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Stone masonry has a long history in America. As a natural resource, stone was quickly utilized to mark boundaries, keep in livestock, and line roadways. It was also a natural extension of skill as immigrants from Ireland increased in number. The Bluegrass region of Kentucky is a well known international example of stone masonry. With a landscape infused with natural limestone, Kentucky pioneers were quick to realize a practical use for the stones serving as obstacles for their plows.
When stone masonry is referenced as a trade of the 19th century, it is often referring to the unique skill of building dry stone or mortarless rock walls/fences. This talent or skill was a direct inheritance from our Irish/Scottish/British ancestors. Dry stone masonry requires a more highly detailed and precise skill that results in a lasting and durable structure with no cement or mortar to aid in stability. For those of you with "stone mason" listed as the occupation of your ancestor in the census, there are high odds that this was the kind of stone mason they were describing. Prior to and just after the surge in railroad construction, this was the highest demand for labor associated with transportation.
|Plantation style fence with thicker cut stones,
especially at the base.
|Overhead view of a Turnpike fence.
Notice the void of sinkage in the center.
The next phase of the construction was begun in the early 19th century with the birth of the turnpike roads. These company maintained roads were lined with dry stone fences to prevent bypass of the turnpike collection houses or toll houses(often also built out of stone), prevent livestock from wondering into the roads, and as visual dressing or proof of the maintenance that justified the fees to travellers. This type of construction was not as stable and involved an outer lining of solid stone, with the inner void filled by spall or filler in the form of tiny pieces of stone. Many of the remaining stone fences seen in Kentucky are along roadways and are often turnpike fences. This is also the time period that allowed a stone mason's occupation to be reported differently on the census. In fact, it could be conjectured that this alternate term, "turnpiker", was also a way to differentiate between a true stone mason, and a laborer who was on the turnpike building teams. These teams were headed by true stone masons, but in order to speed up production, many workers were needed as assistants and haulers. In fact, this is where the use of slaves came into frequency. Growing up, I always heard the stone fences referred to as "slave walls" because it was believed that the slaves built them. This is partially true. Slaves were a huge part of the production process. However, most were used in the quarrying and hauling of the stone. Some were allowed to assist closely and learned the trade for use after slavery, but by then the demand for construction had dropped considerably.
|20th century stone fence built with mortar
and accented by a castle capstone motif.
As the snow begins to melt and the temperatures rise a bit, this is the best time of year to examine these agrarian works of art. It has been noted that even though the stone fences in the Bluegrass region are numerous, only 5% of the original number still stand. However, there are a few misconceptions about these fences that are also worth noting.
|Cross section of Plantation style fence.
On previous Cox family land in Pendleton County.
|Creek bed in Pendleton County.
|Limestone permeating the fields of Pendleton County.
|Limestone layering just under the surface in Scott County.
A fascinating subject that sheds more light on the occupation of our ancestors!


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Chreist named CU-Boulder assistant vice chancellor for alumni relations
Ryan Chreist has been named assistant vice chancellor for alumni relations at the University of Colorado Boulder. Chreist, who most recently served as the director of recruitment, operations and system integration for the CU-Boulder Office of Admissions, starts this week.
"Ryan's background in admissions has given him a truly global understanding of CU-Boulder's appeal to students, parents and alumni," said CU Vice Chancellor for Strategic Relations Frances Draper. "His skills in relationship management, as well as his talent for public outreach and engagement, will make him a great ambassador for the university and to our alums. We are excited to have him lead the Alumni Association."
The assistant vice chancellor for alumni relations serves as executive director of the CU-Boulder alumni association and is charged with managing the campus's relationship with its more than 300,000 alumni through the Forever Buffs initiative, helping to build their affinity and engagement with the university from their undergraduate years forward, and finding ways to harness their pride and loyalty to create advocacy and involvement. The post oversees an alumni staff of 25 and leads all alumni operations, communications and events planning.
In his most recent post in the Office of Admissions, Chreist oversaw staffs responsible for the recruitment of prospective students in the United States and internationally, the implementation and integration of IT systems used in admissions and for the processing of all undergraduate and graduate applications. He worked for the CU system from 2007 to 2010 as a member of the Student Information System implementation team and led the design team responsible for the new admission application and recruitment portal.
From 1997 to 2008, Chreist held positions within the Office of Admissions ranging from admissions counselor to associate director of admissions. In addition to managing a large recruitment territory and serving as a member of the campus Enrollment Management team, he coordinated the National Alumni Admissions Assistance Program (NAAAP), which established alumni as university partners in recruiting prospective students, and organized National Council recruitment events with the CU-Boulder Alumni Association, CU-Boulder Parent's Association and the CU Foundation.
"It is an honor to continue to serve the University of Colorado Boulder and the hundreds of thousands of people who have come through its doors," Chreist said. "I look forward to continuing to engage our alumni locally and in the far reaches of the world to help them stay connected to their CU-Boulder experience."
Chreist was a 2012 recipient of the Alumni Association's Robert L. Stearns Award, which recognizes members of the faculty and staff for extraordinary achievement in one or several of the following areas: teaching, service to the university, work with students, research or off-campus service. He has served as a volunteer firefighter and emergency medical technician with the Louisville Fire Protection District since 2002.
He holds a bachelor's degree in kinesiology from CU-Boulder and a master's degree in public administration from the University of Colorado Denver.
Chreist succeeds Deborah Fowlkes, who held the post from 2010 to 2013 and who left the university in March.

subset: commoncrawl


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I use Evernote and absolutely love it. It's an extremely powerful productivity tool for one's personal and professional life. With the ability to access my notes across all platforms (whether it's my laptop or my numerous mobile devices), I always have everything I need to remember within reach.
Here's how I use evernote as a teacher:
1. Notebooks: In Evernote, Notebooks are like folders. I create notebooks to help me organize information. For example, I have notebooks called "Students," "Web 2.0 Tools," "Apps," "Tech Committee," "Temporary," etc. Some teachers may want to create a notebook for each specific student if they need create documentation for parent conferences.
2. Notes: I create notes on anything I want to document or file inside a notebook. I usually receive paper copies of student IEP's and 504's from my school. I prefer to store them in Evernote so that I can easily search for them without thumbing through stacks of papers. I can either scan the paper using a traditional scanner, take a photo of it, or use a scanning app. I also like to scan or photograph student work to who parents during conferences.
3. Web Clippings: Anytime I come across an article, blog or webpage I want to read again, I save it to Evernote. Sure, Read It Later and Instapaper are great for this, but I like to keep all my work information in one place, and Evernote fits the bill.
4. Save Emails from Outlook: Now whenever I receive an email from a parent or student, I can click "Add to Evernote" from my Outlook desktop client to export it. If you have a notebook for a particular student, this is a great place to file it so that everything is in one place. After I choose "Add to Evernote," a window will pop up, waiting for me to designate a notebook and add tags. If I'm using my iPad, I can just forward the email to my Evernote email address, and it'll be filed under the notebook of my choosing. This leads me to my next tip.
5. Send Emails to Evernote: Each Evernote account has a unique email address, and sometimes I'll come across a website that gives me the option of emailing a link or the page. This feature is especially handy to have on the iPad where there's no "Clip to Evernote" option. Hint: on the iPad, if the page allows, tap "Reader" so that the entire page will be sent to your Evernote account. Otherwise, only the link will be emailed to you.
6. Students Submit Work Through Evernote: Students can also send their work to your account by using your unique Evernote email address. First, set up notebooks for each class you teach or name the notebook after an assignment. Then, when they send their work, have them use the notebook name in their subject title with the "@" symbol. This way, their work will go directly to that notebook.
For example, Joe Bruin from Period A needs to submit his Journal #1 to you. He will fill out the email like this.
To: Teacher's unique Evernote email address
Subject: Journal #1 Bruin Joe @ Period A
This way, all the assignments will be grouped together, and the students' work will be in alphabetical order, too. The "@" symbol tells Evernote to file the note under your notebook named "Period A."
7. Take Pictures of Student Work: This is for when you need to bring examples of a student's work to a parent conference. I used to photocopy student work just in case I ever have to justify a grade, and now I don't have to make a trip to the copier or waste paper if I never end up using it.
8. Purchases: We all buy things for our classroom, whether at the store or online. This is a fabulous place to store those receipts or order confirmations. For web orders, I use my snipping tool to create a jpg of my confirmation page and load it to my Evernote.
9. How-To Guides/User Manuals/Product Information: This is a great place to store that type of information, especially if you need to know the model number of something because you have to replace a missing or broken part. I also take pictures of the product so that I can match it to the user manual.
10. Special Assembly Schedules: At my school, we have various assemblies throughout the year, and because the duration of the assemblies vary, we always have a new schedule each time an event occurs. I will take a picture of the schedule (or upload an emailed copy of the schedule) so that I never have to carry a sheet of paper around to see where I need to be and when. I also do the same when we have standardized testing in the spring. Every day is different when we are testing.
These are just a few ways in which I use Evernote for my professional life. I also use Evernote in my personal life: for shopping, vacation planning, home improvement projects, organizing kids activities…but that would be an entirely new post.
How do you use Evernote as an educator? Please share in the comments below.
Saturday, October 8, 2011
The Importance of Technology Integration
Never before has teaching in the classroom become more challenging and yet exciting. In this Digital Age, teachers find themselves vying for their students' attention while competing against a plethora of technological devices. Because of this, teachers must learn to incorporate, rather than alienate, technology in their classroom.
I am constantly finding ways to help students become engaged learners both inside and outside the classroom. In my quest to become a better teacher, I find myself regularly browsing the web for new ideas and tools to achieve my goal. I hope you wil enjoy browsing my blog as you join me on this journey of discovery and inspiration.
I am constantly finding ways to help students become engaged learners both inside and outside the classroom. In my quest to become a better teacher, I find myself regularly browsing the web for new ideas and tools to achieve my goal. I hope you wil enjoy browsing my blog as you join me on this journey of discovery and inspiration.
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For years, Dave Fey was Fairfield County's Don Quixote, tilting at windmills - or, in his case, a tumbledown 19th-century gristmill. The director of Fairfield County Historical Parks had vowed to restore Rock Mill into the crown jewel of the park system.
For years, Dave Fey was Fairfield County�s Don Quixote, tilting at windmills � or, in his case, a tumbledown 19th-century gristmill.
The director of Fairfield County Historical Parks had vowed to restore Rock Mill into the crown jewel of the park system. He envisioned a working piece of history that would grind corn into cornmeal and wheat into flour, as it did when it was built in 1824, and would beckon tourists and students on field trips.The restoration began in 2006.
It proceeded slowly, however, for lack of money. Now, following last year�s voter approval of the first property-tax levy for the park district, the work pace has picked up significantly.
An important piece of the project, a 10-ton oak waterwheel to power the mill, was installed in September. A flume to carry water from the Hocking River onto the waterwheel will follow, along with gears and other equipment.
About $750,000 has been spent on the project so far, and it will take as much as $400,000 more to finish it, Fey estimated. He hopes it will be completed in two years.
�You are going to fully allow your senses to experience 1824,� Fey said, his eyes sparkling with enthusiasm as he checked on a carpenter�s crew working on the mill last week. �You will smell the flour dust in the air, you will breathe it, you will taste it.�
People who know Fey did not doubt that he would finish the restoration and eventually would persuade voters to approve a tax to support the park district. The money will be used to add restrooms, walking trails, picnic tables and other recreational amenities to its 20 properties, which include covered bridges, a canal lock and an Indian mound. The district also now manages the Wahkeena Nature Preserve, about 35 miles southeast of Columbus.
The 0.4-mill levy passed last year on the 11th attempt since the park district was established in 1981. The 10-year tax generates slightly more than $1 million annually and costs homeowners about $12 per $100,000 of property value.
Fey, 68, who lives in Baltimore in northern Fairfield County, has directed the park district since 1999 after retiring from a career teaching high-school biology.
For many who have met the talkative Fey through his park job or have heard one of the hundreds of presentations he has made, the first impression is that he must have been a history teacher.
Name the topic � Fairfield County�s sandstone cliffs, Indian tribes, settlers, the gristmill � and Fey is off and running. He shares history in the most interesting manner and captivates the listener, said Rosemary Hajost, a Lancaster resident who worked on the levy campaign last year.
�In a former life, I am sure that he was a stand-up performer of some sort.�
Judy Shupe, who is retiring at year�s end after five terms as a county commissioner, said the county would not have had a park district without Fey.
Before the levy passed, the parks received about $100,000 annually from the county general fund, enough for mowing and basic upkeep but little else. Fey enlisted volunteers, got grants to start the Rock Mill restoration and climbed behind the wheel of a pickup daily to tend to the parks. He was paid $30,000 a year and was the only employee.
�I don�t know anyone who has as much enthusiasm for their job as Dave Fey,� said Shupe, who plans to volunteer with the park district after she retires.
Fey now is paid $50,000. He also hired a landscape architect and planner for $80,000 to develop the parks and a communications and financial coordinator for $38,000, he said.
County Commissioner Steve Davis described Fey as �the Energizer Bunny of history,� who has kept going and going, infectious in his enthusiasm to share with others the county�s sites and the importance of preserving them.
�His legacy has already begun,� Davis added. �I have been to Rock Mill probably 30 times since the waterwheel was put on. It�s never empty.
�The Rock Mill restoration will be the crown jewel of his legacy. His modesty will be a part of his legacy, as well. He is keenly aware of his own transient nature. Much of what he is doing is for that next generation.�


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Soldiers return from peacekeeping mission
Homecoming planned at Mitchell Int. Airport
MILWAUKEE — About 125 Wisconsin soldiers serving a year-long deployment in support of NATO peacekeeping missions are returning to their Milwaukee base.
The soldiers from Headquarters Company, 157th Maneuver Enhancement Brigade and the 32nd Military Police Company are returning to the 128th Refueling Wing at Mitchell International Airport Thursday. Gov. Scott Walker, senior National Guard officials and family members are on hand for the homecoming.
The soldiers left Wisconsin last fall to support the NATO Kosovo Force. Their mission was to maintain a secure environment in Kosovo.
Soldiers from two West Bend-based aviation units who were also part of the Kosovo deployment returned to Wisconsin earlier this month.


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Carson sheriff's office seeks missing runaway
Special to the Nevada Appeal
The Carson City Sheriff's Office is looking for 16-year-old Kayla Tucker.
Tucker is described as 5 feet, 6 inches and about 185 pounds. She has red/auburn hair and brown eyes.
Tucker last was seen by her guardian last week.
Tucker is known to run and hide from law enforcement, according to the Sheriff's Office, but she has never been gone this long.
Her name has been entered into the National Crime Information Center.
Anyone with information is asked to contact Detective Sal Acosta at 775-283-7855.


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disk utilization
New Dstat developments
With the opportunity to talk at the first Japan Linux Symposium came renewed interest to look at what improvements I could make to Dstat that would be worthwhile to get more people involved.
Dstat doesn't lack users, it lacks system engineers writing interesting plugins for cases they have encountered. In a desperate ploy to get more contributors, I simplified some of the internals (functions, variables and object methods). So the upcoming Dstat 0.7.0 release will ship with a (not so) different plugin API that I hope is easier.


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Events for April 6, 2019
Events Search and Views Navigation
2:00 pm
Winery Tours
Wine tours are offered Saturday and Sundays without an appointment. As a courtesy to our staff and guests, we do ask for a party of 10 or more to please call ahead. Combo price for wine tour and wine tasting is $14.00 per person. Weekend Themed Wine Tastings occur during the hours of 12-5pm on Saturdays... Read more »Find out more »


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Republicans are jumping in quickly to replace retiring U.S. Rep. Mike Rogers, who announced Friday he'll be leaving Congress at the end of the year to be a talk radio host.
Mike Bishop, former majority leader in the Michigan Senate, confirmed Monday he'll be in the running. And Rochester Hills Mayor Bryan K. Barnett has set up a page on the social media site Facebook to push his own candidacy.
Bishop, an attorney and Rochester Republican, said via the social media platform Twitter that he'll seek the seat.
"Yes sir," Bishop tweeted in response to a direct message Monday morning. "Petitions have been printed and they're being distributed today. Formal press release today or tomorrow."
Republican competition is expected to be fierce for the GOP-leaning 8th Congressional District that represents Ingham County, Livingston County and the much of north Oakland County.
Also considered viable GOP candidates for the seat are former Michigan Republican Party chair Saul Anuzis and 33-year-old state Sen. Joe Hune from Livingston County.
So far, the only Democrat officially filed with the Federal Election Commission is Susan Grettenberger, although Lansing Mayor Virg Bernero's name is also circulating as a possible Democratic challenger.
Bishop, 47, may not be the favorite of the conservative wing of the Republican Party, however. Many conservatives don't remember him fondly for cutting a budget and tax-raising deal with then Democratic Gov. Jennifer Granholm in 2007 to avert a government shutdown.
One conservative Republican email says the Republican Party "establishment" will be meeting to pick Bishop as their candidate in what it calls a "coronation."
But the email notes that last time Republican leaders tried to pick a candidate for a congressional vacancy in 2012, it backfired. Then, Republicans backed write-in Nancy Cassis against Kerry Bentivolio, who went on to win the vacancy created when Thaddeus McCotter quit Congress after failing to file enough valid signatures to run for reelection.
The deadline to file to run for the office is April 22.


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New Assembly session under way with GOP in charge
The Wisconsin state Assembly has begun its two-year session by inaugurating its members and electing a new speaker.
Republicans control the Assembly 59-39 with one seat vacant in a Republican district. Wisconsin Supreme Court Justice David Prosser administered the oath collectively to all 98 members on Monday.
Some Democrats were sworn in earlier in the day at a separate ceremony presided over by Supreme Court Chief Justice Shirley Abrahamson.
Republican National Committee Chairman Reince Priebus is among the guests who attended the ceremony. He said he came to see his old friend Robin Vos get elected as speaker.
Vos replaces fellow Republican Jeff Fitzgerald. Rep. Scott Suder of Abbotsford is the majority leader and Rep. Peter Barca of Kenosha is Democratic minority leader.
Seven former speakers of the Wisconsin state Assembly gathered for the ceremony where Vos takes over the post for the next two years.
Prosser, one of the former speakers, administered the oath to Vos on Monday. Six other former speakers watched from the gallery. They are Jeff Fitzgerald, Mike Huebsch, John Gard, Scott Jensen, Walter Kunicki and Harold V. Froehlich.
Also attending the ceremony is Vos's parents and his sixth grade teacher Barbara Scherrer.
Vos thanked Scherrer in his comments to the Assembly, saying she was a wonderful example of the influence teachers can have on people's lives.


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Getaway: Escape the world in Nelson
ADDRESS: 73 Drumheller Lane, Shipman NEIGHBORHOOD: Rockfish Depot
SIZE: 1,854 fin. sq. ft.
LAND: 27 acres
CURB APPEAL: 7 of 10
LISTED BY: Mike Peters, Roy Wheeler, 434-951-5155
Wend your way along bucolic Rockfish River Road to an old two-lane bridge over the Rockfish River. Find the hidden entrance to Lucky Penny Farm through a bamboo forest on your left.
As you climb the stairs to the brick terrace outside the kitchen, imagine the original residents two hundred years ago spending carefree days under the apple, pear, and cherry trees (maybe not these, but undoubtedly some like them, given the distance to town and supplies in those days).
This is an authentic period farmer's house with about 27 acres of hillside on the banks of the Rockfish River in the community of Rockfish Depot. The property is defined by its proximity to the Rockfish. All the agent's publicity materials emphasize the river frontage, the sounds of the rushing water audible from everywhere in the house, and the fishing, swimming, and tubing opportunities the river provides.
Here an owner can turn back the hands of time's clock and live like country folks did in the days before the Civil War. The original 1800 two-over-two structure in the heart of the house has been altered over the years by gradual expansions to accommodate demands of modern life, but reminders of the life those people lived are still evident.
Outbuildings surround the house, throwbacks to times when barns, springhouses, and sheds were required to house the animals and store the provisions needed for survival. Lush plantings nestle around dry stone walls defining the gardens from the woods and pasture, necessary in a part of the country where wild things still roam.
The central feature of the house is an original massive stone fireplace. A new sunroom with cathedral ceiling has been added beside it, where a slate floor holds the warmth of the morning sun. Outside the dining room, a walkway bordered by raised flowerbeds provides an attractive bit of color to contemplate during summer meals.
A state-of-the-art woodstove takes up one corner of the dining room beside the large kitchen, pantry, and attached mud room. Although the windows have been replaced and the floors covered with vinyl, old-time woodwork around the windows and doors has been preserved.
The first floor has a large bathroom and laundry for prep before and cleanup after Saturday night hoedowns. A small bedroom on this level has a bath en suite. The other first-floor bedroom is furnished as a family room, but could become a parlor, library, or sewing room.
Up the steep stairway are two more bedrooms, the smaller with a (boarded up) fireplace and circulating heat from downstairs via openings in the wall. The other one– painted a cheery yellow– overlooks the terrace.
The house has spring water– no chlorine or well– and the oil-fired forced-air heat makes a comfortable alternative to the original fireplaces. That sound you hear rustling in the trees is the wind whispering the word "rustic."
Aside from the stone fireplaces, perhaps the most striking remnants of days of yore are the low ceilings and the wide-paneled front door that swings open to offer a shady front porch, with a glimpse of the spring house and the woods beyond. While crime is undoubtedly as mythological here as the stories told around the old fire places during the long nights with no TV, a large nail slides into place to keep this door secure.
It's just more evidence of the all-encompassing sense of seclusion from the modern world at Lucky Penny Farm.


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The gifts that make my heart skip before I've even unfurled the ribbon come in one of two boxes: Tiffany's classic robin's egg blue, or the brown and white stripes that signify my favorite department store, Henri Bendel. Let your overscheduled friend feel like she's opening a superluxe gift every day with Bendel's leather datebook--even if all she finds in there are doctor's appointments and cocktail parties!
2009 stripe datebook, $48 at henribendel.com


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Have a nice day! All The Best
Coffee And Cigarettes
Storyline: A comic series of short vignettes built on one another to create a cumulative effect, as the characters discuss things as diverse as caffeine popsicles, Paris in the '20s, and the use of nicotine as an insecticide--all the while sitting around sipping coffee and smoking cigarettes. As director Jim Jarmusch delves into the normal pace of our world from an extraordinary angle, he shows just how absorbing the obsessions, joys and addictions of life can be, if truly observed...
Genres: Comedy, Music, Drama
Actor: Roberto Benigni, Steven Wright, Joie Lee, Steve Buscemi, Iggy Pop, Tom Waits, Joseph Rigano, Vinny Vella, Vinny Vella Jr., Renee French, E.J. Rodriguez, Alex Descas, Cate Blanchett
Director: Jim Jarmusch
Country: USA, Japan, Italy
Movie: Coffee And Cigarettes
Production Co: Asmik Ace Entertainment, BIM, Smokescreen Inc.
Duration: 95 min
Release: 2003
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Three baby name stories out of Melanesia:
- Pam: Cyclone Pam, which hit the island nation of Vanuatu on March 13, prompted several new mothers there to name their babies Pam and Pamela. One of those babies, born to mother Trisha Ronald in the back of an ambulance, was named Charlotte Pam after both the storm and the Australian volunteer paramedic (Charlotte Gillon) who delivered her.
- Samuel: A baby born in Vanuatu at the end of March was named Samuel Kini Lovobalavu after "three different Fijian health officials – Health Inspector Samuela Bolalailai, RFMF Medic Sgt. Kini Nacagilevu, and Chief Health Inspector Kanito Lovobalavu." The Fijian health personnel were in Vanuatu helping with Cyclone Pam relief efforts.
- Lau: Yuma Nagasaki of Japan, who is a volunteer language teacher in Fiji, welcomed a son in mid-March and named him Lau after the Fijian province. "He made the decision to name his newborn son after experiencing the warmth and hospitality of people from Lau."
Castor and Ramsi are two older baby name stories from the same region of the world (Vanuatu & Solomon Islands).


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What better way to welcome April and Spring than with my lovely, refreshing April Fool! No surprises in store here, just a light and creamy delicious treat!
250ml whipping or double cream
1 tsp caster (berry) sugar
125ml Greek yogurt
Zest of ½ lemon plus squeeze of juice
125ml lemon curd
Lemon zest & ginger biscuits to serve
Lightly whip the cream with the sugar until you have lovely soft peaks – be careful not to over whip – then fold in the Greek yogurt, lemon zest and a squeeze of lemon juice. Taste to check it is sweet and lemony enough and adjust to your tastes if needed. Gently fold in the lemon curd to create a ripple effect. Spoon into glasses or individual serving dishes and chill.
When ready to serve top with some long strands of lemon zest and serve with ginger biscuits on the side for a delicious, fast and easy dessert.


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2010 Lab 3
- 1 Preparation/Fixation
- 2 Objectives
- 3 Occupational Health and Safety (OHS)
- 4 Three Main Techniques
- 5 Fresh Frozen
- 6 Precipitation
- 7 Aldehyde Cross-Linked
- 8 Other Fixation Considerations
- 9 Tissue Embedding
- 10 References
- 11 External Links
- 12 2010 Course Content
This lab is introduction to histological techniques and tissue/cell fixation. The lab will also introduce Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) issues in relation to chemicals used in this process. More information is available from the School of Medical Sciences OHS webpage. Later analysis and immunhistochemistry will be covered in a future Laboratories.
It is critical to match the method of fixation with the intended analytical technique. Some types of analysis are totally incompatible with certain fixation techniques and always consider that "artefacts" can be introduced by the fixation process.
In general the Fixation process should:
- Preserve cell structure by prevention of tissue autodigestion (autolysis)
- Inhibits bacterial and fungal growth (preserves)
- Make the tissue resistant to damage during subsequent processing (hardy)
- Brief understanding of chemical OHS issues
- Brief understanding of histological staining techniques
- Brief understanding of tissue preparation and sectioning
- Understanding of fixation techniques
Occupational Health and Safety (OHS)
- School of Medical Sciences, Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) Committee
- "To facilitate a safe work environment by developing and documenting OHS programs to coordinate training of staff and students and by overseeing the implementation of OHS procedures and policies in the School of Medical Sciences."
- Australian Acts and Standards
- An OHS Management System (OHSMS) is a set of plans, actions and procedures to systematically manage health and safety in the workplace that is actively endorsed by a committed employer to achieve:
- Provision of a safe and health workplace and the prevention/reduction of illness and injury equally for employees and contractors.
- Identification of workplace hazards, assessment and control of all risks.
- Active involvement in health and safety matters by managers, supervisors and employees and their representatives.
- Provision of information and training for employees at all levels so they can work safely.
- Audit and review of the OHSMS.
- UNSW OHS Management System
Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)
- Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) are a set of standardised safety information prepared for each of the chemicals used within the laboratory.
- Each research laboratory is required to keep either a hardcopy or electronic copy of these MSDS's available within the laboratory.
- Before carrying out any new research technique, in particular for students, should be taken through the location and use of MSDSs.
- the risks and hazards involved with specific chemicals.
- the correct storage, handling, labeling and disposal of each chemical.
- ideally they should keep an electronic copy or link to each of these MSDS's for their own reference.
- There is currently no coordinated international standard and different countries may have different requirements.
MSDS must state:
- a hazardous substance's product name
- the chemical and generic name of certain ingredients
- the chemical and physical properties of the hazardous substance
- health hazard information
- precautions for safe use and handling
- the manufacturer's or importer's name, Australian address and telephone number.
Note that while information found on internet chemical MSDS pages may be very similar, international sites may not conform to Australian Worksafe format.
Links: UNSW Chem Alert | USA - NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards
Universal Precautions
- When dealing with biological materials, in particular human specimens, are a set of precautions designed to prevent transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and other bloodborne pathogens when providing first aid or health care. These precautions should also be used when carrying out basic research on these tissues.
- Universal precautions involve the use of protective barriers (PPE, personal protective equipment) such as gloves, gowns, aprons, masks, or protective eyewear, which can reduce the risk of exposure of the health care worker's skin or mucous membranes to potentially infective materials. In addition, under universal precautions, it is recommended that all health care workers take precautions to prevent injuries caused by needles, scalpels, and other sharp instruments or devices.
Links: CDC Universal Precautions for Prevention of Transmission of HIV and Other Bloodborne Infections
Three Main Techniques
- Fresh Frozen
- Precipitation
- Aldehyde Cross-linked
Fresh Frozen
- cells are preserved and hardened by rapid freezing
- Used in surgical biopsies of tissue
- advantages and disadvantages
- advantages - rapid processing, retention of some enzyme and protein function, retention of epitopes, retention of fat
- disadvantages - requires a cryotome (freezing microtome) for sectioning, thicker sections (8+ micrometers), tissue distortion with cutting, thawing can degrades tissue
- Immersion in cooled organic solvents- methanol or acetone or acids
- Acidic precipitation does not preserve cellular structures well, rarely used (except for specific protocols, such as mitotic chromosome spreads)
- Fixation by precipitation does not preserve the three-dimensional organization of specimens, therefore not recommended for confocal microscopy.
- Cultured cells fixed with cold methanol shrink by as much as 50%.
- Advantages- speed -(fixation usually taking a few minutes), retention of epitopes (antibody binding sites) not covalently modified as they might be with aldehyde fixation,
simultaneous permeabilization of cellular membranes (no need for detergent-treatment), precipitation will not introduce autofluorescence
(Text modified from Cell Biology Applications of Fluorescence Microscopy by Stephen Rogers)
- precipitation fixation
- Methanol dehydrates, coagulates and precipitates cellular proteins, nucleic acids and carbohydrates
- The process involves no covalent bonding between methanol fixative and tissue components
Chloroform-containing Fixative
- Carnoy's fixative
- rapid tissue penetration (small tissue pieces in minutes not hours)
- can damage tissues when transferred from aqueous solution (extreme hydrophobicity of chloroform and rapid dehydration)
Fixative components
- Chloroform 30%
- Ethanol (100%) 60%
- Acetic Acid (Glacial) 10%
Aldehyde Cross-Linked
- Aldehydes form covalent bonds between adjacent amine-containing groups through a Schiff acid-base reaction.
- Cross-links are generated between several reactive groups (mainly -NH2 groups) such as found in protein lysine residues.
- good fixatives for proteins and nucleic acids.
- most commonly used aldehydes are formaldehyde (formalin), paraformaldehyde and glutaraldehyde
- The degree of cross-linking produced in a tissue is also proportional to fixation time.
- Aldehydes are suspected carcinogens, to be used only in well-ventilated areas or fume hoods and contact with skin or eyes avoided
- Aldehyde Cross-Link fixation
- Formalin is a 37% aqueous solution of formaldehyde, which fixes by cross-linking like other aldehyde fixatives and is suitable for most histological purposes
- Neutral buffered formalin (fixation time 12-24 hours) is preferred to formol-saline (a single 10% solution of formalin in 9% aqueous NaCl) as formalin pigment is avoided
- Specimens may be stored in this fluid and the solution is isotonic.
- Can be combined with a precipitation step (acetone etc) for permeabilization
- Synonyms: bvf, FA, fannoform, formalith, formalin, formalin 40, formic aldehyde, formol, fyde, hoch, karsan, lysoform, methyl aldehyde, methylene glycol, methylene oxide, methanal, morbicid, oxomethane, oxymethylene, paraform, polyoxymethylene glycols, superlysoform
- Molecular formula: CH2O CAS No: 50-00-0 MSDS: Formaldehyde MSDS
- Aldehyde Cross-Link fixation
- Used generally fresh
- generates less fluorescent artifacts than formaldehyde
Uses: immunochemistry, in situ hybridization, cell staining
Synonyms: paraform, polyoxymethane, polymerised formaldehyde, alacide, flo-mor, formagene
Molecular formula: (CH2O)n CAS No: 30525-89-4
- Aldehyde Cross-Link fixation
Other Fixation Considerations
- Detergents are not really "fixative", but a number of different types are often used in the fixation process.
- Detergents can selectively remove components from the material to be fixed or already fixed, as a method of preserving or accessing antigenic sites that may be blocked or effected by the fixation process itself.
- The 2 major detergent classes
- ionic detergents
- nonionic detergents
- Generally a phosphate buffered saline (PBS) is used but wil differ for some specific fixatives. Changes in osmolality can affect tissue structure and introduce artefacts.
- hypertonic solutions may cause cells to shrink.
- hypotonic solutions may cause the cells may swell and burst.
Tissue Embedding
Cell cultures
- Cell cultures are usually only a layer or two of cells thick and are generally not embedded in a support media, except for electron microscopic (EM) preparation.
- This tissue thickness also means that fixation can be quite rapid.
Paraffin Embedding
- Paraffin waxes can allow easy long-term tissue storage and ease of sectioning by supporting the tissue during cutting.
- Often requires a large number of steps in fixation, series of steps for embedding, sectioning and finally removal of embedding matrix for staining.
- There are automated paraffin embedding systems that remove many of the preparation steps.
- Can sometimes not be suitable for immunochemistry fluorescence techniques.
- Possible freezing artifact, ice crystal formation if not controlled chilling. Freezing can be critical.
- vapor phase of liquid nitrogen
- thawing isopentane
- OCT (Optimal Cutting Temperature) commercial Cryo Embedding Medium
- Not suitable for large amounts, by volume) of tissue (usually 0.5 cm x 0.5 cm x 0.5 cm max)
Links: Face down cryoembedding technique
Essential Cell Biology
- Chapter
Molecular Biology of the Cell
Alberts, Bruce; Johnson, Alexander; Lewis, Julian; Raff, Martin; Roberts, Keith; Walter, Peter New York and London: Garland Science; c2002
Molecular Cell Biology
Lodish, Harvey; Berk, Arnold; Zipursky, S. Lawrence; Matsudaira, Paul; Baltimore, David; Darnell, James E. New York: W. H. Freeman & Co.; c1999
The Cell- A Molecular Approach
Cooper, Geoffrey M. Sunderland (MA): Sinauer Associates, Inc.; c2000
Search Online Textbooks
- "tissue fixation" Molecular Biology of the Cell | Molecular Cell Biology | The Cell- A molecular Approach | Bookshelf
- "cell fixation" Molecular Biology of the Cell | Molecular Cell Biology | The Cell- A molecular Approach | Bookshelf
- PubMed is a service of the U.S. National Library of Medicine that includes over 18 million citations from MEDLINE and other life science journals for biomedical articles back to 1948. PubMed includes links to full text articles and other related resources. PubMed
- PubMed Central (PMC) is a free digital archive of biomedical and life sciences journal literature at the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) in the National Library of Medicine (NLM) allowing all users free access to the material in PubMed Central. PMC
- Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) is a comprehensive compendium of human genes and genetic phenotypes. The full-text, referenced overviews in OMIM contain information on all known mendelian disorders and over 12,000 genes. OMIM
- Entrez is the integrated, text-based search and retrieval system used at NCBI for the major databases, including PubMed, Nucleotide and Protein Sequences, Protein Structures, Complete Genomes, Taxonomy, and others Entrez
Search Pubmed
- "tissue+fixation" PubMed reviews | PubMed all articles | PMC reviews | PMC all articles | OMIM | Entrez all databases
- "cell+fixation" PubMed reviews | PubMed all articles | PMC reviews | PMC all articles | OMIM | Entrez all databases
- Sample preparation for scanning electron microscopy of plant surfaces--horses for courses. Pathan AK, Bond J, Gaskin RE. Micron. 2008 Dec;39(8):1049-61. Epub 2008 May 27. Review. PMID: 18586502
- Correlated light and electron microscopy of the cytoskeleton. Auinger S, Small JV. Methods Cell Biol. 2008;88:257-72. Review. PMID: 18617038
- Tissue microdissection. Erickson HS, Gillespie JW, Emmert-Buck MR. Methods Mol Biol. 2008;424:433-48. Review. PMID: 18369881
External Links
Cell Biology Applications of Fluorescence Microscopy Stephen Rogers Histotechniques
2010 Course Content
Lectures: Cell Biology Introduction | Cells Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes | Cell Membranes and Compartments | Cell Nucleus | Cell Export - Exocytosis | Cell Import - Endocytosis | Cell Mitochondria | Cell Junctions | Cytoskeleton Introduction | Cytoskeleton 1 Intermediate Filaments | Cytoskeleton 2 Microtubules | Cytoskeleton 3 Microfilaments | Extracellular Matrix 1 | Extracellular Matrix 2 | Cell Cycle | Cell Division | Cell Death 1 | Cell Death 2 | Signal 1 | Signal 2 | Stem Cells 1 | Stem Cells 2 | Development | Revision
Laboratories: Introduction to Lab | Microscopy Methods | Preparation/Fixation | Immunochemistry | Cell Knockout Methods | Cytoskeleton Exercise | Confocal Microscopy | Microarray Visit | Tissue Culture 1 | Tissue Culture 2 | Stem Cells Lab | Stem Cells Analysis
Dr Mark Hill 2015, UNSW Cell Biology - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G


text:
The joy the flowers bring me
The pain still has me sinking
All while my heart gently weeps
Your smile has got me shrinking
The tears in your eyes are twinkling
Because the heart gently weeps
[Raekwon the Chef]
Snowy night, fiends basin, a Raisin in the Sun was amazin
The joint on the dresser, a gauge went off
Jumped up, fish tank, it fell, and they stuck
They shot her cousin LaVon, he owed a buck
Willie was awful, pulled out the ratchet, let off two
Grits fell on his leg, Kiana ripped the cold bowl
He violent, an Island nigga with the talent
of six killas who just came home, from straight whylin
Robbin everything in Macy's, Lacy, short haircut
With long arms who fuck niggaz, got four babies
Yvette jabbed her, slapped her wig off, ran in the crib
She did the dumb shit, my nigga then clapped her
Lester, smoked Chester sister Vest, I heard it was a mess
They ripped the apple out her throat, blessed her
Hungry hyenas from Medina, all eight trainers
Who got reluct', think fast and blast from Beamers
[Interlude: Erykah Badu]
I don't know whyyy-hy-hyyyy, nobody told you
Man's not supposed to cry...
Though we're just babies, and you're so crazy
How tears of joy bring so much life
[Ghostface Killah]
Yeah, yo
I brought my bitch out to Pathmark, she's pushin the cart
Headed to aisle four, damn I got milk on my Clark's
That's what I get, not focusin from hittin that bar
My mouth dried, need plenty water quick, I feel like a shark
In the aisle bustin them paper towels and wipin my Wally's down
I stood up to face a barrel, he's holdin a shiny pound
It's him, he want revenge, I murdered his Uncle Tim
I sold him a bag of dope, his wife came and copped again
[singing] That bitch is crazyyyyy
And uh, she brought her babyyyyy
She knew I hard the murders, a smack
It killed her man though, now I got his fuckin nephew grippin his gat
You's a bitch - [singing] you better kill meeeee
You know you're bootyyyyyy
You pulled your toolie, out on meeeee... motherfucker
First thought was to snatch the ratchet
Said fuck it and fuckin grabbed it
I ducked, he bucked twice, this nigga was fuckin laughin
I wrestled him to the ground, tustle, scuffle, constantly kicked him
He wouldn't let go the joint, so I fuckin bit him
Shots was whizzin, hittin Clorox bottles
Customers screamin, then the faggot ran out of hollows
I had to show him what it's all about
Next thing you read in the paper, "A man who came to kill gets knocked out"
[Interlude: Erykah Badu]
I don't know whyyy-hy-hyyyy, nobody told you
Man's not supposed to cry...
Though we're just babies, and you're so crazy
How tears of joy bring so much life
[Method Man]
Yo, aiyyo yo yo
You on your way to the store nigga grab me a Dutch, I'm mad as fuck
My dude, my count was short when I was baggin it up
Now I need liquor, nigga pass me a cup
What's up with Officer Brown? The other day he tried to shackle me up
He killed Kase and now he hasslin us
This motherfucker got balls, even the gall to try and pattin me up
Time to re-up, let these niggaz know we back on the block
With three hundred off a G-pack, crack in the spot.
Artistes : Wu-Tang Clan, Dhani Harrison, Erykah Badu, John Frusciante
Album : 8 Diagrams
Date de sortie : 2007
Producteur : RZA
Genres : Rap East Coast / Hip-hop
Paroliers : Erykah Badu / Dennis Coles / Robert Diggs / George Harrison / Clifford Smith / Corey Todd Woods
Paroles de The Heart Gently Weeps © Universal Music Publishing Group


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text:
my husband and i had been married for three years... we had 2 great kids, a great house, great jobs. his career had just taken off and i got to stay at home with the kids. i thought we were good. we were bible study leaders, we attended a good church regularly(or as regular as it gets with a newborn). we were that christian couple sitting next to you in church that you think is doing great! and up until i found out that my husband was having an affair, i would have said we were doing ok. rough season with a newborn, but ok. husband working more(a lot more), but ok. a little disconnected to each other, but ok. just normal married people ups and downs. but in my heart, i knew something was wrong with us.
i was even using language like, i feel like your having an affair...but with your job. unless your a paranoid kind of person, when you can form words to say something like this, there IS usually something wrong. but it was such a gentle slope downward, i didn't even know we were in a pit. when i had the courage to look at his phone and see text messages that looked like they were to me (hey honey! language), but addressed to someone else, my world literally collapsed. it was an out of body experience. i was so deeply upset, but could not comprehend that this situation was happening to me. this is crap you see on tv or in movies. it's like how we sometimes cheer for infidelity in a storyline, because, look...they are so much happier with that other person--she just wasn't right for him. they weren't "happy". and we go on eating our m&m's and talking about the weather, not thinking about the devastation the act of infidelity and divorce really has on the spouse and children.
but this was my life. i had two babies that needed a daddy, and daddy was maybe "in love" with someone he met 3 months earlier.i came to the harsh reality of becoming a single mother. and to the word, D-I-V-O-R-C-E. it was excruciating and terrifying and i was alone. for the first time ever, i felt so alone. i had to turn to God to give me energy to do the most menial of tasks...chewing food, drinking water, showering, changing diapers. my relationship with God morphed into something i had never experienced. in a really good way, but through a terrible means.
a couple weeks after finding out about the affair, my husband and i had to separate because he wasn't being honest with me about himself. through some crazy events, like talking with the "other woman", there were so many things that were coming to the surface about his life and his past(not one, but two affairs? please tell me this is a bad dream) that i couldn't reconcile it with the man i had married those years earlier. he wasn't broken. he needed to feel the pain of separation from his wife and kids and community. it was so scary to see him walk out the door. i had lila on my hip and layne at my feet. it was gut-wrenching trust in the Lord and an amazing community around me that allowed me to say, go figure it out but don't drag me and your kids through your sh*t while you do.
yes i cussed and now i'm going to talk about the gospel. comedy relief, anyone?
the gospel of Jesus Christ is, in a nutshell, that we all have terrible things going on in our heart--whether we admit it or not. we miss the mark just as much as the most terrible person (that occasionally cusses)we can think of. and yet, He still loves us so much that he died for us. and forgives us. and rejoices when we come back from whatever pit we've dug ourselves into. infidelity, alcoholism, addiction, selfishness, fill in the blank. we all have crazy junk in our lives. i felt that God somehow gave me the ability to forgive my husband by holding up a mirror to my own sin and depravity. i needed God's forgiveness just as much as my husband needed God's forgiveness. what a concept.
my husband did come back by the grace of God. we did go to marriage counseling twice a week for a very long time. we did get advice to get a divorce from some well-meaning people. we did lose some friendships and we did hurt a lot---alone and together. definitely not perfect around here. but i will say that our marriage is better than it's ever been. i look at him and i don't see his sin. i mostly look at him and feel gratitude that he had the courage to come back. the courage to make a lot of changes and lead our family in the right direction. the courage to let me write about our personal life for the whole world to see. thanks babe, you're brave.
it was difficult to post this story because the thought of what others might think about us. but i don't want to keep it a secret. in fact, i am thankful that this happened to us and i don't care who knows. to know me is to know this story about me. and to know this story is to marvel at the work of Christ.
lengthy post, huh? and this is the short version! ha.
***you can read about our progress in the "marriage" tab on the side bar***
thanks em, for giving me the nudge to post this.


text:
Copyright vs. Community
by Matt Lee Contributions — Published on Aug 16, 2007 04:48 PM
Please rsvp to email@example.com or call 510-642-9257. Detailed location: UC Berkeley School of Information, South Hall, Room 110, Berkeley, CA 94720. ( http://www.berkeley.edu/map. Call 510-642-9257 or e-mail email@example.com for public transportation and parking recommendations.) Copyright developed in the age of the printing press, and was designed to fit with the system of centralized copying imposed by the printing press. But the copyright system does not fit well with computer networks, and only draconian punishments can enforce it. The global corporations that profit from copyright are lobbying for draconian punishments, and to increase their copyright powers, while suppressing public access to technology. But if we seriously hope to serve the only legitimate purpose of copyright—to promote progress, for the benefit of the public—then we must make changes in the other direction. This talk will be accessible to all audiences and the public is encouraged to attend.
Sep 12, 2007
from 04:00 PM to 05:00 PM
|Berkeley, CA
|Contact Name


text:
In article <email@example.com>,
"Ed Courtenay" <firstname.lastname@example.com>
> "W.E. (Bill) Goodrich, PhD" <firstname.lastname@example.com> wrote in message
> news:firstname.lastname@example.com...
> > In article <email@example.com>,
> > "Ed Courtenay" <firstname.lastname@example.com>
> > writes:
> > > "W.E. (Bill) Goodrich, PhD" <firstname.lastname@example.com> wrote in
> > > message news:email@example.com...
> > > > 2) It is closer to the way people normally think, and is
> > > > therefore more intuitive.
> > > I disagree. I find OO based design much more natural than plain
> > > Modular development.
> > So you have claimed. However, the Cognitive researchers, from
> > Piaget to Gazzaniga, paint a different picture. And since your
> > "observation" is neither systematic nor objective, I will pay
> > more attention to their claims than to yours.
> > Contrary to the misplaced claims of some early OO advocates,
> > people clearly think of "things" and "actions" differently and
> > separately. MRI studies and the like have even shown that they
> > use different parts of the brain to do so.
> Excuse me, but you made the point that "[Modular development] is
> closer to the way people normally think", which I rebutted.
No you didn't. You made a counter claim, citing no more data or
authority than your own subjective impression of your own experiences
under a very limited range of conditions.
> Contrary to what you might think, I *am* a person, and OO is closer
> to the way *I* think,
Or rather the way that you *believe* you think under limited
> and *I* find OO design more natural.
Which says absolutely nothing about the way you NORMALLY think. It
only addresses your personal comfort level performing a specific task
in a particular manner.
> Therefore, from my objective viewpoint,
No, you are explicitly describing a SUBjective observation. It is not
objective in any way, shape, or form.
> I find OO development infinately superior to MP.
So, from your subjective viewpoint, you are more comfortable doing one
(rather atypical) task in a way you categorize as OO. That's fine, but
it says nothing about the way you normally think - much less the way
people in general think.
W.E. (Bill) Goodrich, PhD
* CHANGE YOUR SEXUALITY * http://www.nyx.net/~bgoodric/ctg.html *
* * *
* Without Aversive * firstname.lastname@example.com *
* Behavior Modification * Creative Technology Group *
* or Drugs * PO Box 286 *
* * Englewood, CO 80151-0286 *


text:
Charlene Watchman hand carved this whimsical hummingbird ornament out of cottonwood. Navajo folk art consists of figurines usually carved out of wood that depict Navajo life and culture.
2 3/8" tall x 4 long x 3 1/2″ wide
In recent years, wood figurines hand carved by self-taught Navajo artists have developed into Navajo Folk Art. These carvings of traditional personal images and indigenous animals are characteristic of the cultural integrity on the Navajo people. Strong cultural values provide for and sustain the artistic traditions of the Navajo.
Additional information
|.5 lbs
Returns and Exchanges
There are a few important things to keep in mind when returning a product you purchased.You can return unwanted items by post within 7 working days of receipt of your goods.
- You have 14 calendar days to return an item from the date you received it.
- Only items that have been purchased directly from Us.
- Please ensure that the item you are returning is repackaged with all elements.
Ship your item back to Us
Firstly Print and return this Returns Form to:
Po Box 33114
Santa Fe, NM 87594
Please remember to ensure that the item you are returning is repackaged with all elements.
For more information, view our full Returns and Exchanges information.


text:
Lightning Re-Sign Forward Mike Angelidisby Staff Writer / Tampa Bay Lightning
The Tampa Bay Lightning have re-signed forward Mike Angelidis to a one-year, two-way contract, Vice President and General Manager Steve Yzerman announced today.
Angelidis, 26, played in six games with the Lightning last season, recording one goal and five penalty minutes. The 6-foot-1, 200-pound forward scored his first career goal in his NHL debut with the Lightning on January 24 versus the Columbus Blue Jackets.
The Woodbridge, Ontario native also played in 54 games with the Norfolk Admirals of the American Hockey League this past season, posting 14 goals and 27 points to go along with 135 penalty minutes. He ranked second on the club in penalty minutes and tied for eighth in goals. The Admirals captain helped lead Norfolk to its first Calder Cup Championship in 2012. Angelidis recorded one goal and six points in 18 games during the Calder Cup playoffs.
Angelidis has played in 369 career AHL games with Norfolk and the Albany River Rats, collecting 76 goals and 150 points, to go along with 760 penalty minutes. He has also skated in 40 career Calder Cup Playoff Games, collecting three goals and 14 points.


text:
Community Corrections
Community Corrections has two components, Community Services Orders (CSOs) and Conditional Release.
A. Community Services Orders
A Community Service Order is an order of the court instructing an offender who has committed a non-serious offence to serve his/her sentence in the community by performing unpaid work for the benefit of the public as an alternative to incarceration. Activities undertaken by the NCS concerning CSOs include:
- Identifying suitable institutions for placement of offenders on CSOs and continuous monitoring of such institutions to ensure that adequate and proper supervision takes place.
- Screening offenders on request of the court to determine skills, time availability and other factors affecting placements and suitability of the offender for CSOs.
- Providing offenders with orientation on the goals of CSOs scheme and educating them on the reporting procedures and other requirements.
- Maintaining necessary records to monitor compliance or non-compliance of court orders.
B. Conditional Release Supervision
Conditional Release Supervision describes the supervision of offenders released on remission or parole in the community after they have served a portion of their sentence in the formal correctional setting. This post-incarceration strategy is designed to address the unique needs of offenders through managing them in the community so that they can continue to positively contribute to the wellbeing of their families and the general community.
A three-pronged approach is used to supervise and manage offenders on conditional release; Low Level Supervision, Moderate Level Supervision, and Intensive Level Supervision in order to match the intensity of supervision provided to each offender to their individual level of risk.
Activities undertaken under Conditional Release include:
- Compliance monitoring to ensure offenders adhere to release conditions
- Assisting offenders to re-integrate within the community and continue to adjust positively.
- Case management and programming focusing on addressing outstanding dynamic risks and on motivating offenders to progress towards lower levels of supervision.
- Facilitating change and exercising control over offenders.


text:
Black Pro-Lifers' Joy and Pain
Barack Obama's election as the first black president of the United States was historic. Black pro-lifers are celebrating, and redoubling their efforts.
President-elect Barack Obama's election Nov. 4 was historic in more ways than one.
Not only does it represent the first time an African-American has been elected to the White House, but his running mate Joseph Biden's election represents the first time that a Catholic will occupy the vice presidency.
Black Americans feel the historical moment most keenly. Especially black pro-lifers.
"It's an incredibly historic moment for our nation. There were many African-Americans who didn't think we would see this in our lifetimes," said pastor Arnold Culbreath, urban outreach director for Protecting Black Life in Cincinnati.
"However," he added, "abortion remains the leading cause of death in the black community. With President-elect Obama being as aggressively pro-abortion as he is, that makes our work more urgent and necessary."
The Church used the moment to both congratulate and educate.
Chicago's Cardinal Francis George, president of the U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops, wrote to Obama "to express our congratulations on your historic election as president of the United States" and to "pray that you will use the powers of your office to meet them with a special concern to defend the most vulnerable among us and heal the divisions in our country and our world. We stand ready to work with you in defense and support of the life and dignity of every human person."
Pope Benedict XVI also sent a telegram (story, page 5).
Black pro-life leaders struggled with mixed emotions about the win.
"While there is celebration and revelry around what happened, there is a path which the African-American community is moving down regarding the disproportionate impact abortion is having on us as a people," said Culbreath. "There are over 1,200 black abortions occurring in our country every day."
The Rev. Johnny Hunter also stressed the impact of abortion on blacks. He is national director of Life Education and Resource Network in Fayetteville, N.C.
Hunter pointed out that in its early days, Planned Parenthood was started in part to purge America of minorities.
"People don't realize that abortion has killed more blacks than the Ku Klux Klan ever lynched. Planned Parenthood is the biggest of the abortion providers," he said. "Planned Parenthood endorsed Senator Obama, and he made promises to them. Any person of color who has made a promise to a group that targets groups of color isn't worthy of being elected."
Culbreath noted that blacks have traditionally supported the Democratic Party, but that by doing so, they've been forced to go along with a host of other issues that they don't agree with, such as abortion and the redefinition of marriage.
"They've had to take the bitter with the sweet, not realizing the Pandora's box that has been opened," said Culbreath.
Michael Steele is the former Maryland lieutenant governor and chairman of GOPAC, the Republican Party's political action committee. He's also a Catholic. He said that the party needs to do a better job of reaching out.
"We need to reach out to blacks, Hispanics, Catholics — show them they have another place to go apart from the Democrats," said Steele.
Based upon Democratic outreach efforts in his own Cincinnati neighborhood, Culbreath agreed that the Republican Party needs to do better.
"The neighborhood where I live is 75% black. The Democratic Party did a yeoman's job knocking on doors and hanging things on doors," said Culbreath. "There was no reciprocation by the Republican Party."
What the Election Means
Alveda King, pastoral associate of Priests for Life and niece of Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., challenged pro-life voters, especially those who voted for Obama.
"To everyone who said, 'I am pro-life, but I will vote for a pro-abortion candidate this time,' I say now is the time to prove your commitment to the unborn," said King. "March for truth and justice. Flood the White House and Congress with messages that you do not agree with the slaughter of innocent children. Stand up for 'the least of these.'"
Most pro-life black leaders agreed that Obama's election means difficulty for pro-life activists.
"I think it spells trouble for the life issue," said Hunter. "I'm 100% convinced that pro-life activists are going to have a tough time during his administration."
One of Obama's first actions after Election Day was the appointment of Rahm Emanuel as his chief of staff. Emanuel, a congressman from Illinois and former Clinton staffer, has a 0% pro-life voting record.
Associated Press reported Nov. 9 that Obama plans to use his executive powers to make an immediate impact when he takes office, perhaps reversing Bush administration policies on public funding of embryonic stem-cell research.
Hunter noted one pro-family bright spot in the election. He's convinced that the greater numbers of African-Americans who voted led to the passage of ballot initiatives protecting traditional marriage.
"The black majority has always voted for Democratic candidates," said Hunter. "However, because so many blacks showed up and voted, propositions protecting traditional marriage, like the one in California, passed."
California Proposition 8's passage means that the state's constitution will now define marriage as the union of one man and one woman. It reverses a May 2008 decision by California's Supreme Court allowing same-sex "marriages." Bans on same-sex "marriage" were also approved in Florida and Arizona. (See related front-page story.)
Lawson Lipford-Cruz, a senior at Ohio State University, is president of Black Students for Life. He appreciated the historic moment, but wished it went further.
"Obviously, it's a historic moment and shows that we as black people have come a long way in this country," he said, "but at the same time, I'm frustrated because a lot of people haven't been able to see the bigger picture.
"The unborn don't have rights just like we didn't as black people," said Lipford-Cruz. "It's frustrating that people can't see that."
Tim Drake is based in
St. Joseph, Minnesota.
- Keywords:
- November 16-22, 2008


text:
Hmm, well it would be nice to know if he's working on the summary and we just need to be patient for a little longer, or if life's just too busy for him right now and someone should take his place.
I haven't seen him post anywhere, though he seems to be visiting the messageboard every day. Anyone have his email address?


text:
Adhesive capsulitis is a tightening in the shoulder joint. It decreases the range of motion in the shoulder and causes pain. This condition is also known as frozen shoulder . It is caused by tightening of the soft tissue and formation of scar tissue.
During closed manipulation, the doctor moves the arm at the shoulder joint. This is done to break up adhesions and loosen the stiff joint. The goal of the procedure is to improve range-of-motion by breaking up scar tissue.
|Frozen Shoulder
|Copyright © Nucleus Medical Media, Inc.
Reasons for Procedure
Your doctor may recommend closed manipulation if other methods of relief have failed. This procedure can relieve pain and stiffness for some people. In others, there is still some pain and swelling in the shoulder joint. If the closed manipulation is not successful, you may need arthroscopic surgery .
Possible Complications
Problems from the procedure are rare, but all procedures have some risk. Your doctor will review potential problems, like:
- Pain
- Nerve injury
- Damage to soft tissue
- Instability or stiffness in joint
- Fracture
- Reaction to anesthesia used
Factors that may increase your risk of complications:
What to Expect
Prior to Procedure
Your doctor may do the following:
Leading up to the procedure:
- Arrange for a ride to and from the hospital, and for help at home after the procedure.
- The night before, eat a light meal. Do not eat or drink anything after midnight.
Your doctor may choose either:
- General anesthesia —You will be asleep during the surgery.
- Local anesthesia (less common)—The shoulder area will be numbed.
Description of the Procedure
The doctor will twist and move your shoulder upward and outward. The actions will break up scar tissue to improve range of motion.
Immediately After Procedure
If you had general anesthesia, you will be taken to a recovery room and monitored.
How Long Will It Take?
45-60 minutes
How Much Will It Hurt?
Anesthesia will prevent pain during surgery. Pain and discomfort after the procedure can be managed with medications.
Average Hospital Stay
Once you recover from the anesthesia, you will be able to go home.
Post-procedure Care
During your stay, the hospital staff will take steps to reduce your chance of infection such as:
- Washing their hands
- Wearing gloves or masks
- Keeping your incisions covered
There are also steps you can take to reduce your chances of infection such as:
- Washing your hands often and reminding visitors and healthcare providers to do the same
- Reminding your healthcare providers to wear gloves or masks
- Not allowing others to touch your incisions
You will have pain and swelling for 1-2 weeks after the surgery. Your doctor may instruct you to begin physical therapy.
Call Your Doctor
It is important to monitor your recovery. Alert your doctor to any problems. If any of the following occur, call your doctor:
- Cough, trouble breathing, or chest pain
- Severe nausea or vomiting
- Pain becomes worse or swelling increases
- Tingling or numbness that will not go away, especially in arms and hands
If you think you have an emergency, call for medical help right away.
Ortho Info— American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons http://www.orthoinfo.org
Sports Med—American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine http://www.sportsmed.org
Canadian Orthopaedic Association http://www.coa-aco.org
Canadian Orthopaedic Foundation http://www.canorth.org
Adhesive capsulitis of shoulder. EBSCO DynaMed Plus website. Available at: https://www.dynamed.com/topics/dmp~AN~T113935/Adhesive-capsulitis-of-shoulder . Updated December 22, 2015. Accessed November 10, 2017.
Adhesive capsulitis (frozen shoulder). Palo Alto Medical Foundation website. Available at: http://www.pamf.org/sports/king/adhesive%5Fcaps.html. Accessed November 10, 2017.
Ewald A. Adhesive capsulitis: A review. Am Fam Physician. 2011;83(4):417-422.
Examination under anesthesia. University of Washington Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine website. Available at: http://www.orthop.washington.edu/?q=patient-care/articles/shoulder/examination-under-anesthesia.html. Updated February 4, 2013. Accessed November 10, 2017.
Frozen shoulder. Ortho Info—American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons website. Available at: http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/topic.cfm?topic=A00071. Updated January 2011. Accessed November 10, 2017.
Shoulder arthroscopy. Ortho Info—American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons website. Available at: http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/topic.cfm?topic=A00589. April 2011. Accessed November 10, 2017.
Warner JP. Frozen shoulder: Diagnosis and management. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 1997;5:130-140.
Shoulder surgery. Ortho Info—American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons website. Available at: http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/topic.cfm?topic=A00066. Updated August 2009. Accessed November 10, 2017.
Revision Information
- Reviewer: EBSCO Medical Review Board Warren A. Bodine, DO, CAQSM
- Review Date: 11/2018
- Update Date: 12/20/2014


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Fuel to the Fire
Firestorms at the Dundes Nature Reserve in Western Australia.
Image credit: NASA Aqua satellite
What's adding fuel to the fire of climate change? Well, fire.
Some stunning images recently taken by NASA's Aqua satellite show one of the Earth's latest firestorms – this one at the Dundes Nature Reserve in Western Australia. Nearly 200,000 acres have gone up in flames as of February 18. That's a lot of carbon added to the atmosphere.
The red outlines are the active fires, and the smoky clouds are – of course – smoke.
Dundes comes on the heals of the one year anniversary of "Black Saturday," for Melbourne the natural disaster equivalent to San Francisco's 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. The fire energy that ripped through communities near Melborne killing 173 people was the equivalent of 1500 Hiroshima bombs, the Sydney Morning Herald reported. Pretty intense.
The American West has been cindered, too, of late. California lost nearly 340,000 acres of land, as firefighters fought 65 separate fires in a time span of July to October. The worst was Station Fire, outside Pasadena, which charred 250 square miles in September.
This image from NASA's Terra satellite appears black (false-color), while vegetation is dark red.
California lost nearly 340,000 acres of land, as firefighters fought 65 separate fires in a time span of July to October.
Image credit: NASA Aqua satellite
Fires are a normal and healthy part of the natural cycle, which can make them difficult to pin directly to climate change. But the severity of fires and duration of fire seasons seem to be on the rise, owning to a drier, warmer climate in some parts of the world.
A 2006 study, Warmer and Earlier Spring Increase Western U.S. Forest Wildfire Activity, published in the journal Science compared large fires since 1970 with hydroclimatic and land-surface data. Researchers reported that the length of wildfire season had increased by 64% (or 78 days), and wildfire frequency jumped particularly high in the Northern Rockies (60%). Earlier snow melt and higher temperatures were correlated with more frequent fires, the data showed.
So bigger fires seem to be triggered by changing climate conditions. It's no small jump to suppose that they could also exacerbate these conditions. Between 20 to 40 percent of total U.S. carbon sequestration is held by forests.
Just as there seems to be a feedback loop between fires and climate change, there's a reverse one forming with public sentiment. All the fires in Australia are turning a previously skeptical anti-Kyoto populace into climate change worriers. In a September survey by Newspoll, 72% of the Australian respondents were in favor of a carbon reduction program. And Australia recently reaffirmed its commitment to meeting Copenhagen goals of reducing carbon by 5 to 25% of 2000 levels within the next decade. This from the world's largest coal exporter.


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100% Whole Spelt Sourdough at 100% Hydration
We have wanted to take up Michael Wilson's 'Spelt Challenge' of 100% white spelt at 100% hydration ever since we saw his fine post. In our case we milled the whole grain and sifted it to 78% extraction.
We like whole grain breads and hate to throw the sifted out portion away. Michael suggested that we could put it back in on the last set of slap and folds to try to minimize gluten strand harm. So that is what we did and we also added 40g (dry weight) of spelt sprouted berries while we were at it since we love sprouts as much as whole grains.
Even though this isn't an equal challenge since our whole grains would be more thirsty and thus the dough easier to work with, it was still a sloppy mess but oddly not that difficult to work with like rye would have been.
The bad part of the process is that our 15 year old Krupp's coffee grinder that we have used to grind grain gave up the ghost. We usually watch how hot it gets and how much grain we put in it at one time but my apprentice ignored both on the last grind for this bread. Right as we were about to say done – it was.
The bread came out as flat boule as the last 100% hydration bakes seem to end up. These breads really should be baked as a ciabatta or in a loaf tin rather than deflating them when transferring from the basket to the hot DO. But we thought we would give it one more try to get it to spring in the oven.
The bread baked up a nice shade of brown but not the dark color we usually prefer - higher oven temps and less time covered might give us a better crust. It did blister a little though. The crumb was much more open than we thought it would be as was the pervious kamut flat boule and it was soft and very moist. This bread is even more delicious than the kamut was and is its best quality. It is a fine bread for sandwiches or even dirtlocks. We like this bread a lot even though it too took the flat boule route as the kamut did before it.
If you make this bread you want to start the sprouts 2 days before you need them because unlike rye which sprouts in 24 hours these take 48. Just soak them in water for 3 hours, drain them and spread them our between damp paper towels and cover with plastic wrap so they don't dry out. Finally cover them in a kitchen towel so no light gets to them. Re-dampen the top paper towels at the 24 hour mark and 24 hours later you will have perfect spelt sprouts.
The spelt levain was developed over two, (3) hour builds from our kamut starter and then refrigerated for 24 hours. It was then removed from the fridge and allowed to further develop on the counter for 2 hours.
The 78% extraction flour and the extraction were autolysed separately for 2 hours. The salt, VWG and malts were autolysed with the 78% extraction. We wanted the VWG to make sure we had some gluten in the final mix and was very glad it was there.
The water was a combination of Shiitake mushroom re-hydration water, spelt soaker water and RO water. Since the water equals the flour weights it was split up between the two autolyses based on weight of the flour and the bran.
The dough flour autolyse and the levain were combined in the KA mixing bowl and mixed on KA 2 with the paddle for 4 minutes. The dough hook was then used and the dough was kneaded for 10 more minutes. The dough was then placed in an oiled, plastic covered bowl for 10 minutes.
2 sets of stretch and folds were done 10 minutes apart with each set being 25 stretches. Then 3 sets of French slap and folds were done for 10 minutes duration each and 10 minutes apart with the dough being rested in the plastic covered bowl between sets. At the beginning of the last set of slap and folds, the bran autolyse was incorporate. Half way through the last set, the sprouts were incorporated. The final 5 minutes of slap and folds fully incorporated the bran and sprouts.
We were really surprised that the slap and folds were so easy. A light oiling of the granite countertop was all that was needed to keep it from sticking. After 20 minutes of slap and folds the dough was very extensible and the dough would hold a ball shape for the shortest period of time but you could tell the gluten was starting to come together.
a Lunch grilled chicken sandwich and fixin's with tofu, re-fried beans, red pepper, carrots, celery sticks, salad with tomato, half a peach, red grapes with corn tortilla chips, Brownman's Red Salsa and Pico de Gillo. Red breakfast with apple butter and caramelized minneola marmalade, strawberry, watermelon and red grapes.
Once the sprouts and bran were worked in, the dough behaved better but still would not hold a ball shape for more than a few seconds. The slap and folds really weren't difficult or the exhausting chore we thought they would be in the end. It was really kind of fun to do them once you got in the rhythm.
Last night's sunset was something to behold.
A cloth lined basket was heavily floured with rice flour and used to house the nearly un-shapeable dough as a semi, sort of ball. It was immediately housed in a trash can liner and placed into the fridge for a 12 hour retard and proof.
We think that this dough should be proofed in a loaf pan but since we planned on baking it in a hot DO we needed a transfer agent and the cloth lined basket was the needed transfer vehicle. We hoped that the cold would help give the dough some additional structure to make the transfer a success. We won't try to slash this dough since it is so wet and figure it will spread in the DO.
The Big Oven was fired up to 500 F with the DO inside. The dough transfer went as well as expected but it did stick to the cloth liner somewhat – no worries – and it did spread faster than peanut butter sitting in a DO on a hot fire in the hot AZ sun.
We turned the oven down to 450 F after 10 minutes and baked it for 22 minutes with the lid on. We then turned the oven down to 415 F (convection this time) and baked it for 10 more minutes, turning it 180 degrees after 5, with the lid off before taking the bread out of the DO and testing for temperature.
The middle was 209 F so we turned off the oven and left the bread on the stone to crisp the skin for 10 minutes with the door ajar. The bread was then moved to the cooling rack and then onto. Total baking time was 32 minutes not including the rest on the stone at the end. The formula brings up the rear as usual.
100 % Hydration, 100% Whole Spelt Sourdough
Starter Build
Build 1
Build 2
Spelt Starter
Whole Spelt
Spelt Starter
Whole Spelt
Starter Hydration
Levain % of Total
Dough Flour
Whole Spelt
Total Dough Flour
Water 330, Mush R 120, Soak 62
Dough Hydration
Add - Ins
Red Rye Malt
White Rye Malt
VW Gluten
Spelt Sprouts
Total Flour w/ Starter
Total Water w/ Starter
Tot. Hydration w/ Starter
Hydration w/ Adds
Total Weight
% Whole Grain


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iphone Case And Clutch Set
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Elizabeth Mitchell doesn't have any movies playing in theaters.
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Walmart Black Friday gaming deals include Dishonored, XCOM, Epic Mickey 2 for cheap
Walmart has revealed its Black Friday gaming deals, and according to the mega retail chain's ad, it will have over 30 games on sale for $15. It also notes that over 25 other titles will be on sale for $10, while another 40-plus can be yours for $25. The later sale includes such titles as Epic Mickey 2, Dishonored, FIFA 13, Just Dance 4, Madden 13, and XCOM. The Xbox 360 Skylanders Starter Kit will also be on sale for $149 and comes with a 4GB console. A PS3 bundle complete with an inFamous Pack and the Uncharted bundle will run you $199. Check out the ad here. Don't stomp people when rushing the doors now, it's not nice. Thanks, Kotaku.


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While this hack is buggy and crashy, at its core it works. Apps turn on and load up, and, other than some missing dependencies, they work well. It's enough to make you imagine a future when all the problems get worked out, and Google opens the floodgates on the Play Store, putting 1.3 million Android apps onto nearly every platform.
You know, just last night I swapped out the SSD on my Chromebook, and I had a brief moment of pause debating whether I wanted to dual-boot ChromeOS. I decided not to, because I figured really Xubuntu can do everything ChromeOS can do and more. This seems to support that decision as the right one.


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UCLA Law has long been a leader in the interdisciplinary study of law. The School's joint degree programs are an important component of this interdisciplinary focus. Through our joint degree programs, students augment their legal education and gain specialized training and expertise that will prepare them for wide-ranging professional pursuits.
Formal Joint Degree Programs
Students at UCLA Law may choose to pursue one of these eight formal joint degree programs we offer in cooperation with other distinguished UCLA professional schools and departments:
Law and African-American Studies
Law and American Indian Studies
Law and Management
Law and Philosophy
Law and Public Health
Law and Public Policy
Law and Social Welfare
Law and Urban Planning
How to Apply
To pursue one of our formal joint degree programs, students must apply both to UCLA Law and directly to the other school. Applicants should contact the appropriate graduate school or department to obtain its application, and must meet the department's requirements and deadlines. Students interested in creating an individualized joint degree program, or pursuing a joint degree program with another university, will work with the Dean of Students office during their first or second years of law school to seek approval for the joint degree.
More Information on Joint Degrees


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UAE telco says proceeds from US$510m will be used to boost network in core markets
Etisalat will use the proceeds from a US$510m stake sale in Indonesia to boost networks in core markets, the Gulf's number two telecoms operator said on Thursday.
The company, which has interests spanning Africa, Asia and the Middle East, sold a 9.1 percent stake in Indonesian mobile firm PT XL Axiata last week, retaining a 4.2 percent holding.
"Proceeds will be used to fund further growth in next generation networks in our core growth markets and roll out additional services," Etisalat said in a statement emailed in response to questions from Reuters.
The company did not say which countries it considered "core", but they likely included the United Arab Emirates - source of about 71 percent of revenues in the second quarter - and the lucrative markets of Saudi Arabia, Egypt and Nigeria.
The Indonesian sale, which followed an exit from India, was seen as part of a broader push to trim back on underperforming units.
Etisalat's new management team - it has installed a new chairman, chief executive and heads of finance, strategy and marketing in the past 18 months - has said more divisions could be sold following a sustained profit drop.
Analysts have named African subsidiary Atlantique Telecom as one possible sale candidate.
"Atlantique operates in small markets with multiple players, so it is not particularly attractive, but Etisalat could find a buyer if it sells Atlantique as a whole," said Petr Molik, chief financial officer at MENACORP in Abu Dhabi.
"Etisalat isn't under any pressure to sell assets quickly - it has a strong cash position, so its units won't be offloaded at fire-sale prices."
Selling assets that have failed to add much to the bottom line will narrow Etisalat's focus and aid attempts to reclaim some of domestic rival du's 46.5 percent market share in the UAE.
"Du was not expected to win such a share so easily and so quickly - Etisalat will find it difficult to maintain domestic margins if it tries to be aggressive against du," added Molik.
"The focus is now on the UAE, but Etisalat won't retreat entirely."
Etisalat and affiliate Mobily have already launched long-term evolution, or LTE, next-generation networks in the UAE and Saudi Arabia, but LTE-enabled smart phones are in their infancy and take-up has been slow.
By the end of June there were 12,500 LTE subscriptions in Saudi Arabia and 9,500 in the UAE, Informa Telecoms and Media estimates.
Egypt has yet to issue LTE licences, but Etisalat and rival Vodafone Egypt have launched trials, Informa said.
Well I've already moved to du and so have a lot of my friends because of the poor service at etisalat and expensive prices! Thank you du for actually putting a price on customer service. Good luck etisalat, you'r gonna need it....


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Have you ever seen a 1956 Hudson Station Wagon? It's also a Rambler Custom. Yeah, I need to look this up and find out how it's a Hudson and a Nash
That there were never any wagons in the other Nash or Hudson lines explains some of the high Rambler wagon sales, but there had to be a wagon in the Rambler line regardless of cost. As it turned out, nearly half the 1956-57 Ramblers sold were wagons. http://www.amcyclopedia.org/node/54
Keep in mind, the 1956 was the 2nd year of AMC existing and so they still used more than one (AMC) car maker identification on this wagon.
AMC was created as a merger of Nash and Hudson on May 1, 1954, but Hudson had no 1955 models ready. Hudson factory production ceased in July of 1954, but AMC had a contractual obligation to supply vehicles to Hudson dealers until the Nash and Hudson car lines could be consolidated. So Hudson dealers received the same Rambler as Nash dealers for 1955, the only difference being the Hudson emblem. U.S. production was 5,981 two door models, 19,223 four door models. Canadian production was only 226 two door sedans and 548 four door sedans.
Even at a price that was expensive compared to Ford, Chevrolet and Plymouth, the Rambler sold well enough to provide the foundation for AMC. It offered comfortable accomodation for four people, economy, sturdy contruction and a high level of equipment. It was a foundation that George Romney, who took over AMC when Mr Mason died in late 1954, would build upon brilliantly.
the ultimate goal was to be the merger of the new American Motors Corporation with the newly formed Studebaker-Packard Corporation (cash-flush but dealer-poor Packard bought cash-poor but dealer-flush Studebaker), which would have made American Motors a viable four-marque competitor in the industry as one of the "Big Three" - they would have been bigger than Chrysler.
However, when George Mason of AMC died in 1954, James Nance of Studebaker-Packard (took over in 1952) decided to go his own way. He shouldn't have, since the Studebaker-Packard merger was fraught with problems, and the strength of AMC would have bailed them out. As it was, Nance resigned following a disastrous 1956 and Studebaker-Packard agreed to a three-year management contract with the Curtiss-Wright Corporation.
Curtiss-Wright promtly took over all of the defense contracts and factories that Studebaker-Packard held, and killed off Packard within two years, although the Packard name wasn't dropped until 1962.