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Frequent Links
Ethnic groups in Europe
The ethnic groups in Europe are the focus of European ethnology, the field of anthropology related to the various ethnic groups that reside in the nations of Europe. According to German monograph Minderheitenrechte in Europa co-edited by Pan and Pfeil (2002) there are 87 distinct peoples of Europe, of which 33 form the majority population in at least one sovereign state, while the remaining 54 constitute ethnic minorities. The total number of national minority populations in Europe is estimated at 105 million people, or 14% of 770 million Europeans.[1]
There is no precise or universally accepted definition of the terms "ethnic group" or "nationality". In the context of European ethnography in particular, the terms ethnic group, people (without nation state), nationality, national minority, ethnic minority, linguistic community, linguistic group and linguistic minority are used as mostly synonymous, although preference may vary in usage with respect to the situation specific to the individual countries of Europe.[2]
- 1 Overview
- 2 Linguistic classifications
- 3 By country
- 4 History
- 5 National minorities
- 6 Ethnic minorities of non-European origin
- 7 European identity
- 8 See also
- 9 Notes
- 10 References
- 11 Bibliography
- 12 External links
There are eight peoples of Europe (defined by their language) with more than 30 million members residing in Europe. These eight groups between themselves account for some 465 million or about 65% of European population:
- Russians (ca. 95 million residing in Europe),[a]
- Germans (ca. 82 million),[b]
- French (ca. 60 million),[c]
- British (ca. 60 million),[d][3]
- Italians (55 million),[4]
- Spanish (41–43 million),[e]
- Ukrainians (38–55 million),
- Poles (ca. 38 million).
About 20–25 million residents (3%) are members of diasporas of non-European origin. The population of the European Union, with some five hundred million residents, accounts for two thirds of the European population.
Both Spain and the United Kingdom are special cases, in that the designation of nationality, Spanish and British, may controversially take ethnic aspects, subsuming various regional ethnic groups, see nationalisms and regionalisms of Spain and native populations of the United Kingdom. Switzerland is a similar case, but the linguistic subgroups of the Swiss are not usually discussed in terms of ethnicity, and Switzerland is considered a "multi-lingual state" rather than a "multi-ethnic state".
Linguistic classifications
Of the total population of Europe of some 730 million (as of 2005), over 80% or some 600 million fall within three large branches of Indo-European languages, viz., Slavic, Italic (Romance) and Germanic. The largest groups that do not fall within these three are the Greeks (about 12 million) and the Albanians (about 8 million). Beside the Indo-European languages there are two other major language families on the European continent: Turkic languages and Uralic languages. The Semitic languages that dominate the coast of the northern Africa as well as the Near East are preserved on the Malta islands, a Mediterranean archipelago. Basque is a linguistic isolate unrelated to any other languages inside or outside of Europe.
Family of Indo-European languages
There are approximately 641 million residents in the family of the Indo-European languages divided into linguistic branches and peoples.[5]
|Sub-groups and minority languages
|Number in millions
|Slavic, East
|Pomors, Cossacks[dubious ]
|82 in European Russia,[6] 8.3 in Ukraine,[7] 0.7 in Belarus,[8] 1 in the Baltic States,[9][10][11] 0.3 in Moldova and Transnistria;[12][13] up to 0.5 in the Russian communities throughout the EU, especially in Germany[14]
|Slavic, East
|Rusyns[dubious ], Boykos, Hutsuls, Lemkos, Poleszuks
|37.5 million in Ukraine;[7] 2 million in European Russia[6]
|Slavic, West
|37.5 million in Poland; around 20 million people of Polish ancestry living abroad
|Slavic, South
|Total speakers worldwide.[15][16][17][18][19][20]
|Slavic, West
|Slavic, South
|Total speakers worldwide.[21]
|Slavic, East
|Slavic, South
|Bunjevci, Šokci, Burgenland Croats
|The World Factbook.[22]
|Slavic, West
|Slavic, South
|The World Factbook.[23]
|Slavic, South
|Slavic, West
|Slavic, South
|Slavic, South
|Slavic, West
|Slavic, West
|Slavic Languages
|*235 million
|Sub-groups and minority languages
|Number in millions
|Latin, Western
|French, Walloons, Romands, Provencals, Occitans, Aranese
|Latin, Western
|Sammarinese people, Swiss Italians, Istrian Italians, Dalmatian Italians, Corsican Italians
|Latin, Western
|Castilians; non-Castilian ethno-linguistic groups: Andalusians, Asturians, Aragonese, Galicians, Catalans
|Latin, Eastern
|Romanians (Vlachs)
|Daco-Romanians, Moldovans, Megleno-Romanians, Istro-Romanians, Aromanians, Morlachs, Moravian Vlachs
|Latin, Western
|Latin, Eastern
|Romansh, Ladins
|Latin, Western
|(Speak English mainly as first language) Also summed under White British
|Romance-speaking Europe
|*190 million
|Sub-groups and minority languages
|Number in millions
|Germanic, West, Continental
|German-speaking Europe
|Germans, Austrians, Bavarians, Alemannic Swiss, Swabians, Luxembourgers, Alsatians, Lorrainers, South Tyroleans, German-speaking Belgians, North Schleswig Germans
|Germanic, West, North Sea
|also subsumed under British or White British.
|Germanic, West, Continental
|Dutch people
|Netherlandic, Flemish people
|Germanic, North
|Norwegians, Swedes, Finland Swedes, Gotlanders, Danes, South Schleswig Danes, Faroese, Icelanders
|Germanic, West, North Sea
|Germanic Europe
|*180 million
|Sub-groups and minority languages
|approx. number (millions)[26]
|Romani people
|Celtic Europe
|approx. 2 million speakers of Celtic languages, but depending on the definition, some 20 million may be considered "Celtic"
|Celtic, Goidelic
|All but 10 - 20,000 speak English as a first language. Some living in Northern Ireland can also subsumed under British or White British.
|Celtic, Goidelic
|also subsumed under British or White British.
|Celtic, Brythonic
|UK, does not include Welsh in USA and elsewhere, also subsumed under British or White British.
|Celtic, Brythonic
|Bretagne and Loire-Atlantique provinces of France, does not include Bretons in Canada and elsewhere, also subsumed under French.
|Celtic, Brythonic
|UK, does not include Cornish in Australia and elsewhere, also subsumed under British or White British.
|Celtic, Goidelic
|also subsumed under British or White British.
|Pontic Greeks, Greek Cypriots
|Total speakers worldwide
|Ghegs, Tosks
|Total speakers worldwide
|5.6 [34]
|Total speakers worldwide; depends on what part of the Southern Caucasus is considered European, see below.
|Samogitians, Prussian Lithuanians
|Latgalians, Kursenieki
|Turkic peoples
|Turkic, Oghuz
|Chepni, Yörüks, Bulgarian Turks, Turks of Western Thrace
| 9 (excluding Turkey)
19 (including European Turkey)
|approx. 9 million (not including Turkey),[35] 10 million in Eastern Thrace (European Turkey); overall there is a total of 55-60 million Turks in Turkey.[36] (see Turks in Europe)
|Turkic peoples
|Turkic, Oghuz
|in European Azerbaijan only[6]
|Turkic peoples
|Turkic, Kipchak
|in European Kazakhstan only[6]
|Turkic peoples
|Turkic, Kipchak
|Volga Tatars
|in European Russia only[6]
|Turkic peoples
|Turkic, Oghur
|in European Russia only[6]
|Turkic peoples
|Turkic, Kipchak
|in European Russia only[6]
|Turkic peoples
|Turkic, Kipchak
|Turkic peoples
|Turkic, Kipchak
|Karachays, Balkars
|Turkic peoples
|Turkic, Kipchak / Oghuz
|Tat Tatars, Yaliboyu Tatars, Noğay Tatars
|Turkic peoples
|Turkic, Oghuz
|Turkic peoples
|Turkic, Kipchak
|Finno-Ugric peoples
|Hungarians, Székelys, Csangos
|Finno-Ugric peoples
|Finnic, Finno-Lappic
|Karelians, Sweden Finns, Ingrian Finns, Kven people
|Finno-Ugric peoples
|Finnic, Finno-Lappic
|Setos, Võros
|Finno-Ugric peoples
|Finnic, Volgaic
|Erzya/Shoksha, Moksha, Teryukhan, Qaratay
|Finno-Ugric peoples
|Finnic, Permic
|Finno-Ugric peoples
|Finnic, Volgaic
|Finno-Ugric peoples
|Finnic, Permic
|Komi-Izhemtsy, Komi-Permyaks
|Finno-Ugric peoples
|Finnic, Finno-Lappic
|Finno-Ugric peoples
|Finnic, Finno-Lappic
|Finno-Ugric peoples
|Finnic, Finno-Lappic
|Finno-Ugric peoples
|Finnic, Finno-Lappic
|Northern Caucasian
|depends on what part of the Caucasus is considered European, see below.
|Northeast Caucasian
|Northeast Caucasian
|Northeast Caucasian
|Northwest Caucasian
|Northeast Caucasian
|Northeast Caucasian
|Northwest Caucasian
|Northwest Caucasian
|Northwest Caucasian
|Northwest Caucasian
|Northeast Caucasian
|Northeast Caucasian
|Tsakhur people
|depends on what part of the Caucasus is considered European, see below.
|Semitic, Hebrew
|also subsumed under various "Other", see below.
|Semitic, Maltese
|about half of the vocabulary is derived from standard Italian and Sicilian.
Europe has a population of about 2 million ethnic Jews (mostly also counted as part of the ethno-linguistic group of their respective home countries):
- Ashkenazi Jews (about 1.4 million, mostly German and French).
- Sephardi Jews (about 0.3 million, mostly French and Italian).
- Mizrahi Jews (about 0.3 million, mostly French).
- Italian Jews (some 50,000, mostly Italian).
- Romaniotes (some 6,000, mostly Greek).
- Karaites (less than 4,000 in Poland and Lithuania).
Depending on what parts of the South Caucasus are considered part of Europe, various peoples of the Caucasus may also be considered "European peoples":
- Abkhazians: approx. 100,000[37]
- Kabardians, Cherkesses and Adyghes: approx. 600,000[6]
- Nokhches (Chechens and Ingushes): approx. 1.8 million[6]
- Ossetians: approx. 600,000[6][37]
- Peoples of the Mountains Dagestan (Avars, Dargins, Lezgins, Laks etc.): approx. 2 million[6]
By country
Pan and Pfeil (2002) distinguish 33 peoples which form the majority population in at least one[h] sovereign state geographically situated in Europe.[i] These majorities range from nearly homogeneous populations as in Albania or Poland, to comparatively slight majorities as in Latvia or Belgium. Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro are multiethnic states in which no group forms a majority.
|Regional majorities
|Greeks ~3%,[41][42] other 2% (Aromanian, Romani, Macedonians, Bulgarians).[43]
|Yazidis 1.2%, Russians 0.4%, Assyrians 0.1%, Kurds 0.1%, others: Greeks, Ukrainians, Georgians (2011 census) Official statistics/data of RA.[44]
|South Slavs 4% (includes Burgenland Croats, Carinthian Slovenes, Croats, Slovenes, Serbs and Bosniaks), Turks 1.6%, Germans 0.9%, and other or unspecified 2.4%. (2001 census)
|Lezgins 2%
|Armenians, Russians, Talysh, Avars, Turks, Tatars, Ukrainians.
|Russians 11.4%, Poles 3.9%, Ukrainians 2.4%, and other 1.1%. (1999 census)
|Walloons 31%, Germans 1%
|mixed or other (i.e. Luxembourgers, Eastern or Southern Europeans, Africans and Asians, and Latin Americans) 10%.
|Bosnia and Herzegovina
|Bosniaks 48%, Serbs 37.1% Croats 14.3%
|other 0.6% (2000)
|Turks 8.8%
|Roma 5%, Others 2% (including Russian, Armenian, Tatar, and Vlach). (2001 census)[45]
|Serbs 4.5%, other 5.9% (including Bosniak, Hungarian, Slovene, Czech, Dalmatian Italians, Austrian-German, Romanian and Romani). (2001 census)
|Greek Cypriots
|Turkish Cypriots
|Czech Republic
|Moravians 3.7%
|Slovaks 1.9%, and other 4%. (2001 census)
|other Scandinavian, Germans, Frisians, other European, Greenlandic people and others.
|Estonian Swedes
|Baltic Russians 25.6%, Ukrainians 2.1%, Belarusians 1.3%, Finns 0.9%, and other (Baltic Germans) 2.2%. (2000 census)
|Swedes 5.6%, Sami 0.1%
|Russians 0.5%, Estonians 0.3%, Romani 0.1% and Turks 0.05%. (2006)
|(includes sometimes considered as "regional groups" like Bretons, Corsicans, Occitans, Alsatians, Normans, Picards, Savoyards, Basques, Catalans and Flemings).
|other European 7%, North African 7%, Sub-Saharan African, Indochinese, Asian, Latin American and Pacific Islander.[47] French with recent immigrant background (at least one great-grandparent) 33%.[48][49]
|South Ossetians 0.9%, Abkhazians 0.1%
|Azeris 6.5%, Armenians 5.7%, Russian 1.5%, other: 2.5% (2002 census).[50]
|81%-91% [51]
|includes Bavarians, Swabians, Saxons, Frisians, Sorbs, Silesians, Saarland Germans, Polish-Germans and Schleswig-Holstein Danes).
|Germans without immigrant background 81%; Germans with immigrant background (including ethnic German repatriates and people of partial immigrant background) 10%; Foreigners 9%: Turks 2.1%, others 6.7% and non-European descent about 2 to 5%).[51]
|includes linguistic minorities 3%
|Albanians 4%, and other (i.e. Aromanians/Megleno-Romanians, Cretan Turks and Macedonian/Greek Slavic 3%. (2001 census)[k]
|Romani 1.9%, Germans 1.2%, other (i.e. Croats, Romanians, Bulgarians, Turks and Ruthenians) or unknown 4.6%. (2001 census)
|other (non-native/immigrants - mainly Polish, Russian, Greek, Portuguese and Filipino) 6%.
|other white (large numbers of Latvian, Polish and Ukrainian migration) 7.5%, Asian 1.3%, black 1.1%, mixed 1.1%, and unspecified (i.e. Ulster Scots and Irish Travellers) 1.6%. (2006 census)
|German-speakers in South Tyrol and French-speaking minority in Val d'Aosta.
|Sardinians, Arbëreshë, Catalan, Greek, Ladin and Slovene minorities, other Europeans (mostly Romanians, Albanians, Ukrainians and Polish) 4%, North African Arabs 1% and others (i.e. Chinese, Filipino, Indian, Black African and Latin American) 2.5%.[52][53][54][55]
|Russians 23.7%
|Uzbeks, Ukrainians, Uyghurs, Tatars, Germans.
|Serbs 4%
|other 4% (Bosniak, Gorani, Romani, Turk and Ashkali and Egyptians).
|Baltic Russians 26.9%
|Belarusian 3.3%, Ukrainian 2.2%, Polish 2.2%, Lithuanian 1.2%, Livonian (Finno-Estonian) 0.1% and other 2.0%. (2011)
|Poles 6.74%, Russians 6.31%, Belorussians 1.23%, other (Lipka Tatars) 2.27% and Jews (Karaites and Yiddish-speaking) 0.01%. (2001 census)
|Albanians 25.2%, Turks 4%
|Romani 2.7%, Serbs 1.8%, and other (i.e. Greeks, Bulgarians, Romanians and Croats) 2.2%. (2002 census)
|Ukrainians 8.4%, Gagauz 4.4%
|Russians 5.9%, Romanians 2.1%, Bulgarians 1.9%, and other 1.3%. (2004 census)
|Montenegrins 44.98%, Serbs 28.73%
|Bosniaks 8.65%, Albanians 4.91%, and other (Croats, Greeks, Romani and Macedonians) 12,73%. (2011 census)
|Frisians 3%
|other European Union nationals 5%, Indonesians 2.4%, Turks 2.2%, Surinamese 2%, Moroccans 2%, Netherlands Antilles & Aruban 0.8%, other 4.8% and Frisian-speaking dominant 0.01%. (2008 est.)
|Northern Cyprus
|Turkish Cypriots
|Greek Cypriots
|85-87% [l]
|Sami 1.2 - 2.5%[m]
|Poles 1.4%. A variety of other ethnicities with background from 219 countries that together make up approximately 12% (Swedes, Pakistanis, Somalis, Iraqi Arabs and Kurds, Vietnamese, Germans, Lithuanians) (2012)[58]
|Germans 0.4%, Belarusians 0.1%, Ukrainians 0.1%, other and unspecified (i.e. Silesians, Prussian Lithuanians and Kashubians) 2.7%, and about 5,000 Polish Jews reported to reside in the country. (2002 census)
|Portuguese Mirandese speakers 15.000~ (i.e. Mirandese language speakers)
|other 5% - European Union (i.e. Spanish, British, German, French, Romanians, Bulgarians and Hungarians) and non-EU nationals (i.e. Ukrainians, Moldavians, Russians, Serbs and Croats); Africans from Portuguese-speaking Africa, Brazilians, Chinese, Indians, Portuguese Gypsies.
|Hungarians 6.6%, Romani 2.5%, Germans 0.3%
|Ukrainians 0.3%, Russians 0.2%, Turks 0.2%, other 0.4% and Jewish 0.1%. (2002 census)
|Tatars 3.9%, Chuvashes 1%, Chechens 1%, Ossetians 0.4%, Kabardin 0.4%, Ingushes 0.3%, Kalmyks 0.1%
|Ukrainians 1.4%, Bashkir 1.2%, Armenians 0.9%, Avars 0.7%, Mordvins 0.5% and other. (2010 census, includes Asian Russia, excludes unspecified people (3.94% of population)).[59][60]
|Hungarians 3.9%, Romani 1.4%, Yugoslavs 1.1%, Bosniaks 1.8%, Montenegrin 0.9%, and other 8%. i.e. Macedonians, Slovaks, Romanians, Croats, Ruthenes, Bulgarians, Germans and other. (2002 census).
|Hungarians 9.7%
|Romani 1.7%, Ruthenian/Ukrainian 1%, other and unspecified 1.8%. (2001 census)
|Serbs 2%, Croats 1.8%, Bosniaks 1.1%, other (Dalmatian Italians, ethnic Germans, Hungarians and Romanians) and/or unspecified 12%. (2002 census)
|Various nationalities or sub-ethnicities of the Spanish people, including Castilians and Leonese, Catalans/Valencians, Galicians and Basques.
|Gypsies, Jews, Latin Americans, Romanians, North Africans, sub-Saharan Africans, Chinese, Filipinos, Levant Arabs, and others.
|Finns (Tornedalians), Sami people
|foreign-born or first-generation immigrants: Finns (Sweden-Finns), Yugoslavs, Danes, Norwegians, Russians, Syriacs, Greeks, Turks, Iranians, Iraqis, Pakistanis, Thais, Koreans and Chileans.[61][62]
|regional linguistic subgroups, including the Alamannic German-speakers, the Romand French-speakers, the Italian-speakers and Romansh people (see Romansh language).
|Balkans (Serbs, Croats, Bosniaks or Albanians) 6%, Italians 4%, Portuguese 2%, Germans 1.5%, Turks 1%, Spanish 1% and Ukrainians 0.5%.
|Kurds 18%
|Circassians, Zazas, Laz, Greeks, Armenians, Jews, Assyrians, Albanians, Bulgarians, Bosniaks, Arabs 7%.
|Russians 17.3%
|Belarusians 0.6%, Moldovans 0.5%, Crimean Tatars 0.5%, Bulgarians 0.4%, Hungarians 0.3%, Romanians 0.3%, Poles 0.3%, Jews 0.2%, Armenians 0.1% and other 1.8%. (2001 census)
|United Kingdom
|White British
|(consisting of English: ca. 75-80% Scottish: 8.0%, Welsh: 4.5%, Northern Irish: 2.8%, also Cornish, Manx, Romani and Channel Islanders). Included are the inhabitants of Gibraltar.
|Black British, Asian British often consists of South Asian and East Indian peoples, Chinese British, various other Commonwealth Citizens and other Europeans.
Prehistoric populations
The Basques are assumed to descend from the populations of the Atlantic Bronze Age directly.[63] The Indo-European groups of Europe (the Centum groups plus Balto-Slavic and Albanian) are assumed to have developed in situ by admixture of early Indo-European groups arriving in Europe by the Bronze Age (Corded ware, Beaker people). The Finnic peoples are mostly assumed to be descended from populations that had migrated to their historical homelands by about 3,000 years ago.[64]
Reconstructed languages of Iron Age Europe include Proto-Celtic, Proto-Italic and Proto-Germanic, all of these Indo-European languages of the centum group, and Proto-Slavic and Proto-Baltic, of the satem group. A group of Tyrrhenian languages appears to have included Etruscan, Rhaetian and perhaps also Eteocretan and Eteocypriot. A pre-Roman stage of Proto-Basque can only be reconstructed with great uncertainty.
Regarding the European Bronze Age, the only secure reconstruction is that of Proto-Greek (ca. 2000 BC). A Proto-Italo-Celtic ancestor of both Italic and Celtic (assumed for the Bell beaker period), and a Proto-Balto-Slavic language (assumed for roughly the Corded Ware horizon) has been postulated with less confidence. Old European hydronymy has been taken as indicating an early (Bronze Age) Indo-European predecessor of the later centum languages.
Historical populations
Iron Age (pre-Great Migrations) populations of Europe known from Greco-Roman historiography, notably Herodotus, Pliny, Ptolemy and Tacitus:
- Aegean: Greek tribes, Pelasgians/Tyrrhenians and Anatolians.
- Armenian Highlands/Anatolia: Armenians[65]
- Balkans: Illyrians (List of ancient tribes in Illyria), Dacians and Thracians.
- Caucasus: Georgians
- Italian peninsula: Italic peoples, Etruscans, Adriatic Veneti, Ligurians and Greek colonies.
- Western/Central Europe: Celts (list of peoples of Gaul, List of Celtic tribes), Rhaetians and Swabians, Vistula Veneti, Lugii and Balts.
- Iberian peninsula: Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula (Iberians, Lusitani, Aquitani, Celtiberians) Basques and Phoenicians ( Carthaginians).
- Sardinia: Nuragic people, comprising the Corsi, Balares and Ilienses tribes.
- British Isles: Celtic tribes in Britain and Ireland and Picts/Priteni.
- Northern Europe: Finnic peoples, Germanic peoples (list of Germanic peoples).
- Southern Europe: Sicani.
- Eastern Europe: Scythians, Sarmatians.
Historical immigration
Ethno-linguistic groups that arrived from outside Europe during historical times are:
- Phoenician colonies in the Mediterranean, from about 1200 BC to the fall of Carthage after the Third Punic War in 146 BC.
- Iranian influence: Achaemenid control of Thrace (512-343 BC) and the Bosporan Kingdom, Cimmerians, Scythians, Sarmatians, Alans, Ossetes.
- the Jewish diaspora reached Europe in the Roman Empire period, the Jewish community in Italy dating to around AD 70 and records of Jews settling Central Europe (Gaul) from the 5th century (see History of the Jews in Europe).
- The Hunnic Empire (5th century), converged with the Barbarian invasions, contributing to the formation of the First Bulgarian Empire
- Avar Khaganate (c.560s-800), converged with the Slavic migrations, fused into the South Slavic states from the 9th century.
- the Bulgars (or proto-Bulgarians), a semi-nomadic people, originally from Central Asia, eventually absorbed by the Slavs.
- the Magyars (Hungarians), a Ugric people, and the Turkic Pechenegs and Khazars, arrived in Europe in about the 8th century (see Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin).
- the Arabs conquered Cyprus, Crete, Sicily, some places along the coast of southern Italy, Malta, Hispania and, in the early 11th century, Emirate of Sicily (831-1072) and Al-Andalus (711-1492)
- the Berber dynasties of the Almoravides and the Almohads ruled much of Spain and Portugal.[66]
- exodus of Maghreb Christians[67]
- the western Kipchaks known as Cumans entered the lands of present-day Ukraine in the 11th century.
- the Mongol/Tatar invasions (1223–1480), and Ottoman control of the Balkans (1389–1878). These medieval incursions account for the presence of European Turks and Tatars.
- the Romani people (Gypsies) arrived during the Late Middle Ages
- the Mongol Kalmyks arrived in Kalmykia in the 17th century.
History of European ethnography
The earliest accounts of European ethnography date to Classical Antiquity. Herodotus described the Scythians and Thraco-Illyrians. Dicaearchus gave a description of Greece itself besides accounts of western and northern Europe. His work survives only fragmentarily, but was received by Polybius and others.
Roman Empire period authors include Diodorus Siculus, Strabo and Tacitus. Julius Caesar gives an account of the Celtic tribes of Gaul, while Tacitus describes the Germanic tribes of Magna Germania.
The 4th century Tabula Peutingeriana records the names of numerous peoples and tribes. Ethnographers of Late Antiquity such as Agathias of Myrina Ammianus Marcellinus, Jordanes or Theophylact Simocatta give early accounts of the Slavs, the Franks, the Alamanni and the Goths.
Book IX of Isidore's Etymologiae (7th century) treats de linguis, gentibus, regnis, militia, civibus (of languages, peoples, realms, armies and cities). Ahmad ibn Fadlan in the 10th century gives an account of the Bolghar and the Rus' peoples. William Rubruck, while most notable for his account of the Mongols, in his account of his journey to Asia also gives accounts of the Tatars and the Alans. Saxo Grammaticus and Adam of Bremen give an account of pre-Christian Scandinavia. The Chronicon Slavorum (12th century) gives an account of the northwestern Slavic tribes.
Gottfried Hensel in his 1741 Synopsis Universae Philologiae published what is probably the earliest ethno-linguistic map of Europe, showing the beginning of the pater noster in the various European languages and scripts.[68][69] In the 19th century, ethnicity was discussed in terms of scientific racism, and the ethnic groups of Europe were grouped into a number of "races", Mediterranean, Alpine and Nordic, all part of a larger "Caucasian" group.
The beginnings of ethnic geography as an academic subdiscipline lie in the period following World War I, in the context of nationalism, and in the 1930s exploitation for the purposes of fascist and Nazi propaganda so that it was only in the 1960s that ethnic geography began to thrive as a bona fide academic subdiscipline.[70]
The origins of modern ethnography are often traced to the work of Bronisław Malinowski who emphasized the importance of fieldwork.[71] The emergence of population genetics further undermined the categorisation of Europeans into clearly defined racial groups. A 2007 study on the genetic history of Europe found that the most important genetic differentiation in Europe occurs on a line from the north to the south-east (northern Europe to the Balkans), with another east-west axis of differentiation across Europe, separating the "indigenous" Basques and Sami from other European populations. Despite these stratifications it noted the unusually high degree of European homogeneity: "there is low apparent diversity in Europe with the entire continent-wide samples only marginally more dispersed than single population samples elsewhere in the world."[72][73][74]
National minorities
The total number of national minority populations in Europe is estimated at 105 million people, or 14% of Europeans.[1]
The member states of the Council of Europe in 1995 signed the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities. The broad aims of the Convention are to ensure that the signatory states respect the rights of national minorities, undertaking to combat discrimination, promote equality, preserve and develop the culture and identity of national minorities, guarantee certain freedoms in relation to access to the media, minority languages and education and encourage the participation of national minorities in public life. The Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities defines a national minority implicitly to include minorities possessing a territorial identity and a distinct cultural heritage. By 2008, 39 member states have signed and ratified the Convention, with the notable exception of France.
Indigenous minorities
Most of Europe's indigenous peoples, or ethnic groups known to have the earliest known historical connection to a particular region, have gone extinct or been absorbed by (or, perhaps, contributed to) the dominant cultures. Those that survive are largely confined to remote areas. Groups that have been identified as indigenous include the Sami of northern Scandinavia, the Basques of northern Spain and southern France, the Bretons of western France and a many of the western indigenous peoples of Russia. Groups in Russia include Finno-Ugric peoples such as the Komi and Mordvins of the western Ural Mountains, Samoyedic peoples such as the Nenets people of northern Russia.
Ethnic minorities of non-European origin
Europe is also where a multiplicity of cultures, nationalities, and ethnic groups not indigenous to Europe reside. The majority of them are recently arrived immigrants in the 20th century, usually from former colonies of the British, French, and Spanish empires.
Populations of non-European origin in Europe (approx. 22 - 29+ million, or approx. 3% to 4%+ [depending on definition of non-European origin], out of a total population of approx. 728 million):
- Western Asians
- Ashkenazi Jews: approx. 1.4 million, mostly in Germany and France. Only a few communities remain in Europe, as the vast majority have been wiped out by the Nazi genocide during WWII. In recent years, most have either immigrated to America or made aliyah to the re-established state of Israel. They are of ancestral South West Asian and European origin.[75][76][77][78][79][80]
- Sephardi Jews: approx. 0.3 million, mostly in France.
- Mizrahi Jews: approx. 0.3 million, mostly in France.
- Italqim: approx. 50,000, mostly in Italy.[81]
- Romaniotes: approx. 6,000, mostly in Greece.
- Assyrians: mostly in Sweden and Germany
- Karaites: less than 4,000, mostly in Poland and Lithuania.
- Kurds: approx. 2.5 million, mostly in the UK, Germany, Sweden and Turkey.
- Iraqi diaspora: mostly in the UK, Germany and Sweden.
- Lebanese diaspora: especially in France, Netherlands, Germany, Cyprus and the UK.[82]
- Syrian diaspora: Largest number of Syrians live in Germany, the Netherlands and Sweden.
- Africans
- North Africans (Arabs and Berbers): approx. 5 million, mostly in France, Spain, Italy, the Netherlands and Sweden. The bulk of North African migrants are Moroccans, although France also has a large number of Algerians.
- Horn Africans: approx. 200,000 Somalis,[83] mostly in the UK, Netherlands and Scandinavia.
- Sub-Saharan Africans (many ethnicities including Afro-Caribbeans and others by descent): approx. 5 million but rapidly growing, mostly in the UK and France, with smaller numbers in the Netherlands, Germany, Italy, Portugal and elsewhere.[84]
- Latin Americans: approx. 2.2 million, mainly in Spain and to a lesser extent Italy and the UK.[85] See also Latin American Britons (80,000 Latin American born in 2001).[86]
- Brazilians: around 70,000 in Portugal and Italy each, and 50,000 in Germany.
- Chilean refugees escaping the Augusto Pinochet regime of the 1970s formed communities in France, Sweden, the UK, former East Germany and the Netherlands.
- Venezuelans: around 520,000 mostly in Spain (200,000), Portugal (100,000), France (30,000), Germany (20,000), UK (15,000), Ireland (5,000), Italy (5,000) and the Netherlands (1,000).[87]
- South Asians: approx. 3 - 4 million, mostly in the UK but reside in smaller numbers in Germany and France.
- Romani (Gypsies): approx. 4 or 10 million (although estimates vary widely), dispersed throughout Europe but with large numbers concentrated in the Balkans area, they are of ancestral South Asian origin.
- Indians: approx. 2 million, mostly in the UK, also in Germany and smaller numbers in Ireland.
- Pakistanis: approx. 1,000,000, mostly in the UK, but also in Norway and Sweden.
- Tamils: approx. 250,000, predominantly in the UK.
- Bangladeshi residing in Europe estimated at over 500,000, the bulk live in the UK.
- Afghans, about 100,000 to 200,000, most happen to live in the UK, but Germany and Sweden are destinations for Afghan immigrants since the 1960s.
- East Asians
- Chinese: approx. 1.7 million, mostly in France, Russia, the UK, Spain, Italy and the Netherlands.
- Filipinos: above 1 million, mostly in the UK, France, Germany, Spain, and Italy.
- Japanese: mostly in the UK and a sizable community in Düsseldorf, Germany.
- Koreans: 100,000 estimated (excludes a possible 100,000 more in Russia), mainly in the UK, France and Germany. See also Koryo-saram.
- Southeast Asians of multiple nationalities, ca. total 1 million, such as Indonesians in the Netherlands, Thais in the UK and Sweden, Vietnamese in France and former East Germany, and Cambodians in France. See also Vietnamese people in the Czech Republic.
- Mongolians are a sizable community in Germany, Poland and the Czech Republic.
- North Americans
- U.S. and Canadian expatriates: American British and Canadian British, Canadiens and Acadians in France, as well Americans/Canadians of European ancestry residing elsewhere in Europe.
- African Americans (i.e. African American British) who are Americans of black/African ancestry reside in other countries. In the 1920s, African-American entertainers established a colony in Paris and descendants of World War II/Cold War-era black American soldiers stationed in France, Germany and Italy are well known.
- U.S. and Canadian expatriates: American British and Canadian British, Canadiens and Acadians in France, as well Americans/Canadians of European ancestry residing elsewhere in Europe.
- Others
- Pacific Islanders: A small population of Tahitians of Polynesian origin in mainland France, Fijians in the United Kingdom from Fiji and Māori in the United Kingdom of the Māori people of New Zealand.
- Amerindians and Inuit, a scant few in the European continent of American Indian ancestry (often Latin Americans in Spain, France and the UK; Inuit in Denmark), but most may be children or grandchildren of U.S. soldiers from American Indian tribes by intermarriage with local European women. In Germany, the Native American Association of Germany founded in 1994 as a socio-cultural organization estimates 50,000 North American Indians (descendants) live in the country.[citation needed]
European identity
Medieval notions of a relation of the peoples of Europe are expressed in terms of genealogy of mythical founders of the individual groups. The Europeans were considered the descendants of Japheth from early times, corresponding to the division of the known world into three continents, the descendants of Shem peopling Asia and those of Ham peopling Africa. Identification of Europeans as "Japhetites" is also reflected in early suggestions for terming the Indo-European languages "Japhetic".
In this tradition, the Historia Brittonum (9th century) introduces a genealogy of the peoples of the Migration period (as it was remembered in early medieval historiography) as follows,
- The first man that dwelt in Europe was Alanus, with his three sons, Hisicion, Armenon, and Neugio. Hisicion had four sons, Francus, Romanus, Alamanus, and Bruttus. Armenon had five sons, Gothus, Valagothus, Cibidus, Burgundus, and Longobardus. Neugio had three sons, Vandalus, Saxo, and Boganus.
- From Hisicion arose four nations—the Franks, the Latins, the Germans, and Britons; from Armenon, the Gothi, Valagothi, Cibidi, Burgundi, and Longobardi; from Neugio, the Bogari, Vandali, Saxones, and Tarincgi. The whole of Europe was subdivided into these tribes.[88]
The text goes then on to list the genealogy of Alanus, connecting him to Japheth via eighteen generations.
European culture
European culture is largely rooted in what is often referred to as its "common cultural heritage".[89] Due to the great number of perspectives which can be taken on the subject, it is impossible to form a single, all-embracing conception of European culture.[90] Nonetheless, there are core elements which are generally agreed upon as forming the cultural foundation of modern Europe.[91] One list of these elements given by K. Bochmann includes:[92]
- A common cultural and spiritual heritage derived from Greco-Roman antiquity, Christianity, the Renaissance and its Humanism, the political thinking of the Enlightenment, and the French Revolution, and the developments of Modernity, including all types of socialism;[93]
- A rich and dynamic material culture that has been extended to the other continents as the result of industrialization and colonialism during the "Great Divergence";[93]
- A specific conception of the individual expressed by the existence of, and respect for, a legality that guarantees human rights and the liberty of the individual;[93]
- A plurality of states with different political orders, which are condemned to live together in one way or another;[93]
- Respect for peoples, states and nations outside Europe.[93]
Berting says that these points fit with "Europe's most positive realisations".[94] The concept of European culture is generally linked to the classical definition of the Western world. In this definition, Western culture is the set of literary, scientific, political, artistic and philosophical principles which set it apart from other civilizations. Much of this set of traditions and knowledge is collected in the Western canon.[95] The term has come to apply to countries whose history has been strongly marked by European immigration or settlement during the 18th and 19th centuries, such as the Americas, and Australasia, and is not restricted to Europe.
Since the High Middle Ages, most of Europe used to be dominated by Christianity. There are three major denominations, Roman Catholic, Protestant and Eastern Orthodox, with Protestantism restricted mostly to Northern Europe, and Orthodoxy to Slavic regions, Romania, Greece and Georgia. Also The Armenian Apostolic Church, part of the Oriental Church, is in Europe - another branch of Christianity (world's oldest National Church). Part of the Catholicism, while centered in the Latin parts, has a significant following also in Germanic and Slavic regions, Hungary, and Ireland (with some in Great Britain).
Christianity is still the largest religion in Europe; according to a 2011 survey, 76.2% of Europeans considered themselves Christians.[96][97] Also according to a study on Religiosity in the European Union in 2012, by Eurobarometer, Christianity is the largest religion in the European Union, accounting for 72% of the EU's population.[98]
Islam has some tradition in the Balkans and Caucasus (the European dominions of the Ottoman Empire in the 16th to 19th centuries). Muslims account for the majority of the populations in Albania, Azerbaijan, Kosovo, Northern Cyprus and Turkey. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, 47% of the population is Muslim. Significant minorities are present in the rest of Europe. In addition to Turkey and Azerbaijan, Russia has one of the largest Muslim communities in Europe, including the Tatars of the Middle Volga and multiple groups in the Caucasus, including Chechens, Avars, Ingush and others. With 20th-century migrations, Muslims in Western Europe have become a noticeable minority.
Judaism has a long history in Europe, but is a small minority religion, with France (1%) the only European country with a Jewish population in excess of 0.5%. The Jewish population of Europe is composed primarily of two groups, the Ashkenazi and the Sephardi. Ancestors of Ashkenazi Jews likely migrated to the middle of Europe at least as early as the 8th century, while Sephardi Jews established themselves in Spain and Portugal at least one thousand years before that. Jews originated in the Levant where they resided for thousands of years until the 2nd century AD, when they spread around the Mediterranean and into Europe, although small communities were known to exist in Greece since at least the 1st century BC. Jewish history was notably affected by the Holocaust and emigration (including Aliyah, as well as emigration to America) in the 20th century.
In modern times, significant secularization has taken place, notably in laicist France in the 19th century and in the 20th century such as Estonia and German Democratic Republic. Currently, distribution of theism in Europe is very heterogeneous, with more than 95% in Poland, and less than 20% in the Czech Republic and Estonia. The 2005 Eurobarometer poll[99] found that 52% of EU citizens believe in God.
Pan-European identity
"Pan-European identity" or "Europatriotism" is an emerging sense of personal identification with Europe, or the European Union as a result of the gradual process European integration taking place over the last quarter of the 20th century, and especially in the period after the end of the Cold War, since the 1990s. The foundation of the OSCE following the 1990s Paris Charter has facilitated this process on a political level during the 1990s and 2000s.
From the later 20th century, 'Europe' has come to be widely used as a synonym for the European Union even though there are millions of people living on the European continent in non-EU states. The prefix pan implies that the identity applies throughout Europe, and especially in an EU context, and 'pan-European' is often contrasted with national identity.[100]
See also
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ethnic groups in Europe.
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- Caucasoid
- Demography of Europe
- Emigration from Europe
- Ethnic groups in the Middle East
- Eurolinguistics
- Federal Union of European Nationalities
- Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities
- Genetic history of Europe
- Immigration to Europe
- Languages of Europe
- List of ethnic groups
- Nomadic peoples of Europe
- Peoples of the Caucasus
- White people
- ^ Pan and Pfeil (2004) give 122 million for Europe and Asia taken together. [verification needed][dead link] [no archive]
- ^ Germans in Germany. Pan and Pfeil (2004) give 89 million for all German-speaking groups.
- ^ Pan and Pfeil (2004) give 55 million for the French-speaking groups, excluding the Occitans. Recensement officiel de l'Insee INSEE.fr give 65 million.
- ^ Also known as Britons (Includes English, Scottish, Welsh, and Northern Irish people. Consists of 58 million British people in the United Kingdom and ca. 2 million British people resident in other countries in Europe.)
- ^ Also known as Spaniards (includes Catalans, Basques and Galicians). Pan and Pfeil give 31 million, excluding Catalans-Valencians-Balearics, Basques and Galicians.
- ^ Legal population of the administrative region of Brittany in 2007.
- ^ Legal population of Loire-Atlantique in 2007.
- ^ Ethnic groups which form the majority in two states are the Romanians (in Romania and Moldova), and the Albanians (in Albania and the partly recognized Republic of Kosovo). Also to note is that Luxembourg has a common ethnonational group, the Luxembourgers of partial Germanic, Celtic and Latin (French) and transplanted Slavic origins. There are two official languages: French and German in the relatively small country, but the informal everyday language of its people is Letzeburgesch. Closely related groups holding majorities in separate states are German speakers (Germans, Austrians, Luxembourgers, Swiss German speakers), the various Slavic ethnic groups in the states of Former Yugoslavia, the Dutch/Flemish, the Russians/Belarusians, Czechs/Slovaks and the Bulgarians/Macedonians.
- ^ Including the European portions of Russia, not including Turkey, Georgia and Kazakhstan, excluding microstates with fewer than 100,000 inhabitants: Andorra, Holy See, Liechtenstein, Monaco and San Marino.
- ^ Percentages from the CIA Factbook unless indicated otherwise.
- ^ Percents represent citizenship, since Greece does not collect data on ethnicity.
- ^ There is no legal or generally accepted definitions of who is of Norwegian ethnicity in Norway. 87% of population have at least one parent who is born in Norway.
- ^ In Norway, there is no clear legal definition of who is Sami. Therefore, exact numbers are not possible.
- ^ Excluding Kosovo.
- ^ In the 2001 census in England and Wales, white residents could identify themselves as White Irish or White British though no separate White English or White Welsh options were offered. In Scotland, white residents could identify themselves as White Scottish or Other White British. In the census of Northern Ireland, White Irish and White British were combined into a single "White" ethnic group on the census forms.
- ^ a b Christoph Pan, Beate Sibylle Pfeil (2002), Minderheitenrechte in Europa. Handbuch der europäischen Volksgruppen, Braumüller, ISBN 3700314221 (Google Books, snippet view). Also 2006 reprint by Springer (Amazon, no preview) ISBN 3211353070. Living-diversity.eu English translation 2004. [dead link] [no archive] [domain discontinued]
- ^ Pan and Pfeil (2004), "Problems with Terminology", pp. xvii-xx.
- ^ "Population by Country of Birth and Nationality 2013: Table 2.1". Office for National Statistics. 28 August 2014. Retrieved 15 April 2015.
- ^ "15° Censimento generale della popolazione e delle abitazioni" (PDF) (in Italian). ISTAT. 27 April 2012. Retrieved 22 September 2012.
- ^ a b Unless otherwise indicated, population figures are those of Pan and Pfeil (2004). [verification needed]
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af Russian Census 2002: Population by ethnicity in four European Federal districts Invalid language code.
- ^ a b c Ukrainian Census 2001
- ^ Belorusan Census 2009
- ^ Statistics Estonia: Population by ethnicity
- ^ [1] Invalid language code.
- ^ Statistics Lithuania: Population by ethnicity
- ^ Transnistrian Statistical Annual 2010 Invalid language code.
- ^ a b Moldovan Census 2004
- ^ Ausländische Bevölkerung am 31.12.2010
- ^ "Bulgarian language". Omniglot-Writing systems&Languages of the World. Retrieved 17 October 2010.
- ^ "The Bulgarian language". Kwintessential. Retrieved 17 October 2010.
- ^ "The languages spoken in Bulgaria". Spainexchange. Retrieved 17 October 2010.
- ^ "Language of Bulgaria". Europecities. Retrieved 17 October 2010.
- ^ "English to Bulgarian Translation". Bulgarian translation. Retrieved 18 October 2010.
- ^ "Bulgarian for beginners". Bulgarian is a Southern Slavic language with approximately 12 million speakers in many countries. Retrieved 18 October 2010.
- ^ http://ec.europa.eu/languages/euromosaic/hu5_en.htm
- ^ Encyclopedia of Diasporas: Immigrant and Refugee Cultures Around the World ... - Google Knjige. Books.google.hr. 2004-11-30. ISBN 9780306483219. Retrieved 2012-08-13.
- ^ "CIA - The World Factbook". Cia.gov. Retrieved 2012-08-13.
- ^ a b Unless otherwise indicated, population figures are those of Pan and Pfeil (2004)
- ^ CIA Factbook, United Kingdom Census 2001
- ^ unless otherwise indicated, population figures are those of Pan and Pfeil (2004)
- ^ Pan and Pfeil (2004) give 3.8 million. High estimates range up to 10 million.[citation needed]
- ^ CIA Factbook 4.9% of UK population of 63 million
- ^ Population by region of France in 2008 - Insee
- ^ Legal population of Loire-Atlantique in 2008 - Insee
- ^ English county population statistics
- ^ "Greek language". SIL International. 2009.
- ^ Gheg 4,156,090 + Tosk 3,035,000 + Arbereshe 260,000 + Arvanitika 150,000 = 7,601,090. (Ethnologue, 2005)
Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.), 2005. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Fifteenth edition. Dallas, Tex.: SIL International.
- ^ See:
- Ethnologue: Armenian
- language in Encyclopædia Britannica
- ^ Cole, Jeffrey (2011), Ethnic Groups of Europe: An Encyclopedia, ABC-CLIO, p. 367, ISBN 1-59884-302-8
- ^ Turkish Statistical Institute (2007). "2007 Census, population by provinces and districts". Turkish Statistical Institute. Retrieved 2007-12-26.
- ^ a b c d Soviet Census 1989 Invalid language code.
- ^ Central Intelligence Agency of United States (July 5, 2011). "CIA World Factbook:Georgia". The World Factbook (CIA). Retrieved July 5, 2011.
- ^ Ethnologue: Kartvelian
- ^ Invalid language code. Classification of population according to cultural identity
- ^ Eastern Europe at the end of the 20th century, Ian Jeffries, p. 69
- ^ The Greeks: the land and people since the war. James Pettifer. Penguin, 2000. ISBN 0-14-028899-6
- ^ "CIA Factbook 2010". Retrieved 26 July 2010.
- ^ [2].
- ^ "Census 2001, Population by Districts and Ethnic Groups as of 01.03.2001". Nsi.bg. Retrieved 26 August 2010.
- ^ Persons of Danish origin: 4 985 415. Total population: 5 511 451 Statistics Denmark
- ^ "France". State.gov. 2012-02-15. Retrieved 2012-08-13.
- ^ "Immigration is hardly a recent development in French history, as Gérard Noiriel amply demonstrates in his history of French immigration, The French Melting Pot. Noiriel estimates that one third of the population currently living in France is of "foreign" descent", Marie-Christine Weidmann-Koop, "France at the dawn of the twenty-first century, trends and transformations", Summa Publications, Inc., 2000, P.160
- ^ " In present day France, one-third of the population has grandparents that were born outside of France", Jean-Benoît Nadeau and Julie Barlow, "Sixty Million Frenchmen Can't be Wrong: What makes the French so French", Robson Books Ltd, 2004, p.8
- ^ [3].
- ^ a b Germans and foreigners with an immigrant background
- ^ [4].
- ^ [5] Non-EU citizens legally residing Jan 2014
- ^ "Cittadini Stranieri. Popolazione residente per sesso e cittadinanza al 31 Dicembre 2012 Italia - Tutti i Paesi".
- ^ "Италианските българи" (in Bulgarian). 24 Chasa.
- ^ "On key provisional results of Population and Housing Census 2011 | Latvijas statistika". Csb.gov.lv. 2012-01-18. Retrieved 2012-08-13.
- ^ Populstat.info
- ^ Personer med innvandringsbakgrunn, etter innvandringskategori, landbakgrunn og kjønn. 1. januar 2012 ( SSB (Statistics Norway), Retrieved November 6, 2012
- ^ Официальный сайт Всероссийской переписи населения 2010 года. Информационные материалы об окончательных итогах Всероссийской переписи населения 2010 года
- ^ Всероссийская перепись населения 2010. Национальный состав населения РФ 2010
- ^ SCB.se
- ^ SCB.se
- ^ see e.g. Genetic evidence for different male and female roles during cultural transitions in the British Isles doi:10.1073/pnas.071036898 PNAS April 24, 2001 vol. 98 no. 9 5078-5083.
- ^ Richard, Lewis (2005). Finland, Cultural Lone Wolf. Intercultural Press. ISBN 978-1-931930-18-5. Niskanen, Markku (2002). "The Origin of the Baltic-Finns" (PDF). The Mankind Quarterly. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 October 2008. Retrieved 2008-10-06. Laitinen, Virpi; Päivi Lahermo (August 24, 2001). "Y-Chromosomal Diversity Suggests that Baltic Males Share Common Finno-Ugric-Speaking Forefathers" (PDF). Department of Genetics, University of Turku, Turku, Finnish Genome Center, University of Helsinki. Retrieved 2008-10-08.
- ^ [6].
- ^ Almoravides - LoveToKnow 1911
- ^ The Last Christians Of North-West Africa
- ^ Synopsis universae philologiae at google books
- ^ Karl Friedrich Vollgraff, Erster Versuch einer Begründung sowohl der allgemeinen Ethnologie durch die Anthropologie, wis auch der Staats und rechts-philosophie durch die Ethnologie oder Nationalität der Völker (1851), p. 257.
- ^ A. Kumar, Encyclopaedia of Teaching of Geography (2002), p. 74 ff.; the tripartite subdivision of "Caucasians" into Nordic, Alpine and Mediterranean groups persisted among some scientists into the 1960s, notably in Carleton Coon's book The Origin of Races (1962).
- ^ Andrew Barry, Political Machines (2001), p. 56
- ^ Measuring European Population Stratification using Microarray Genotype Data, Sitesled.com
- ^ "DNA heritage". Retrieved 2007-07-20.
- ^ Dupanloup, Isabelle; Giorgio Bertorelle; Lounès Chikhi; Guido Barbujani. "Estimating the Impact of Prehistoric Admixture on the Genome of Europeans". Retrieved 2007-07-20.
- ^ Jared Diamond (1993). "Who are the Jews?" (PDF). Retrieved November 8, 2010. Natural History 102:11 (November 1993): 12-19.
- ^ "Jewish and Middle Eastern non-Jewish populations share a common pool of Y-chromosome biallelic haplotypes". Retrieved 11 October 2012.
- ^ Wade, Nicholas (9 May 2000). "Y Chromosome Bears Witness to Story of the Jewish Diaspora". The New York Times. Retrieved 10 October 2012.
- ^ http://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1040&context=humbiol_preprints
- ^ http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/131008/ncomms3543/full/ncomms3543.html
- ^ http://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1312/1312.6639.pdf
- ^ In the old manuscripts of the Italian rite, in Daniel Goldschmidt's print and in references in early literature such as Shibbole ha-Leket. Today's minhag benè Romì follows the Sephardic rite in using keter for musaf only and nakdishach for all other services.
- ^ "Petition for expatriate voting officially launched". The Daily Star. 14 July 2012.
- ^ "Youths bring violence from a war-torn land". Telegraph.
- ^ France's blacks stand up to be counted
- ^ Latin American Immigration to Southern Europe
- ^ Born Abroad - Countries of birth, BBC News
- ^ File:Venezuelans around the world.PNG
- ^ ab Hisitione autem ortae sunt quattuor gentes Franci, Latini, Albani et Britti. ab Armenone autem quinque: Gothi, Valagothi, Gebidi, Burgundi, Longobardi. a Neguio vero quattuor Boguarii, Vandali, Saxones et Turingi. trans. J. A. Giles. London: Henry G. Bohn, 1848.
- ^ Cf. Berting (2006:51).
- ^ Cederman (2001:2) remarks: "Given the absence of an explicit legal definition and the plethora of competing identities, it is indeed hard to avoid the conclusion that Europe is an essentially contested concept." Cf. also Davies (1996:15); Berting (2006:51).
- ^ Cf. Jordan-Bychkov (2008:13), Davies (1996:15), Berting (2006:51-56).
- ^ K. Bochmann (1990) L'idée d'Europe jusqu'au XXè siècle, quoted in Berting (2006:52). Cf. Davies (1996:15): "No two lists of the main constituents of European civilization would ever coincide. But many items have always featured prominently: from the roots of the Christian world in Greece, Rome and Judaism to modern phenomena such as the Enlightenment, modernization, romanticism, nationalism, liberalism, imperialism, totalitarianism."
- ^ a b c d e Berting 2006, p. 52
- ^ Berting 2006, p. 51
- ^ Duran (1995:81)
- ^ Christianity in Europe
- ^ "Global Christianity: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Christian Population" (PDF), Pew Research Center, 383 (Pew Research Center), 2011: 130, retrieved 14 August 2013
- ^ "Discrimination in the EU in 2012" (PDF), Special Eurobarometer, 383 (European Union: European Commission), 2012: 233, retrieved 14 August 2013
- ^ EC.Europa.eu
- ^ This is particularly the case among proponents of the so-called confederalist or neo-functionalist position on European integration. Eder and Spohn (2005:3) note: "The evolutionary thesis of the making of a European identity often goes with the assumption of a simultaneous decline of national identities. This substitution thesis reiterates the well-known confederalist/neo-functionalist position in the debate on European integration, arguing for an increasing replacement of the nation-state by European institutions, against the intergovernmentalist/realist position, insisting on the continuing primacy of the nation-state."
- Andrews, Peter A.; Benninghaus, Rüdiger (2002), Ethnic Groups in the Republic of Turkey, Reichert, ISBN 3-89500-325-5
- Banks, Marcus (1996), Ethnicity: Anthropological Constructions, Routledge
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- Cederman, Lars-Erik (2001), "Political Boundaries and Identity Trade-Offs", in Cederman, Lars-Erik, Constructing Europe's Identity: The External Dimension, London: Lynne Rienner Publishers, pp. 1–34
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- Dow, R. R.; Bockhorn, O. (2004), The Study of European Ethnology in Austria, Progress in European Ethnology, Ashgate Publishing, ISBN 978-0-7546-1747-1
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- Latham, Robert Gordon (1854), The Native Races of the Russian Empire, Hippolyte Baillière (London) Full text on google books
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External links
- Ron Balsdon, The Cultural Mosaic of the European Union: Why National Boundaries and the Cultures Inside Still Matter
- Migration Policy Institute - Country and Comparative Data
- Living Diversity, Federal Union of European Nationalities (FUEN) and the Youth of European Nationalities (YEN).
- 12px Otis Tufton Mason (1905). "Europe, Peoples of". New International Encyclopedia.
sv:Europas demografi
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Inspiration Monday: Cincinnati Architecture
Posted by
Becky |
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4 Comments » | Published in Architecture, Art and Artists, Local Design | 4 Comments
After the election awhile back, I got really sick of hearing the term "flyover states," so started organizing some of my favorite bloggers from the middle of the U.S. to help me dispel the myth that everything exciting happens on our two coasts. However, then we decided to have an Organization-themed guest blog week and I lost track of my flyover states plans. Thankfully I was reminded of it last week. We're going to have a series of guest posts from bloggers from all over the country. Having grown up in Cincinnati myself, I'm excited to introduce Maya Drozdz of VisuaLingual, who is going to show us some of her favorite architectural treasures from The Queen City. Take it away Maya!
Four years ago, when I first learned that I would be moving to Cincinnati, I knew almost nothing about the city — I had seen WKRP in Cincinnati, I liked the work of Charley Harper, and I knew that the Afghan Whigs, a band I'd liked in high school, were from Cincinnati. Further research revealed that it's home to Macy's and Procter & Gamble, Larry Flynt got his start here, Jerry Springer was once Cincinnati's mayor, and that there was an anti-obscenity kerfuffle involving an exhibit of Robert Mapplethorpe's photographs at the Contemporary Arts Center. So, keeping my expectations firmly in check, I moved to this fair city, and discovered that it's full of interesting and innovative architecture, art and design spanning the 19th through the 21st centuries.
The Cincinnati City Hall was built in 1887 in the Richardson Romanesque style. It was designed by Samuel Hannaford, a prominent local architect. Its castle-like form would be at home on an Ivy League campus or on the set of a Harry Potter movie.
Music Hall, located just north of downtown in Over-the-Rhine, is another Hannaford design. Completed in 1878, it is home to the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra, Cincinnati Opera, May Festival Chorus, and the Cincinnati Pops Orchestra. The $10 symphony tickets may well be the best deal in town.
Memorial Hall, just down the street from Music Hall, was built in 1908 and houses the Cincinnati Chamber Orchestra and the annual MusicNow festival. Its interior is more posh than you might expect from the Greek Revival facade.
The Dixie Terminal Building was designed by Garber & Woodward and completed in 1921. It served as the streetcar terminal and stock exchange, and is now an office building. You may remember its arcade from the film Rain Man. The entry is decorated with tile made by the Rookwood Pottery Company.
Rookwood was founded in 1880 by Maria Longworth Nichols and quickly gained a reputation for beautiful craftsmanship and technical innovation. Its architectural pottery division started in 1902, and examples can be found in public spaces in Cincinnati and beyond, as well as fireplaces in many older homes in the Cincinnati area.
For 80 years, Carew Tower was the tallest building in Cincinnati. Construction started in 1929, right before the start of the Great Depression. It's an Art Deco masterpiece but, as you look up the facade, you can see where the ornamentation stops and the plain brick begins. This was done as a cost-cutting measure.
The building now houses the Netherland Hilton as well as offices. The interior arcade features Rookwood tile, of course. Orchids at Palm Court, Hilton's restaurant, offers great food in an incredible space.
Even more Rookwood tile, on the facade of the old Gidding-Jenny department store, currently TJ Maxx.
The John A. Roebling Suspension Bridge spans the Ohio River and connects downtown Cincinnati with Covington, Kentucky. If it looks a bit like the Brooklyn Bridge in miniature, that's because Roebling designed both using many of the same structural principles.
Findlay Market in Over-the-Rhine, opened in 1855 and is Ohio's oldest surviving municipal market house. It's located among the largest collection of Italianate buildings in the US. We live just a few blocks away and do a lot of our grocery-shopping here. I really think that our diet has improved as a result!
The Contemporary Arts Center, located downtown, was the first US project by avant garde architect Zaha Hadid. Completed in 2003, it is locally loved or hated, depending on who you talk to.
Across the street from the CAC is a block-long parking garage whose facade is an artwork by Polish Op Artist Julian Stanczak. What would have been an eyesore is instead an animated, colorful installation.
A little-known piece of public art is a mosaic mural by the late Charley Harper, located in the John Weld Peck Federal Building. You just go through security, head toward the elevators, and there it is!
My last bit of Cincinnati inspiration is this Googie pavilion located in Bellevue Hill Park. The pavilion was designed by R. Carl Freund and built in 1955 as a site for outdoor dancing. Cincinnati has an amazing, extensive network of parks, but this little park is my favorite. It offers a great vantage point for viewing fireworks displays over downtown.
I hope you've enjoyed this little romp through some of my favorite Cincinnati finds. If you keep an open mind, it's a great little city to visit!
Hi, I'm Becky. I live in Atlanta. Besides acting as the Editorial Director here on Hatch, you can find me talking design over at Houzz. Make me happy — leave a comment!

subset: commoncrawl


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Galle (Gally) family
Galle (Gally) is a South German Mennonite family of Swiss origin. An Anabaptist preacher with the name Gally participated in the religious disputation on 16 January 1613 at Wädenswyl in the canton of Zürich and was later sentenced to galley slavery. As far as is known Peter Gally or Galle was the only member of the family to emigrate to the Palatinate; as a young man he settled in Erbesbüdesheim near Alzey. (Uncorroborated tradition has it that bearers of the name went down the Rhine as far as the Netherlands.) Peter Galle probably had only two sons, one of whom, Peter, took over the Geistermühle in 1734. He was married to Anna Kolb of Wolfsheim (probably the younger sister of Dielman and Martin Kolb) and had nine children, all of whom married Mennonites and settled in the vicinity with the exception of Peter, who is said to have immigrated to America. The family is found chiefly in the Uffhofen and Weierhof communities and has produced some important preachers: Peter Galle, d. 1762; Jakob (1734-1801); Johannes (1766-1838); Peter (1758-1825). In 1953 there were about ten Galle families with about 50 souls living in the Palatinate and Hessen. On 12 September 1850, Jakob Galle, the great-grandson of the first miller, immigrated to America from the Geistermühle with his children. Kansas has several families with this name.
Geiser, Samuel. Die Taufgesinnten-Gemeinden : eine Kurzgefasste Darstellung der wichtigsten Ereignisse des Täufertums. Karlsruhe: H. Schneider, [1931]: 372.
Müller, Ernst. Geschichte der Bernischen Täufer. Frauenfeld: Huber, 1895. Reprinted Nieuwkoop: B. de Graaf, 1972.
|Christian Galle
|Date Published
Cite This Article
MLA style
Galle, Christian. "Galle (Gally) family." Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. 1956. Web. 26 Sep 2020. https://gameo.org/index.php?title=Galle_(Gally)_family&oldid=141050.
APA style
Galle, Christian. (1956). Galle (Gally) family. Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. Retrieved 26 September 2020, from https://gameo.org/index.php?title=Galle_(Gally)_family&oldid=141050.
Adapted by permission of Herald Press, Harrisonburg, Virginia, from Mennonite Encyclopedia, Vol. 2, pp. 436-437. All rights reserved.
©1996-2020 by the Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. All rights reserved.


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Mrs. Latrodectus: "Widowed... Am I considered a widow if I killed my husband?"
Dr. Grumpy: "Um, I really don't know."
Mrs. Latrodectus: "Then just put down that I'm single."
A Blog detailing the insanity of my medical practice and the stupidity of everyday life.
I would file it under "black widow".
What, prey (giggle) tell, was her presenting complaint?
What a tangled web we weave when first we practice to deceive!
Black widow.
So was this a confession or a symptom? I know when my (never-married) great aunt went senile she started telling everyone (inc. the police on one memorable occasion) that she'd just killed her husband and his body was in the trunk of her car. She also didn't own a car.
hmmm. Well, maybe it was self defense.
Back away from the patient slowly......
Wait a second.....how does this thing end ? You are killing me.
Bet you're glad to have that Tromner reflex hammer handy.
"Um, I really don't know."
Yep, I think , Doc, that was the best response to that line of questioning. Don't get sucked into that discussion.
Ok, this is the time to call Annie into the exam room as you BOTH back away. Tho' as neither of you are married to the Black Widow (Latrodectus)you might be safe.
And as another poster said, it might have been self-defense. Or an accident.
BTW, my mother went on and on about the pretty black-and-red spiders in the yard who made raggedy webs. Went out to look and came back in to get a heavy slick magazine to roll up and swat the spiders. Then I used insecticide on the webs.
Why was I so mean to four of God's creatures? Well they were Latrodectus. I am just glad Mom did not have an up-close-and-personal encounter w/ one.
Dr. G. Doesn't use a Trömner hammer, he uses a Queen Square.
You didn't offer to Google that for her?
"Well, technically, I'm not sure if he's dead yet or not. I think he had enough air, and the food and water I walled in with him should have lasted till a few days ago. Which reminds me- I also may or may not be an orphan by now."
"And that I like long romantic walks on the beach. Especially if it's a really deserted beach."
Wow. Not a criminal mastermind if she DID off her husband.
wid·ow (wd)
1. A woman whose spouse has died and who has not remarried.
So, she's a widow whether she killed him or not.
She may be called some other things if she did kill him!
Whether she killed 'him' or not, is not the question, but was she ever married? (Save the question about divorced or separated for later.)
Is that the spider genus in which the female stings the male to death after sex? If so, then your choice of pseudonym might have truely awesome implications...too right to reverse out of there!
Wait... Your building has its own security?
In my job, I have to register people for our health portal and one of the questions I have to ask is marital status.
I had a really creepy patient tell me he was single when I registered him. He wasn't really single, he just WANTED to be single.
Luckily, he was discharged shortly thereafter to his wife in RandomPrairieTown.
Just the way he said it was SO scary (I thought maybe he was like your lady)!
Those are days when I wish I had a panic button!
Little Calf Creamery. Delicious homemade ice cream and food in Thousand Oaks!


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JAM 2014 Application Process
JAM 2014 Application Process
The Indian Institute of Science (IISc) Bangalore & Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) conduct the Joint Admission Test for M.Sc. (JAM) for admission to M.Sc. (Two Year), Joint M.Sc.-Ph.D., M.Sc.-Ph.D. Dual Degree, Integrated Ph.D. and other Post-Bachelor's Degree Programs at IISc Bangalore & IITs. The main objective of JAM is to consolidate Science as a career option for bright students across the country. It is expected that the research infrastructure, the inter-disciplinary interaction and the vibrant academic environment of IISc Bangalore & IITs will motivate these students to pursue R&D careers in frontier areas of basic sciences as well as inter-disciplinary areas of science and technology.
JAM 2014 IISc and IITs Joint Admission Test for M.Sc will be held on Sunday 9th February, 2014 for admission to Integrated Ph.D degree programs at IISc Bngalore and M.Sc (two year), Joint M.Sc-Ph.D, M.Sc-PhD Dual degree programs at IITs (Bhubaneshwar, Bombay, Delhi, Gandhinagar, Guwahati, Hyderabad, Indore, Kanpur, Kharagapur, Madras and Roorkee) for the academic year 2014-2015
Online registration will be available during 16th September, 2013 to 16th October, 2013
For more information visit : http://www.iitk.ac.in/jam/


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Wake rested. Drive better
When you're well rested, you drive safer and smarter. The intelligent overnight cooling system in the Volvo FH16 helps you get a good night's sleep – and a safer, more productive day on the road.
Quality sleep, built in
I-Park Cool is purpose-designed, factory installed and fully integrated into the vehicle climate system. So when hot temperatures plummet overnight it hands over to the parking heater, and you can sleep at your chosen temperature right through till morning.
Enjoy power-efficient cooling
I-Park Cool is so efficient it provides 1,000 W of all-night cooling capacity. If you want to take a break during a hot day, you can get a 2,500 W blast of cool for up to an hour.


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Marvel NOW! continues this Spring. Check out all the NEW Marvel titles arriving in stores April 19th. Tune in each week to see the new books! ► Subscribe to Marvel: http://bit.ly/WeO3YJ
Follow Marvel on Twitter: https://twitter.com/marvel
Like Marvel on FaceBook: http://www.facebook.com/Marvel
For even more news, stay tuned to:
Tumblr: http://marvelentertainment.tumblr.com/
Instagram: http://instagram.com/marvel
Google+: https://plus.google.com/+marvel/
Pinterest: http://pinterest.com/marvelofficial/


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In the summer of 2013, Studio for Propositional Cinema (SPC) launched itself during the Kunstverein Düsseldorf's congress "Proposals and Propositions" with a talk by Hans-Jürgen Hafner, the director of the Kunstverein, which was theatrically disrupted by an audience member planted by SPC. The project with the Kunstverein continued with regular presentations and events throughout a three month period, which included an exhibition, a performance, a reading, a screening, a poster project, and so on, each taking place at a different type of venue. The project included collaborations with a range of cultural producers, including Henning Fehr & Philipp Rühr, Aaron Peck, Calla Henkel & Max Pitegoff, Pablo Larios, Dena Yago, and Rachel Rose.
This interview seeks to understand the intentions the SPC have for cinema in the 21st Century, taking into account cinema's contemporary and historical modes of production and dissemination.
SB: What is the SPC's form and function?
SPC: We are a structure for generating images and language, and act as a functionary of that structure. One of our primary functions is to ensure that the structure remains formless.
We exist in order to find new ways to research, to produce, to disseminate. Within our cultural context, all forms of cultural production come with a set of traditions and accepted orthodoxies that function as models for the territory or language in which it is considered viable to function. We formed out of dissatisfaction with these impositions. We attempt to function just enough outside of the model to see which and how many aspects of the model we can remove, destroy, or rearrange while still viably, or at least arguably, working within the form of cinema, since it is our purported form of cultural engagement at the moment. Since our primary starting point comes from a notion of a disassembled cinema, we consider every element within the cinematic apparatus as simultaneously expendable and expandable.


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Microsoft's Metro design language comes into its own on Windows 8 tablets more than on the Windows Phone. The new desktop OS has been designed with tablets in mind and since the iPad is the best out there, developers will be replicating/porting their apps from the iPad to Windows 8 (or at least that's what we all hope). Application design is a significant reason behind an app and platform's success. And when I say design, I don't mean the color combination or images but the user experience and user interface.
Earlier today, Michael Gillett retweeted a link to a case study published by Microsoft comparing the interface components in the iPad and Windows 8. The side-by-side comparison is quite helpful in providing developers a quick look at how some of the app functionality provided in iPad can be offered in Windows 8 while sticking to the Metro principles.
The case study takes specific use cases to explain how things are done on the iPad and how Microsoft has in some cases improved them in Windows 8. The case study is quite nicely presented filled with images to assist you understand the text. If you're into app development or into design, it's quite a fun look at the two platforms.


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Closing Date: 29th August 2010, 2359H
Contest Source: Timberland FB page
Contest Type: Online
Grand Prize - All-expense paid trip to (dunno where) meet Timberland's Celebrity Earthkeeping Hero in person. This includes 2 return air tickets and a 1-night stay in a hotel of choice of The Timberland Company only.
Consolation Prizes - Footwear from Timberland Earthkeepers range (x9 pairs) *Subject to availability and size
Simply guess who's their Celebrity Earthkeeper Hero and Win!
Clues would be given every week on their FB page. No limit to the number of guesses you make, simply be a fan by clicking "Like" on their Fan Page and start guessing today!
Winners will be annouced on their Facebook Wall on 3rd September.
Contest Empire's Rating
Prize worth it or not: 7/10
Winning Chance: Slim
Timberland SG - Guess Who's Their Earthkeeping Hero & Win! [29Aug2010]
Labels: online


text: Entity Framework Code First Migrations: Alpha - NuGet Package of the Week #10 July 28, '11 Comments [47] Posted in Data | NuGet | NuGetPOW Sponsored By Hot on the heels of my RFC blog post on product versioning, the Entity Framework team has released Entity Framework 4.1 Code First Migrations: August 2011 CTP. Cool. And it's July, too! Or my preferred product name, "Migrating Magic Unicorns 0.5." It's probably best to think of this as 0.5 Alpha Migrations for EF but that's my guess at a name and not nearly as descriptive. I showed early daily builds of EF Migrations at a few conferences recently, and encouraged folks to comment on the ADO.NET team blog. Now they've released bits for us to play with. This initial CTP is available via NuGet as the EntityFramework.SqlMigrations package. Here's the general idea. Be aware that this is NOT specific to the Web. You can do this in a Console App or whatever. I just like Hello World Web applications. Short Walkthrough Make a new ASP.NET MVC app. Go to Manage NuGet Packages from References and search for EntityFramework.SqlMigrations. Note the dependency it has. It'll upgrade your project's EntityFramework package as well. Now, make a new class with a simple model: namespace MvcApplication15.Models{ public class Person { public int PersonId { get; set; } public string Name { get; set; } } public class DemoContext : DbContext { public DbSet<Person> People { get; set; } }} Scaffold out a quick Person Controller... Visit it at /Person and make a few People. The database that was created looks like this. There's a People table and the First column that is an nvarchar. Now, let's add an Email field. I'll update the Person class to include Email: public class Person{ public int ID { get; set; } public string Name { get; set; } public string Email { get; set; }} Then, I'll compile and from the console inside Visual Studio, I'll do this: PM> update-databaseNo pending custom scripts found.Ensuring database matches current model. - Performing automatic upgrade of database. - Starting rebuilding table [dbo].[EdmMetadata]... - Caution: Changing any part of an object name could break scripts and stored procedures. - Starting rebuilding table [dbo].[People]... - Caution: Changing any part of an object name could break scripts and stored procedures. - Update complete. I typed update-database, that's all. This is an automatic migration. See how the system compare the .NET type and the database and did what needed to be done: Now, let's rename Email to EmailAddress. If I change the Person... public class Person{ public int ID { get; set; } public string Name { get; set; } public string EmailAddress { get; set; }} And type update-database... PM> update-databaseNo pending custom scripts found.Ensuring database matches current model. - Performing automatic upgrade of database.Update-Database : - .Net SqlClient Data Provider: Msg 50000, Level 16, State 127, Line 6 Rows were detected. The schema update is terminating because data loss might occur.At line:1 char:16+ Update-Database <<<< + CategoryInfo : NotSpecified: (:) [Update-Database], Exception + FullyQualifiedErrorId : UnhandledException,System.Data.Entity.Migrations.Commands.MigrateCommand I'm told that data loss may occur. It can't tell that I want to rename that column or not. It doesn't know what it was before and what it wants to be. Maybe I want to drop Email and add EmailAddress? Who knows. Let me be explicit and give Migrations more context. PM> Update-Database -Renames:"Person.Email=>Person.EmailAddress"No pending custom scripts found.Ensuring database matches current model. - Performing automatic upgrade of database. - The following operation was generated from a refactoring log file d5598498-a656-4ccd-1e93-bea562ab6e31 - Rename [dbo].[People].[Email] to EmailAddress - Caution: Changing any part of an object name could break scripts and stored procedures. - Update complete. I'm not sure if I like that Renames: syntax. I'm sure the team would be interested in your opinion. But that works, as I can see in the database. What Changes Can Migrations Detect Automatically? From the ADO.NET blog: Here is the full list of changes that migrations can take care of automatically: Adding a property or class Nullable columns will be assigned a value of null for any existing rows of data Non-Nullable columns will be assigned the CLR default for the given data type for any existing rows of data Renaming a property or class See 'Renaming Properties & Classes' for the additional steps required here Renaming an underlying column/table without renaming the property/class (Using data annotations or the fluent API) Migrations can automatically detect these renames without additional input Removing a property See 'Automatic Migrations with Data Loss' section for more information Moving to Staging/Production/etc Once dev is correct, when you want to move to production, you would generate a script for your other database by doing a diff between what that DB looks like and what the code looks like. For example, -script generates a script I can run myself with osql.exe or whatever. update-database -Script -ConnectionString "SERVER=.\SQLEXPRESS;Database=PersonProd;Trusted_Connection=true;" Which spits out something like (but more complex than) this: CREATE TABLE [dbo].[People] ( [ID] INT IDENTITY (1, 1) NOT NULL, [Name] NVARCHAR (MAX) NULL, [EmailAddress] NVARCHAR (MAX) NULL, PRIMARY KEY CLUSTERED ([ID] ASC)); Call for Feedback The EF Team has also this specific call for feedback when it comes to Custom Scripts: Call for Feedback: From what we are seeing in our own internal use we don't anticipate that custom scripts will be required very often. However, our efforts are somewhat sheltered from the 'real world' so we would love feedback on situations where you need to use custom scripts. In particular we are interested if there are significant scenarios where a code based alternative to writing raw SQL would be beneficial. Leave your thoughts in my comments, or theirs and I'll make sure the right people get it. Enjoy! P.S. Note the EntityFramework.SqlMigrations NuGet package's exposed version number. It's 0.5.10727.0. ;) Limitations This is Alpha, so read the Limitations section. They are putting out rough things like this because they know we want to see bits earlier, but the trade off is limitations. Here's a few. Read the list for the rest. There is no provider model, this release only targets SQL Server, including SQL Azure. SQL Compact and other providers are not supported. We are currently working through what the provider model should look like for migrations. Question: What do you think? How important is this? Migrations currently needs to run in full trust. This isn't an issue when working inside of Visual Studio but if consuming the migrations assembly from custom code you may want to run in medium trust. We are looking at ways to support this in a later release. This release is only available via NuGet. As we support more scenarios such as team build and an 'outside of Visual Studio' command line experience we will also support more installation options. Scott: Limitation? That's lovely! ;) Downgrade is currently not supported. When generating custom scripts you will notice that the script is named 'Up.sql' but there is no corresponding 'Down.sql'. We are planning to add downgrade functionality prior to RTM but it is not available in this release. I'm glad we're getting migrations. It's been a missing LEGO piece for a while. Related Links Code First Migrations: August 2011 CTP Released Please be sure to read the 'Issues & Limitations' section of the announcement post before using migrations. It's a 0.5 version. That's a Fuzzy Alpha, friends. Code First Migrations: Walkthrough of August 2011 CTP Comment in the Entity Framework Pre-Release Forum. They are listening intently. « How to connect to a Wireless WIFI Networ... | Blog Home | Unix Fight! - Sed, Grep, Awk, Cut and Pu... » About Scott Scott Hanselman is a former professor, former Chief Architect in finance, now speaker, consultant, father, diabetic, and Microsoft employee. He is a failed stand-up comic, a cornrower, and a book author. About Newsletter Sponsored By Hosting By Comments [47] Share on: Twitter, Facebook, Google+ or use the Permalink


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OGWL Resource Library
A collection of files, infographics, videos and podcasts
When our ancestors did this off grid life literacy was rare and you were raised in the skills you would need to live in the wild or on a homestead.
As we struggle to reconnect with that history, we come with the advantages of technology and a wealth of knowledge. Our OGWL Resource files cover a huge number of topics and you can read them right on the page.
Maybe you don't have net at home on the homestead or up in the camp but here at the OGWL Resource section we have made our files available to be downloaded so with a thumb drive and some time you can take this knowledge home to peruse at your leisure.
You will find a download button below each preview of the document. You will also find topic tags which can lead to other related articles.


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Deduplication enables network-efficient replication, which sends only unique data across the network for fast time to disaster recovery (DR) readiness.
What you can expect
The effect that deduplication has on replication and disaster recovery windows can be profound. To start, deduplication means a lot less data needs transmission to keep the DR site up to date so much less expensive wide area network (WAN) links may be used.
Also, replication goes a lot faster because there's less data to send. The length of the deduplication process—beginning to end—depends on many variables including the deduplication approach, the speed of the architecture, and the DR process.
For the most efficient time-to-DR readiness, inline deduplication and replication of deduplicated data yield the most aggressive, efficient results. In an inline deduplication approach, replication occurs during the backup, significantly improving the time by which there's a complete restore point at the DR site or improving time-to-DR readiness. Typically, less than one percent of a full backup actually consists of new, unique deduplicated data sequences, which ensures that data can be sent over a WAN quickly and efficiently.
Aggressive cross-site deduplication, when multiple sites replicate to the same destination, can add additional value by deduplicating across all backup replication streams and all local backups. Unique deduplicated segments previously transferred by any remote site or held in local backup are then used as references to further improve network efficiency by reducing the data to be replicated.
In other words, if the destination system already has a data sequence that came from a remote site or a local backup, and that same sequence is created at another remote site, it will be identified as redundant by the EMC Data Domain system before it consumes bandwidth traveling across the network to the destination system. All data collected at the destination site can be safely replicated off-site to a single location or multiple DR sites.


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This eBook reader is notable because it runs Android and features a second colour screen. What's more, that means the touchscreen can be used to navigate the web or access email and media. You can also switch the book display to the bottom screen if it's dark.
Manufacturer Spring Designs has partnered with Google Books (like Samsung with its new pair of readers) as well as Borders. Other formats including PDF are also supported. Price? $399 (£250).


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Montell Jordan (R&B Singer) Becomes Worship Leader At Victory World Church In Atlanta (Teaching The Power Of Music)
Montell Jordan (born December 3, 1968) is an American R&B singer-songwriter and record producer. Jordan became the main solo male artist on its Def Soul imprint until leaving the label in 2003. During his live performances he generally gave more of a rock-oriented performance, with Jordan even going as far as to wear sunglasses while on stage. As of 2010, Jordan has left the music business to become the worship leader at Victory World Church in Atlanta. Here he teaches on The Power of Music
Please click the "Report" button below if the video on this page is not working properly.


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See all countries >
OHCHR has developed a training package on the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and its Optional Protocol. The package consists of a Training Guide and eight modules.
The Training Guide seeks to provide basic information on a rights-based approach to disability, on the fundamental elements of the Convention and its Optional Protocol, and on the processes and issues underlying their ratification, implementation and monitoring.
The training modules can be used for developing training courses on the Convention and/or its Optional Protocol, but are also helpful as a general information resource on these two instruments.
All material is protected by copyright (© 2012 United Nations).
Computer slide presentation: "A short introduction to the Convention"
OHCHR Thematic studies
UN reports
Civil society
Speeches of the High Commissioner
Human Rights Council
Frequently Asked Questions
Press releases
Feature Stories
Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
UN Enable
International Disability Alliance
International Disability and Development Consortium
Training material on the Convention and its Optional Protocol
Advocacy Toolkit
From Exclusion to Equality
Disability and HIV policy brief
A right to choose for persons with disabilities
OHCHR and UNICEF are advocating for integration of children with disabilities in communities
Romanian human rights defender advocates for children's lives
Defending the defenders: Human Rights Day 2010