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Competition is only getting tougher for Cisco as it continues to expand in 30 or so new markets while attempting to maintain growth in its core routing and switching businesses.
In FY 2010, Cisco's fourth quarter results were disappointing, as was the company's outlook for its current fiscal 2011 first quarter. At the same time, competition with major players in its core and adjacent markets is heating up.
Which players? Below is our list of Cisco's 10 toughest rivals in a handful of its key markets, such as video, data center and collaboration.
Cisco vs. Juniper
Juniper took one-third of Cisco's share in core routing shortly after coming onto the scene in 1997. The company remains Cisco's one and only rival in core Internet routing with a 30% share of the $643 million market in the second quarter, according to Dell'Oro Group. And the two companies seek to one up each other with every announcement of a higher speed, higher density system. Current entries in this race are Cisco's recently-announced CRS-3 and Juniper's 250Gbps per slot ASICs for its T series systems.
Juniper is also Cisco's closest competitor in a number of security markets, including the $2 billion VPN hardware and software market, and in the $7 billion overall security market, which includes firewalls, VPNs, unified threat management and intrusion detection and prevention systems, according to IDC. Juniper gained a big presence in firewall/VPN systems with its 2004 acquisition of NetScreen.
Cisco vs. Alcatel-Lucent
Juniper is also an adversary in carrier edge routing but so too is Alcatel-Lucent. Alcatel-Lucent and Juniper take turns trading the No. 2 position in edge routing, where Ethernet service delivery is a key requirement for applications such as IPTV, Ethernet VPNs and mobile backhaul. Both companies are targeting Cisco's aged 7600 series and new ASR 9000 routers as their key competitive targets. Cisco's advantage is its vast installed base – 43% of the $1.34 billion market in the second quarter, according to Dell'Oro. Alcatel-Lucent's challenging that and looking to grow beyond its 19% share with terabit ASICs for its Service Router 7750 optimized for traffic management and processing of IPTV, WebTV, mobile backhaul and business VPN traffic; and 100Gbps Ethernet interfaces for the edge router.
Earlier this month, Alcatel-Lucent even made some noise in the enterprise switching market with a 5Tbps OmniSwitch with 10/40/100G Ethernet support that takes aim at the enterprise core – and Cisco.
Cisco vs. HP
With a 72% share of the $16 billion market in 2009, Cisco is dominant in Ethernet switching. It would be hard to pinpoint a rival in a market where Cisco is essentially unrivaled. Yet HP is most active and vocal in taking on Cisco in enterprise switching. At 10% share, HP is the No. 2 vendor, thanks in large part to its $2.7 billion acquisition of 3Com earlier this year.
It verbally challenges Cisco every opportunity it gets at trade shows and conferences. Despite its dominant lead, Cisco is not standing pat. The company continues to unveil new platforms and enhance existing ones, all optimized for three key strategic markets: video, virtualization and collaboration.
Former partners HP and Cisco are also becoming bitter data center rivals. HP may have drawn first blood by pledging to revive its ProCurve networking division after Mark Hurd became CEO in 2007. Then Cisco invaded HP's, and IBM's, traditional turf by coming out with its own blade and rack mount data center servers. HP responded by acquiring 3Com to boost its switch market share and overall networking portfolio, and then bashing Cisco at every public opportunity. Finally, Cisco vanquished HP as a reseller; and HP banished Cisco from its data centers.
Cisco vs. Aruba
Similar to switching, Cisco has a close-to-dominant position in wireless LANs with a 58% share of the $1.6 billion market in 2009. Aruba's next with 9%. Though that gap is sizeable, Aruba gives Cisco all it can handle in North America sales, where it had a higher percentage penetration in the U.S. than Cisco had in the second quarter of this year. Aruba is especially strong in higher education, healthcare and other enterprise verticals, and is outpacing Cisco in 802.11n penetration, according to Dell'Oro Group. And over the last four quarters, Aruba's market share has grown from 8.7% to 11.9% while Cisco's has declined from 60.7% to 54.8%. Not that Aruba is the sole beneficiary of that decline but it undoubtedly played a leading role.
But Cisco recently came out with an "entry level" 802.11n access point that could help boost its share of that specific market. And it took pains to take the pain out of 11n deployments.
Meanwhile Aruba's been lining up top-shelf OEM partners, like Dell; and expanding into new markets through acquisition.
Cisco vs. Polycom
Cisco's keen on video, noting – by its own research -- that it will exceed 91% of global consumer IP traffic by 2014.This will drive sales of switches and routers on the back end of service provider networks to handle all that hefty traffic. On the front end? Cisco rolled out TelePresence virtual conferencing systems for the business and home, and acquired both Pure Digital, the maker of Flip pocket video cameras, and Polycom rival Tandberg to fill out the low-end and mid-range enterprise videoconferencing portfolio. Tandberg was the market leader on videoconeferencing, so now Cisco is with a roughly 40% share of a $2 billion market, according to Wainhouse Research.
Polycom isn't taking this lying down: it aligned itself with Cisco rivals IBM and Juniper to drive sales of its own videoconferencing systems along with IBM servers and storage systems, and Juniper routers.
Productwise, Cisco and Polycom match up fairly evenly, with conference room- and office-sized, and personal Telepresence and videoconferencing systems, and associated equipment and applications. Cisco recently debuted a home TelePresence system called Umi to work with consumer HDTVs but its price is being criticized. Can you see me now?
Cisco vs. Avaya
Unified communications and collaboration are hot target markets for Cisco, perhaps the most strategic after its core routing and switching businesses. But while Cisco plays in scores of markets with another 30 or so adjacent ones in its sights, Avaya's sole raison d'etre is UC and collaboration. Indeed, Avaya and Cisco are Nos. 1 and 2 in enterprise telephony, according to Dell'Oro Group, with 17% and 14.6% shares, respectively, of the $12 billion market in 2009. The companies were early entrants and decade-long competitors in IP PBXs and handsets.
The most recent battlefield for the two is tablet computers tailored specifically for enterprise collaboration and unified communications. Avaya introduced Flare last month, a mobile/dockable 11.6-inch touchscreen tablet that supports hi-def video, and Avaya's unified communications software for pulling together ad hoc meetings, including hi-def conferences. Cisco's Cius is a 7-inch dockable or mobile touchscreen that also supports Cisco's unified communications software and telepresence platforms. Both Cius and Flare run the Android operating system which enables both to support a wealth of existing or easily developed applications. Flare demonstrates that Avaya will not take kindly to any share gains in its one and only market from a determined and aggressive behemoth that plays in tens of others.
Cisco vs. Microsoft
Microsoft and Cisco are in that gray area referred to as "coopetition." They compete and collaborate on unified communications. After Microsoft entered into the Innovative Communications Alliance with Nortel in 2006, Microsoft and Cisco stated their intentions to continue working together as well as compete.
But after Nortel imploded and the ICA died, Microsoft took its UC partnership to Cisco's chief switching and data center rival HP. The companies pledged to fund the effort with $180 million and announced it to the world during an HP keynote at the Interop conference in the spring of 2009. As part of the partnership, the two will collaborate on product development around Microsoft's SharePoint, Exchange, OCS and HP's ProCurve networking hardware, as well as interoperability between OCS conferencing capabilities and HP's Halo Telepresence audio visual and conferencing technology.
Cisco vs. Check Point
Cisco is far and away the leading vendor in the $7 billion overall network security market – which includes firewall/VPN, unified threat management, intrusion detection and prevention, and standalone VPNs, according to IDC. The company leads in each market except for unified threat management. But in the largest sub-segment – the $2.6 billion firewall/VPN hardware and software market – CheckPoint is No.2.
CheckPoint is a pioneer in stateful inspection firewalls and, like Avaya and unified communications, is focused solely on the security business with products dedicated to firewalling, VPNs, unified threat management and intrusion prevention. Cisco also has standalone appliances dedicated for these tasks, but in addition integrates many of these capabilities into the operating system software of its routers and switches, which are ubiquitous through the Internet and enterprise networks.
Cisco vs. IBM
IBM has been getting tighter with Cisco rivals Juniper and Brocade ever since Cisco set its sights on data center servers and virtualization, an opportunity that Cisco says is $350 billion annually. IBM is OEMing switches and routers from both companies and, though much quieter than HP, distancing itself from Cisco at every opportunity.
IBM acquired blade switch specialist BLADE Network Technologies which competes with Cisco for data center switching mind- and market share; and next year will unveil the "Stratus" data center fabric architecture with Juniper to compete directly with Cisco's Unified Fabric for the data center.
Cisco rolled out the so-called Unified Computing System a year-and-a-half ago, which is intended to re-architect legacy data centers by consolidating servers, switching, virtualization and storage access. Cisco has sold UCS to 1,700 customers to date. Cisco also rolled out Ethernet switches dedicated to data center fabric switching two years ago with the Nexus line. Nexus is now on an annualized run rate of $2 billion. Over the past two years, Cisco has also enhanced existing Catalyst switches with 10G modules and virtualization support for data center applications, and has tightly aligned itself with storage titan EMC and virtualization software specialist VMware to accelerate the adoption of Cisco products into the data center.
Cisco vs. Brocade
Brocade and Cisco are 1 and 2, respectively, in Fibre Channel storage-area networks. Brocade has the lion's share of the Fibre Channel SAN market at 64% and Cisco's attempting to take the industry to Fibre Channel-over-Ethernet, a converged SAN/LAN switching fabric dependent on Ethernet switches – an area where Cisco is dominant.
Brocade's not totally resisting the move to Ethernet: the company acquired Cisco competitor Foundry Networks for Ethernet switching in an effort to integrate its own FCoE development and converged data center fabric. Brocade also recently proposed a unified data center fabric architecture, called Brocade One, as an alternative to those from Cisco and IBM/Juniper.Even so, Brocade continues to invest in, develop and aggressively market its native Fibre Channel technology to its deep installed base and cash cow. Cisco entered the Fibre Channel SAN business in 2002 and, after initially taking half of the modular SAN switch market in 2007, has fallen to 36% share of the $843 million market in 2009, according to Dell'Oro. In that time, Brocade's share rose from 50% in 2007 to its current 64%, according to Dell'Oro.
Read more about lan and wan in Network World's LAN & WAN section.
This story, "Cisco's top 10 rivals" was originally published by Network World.


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A little less than a year from going on sale, the new BMW M5 bahn-stormer was caught in the wilds of the California freeway system yesterday, wearing BMW's trademark camouflage wrap on just the tips of its go-fast aero bits. While we've already driven it, even we haven't seen it this naked. Until now.
Shown as a concept at the Shanghai motor show last month, the next M5 will sport a twin-turbo V8 expected to be good for 578 horsepower and 530 pound-feet of torque — a spritely jump in output from the beloved V10 in the current M5. That force will be routed through a BMW 7-speed transmission and a limited-slip differential, allowing a 0-60mph time of just more than 4 seconds.
While the rest of us will have to wait for the Frankfurt show in September to see the BMW fully revealed in the metal flesh, loyal Fast Lane Daily viewer Fred K. was able to swing these shots. Those 20-inch tires really tie the car together.
More photos to the left.

subset: commoncrawl


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One Bad Apple Spoils the Whole Bunch: An Experiment on the Plant Hormone Ethylene
|Areas of Science
Plant Biology
|Time Required
|Short (2-5 days)
|Material Availability
|Require sponsor
|Average ($50 - $100)
|Adult supervision required. Protective gloves, eyewear and lab coat required when working with iodine solutions.
AbstractWe have all heard the old saying, "One bad apple spoils the whole bunch." Due to the production of the plant hormone ethylene during the ripening process, this saying proves true! This experiment will investigate the role of ethylene in the process of fruit ripening.
ObjectiveThe goal of this experiment is to measure the ripening of unripe fruit induced by the plant hormone ethylene, by monitoring starch levels using an iodine solution.
Share your story with Science Buddies!Yes, I Did This Project! Please log in (or create a free account) to let us know how things went.
Edited by Andrew Olson, Ph.D., Science Buddies Sources
- This project is based on an online lab exercise by Steven K. Rice, and was used by permission:
Rice, S.K. (2001). One Bad Apple: Synchrony in Ripening Fruit. Botanical Society of America. Retrieved October 31, 2014 from http://botany.org/bsa/misc/mcintosh/badapple.html
Cite This PageGeneral citation information is provided here. Be sure to check the formatting, including capitalization, for the method you are using and update your citation, as needed.
MLA Style
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Last edit date: 2020-06-23
In general, plant tissues communicate using classes of compounds called hormones. These hormones are defined as substances produced in one location that have an effect on target cells in a non-adjacent location. In plants, germination, growth, development, reproduction, and environmental response are all coordinated through hormones. Although most of the main plant hormones are transported in the vascular system of the plant, one class of hormones is transferred in gaseous phase. This class includes the plant hormone ethylene.
Ethylene is manufactured and released by rapidly growing tissues (i.e., meristems) in roots, senescing flowers, and ripening fruit. For example, the darkened spots on a ripe banana release great amounts of ethylene. Ethylene has many effects on plants including being responsible for the stunting of plants in high winds or when repeatedly touched. In addition, ethylene promotes fruit ripening. Like many hormones, it does so at very low concentrations. Apple growers take advantage of this by picking fruit when it is not ripe, holding it in enclosed conditions without ethylene, and exposing it to ethylene right before taking it to market. This process is why we have newly ripened apples grown in temperate North America even in the spring and summer (apples ripen in the fall).
During the process of ripening, apples convert stored starch into sugar. In apples and many other commercial fruit, the sweet portion of the fruit evolved as a reward for animal seed dispersers. When seeds are ripe and ready for dispersal, the fruit converts stored starch, which does not taste sweet, into sugar. The hormone ethylene initiates the metabolic pathways that lead to this conversion.
Terms and Concepts
- hormone
- ethylene
- What role do plant hormones play in fruit ripening?
- What events trigger the production of ethylene?
- What physical and chemical changes occur as a fruit ripens?
- How does an iodine stain indicate the difference between ripe and unripe fruit?
BibliographyFor general information about plant hormones, including ethylene, and fruit growth and ripening, see:
- Colorado State University Extension. (December 2011). Plant Growth Factors: Plant Hormones. Retrieved October 31, 2014.
- Koning, R. E. (1994). Fruit Ripening. Plant Physiology Website, Connecticut State University. Retrieved October 31, 2014.
- Stern, Kingsley R. 2000. Introductory Plant Biology, 8th ed. Dubuque, IA: McGraw Hill.
- Rice, S.K. (2001). One Bad Apple: Synchrony in Ripening Fruit. Botanical Society of America. Retrieved January 22, 2007.
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Materials and EquipmentThese items can be purchased from Carolina Biological Supply Company, a Science Buddies Approved Supplier:
- Protective goggles
- Chemicals for the iodine stain solution:
- 2% potassium iodide (KI) solution (455 mL)
- 2% iodine (I) solution (120 mL)
- Note: If you are ordering either of these chemicals through Carolina Biological Supply Company, the chemicals must be ordered by a teacher and shipped to a school or business address, so plan accordingly.
- Graduated cylinder, 500 mL
- Funnel
- Sealable plastic bags, large enough to hold an apple and a banana (8)
- Ripe bananas (4)
- Unripe pears or unripe apples (8). Note:
- Choose apples that are in the early stages of ripening, these may be obtained at a grocery store or an orchard.
- You may also use varieties of crab apples or other local ornamental apples that are in the early stages of ripening.
- Store-bought apples may already be too ripe to conduct a ripening experiment.
- Pears are usually sold with the expectation that they will ripen after purchase, so they may be the best store-bought choice for this science project.
- Disposable gloves. Can be purchased at a local drug store or pharmacy, or through an online supplier like Carolina Biological Supply Company. If you are allergic to latex, use vinyl or polyethylene gloves.
- Lab coat. Can be purchased at scientific supply companies, or through an online supplier like Carolina Biological Supply Company. Alternatively, old, protective clothing may be used instead.
- 1 liter (or larger) brown glass or plastic bottle, with a lid, for iodine stain solution
- Shallow glass or plastic tray at least 5 cm (approx. 2") deep
- Plastic straws or glass rods
- knife and cutting board for cutting apples/pears
- Lab notebook
Disclaimer: Science Buddies participates in affiliate programs with Home Science Tools, Amazon.com, Carolina Biological, and Jameco Electronics. Proceeds from the affiliate programs help support Science Buddies, a 501(c)(3) public charity, and keep our resources free for everyone. Our top priority is student learning. If you have any comments (positive or negative) related to purchases you've made for science projects from recommendations on our site, please let us know. Write to us at firstname.lastname@example.com.
Experimental Procedure
- If you are unsure whether your pears (or apples) are really unripe, follow the procedure in steps 7–9 to test one before conducting your experiment.
- Label the bags:
- Bags #1–4: Control,
- Bags #5–8: Test
- In each of the Control bags, place one unripe pear (or apple) and seal the bag.
- In each of the Test bags, place one ripe banana and one unripe pear (or apple) and seal the bag.
- Place the bags together, and observe changes to fruit each day. Record your observations in your lab notebook.
- After 2–3 days, use the procedure in steps 7–9 to test the pears (or apples) for the presence of starch.
- Make the following iodine stain solution:
Safety note: Use appropriate care when handling the iodine solutions.
- Read and follow safety warnings in the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) accompanying each chemical.
- Wear protective gloves, eyewear, and a lab coat when handling these chemicals.
- Do not use metal containers for storing or measuring these solutions. Iodine is corrosive to metals.
- The solutions will stain skin and clothing.
- Use the graduated cylinder to measure 455 mL of the 2% potassium iodide (KI) solution. Carefully pour into the 1 L bottle.
- Use the graduated cylinder to measure 120 mL of the 2% iodine (I) solution. Carefully pour into the 1 L bottle.
- Add water to make 1 L (about 425 mL).
- Cap bottle securely and invert several times to mix.
- The solution will keep for long periods of time in a tightly covered brown glass bottle.
- Stain the fruit:
- CAUTION: Be careful with this solution. It will stain your skin and clothing if spilled. Wear protective gloves, eyewear, and a lab coat when handling the staining solution. Read and follow the safety note (step 7).
- Pour the iodine stain solution into the glass or plastic tray to a depth of 0.5 cm.
- Cut the pear (apple) in half (in cross section). Place the cut face of the fruit into the stain. You may want to prevent the cut surface from adhering to the tray bottom by propping it using glass rods or plastic straws.
- Let the fruit soak in the stain for one minute.
- Take the fruit out and rinse the face with water. (Rinse away from the staining tray so that the rinse water does not dilute the stain.)
- Note: the stainining solution can be poured back into its storage container and used again for a future experiment. Use a funnel and pour carefully!
- Quantify the staining:
- Determine a numeric ripeness score by comparing your apples with the Ripeness Chart:
The McIntosh apple starch test guide shows nine images, 3 for each stage of immature, mature and over-mature samples. Immature samples all have a large black border surrounding the sample. Mature samples are mostly white with a small black star at the center and specks of black along the sample border. Over-mature samples are almost completely white and have blurred black stars at their center.
McIntosh apple starch test guide
- Record the data in your lab notebook.
- Determine a numeric ripeness score by comparing your apples with the Ripeness Chart:
- Analyze your data:
- Summarize your data by calculating averages for Control and Test conditions.
- Compare your results in a bar graph.
If you like this project, you might enjoy exploring these related careers:
Plant ScientistWith a growing world population, making sure that there is enough food for everyone is critical. Plant scientists work to ensure that agricultural practices result in an abundance of nutritious food in a sustainable and environmentally friendly manner. Read more
Hormones may be small, but they affect our bodies in huge ways. (For example, growth hormone can affect how tall someone grows, and how strong their bones are.) Endocrinologists know this well. Endocrinologists are medical doctors who specialize in diagnosing and treating conditions related to the endocrine system, which secretes small chemicals called hormones. Endocrinologists also investigate ways to improve diagnoses of and treatments for these conditions.Read more
Agricultural TechnicianAs the world's population grows larger, it is important to improve the quality and yield of food crops and animal food sources. Agricultural technicians work in the forefront of this very important research area by helping scientists conduct novel experiments. If you would like to combine technology with the desire to see things grow, then read further to learn more about this exciting career. Read more
Food Science TechnicianGood taste, texture, quality, and safety are all very important in the food industry. Food science technicians test and catalog the physical and chemical properties of food to help ensure these aspects. Read more
- The production ethylene can also be triggered by wounds or bruises. Consider bruising the bananas in the above experiment to see if the apples will ripen more quickly.
- Do more bananas make the fruit ripen faster?
- What is the effect of temperature? Bananas in the refrigerator blacken quickly. On the other hand, refrigeration slows ripening of pears and apples. What happens if you conduct this experiment with a second set of Control and Test bags in the refrigerator?
- Ethylene is produced when fruit is removed from the parent plant. Investigate if fruit ripens more quickly on or off the plant. Tomatoes would work well for this experiment.
Share your story with Science Buddies!Yes, I Did This Project! Please log in (or create a free account) to let us know how things went.
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HiHai said:
2019-02-21 07:19:44
What was the most important thing you learned?
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Can you suggest any improvements or ideas?
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Uganda's English-language Daily Monitor (with the motto "Truth Everyday") reporter Andrew Bagala wrote on February 22nd: "An autopsy carried out on freelance TV producer Jeff Rice's body that was found in a Kampala hotel room, has revealed that he took an overdose of suspected cocaine, police said Wednesday."
The rest of Bagala's article gives new details, such as Jeff Rice being found dead on Friday, February 17th, not Sunday, February 19th:
Mr Rice, a freelance producer for American reality TV show Amazing Race run by CBS, a US commercial TV broadcaster, was on Friday found dead, while his colleague, Ms Catherine Fuller was found unconscious in the same room.
Amazing Race is a reality television game show where a team of two competes with other groups to arrive first at a designated destination. It is also aired on NTV on weekends.
Police Spokesman Asuman Mugenyi said yesterday: "Results from the analytical laboratory test indicate that there was an overdose of cocaine, with too much concentration in the stomach."
Police were by press time yet to identify his nationality. Scene of Crime officers reportedly picked materials they suspect to be contrabands from the room, and have sent the samples to the government analyst for examination.
Mr Mugenyi said Ms Fuller's health is improving and they are yet to record a statement from her.
According to police, the two hired a room in the hotel on Thursday but on Friday, a hotel worker found the man hanging on a balcony, prompting him to investigate further.
"When they opened the room, they found Ms Fuller lying in coma while Mr Rice was motionless on the balcony. They called police and took Rice to hospital but he was pronounced dead," Mr Mugenyi said. Ms Fuller was too taken to a hospital in Kololo.
Mr Mugenyi said preliminary investigation pointed at food choking but investigators wondered how it could have happened to both people: "We ordered for another post-mortem which revealed that it was caused by an overdose," he said.
Illicit drugs are becoming a problem in the country and last year, at least 20 kilogrammes of drugs worth Shs20 billion were destroyed in Kampala.
Police yesterday also refuted allegations that the deceased died of food poisoning or an attack by suspected thugs.
Speaking editorially here at Cryptomundo, there just seems to be something very strange about the unfolding details of this story.
For our first item on this, see here.


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Just thought I would share this info with everybody. eH
During the 50's – 60's there was a space race to the moon.
Major companies saw this as a good opportunity to commemorate and cash in on the hype. Many major companies started to produce lines of furniture, toys, light fixture, comic book, still & mechanical rocket ship banks, movies, coins, dolls, even some Countries put out postage stamps and the list goes on. Some items you can still buy new today, so nostalgia…Continue
Added by dave wettlaufer on December 27, 2016 at 12:22pm — No Comments
Here at AC Silver we have a large collection of military collectables, ranging from brooches and charms to silver vases and large scale presentation trophies.
Items related to military service are highly collectable for many reasons; one of them simply being that such a high percentage of people have an affinity or connection to the military or to…Continue
Added by AC Silver Antiques on November 23, 2016 at 10:48am — 1 Comment
Here at AC Silver, we are certainly not in the business of encouraging anyone to smoke, however we know that many of our customers enjoy antique items which are unusual, quirky and reminiscent of a bygone era. Our selection of silver smoking accessories certainly fit the bill.
Some of you may or may not even enjoy a cigar, or know of…Continue
Added by AC Silver Antiques on October 25, 2016 at 12:00pm — 1 Comment
How to Clean a Diamond Ring at Home
There are many old wives' tales regarding the best way to make a diamond sparkle, and how to clean rings in particular – which attract lots of dust and debris from being worn on the hand, and are usually worn more often than other items of jewellery. Especially diamond solitaire rings, as these are often worn as engagement rings and are…Continue
Added by AC Silver Antiques on October 19, 2016 at 10:37am — No Comments
A Brief History Of Navajo Native American Jewelry…Continue
Added by Jewelry Quest on October 18, 2016 at 8:00pm — 2 Comments
These GROUPS are available to become the moderator. I am at a point where I have taken on too many other responsibilities and can't take care of them and will not be able to moderate anymore. It's been a good experience. I was here at the very beginning of this site and have enjoyed learning and sharing. If interested, please contact : C. Dianne Zweig
Added by Ellene Meece on September 2, 2016 at 5:25pm — No Comments
at the end of September so they are not accepting new ads. I was directed to Close5 which is a cell phone app which I can't use. Boo on eBay!
Added by Lillian Dunbar on August 31, 2016 at 1:28pm — No Comments
Netsuke originated in 17th century Japan as a means for men who wore robes known as kimono, which lacked pockets, to hold their belongings. Containers called "sagemono"—pouches, woven baskets, or beautifully crafted boxes called "inro"—were attached to the robes' sashes with cords and fasteners known as netsuke.…
Added by Michelle's Antiques on August 21, 2016 at 5:22pm — 1 Comment
Haunted railway dated nails
At an automotive swap meet where everybody brings {supposedly} automotive related items for sale but, on occasion, you can find some unusual finds.
On this occasion I met a vendor with a wooden box filled with, well, I don't know what they were. The vendor spotted me looking at these odd nails and came over and said," do you know what they are?" Nope. He told me the story of when Great Western…Continue
Added by dave wettlaufer on August 4, 2016 at 9:05am — 2 Comments
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DETROIT – At St. John Health Conner Creek Village on Tuesday -- one of many pre-employment workshops going on in Metro Detroit -- a coalition of organizations including St. John's Hospital, Detroit Wayne County Health Authority and Michuhcan joined with feet on the ground and experts to teach, piece-by-piece, how the new affordable care plan works.
The event started with a group prayer.
The doors opened to people who had been waiting.
"Trying to find out exactly how this health insurance plan works," said Diane Schroeter.
The days of American citizens using emergency rooms as a physician's office are on their way out. The so-called Obamacare health options mean if you can afford to pay for health insurance, you must. If you can't, the government will help you but you must have coverage, and that means people who have never ever had health insurance are learning a brand new language.
"Now we're working to see that people understand the benefits of the Affordable Care Act," said Marjorie Mitchell, of Michuhcan. "You can either utilize the services of a navigator or an assistor."
People from all walks of life were at St. John Conner Creek Village on Tuesday. Brenda Klugh had insurance but lost it when she lost her job last year.
"Everybody needs insurance and it's a blessing for us to be here to even sign up for insurance," Klugh said.
Her granddaughter is 18 years old. She works full time for minimum wage but benefits are not included.
Joi Mitchell has insurance but wants to know if she can find more affordable insurance in the new government marketplace.
"I'm a single woman. I am paying out of pocket right now for my insurance. My premium just went up. Co-pay just went up. So I am just trying to figure out what's the best option for me," she said.
Incidentally, experts say Tuesday, Wednesday and next week are not the time to enroll. This is the time to learn the system and make comparisons, then you can sign up.


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DWTS 12 – Derek Hough Attends The Southern Women's Show In Nashville
Guess who took this awesome picture of Derek and a lucky fan at the Southern Women's Show in Nashville, Tennessee yesterday? Our very own Princess Heidi!!!! Yesterday, Heidi attended the event where Derek made an appearance. He answered any questions from the audience which included questions on his personal life, dancing, and Dancing With The Stars. Below is a take from an article at Pure Derek Hough. But, be sure to travel to the Main page because it will take you to more pictures and some super cool video coverage filmed up close by the Princess herself. Note how she is not finished reporting on this special event. Part 2 is coming later with even more videos.
Anyway, I have video coming later but I thought I would share these pictures now. Some things you won't hear on the videos is that Derek was pretty happy about being at a women's show. He has "a special person" in his life (said in response to a question of if he is dating anyone) – this was said early on before he makes a comment on one of the videos that is pretty funny. You'll know it when you see it – the two comments were close enough together to be telling. He was asked who he was close to in terms of the other pros and he mentioned Mark, Cheryl and Maks specifically then said he was friends with all of them and had no issues with any of them. He was asked how he felt about Ryan Seacrest and he said he's a cool guy and that he (Ryan) hasn't done anything to make him (Derek) mad yet – something like that. Paraphrasing, of course. Later on he mentioned that Julianne has sold her house in Nashville and is in LA now (when not in Miami for Rock of Ages) – then he was really cute when he said "Gee, I don't know WHY she would move to LA" and everyone laughed.


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Misogyny and other hierarchal valuations of human life consistently bothered me over my years as a Christian. It seemed completely illogical to treat people as less than another type of person and completely at odds to any acceptable ethical code. Awareness of these inconsistencies certainly kept my skepticism of authority and tradition at a healthy level, which contributed to my deconversion later on in life.
Evangelical churches certainly have a discriminatory view of women. Unfortunately many of the women seem to agree with this view. I have seen women preachers promote this view as the only way to be a woman of god. It is very sad.
Back in the days I worked on a couple of Hillsong church's women conferences where some 5000 women attended. A lot of girly talk, but also a lot of unhealthy teaching of the sort I mentioned.
That anecdote makes we want to vomit. "Submit" seriously? The only time that word is appropriate is during consensual s&m haha.
I actually told my family one day when I get married, I want the person marrying me to say
"I now pronounce you husband and wife. You may now kiss each other." Solely on the fact that, no one will ever posses me.


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Are you an eco-adventurer? If your idea of a perfect trip is getting up close and personal with the natural world, you'll want to check out one of these dream destinations for ecotourists. From lush jungles and colorful coral reefs to sprawling savannas and fabulous fjords, the five regions we've selected encompass some of the earth's most distinctive ecosystems.
To make our list, it wasn't enough for a place to be blessed with extraordinary natural resources; it was equally important that those resources are being cared for. We chose these five destinations not only for their unique biodiversity but also for a local commitment to maintaining the beauty and integrity of these places through sustainable tourism. And remember — visitors must do their part as well, as the parts of the earth with the greatest ecological diversity are often the most threatened. If you choose to visit, it's more important than ever to follow our tips for green travel to ensure that these places remain beautiful and unspoiled for many years to come.
Long before it was featured on the 10th season of "Survivor," the island nation of Palau was recognized as one of the world's foremost diving destinations. In the crystal-clear sea just off the coast is a colorful underwater wonderland, featuring more than 500 species of coral teeming with some 1,400 kinds of fish. On land, travelers can wander along unspoiled beaches or go trekking through dense jungles. Palau's remote location in the westernmost corner of Micronesia has helped to shield both its natural resources and its cultural traditions from the detrimental effects of mass tourism, and the locals are working to make sure their island paradise stays pristine well into the future. The Palau Conservation Society manages nearly two dozen conservation areas and encourages sustainable development to protect the islands' fragile ecosystems.
Costa Rica
Costa Rica is practically synonymous with the term "ecotourism," and for good reason. Misty cloud forests, black sand beaches and rushing river rapids offer outdoor activities for both casual nature enthusiasts and hardcore adventure travelers. A dazzling array of creatures live in Costa Rica's national parks and wildlife refuges, including monkeys, sloths, crocodiles, manatees, herons, sea turtles and poison dart frogs. Environmentally conscious travelers have their choice of eco-friendly accommodations; the Costa Rican Tourism Institute and Key to Costa Rica maintain lists of green hotels, resorts and lodges.
Norwegian Fjords
Their remote location and strict environmental regulations have helped preserve the pristine beauty of Norway's famous fjords, with their snowcapped mountains, tumbling waterfalls and crystal-clear waters. Visitors can go hiking or biking over the rugged terrain, or take a scenic boat ride through the towering fjords. A wide variety of wildlife lives here, including eagles, seals, porpoises and seabirds. Along with the region's natural attractions, the fjords are also home to many small fishing villages where local cultural traditions have survived for hundreds of years.
As an international leader in environmental policy, Norway has taken care to protect its unique coastline by regulating the fishing, whaling, sealing and petroleum industries. For more information, visit the Norwegian Embassy Web site.
Kerala, India
The small state of Kerala, on India's southwestern coast, is often referred to as "God's Own Country" — a label that doesn't seem at all hyperbolic once you've visited its clean sandy beaches and lush virgin forests. This is one of India's most unspoiled corners, home to hundreds of unique animal species and nearly a quarter of the country's 10,000 plant species. The nilgiri tahr, an endangered mountain goat, takes shelter in Rajamala National Park, while elephants, bison and wild boar roam freely within the Lake Periyar Wildlife Sanctuary. In the past Kerala's ecosystems were threatened by excessive forest clearing, but these days many of the state's forests are now protected, and tourist officials are encouraging environmentally responsible travel to the area. One promising sign is the development of Thenmala Ecotourism, the first "planned ecotourism destination" in India. Nature trails, educational facilities and adventure activities are offered with the overarching goals of ecological sustainability and economic benefits to the local population.
Kenya is best known for its wide savannas teeming with lions and elephants, but most travelers don't know that it's also home to mountains, lakes, rain forests, deserts and beaches, each with its own unique ecosystem and wildlife. Kenya's incredible natural diversity is protected in some 50 national parks and reserves across the country, from the virgin rain forests of the Kakamega Forest Reserve to the wildebeests who migrate to the Maasai Mara National Reserve every July and August. On the coast, travelers can walk down pristine white beaches or go diving along colorful coral reefs. All tourism occurs under the watchful eye of Ecotourism Kenya, which works to protect the local environment through community outreach and education projects. The organization also rates lodges throughout Kenya based on their environmental policies.
The Independent Traveler is an interactive traveler's exchange and comprehensive online travel guide for a community of travelers who enjoy the fun of planning their own trips and the adventure of independent travel. You can access our wealth of travel resources and great bargains here at www.independenttraveler.com, or at www.bargainbox.com.


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Phoenix's shootout win at New Jersey on Thursday meant the Avalanche would have to wait another day or more for its inevitable clinching of a Western Conference playoff berth.
But the intensity of the Avs' ensuing game against Vancouver remained consistent long after the result on the East Coast came in.
Former division rivals, Colorado and the Canucks were chippy throughout in the Avs' 3-2 overtime victory in front of a crowd at the Pepsi Center that witnessed after-the-whistle toughness from some of the Avs' top young players who previously might have looked the other way.
The Stanley Cup playoffs are always played in this fashion, and it seems the talented young Avs are getting a head start.
"Our players have been backing each other up pretty well," said Colorado coach Patrick Roy, the Hockey Hall of Fame goalie.
Defenseman Tyson Barrie scored the game-ending goal at 55 seconds of OT, crashing the net and tapping in a slick pass from center Matt Duchene, who played keep-away in the left wing before Barrie jumped down from the point as the Canucks' D-men were playing favorites. Barrie, 22, and Duchene, 23, were joined on the scoresheet by left winger Ryan O'Reilly, 23. All three of the Avs' goals were scored by the 23-and-under club this team was built on.
"Dutchy made a great pass to me and I was fortunate enough to get a tip up over him," said Barrie, whose three overtime goals have only been matched by one NHL defenseman in the last six years. "And Varly (goalie Semyon Varlamov) was outstanding and that was a big win for us."
Colorado (46-21-6, 98 points) can clinch a playoff berth if Dallas loses Friday at home to Nashville — and the Avs are just one point behind Chicago for second place in the Western Conference, with one game in hand.
A second-place division finish offers home-ice advantage for the playoffs' first round.
"We want home ice. We're staying hungry," Duchene said. "Like it's been all year, we don't change. Winning should breed more winning, not complacency. We aren't thinking about when we're going to clinch as much as finishing with as many points as we can."
Duchene, who scored the Avs' first goal and played a team-high 23:57 while double-shifting as center of the first and fourth lines, tangled with Canucks veteran Ryan Kesler behind the net. On the ensuing shift, Jamie McGinn exchanged blows with Kesler, and Gabe Landeskog followed with the same.
"Last four years, every time I skate by the net after the whistle he comes and hits me," Duchene said of Kesler, an American Olympian who lost to Duchene's Canadians in the semifinals at the Sochi Games last month. "So I hit him back and he didn't like it very much. I'm fifth year in the league and I'm not going to back down."
It was 2-2 after two periods. The Avs' top two lines accounted for their goals, with Duchene capping a world-class shift to score his 23rd goal of the season and tie it 1-1. And red-hot left winger Landeskog produced his third goal in two games (plus the shootout-winning goal Tuesday at Nashville) off a great behind-the-net feed by Paul Stastny to give Colorado a 2-1 lead midway through the third period.
Yannick Weber and Zack Kassian produced Vancouver's goals, the latter late in the second period to knot it at 2-2.
The Avs have nine remaining games, beginning Saturday afternoon against the visiting San Jose Sharks. After that, six of Colorado's final eight games are on the road. The regular-season finale is April 13 at Anaheim.
Avs recap
1. Matt Duchene. Avalanche's world-class center had a goal and the game-winning assist in a team-high 22:57.
2. Gabe Landeskog. Colorado captain scored his third goal in two games and had a team-high five shots in 20:16.
3. Tyson Barrie. Young defenseman scored the game-winning goal in his latest example of becoming an elite offensive-minded D-man.
Barrie is the first NHL defenseman to score three overtime goals in one season since Atlanta's Dustin Byfuglien. And they are the league's only blue-liners to do so in the last six seasons
San Jose, Saturday, 1 p.m., at the Pepsi Center
Mike Chambers: firstname.lastname@example.com or twitter.com/mchambers


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Anales del Instituto de la Patagonia
versión On-line ISSN 0718-686X
Anales Instituto Patagonia (Chile) vol.39 no.2 Punta Arenas 2011
Anales Instituto Patagonia (Chile), 2011. 39(2):137-146
Marine debris: global and regional impacts
Desechos marinos: Impactos globales y regionales
Daniel Torres N.1 & Jorge Berguño B.2 (+)
1 Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Campus Las Condes, Av. Apoquindo 5142, Universidad Pedro de Valdivia, Santiago, Chile.
2 Oficina de Coordinación del Instituto Antártico Chileno, Teatinos 180, 7º piso, Santiago, Chile. + Deceased on 7th May, 2011.
Dirección para correspondencia
Se presenta una síntesis sobre el problema de los desechos marinos, basándose en el conocimiento general sobre la materia y sobre la experiencia obtenida en cabo Shirreff, isla Livingston, Shetland del Sur, Antártica. Se sugiere mejorar la base de datos sobre los desechos marinos mediante la investigación científica permanente y con actividades de seguimiento. Es necesario coordinar las acciones con grupos claves de investigación sobre el tema para aplicar estrategias que permitan identificar tipos, fuentes, cantidades, interacciones y aspectos socioeconómicos de este problema global y regional. Se hace necesario desarrollar índices marinos con el propósito de compartir ampliamente el conocimiento e información acerca del problema de una forma transparente. El programa Global de Acción para la Protección del Ambiente Marino de Actividades Basadas en Tierra (GPA) tiene algunos objetivos relacionados con el problema de los desechos marinos que es necesario aplicar a todas las fuentes emisoras, basadas en la información proporcionada en forma cooperativa por diversas organizaciones relacionadas con el tema.
Se mencionan medidas para prevenir y reducir el impacto de los desechos marinos, especialmente considerando la particular naturaleza del medio marino y su vulnerabilidad. Se citan instrumentos legales internacionales incluyendo aquellos que se referen al manejo de las basuras e infraestructura portuaria para la recepción de desechos de las naves. La educación y el conocimiento de las medidas de cuidado para reducir y prevenir futuros problemas sobre desechos marinos son temas clave, especialmente tomando en consideración los aspectos legales y la vulnerabilidad del Océano Austral. Se concluye que el CEP debería adoptar medidas para reducir el impacto de los desechos marinos en el ecosistema marino antártico, tales como solicitar a la IAATO que establezca un Código de Conducta revisado y actualizado para minimizar el problema; apoyar las iniciativas de la CCRVMA para mantener, mejorar y expandir las actividades de seguimiento de tales desechos en otros Sitios CEMP; recomendar el desarrollo de estrategias educativas sobre la base de aquellas establecidas por la APEC, CCRVMA; FAO, GPA, e incluir una sección especial en el Informe Final de las Reuniones Consultivas del Tratado Antártico, con el fin de enviarlas a la consideración del Secretario General de las NU como contribución a las discusiones que se deben considerar en las reuniones del Proceso Consultivo Informal de las NU sobre los océanos y la Ley del Mar.
Palabras clave: Desechos marinos, contaminación marina, CEP, RCTA, Antártica, UN.
A synthesis on the Marine Debris problem is given upon de basis of the general knowledge on the matter as well as that obtained at Cape Shirreff, Livingston Island, South Shetland, Antarctica. It is suggested to improve the database on marine debris through permanent scientific research as well as with monitoring activities. It is necessary to coordinate key groups to apply strategies to identify types, sources, amount, interactions and socio-economic aspects of this global and regional problem. It would be necessary to develop basic marine indices with the purpose to share a wide knowledge and information about the problem in a transparent way. The Global Programme of Action for the Protection of the Marine Environment from Land-Based Activities (GPA) has some objectives related to the marine debris problem that it is necessary to be applied to all sources, based on the information given by several organizations in a cooperative way.
Measurements to prevent and reduce the impact of marine debris are mentioned, especially taken into account the special nature of the marine environment and vulnerable condition. International legal instruments are cited, including waste management, facilities to garbage reception at ports. Education and awareness is a key aspect to reduce and prevent future marine debris problems, taking into account the legal aspects and vulnerability of the Southern Ocean. It is concluded that the CEP would adopt measures to reduce the impact in the Antarctic marine ecosystem, such as requesting to IAATO to establish a Code of Conduct to minimize the problem; to support the CCAMLR initiative to maintain, improve and expand the monitoring activities in other CEMP Sites; recommend the development of educational strategies upon the basis of APEC, CCAMLR, FAO, GPA; and include an especial section of the Final Report of the ATCM Meetings in order to be sent to the consideration of the UN Secretary General as a contribution to discussions to be held at the annual United Nations Open-ended Informal Consultative Process on Oceans and the Law of the Sea.
Key words: Marine debris, marine pollution, CEP, ATCM, Antarctica, UN.
During centuries, human activities have deposited all kinds of waste into the waters of lakes, rivers and oceans. This behaviour persists until now in many parts of the world, producing environmental impacts with significant effects in wildlife, since at least 267 species of marine wildlife are being affected by debris; coastal and farming areas may also be affected, but the greater environmental harm includes physical damage to vulnerable habitats, such as covering of coral reefs, smothering of sea grass beds and seabed ecosystems recognised as important spawning and nursery grounds for fsh and other marine species; human health is threatened by possible diseases caused by the presence of invisible pathogenic pollutants and other bacterial contamination; and navigational hazards (Torres, 1996) such as entanglement of vessel propellers and rudders, suffered by the Akebono Maru, a Japanese vessel fshing krill in the Southern Ocean, fortunately released with the help of tactical divers from the Chilean Navy's AP 45 Piloto Pardo.
In many parts of the world a view at the sea level from the top of nearby mountains reveals the extent of marine pollution originated by waste produced by human activities, including negligent actions of tourists or developers of natural resources, such as living marine resources, or tourist operators exploiting the advantages of outstanding natural scenery.
Waste thrown out of the windows of passing vehicles may spread to all adjacent areas; plastic carried by water channels damages plants and cultivated felds; rivers transport the waste to the river mouth, neighbouring beaches and the sea; different types of activities in the oceans leave behind a stream of waste, best known as marine debris. Marine debris may be found sometimes quite close to the source of input, but can also be transported over long distances by ocean currents and winds.
Marine debris, also referred to as marine litter, is any persistent, manufactured or processed solid material discarded, disposed or abandoned in the marine or coastal environment. While urban debris is predominant in the vicinity of large cities, ship-generated debris is a major contributor to marine pollution on distant coastlines.
Globally, marine debris is a visible, important indicator of human impact on the marine environment and a source of public concern, as it causes environmental, economic and health problems, and undermines aesthetic values.
While there are no recent and exact figures on the amount of marine debris worldwide, some estimates mention figures close to 8 million items of marine debris entering the oceans of the world every day.
Under the Convention for the Conservation of the Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR), monitoring in CEMP3 sites since 1989 resulted in a fairly important gathering of data and conservation measures, as well as coordinated actions by Members (i.e.: Cape Shirreff, Livingston Island, South Shetland (Torres, 1990, 1992, 1996, 1997; Aguilera y Torres, 2004, 2005; Torres y Aguayo, 1993, Torres y Jorquera, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1998; Torres y Gajardo, 1985; Hucke-Gaete et al, 1997a y b). A significant decrease in the amount of garbage attaining the coast of sub-Antarctic islands, such as South Georgia and the South Shetland Islands, was appreciated according to information provided at the CCAMLR Scientific Committee Meeting in October 2004 and 2005. The main sea-based sources of marine litter had been identifed during this thirteenyear period as accidental, deliberate or routine discharges or dumping from various types of ships, pleasure craft, fshing and tourist vessels (Torres, 2001). An increase in tourist activity ordinarily yields a greater impact because larger vessels with many people on board generate considerable amounts of waste. Wastes dumped intentionally or cargo washed overboard can constitute marine debris. Shipping contributes between 10 to 20 per cent of the world's marine debris.
Commercial fshing activities introduce marine debris into the ocean through accidental loss of fshing gear or through intentional disposal of worn-out gear. Nets, gillnets, bottom long-lines and ropes, salt treatment bags, bait boxes, traps and pots, totes, fsh and lobster tags, and trawls foats. Due to the resistance of modern synthetics to degradation, derelict fshing gear has been identifed as the most biologically threatening of the debris categories. Entanglement and ingestion by fsh, sea turtles, sea birds and especially marine mammals (Torres, 1990, Torres et al, 1996, 1997; Hucke-Gaete et al, 1997 a y b) as well as damage on marine benthic habitats are some of the most visible impacts of derelict fshing gear (PACON, 2000).
However, when comparisons of the accumulation of marine debris among different locations is envisaged, it becomes a complex operation due to the diversity in periods of study and in methods used to classify debris and beach substrate. These differences are greater when marine debris originates in land-based sources, as underlined in the document "Protecting the oceans from land-based activities" GESAMP (2001). In fact, land-based sources are extremely widespread, and include materials, manufacturers, processors and transporters. A major source is sewer overfows and sewage treatment plants. Legal and illegal shore-based solid waste management practices, both in coastal areas and along inland waterways, also contribute to the problem of marine debris. Land-based sources contribution to marine debris can be assessed at 60 to 80 per cent.
Although anthropogenic activity on land and sea is the main cause for the presence of marine debris, natural phenomena may also have a role in their creation. The Indian Ocean tsunami, in addition to the tremendous loss to human life and property, produced enormous amounts of debris that ended up in the marine environment, with further physical damage to already damaged vulnerable ecosystems. Tsunami-generated waste poses a risk to human health as well as to ecological functions. Post-tsunami environmental assessments demonstrated that the protective or natural buffers entrenched in coastal systems had been weakened by unsustainable economic development, in particular tourism and aquaculture, and could not provide a shield against the destructive force of the tsunami except in areas of extensive reefs.
In order to address the significant gaps in our knowledge about the global marine debris situation and the uneven geographically distributed information, it is imperative to improve and consolidate the information base on marine debris through further research and monitoring activities. Strategies for identifying types, sources, amounts, interactions, socio-economic aspects and key user-groups are needed. Basic marine indicators should be developed so that data and information about quantities and trends in marine debris become a transparent and widely shared knowledge. State of the Environment Reports, on a global and regional basis, should include marine debris as a source of serious concern. The Global Programme of Action for the Protection of the Marine Environment from Land-Based Activities (GPA) contains a number of objectives in relation to marine litter and possesses a Clearing-House node (Global Marine Litter Information Gateway) which is focused on land-based sources and targets sewage, POPs, radioactive substances, heavy metals, oil, nutrients, sediments, litter and physical alterations/ destruction of habitats, but could be adapted to the spreading of information an all sources of marine debris based on information provided by interested organizations on a cooperative basis.
Measures to prevent and reduce the impact of marine debris
A distinction should be made between measures that are aimed at preventing and reducing marine debris at source and those that need to be taken to deal with debris from the moment it is found in the marine and coastal environment. This paper does not deal with the second type of measures, as they are qualifed by the diverse nature of the damaged environments and by different requirements for the many areas, activities and actors involved in each case. Examples of global cleanup operations include the International Coastal Cleanup (ICC) and Clean Up the World, undertaken with significant costs (Sheavly, 2004). However, cleanup and restoration measures are generally tasked to local authorities, volunteers and NGOs and must take into account the particular conditions of the relevant area. The special nature of the Antarctic Marine Environment and its vulnerable condition shall be examined in this context.
Measures to prevent and reduce marine debris include (a) compliance with and effective implementation of international instruments (b) better waste management on land and at sea, including through improved recycling of materials and development of biodegradable packaging materials; (c) enhancing of port reception facilities; and (d) education and awareness-raising activities to infuence the behaviour of the relevant actors.
Legal Instruments
Although marine debris is not always specifically mentioned in international legal instruments, many of them contain the obligation to decrease or eliminate the discharge of ship-generated waste, or measures to stop the discharge of solid waste from land-based sources, or action to reduce the loss of fshing gear from fshing vessels, in ways that implicitly cover the issue of marine debris. The following instruments are applicable at a global or regional level:
1. UNCLOS. Part XII of the 1982 United Nations Convention for the Law of the Sea sets out the duties of States to protect and preserve the marine environment.
2.MARPOL 73/78. The international rules and standards for the prevention, reduction and control of pollution from vessels referred to in UNCLOS are mainly contained in MARPOL 73/78, which regulates discharges from ships in its six Annexes.
3.London Convention 1972. The Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and other prohibits the disposal at sea of anything that may lead to marine debris. It will be replaced by the Protocol, which prohibits all dumping, except for a list of non-hazardous materials that may be dumped subject to environmental assessments.
4.Basel Convention. The Basel Convention would be applicable to marine debris provided such debris falls under its scope and is listed under its Annexes, which are under constant review.
5. The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). In the context of the Jakarta Mandate on Marine and Coastal Biodiversity, the issue of marine litter is included within the scope of activities dealing with coastal and marine pollution.
6. The Agreement on the Conservation of Albatrosses and Petrels (ACAP). The problem of marine debris is specifically referred to in the Action Plan contained in Annex II.
7. FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries. The 1995 Code requires that fshing be conducted with due regard to the protection of the marine environment and encourages technologies and methods to minimise the loss of fshing gear and the ghost fshing effects of lost or abandoned fshing gear.
8.Global Programme of Action for the Protection of the Marine Environment from Land-Based Activities (GPA). The GPA adopted in November 1995 considers the establishment of facilities for receiving, handling and disposing of litter from coastal communities; the reduction of the amount of litter reaching the coastal and marine environments, and the improvement of waste management practices.
9. Agenda 21 and the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation. Calls on States to facilitate the establishment of port reception facilities, to address the prevention and minimisation of waste and the maximisation of reuse, to ratify and implement conventions dealing with marine pollution from shipping, and apply the GPA.
10.UNEP Regional Seas Programmes (RSP). These programmes established in the mid-1970´s and the regional Action Plans developed accordingly support the prevention and reduction of marine debris. In some regions, such as the South-East Pacific, the protection of the marine environment has been further enhanced by the adoption of specific protocols on the protection of the marine environment against pollution by land-based sources or by dumping, providing a more targeted approach to the problem of marine debris.
Waste management
Diminishing the generation of waste on land, onboard ships, fshing and research vessels, pleasure craft, offshore platforms, inter alia by reusing and recycling materials. Large vessels and offshore platforms should have waste management plans and preparations for proper waste management should also include yachts, smaller vessels and pleasure craft. Members of the International Council of Cruise Lines (ICCL) adopted in 2001 the Cruise Industry Waste Management Practices and Procedures committing themselves to "implementing a policy goal of zero discharges of MARPOL Annex V solid waste products (garbage) by use of waste minimisation procedures to significantly reduce shipboard generated waste". We must also look forward at further standards being developed by IAATO and other Antarctic tourism operators to apply as well the MARPOL standards to the special conditions of the Southern Ocean.
Reception facilities
While the provision of adequate reception facilities in all ports, including marinas and fshing harbours, for the mandatory discharge of wastes is of central importance for achieving a reduction in ship-generated waste, it is indispensable to address the economic, as well as the technical aspects of this issue if it is to be satisfactorily resolved. Article 9 of Annex IV to the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty stipulates that parties at whose ports ships depart for or arrive from Antarctica are committed to ensuring that adequate facilities are provided to receive garbage without causing undue delay or placing inequitable burdens on countries near Antarctica.
Education and awareness
Marine debris is not only an acute environmental problem that can be solved solely by means of law enforcement and technical solutions. It is mainly a socio-economic problem originated by attitudes, behaviour, management approaches, and education and requiring involvement of all actors, sectors and interests, including participation of the public at large. National actions, policies and measures must be implemented; local planning and management capacity must be improved; coastal communities, the international shipping community, tourist operators and other stakeholders must raise their awareness of the challenge posed by marine debris. Regional and international cooperation must be intensifed.
Initiatives such as the convening of international conferences on marine debris help to raise that awareness at the regional and global level. At the Seminar on Marine Debris on "Derelict Fishing Gear and Related Marine Debris: An Educational Outreach Seminar among APEC Partners" (Honolulu, Hawai'i, January 13-16, 2004) organized by the APEC Working Group on Fisheries (2004), Colin M. McIff stated in the foreword "A Way Forward":
"Recognising that this problem is a regional one that requires cooperation to solve it, APEC approved a project proposal by the United States for an educational and outreach seminar on derelict fshing gear and related debris at its annual Fisheries Working Group held in Lima, Peru in 2002. The reason for choosing APEC as a potential venue for international discussion of this issue is the regional scale and multinational scope of the problem and the linkages to sustainable development, business practices, and other that cross-cut the APEC mandate and its sub-bodies (i.e. the Marine Resource, Tourism and Transportation Working Groups" (APEC, 2004).
Meetings and workshops are useful tools to raise awareness on marine debris issues but there is a need for further study, documentation and critical literature on the subject. One of the best studies on the matter has been done by UNEP (2004) in cooperation with other organizations: "Feasibility Study on Sustainable Management of Marine Litter", (UNEP, DEC. /RS.6.1.INF.9) and will be incorporated into the report of the Secretary-General of the United Nations on developments and issues relating to the oceans. On this basis the Open-Ended Informal Consultative Process on Oceans and the Law of the Sea will address as a matter of priority the challenge of marine debris to sustainable development.
At the 2004 Meeting of the Scientific Committee of CCAMLR the issue was raised of the convenience of informing the APEC sub-bodies (Marine
Resources, Tourism and Transportation Working Groups) of the measures taken by CCAMLR to avoid the impact of marine debris in the Southern Ocean. Paragraph 9.41 of the Scientific Committee's Report mentions this proposal and concludes that "these questions are within the realm of CEP". However, before making a more specific proposal on the matter to the CEP4, it appears necessary to describe the special features of the problem in the area of application of the Antarctic Treaty and its Protocol.
In order to set out the parameters that characterize the special legal and environmental characteristics of the Southern Ocean, a certain number of references are indispensable to recall:
a) Recommendation V-3: Southern Ocean ("Considering that the Southern Ocean is an integral part of the Antarctic environment and that the Consultative Governments have made substantial contributions towards knowledge of this Ocean in the Treaty area").
b)The Agreed Measures for the Conservation of Antarctic Fauna and Flora in whose Preamble the Antarctic Treaty Area is considered as a Special Conservation Area, without prejudice to the exercise of the rights of any State under international law with regard to the High Seas within the Treaty Area, namely the area south of 60° South Latitude, including all ice shelves.
c)CCAMLRs´ enlargement of the above mentioned area incorporating the "Antarctic marine living resources of the area between that latitude and the Antarctic Convergence, which form part of the Antarctic marine ecosystem".
d) Antarctica (defined as the area south of 60° South Latitude, inclusive of ocean space) is designated by the Madrid Protocol as a "natural reserve devoted to peace and science".
We shall not dwell too much on what at frst sight appears as a contradiction between the Canberra Convention setting the limit of the Antarctic marine ecosystem at the Antarctic Convergence and the Madrid Protocol, ancillary to the Washington Treaty, ratifying the validity of parallel 60° South Latitude as the appropriate scope. The comprehensive protection of the Antarctic environment and dependent and associated ecosystems includes much ocean space south of 40° South Latitude, and the corollary that activities that might generate pollution and marine debris within the area must be receive paramount attention when they adversely impact the Antarctic ecosystem, but their effects on areas outside the Antarctic Treaty area referred to by article 8 of Annex IV must also be taken into account.
The Antarctic legal regime for activities in Antarctic marine areas is defined by the terminology in the Preamble to the Environmental Protocol, by the key principles of Article 3, and the obligation of planning the conduct of activities to prevent marine pollution and avoid the adverse effects described in 3 (2). Planning is intended to preclude changes or critical or detrimental alterations in the marine environment, such as the distribution, abundance and productivity of marine life, threats or risks to marine species (whales, seals or Antarctic fsh populations) or areas of biological, scientific or wilderness significance. It is also a cooperative approach to possible environmental emergencies foreseen in Article 15 of the Protocol. "Regular and effective monitoring" also envisaged by Article 3 is linked to compliance with the duties concerning environmental standards, informed decisions, priority awarded to scientific research and a general obligation to deter and prevent marine pollution. It is unquestionable that the presence of marine debris in the Antarctic marine environment is precisely one of the outcomes that Article 3 intends to avoid.
The mineral resource development prohibition in Article 7, preventing marine pollution by prohibiting activities, which undoubtedly could produce such pollution, also provides a strong signal against the presence of marine debris in Antarctic waters. Such a signal is supplemented by the environmental impact assessment procedures of Article 8 and Annex I. Since mining activities are prohibited, the possibilities of marine pollution by Antarctic land-based or offshore activities considerably diminish. Even so, scientific research activities involving drilling into the continental shelf could be allowed, and other marine scientific experiments require as well that their impacts be tested by the procedures established under Annex I.
Two species listed in Appendix A to Annex II, (Conservation of Antarctic fauna and fora), the Antarctic Fur Seal and the Ross Seal are accorded special protection and the Parties are thus committed to prevent any activity, including forms of marine pollution such as marine debris, which may hurt, damage or jeopardise the special protection accorded these seal species (Torres, 1990; Hucke-Gaete et al., 1997a and b). Article 4 of Annex II prohibits the introduction of alien species that might disrupt the Antarctic ecosystem: such species include not only certain non-indigenous bacteria used to ingest petroleum from oil spills but also bacteria or other microbial species transported by or contained in marine debris (Torres et al, 2003).
Article 5 (1) of Annex III pertains to the disposal of wastes at sea under three conditions: (1) the capacity of the marine environment to assimilate such wastes is taken into account; (2) the discharge is situated "wherever practicable" under conditions for "initial dilution and rapid dispersal" and (3) "large" quantities of these wastes are treated at least by maceration. During the process of adoption of the Environmental Protocol, when this article was discussed, Chile considered that the guidance it provided, under rather ambiguous and indefinite parameters, was not compatible with international standards introduced in other treaties. The norm was adopted on the assumption that more strict and detailed guidance would be generated by a substantial body of environmental impact assessments under Annex I. In any case, this provision and the prohibition in Article 7 of Annex III of certain products that could threaten the health of the Antarctic marine environment are equally incompatible with proliferation of marine debris.
Annex IV (Prevention of Marine Pollution) strengthens the jurisdictional reach of MARPOL 73/78 by incorporation into its articles 3, 5, 6, 13 and 14. Directly relevant to the issue of marine debris is the prohibition in Article 5 of the disposal into the sea of
(1)plastics, including but not limited to synthetic ropes, synthetic fshing nets, and plastic garbage bags; and
(2)all forms of garbage, including paper products, rags, glass, metal. Bottles, crockery, incineration ash, dunnage, lining, and packing materials. In addition to the provision concerning reception facilities, Article 9 binds Parties to ensure that all vessels fying their fag have sufficient capacity on board for the retention of garbage while within the Antarctic Treaty area. Taken together, these measures, if effectively applied, would amount to a prohibition of marine debris in the Antarctic Treaty area.
In addition, Annex V of the Environmental Protocol provides that "any area, including any marine area" may be designated as an Antarctic Specially Protected Area (ASPA) or an Antarctic Specially Managed Area (ASMA). All these provisions should be bolstered by the establishment of Antarctica as a Special Area under the relevant Annexes to MARPOL 73/78 and further consideration as "Particularly Sensitive Area" under the IMO; application of the IMO Polar Code to navigation in Antarctic waters, the ban of industrial and nuclear waste disposal by the Basel Convention and the London Dumping Convention, perfected by its 1996 Protocol, and eventually by the consideration of Marine Protected Areas under Annex V and the CCAMLR. This positive injection of international norms prohibiting pollution of the marine environment into the Antarctic legal regime is reciprocated by innovations contained in the Protocol and the advisory capabilities of the CEP under article 14 of the Protocol, including its mandate to consult and cooperate with SCAR, CCAMLR and now also with COMNAP.
Ultimately the effectiveness of international action against marine debris rests with a genuine commitment by interested States. A number of elements curtail or hamper the effectiveness of the Antarctic environmental regime, in particular with reference to the presence of marine debris. The most decisive is the lack in Antarctica of an admitted objective regime binding on third States. A secondary element is inherent to the Antarctic regime: the sovereign immunity granted in Article 11 of Annex IV and the exemption granted in Article 6 concerning sewage discharges which shall not apply if they would "unduly impair Antarctic operations". Another weakness is the lack of agreement on the urgency or the final structure of the "State of the Antarctic Environment" report and specially the scope of its extension to maritime areas. The last element in the assessment of the Antarctic treatment of issues related to marine debris is the lack of a liability regime in accordance with Article 16 as well as the absence of a procedure in accordance with Article 18 in order to settle differences concerning the application of Article 3 (Environmental Principles).
This paper addresses the complex and global character of marine debris in the oceans of the world. It recalls the special nature, fragility and uniqueness of the Antarctic marine environment, the nature of the legal regime governing Antarctica, and suggests that the CEP consider:
1.The adoption of a measure, resolution or decision concerning the problem of marine debris, including a certain number of actions intended to minimise and reduce its adverse impact on the Antarctic marine ecosystem.
2. To request IAATO and Antarctic tour operators to exert the greatest care and concern, and develop a code of conduct for their vessels to effectively prevent all forms of marine litter while travelling in Antarctic waters during the Austral summer.
3.To support CCAMLR to sustain, improve and expand monitoring actions undertaken at CEMP sites in accordance with its Ecosystem Monitoring and Observers Programmes.
4. Consider the inclusion of a substantive section on marine debris in any future State of the Environment report.
5. Recommend the development of educational strategies and outreach actions, taking into account the experience obtained by international bodies such as APEC, CCAMLR, FAO, GPA, Marine Pollution Monitoring Management Group, PACON International, UNEP's Regional Seas Programmes and taking into account the important opportunity provided by the International Polar Year.
6.Consider the inclusion of a special section in the ATCM's Final Report that would be commended for consideration by the UN Secretary General and as a contribution to discussions to be held at the annual United Nations Open-ended Informal Consultative Process on Oceans and the Law of the Sea.
In the Final Report of the VIII Meeting of the CEP (CEP, 2005) in the Item 4: Compliance with the Protocol on Environmental Protection, 4f) Matters covered by Annex IV (Prevention of Marine Pollution) it was stated the following paragraphs:
"(155) Chile introduced ATCM XXVIII/WP052 Marine Debris: Global and Regional Impacts, outlining the harmful effects of marine debris and suggesting measure to prevent and reduce marine debris, which is a complex issue of global concern. The paper included several items for the Committee's consideration.
(156) IAATO shared Chile's concerns regarding marine debris but, in response to the recommendation that IAATO tour operators develop a code of conduct for their vessels, indicated that all of its members follow IAATO standard operating procedures for ship activities, which specifically prohibit any dumping of waste or any other products. This is consistent with the Protocol, is documented in all operators' EIAs and exceeds the requirements of MARPOL V. IAATO does not, therefore, see the need for further codes of conduct, which in any case should be applied to all vessels, not just tour operators.
(160) In response to Chile's other recommendations, the Committee agreed to note, with particular regard to the requirements of Article 5, Annex IV:
that marine debris is an issue warranting the attention of Antarctic national operators and tour operators;
that CCAMLR should be supported in sustaining, improving and expanding its monitoring of debris;
that consideration should be given to including a section on marine debris in any future State of the Environment Report; and that there would be value in the development of educational strategies and actions, taking into account the International Polar Year".
3 CCAMLR Environmental Monitoring Program.
4 Committee on Environmental Protection of the Antarctic.
Aguilera C. & D. Torres 2004. Desechos marinos recolectados en cabo Shirreff, isla Livingston, durante las temporadas antárticas 2002/2003 y 2003/2004. Boletín Antártico Chileno, 24(1):12-14 [ Links ]
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CEP, 2005. Report of the Committee for Environmental Protection, CEP VIII. Stockholm 6-10 June 2005. Pagés 1-31 + Anexe 7 [ Links ]
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Torres, D. 1996. Antecedentes y sugerencias para establecer una línea de acción conjunta para el seguimiento de la conservación ambiental en la Antártica. Págs.15-21 En: Seminario "Protección de los Ecosistemas Americano y Antártico. Centro Austral Antártico, Universidad de Magallanes, 27 - 28 de marzo de 1995, Punta Arenas, Chile. 152 pp.
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Torres, D. & M. Gajardo 1985. Información preliminar sobre desechos plásticos hallados en cabo Shirreff, isla Livingston, Shteland del Sur. Boletín Antártico Chileno 5(2):12-13 [ Links ]
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Torres, D., D. Jorquera, M. García & V. Vallejos 1996. Liberación de lobos finos, Arctocephalus gazella, enmallados en cabo Shirreff e islotes San Telmo, isla Livingston, Antártica. Boletín Antártico Chileno, 15(2):7-10 [ Links ]
Torres, D, D. Jorquera, V. Vallejos, R. Hucke-Gaete & S. Zárate 1997. Beach debris survey at Cape Shirreff, Livingston Island, during the Antarctic season 1996/97. Serie Científica. INACH, 47:137-147 [ Links ]
Torres, D., D. Jorquera, V. Vallejos, R. Hucke-Gaete & S. Zárate 1997. Beach debris survey at Cape Shirreff, Livingston Island, during the Antarctic season 1996-97. CCAMLR-XVI/BG/35. 27 October, 1997, Hobart, Australia. Resumen en Serie Científica. INACH, 47:166 [ Links ]
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Correspondencia a: 1 Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Campus Las Condes, Av. Apoquindo 5142, Universidad Pedro de Valdivia, Santiago, Chile.
Received: Jul. 04, 2011 Accepted: Aug. 22, 2011


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Update: At roughly 10:00 am EST it appears to have been fixed.
Last night I went to bed with my blog post about the new Places hotel booking feature in the bag thinking life was under control and all was good in Google Places land. Hah!
I awake to an email from Matt Tengler of allLocal alerting me to a bug the size of the cockroach that ate Tokyo.
Every Places Page business name has been replaced with their address. The bug is not showing on the main serps or in Places search, only on the Places page:Google Places Bug Alert: Your Name No Longer Exists by Mike Blumenthal


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1. Particulate Matter (PM-10): Federal Area Designations: California, 2011
2011. United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Region IX. This polygon shapefile shows designated areas for particulate matter < 10 microns according to the 24-Hour National Ambient Air Quality Standard... California. Air Resources Board.