV.
Three vaccines have had some success. One is being studied in France, another one, called Remune, was tested in Spain and Merck is testing its version in the U.S. this year. It is clear, vaccines will play some role in helping us fight HIV.
Another effort going on is the use of certain chemicals the body produces and helps cells fight harder like IL-2 and IL-7. These chemicals are called cytokines. There is hope cytokines might help the body get rid of HIV altogether. The U.S. government is working on these studies.
In addition, antibodies have been discovered that help the body suppress HIV without drugs. These antibodies have been tested successfully in monkeys. If they work in people, long drug holidays may be possible. Why is this important? By giving people a "holiday" from taking their antiretroviral therapy, the body gets time to recover from drug toxicities.
Also, a very interesting extract taken from a cow, from a gland called the thymus, is being developed that looks like it helps the body get rid of a lot of HIV. This extract is being called thymus nuclear proteins or by it's initials: TNP.
Thymus nuclear proteins used in studies of HIV were developed by Viral Genetics, a small California biotech firm. They call their immune-based therapy "VGV-1."
An article about the viral genetics thymus extract was published in the journal HIV and AIDS Review in August of 2004. It explains that ten HIV-positive volunteers were given VGV-1 twice a week for two months along with their antiretroviral drugs. The volunteers were studied for six months. The volunteers had reportedly been failing their antiretroviral drugs and were on their second or third regimen.
Before these volunteers started taking VGV-1, they had quite a bit of virus. By three months, half the volunteers responded to VGV-1 and had undetectable amounts of virus. By six months, they had over 90% drop in the amount of virus. Most importantly this was months after these volunteers had stopped using VGV-1.
It is important to notice that before taking this version of thymus nuclear proteins, their antiviral cocktails were failing.
How Does TNP Work?
No one is sure.
It is known that thymus nuclear proteins sticks to a very important part of HIV that might stop HIV from getting into a cell. Or possibly thymus nuclear proteins get the immune system to kill off infected cells, the manufacturing plants for more HIV. More study is needed to understand why thymus nuclear proteins work.
Thymus nuclear proteins work MONTHS after you stop using it. This means it does something to the immune system to help it fight HIV better.
VGV-1 will be used in a large study in South Africa this year. Results will be known by this fall. If the results are the same as the results so far, it might well be the first immune-based therapy to stop HIV.
The Future
Vaccines might prevent millions from getting HIV in the first place. Antibodies can protect babies from getting HIV from infected mothers. Immune-based therapies make it possible to think of a future without toxic drugs. Immune-based therapies are the only hope for a world without AIDS.


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Break out the bonnets and the pink balloons!
Jay DeMarcus, member of country superband Rascal Flatts, and his wife Allison welcomed a daughter on Friday, Access Hollywood has learned.
VIEW THE PHOTOS: Who Am I? The Celebrity Offspring Edition
U.S. & World
Madeline Leigh DeMarcus was born at 4:49 PM in Nashville, Tenn., weighing in at 6 lbs., 9 oz.
"Allison and I are thrilled!" Jay said in a statement to Access on Saturday. "Madeline is absolutely gorgeous; she looks just like her daddy! Both mom and baby are doing well."
VIEW THE PHOTOS: Boots, Ten Gallon Hats & More: The Stars Of Country Music
Additionally, Jay told People that his new daughter "is tiny, but perfect in every way."
"I'm just kissing her little face off!" he told the mag.
Rascal Flatts bandmate (and fellow father) Gary LeVox is reportedly already lending his advice to the new dad.
VIEW THE PHOTOS: Hollywood's Hottest Moms & Their Loveable Little Ones
"Gary told me to strap in and hold on for the wildest ride of my life," Jay told the mag. "I didn't get much sleep last night. I kept waking up and thinking, 'Oh my gosh, I'm a father!'"
This is the first child for the proud new parents, who were married in May 2004.
VIEW THE PHOTOS: Celebrity Baby Bumps
Copyright 2010 by NBC Universal, Inc. All rights reserved.
This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.
Related Content from AccessHollywood.com:
PLAY IT NOW: Ricky Martin Recalls The Day His Twin Boys Were Born
PLAY IT NOW: Access Hollywood Live: Mayim Bialik Dishes On Her Unconventional Parenting
More from Access: [ Births Country Music Parenting ]


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Volume 22 Issue 3 (March 2012)
GSA Today
Article, pp. 4-11 | Abstract | PDF (3.8MB)
Detrital zircon facies of Cordilleran terranes in western North America
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Paleozoic–Mesozoic basins in Cordilleran terranes of western North America contain detrital zircon U-Pb age distributions that vary over 10–100 Ma in a systematic and predictable manner. A minimum of four detrital zircon age distributions, here termed "detrital zircon facies," are present: (1) Paleoproterozoic and Archean facies, chiefly found in Paleozoic and early Mesozoic accretionary complexes, is defined by late Archean–early Proterozoic (ca. 2.7–2.3 Ga) and late Proterozoic ages (ca. 2.0–1.6 Ga) with variable quantities of Paleozoic and early Mesozoic ages. (2) Mixed Proterozoic and Phanerozoic facies is found in Early–Late Jurassic basins and is defined by grains spanning ca. 2.0 Ga–160 Ma, derived from eastern-southwestern Laurentian transcontinental sources and enriched by western U.S. and eastern Mexican early Mesozoic plate-margin magmatism. (3) Triassic and Jurassic facies, found in Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous basins, is defined by Late Jurassic ages (peak ca. 155 Ma) with a subordinate proportion of Triassic ages (peak ca. 230 Ma). (4) Jurassic and Early Cretaceous facies is found in late Early–early Late Cretaceous marginal basins and is defined by Jurassic and Early Cretaceous ages (ca. 200–130 and ca. 130–100 Ma). Detrital zircon U-Pb ages from terranes of western North America record stages of basin formation during phases of the supercontinent cycle and reflect second-order variability in the tectonic setting of an active continental plate margin. At this temporal and spatial scale, the integrated evolution of orogenic, erosion, and sediment-transport systems controls sediment provenance.
Manuscript received 2 Nov. 2011; accepted 6 Jan. 2012.
On a global time-integrated scale, detrital zircon U-Pb age distributions reflect episodic magmatic accretion of continental crust (i.e., first-order scale, 100–1000 Ma, e.g., Condie and Aster, 2009). At an order of magnitude finer scale (i.e., second-order, 10–100 Ma, 100,000 km2 of rock), detrital zircon U-Pb age distributions in continental-margin basins should reflect the long-term distribution of orogenic belts, long-lived Andean-type magmatic arcs, and continental sediment-dispersal systems (e.g., Leeder, 1988; Patchett et al., 1999). Supporting evidence for this scale of tectonic control on sedimentary provenance in the ancient rock record exists, but is generally sparse and typically does not document transitional stages of paleotectonics (e.g., Rainbird et al., 1992; Riggs et al., 1996; Dickinson and Gehrels, 2003; Tyrrell et al., 2007; Druschke et al., 2011).
In this paper, my objectives are to use detrital zircon U-Pb data in terranes of western North America to (1) assess long-term provenance links to the Laurentian craton, (2) identify multi-stage sediment sources through time, and (3) emphasize second-order scale observation in detrital zircon U-Pb age studies. I suggest that this observational scale is critical for understanding changes in tectonic setting along active plate margins, as has been shown for neodymium isotopic values in continental sedimentary rocks (Patchett et al., 1999). In western North America, analysis of the detrital zircon record at this scale elucidates the transition from a marginal-basin regime (i.e., Karig, 1974; Tarney et al., 1981) during most of Paleozoic and early Mesozoic time, to an Andean-type integrated margin by Late Mesozoic time (i.e., McClelland et al., 1992; Saleeby and Busby-Spera, 1992; Dickinson et al., 1996; DeCelles, 2004) and argues against models invoking exotic ribbon continents (e.g., Johnston, 2008; Hildebrand, 2009).
Detrital Zircon Age Distributions in Western North America
Over the past ~20 years, the application of U-Pb geochronology to detrital zircon grains has yielded significant insight concerning sediment sources to western North American basins. In particular, terranes of western North America have been extensively studied using detrital zircon U-Pb ages with numerous contrasting interpretations (e.g., Ross and Bowring, 1990; Miller and Saleeby, 1995; Gehrels and Kapp, 1998; Gehrels et al., 2000; Brown and Gehrels, 2007; Wright and Wyld, 2007; Grove et al., 2008; Scherer and Ernst, 2008; Snow and Ernst, 2008; Piercey and Colpron, 2009; LaMaskin et al., 2011).
Here, I compile published and new detrital zircon U-Pb ages from pre-Devonian–early Late Cretaceous, arc-related basins in terranes of western North America. The compilation includes terranes with sufficient available data from west of the 87/86Sri = 0.706 line (Armstrong et al., 1977), from the southern California Coast Range to the Yukon-Tanana terrane in the north. My compilation, observations, and interpretations are specific to the time frame in this geographic range only; they are not intended to be a comprehensive review of Cordilleran provenance and tectonics, but rather, to serve as a starting point for continued investigation at this scale.
The overwhelming fundamental observation from the data is that regardless of interpreted terrane association, at a stratigraphic scale of 10–100 Ma, distinct age distributions are present in the same stratigraphic order along strike of the western North American margin. I recognize a minimum of four distinct detrital zircon age distributions in pre-Devonian–early Late Cretaceous clastic sedimentary successions in western North America. These age distributions vary systematically based on the depositional age and tectonic setting of the basin (cf. Gehrels, 2003).
- Paleoproterozoic and Archean distribution (PPA; Figs. 1 and 2A) is defined by an age distribution of late Archean–early Proterozoic (ca. 2.7–2.3 Ga) and late Proterozoic ages (ca. 2.0–1.6 Ga), with variable quantities of Paleozoic and Early Mesozoic ages dependent on depositional age of the rocks. The majority of samples do not include Mesoproterozoic ages (ca. 1.5–1.0 Ga). PPA is dominant in Paleozoic rocks from California to Alaska, in terranes typically defined as subduction-accretionary complexes or subduction mélange.
- Mixed Proterozoic and Phanerozoic distribution (MPP; Figs. 1 and 2B) is defined by a multimodal age distribution spanning 2.0–0.16 Ga, including distinct age ranges of (1) late Paleoproterozoic (ca. 2.0–1.6 Ga); (2) Mesoproterozoic (ca. 1.5–1.0 Ga); (3) Neoproterozoic (ca. 0.8–0.6 Ga); (4) early Paleozoic (ca. 0.5–0.35); (5) late Paleozoic (ca. 350–250 Ma); and (6) early Mesozoic (ca. 250–160 Ma). MPP is present in Early–Late Jurassic samples, typically in forearc/intra-arc basins in terranes defined as island-arc complexes.
- Triassic and Jurassic distribution (TrJ; Figs. 1 and 3A) is defined by a dominant Middle–Late Jurassic (ca. 175–145 Ma) age distribution, with variable quantities of Triassic ages (ca. 250–220 Ma), and a general lack of Precambrian ages. (Note that Fig. 3A is truncated at 300 Ma.) TrJ is present in samples from an extensive belt of Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous basins that has long been recognized as correlative but of unclear tectonic setting (i.e., Cowan and Brandon, 1981; Garver, 1988; McClelland et al., 1992; Miller and Saleeby, 1995).
- Jurassic and Early Cretaceous distribution (JeK; Figs. 1 and 3B) is defined by an approximately bimodal age distribution of Jurassic–Early Cretaceous (ca. 200–130 Ma) and Early Cretaceous ages (ca. 130–100 Ma). JeK is found in samples from late Early–early Late Cretaceous basins, generally recognized as the forearc of the western North American Andean-style margin (i.e., Great Valley forearc) (Ingersoll, 1979; Degraaff-Surpless et al., 2002; Brown and Gehrels, 2007; Jacobson et al., 2011).
Map illustrating present-day location of terranes discussed in this paper, age distribution of Laurentian Precambrian crust, and detrital zircon sample locations: SEYTT—Southeastern Yukon-Tanana terrane; YTT-CM—Yukon-Tanana terrane in Coast Mountains; GRAV—Gravina Belt; MT—Methow-Tyaughton; EFLC—Easton-Fidalgo-Lummi-Constitution; YA—Yellow Aster; IG—Ingalls Graywacke; T-N—Tonga-Nooksack; LM—Lookout Mountain; CH—Coon Hollow; BT—Baker terrane; MI—Mitchell Inlier; SL—Snowshoe and Lonesome fms.; KRC—Klamath River Conglomerate; GAL—Galice; AMQ—Antelope Mountain Quartzite; EHT—Eastern Hayfork terrane; NFT—North Fork terrane; U-GVG—Upper Great Valley Group; T-GVG—"Tithonian" Great Valley Group; LDC-P—Lang-Duncan-Culberton allochthons and Picayune Valley Fm.; M-GVG—Middle Great Valley Group; MAR—Mariposa; JEK—Jurassic–Early Cretaceous; MPP—Mixed Proterozoic and Phanerozoic; and PPA—Paleoproterozoic and Archean. See Table DR1 for specific data sources 1 . Adapted from Gehrels (2001); Wyld and Wright (2001); DeGraaff-Surpless et al. (2002); Wyld et al. (2006); Brown and Gehrels (2007); Nelson and Gehrels (2007); base modified from Whitmeyer and Karlstrom (2007).
1 GSA supplemental data item 2012079, Table DR1: Data sources, is available in the online data repository. You can also request a copy from GSA Today, P.O. Box 9140, Boulder, CO 80301-9140, USA; .
Detrital zircon U-Pb age data from (A) Paleozoic–Mesozoic subduction-accretionary complexes and (B) Early to Late Jurassic basins in island-arc complexes. Specific data sources are shown in Table DR1 (see footnote 1).
Detrital zircon U-Pb age data from (A) Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous basins and (B) late Early to early Late Cretaceous basins. Specific data sources are shown in Table DR1 (see footnote 1).
The compilation presented here shows sequential regularity in distinct detrital zircon U-Pb ages at a scale of 10–100 Ma. The detrital zircon age distributions represent a definable aspect of large bodies of rock, are observation based, and allow for distinction between adjacent units. As such, they are here designated "detrital zircon facies." The age ranges present in a given detrital zircon facies (i.e., their recognition criteria) relate directly to known regional source areas of both primary and recycled grains. In the following sections, I review each detrital zircon facies and implications for development of the western Laurentian margin (Fig. 4).
Chronostratigraphic distribution of detrital zircon facies in western North American terranes, as well as referenced samples from the western U.S. interior. GVG—Great Valley Group; PPA—Paleoproterozoic and Archean. Specific data sources are shown in Table DR1 (see footnote 1).
Paleozoic–Early Mesozoic Time
The provenance of PPA facies is either (1) crystalline sources in northwestern Laurentia (Gehrels et al., 1995, 2000), (2) rifted and translated crustal fragments of the Precambrian–Paleozoic northwestern Laurentian miogeocline (Nelson and Gehrels, 2007; cf. Bradley et al., 2007; Beranek et al., 2010a), or
(3) originally peri-Gondwanan/Avalonian crust that was tectonically emplaced along the southern Laurentian margin in early–mid-Paleozoic time and subsequently translated along the plate margin in mid–late Paleozoic time (Wright and Wyld, 2006; Grove et al., 2008). Thus, rocks bearing PPA facies may reflect sediment derivation from northwestern Laurentian sources enhanced by plate-margin magmatism or multicycle sediment reworking and tectonic translation of crustal fragments allochthonous to western North America.
Regardless of the ultimate source of age-characteristic zircon grains, PPA facies sand was present in arc-basin complexes on the western North American plate margin by mid-Paleozoic time (Harding et al., 2000; Spurlin et al., 2000; cf. Lindsley-Griffin et al., 2006), and was subsequently recycled along the margin (Fig. 4) (e.g., Scherer et al., 2010; LaMaskin et al., 2011). Noteworthy, non-PPA age distributions in Paleozoic accretionary-subduction complexes of the Klamath Mountains and Sierra Nevada may represent exotic crust, structurally intercalated with PPA-bearing rocks, or may suggest other explanations (e.g., Harding et al., 2000; Wright and Wyld, 2007; Grove et al., 2008).
Early–Late Jurassic Time
The age distribution in MPP facies represents transcontinental sand shed from the greater Ouachita-Appalachian orogeny and enriched by southwestern Laurentian sources, as well as early Mesozoic, plate-margin magmatism in the western U.S. and eastern Mexico (Fig. 4; cf. Dickinson and Gehrels, 2003, 2009; Rahl et al., 2003). The presence of a transcontinental signature in each of these Early–Late Jurassic basins (Fig. 2B; cf. Izsak et al., 2007; Dickinson and Gehrels, 2008a, 2009; LaMaskin et al., 2011) suggests proximity to North America and the modern southwestern U.S. in early Mesozoic time, and that active orogenic structures and the plate-margin arc itself were not barriers to sediment transfer from the craton to the arc.
Existing data suggest that these transcontinental sediments were not incorporated into western North American peripheral-arc systems until Early Jurassic time (Fig. 4; ca. 190–185 Ma, Klamath Mountains, North Fork terrane) (Scherer and Ernst, 2008). It is not clear why transcontinental sediment was not delivered to arc-basin systems of the western U.S. during late Paleozoic time coincident with onset of the Alleghanian orogeny in eastern Laurentia (Hatcher, 2010). Additional data is needed from rocks of Late Paleozoic–Early Jurassic age to assess the timing of delivery of transcontinental sands to plate-margin basins and the transition from PPA to MPP facies.
Despite interpretations of a forearc setting for most Early–Late Jurassic basins (e.g., Dickinson, 1979; MacDonald, 2006; Scherer and Ernst, 2008; Snow and Ernst, 2008), MPP facies may also represent deposition (1) in a flexural basin adjacent to the uplifted western Nevadan back-arc basin (i.e., Jurassic Luning-fencemaker fold-thrust belt) (Wyld, 2002; Dorsey and LaMaskin, 2007; LaMaskin et al., 2011); (2) in extensional basins along the northward-deepening plate-margin arc (e.g., Busby-Spera, 1988; Barth et al., 2004; Dickinson and Gehrels, 2009; LaMaskin et al., 2011); or (3) in suprasubduction zone basins during arc extension and subsequent closure (e.g., Snoke, 1977; Harper, 1980; Hacker et al., 1995). Along-strike variability in modern southeast Pacific active margins suggests that these alternatives are not mutually exclusive. Proposed Cretaceous dextral-transpressive shear along the Mojave-Snow-Nevada-Idaho shear zone would have resulted in northern displacement of these originally southwestern U.S. basins (Wyld and Wright, 2001).
Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous Time
In Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous basins bearing TrJ facies, the paucity, or complete absence, of Precambrian zircon grains, in conjunction with a voluminous record of Middle–Late Jurassic magmatism, is interpreted to represent initial isolation of basins from the Laurentian craton due to nascent construction of the Andean-type margin (Figs. 3A and 4). Where Precambrian ages are present, age distributions mimic underlying MPP facies. A decrease in the relative abundance of Precambrian grains as compared to older samples discussed here may also simply represent an overwhelming increase in Mesozoic grains; however, for large sample sizes (e.g., Methow basin), Precambrian grains are not represented, suggesting that the decrease is not due to simple dilution.
The stratigraphic transition from MPP to TrJ facies is interpreted to record stepwise growth of orogenic highlands, as sediment pathways that were connected to the craton were cut off and new ones established along the rising plate margin. I propose that the transition from MPP to TrJ facies illustrates that, despite retro-arc thrusting and associated elevation gain during Middle Jurassic time (Wyld, 2002; Fuentes et al., 2009), there was not a contiguous mountain belt (i.e., topographically integrated) along the Pacific margin until Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous time. According to this model, continental-scale drainage patterns in the western U.S. were reversed between Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous time and transcontinental sands no longer entered western U.S. marginal basins. Instead, sediment sources to marginal basins became restricted to active arc and older igneous basement rocks in the now high-standing continental-margin, Andean-type arc.
The presence of TrJ facies in rocks as old as ca. 153–150 Ma (Fig. 4; Galice Formation, Klamath Mountains Province; Miller et al., 2003; Saleeby et al., 1982) suggests that plate reorganization from a complex, marginal-basin regime to an Andean-style margin may have initiated in middle Late Jurassic time (cf. Miller and Saleeby, 1995; Dumitru et al., 2010). A continuous basinal record of this Late Jurassic tectonic reorganization may be found in the western Klamath Mountains, where the Galice Formation includes both a transcontinental MPP facies (i.e., Izsak, et al., 2007) and a TrJ facies (i.e., Miller et al., 2003). Syndepositional, suprasubduction compression of the Galice basin in the western Klamath Mountains (Snoke, 1977; Wyld and Wright, 1988; Harper et al., 1994) may represent the earliest manifestation of plate reorganization. This compilation of detrital zircon U-Pb age data supports the idea of a "common origin for coeval strata on differing basement terranes" (Miller and Saleeby, 1995, p. 18,057), suggesting along-strike integration of disparate substrate crust by Late Jurassic time.
Late Early–Early Late Cretaceous Time
In late Early–early Late Cretaceous basins containing JeK facies, the general lack of Precambrian zircon grains represents continued isolation of marginal basins from the craton by the high-standing Andean-style margin (Figs. 3B and 4). Considering the analytical precision of SHRIMP (sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe) and LA-ICPMS (laser-ablation–inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy) methods, the nearly bimodal age distribution is a clear record of the two main magmatic phases of the Mesozoic Andean-type arc (i.e., Late Jurassic and Late Cretaceous; Ducea, 2001; Irwin and Wooden, 2001; Irwin, 2003). Any true differences in age modes and variance represent expected variability in the timing of arc magmatism along the Andean-type arc.
Conclusions and Implications
In western North America, detrital zircon U-Pb age distributions vary in a systematic and predictable manner and are interpreted to reflect second-order variability in the tectonic setting of an active plate margin. I suggest that at a second-order, 10–100 Ma scale, detrital zircon ages are governed by plate-tectonic setting, in a similar manner to controls on neodymium isotopic values from continental sedimentary rocks (Patchett et al., 1999). At the second-order scale, the integrated evolution of orogenic, erosion, and sediment-transport systems controls detrital zircon U-Pb age distributions and, accordingly, sediment provenance.
Critical evaluation of the model presented here, and integration with rapidly emerging data sets from the miogeocline and interior of the western U.S. and Canada (e.g., Dickinson and Gehrels, 2008a, 2008b, 2009; Scherer et al., 2008; Dickinson et al., 2010; Beranek et al., 2010b; Druschke et al., 2011; Fuentes et al., 2010; Leier and Gehrels, 2011) from tectonically enigmatic thin-skinned sheets such as the Roberts Mountain and Golconda allochthons (e.g., Riley et al., 2000; Gehrels et al., 2000; Wright and Wyld, 2006), and roof pendants within the Sierra Nevada batholith (e.g., Memeti et al., 2010), may help resolve the affinity of numerous western Laurentian basins through time. Continued integration of data sets will lead to a better understanding of the pace, areal extent, and along-strike variability of North American plate-margin tectonics with inference for global plate-tectonic processes.
The model proposed here unifies a large data set collected over thousands of kilometers and representing hundreds of millions of years of sedimentation, sets forth predictions for new data collection, and is inherently testable both regionally and on other continents. Identification of age distributions that do not fit the model presented here is critical and may point to a truly allochthonous origin for rocks within western North America (e.g., Harding et al., 2000; Wright and Wyld, 2007; Grove et al., 2008). A global evaluation of detrital zircon U-Pb age distributions at this scale may provide important information for understanding the pace and spatial scale of crustal growth via arc and terrane accretion.
My work in the Blue Mountains was supported by NSF grants to R. Dorsey (0537691) and J. Vervoort (EAR-0537913). I thank B. Housen, J. Miller, and J. MacDonald, and J. Schwartz for the use of data previously published in abstract form. Early versions of this manuscript were reviewed by M. Benedetti, R. Dorsey, R. Hildebrand, T. Lawton, N. Niemi, and J. Schwartz. I thank GSA Today editor R.D. Nance, an anonymous reviewer, and C. Busby for reviews of this manuscript. My interpretations would not be possible without the work of W. Dickinson, G. Ernst, G. Gehrels, W. McLelland, J. Saleeby, K. Surpless, S. Wyld, J. Wright, and many others.
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We're excited to announce the launch of a new product line: Babyville Boutique™!
Babyville Boutique is a line of products designed to let you make your own cloth diapers and other baby items. They have everything you need, from instruction books to PUL fabric, cute snaps to ez tape, and appliques to buttons. Everything is safety tested to make sure it's safe for your little one. I just love how darn cute they are! Which is good, because I'm (Jenny) expecting my own little one in May! That's right, Judi's going to be a grandma (again)!
Here's a little video from Babyville that demonstrates how easy their system is:
We have the Babyville Boutique line available in both stores, as well as online here.
Fabrics can be purchased by the meter, or in cute sets like this one:
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