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Tools for Schools providing 4,300 backpacks for kids
Dozens of volunteers team up with Ruth's Reusable Resources
Volunteers are filling 4,300 backpacks for kids across Maine this year as part of the Tools for Schools program.
Several dozen volunteers packed Ruth Libby's warehouse to fill the packs with school supplies. "We all have so much fun doing this, putting the backpacks together," said Libby of Ruth's Reusable Resources.
"Everyone deserves a chance, and I want to make a difference – it's simple," said Dena Profenno, a volunteer.
"We have a system and they're highly motivated people," said Mary Nablo of Ruth's Reusable Resources.
Each backpack is designated for a specific grade.
"We try to tailor that bag to be grade-specific so that when they open that bag, everything's consistent, it's all the same," Nablo said.
The program targets the state's poorest school districts, the ones where at least 70 percent of students are signed up for the free and reduced lunch program.
Even if a school has 100 students and no matter what each student's situation is, each kid gets a backpack.
"So we give all 100 kids the same backpack, the same school supplies, so nobody stands out," Libby said.
It takes two days for the volunteers to fill the backpacks, which the schools will pick up and hand out in time for classes to begin. For so many students and struggling families, it's one less thing to worry about.
"No child should ever have to sit in the back feeling bad because they can't afford to buy the supplies they need to start school with," Libby said.
For the last nine years, the program has given out more than 18,000 backpacks. All the supplies are either donated or purchased by Ruth's Reusable Resources.


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Patriotic Candy
ICEE Dip-N-Lick$15.49
Berry Gummy Rings - Kosher$11.49
Fruit Sours Wild Berry$13.99
Out of stock
Celebrate the USA the right way...with candy, of course! Grab some delicious red, white, and blue sweet treats perfect for any patriotic event, above all the Fourth of July! Perfect for patriotic candy crafts, displays, or buffets, these sweets are a wonderful addition to your next patriotic occasion, we guarantee it!

subset: commoncrawl


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Industry 4.0
What is Industry 4.0?
The term "Industry 4.0" describes the fourth industrial revolution. In practice it is more of an evolution than a revolution. Business and value creation processes are becoming ever more closely linked and increasingly automated. Industry 4.0 resolves the dichotomy between customized products and mass production. For this to happen, commercial, logistics, and production processes have to be closely interlinked.
Although Industry 4.0 is often portrayed as a blueprint for factories of the future, intelligent applications which allow for customizable, highly flexible production have long since been a reality.
Turck will support you on the path to Industry 4.0 with innovative solutions to acquire, condition and transfer relevant production data.
Key Technology
Whether RFID, IO-link, OPC-UA or Ethernet – as a specialist in the key technologies of industry 4.0 Turck paves the way to the intelligent future factory for you.
With the RFID system BL ident Turck has implemented solutions for flexible control of production processes, but also for the spare parts/service business, piracy protection or serialization. Together with the IP67 I/O PLC modules from Turck you have available robust solutions with distributed intelligence for data processing or for control tasks.
Turck offers one of the most comprehensive portfolios of IO-Link solutions - ranging from numerous sensors and connection technology to fieldbus and Ethernet I/O systems with IO-Link masters in the protection classes IP20 and I67. How to benefit from intelligent data acquisition and communication solutions from a single source.
Ethernet is the standard for communication, not only in the IT world, but also in the industrial environment. Turck offers especially user-friendly solutions such as the multiprotocol technology that supports the automatic use of I/O systems in the Ethernet protocols PROFINET, Modbus TCP or EtherNet/IP.
OPC-UA is the world's next standard for integrative communication across all levels of the automation pyramid. In close cooperation with science and industry, Turck participated in the development of the standard and has already implemented it in the first products.
Further Information
- Flyer – Industry 4.0 – Data and Communication Solutions
- Flyer: System Solutions for Condition Monitoring
- Flyer – TBEN-L-RFID: Compact RFID Module with OPC UA Server
- Flyer – Compact RFID Modules with I/Os
- Brochure – IO-Link All-in-One Solutions – Enabler for Industry 4.0
- Video – Compact IP67 RFID modules with OPC UA server
- Video – IO-Link is opening the door to Industrial Internet of Things
- Technical Article – Powerful Duo for IIOT – more12005e [PDF, 0,73 MB]
Increased availability of machines and plants
Condition Monitoring allows preventive maintenance without unplanned outages, required spare parts can be planned and ordered in time
Better quality assurance up to the end user
- Automated quality assurance processes reduce erroneous deliveries
- Data acquisition and processing guarantee at any time traceability or optimized production processes
More efficient production in small quantities
Faster changeover times for new product versions, realized by sensors that receive their new identity/function through a main control
Increased efficiency through interdisciplinary communication, if e.g. information on capabilities is directly transferred to production planning.
Energy efficiency through better utilization and fewer rejects thanks to optimized production
Industry 4.0 Products
Follow these links to find your Industry 4.0 product in our product database
TX Series – HMI with CODESYS 3 PLC
User benefits: Distributed intelligence with simple integration for control tasks directly on the machine or plant
TBEN-PLC – Block I/Os with CODESYS 3 PLC
User benefits: Distributed intelligence with simple integration for control tasks directly on the machine or plant
TBEN-DCC – RFID Module with Integrated Middleware
User benefits: Direct communication with higher-level ERP or MES systems via Ethernet TCP/IP
ARGEE – PLC Functionality for Multiprotocol I/O Modules
User benefits: Programming of basic functions without any knowledge of a programming language made simple
TBEN – Multiprotocol Ethernet I/O Solutions in IP67
User benefits: Easy integration into systems and diagnostic functions via integrated web servers also on smartphones
IM(X)12-CCM – Condition Monitoring for Control Cabinets
User benefits: Recognizes potential sources of error for preventive maintenance, thus avoiding unplanned shutdowns
IO-Link Products
User benefits: Fast device replacement, flexible and reliable application through comprehensive configuration and diagnostic options
Cloud-based Remote Machine Maintenance
Special machine manufacturer Velco uses a remote monitoring solution based on Turck Cloud Solutions for locating error sources and monitoring production parameters
Cloud-based level monitoring
Battery-powered ultrasonic sensors wirelessly transmit data on lubricant levels to the Cloud
Modular Conveyor System
e-Carts from Krups Fördersysteme optimize the assembly and testing track in the battery pack production of a German car manufacturer; Turck's IP67 PLCs provide the decentralized operation control
Fast Tag Detection at Warehouse Gates
Multiplex operation with external antennas on RFID UHF read/write head Q300
Tool Identification with RFID
Turck's BL ident RFID system reduces the reading time for the tool turret of a CNC machine from 130 to 10 seconds
Challenge Tool Changer
Many applications require that parts of a machine are changed to accommodate different phases in the production cycle.
Efficient Monitoring of Cabinets in the Field
Monitoring the condition of cabinets and other housings in the field can be difficult. Generally, several separate sensors and connections are needed in the housing. A clever and compact alternative is Turck's cabinet guard IMX12-CCM.
Final Assembly – Diagnosis of Leaks
The fully automated system solution from Turck is based on UHF RFID technology and detects any leaks in a vehicle's body without manual intervention.
Identification of Cryovessels
The BL ident RFID system from Turck enables clear and seamless monitoring during transportation and storage.
Recording the Swivel Movement of a Core Shooter
Short cycle times are particularly important when manufacturing sand cores for metal casting using core shooters. The swivel movement of the core carrier, which is recorded by the contactless IO-Link encoder QR24-IOL from Turck, has a major influence on the clock rate of the machine.
RFID Identifies Pharmaceuticals
Together with other partners, Turck Korea has implemented a complete serialization and identification system for pharmaceutical products – from the production plant to the dispatch warehouse
Tier 1 – Bumper Identification
Just in sequence (JIS) productions benefit from a component identification directly on the component, which can be utilised by Tier 1 and by automotive manufacturers alike.
Exact Height Positioning
In its Flying Fish roundabout ride, Zierer Karussell- und Spezialmaschinenbau GmbH previously measured the horizontal position of the gondola arms using individual proximity switches.
Preventive Maintenance on Conveyor Belts
Ultrasound reflection measurements offer an error-free and efficient solution for detecting the presence of objects on conveyor systems. The RU IP67 ultrasound sensor from Turck reliably detects objects.
Select Country
Turck worldwide


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Head Coach Men & Women's Cross Country
Aaron Sharp, Head Coach of the Men's & Women's Cross-Country teams, comes from a strong running legacy and continues a tradition that has proven to be a tried and true force. Sharp, a 1997 CIF State Cross-Country champion in high school, ran for Oxnard College on the 1998-'99 Cross-Country teams during the Fall Semesters as well as Moorpark College for Track in the Spring. He transferred as a scholarship athlete to compete at the NCAA level for UC Santa Barbara. At UCSB he was a contributing member of the 2001 Men's Cross-Country Team that won the Big West Conference Championships and made the school's first ever team appearance to the NCAA Division I Championships. He continues his passion of running today and maintains his own training at an elite level.
After graduating in 2003 with his Bachelor's Degree, Sharp became an assistant coach to the Cross-Country and Track & Field programs for Oxnard College as well as becoming the head coach for the two sports at his alma mater, Santa Clara High School, until 2010. He earned his Master's Degree in Physical Education from Azusa Pacific University in 2007 and has been involved with Oxnard College ever since. His philosophy is simple, "Run every day!" He builds his program based on the traditions set forth by Arthur Lydiard's running philosophy simply stating, "Miles makes champions." His goal is to not just simply train his athletes to perform up to their maximum potential, but he strives to seek and create opportunities for his student-athletes to move on to the university level by and through his program. His desire is that it is a stepping stone to bigger and better things. "If my students graduate and go on to earn their Bachelor's Degree then I have done my job well."
College: (805) 986-5800 x2080
Athletics: (805) 986-5825
Fax: (805) 986-5876
Cell: (805) 914-5843
Assistant Coach Men and Women's Cross Country
Elsa Guerrero
Oxnard College
4000 S. Rose Avenue
Oxnard, CA 93033


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Quick Find
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By creating an account at Manor Vets you will be able to shop faster, be up to date on an orders status, and keep track of the orders you have previously made.
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Be part of something bigger and expand your Social Circle here.
Membership is paid for with just 2 events, cinema and a fitness class. Its a no brainer!
Their traditional Kung Fu system incorporates stand up defence, ground defence, throws, locks, personal fitness, flexibility, pressure points, weapons (swords, sticks, silks, knives), breathing exercises, Qi Gong, Dao Yin, and Tai Chi Chaun. Please note training is safe & all students are expected to train at levels suitable for you, this is indicated by a traditional Kung Fu belt system. The classes are run in a professional and safe environment which means you can progress at your own pace under our expert instructors.
Kevin Chiorando Meredith has trained in Martial arts for over 20 years and has been teaching for over a decade. He has studied under many masters in the UK and China including the Monks at the Shaolin Temple. He has trained in Chinese arts for 13 years
Want more info?
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text:
OCEAN CITY – Small businesses share an important parallel with the human body, Lawrence Gelburd tells his entrepreneurial classes at the Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania: the need for liquidity.
"The No. 1 source of death in people is lack of blood flow from cardiovascular disease," says Gelburd, who is also an independent management consultant. "The No. 1 cause of failure of small companies is lack of cash flow because they've underestimated the amount of cash they need."
Of course, even highly successful companies can suffer a lack of liquidity, especially when they're growing quickly, or the economy is struggling, or new taxes or legislative measures are cutting into their profits. But having a strategy in place — whether it entails making efficient use of credit or bank loans, or putting aside enough vested capital in advance — can help them keep running during a downturn or an emergency. What's more, doing so can allow companies to take advantage of strategic opportunities.
Every business needs cash for emergencies, but the amount of liquidity your company needs depends on your industry type, the current economic climate and risks that may be unique to your situation.
"Business owners should calculate how much cash they would need to keep running if they encounter an internal emergency, such as all the company's computers getting hacked, or an external adverse event, such as the loss of a major supplier or customer due to economic circumstances," says Gelburd.
A good place to start may be examining your "burn rate," or the amount of cash you need each month to cover your operational costs.
Cash reserves that function as an emergency cushion or a strategic fund should be easily accessible. "If an unexpected downturn in your business puts your payroll in jeopardy, you want to be able to quickly convert an investment into cash," says Fiol.
You may also want to consider stretching your company's short-term liquidity by altering your business practices.
"Consider putting more of your expenses on a credit card," advises Robert Chalfin, lecturer at the Wharton School and a small-business consultant and author.
To avoid interest payments, "it's crucial to pay off the balance each month, but you'll gain 30 to 45 days of extra cash flow by drawing out your average monthly payments." Chalfin also recommends negotiating longer payment terms with suppliers while shrinking receivables by asking customers to pay earlier. And always do your homework and consider alternatives: Get competing bids every year on your employee health plan; investigate whether a bank loan is less expensive than supplier financing; or consider leasing.
"Business owners often initially ignore liquidity problems because they believe that the situation will resolve itself next week or they fear that lenders will pull the plug on them," says Gelburd. "That's a mistake. Keep lines of communication open to give lenders and suppliers the flexibility to help you work out a solution before it really is too late."
During more robust economic times, small businesses are able to rely on available credit and loans to help keep their businesses running, "making them look, in some cases, much healthier than they really are," says Fiol. "Today, sound business principles and good cash management practices and analysis are more critical than ever, which, ultimately, can potentially strengthen small businesses and give them staying power."
(A Merrill Lynch Wealth Management Advisor. She can be reached at 410-213-8520.)


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For a quick look at what shows open when this season, check out the 2020 Openings At-A-Glance page.
- This event has passed.
November 16, 2019 @ 8:00 pm
|Recurring Event (See all)
Performances from October 27 – November 24
Event Navigation
Do you have an upcoming event in Montreal that you would like to include in our calendar? Submit your listing for free!


text:
Surgery Tools - Modern
A set of six laser-cut foam modern surgery tools.
This product contains: 1 set of Surgery Tools - Modern
Please note that nearly all of our products are handmade by us in the UK. We do not carry high levels of stock so it is very likely that we will need to make your order before shipping. Because of this we set expectations that you should allow 28 days for delivery. If you have an urgent deadline then we will do our best to meet it, but if it is critical you receive your product earlier than this, we ask that you contact us first to check that this is possible.


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MIDDLETON — Town voters narrowly rejected a move Tuesday to replace traditional School District Meeting with SB2-style ballot voting.
Warrant Article 2, to adopt the provisions of RSA 40:13 (SB2) was defeated with 125 against and 102 in favor. A three-fifths majority of ballots cast was required, or 137 of the 227 School District Ballot forms.
Despite the rain, there was a respectable turnout at the Middleton Town Hall — a total of 249 ballots cast, of which 13 were absentee ballots.
Joseph Bailey was elected to the Board of Selectmen with 166 votes. Unopposed and elected were Sandra Bruedle for the Budget Committee (206 votes) and Samantha McPherson (202 votes) as Trustee of the Trust Funds. Kathleen Landry (191) won the vacancy as Supervisor of the Checklist, although there were 16 write-in votes for Yvette Haddock, two for Kathy Allfrey and one for Parker Pruett.
For Cemetery Trustees, there were multiple write-ins, notably Linda Ellingwood with eight votes for a one-year term and Sandra Bruedle with two votes for the three-year term. The write-ins for the two-year term all received one vote each, meaning that they will have to each be contacted to see who may be willing to accept.
There were 247 School District ballots cast, electing School Board members Andrea Bowden and Todd LaPierre. The count was LaPierre 146, Bowden 159, and Kalar 98. Kelly Tivnan was elected School District Clerk with 195 votes. School District Treasurer for a one-year term is Sandra Bruedle with 206 votes. As has been the practice for some time now, the School District Moderator slot went to write-in Jack Savage with 36 votes.
Article 2 to accept and place on file reports from auditors, agents, committees and officers was passed, 211 to 12.
Article 3 to reduce the budget deficit passed 158 to 67.
A vote of 164 to 60 passed the operating budget of $3,545,599 for the Middleton School District for Article 4.
The $963,780 SAU Administration Budget (Article 5) of passed; $135,040 of which is Middleton's portion.
Articles 6, 7, and 8 passed for purchase and leases of school buses. Article 6 (170 for, 65 against) will raise and appropriate $81,336 for the purchase of a school bus with $35,000 taken from the School Bus Capital Reserve fund. Article 7 (153 for, 80 against) for raising and appropriating $20,750 for the first installment and entering into a four-year bus lease contract for $83,000 for a second bus. Article 8 (152 for, 83 against) approved raising and appropriating $16,796 for the first installment of a five-year bus lease contract for $83,980. The new buses will mean a major reduction in bus repairs that have been a problem with the current fleet.
Article 9 was moot, only being invoked if the other articles to purchase new buses failed.
Providing $25,000 for the Special Education Trust Fund, Article 10, passed 135 to 96. A Feasibility and Suitability Study to withdraw from the AREA Agreement passed with Article 11 getting 167 yes and 63 no.
Article 12 passed with 145 to 78, authorizing the retention of year-end unassigned general funds up to 2.5 percent of the fiscal year's net assessment for a revenue source for emergency expenditures, per RSA 198:4-b, II.


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I did a lot of different gambles and very few of them worked in my favor. A few different times, I grinded rupees to get no progression. My go mode item was the Cane of Somaria, and I didn't check the dig spot until I checked literally everything else possible. I tried to explore Dark World early as soon as I had access but took a couple deaths.
At least I found the hidden sword in Kakariko's supply shack really quickly


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Talk:2011 Group 2 Project
Post Peer Assessment Discussion
Hey guys in response to the peers i moved around my pictures, gave them text under them, and added a lot of new information and some photos to the structure section. the only issue we have left is to clean up our reference list since it mostly looks like a bunch of pubmed IDs. i guess we will ask mark what to do with this.--Michael Orenstein 21:48, 25 May 2011 (EST)
Week 7
- This is the week before the mid-session break.
- In the lab this week we will have an opportunity to discuss any issues which are slowing progress on your project.
- The Thursday of the week beginning 02 May will be when all projects will be open to Peer Assessment.
- What you have on your page by Thursday of that week will be the content that others in the class will comment upon.
Week 6
- I see many groups now have subsection titles for their projects.
- Here are some searches: Pubmed search all databases junction | PLoS junction | JCB junction You can now simply put your own search term into each top window.
- Now's the time to get your images, movies, media etc uploaded. Biomed central | JCB | JCB Archive | PLoS. Once uploaded you can make a gallery on either your project or discussion page using <gallery>File:name here</gallery> tags with your image files listed between the tags. When you upload project images, add this text as it appears replacing # with your own Group number to the summary information [[Category:2011Project#]].
- Shown below are the criteria that will be used to assess your final project.
Group Assessment Criteria
- The key points relating to the topic that your group was allocated are clearly described.
- The choice of content, headings and sub-headings, diagrams, tables, graphs show a good understanding of the topic area.
- Content is correctly cited and referenced.
- The wiki has an element of teaching at a peer level using the student's own innovative diagrams, tables or figures and/or using interesting examples or explanations.
- Evidence of significant research relating to basic and applied sciences that goes beyond the formal teaching activities.
- Relates the topics and content of the Wiki entry to learning aims of cell biology.
- Clearly reflects on editing/feedback from group peers and articulates how the Wiki could be improved (or not) based on peer comments/feedback. Demonstrates an ability to review own work when criticised in an open edited wiki format. Reflects on what was learned from the process of editing a peer's wiki.
- Evaluates own performance and that of group peers to give a rounded summary of this wiki process in terms of group effort and achievement.
- The content of the wiki should demonstrate to the reader that your group has researched adequately on this topic and covered the key areas necessary to inform your peers in their learning.
- Develops and edits the wiki entries in accordance with this sites wiki guidelines.
By Week 5
Each Group member has added to the discussion page:
- A Review Article
- A Historic Research Article
- A Current Research Article
No two students should add the same paper and there should be a link to the original article.
Peer assessment
Group 2
- Introduction: It goes too in depth.Details about different groups should go to classification.In this part , you also talk about the details of the molecular constituents of gap junctions , which is kinda off the objective of introduction.
This part should have a brief talk on the roles or importance of gap junctions to organisms ,formation and its location, so that readers can have a broad idea what it is before going further down.
- History: Too long.
- Structure and functional roles: They are alright.
- Location: Details in this part can be put under functional roles, so you wont have 2 duplicated kinda subheadings.
- Comparing with other junctions: It is a good idea.
- Disease associated : Details are well organised in disease associated part , and nice images .
- Research: It is alright .
- Glossary: It should be in alphabetical order.
Group 2-Gap Junction
- Intro – very good introduction as it gives an overview of different type of junctions. The description of the composition and different types of gap junctions is very clear in this section. Good choice of pictures, very easy to interprete.
- History – this section is very thoroughly done, great work!
- Structure – Description is logical and easy to follow, however more detailed information regarding connexins and what they are made of may be desirable.
- Functional role of gap junctions – How does the different types of connexin affect their function and specialization? At the end of the section you mendtioned that it's due to the different types and properties of connexins and their expressions, would a more detailed decription on that be good?
- Location – Good descriptions. More pictures on specific strctures (eg intercalated disks instead of a pic of whole heart) would be good.
- Comparison – don't think this table of comparison is really necessary.
- The last two sections are very well written. Glossary part should be expanded by including more words such as oligodendricytes, cochlea etc.
Group 2
The inclusion of very specific knowledge shows that the page is well researched and gives the right amount of detail to the reader. There are a variety of interesting pictures, from diagrams to photographs, all which add to the page. The pictures throughout the page need captions so there is a small amount of info about that picture actually with the picture on the page itself. The table of comparisons is a good idea, however I am not sure how much can be learnt about gap junctions themselves. It seems to take up too much of the page proportionally with a lot of information that seems best suited elsewhere. Despite this, the clear advantage of such a table is that it allows the page to not only be a resource for gap junctions, but as a starting point for learning about other types of junctions. This is very helpful for students looking for further knowledge not specific to the gap junctions themselves.
Group 2
Good work group 2. It was a good read but is it really necessary to discuss the other junctional structures in that depth? Also there are alot of points you could elaborate on such as:
- structure of the gap junction (this section seems too brief)
-The functional role (the 4 points you mentioned i.e. 1) Transmission of excitation in cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and central nervous system (CNS) neurons...etc)
also, for the diseases section, it would be better if you could make the headings for the types of diseases bigger so that people wouldnt get confused.
Otherwise, an overall good page! :)
- All images need a link to where they came from in them. Also maybe make some images thumbnails as they don't need to be as big (ie. Connexins image, hexagonal gap junctions)
- Introduction: Nice introduction
- History: Very thorough though images should be used to break up text rather than thrown in at bottom of section.
- Structure: The info here is a little too concise, don't be afraid to explain what you are talking about. ie. maybe explain what passes through the junction and why.
- Functional Role of Gap junctions: Well researched and good use of bold for main points.
- Location: Good inclusion of heading though should probably go before or after Structure.
- Comparison with other junctions: Nice Table - maybe link the titles to the other topic pages that they are talking about
- Disease associated with Gap Junctions: Good clear format of text and diseases though the images should go AROUND the text not just under it. Too much white!
- Current: GREAT.
- Glossary: You just need to Alphabetise this and maybe add some more.
Group 2- Gap Junctions
- Good introduction.
- The text is balanced well enough with the photos.
- The only thing now is to get rid of empty spaces.
- History is good and referenced properly.
- Electron micrograph filtered image belongs to history or is something else??
- Bold text draws the attention and the reader knows what is going next.
- The table with other junction is good.
- Structure needs more to be done.
- Function is good.
- Diseases part is good and well-linked with the abnormalities of the junction.
- Glossary is short.
- Good headings and sub-headings.
- Overall,good work.
Gap junction - group 2
I really like the balance between pictures and texts , obviously the photos compensate each section beautifully. Even before reading the project page , the history section is way too long. In the function of the gap junction the hand-drawn image by student was outstanding . The table is beautifully done however, the text should be in bullet points for easier understanding (with more colors on the table). The examples of diseases given were broad and appropriated. The use of pictures in each disease subheadings was very appropriate. The glossary , in comparison to the page are relatively small . The references needs to be fixed up for all the pub med links. Hundreds references used represented the indept research that had been carried out . Good job guys
Group 2- Gap Junctions
- My First impression is that you have a good text/image ratio.
- Your introduction is very clear and it is helpful for me that you have outlined what you will be doing in the rest of your project so that I know what to expect.
- Dot points and bold text make it easy to see the important details
- Comparing gap junctions with other junction types is an awesome idea and helps understand the unique features of your junction type
- The only thing that I can comment on negatively is that the structure function section, which technically should be the largest part, is small compared to the rest of the project.
Group 2
- The introduction gave a good overview of all junctions which gives a good idea of what a junction is before detailing specifically what a gap junction is.
- Detailed history shows good research.
- Good array of pictures throughout the whole page, breaks up the information well.
- Comparison table is very detailed and shows a good amount of research as well as the diseases section which is very interesting especially with the addition of pictures.
- Glossary needs to be added to.
- The choice of content, headings and sub-headings, diagrams and tables show a good understanding of the topic area.
Overall, a great effort can be seen from the Page. However, I have some points that might be useful to improve the page: 1.Introduction Section: the photos are not titled, and the second photo with channels is slightly big, it might look better with a smaller version. 2.History shows lots of information, and the group has done more than enough research. It looks long. 3.The em Photos in the History Section could be moved to the Structure. 4.Functional role, location and comparison, I don't see how it can be improved, because I like the balance between photos and words. Well done. 5.Photos in " Diseases Associated with Gap junctions could be moved to the right or left so they don't take too much space in the page.
Gap Junctions
- Really good set out, nice and organized, making it easy to read
- The history is really long and detailed. There's a lot of really good information in it, but it could be a bit better if only the really important bits were outlined. Of course, this isn't a very big criticism as you can't really have too much information.
- Good description of the structure. Could you note differences between human gap junctions and their homologues in plants?
- Good incorporation of KO mice in explaining the function of Cx32
- I like how you've done the locations of gap junctions, well structured
- It's a good idea to give a comparison with the other junctions. The table is nice, but since you're not doing the other junctions do you need that much detail? You could always make links to the other pages or something
- Good variety of abnormalities and nice, brief descriptions
- Nice incorporation of the really recent research, show's how up to date your information is
- Overall a really good page. Nice work!
Group 2
- I'm starting to wonder if it's just my browser, because I can't see a main "Gap Junctions" title.
- Intro is fairly cohesive, describes topic well and is easy to understand. "Connexins (Cx) are named after their molecular weight and they are tissue-specific and even cell-specific which represent that some connexins are prominently expressed only in a few tissues and some, like Cx43 being more prevalent"- I think I understand what you're trying to say but it needs rewording. Likewise with a few other sentences in intro.
- Few typos but that's to be expected!
- I actually like that the history is so long. It gives the reader a more comprehensive understanding of gap junctions instead of just being a chronological list of random facts.
- I think the structure section is the most well written section. It's concise and effectively gets the info across.
- Some interesting info in functional role. Perhaps there is a reason you haven't included this, but I'd be interested to know what the "special permeability characteristics" are that are characteristic of heterotypic junctions.
- Location- I think this is an excellent section to have! Gave me a well rounded understanding of the significance of gap junctions
- I'm not entirely sure that the comparison table is necessary considering that the junctions are covered by other groups. Having said that, it shows initiative, and a good understanding of intercellular interactions, so that can't be a bad thing, right?
Group 2: Gap Junctions
Introduction: The introduction is very clear and explains both the topic and what your article details.
History: The pictures below the history, could adjoin a specific entry so that the reader can see how they directly relate to the history. Whilst the pictures themselves are good, at the moment it is a little unclear how the pictures extend on what is being said in the history section. However the written content of the history is informative, covering both discovery up till very recent times. This overview is well done.
Structure: A brief structure, or explanation of the difference between the various connexins mentioned in the next two sections would be helpful.
Location And Comparison with Other Junctions: These are both helpful sections, that add more accessibility to the page by giving the reader more information about gap junctions and their context.
Glossary: The glossary could be alphabetised for ease of use.
Note: Uploading some of your own drawings would be helpful.
--Mark Hill 17:07, 30 March 2011 (EST) OK Group 2, Just one student contributing sub-headings to date and no other content has been added to either your discussion or project page. You were meant to have already begun looking into both the topic and references, pasting links on your discussion page. I will see you in the lab tomorrow to discuss whether you are having problems or are simply not doing the work. This search should get you started. Search Pubmed: Gap Junction
Guys, I've uploaded my disease stuff except i'm having problems with uploading the references and pictures. WIll try again later. I've also added a few things to our glossary. Anyway hope you've all had a good break!
--Elizabeth Blanchard 10:28, 30 April 2011 (EST)
I found another article concerning disease that might be of use:
Gap-Junction Channels Dysfunction in Deafness and Hearing Loss
I wouldn't put the abstract since it's too long.
--z3283837 23:00, 26 April 2011 (EST)
Hey guys, I am kind of finished with my part for the intro and the function although it needs a little bit of touch up. Anyway, while researching, I just found a few review articles that might be helpful. Whoever is doing the location of gap junctions, this article below gives you an overview of the expression patterns of different connexins in different tissues.
Diversity and properties of connexin gap junction channels
Gap junction channels are composed of two apposing hemichannels (connexons) in the contiguous cells and provide a direct pathway for electrical and metabolic signaling between adjacent cells. The family of connexin genes comprises 20 members in the mouse and 21 genes in the human genome. Connexins are expressed in all tissues except differentiated skeletal muscle, erythrocytes, and mature sperm cells. Various tissues express more than one type of connexins; therefore, homotypic, heterotypic, and heteromeric gap junction channels may form between cells. In this article, we briefly review basic gating and permeability properties of homotypic and heterotypic gap junction channels as well as recent achievements in the research of their regulation by transjunctional voltage, intracellular calcium, pH, and phosphorylation. [2]
Another review article mention about the mutations in certain connexins leading to some diseases so it might be helpful with the disease section of our project. Here is the article:
Diverse functions of vertebrate gap junctions
Gap junctions are clusters of intercellular channels between adjacent cells. The channels are formed by the direct apposition of oligomeric transmembrane proteins, permitting the direct exchange of ions and small molecules (< 1 kDa) between cells without involvement of the extracellular space. Vertebrate gap junction channels are composed of oligomers of connexins, an enlarging family of proteins consisting of perhaps > 20 members. This article reviews recent advances in understanding the structure of intercellular channels and describes the diverse functions attributable to gap junctions as a result of insights gained from targeted gene disruptions in mice and genetic disease in humans. [3]
Finally, there's this cartoon image on structure of connexin that you may be able to reuse, but it's worthwhile to look at.
A fully atomistic model of the Cx32 connexon
Connexins are plasma membrane proteins that associate in hexameric complexes to form channels named connexons. Two connexons in neighboring cells may dock to form a "gap junction" channel, i.e. an intercellular conduit that permits the direct exchange of solutes between the cytoplasm of adjacent cells and thus mediate cell-cell ion and metabolic signaling. The lack of high resolution data for connexon structures has hampered so far the study of the structure-function relationships that link molecular effects of disease-causing mutations with their observed phenotypes. Here we present a combination of modeling techniques and molecular dynamics (MD) to infer side chain positions starting from low resolution structures containing only C alpha atoms. We validated this procedure on the structure of the KcsA potassium channel, which is solved at atomic resolution. We then produced a fully atomistic model of a homotypic Cx32 connexon starting from a published model of the C alpha carbons arrangement for the connexin transmembrane helices, to which we added extracellular and cytoplasmic loops. To achieve structural relaxation within a realistic environment, we used MD simulations inserted in an explicit solvent-membrane context and we subsequently checked predictions of putative side chain positions and interactions in the Cx32 connexon against a vast body of experimental reports. Our results provide new mechanistic insights into the effects of numerous spontaneous mutations and their implication in connexin-related pathologies. This model constitutes a step forward towards a structurally detailed description of the gap junction architecture and provides a structural platform to plan new biochemical and biophysical experiments aimed at elucidating the structure of connexin channels and hemichannels. [4]
--z3283837 21:11, 26 April 2011 (EST)
Michael the history looks fantastic! do u remeber where u put that retina article i cant find it.. --z3253348 18:34, 23 April 2011 (EST)
Hey guys hope your break is going well. I just finished the "History" segment of our project and I posted it on the group page. Since we are having some issues with our discussion page, i figured rather than repost all the references here you can just use the ones on our group page. A lot of those articles are relevant to other topics such as function and disease of gap junction so when you are reading through the history of gap junctions, if any of those points have to due with your topic you should definetely go check out the article on Pubmed. Liz I know you are doing diseases so if you look in some of the later years i posted some stuff on the history of the diseases. Whoever is doing function, there is a bunch of information on function of gap junctions. just read the titles of my references and if it seems helpful, check out the article.
--Michael Orenstein 11:06, 23 April 2011 (EST)
Whoever is doing FUNCTION this article may be helpful for you
Control of intercellular communication by voltage dependence of gap junctional conductance.
The junctional conductance between coupled amphibian blastomeres exhibits a high degree of voltage dependence, as previously described in voltage clamp studies (Spray, D.C., A.L. Harris, and M.V.L. Bennett (1981) J. Gen. Physiol. 77: 77-95; Harris, A.L., D.C. Spray, and M.V.L. Bennett (1981) J. Gen. Physiol. 77: 95-117). The present study examines the properties which this voltage dependence confers on electrotonic coupling between cells. The effects of applied pulses and ramps of current are studied experimentally and are modeled by calculation. During sufficiently large current pulses applied to one cell of a pair, the cells uncouple and then recouple after termination of the pulses. Ramps of current applied to one of the cells can give voltage-current (V-I) relations with a region of hysteresis within which the cells are stably coupled or stably uncoupled depending on previous history. Intrinsically generated currents are able to cause bistability of coupling in the absence of externally applied current. Calculations from the parameters of junctional conductance defined under voltage clamp fully account for these findings and illustrate how junctional and nonjunctional conductances affect the V-I relations in the region of bistability. Recordings from several cells within a small group show that boundaries of intercellular communication can be altered by applied current, a finding that also can be accounted for by voltage dependence of junctional conductance. The "Appendix" examines quantitatively the criteria required for bistability of coupling and the relevance of bistability for intercellular signaling. The plasticity of coupling which the voltage dependence of junctional conductance confers on cells offers an intriguing mechanism by which patterns of intercellular communication could be determined and changed in developing tissues.
--Michael Orenstein 11:06, 23 April 2011 (EST)
Hey Liz i found this article whihc may be helpful to you for diseases
Mechanisms of gap junction traffic in health and disease.
Gap junctions (GJs) allow direct communication between cells. In the heart, GJs mediate the electrical coupling of cardiomyocytes and as such dictate the speed and direction of cardiac conduction. A prominent feature of acquired structural heart disease is remodeling of GJ protein expression and localization concomitant with increased susceptibility to lethal arrhythmias, leading many to hypothesize that the two are causally linked. Detailed understanding of the cellular mechanisms that regulate GJ localization and function within cardiomyocytes may therefore uncover potential therapeutic strategies for a significant clinical problem. This review will outline our current understanding of GJ cell biology with the intent of highlighting cellular mechanisms responsible for GJ remodeling associated with cardiac disease.
--Michael Orenstein 11:06, 23 April 2011 (EST)
hey everyone, I have thought of some headings for our assignment let me know which you think are most suitable
(1) Introduction - just a quick summary
(2) Discovery/History - who discovered gap junctions
(3) Structure - what they look like/how they are formed
(4) Function(importance) - their job
(5) Location - where they are found/why
(6) Comparison - briefly explain how our junction is different from others
(7) Diease - possibly something to do with dieases associated with abnormalties of the junction
(8) Research - current research of gap junctions/new research and discoveries
--z3253348 20:19, 29 March 2011 (EST)
Headings seem all good. We should try and organize who is going to do what at some point too.
Intercellular channels present in gap junctions allow cells to share small molecules and thus coordinate a wide range of behaviors. Remarkably, although junctions provide similar functions in all multicellular organisms, vertebrates and invertebrates use unrelated gene families to encode these channels. The recent identification of the invertebrate innexin family opens up powerful genetic systems to studies of intercellular communication. At the same time, new information on the physiological roles of vertebrate connexins has emerged from genetic studies. Mutations in connexin genes underlie a variety of human diseases, including deafness, demyelinating neuropathies, and lens cataracts. In addition, gene targeting of connexins in mice has provided new insights into connexin function and the significance of connexin diversity.
Gap junctions are specialized membrane domains composed of collections of channels that directly connect neighboring cells providing for the cell-to-cell diffusion of small molecules, including ions, amino acids, nucleotides, and second messengers. Vertebrate gap junctions are composed of proteins encoded by the "connexin" gene family. In most cases examined, connexins are modified post-translationally by phosphorylation. Phosphorylation has been implicated in the regulation of gap junctional communication at several stages of the connexin "lifecycle", such as the trafficking, assembly/disassembly, degradation, as well as, the gating of gap junction channels. Since connexin43 (Cx43) is widely expressed in tissues and cell lines, we understand the most about how it is regulated, and thus, connexin43 phosphorylation is a major focus of this review. Recent reports utilizing new methodologies combined with the latest genome information have shown that activation of several kinases including protein kinase A, protein kinase C, p34(cdc2)/cyclin B kinase, casein kinase 1, mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase and pp60(src) kinase can lead to phosphorylation at 12 of the 21 serine and two of the six tyrosine residues in the C-terminal region of connexin43. In several cases, use of site-directed mutants of these sites have shown that these specific phosphorylation events can be linked to changes in gap junctional communication.
--Elizabeth Blanchard 23:10, 30 March 2011 (EST)
Hey guys, I also think we should talk about how gap junctions function differently within different cells of the body. They may all act the same but if we research it and find thats not the case then maybe thats something we should take note of. also below i've added 2 abstracts to 2 pubmed articles concerning gap junctions
Connexins and the gap in context.
Mroue RM, El-Sabban ME, Talhouk RS.
Division of Life Sciences, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
Gap junctions (GJ) can no longer be thought of as simple channel forming structures that mediate intercellular communication. Hemi-channel and channel-independent functions of connexins (Cxs) have been described and numerous Cx interacting partners have been uncovered ranging from enzymes to structural and scaffolding molecules to transcription factors. With the growing number of Cx partners and functions, including well-documented roles for Cxs as conditional tumor suppressors, it has become essential to understand how Cxs are regulated in a context-dependent manner to mediate distinct functions. In this review we will shed light on the tissue and context-dependent regulation and function of Cxs and on the importance of Cx-interactions in modulating tissue-specific function. We will emphasize how the context-dependent functions of Cxs can help in understanding the impact of Cx mis-expression on cancer development and, ultimately, explore whether Cxs can be used as potential therapeutic targets in cancer treatment. In the end, we will address the need for developing relevant assays for studying Cx and GJ functions and will highlight how advances in bioengineering tools and the design of 3D biological platforms can help studying gap junction function in real time in a non-intrusive manner. [1]
Gap junctions and connexins as therapeutic targets in cancer.
Kandouz M, Batist G.
Wayne State University, Department of Pathology, 5101 Cass Avenue, Chemistry Building, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA. email@example.com
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD: Connexins (Cxs) and gap junctional intercellular communications (GJICs) play roles in cancer development, growth and metastasis. Experimental studies suggest that targeting Cxs may be a novel technique, either to inhibit tumor cell growth directly or to sensitize to various therapies.
AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW: A brief introduction to the role of Cxs in cancer. The focus is mainly on data available in the literature regarding therapeutic aspects.
WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN: This article reviews the various strategies that take advantage of gap junctions and connexins to eliminate cancer cells, including use of the bystander effect (BE) in gene therapy, the effect of connexins on chemosensitization, the role of apoptotic processes and interactions with the microenvironment. Attempts to restore connexin expression at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels are described, as well as promising strategies recently explored. The potential and limitations of the approaches are discussed.
TAKE HOME MESSAGE: Connexins have multiple facets, singly, in hemichannel complexes, in gap junctions or interacting with different proteins. The regulation of their expression is not fully resolved and selective manipulation of Cxs expression is therefore a challenge. Although the therapeutic potential of connexins is undeniable, more effort is needed to study the regulation and functions of these proteins. [2]
Hey guys so i put some names under the headings that we just discussed. we shoudl still all look for articles and read up on gap junctions and then we can always change our roles if we want
--Michael Orenstein 01:15, 31 March 2011 (EST)
Abstract Gap junctions consist of arrays of intercellular channels composed of integral membrane proteins called connexin in vertebrates. Gap junction channels regulate the passage of ions and biological molecules between adjacent cells and, therefore, are critically important in many biological activities, including development, differentiation, neural activity, and immune response. Mutations in connexin genes are associated with several human diseases, such as neurodegenerative disease, skin disease, deafness, and developmental abnormalities. The activity of gap junction channels is regulated by the membrane voltage, intracellular microenvironment, interaction with other proteins, and phosphorylation. Each connexin channel has its own property for conductance and molecular permeability. A number of studies have tried to reveal the molecular architecture of the channel pore that should confer the connexin-specific permeability/selectivity properties and molecular basis for the gating and regulation. In this review, we give an overview of structural studies and describe the structural and functional relationship of gap junction channels.
Conclusion Since its discovery in the 1960s, structural studies of the gap junction channel have been performed extensively.
- ↑ <pubmed>20960023</pubmed>
--z3253348 11:58, 31 March 2011 (EST)
Here are the three articles related to gap junctions respectively: Review article, Historic Research article and Current Research article.
Structural and functional studies of gap junction channels (Review Article)
Abstract [1] X-ray analysis of the human connexin26 gap junction channel has provided structural details of its open state. The gap junction channel is formed by paired hemichannels on two adjacent cells; each hemichannel consists of six protomers, and exhibits a six-fold symmetry. The protomer folds in a typical four-helix bundle. The amino-terminal region folds in a short helix and is inserted into the lumen to form a funnel structure. The structure of the amino-terminal region could explain the channel's gating mechanism. Extensive interactions between two hemichannels allow the gap junction channel to tightly connect two adjacent cells. The gap junction, which consists of hundreds of gap junction channels, could both serve as an intracellular channel and contribute to cellular adhesion.
Variations in tight and gap junctions in mammalian tissues (Historic Research Article)
Abstract [2] The fine structure and distribution of tight (zonula occludens) and gap junctions in epithelia of the rat pancreas, liver, adrenal cortex, epididymis, and duodenum, and in smooth muscle were examined in paraformaldehyde-glutaraldehyde-fixed, tracer-permeated (K-pyroantimonate and lanthanum), and freeze-fractured tissue preparations. While many pentalaminar and septilaminar foci seen in thin-section and tracer preparations can be recognized as corresponding to well-characterized freeze-fracture images of tight and gap junction membrane modifications, many others cannot be unequivocally categorized-nor can all freeze-etched aggregates of membrane particles. Generally, epithelia of exocrine glands (pancreas and liver) have moderate-sized tight junctions and large gap junctions, with many of their gap junctions basal to the junctional complex. In contrast, the adrenal cortex, a ductless gland, may not have a tight junction but does possess large gap junctions. Mucosal epithelia (epididymis and intestine) have extensive tight junctions, but their gap junctions are not as well developed as those of glandular tissue. Smooth muscle contains numerous small gap junctions The incidence, size, and configuration of the junctions we observed correlate well with the known functions of the junctions and of the tissues where they are found.
Autophagy: a pathway that contributes to connexin degradation (Current Research Article)
Abstract [3] The function of connexins, which form gap junctions, can be rapidly modulated by degradation, because they have half-lives of only a few hours. Autophagy is a degradation pathway that has been implicated in several diseases and can be induced by cellular stresses such as starvation. We investigated the involvement of autophagy in proteolysis of the wild-type connexins CX50 and CX43, and a cataract-associated connexin mutant, CX50P88S, which forms cytoplasmic accumulations. We observed that cytoplasmic connexins were partially (cup-shaped) or completely (ring-shaped) enclosed by structures containing the autophagy-related protein LC3. Intracellular connexins also colocalized with p62, a protein that might serve as a cargo receptor for autophagic degradation. Starvation induced a decrease in connexin levels that was blocked by treatment with chloroquine, a lysosomal protease inhibitor, or by knockdown of the autophagy-related protein Atg5. These results demonstrate that autophagy can regulate cellular levels of wild-type connexins and imply that the persistence of accumulations of CX50P88S results from insufficient degradation capacity of constitutive autophagy.
--z3283837 15:54, 2 April 2011 (EST)
Hey everyone these articles looked interesting although the recent research article was quite a hard read. I couldn't find much on the location of gap junctions maybe I wasn't typing in the right key words. please post something if you find it. I seemed to find lots of diseases so liz that should be useful for you.
Gap junction remodeling in heart failure. Review Article
Abstract [1] Gap junctions, clusters of transmembrane channels that link adjoining cells, mediate myocyte-to-myocyte electrical coupling and communication. The component proteins of gap junction channels are termed connexins, and gap-junctional channels composed of different connexin types exhibit different biophysical properties. In common with other tissues, the heart expresses multiple connexin isotypes. Spatially defined patterns of expression of 3 connexin isotypes-connexin43, connexin40, and connexin45-form specific cell-to-cell conduction pathways for the spread of current flow that governs the normal cardiac rhythm. Remodeling of gap junction organization and connexin expression is a conspicuous feature of human congestive heart failure and other cardiac conditions in which there is an arrhythmic tendency. This remodeling may take the form of disturbances in the distribution of gap junctions, in which the normal ordered pathways for cell-to-cell conduction are disrupted, or quantitative alterations in connexin expression, notably reduced connexin43 levels, which may contribute to slowing of conduction. Recent evidence from studies in experimental animals strengthens the case that gap junction remodeling is a key determinant of the proarrhythmic substrate in the diseased heart.
Functional analysis of hemichannels and gap-junctional channels formed by connexins 43 and 46. Current Research Article
Abstract [2] The gap junctions (GJs) mediating direct cell-cell interaction are formed by clusters of membrane-spanning proteins known as connexins (Cxs). These channels play a key role in signal transmission, and their permeability, time-, and voltage-dependence are governed by the properties of the specific Cxs forming the gap junctions. Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells express Cx43 and Cx46. Here, we employed a heterologous expression system to explore the functional properties of the hemichannels and GJs that could be formed by different combinations of these Cxs. Specifically, we examined the response kinetics of GJs formed by pairing cells expressing Cx43 or Cx46, or those expressing both, i.e., designated as Cx43*Cx46.
Loss and reappearance of gap junctions in regenerating liver. Historic Research Article
Abstract [3] Changes in intercellular junctional morphology associated with rat liver regeneration were examined in a freeze-fracture study. After a two-thirds partial hepatectomy, both gap junctions and zonulae occludentes were drastically altered. Between 0 and 20 h after partial hepatectomy, the junctions appeared virtually unchanged. 28 h after partial hepatectomy, however, the large gap junctions usually located close to the bile canaliculi and the small gap junctions enmeshed within the strands of the zonulae occudentes completely disappeared. Although the zonulae occludentes bordering the bile canaliculi apparently remained intact, numerous strands could now be found oriented perpendicular to the canaliculi. In some instances, the membrane outside the canaliculi was extensively filled with isolated junctional strands, often forming very complex configurations. About 40 h after partial hepatectomy, very many small gap junctions reappeared in close association with the zonulae occludentes. Subsequently, gap junctions increased in size and decreased in number until about 48 h after partial hepatectomy when gap junctions were indistinguishable in size and number from those of control animals. The zonulae occludentes were again predominantly located around the canalicular margins. These studies provide further evidence for the growth of gap junctions by the accretion of particles and of small gap junctions to form large maculae.
--z3253348 19:41, 4 April 2011 (EST)
Diversity and properties of connexin gap junction channels.[1] (Review Article)
Abstract: Gap junction channels are composed of two apposing hemichannels (connexons) in the contiguous cells and provide a direct pathway for electrical and metabolic signaling between adjacent cells. The family of connexin genes comprises 20 members in the mouse and 21 genes in the human genome. Connexins are expressed in all tissues except differentiated skeletal muscle, erythrocytes, and mature sperm cells. Various tissues express more than one type of connexins; therefore, homotypic, heterotypic, and heteromeric gap junction channels may form between cells. In this article, we briefly review basic gating and permeability properties of homotypic and heterotypic gap junction channels as well as recent achievements in the research of their regulation by transjunctional voltage, intracellular calcium, pH, and phosphorylation.
I feel like this article will be helpful since it talks about the diversity of gap junctions. It mentions how different tissues express different types of connexins so maybe this article will be helpful to whoever ends up doing locations of gap junctions.
Gap junctions and B-cell function.[2] (Historic Research Article)
Abstract: The development of gap junctions between pancreatic B-cells was quantitatively assessed in freeze-fracture replicas of isolated rat islets under various conditions of insulin secretion. Stimulation of insulin secretion by glucose in vitro and by glibenclamide in vivo raised the number of gap junctions between B-cells; glibenclamide alone caused an increase in the size of individual gap junctions. In addition, gap junctions of control and stimulated B-cells showed a packing of particles different from that observed under experimental conditions causing functional uncoupling. The results suggest that gap junctions (and probably coupling) are involved in the secretory activity of B-cells.
This one was helpful because it discussed how gap junctions are involved in the immune response. itd be interesting to read a more recent version of this topic since this one is from 1980.
Alteration of connexin expression is an early signal for chronic kidney disease.[3] (Current Research Article)
Abstract: Chronic kidney disease is promoted by a variety of factors that induce chronic inflammation and fibrosis. Inflammation and excessive scaring have been recently associated with disruptions of the gap junction-mediated intercellular communication. Nevertheless little is known about alterations of the expression of gap junction proteins such as connexin (Cx) 43 and 37 in chronic renal disease. In this study we investigated the expression of these two Cxs in the hypertensive RenTg mice, the anti-glomerular basement membrane glomerulonephritis and the unilateral ureteral obstruction models, all leading to the development of chronic kidney disease in mice. Expression of Cx43 was almost negligible in the renal cortex of control mice. In contrast, Cx43 was markedly increased in the endothelium of peritubular and glomerular capillaries of the 3 month-old RenTg mice, in the glomeruli of mice suffering from glomerulonephritis and in the tubules after obstructive nephropathy. The Cx43 expression pattern was paralleled closely by that of the adhesion markers such as vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and inter-cellular adhesion molecule-1 as well as the inflammatory biomarker monocyte chemoattractant protein-1. In contrast, Cx37 that was abundantly expressed in the renal cortex of healthy mice was markedly decreased in the three experimental models. Interestingly, Cx43+/- mice showed restricted expression of VCAM-1 after 2 weeks of obstructive nephropathy. These findings suggest the importance of Cxs as markers of chronic renal disease, and indicate that these proteins may participate in the inflammatory process during the development of this pathology
This article is great for whoever ends up doing pathologies associated with gap junctions. it was a bit tough to read but i definetly think there were some quality general points made. it seems as though there are a lot of diseases associated with gap junctions so maybe our best bet it to list a bunch of them and then go into a bit of detail with some of the major, more interesting ones.
I also found this article which i thought would be helpful for whoever writes about gap junction structure. The only issue is that the article is from 1977 so perhaps there had been more structural discoveries. Either way, this would be good for whoever ends up doing history of gap junctions since they could compare and contrast if the structure is indeed different.
Structural diversity of gap junctions. A review.[4]
Abstract:Gap junctions are plasma membrane specializations characterized as aggregates of intramembranous particles in two apposed membranes meeting particle-to-particle in the 2-4 nm intermembrane 'gap'. Recent thin-section and freeze-fracture evidence has revealed significant structural variations of gap junctional structure at various stages of development and from different organisms and tissues. It is suggested that a comparative analysis of these differences may provide clues to the specific biological functions(s) of these ubiquitous organelles.
--Michael Orenstein 23:12, 4 April 2011 (EST)
--Michael Orenstein 23:16, 4 April 2011 (EST)
Gap junctions in inherited human disease - Review Article
Gap junctions (GJ) provide direct intercellular communication. The structures underlying these cell junctions are membrane-associated channels composed of six integral membrane connexin (Cx) proteins, which can form communicating channels connecting the cytoplasms of adjacent cells. This provides coupled cells with a direct pathway for sharing ions, nutrients, or small metabolites to establish electrical coupling or balancing metabolites in various tissues. Genetic approaches have uncovered a still growing number of mutations in Cxs related to human diseases including deafness, skin disease, peripheral and central neuropathies, cataracts, or cardiovascular dysfunctions. The discovery of a growing number of inherited human disorders provides an unequivocal demonstration that gap junctional communication is crucial for diverse physiological processes.
This is a pretty general overview of diseases associated with gap junctions. As Mike said, there are alot of diseases listed- so obviously we can't go into heaps of detail with all of them. But we can definitely list a fair few and go into detail with some.
Gap junction expression is required for normal chemical synapse formation. - Current Research Article
Electrical and chemical synapses provide two distinct modes of direct communication between neurons, and the embryonic development of the two is typically not simultaneous. Instead, in both vertebrates and invertebrates, gap junction-based electrical synapses arise before chemical synaptogenesis, and the early circuits composed of gap junction-based electrical synapses resemble those produced later by chemical synapses. This developmental sequence from electrical to chemical synapses has led to the hypothesis that, in developing neuronal circuits, electrical junctions are necessary forerunners of chemical synapses. Up to now, it has been difficult to test this hypothesis directly, but we can identify individual neurons in the leech nervous system from before the time when synapses are first forming, so we could test the hypothesis. Using RNA interference, we transiently reduced gap junction expression in individual identified neurons during the 2-4 d when chemical synapses normally form. We found that the expected chemical synapses failed to form on schedule, and they were still missing months later when the nervous system was fully mature. We conclude that the formation of gap junctions between leech neurons is a necessary step in the formation of chemical synaptic junctions, confirming the predicted relation between electrical synapses and chemical synaptogenesis.
Molecular structure of the gap junctional channel - Historic Research Article
The proteins in various gap junctional preparations from rodent liver have been analysed by two-dimensional peptide mapping and immunoblotting. Only the protein of relative molecular mass (Mr) 16,000 (16K) is found in all gap junctional isolates, and it is unrelated to the 27K protein. The absence of the 27K protein and any of its fragments from trypsin-treated preparations suggests that this protein does not directly contribute to gap junctional structure. Peptide mapping and immunoblotting of the 16K proteins isolated from various tissues and species and of the arthropod 18K protein present in gap junctional preparations from Nephrops norvegicus show that these proteins constitute a family of related junctional proteins. A site-specific antiserum raised against the N-terminal octapeptide of the 16K protein from mouse liver cross-reacts with all 16K and 18K forms of the junctional protein so far tested, suggesting that this particular antigenic determinant is highly conserved. Immuno-localization studies show that the N-terminus is most likely located on the cytoplasmic aspect of the junction and is available to Pronase digestion.
This could be useful for structure. It's a fairly old article (1987) and only relates to gap junctions in mice, so might be worth doing some further reading on this.
--Elizabeth Blanchard 21:10, 5 April 2011 (EST)
Gap junctions in inherited human disease
Gap junctions (GJ) provide direct intercellular communication. The structures underlying these cell junctions are membrane-associated channels composed of six integral membrane connexin (Cx) proteins, which can form communicating channels connecting the cytoplasms of adjacent cells. This provides coupled cells with a direct pathway for sharing ions, nutrients, or small metabolites to establish electrical coupling or balancing metabolites in various tissues. Genetic approaches have uncovered a still growing number of mutations in Cxs related to human diseases including deafness, skin disease, peripheral and central neuropathies, cataracts, or cardiovascular dysfunctions. The discovery of a growing number of inherited human disorders provides an unequivocal demonstration that gap junctional communication is crucial for diverse physiological processes.
There is a good/brief overview of the structure/function of connexins at the beginning of the article, as well as details on diseases related to gap jcts.
- ↑ <pubmed>20140684</pubmed>
--Elizabeth Blanchard 22:53, 13 April 2011 (EST)


text:
Culture Blogs
Apples & Roots-they are common enough items and yet they have a great deal of magic, mythic, and folkloric value assigned to them-for healing, hexing, blessing, and all manner of ritual & religious uses.
That is the idea behind this blog-to fuse the everyday and seemingly ordinary life with the strong currents of your soul-work, spirituality, and magic. We will talk about religion, ritual, magic, divination-and how these mythic arts feed and inspire our lives and how our lives as a result grow richer, deeper, and more purpose flled.
Devotional Forms: Storytelling
While debate rages on in other corners of the web about what kinds of Gods we do or don't believe in, I have been thinking about the way that we worship whatever/whomever we hold dear, sacred, and holy. I decided a series of posts that tackle this question from a deeply personal point of view would be useful to me, and perhaps to a few readers as well. I have also been thinking about shadows, storytelling, and ceremonies-so it seemed natural that I would start there.
In San Antonio summers shadows are important-for they are where we find darkness, a place to be hidden, and most essentially of all, coolness. As David Abram points out in his beautiful work Becoming Animal, night is the greatest shadow of them all and its during the night that stories we were once told, not read, but spoken, sung out, beaten on the hide of a drum, or danced in the light of the moon. Stories were told around campfires, sweat lodges, in the desert under the stars, and in the trees amid the branches and bracken. The more I walk into the realm of story the more I find it essential for an earth-based spiritual practice.
The first competition I ever engaged in was a storytelling competition. Because I live in a state that values excellence, swagger, and boldness (they often do work together), anything and everything can be made into a competitive event. Storytelling competition went like this: a story was selected, memorized and then, before a panel of judges, retold with dramatic interpretation and (one hoped) flair. I was in second grade when I started competing in storytelling, about seven years old.
Now with a child of my own the art of storytelling reaches out her withered, oft ignored, hand to hold mine-taking me down steps covered with moss and dust into a realm that knows something of both medicine and magic. We do not have a tv at my house. Instead, we have a baby grand piano (antique and well used) front and center in our living area-and while we do have electric lights and all the other modern conveniences that go along with them-both my husband and I appreciate natural darkness. We welcome the late falling of shadowy night as does our little one. It is at this time that I feel story's hand reach for mine with the most insistence, at this time that a tale must be told and in our family I am usually the one to do it.
I have to admit that storytelling feels awkward at first. Incredibly well read, I find myself reaching back and dismissing the many philosophical treatises I have held in my mind, sacred texts, and long novels tend to go out as well. I look for the faerie and folk tales that I grew up with as a young girl-this is the straw I need to turn to gold. With no script to memorize or work off of, I am as fascinated as my listeners by the embellishments I add-Goldilocks was born in the spring as the snow melted down the mountains forming the rive that three bears desiring honey might follow one fateful Summer's day-and I never know what twists and turns the tale will follow. Thought I do know the general direction we are headed in-I can tell you whether the skeleton belongs to a cat or a bear but the color, texture, and scent of the fur is where magic comes into play. At the beginning of telling a story my voice is stilted and cracking-tripping here and there as I try to gain a sense and nose for the terrain I am trotting over. But midway through the wind courses through our hair and we are all in, the story must be told until it is finished.
This ties to magic not only because storytelling is one of the oldest magics-perhaps the first Sacred Art, but because story is medicine and it has the power to transform-it is an old and ancient alchemy. It ties to my specific magical practice because part of my work is oracular in nature-meaning that I perform divination for people-and these sessions always begin with a prayer-for seeking a blessing is wise before any great endeavor-followed by a variation on the theme of "so tell me your story…"
Native American writer Linda Hogan describes this process when she seeks out the help of a wise man: "After eating and sitting, it is time for me to talk to him, to tell him why we have come here. I have brought him tobacco and he nods and listens as I tell him about the help we need. I know this telling is the first part of the ceremony, my part in it. It is story, really, that finds its way into language, and story is at the very crux of healing, at the heart of every ceremony and ritual in the older America." —Linda Hogan, All My Relations
Indeed. When we orally tell stories we become aware of ourselves and our place-not in a clever, sophisticated, or abstract manner but in a specific, concrete, and grounded manner. Volume, tone, and word choice are factors the storyteller weighs and measures in the telling of our tales. This specificity of place and our way of being in a particular place is for me what earth-based spirituality is centered around. Telling stories with tongue, teeth, hand, --eye, hand, foot, and body is nothing less than devoted worship.
Featured Image (The Story of the Three Bears): Arthur Rackham: Steel, Flora Annie. English Fairy Tales. Arthur Rackham, illustrator. New York: Macmillan Company, 1918.
Second Image: artist (The Handless Maiden): H.J Ford From the book: Lang, Andrew, ed. The Lilac Fairy Book. New York: Dover, 1968. (Original published 1910.)
Third Image (Thumbelina): Andersen, Hans Christian. Stories for the Household. H. W. Dulcken, translator. A. W. Bayes, illustrator. London: George Routledge & Sons, 1889.
Linda Hogan's excellent essay "All My Relations" can be found in her book Dwellings.
Tuesday, 11 June 2013
What a fascinating topic. As a writer, I love to engage in storytelling with pen and ink, but although I've sung and spoken in front of people, I've never thought to do any storytelling. My wife and I attended an event featuring author Neil Gaiman in which he read some of his own works, and portions of it were riveting. But that's only halfway to what you're suggesting, which sounds entirely unscripted. That kind of gift is wonderful and, I'm sure, a blessing to those privileged to hear it.· Miss Bri Saussy likes this comment.
Tuesday, 11 June 2013
I have also heard Neil Gaiman read and how wonderful it is. I actually think reading aloud is a great practice for those who want to practice telling tales orally but aren't quite sure where to begin. A year ago I did a writers workshop with Natalie Goldberg and her practice is to have her students read their writing aloud-you learn a lot about language (and the crafting of a tale) by doing that!· Stifyn Emrys likes this comment.
Tuesday, 11 June 2013
To tell a story is to take one on a journey through another realm, places of infinite possibility, to bring back the treasures of wisdom and insight from the message within the story. They challenge us with new ideas, preserve the past, and help us to understand the world around us. A well-told story is an amazing thing to behold.· Miss Bri Saussy likes this comment.
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text: I was working at Bozell Worldwide, an advertising agency, on their yearly promotional pitch. An art director was looking for a condensed informal headline treatment to be used on one of the new ad campaigns. I took several different font designs and started to condense and scale the proportions in the hopes of finding several good solutions. They finally settled on a version of Times Roman, scaled horizontally to about 50 percent proportions. I liked the look so much that I later went back to the drawing board and refined the concept by adding slanted serifs and a varying alignment on all the letter forms giving the typeface a very casual and informal appearance. At about that time, I was reading a book by Jack Karouac, and was so inspired by his writings on the 'beat generation' that I decided to name the font 'Beatnik'. Afterwards, I added a set of true small capitals and old style figures. I'm currently working on additional weights and variations to expand this 'hip' new font series. Groovin' baby.


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Academic Policy Details
Grade Appeal
Students who believe a grade has been assigned in error or who wish to have a grade reviewed must first submit their concerns in writing to the instructor within 20 days of the end of the semester. The instructor shall then have 15 days in which to reply in writing. [If no response, the student goes to the next step.] If a mathematical recording or other technical error is discovered, the instructor may recommend an appropriate grade change to the Registrar. This should be completed within 30 days after the end of the semester.
If the grade is still in dispute, the second step is for the student to discuss the grade with the appropriate division chair [or directly go step 3 if the chair is the instructor]. If, after meeting with the division chair, the student still disputes his/her grade, step three is for a written appeal to be submitted to the Academic Dean. The appeal must allege
- that a computational, recording, or other technical error has been made but not acknowledged by the instructor; or
- that the grade has been assigned in an arbitrary, capricious, or vindictive manner, or in a manner intended to inappropriately manipulate or control the student.
These policies apply to the Semester Program/On Campus students only. Graduate College Students will need to consult the Graduate College Bulletin.


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Atletico Madrid chief executive Miguel Angel Gil Marin believes Antoine Griezmann will join Barcelona this summer. The France forward announced last month he would leave Atletico this summer after spending five seasons in the Spanish capital.
Related: Gunners Target Serie A Keeper
Barcelona have long been linked with a move for Griezmann and the 28-year-old has a release clause in his contract that the La Liga champions are reportedly ready to trigger. While no official offer has been made, Gil Marin revealed he has been aware of Griezmann's next destination for the last three months, and says it is Barca.
"It's crystal clear where he is going to play, I've known since March. At Barcelona," he told Spanish television station Movistar Toros on Wednesday. Griezmann moved to Atleti from Real Sociedad in 2014 and helped the club win the Europa League in 2018, scoring twice in the final against Marseille.


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Add atmosphere and charm to your hearth with this Napa Forge 4 Piece Victorian Tool Set. Gas inserts and fireplaces can benefit from the elegant design of this tool set just as much as traditional wood-burning ones. This tool set was carefully crafted with hand-forged iron with quality and style in mind. Including a shovel, tongs, poker, broom and stand gives this tool set everything you need during any season. Spruce up your living room or bedroom with this handsome tool set!
- Constructed with heavy duty hand-forged iron
- Elegant black finish for simple style
- Includes shovel, tongs, poker, broom & stand


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Cameron Lucero Skater Profile
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Claudie's Training Diary 2: a change of scene
At the end of August the Andromède crew flew to Houston to NASA's Johnson Space Centre, where they spent a week in mock-ups and simulators learning their way around the American section of the ISS.
"Theory is never enough," says Claudie. "For real confidence, you have to see and touch. Even though we will work almost exclusively in the Russian section, we will have the run of the whole station and we have to know our way around. It was also good to get to know the ground controllers and the CapComs, the people we'll be talking to from orbit. And to meet astronauts from America, Europe, Canada and Japan: it brings home just how international the project is."
The Houston visit offered another bonus: a reunion with the ESA astronauts who are training there. "Scattered between Russia, Germany, the Netherlands and the USA, we don't often have a chance to get together. Even though we're all in the European Corps of Astronauts, our lives are very different. It was good to meet again in a relaxed way, talk to people's wives and husbands. And when you see how big their children have grown, you realize just how quickly time passes."
Claudie and her colleagues were also able to spend some time with the space station's Expedition 2 crew, who had returned only a few days before. "They were all in great form: Yury Usachev, Susan Helms and Jim Voss were still readjusting after five months in orbit, but they were all delighted with their mission. They had a wonderful present for us, too: a preview of the wide-screen, three-dimensional IMAX pictures they had taken. It was almost as if we were already on board."
All in all, an extraordinary trip. "On the way back I stopped off in Paris to pick up my little girl Carla from her grandparents. We had a wonderful reunion after our long separation, even more so since by chance her father was in Paris, too. [Jean-Pierre is currently based in Germany as head of the ESA astronaut division] Then it was back to Russia and for Carla, back to kindergarten at Star City. She's delighted to be with her friends and to speak Russian again."
And the training programme? "We're now in the last stages of preparation. It's quite intense; so that we are ready for the last week in September, we have an exam practically every day. For the Soyuz, there are tests on manual piloting for approach, docking and descent; for the whole crew, exams on every part of the flight and aboard the station; an exam on a typical day's work. And medical exams, too. After a series of tests in September, the GMK - the Russian medical commission - will give us our final flight clearance. We've just been trying out our spacesuits for size and checking for leaks. Everything is ready.
"In October, after a few days' break with our families, we will go to Baikonur Cosmodrome for the first time. Our rocket and our Soyuz are there already: this will give us a chance to check everything out and to say anything that needs to be said about the spacecraft's equipment. We'll have a final opportunity a few days later, when we come to Baikonur again for the launch."
And then? "We'll talk about that later, when I tell you what happens at Baikonur in the ten days before the launch."


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VBN is Aalborg University's research portal. The research portal is publicly available and supports the aim to aid the accessibility to research carried out at or in cooperation with AAU. The research portal promotes contact to and collaboration with the university's researchers and research communities. VBN is based on Pure, the system used at AAU for registering research, research activities, research projects and much more. The VBN Team works with user support, the day-to-day maintenance and development of research registration, research analysis, and research dissemination through VBN. Additional information can be found on the homepage of the VBN Team
Collaborations within the past 5 years:
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Just want to see peoples creativity and effort into liking Jim. So I came up with this idea. If you can't think of 3 things then thats ok. You can change your 3 things anytime because people change there mind often due to action and second thoughts. Basically all you need to do is use your creativity and think of 3 things you would invent for Jim. I want you to use your imagination and just think of anything even though you might not have the materials for it it doesn't matter its still creativity. I will start first
1. Contact lenses that allows you to see the amount of time a person has left to live above their head. For example if he wore them he would probably see a number then years, weeks or days above the persons head.
2. A death mask. Once you are wearing the death mask and if anybody looks at you directly they die either by turning into stone, melting slowly into liquid or burned by flames. This will not happen to people who he truely has feelings for if they look directly at him while he wears it death will only occur if the person is a stranger or a hater and looks directly.
3. An absorbing mirror. This is a mirror that absorbs people inside their own reflection if they look into it full of hate. This will only happen to people who come to the mirror for comfort to escape the trouble what Jim might wish upon them. The mirror in its own ways fools its victims and once there trapped the only way for them to be free is for Jim to smash the mirror and to pick up one of the smashed pieces of glass and stab into himself anywhere on his body where he knows it will heal quickly. The victim will after ask for a lot of forgiveness for Jim to do that as thats the point of them being trapped.
Don't forget to use your imagination!!! I look forward to seeing some ideas. I also look forward to you changing your ideas too becoz everyone does.


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Hunting Accessories to Improve Your Hunting Performance
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South Cumberland State Recreational Area
State Park in Monteagle, TN
The Visitor's Center of the South Cumberland State Recreation Area is about 50 miles northwest of Chattanooga and 85 miles southeast of Nashville and is located between Monteagle and Tracy City. It became the centerpiece for the massive South Cumberland Recreation Area in 1973. The Visitor's Center, formerly a golf course, serves as a hub for the eight separate park areas that are managed as a single park. It has a picnic pavilion, a wooded picnic area, tennis courts, basketball course, and a softball field. The center offers a great place for an afternoon retreat, hosting many family reunions. The golf course is no longer maintained. However, it has become what is known as the meadow trail. The hike through this meadow allows nature lovers to see a variety of wildlife and wildflowers, not to mention a plethora of birds that make the Cumberland Plateau such a unique place.
Branching out to the neighboring areas, one reaches Grundy Forest State Natural Area, Little Gizzard Creek and Small Wilds Area, and Foster Falls.
The Grundy Forest originated in 1935 when a group of Tracy City residents donated a tract of 211 acres to accommodate a camp of the Civilian Conservation Corps. The residents formed a group called the Grundy County Forest Association. This group, headed by Herman Baggenstoss, deeded this tract over the State of Tennessee, requesting that it become a state forest and site for the camp.
Soon after becoming a park, a trail was built to the "Fruit Bowl" and a picnic area was constructed. The place soon became a popular attraction in the region.
Grundy Forest now serves as the northern access point of the Fiery Gizzard Trail. It offers picnic shelters and restrooms. There is also a short day hike that measures approximately two miles. This trail offers a beautiful sample of what South Cumberland has to offer. Hikers pass numerous waterfalls, a plunge pool, old growth trees that include a massive Hemlock and a cascading stream.
The Fiery Gizzard Trail is one of the most diverse and beautiful trails in the state. Backpacker magazine has ranked it as one of its top twenty-five backpacking trails in the United States. This 17-mile one-way trail features cascading streams, numerous waterfalls, panoramic overlooks, extremely rocky gorges, gentle slopes and lush woodlands as well as four primitive campgrounds. The south entrance to the Fiery Gizzard Trial is the Foster Falls Small Wilds Area. The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) owns this area, but the South Cumberland Recreation Area manages the 550 acres of Foster Falls.
Foster Falls has become a world-class destination for sport rock climbing. The falls, which lend their name to the area, still dominate the landscape. The 60 foot drop marks the southern end of the Fiery Gizzard Trail, and remains a popular spot for people to view and relax from the strains of life. The Foster Falls Area offers restrooms, a picnic pavilion, and a wooded picnic area. It also offers a camping area for overnight visitors from April through October. A resident manager employed by TVA manages these facilities.
The Grundy Lakes conclude this elegant grouping of the South Cumberland Recreation Area. This area offers a paved walking trail and picnic facilities as well as other outdoor activities such as fishing and wildlife viewing. The park offers canoeing at various times throughout the year. The Lone Rock Coke Ovens make this an area of prominence. In fact, the entire area is on the National Historic Register.
The Grundy Lakes much like the Grundy Forest was donated for a project for the Civilian Conservation Corps in the 1930's. The CCC provided a livelihood for many Grundy Countians during the Great Depression. The Lone Rock Coke Ovens were run until 1896 by convict labor. At these facilities, locally mined coal was turned into coke, which was used in the steel industry around South Pittsburg, Tennessee. These ovens remain intact today and can be viewed as a reminder of times past.


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Technical Paper
Visualization of Fuel-Air Mixing Processes in a Small D.I. Diesel Engine Using the Liquid injection Technique
Simplified visualization of the fuel spray developing process in a small D.I. diesel engine was made by the liquid injection technique. In this technique, a liquid fuel was injected into another liquid to simulate injection into a high pressure gaseous atmosphere. For obtaining spray characteristics in the liquid similar to a diesel spray in a high-pressure gaseous atmosphere, the similarity principles based on the Reynolds number of the fuel flow at a nozzle hole and empirical equations of the spray penetration including the breakup length were introduced in this study. Especially, the injector was newly designed for the liquid injection technique based on these similarity principles. The behavior of the spray in a swirling flow was investigated. The spray with different breakup length shows different behavior in the same swirling flow.


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- I need to keep my remarks brief or fit them into a specific amount of time. Brevity's tough to pull off unless you practice, and for that, you need a timer to keep you honest--and sometimes, to remind you just how much you can fit into three minutes. (While lots of viewers of the recent electoral debates expressed surprise at the debate timing rules, there's plenty you can say in athree minutes if you plan it and practice it.) Consider a timer like the Chaney Acurite 00654 Count Down / Up Timer, which that counts in both directions. You may find that seeing the time remaining is more of a guide while you're speaking.
- I'm concerned about my appearance when I speak. Your concerns here are well-placed, as audiences pay most attention to what they see--and issues with your appearance can detract from even the best-prepared content. Plan to record as much practice video as you can, or recruit colleagues or friends to do it for you from the audience. An unobtrusive and eminently portable camera like the Flip Video Mino Series Camcorder gives you lots of options. Flip cameras are lightweight, self-charging, and simple to use--all the software you need to edit, email or post to the web is contained in the camera, and playback on your laptop is made simple by the built-in USB connection. You can also get a small tripod if you want to set up the camera to record you without a helper; Amazon is offering two free accessories when you buy a Flip camera by December 31, 2008.Why record yourself? It's the easiest way to look for wardrobe issues, inadvertent facial expressions or "visual ums," whether you're making eye contact, and how you use (or don't use) gestures.
- I'm juggling too much paper because I give a lot of speeches. Whether you're tired of shuffling papers at the lectern or weary from toting paper texts cross-country for a series of speaking engagements, the Kindle: Amazon's Wireless Reading Device can help. It's lightweight, can hold the equivalent of 200 books, and you can email your texts to your special Kindle email--plus annotate texts and bump up the type size for easier reading. Using the Kindle for speaking engagements takes practice, but if you're burdened by your scripts, it's a great alternative.
- I want to make sure I look my best or be more visible when I speak. The color most flattering to all skin colors and tones can be found in this "French blue" dress shirt (for men, with the ladies' version here) -- so if someone always buys you a shirt as a holiday gift, this is the one to request. It's effective on television as well as in person. And remember to "practice" with your speaker's wardrobe once in a while (a great use for that camcorder), remembering that people with light-, white-, or no hair will need a dark suit jacket to keep them from fading from view.
Remember, gadgets or no gadgets, there's no substitute for practice.