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Novus Commitment to Animal Science Presented During JAM 2014
More than 10 new research trials demonstrate the positive effects of methionine, chelated trace minerals, and therapeutic nutrition solutions on animal performance
St. Louis – July 21, 2014 – The 2014 Joint Annual Meeting (JAM), a collaboration of the American Dairy Science Association® (ADSA®), the American Society of Animal Science (ASAS) and the Canadian Society of Animal Science (CSAS), will kick off in Kansas City, Missouri, Monday, July 21. One of the goals of JAM 2014 is to present high quality, relevant science that links animal science and animal agriculture. Novus will be contributing to this goal with the presentation of more than 10 research abstracts, and as a gold level sponsor.
"Science and research are what drive the products and programs created by Novus," said Dr. Chris Knight, Senior Vice President, Products and Solutions and Chief Innovation Officer at Novus. "We are steadfast in our commitment to address the health and nutrition needs of the beef, dairy and pork industries, today and in the future. The positive results achieved with Novus methionine, chelated trace minerals, and therapeutic nutrition solutions are evidenced in the research our scientists will be presenting during JAM."
Novus's core focus on methionine and chelated trace mineral nutrition is emphasized at this year's conference. Novus has a presentation schedule that spans the four-day event.
Monday, Novus will be sharing some of the most recent findings on the advantages of feeding MINTREX® chelated trace minerals to finishing pigs. When finishing pigs were supplemented with 50 ppm of Cu from MINTREX for the first 42 days of the period, an improvement in feed to gain ratio was seen over other minerals.
Cow comfort has long been a focus at Novus and understanding how MINTREX affects cow comfort and production parameters is the focus of a poster the Novus team will be presenting Wednesday. When a partial replacement of inorganic trace minerals with MINTREX was used in dairy cattle rations in central Spain, cows receiving MINTREX had reduced lameness, and improved conception rates after 30 days of exposure.
Summer is certainly a time of stress for a cow and her ability to produce high quality milk. Understanding how ALIMET® can have an effect on diet-induced milk fat depression was the focus of a study conducted in conjunction with Penn State University that will be presented on Thursday. When cows in a diet-induced challenge for milk fat depression were supplemented with commercial levels of ALIMET, milk fat production was maintained, compared to those cows not receiving ALIMET that saw less milk fat produced.
To learn more about the comprehensive programs and products Novus has available to support the livestock industry and to view Novus's complete presentation schedule for JAM, visit the company's corporate web site at www.novusint.com.
About Novus International, Inc.
Novus International, Inc. is headquartered in metropolitan St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.A. and serves customers in nearly 100 countries around the world. A global leader in developing animal health and nutrition solutions, Novus's products include ALIMET® and MHA® feed supplements, ACTIVATE® nutritional feed acid, ACIDOMIX® preservative premixture, CIBENZA® feed additive, MINTREX® chelated trace mineral, SANTOQUIN® feed preservative, MERA™Met aquaculture feed additive, AGRADO® feed antioxidant and many other specialty ingredients. Stratum Nutrition, a division of Novus Nutrition Brands, LLC, focuses on human nutrition through specialty and functional ingredients for manufacturers of foods, beverages and dietary supplements (www.stratumnutrition.com).
Novus is privately owned by Mitsui & Co. (U.S.A.), Inc. and Nippon Soda Co., Ltd. For more information visit www.novusint.com. ©2014 Novus International, Inc. All rights reserved.


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Wild Side has made a preemptive mid-six figure swoop on French rights to the AFM horror Western to star Kurt Russell, Peter Sarsgaard, Richard Jenkins and Jennifer Carpenter. CAA and UTA co-represent the package and US rights.
Novelist S Craig Zahler's feature directorial debut relates the story of a sheriff, a gunslinger, an old man and a cowboy who saddle up to rescue a group of captives from a tribe of cannibalistic cave dwellers.
Dallas Sonnier and Jack Heller will produce through Caliber Media Co and have earmarked a spring 2013 start in New Mexico.
Zahler wrote the Black List script The Brigands Of Rattleborge, which is under development with Park Chan-wook. His author credits include Western A Congregation Of Jackals and sci-fi Corpus Chrome.
Thw writer has sold spec scripts The Big Stone Grid to Sony with Michael Mann attached to direct and Conflicts Of The Last Progenitors to Andrew Adamson.
Caliber Media is in post on Dark Was The Night starring Kevin Durand and Warren starring and directed by Alex Beh, among others.
CAA and manager Rick Nicita represent Russell and CAA and manager Jon Rubinstein at Authentic represent Sarsgaard.
Gersh and manager Bill Treusch represent Jenkins and WME, Untitled and attorney Karl Austen represent Carpenter. UTA and Caliber Media represent Zahler.

subset: commoncrawl


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What's the latest design trend in homes? Think casual, practical and in for the long haul.
The most recent survey from the American Institute of Architects, which tracks changing home design trends, says that homebuyers continue shunning formal spaces in favor of casual living. And they're making decisions about everything from energy efficiency to upgrades with an eye to the future.
Kermit Baker, chief economist for the American Institute of Architects and a senior fellow at Harvard University's Joint Center on Housing Studies, said that in many ways, modesty continues to prevail.
"As homes have gotten smaller they've removed dedicated spaces," said Baker. "A lot of it is really cyclical. If you look over the last 30 to 40 years, homes get smaller and a little less expensive when the economy is in recession. They get bigger and fancier when things are going well."
That means many buyers and owners are focused now on things such as energy efficiency and creating a relaxing environment. The fancy formal living room is gone from most homes, and to save space and money, specialty spaces such as media rooms are on the wane.
The most popular special-purpose areas are practical and casual spaces. Mudrooms or "dropzones" are designed so the family members can stash their junk and electronics. Outdoor living areas extend the home with large patios or decks and features such as fireplaces.
Interior designer Kelley Barnett said both mudrooms and outdoor spaces are in demand with homeowners. She said people see the outdoors as a way to make a house larger without moving into a bigger home.
"That's the extension of your entertainment area," Barnett said. "They have their own oasis in their backyard."
And although square footage is down generally, Baker said that on the higher end of the market, home sizes are starting to edge up again.
Jim Cox of Jim Cox Designs said that bigger homes are coming back on the higher end locally, too — likely a function of the improving San Antonio economy.
"We have noticed in the past year that compared to the previous two years, the homes have started to get up there in the bigger ranges," Cox said. "Some builders are getting more aggressive with their spec homes and doing bigger homes."
Baker said that even with bigger homes, buyers are approaching real estate differently than they did during the boom.
Now that people realize that an 8 percent per year return forever isn't realistic, and that buying a home isn't like picking a stock, Baker said that they're making longer-term real estate choices. When people do buy, they want to be in a house for many years.
And that translates into upping a home's energy-efficient features.
The AIA survey shows continuing strong interest in things such as better insulation and high-efficiency windows
"It does change the calculation if you're going to be in a home two to three years versus 15 to 20 years," Baker said. "Do I want to spend some serious money on energy-efficient windows? If I'm going to be around 15 or 20 years, that's an easy decision to make."
Likewise, baby boomers are looking at so-called "aging in place" and making sure that their homes can be comfortable for the long term, Baker said.
Barnett said the aging in place trend doesn't have to look sterile. She said it's a matter of paying attention to little things such as making sure the transition between floor types is smooth.
"People are living in their homes longer," she said. "They're planning for the future. They realize that with the economy, they will not keep moving into larger and larger homes. The aging in place and universal design principals are coming to the forefront."
The AIA survey noted that many of the popular features help with accessibility, such as first-floor master bedrooms, nonslip flooring, easy-to-use door handles and faucets or adding ramps or elevators, including adding a shaft in case an elevator needs to be added in the future.
Baker said that as the market improves across the country, trends could shift slightly. Homes may start adding back space lost in the recession, or features that were sacrificed for budget could make a comeback.
"What parts do we really care about?" he asked. "I think we are starting to claw our way back up again and add a few things back into the home."


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VIDEO DOWNLOAD - The Kevin Steen Show with Nigel McGuinness
Speaking of Nigel's documentary, Kevin digs even further into Nigel's thought process behind the project and some of the powerful issues that it brought up. Kevin even does some personal inventory of his own about his feelings on success and failure. Luckily for these searching souls, this episode was filmed on a couch that may or may nothave been in a psychiatrist's office before it landed in Nigel's swank LA apartment.
Anyways, we hope you are ready watch Steen dig deep into Nigel's psyche of our "mate" and yours, NigelMcGuinness on The Kevin Steen Show. Cheers!
Approx. Running Time: 2 hrs. 50 mins.
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All News Releases By Date
EPA Region 6 Updates Its National Priorities List of Superfund Sites - One Site Added in Arkansas
Release Date: 09/14/2012
Contact Information: Dave Bary or Jennah Durant, 214 665-2200 or firstname.lastname@example.com.
(DALLAS – September 14, 2012) The Environmental Protection Agency announced today, with support from the Arkansas Department of Environmental Quality, that the Cedar Chemical Corporation site in Phillips County, Arkansas, has been added to the National Priorities List (NPL) of Superfund sites.
The site, just south of West Helena along state highway 242, consists of six former production units, support facilities and an office. The area has been occupied by different chemical companies since 1970, with the last owner, Cedar Chemical Corporation, filing for bankruptcy in 2002. Cedar Chemical manufactured agricultural chemicals, including insecticides and herbicides, which left behind contaminants such as chloroform and methylene chloride. Other threats include abandoned chemicals, buried drums, groundwater and soil contamination, and an abandoned stormwater treatment system.
"Adding this site to the National Priorities List is an important step in ensuring public health and the environment will be protected," said Acting Regional Administrator Sam Coleman. "Cleaning up hazardous waste in our communities and returning properties to environmental and economic vitality are EPA priorities."
Superfund is the federal program that investigates and cleans up the most complex, uncontrolled or abandoned hazardous waste sites in the country.
The NPL is the list of hazardous sites in the United States eligible for long-term cleanup action financed under the federal Superfund program. The EPA works to identify companies or people responsible for the contamination at a site and requires them to conduct or pay for the cleanup. For newly listed sites without viable potentially responsible parties, the EPA will investigate the full extent of the contamination before starting significant cleanup at the site. It may take several years before cleanup funding is available for these sites.
More information on the Superfund NPL is available at https://www.epa.gov/superfund/sites/npl/current.htm
More about activities in EPA Region 6 is available at https://www.epa.gov/aboutepa/region6.html
Search this collection of releases | or search all news releases
View selected historical press releases from 1970 to 1998 in the EPA History website.


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NEW YORK – The public got its first look at the production version of the all-new Acura TLX sedan Wednesday at the New York Auto Show. The car was previewed earlier this year in a thinly disguised concept car. The model shown in New York is the version that will actually be available in Acura dealerships later this year. The car replaces both the TL and TSX sedans in Acura's lineup. It's slotted between the Honda Civic-based ILX and the larger RLX. Overall, the TLX is a few inches shorter than the previous TL, but the wheelbase is the same to keep the interior spacious. Ride quality and quietness are important to Acura, which is why the TLX uses lots of high-strength steel, aluminum and magnesium to minimize weight while still maintaining a strong body. Acura's even using a special acoustic spray foam in key areas of the car to keep road and wind noise down. Handling the sport sedan is done through either an all-wheel steering system that turns both the front and rear wheels, or an all-wheel drive system that sends power to the wheels that need it most. Both systems are designed to keep the car firmly planted, whether navigating city streets, or winding down a twisty road. Cameras and a radar system in the car will help alert the driver - and even stop the car - if it senses that it's leaving the road. Those sensors are also used for other safety features like adaptive cruise control and collision avoidance. Engine choices in the new car include a 2.4-liter four-cylinder engine and a 3.5-liter V-6. Four-cylinder models come with an eight-speed dual-clutch transmission, while the six-cylinder models have a nine-speed automatic.
TLX 2.4-Liter 4-cylinder 8-speed dual clutch All-wheel steering TLX V-6 3.5-Liter V-6 9-speed automatic All-wheel steering TLX V-6 SH-AWD 3.5-Liter V-6 9-speed automatic Variable all-wheel drive
Prices for the new TLX will be announced later this year, just before the car goes on sale to the public.


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The Many Faces of FireWire
- The Many Faces of FireWire
- Using Your Camcorder for TV Previews
- FireWire Networking
- The Next Generation
- About the Author
The Many Faces of FireWire
If you thought FireWire was merely a thin cable technology that did little more than connect a camcorder to a computer, you're in for a few big surprises. As of this writing, you can connect more than 1,000 devices via FireWire--computers, laptops, video decks, still cameras, audio mixers, hubs, removable drives, DAT recorders, and CD/DVD writers--to both professional- and consumer-level workstations. And according to industry estimates, more than 200 million FireWire-equipped products will have shipped by the year 2003. Although many of you may be familiar with FireWire as a simple interface standard, there's some remarkable aspects to this technology you might have missed.
Target Disk Mode
Stop-Motion Animation
Using Your Camcorder for TV Previews
FireWire Networking
1394b: The Next Generation
Target Disk Mode
One of the easiest ways to connect two FireWire computers and share files is with a simple system configuration called target disk mode. This feature is available only on Macintosh computers, but target disk mode theoretically allows any computer with a FireWire port (the target computer) to be used as an external hard disk. The target computer appears as a hard disk icon on the desktop of the other machine--the host computer. For example, you could use this feature to mount your PowerBook G3 on your G4 workstation as an additional volume--like a portable hard disk--that can be accessed with full read/write permission, just like any other storage device. Target disk mode works on any FireWire-equipped PowerBook, iBook, Power Mac G4, G4 Cube, or iMac with Firmware version 2.4, FireWire 2.3.3 drivers, and Mac OS 8.6 or later.
To successfully execute this operation, first be sure that your target computer is shut down and that you've removed all other FireWire devices from both computers prior to activating target disk mode. The host computer does not need to be powered down, but you must connect the two computers with a 6-pin-to-6-pin cable before starting. Apple also recommends that you connect the computers to AC power.
Figure 1 A quick way to connect two Macintosh computers is by using target disk mode--a feature of the Mac OS that lets a host computer mount the internal hard drive of another FireWire computer simply by using a six-pin cable.
As you boot up the target computer, immediately hold down the T key and keep it down until the monitor displays the FireWire logo. Once the target computer is up and running, its internal hard disk will appear as an icon on the Finder desktop of the host computer. Now, you're ready to copy files to or from that volume. Note: The host computer cannot access peripherals attached to a target computer, only the internal hard drive.
When you've finished transferring files, you can simply drag the target computer's icon to the Trash (or select Put Away from the File menu) and disconnect the 6-pin FireWire cable. Then you can press the target computer's power button to turn it off. Don't attempt to reconnect any FireWire devices until after you have disconnected the two computers from each other or have stopped using target disk mode. If you unplug the target computer and then try to reconnect it to the host, you may find the hard disk icon does not appear on the host desktop. In this case, just check the cable connections and restart the host computer.
Target disk mode isn't a true networking configuration (only one computer is fully operational), but it's an incredibly handy way to quickly connect to another computer and transfer files between internal hard disks. For Macintosh users, target disk mode can be an indispensable tool in the moviemaking process.
Stop-Motion Animation
Among the first special effects techniques ever invented for the cinema, stop-motion photography is a unique discipline that brings everyday objects to life by changing the position of elements over a period of time. It's a painstaking effort, but thankfully, FireWire has breathed new life into older stop-motion methods. For example, you can now connect a DV camcorder directly to the FireWire port on your computer and judiciously pick frames of video to import into your moviemaking applications. As tired a phrase as it is, it's truly a revolutionary advancement.
New video frame-grabber software, specifically a shareware program called FrameThief, can capture frames one at a time from almost any FireWire webcam or camcorder. FireWire-equipped digital still cameras also work with FrameThief, which imports pictures immediately and lets you review them in loop cycles so you can instantly reject poor shots for better images. Previously, animators had to guess if the film they shot had recorded the movement accurately. Today, they can preview each frame and make subtle adjustments before capturing the final image. You can download a free copy of FrameThief at www.framethief.com or use the version on the DVD that's included with FireWire Filmmaking.
Figure 2 FireWire frame grabber FrameThief is a video frame grabber for stop-motion animators working on the Macintosh platform. Offering a rich tool set for high-quality animation, FrameThief is compatible with nearly all FireWire capture devices--from Webcams to digital still cameras and DV camcorders. The program is based on a plug-in architecture that supports higher-end cameras to produce HDTV or film-quality animations on a relatively small budget.
A word of warning: If you are using a digital camcorder, make sure you lock the automatic exposure and manual white balance settings to prevent the camera from making adjustments that can change the lighting and introduce tiny fluctuations from frame to frame. Stop-motion relies heavily on persistence of vision to create the illusion of movement, so any changes in the variables of your subject, the set, the lighting, or the camera, will reveal shifting details in the final sequence and spoil the magic. The automatic features of a DV camcorder can be detrimental to this process.


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Frequently Asked Questions
How do I find the odd or even side of the street?
Check the address
The easiest way to tell the odd- or even-numbered side of a street is to check the street address of buildings.
If the address ends in an even number ( 0, 2, 4, 6, 8), then that building is on the EVEN side of the street ( Example: house address number: 135 6 Maple or 251 2 17 th Ave.).
If the address ends in an odd number ( 1, 3, 5, 7, 9), then that building is on the ODD side of the street ( example: house address number: 135 9 Maple or 251 3 17 th Ave .).
No address to check?
If there are no buildings on the street, it is harder to know which is the odd side or even-numbered side.
Our best advice is to ask neighbors or business owners to let you know which side is which before you park. If you have a question about a specific street, please feel free to call the Public Works Street Division at (612) 673-5720.
Last updated Sep 27, 2011


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Well as much as I know you like to be a negative Nancy, I'll say that CBS gave TAR14 the green light since the eligibility guidelines call for filming between August and October. In any case, we'll have to wait and see. http://alpha.cbs.com/primetime/amazing_race12/application/eligibility.pdf
I don't agree.
Fantastic sunny! Thanks for posting! 5 Continents!!
I wanted to come by and give y'all and thumbs up on getting so much confirmation out of BVM in that interview at EW.com.The timing of the interview is a bit odd; which makes me suspect that TAR 14 will probably be filming around the time CBS gears up for promotion for the new season (early September), which would be in line with the timing in the TAR 14 applications.
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Shared Discovery
June 26, 2014
At Lewis & Clark, our students prize their relationships with nationally recognized professors. Whether they're engaged in classroom discussion or collaborating in the lab or field, students and faculty share an intellectual curiosity and desire to find meaningful solutions to real-world problems.
Thanks to generous grants from the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation and the John S. Rogers Science Research Program, many students spend their summer working in tandem with faculty on graduate-level research projects. A new collaborative research site designed by the digital initiatives team at Watzek Library showcases projects completed last summer and will highlight future endeavors. Students also have the opportunity to present their work during the Festival of Scholars in the spring semester.
Collaborative Research Audrey R. Watzek Library Academics Admissions


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South African Journal of Animal Science
On-line version ISSN 2221-4062
Print version ISSN 0375-1589
S. Afr. j. anim. sci. vol.42 n.2 Pretoria Jan. 2012
Fatty acid profile and cholesterol content of m. longissimus of free-range and conventionally reared mangalitsa pigs
N. ParunovicI, #; M. PetrovicII; V. Matekalo-SverakI; D. TrbovicI; M. MijatovicII; C. RadovicIII
IInstitute of Meat Hygiene and Technology, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
IIInstitute of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, 11040 Zemun, Serbia
IIIinstitute for Animal Husbandry, Belgrade, 11040 Zemun, Serbia
This study investigated the effects of different feeding systems (free-range versus conventional rearing) on carcass characteristics, chemical composition, fatty acid profile and cholesterol content of the musculus longissimus lumborum et thoracis (MLLT) of Mangalitsa pigs. Depending on the rearing system employed and live weight observed, we found statistically significant differences in the weight of the warm and cold Mangalitsa carcasses. Furthermore, we observed that conventionally reared Mangalitsa pigs weighed more. Measurements showed that the free-range-fed pigs had a lower total backfat thickness in comparison with the group reared in the conventional system, but that these differences were not significant. Outdoor rearing of the pigs led to higher protein, ash and water contents, and to a decrease in total fat content and pH values of the MLLT. The choice of rearing system did not significantly affect the cholesterol content. The fat of the free-range pigs had a higher concentration of n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), while the n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio was significantly lower than in conventionally reared pigs. The proportion of PUFA/SFA (saturated fatty acids) was not significantly different, whereas the proportion of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA/SFA) was significantly lower in the free-range group. It is concluded that the rearing system affects the carcass properties and chemical characteristics of Mangalitsa meat; it does so in particular by improving the fatty acid composition in free-range pigs.
Keywords: Rearing system, pork quality, indigenous breed, health food
A new generation of consumers not only choose meat products according to perceived eating quality and affordable pricing, but also consider the nutritional value and the ethical quality of the meat, animal welfare issues, and the degree of impact on the environment caused by the production system. Another reason for choosing ecologically or non-intensively produced meat is the belief that the taste and nutritional value of this type of meat are superior to those of conventionally produced meat (Nilzén et al., 2001; Edwards, 2005; Alfaia et al., 2007; 2009; Muchenje et al., 2009a; Mapiye et al., 2011). These are the reasons that in the last few years there has been an increase in demand for foodstuffs obtained from so-called organic, natural or biological livestock production systems. Meat from these biological production systems is thought to be more nutritious and more appealing to the senses (Nilzén et al., 2001; Sundrum, 2001; Edwards, 2005).
There is not much information on the effects of grass intake on pork meat characteristics. Some studies of improved genotypes fed on grass showed no effects on meat quality (Danielsen et al., 2000). On the other hand, the effect of outdoor rearing has been studied in light pig breeds, but in most cases resulted in lack of improvement in pig performance, pork loin or muscle characteristics (Gentry et al., 2002; Bee Guex & Herzog, 2004).
It is important to investigate the free-range rearing system and its implications on access to pastures and pork quality. Previous trials indicated that compared with more conventional regimens, feeding on fresh grass and herbs would alter the intramuscular fatty acid profiles in pigs, resulting in a polyunsaturated fatty acid/saturated fatty acid (PUFA/ SFA) ratio that is more beneficial to human health (Jakobsen, 1995; Ahn et al., 1996; Mapiye et al., 2011).
The fatty acid composition of foodstuffs is of great importance for healthy human nutrition. Nutritionists recommend a reduction in total fat intake, particularly of SFA and trans fatty acids, which are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and some cancers (Burlingame et al. , 2009; Brouwer et al., 2010; USDA and HHS, 2010; Mapiye et al., 2011). Besides advocating that they reduce their fat intake, nutritionists urge consumers to increase their intake of PUFA, particularly n-3 PUFA, at the expense of n-6 PUFA (Simopoulos, 2004; Griffin, 2008; Harris et al., 2009; Mapiye et al., 2011). The PUFA/SFA and n-6/n-3 PUFA ratios have therefore become some of the most important parameters in evaluating the nutritional value and healthiness of foods (Aldai et al., 2005; Alfaia et al. , 2007; Riediger et al., 2009; Mapiye et al., 2011). Nevertheless, in recent years, red meat consumption has been discredited as a result of its causal relationships with coronary heart disease (CHD) and cancer (Forman, 1999).
In monogastrics such as pigs, there is a reasonable possibility that by varying the structure of the diet, the producer may influence the body composition of the animals and the composition of food products obtained from them (Bee & Wenk, 1994; Klingenberg et al., 1995; Overland et al., 1996).
In recent years, livestock breeders worldwide have joined forces to save indigenous and traditional domestic livestock breeds from extermination. The best strategy for preventing the disappearance of such breeds is to strive to maintain their genetic diversity (Csapó et al., 2002). The future of the Mangalitsa, one of the European indigenous breeds, is dependent largely on whether products derived from them can be utilized effectively and whether long-term market opportunities can be secured. The Mangalitsa pig is currently enjoying a renaissance, owing to attempts to preserve traditional breeds. Its meat is of outstanding quality; it has high dry-matter content, and its red colour corresponds with current requirements. The distinctive palatable flavour is derived from the fat surrounding the muscle tissue (Csapó et al., 2002).
Certain findings have been published recently in connection with the fatty acid composition and cholesterol content of the meat and backfat of the Mangalitsa pig. It has been claimed that its fat is softer and easier to digest than that of modern pigs. Its softer, granular consistency is attributable to its different and healthier fatty acid composition (Csapó et al. , 2002).
The aim of this study was to investigate differences between carcass properties, chemical and fatty acid composition and the cholesterol content of m. longissimus lumborum et thoracis (MLLT) in free-range and conventionally reared Mangalitsa pigs.
Material and Methods
Twenty-two castrated male Mangalitsa pigs were selected from a herd in a breeding programme. These pigs had been reared at a research station on a small farm near the town of Bela Crkva, Serbia, that was equipped appropriately to meet the requirements of the experiments. The experimental pigs were reared in late spring and early summer. The trial started when the animals reached the 70-day age threshold. Twelve Mangalitsas were raised conventionally - six pigs per cage, allowing 4 m2 living space for each animal. This pen formed part of a group of pens located inside a pig farmer's shed, which was enclosed by walls and covered with a roof. The airflow was controlled manually by opening or closing the windows. The floor of the pen was concrete, and one third had concrete slats above a faeces and urine drainage channel. The other 10 Mangalitsa pigs were allowed to range freely over an area of 10 000 m2. In other words, the free-range group were given regular access to fresh pasture, acorns and grass.
After reaching a live weight of 60 kg, both groups of pigs were fed a conventional slaughter-pig feeding mixture that was distributed ad libitum. The animals were fed a compound feed according to the recipe: 70% maize, 14% meal (wheat feed flour, barley, wheat, oats, dehydrated lucerne flour), 9% soybean meal (soya press cake, soya protein concentrate with fish oil), 4% sunflower meal, 1% chalk, 1% DCP (dicalcium phosphate) and a 0.5% sodium chloride, lysine, methionine and threonine supplement.
By the end of the trial, at live weights of between 75 kg and 120 kg, the Mangalitsa pigs were transported to an abattoir (8 km away) and left in crates for approximately four hours. The animals were slaughtered conventionally. Standard commercial procedures were followed, consisting of electrical stunning (250 V AC, ear to ear for 3 - 5 s) and sticking within 30 seconds. The pigs were subsequently eviscerated and inspected by the appropriate government health official. Each carcass was weighed warm and after cooling (4 °C for 24 h). Forty-five minutes post mortem, the initial pH was taken (pH45) and then, after a 24 h cooling period, the final pH (pH24). The pH measurements were taken on the MLLT with a penetrating glass electrode on a hand-held Testo 205 pH meter (± 0.02 pH; ± 0.4 °C; Germany, 2007). The pH meter was rinsed with distilled water after each reading and re-calibrated after every fourth reading.
After 24 hours of cooling at 4 °C, backfat measurements were taken with a ruler above the m. gluteus medius at the carcass split-line, at the following positions: at the beginning (P1); at the highest spot of the m. gluteus medius (P2); and at the end of the muscle (P3). Carcass length was measured from the cranial edge of the symphisis pubis to the anterior edge of the atlas vertebrae. During the routine splitting and cutting, samples of the MLLT were taken between the 13th and 14th thoracic vertebrae and stored in a freezer for further analyses. Prior to laboratory analysis, all samples were vacuum-packaged and kept frozen at approximately -20 °C.
The following measurements were taken of the chemical composition of the MLLT of the trial pigs: protein, water, total fat, ash, total fatty acid and cholesterol concentrations. Chemical composition was determined by the methods defined by the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC, 1990). Cholesterol content was measured with a HPLC/PDA on the HPLC Waters 2695 Separations Module, with a Waters 2996 Photo Diode Array Detector, as defined by Maraschiello et al. (1996). Chromatographic separation was achieved with a Phenomenex Luna C18(2) column (150 mm x 3.0 mm, 5 μιη) with adequate pre-column, isocratically, with a mobile phase of isopropanol-acetonitrile 20% : 80% v/v. Injection volume was 10 μL. Cholesterol was determined by absorption at a wavelength of 210 nm. Analytical yield (recovery) for given quantities was between 66.3% and 74.8%. External calibration was used for calculating the cholesterol content. Empower Pro software was employed for system control and data gathering and processing.
To determine the concentration of fatty acids, total lipids were extracted by the rapid extraction method, using solvents on the Dionex ASE 200. A homogenized sample, mixed with diatomaceous earth, was extracted with a mixture of hexane and isopropanol (60 : 40 v/v) in a 33 mL extraction cell at a temperature of 100 °C and under nitrogen pressure of 10.3 MPa. The extract thus obtained was steamed in a nitrogen flow at a temperature of 50 °C until dry fat remains were obtained (Spiric et al., 2010).
Fatty acids as methyl esters were detected by capillary gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector. A predetermined quantity of lipid extracts, obtained by the rapid extraction method, was dissolved in tert-butyl methyl ether. Fatty acids were converted to fatty acids methyl esters (FAME) with trimethylsulphonium hydroxide, according to the SRPS EN ISO 5509:2007 method. FAMEs were analysed with the GC-FID Shimadzu 2010 device (Kyoto, Japan) on a cyanopropyl-aryl column HP-88 (column length 100, internal diameter 0.25 mm, film thickness 0.20 μιη). The injected volume was 1 μL. Temperatures of the injector and detector were 250 °C and 280 °C, respectively. Nitrogen was used as a carrier gas, 1.33 mL/min, with a split ratio of 1 : 50, while hydrogen and air were used as detector gases. The temperature of the column furnace was programmed to range between 120 °C and 230 °C. The total duration of analysis was 50.5 min. Methyl esters of acids were identified according to their retention times, which were compared with those of the mixture of methyl esters of fatty acids in the standard Supelco 37 Component FAME Mix (Spiric et al., 2010).
The effect of the rearing system was tested by ANOVA. Experimental data were statistically processed and analysed with the least-squares method by applying the GLM procedure implemented in SAS 9.1.3 software package (SAS, 2002-2003). The model used for the analyses of slaughter properties included rearing system as a fixed effect and live weight as a co-variable. Live weight did not significantly affect other investigated factors and was therefore removed from the final model.
Data shown in tables represents the least squares means (LSM) with their respective standard errors of the mean (SEM) and significance levels.
Results and Discussion
The live weight and carcass characteristics of the Mangalitsa pigs on the free-range and conventionally reared systems are shown in Table 1. No significant differences were observed between the final live weights of the two experimental groups. The rearing system and live weight of pigs had a significant effect (P <0.001) on the weights of the warm and cold carcasses. At the same time, conventionally reared pigs demonstrated a tendency to be heavier. The rearing system had no effect on the carcass length of the pigs, but live weight did have a significant influence (P <0.001). Moreover, statistical differences were observed between the two systems of rearing in cold carcass yield of (P <0.001) and live weight of the pigs (P <0.01). The cold carcass yield of pigs kept in the conventional rearing system was higher, by 3.49%.
The carcass weight and cold carcass yield percentage were lower in the free-range reared pigs than in those fed conventionally. This could possibly be because the intake of grass fibres led to a better developed digestive system (mainly the large intestine). In fact, Roskosz et al. (1990) reported that wild pigs, fed a high-cellulose diet, developed a longer large intestine than pigs kept on an animal protein-based diet, which developed a longer small intestine. Pigs in confinement, fed either acorns or acorns and grass, did not show any variation in carcass weight compared with other groups. However, the carcass yield was higher in the group fed acorns and grass while in confinement than in those raised extensively, which is compatible with a higher development of the muscular system. Moreover, pigs raised free-range had the lightest lean meat cuts (longissimus dorsi and psoas major muscles, hams and shoulders), which could be explained by the higher content of fat and a lower development of muscle in the pigs raised free-range (Rey et al., 2006).
Backfat thickness measurements at three control points showed differences (P1 = 3.49 mm, P2 = 2.76 mm, P3 = 3.60 mm). There was a difference in backfat thickness (P <0.001), depending on the live weight of pigs, but no difference with regard to the rearing system (P >0.05).
Free-range-reared Mangalitsa pigs measured a lower total backfat thickness in comparison with the group reared in the conventional system with a formulated diet. Owing to the high fat content of acorns and grass (Rey et al., 1997), one would expect to find a higher backfat thickness in pigs fed on them. However, total backfat measurements of pigs fed either acorns or acorns and grass while in confinement had not been different from the other groups (P >0.05). Our experiment demonstrates that free-range feeding had no significant effect on accumulation of subcutaneous fat. Lewis et al. (1989) and Andersson et al. (1990) determined that outdoor exercise reduced backfat thickness and intramuscular fat. Rey et al. (2006) found that outdoor feeding and grass intake led to a slight increase in the fat thickness of the inner layer measured at the medial edge of the muscle longissimus dorsi, from the superior edge of the longissimus dorsi to the inferior edge of the outer layer. The differences were not proved to be significant in any of the cases. Hoffman et al. (2003) reported that carcasses of conventionally housed pigs had higher (P = 0.051) P2 fat values and subsequently lower (P <0.05) calculated lean meat percentages (69%) than free-range pigs (70%). Warriss et al. (1983), Enfalt et al. (1997) and Sather et al. (1997) noted that free-range pigs had lower percentages of backfat thickness (lower P2 fat values) in comparison with indoor housed pigs.
The effects of outdoor/free-range rearing on pork quality have been reviewed by Edwards (2005) and Lebret (2008). Depending on the climate, increased and decreased carcass fatness and intramuscular fat contents have been reported. Increased exercise results in a higher glycogen store, lower ultimate pH and decreased technological yield in ham, whereas the loin is usually unaffected (Gandemer et al., 1990; Bee et al., 2004).
Comparisons of the means for the proximate chemical composition of the MLLT derived from the free-range and conventionally reared Mangalitsa pigs are presented in Table 2. No significant differences (P >0.05) were observed in the MLLT water content depending on rearing system. Rahelic (1984) found 71.9% of water in MLLT of the same breed of pigs. Smaller differences were found while investigating published results and the work of Holló et al. (2003), who established that the water content in Mangalitsa pigs of different body masses varied between 68.8% and 69.0%. Hoffman et al. (2003) compared the average water content in the MLLT of commercial pigs reared in a free-range (74.8%) and a conventional system (74.5%) and did not find any significant differences (P >0.05).
The differences in main protein values between the groups were significant (P <0.01). In our research, indoor-bred Mangalitsa pigs had lower protein content in the MLLT compared with the results obtained by Holló et al. (2003) and Petrovic et al. (2009). Rearing pigs of the same genotype (Italian local breed) in an open system, instead of a closed one, while providing them with a diet based on commercial mixtures, outdoor pigs showed higher percentages of intramuscular fat (4.04% vs. 3.29%) and crude protein (23.5% vs. 22.8%, respectively) (Pugliese et al. , 2005). We established that the MLLT originating from Mangalitsa pigs reared in an open system contained a 2.74% higher protein content than Mangalitsa pigs kept in a closed system. The protein content in MLLT of both groups, as calculated in our research, was lower than those established by Pugliese et al. (2005) and Rey et al. (2004).
Total fat content was 6.19% higher in conventionally reared Mangalitsa pigs than in the free-range group. Consequently, obtained differences in average values have been found to be significant (P <0.05). Rahelic (1984), Holló et al. (2003) and Petrovic et al. (2009) established that MLLT from Mangalitsa pigs contained between 4.91% and 9.04% pure fat. Our research determined these percentages to be significantly higher.
The ash content in the MLLT of the free-range Mangalitsa pigs was higher than in the conventionally reared group. The statistical difference in ash content between these groups was found to be significant (P <0.01). Rahelic (1984) spotted a slight difference in ash content between the Mangalitsa and Swedish Landrace (1.21% and 1.18%, respectively). Our research found these differences to be greater. Holló et al. (2003) established no significant difference in average ash content in the MLLT in three trial groups of Mangalitsa pigs.
The obtained average pH45 and pH24 values in the MLLT of these groups have been statistically different, depending on the choice of rearing system. Initial muscle pH in the free-range Mangalitsa pigs had lower values than that of conventionally reared ones (P <0.01). The final pH measurements showed that the free-range pigs had lower pH values than pigs reared indoors (P <0.001). Hoffman et al. (2003) concluded that muscle pH values (pH45 and pH24) were not influenced by the two housing systems. Sather et al. (1997) found that initial muscle pH of free-range housed pigs tended to be lower than that of conventionally housed pigs. The results of Barton Gade & Blaabjerg (1989) and Enfalt et al. (1997) showed that free-range pigs had lower final pH measurements than the indoor housed pigs. These researchers reasoned that free-range pigs had higher levels of muscle glycogen than their pen-housed counterparts, which resulted in lower pH readings.
The fatty acid composition of the MLLT in the Mangalitsa pigs reared free-range and conventionally, are shown in Table 3. In both rearing systems palmitic acid (C16:0) was the most abundant SFA, oleic acid (C18:1 n-9) the most abundant MUFA and linoleic acid (C18:2 n-6) the most abundant PUFA in the MLLT of the pigs. The free-range pigs showed a higher PUFA content in the MLLT than pigs reared indoors and fed conventionally. These differences were produced mainly by an almost four times higher total n-3 PUFA content in the MLLT of the free-reared pigs (P <0.001), and also by slightly higher levels of total n-6 PUFA (P >0.05). These led to significantly lower n-6/n-3 ratios in the MLLT of the pigs reared outdoors and fed on acorns and free pasture (P <0.001). Therefore, although the n-6/n-3 ratio was higher than dietary recommendations in all cases (British Nutrition Foundation, 1994), free-rearing appears to be an interesting way to reduce this ratio in porcine animals. In their research, Mapiye et al. (2011) concluded that the PUFA and total n-3 fatty acid proportions were significantly higher in meat from steers on an Acacia karroo leaf diet and control diets with no supplement than those receiving the sunflower cake diet. Meat from steers given the sunflower cake diet had lower PUFA/MUFA and PUFA/SFA ratios than those on the Acacia karroo diet. The lowest n-6/n-3 ratio was recorded in meat from steers that received the Acacia karroo diet (P <0.05).
Total n-3 PUFA content was significantly affected by the rearing system (P <0.001). Animals reared outdoors showed a higher content in the MLLT than those reared indoors on concentrates. The same effect has been even more pronounced in muscles from outdoor-bred animals, having approximately a 75% higher n-3 PUFA concentration than the indoor-bred ones. These differences are probably caused by a higher C18:3 n-3 content in pasture (around 50% of total fatty acids). Forage-fed beef can exhibit an improved n-6 to n-3 fatty acid ratio, which has a positive cardiovascular impact (Baublits et al., 2006; Razminowicz et al., 2006; Muchenje et al., 2007). Realini et al. 2004 and Muchenje et al. (2009a) pointed out that pasture-fed animals have higher concentrations of PUFA, stearic (18:0), linoleic (LA), linolenic (LNA), arachidonic (20:4 n-6, AA), eicosapentaenoic (20:5 n-3, EPA), and docosapentaenoic (22:5 n-3, DPA) acids in their fat than animals fed on protein concentrates.
In our study, C18:3 n-3 concentration was significantly higher in the pigs reared outdoors and fed on acorns and pasture than in the animals fed indoors the conventional way (P <0.001). Other researchers have also found a higher total n-3 PUFA concentration in the muscle phospholipids of animals fed a diet high in C18:3 n-3 (Ahn et al., 1996; Specht-Overholt et al., 1997), and increasing levels of C18:3 n-3 that are mainly responsible for a higher total n-3 PUFA. A higher C18:3 n-3 diet content led to increased amounts of certain fatty acids of the n-3 pathway, especially EPA (C20:5 n-3) and C22:5 n-3, though not DHA (C22:6 n-3). In Muriel et al.'s (2002) study, all individual n-3 PUFAs, including EPA, DHA and C22:5 n-3, were significantly higher in animals reared outdoors and fed on acorns and pasture than in indoor animals fed concentrates.
The role of EPA and DHA in easing the symptoms of a number of diseases, including coronary heart disease, has been well recognized (British Nutrition Foundation, 1994). An increasing EPA and DHA content and a decreasing n-6/n-3 ratio, together with high MUFA levels, indicate a potentially beneficial effect of feeding animals on pasture and support a "healthy" image of "organic" pork. In fact, nutritional studies have already related the inclusion in the diet of meat products from Iberian pigs reared outdoors to the improvement of plasmatic indicators of coronary and vascular diseases (Garcia et al., 1998). A positive feature of grass feeding is that levels of the nutritionally important long chain n-3 PUFA are increased EPA (20:5 n-3) and DHA (22:6 n-3) concentrations. Future research should focus on increasing n-3 PUFA proportions in lean carcasses and on the use of biodiverse pastures and conservation processes that retain the benefits of fresh leafy grass. The varying fatty acid compositions of adipose tissue and muscle have profound effects on meat quality (Wood et al. , 2008).
The n-6/n-3 ratio plays an important role in reducing the risk of coronary heart disease (American Heart Association, 2008). However, the optimal balance between these two classes of fatty acids is still a matter of debate (Simopoulos, 2002). The n-6 PUFAs are involved in the synthesis of eicosanoids, biologically active in very small quantities and with properties much more inflammatory than eicosanoids from the n-3 PUFAs (Simopoulos, 2002). Therefore, nutritional guidelines recommend reducing fat intake, especially SFA, and minimizing the intake of n-6 fatty acids relative to n-3 fatty acids (Department of Health, 1994).
The conventionally reared Mangalitsa pigs showed slightly higher levels of MUFA (P >0.05) in the MLLT than in pigs reared outdoors and fed on pasture and acorns. This seems strange since in other studies free-reared animals fed on pasture and acorns showed higher levels than those fed concentrates (Ruiz et al., 1998; Andrés et al., 2001). Nevertheless, oleic acid (C18:1 cis-9) levels in the MLLT of Mangalitsa pigs reared indoors were considerably higher than concentrations of this fatty acid in the meat of Mangalitsa pigs reared under extensive conditions. These results are consistent with research by Hansen et al. (2006), who demonstrated that organic pig carcasses had a higher content of PUFA and a lower content of MUFA. Similarly, there were higher concentrations of C18:2 n-6 and PUFA n-6 in pigs fed organically than in pigs fed conventionally (Högberg et al., 2003). In our research, the higher C18:2 n-6 concentration in free-range Mangalitsa pigs contributed to their higher total PUFA concentration (6.44 ± 1.38) compared with that of the conventionally reared pigs (5.93 ± 1.74). This finding is consistent with the results of Nilzén et al. (2001). The higher level of this fatty acid in the free-range Mangalitsa pigs resulted in these animals having a higher calculated sum of n-6 fatty acids compared with the conventionally reared pigs. Table 3 also shows that the total MUFA to SFA ratios of the MLLT differed significantly, with a higher (P <0.05) MUFA/SFA ratio for the conventionally reared Mangalitsa pigs (1.69 ± 0.13) compared with the free-range pigs (1.57 ± 0.08). On the other hand, total PUFA to SFA ratios of the MLLT did not differ significantly. The difference in fatty acid composition between conventional and free-range reared pigs is probably a consequence of the different feeds. The fatty acids composition of the intramuscular fat is influenced by several factors, of which diet in general seems to be one of the most important (Nürnberg et al., 1998). Similarly, a higher content of PUFA in organically produced pigs may not only be a result of the different feed, but also be caused partially by the higher lean meat percentage (Hansen et al., 2006).
Holló et al. (2003) set MUFA values in MLLT from Mangalitsa pigs within a range of 56.0% and 56.1%. They established PUFA values ranging between 6.51% and 8.24% and SFA values between 35.8% and 37.4%. Loins of Iberian pork are characterized by a high concentration of MUFA in the intramuscular fat of the MLLT, especially where animals were reared in an open system and fed grasses and acorn (59.2%), while the other two groups of animals, reared in a closed system, regardless of diet, showed no difference in MUFA concentration (56.7% and 56.3%) (Daza et al., 2007). No significant variations in PUFA concentrations were established between pig groups on different rearing systems and diets. The results of a study carried out by Sans et al. (2004) on the fresh meat quality in Gascon pigs that had been reared within a system connected to natural resources, and fed with acorn and limited quantities of concentrates established more MUFA (58.3%), and less SFA (36.1%) and PUFA (5.6%) in the MLLT. Furthermore, some statistically significant differences in their content were noted, depending on the type of muscle examined (MLLT and biceps femoris). Similar values for MUFA concentration (58.1%) in the MLLT of Iberian pigs reared in an open system were established by Rey et al. (2004).
The amount of intramuscular fat in organic pork has been reported to be higher (Sundrum et al., 2000), and the fatty acid composition to be more unsaturated compared with those of the meat from traditionally reared pigs (Hansen et al., 2000). Because organic pigs had a higher proportion of n-3 and n-6 PUFA than conventional ones, lipid oxidation might have occurred in organic meat. This may result in inferior meat quality owing to enhanced lipid oxidation and the presence of soft fat (Nilzen et al., 2001).
The rearing system significantly affected total SFA content in the MLLT (P <0.01), with free-range animals showing higher levels than indoor ones. These differences were produced mainly by higher (P <0.001) myristic acid (C14:0), palmitic acid (C16:0) and (P <0.05) margaric acid (C17:0) concentrations in the MLLT of animals reared outdoors. Stearic acid (C18:0) concentration, one of the major SFAs, did not differ significantly (P >0.05) between the two rearing systems. The free-range pigs had a slightly higher C18:0 concentration than the conventionally reared pigs. However, stearic acid (C18:0) is considered a neutral fatty acid that has no effect on blood cholesterol (Mahan & Escott-Stump, 2000) compared with myristic acid (C14:0) and palmitic acid (C16:0). It is known that the fatty acid composition of the porcine intramuscular fat is affected by feed composition, as reviewed by Wood and Enser (1997) and Bosi (1999).
In our research, the type of rearing system did not have a significant effect on cholesterol content in the Mangalitsa pigs. The total cholesterol concentration of the MLLT for pigs reared outdoors ranged from a minimum of 57.5 mg/100 g to a maximum of 70.7 mg/100 g, while the level of cholesterol concentration of indoor Mangalitsa pigs ranged from a minimum of 52.0 mg/100 g to a maximum of 76.9 mg/100 g. A number of previous studies reported lower levels of cholesterol in the MLLT with 57 mg/100 g (Dorado et al., 1999) and 59 mg/100 g (Moss et al., 1983). Similarly, Bohac & Rhee (1988) reported a cholesterol content of 55.9 mg/100 g, 53.1 mg/100 g, and 59.7 mg/100 g for the MLLT. On the other hand, Tu et al. (1967) reported that the cholesterol contents were 62 mg/100 g and 65 mg/100 g for pork MLLT. These values correspond well with our current data. Measurements taken in the study of Csapó et al. (2002) indicate that the cholesterol content of Mangalitsa pig fat varies between 71 mg/100 g and 109 mg/100 g. The authors concluded that there is no truth in reports that indicate that the fat of the Mangalitsa pigs contains less cholesterol than that of the more generally produced types of fattening pig. Mapiye et al. (2010) and Muchenje et al. (2009b) concluded that the cholesterol levels in beef were not affected by diet. The finding that diet had no substantial effects on meat cholesterol contradicts that of Garcia & Casal (1992), who observed that beef from steers finished on pasture has lower fat and cholesterol concentrations than that from concentrate-fed ones.
More studies are needed to gain better insight into the characteristics of meat obtained from free-range-reared Mangalitsa pigs. This includes efforts in sensory analysis and technological aptitude, and also efforts aimed at clarifying the role of free-range rearing on the eating quality of this type of meat.
Our study leads to the conclusion that the free-range-reared Mangalitsa pigs had a lower backfat thickness than conventionally reared ones. In this investigation, the outdoor rearing of Mangalitsa pigs led to a higher protein, ash and water content and decreased total fat content and pH value in the MLLT. Mangalitsa pigs produced meat with higher PUFA levels as well as higher concentrations of PUFA n-3, n-6 and PUFA/SFA in the MLLT compared with the indoor-reared group. Rearing system choice did not have a significant effect on cholesterol content in Mangalitsa pig fats. Consequently, we conclude that free-range rearing may have negative and positive effects on the quality and nutritional value of the meat. Therefore, feeding animals outdoors on pasture appears to be an interesting approach to improving the healthy image of organic pork from the human health point of view. However, the possible effects of different amounts and varying quality of pasture intake by pigs on n-3 PUFA content and n-6/n-3 ratio of pork should be studied further.
This research was part of the project "Development and Application of New Biotechnology to Increase Production of Pork Quality", funded by the Ministry of Science, Republic of Serbia, record number 20087, project manager: Milica Petrovic. The authors would like to thank all participants in the project and contributors to this paper.
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Muchenje, V., Dzama, K., Chimonyo, M., Strydom, P.E., Hugo, A. & Raats, J.G., 2009a. Some biochemical aspects pertaining to beef eating quality and consumer health: a review. Food Chem. 112, 279-289. [ Links ]
Muchenje, V., Hugo, A., Dzama, K., Chimonyo, M., Raats, J.G. & Strydom, P.E., 2009b. Cholesterol levels and fatty acid profiles of meat from Nguni, Bonsmara and Angus steers raised on natural pasture. J. Food Compos. Anal. 22, 354-358. [ Links ]
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Copyright resides with the authors in terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 South African Licence. S ee: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5/za Condition of use: The user may copy, distribute, transmit and adapt the work, but must recognise the authors and the South African Journal of Animal Science.
# Corresponding author: e-mail: email@example.com


text:
Ellsbury undergoing tests on injured right foot
Center fielder in walking boot; Red Sox unsure when he'll return to lineup
NEW YORK -- The Red Sox, who have been playing in peak form of late, had a concerning injury development on Saturday, as center fielder Jacoby Ellsbury flew back to Boston with a boot protecting his right foot.
The invaluable leadoff man will undergo extensive tests on his right navicular bone from team physicians.
Ellsbury fouled a ball off the foot on Aug. 28 against the Orioles and aggravated it stealing second base on Thursday night.
"He's been playing quite a bit since then and playing well," said general manager Ben Cherington. "The soreness increased, so we felt like the right thing to do was to get it looked at again. We did that. We don't have all the information yet, so until we have all the information, I don't think it's the right time to say anything more. I know he wants to play, and we obviously want him to play. That's still our hope, that he'll be playing before too long."
Though the Red Sox will wait until the completion of tests before outlining a time frame, manager John Farrell admitted it could be a while before Ellsbury plays again.
"Yeah, I don't think we're looking at something that's just day to day here," said Farrell. "But before we get into any kind of time frame, I think it's probably best to just -- for all involved here -- is to wait until we get more conclusive evidence and information that might also include a second opinion, which he has the right to and which we support."
Jackie Bradley Jr., the team's No. 2 prospect, was recalled from Triple-A Pawtucket to help fill the void. This is Bradley's third stint with the Red Sox this season, and he started Saturday's game in center field and batted seventh. Starting right fielder Shane Victorino, who will take over Ellsbury's leadoff spot, might play center at times as well.
"Not going to commit to any one definitive approach here," said Farrell. "We'll probably go day to day for the time being, but with as big as this outfield is, felt like the more range, the more ground we can cover with the range available to us, that's the alignment today."
Ellsbury, who is hitting .299 with eight homers, 52 RBIs and 52 stolen bases, was frustrated at having to shut it down.
"Jake's frustrated and he wants to be on the field," Farrell said. "He feels like he can play right now. But at the direction of the medical people, it's like, we've got to be careful of this. I can tell you this -- Jacoby wants to be on the field. He's kind of [angry] he's not here right now to be honest with you."
The navicular bone is the one that Dustin Pedroia suffered a fracture of in 2010, forcing him to miss most of the final four months of the season. However, at this point, the Red Sox haven't detected a break in Ellsbury's foot.
The Red Sox gave Ellsbury an MRI before he returned to Boston.
"Jacoby didn't respond as we might have expected to treatment throughout the course of the game last night," said manager John Farrell. "As a result, we sent him back to Boston to be re-examined by Dr. [George] Theodore and Dr. [Peter] Asnis. [He] went through an MRI that showed -- obviously -- some swelling and inflammation in there to the point where he's been put in a boot.
"We're still in the process of gathering more information, but the MRI showed enough to put him in the boot and immobilize it for now. We're still going through some additional tests, and when that information is more conclusive, I think we'll have a better read on the diagnosis going forward."
Ellsbury was en route to Denver on Saturday and will be examined by Dr. Thomas Clanton on Sunday.
"The more information the better in this case," said Cherington. "We wanted to make sure that happened as quickly as possible so we can make decisions and treatment plans as quickly as possible. Just made sense to do it right away in this case."
The injury to Ellsbury comes at a time when the Red Sox have been clicking on all cylinders. They entered Saturday's game with an 86-57 record and a 7 1/2-game lead in the American League East.


text:
Votre titre Audible gratuit
The Doomsday Key
The bizarre murders thrust Commander Gray Pierce and Sigma Force into a race against time to solve a riddle going back centuries and to a ghastly crime against humanity hidden within a cryptic medieval codex.
Aided by two women from his past, one his ex-lover, the other his new partner, Gray must piece together the horrifying truth. But the revelations come at a high cost, and to save the future, Gray will have to sacrifice one of the women at his side.
That alone might not be enough, as the true path to salvation is revealed in a dark prophecy of doom. The ultimate nightmare is locked within a talisman buried by a dead saint, an ancient artifact known as the Doomsday Key.
Autres livres audio du même :
Ce que les auditeurs disent de The Doomsday Key
- Bob
- 13/07/2009
mystery - history storys
I wasn't sure what I was going to get into with this one and was pleasantly surprised. For a story based on pre-history up to the present it was really interesting and suspensful. This may not be for everyone but I enjoyed it. I mainly prefer espionage novels but would like to see-hear more of this.
7 personnes ont trouvé cela utile
- Helen
- 11/07/2009
Another Sigma Force Adventure...
Like Indiana Jones these stories are a romp on the wildside with great characters doing incredible things...yet through character development and a fast paced storyline you believe in their adventures...and are always routing for the good guy. The weaving of religion, science, technology, history and friendship is always a fine creation by Rollins and Doomsday Key is no different. Narrator was spot on and made the book come alive!
Although Rollins books don't have to be read in order it is beneficial to read them in order because you understand the characters and their sub plots. This series focuses on a secret goverment team called the Sigma Force. Each book describes a different "mission" they are enlisted in. The books cover a short period of time...like 48 to 72 hours of the mission which usually takes place in several locations. The next book can be 6 months or a year later. It is a fun and energetic read!
5 personnes ont trouvé cela utile
- Kimberly Riggs Ruiz
- 04/07/2009
The Best Yet
I've been following this author for the last few years. I like his current events tie-ins, quick paced action, and fun characters. Reading his books reminds me of some of my first adventures in reading as a child with the Hardy Boys and Nancy Drew book; a cliff hanger ending in every chapter. If you like over the top adventure, suspense, and diabolical enemies this is the book for you.
8 personnes ont trouvé cela utile
- Mel Aclaro
- 03/07/2009
Another great story from James Rollins. Great character development, nice twists, compelling plot and subplots. I really enjoyed this one.
6 personnes ont trouvé cela utile
- Chavi
- 30/06/2009
bit overdone, bad reader!
The plot is a bit implausible. The characters are always escaping the unescapeable. One crazy escape, okay, but over and over?? Plus, the reader was terrible. No drama, no expression. Read it instead. The writing was relatively good, but the reader ruined it.
15 personnes ont trouvé cela utile
- MoxyIdeas
- 11/08/2009
Not a page turner, but still good
I think this book would get 4 stars as a regular read, but only 3 as an audio book because of the repetitiveness. I may have skimmed over some of the repeated detail if I read it, but you can't really skim on an audiobook, so it got a little annoying when the author would recap everything that had already happened every two hours or so. That said, the narrator was excellent, and I liked the bones of the story. Perhaps the abridged version would be better.
I really enjoyed how possible all the terrible outcomes are - the book touches on a lot of current topics: bee colony collapse, genetically modified food, world over-population, etc., that were interesting and scary at the same time because of their factual nature. Also, anything having to do with ancient stone circles is fun. But I HATED how many ancient treasures get ruined in the course of the book.
This was my first James Rollins book, and I'll probably read some of the earlier Sigma Force books. I certainly appreciate the level of detail and research that clearly went into this book. Overall, thumbs up.
5 personnes ont trouvé cela utile
- James
- 02/08/2009
I have read hundreds of thrillers and this could be the worst ever. It has absolutely nothing going for it. Do not waste your money.
4 personnes ont trouvé cela utile
- Ray
- 18/07/2009
How many times can they escape?
So sorry to write such a scathing review, because I had high hopes for a fun adventure novel. However, this book is just one long string of escapes from impossible situations. Again and again we find the three groups of heros or main characters in a death-defying run from the bad guys. This wouldn't be so bad if the escape sequences actually built something into the story line, but most don't. Couple this with the unbelievable appearance of sat phones, cell phone boosters, laptops with secret files just sitting on a desk in the middle of a firefight, and polar bears that attack and defeat an army of bad guys on snowmobiles... Well, you get the picture.
If you can suspend all rational belief and just want an adrenaline rush without the need to engage your brain, this is a fine read. Otherwise, it just gets tedious. Check out Follet's Pillars of the Earth or Wilbur Smith's African sagas for a much more engaging read.
5 personnes ont trouvé cela utile
- rcstot
- 15/07/2009
very boring
My wife and I listened to this book together and we finally gave up about 3/4 way through. The characters were uninteresting and the plot was mired in discussions of genetically modified food sources and how they can be harmful. The writing style was very weak with numerous repetitions, which should have been caught by the editor, and the dialogue was not authentic-sounding. If the author were a seamstress, you could say that this book was so poorly done that all the seams were showing and the fabric was of poor quality.
5 personnes ont trouvé cela utile
- Ross S. Cann
- 23/10/2009
I am so sorry to have been suckered in by the 5 star rating. I could not get through the first hour of this drivel, sutiable only for teen age boys with very low I.Q.s.
3 personnes ont trouvé cela utile


text:
The Farm Overview | Images
The Farm is located in Lewis County, near Summertown, Tennessee. This intentional utopian community was founded in 1971 by a small group of people with a spiritual commitment to simple living and self-reliance. Three decades later the community peaked at 1,500 residents and is now home to about 200 like-minded people.
The Farm has pioneered a wide range of social and physical technologies with examples of eco-village living, solar building design, permaculture, mushroom cultivation, composting, and gardening. The many businesses members have originated include The Book Publishing Company, Farm Soy Dairy, Tempeh Lab, Midwifery Workshops, The Mail Order Catalog, SE International (which offers radiation alert devices), Village Media (which offers digital multi-media in all its forms), and other endeavors. The Farm continues to be a community strong in its belief that people can live together and pursue a spiritual path for personal growth, and that inner peace is the foundation for world peace.
For more information on The Farm, go to: http://www.thefarm.org/
For more information on The Farm's history, go to: http://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/entry.php?rec=1372


text:
This site is the archived OWASP Foundation Wiki and is no longer accepting Account Requests.
To view the new OWASP Foundation website, please visit https://owasp.org
Null Dereference
Last revision (mm/dd/yy): 11/10/2017
The program can potentially dereference a null pointer, thereby raising a NullPointerException. Null pointer errors are usually the result of one or more programmer assumptions being violated. Most null pointer issues result in general software reliability problems, but if an attacker can intentionally trigger a null pointer dereference, the attacker might be able to use the resulting exception to bypass security logic or to cause the application to reveal debugging information that will be valuable in planning subsequent attacks.
A null-pointer dereference takes place when a pointer with a value of NULL is used as though it pointed to a valid memory area.
Null-pointer dereferences, while common, can generally be found and corrected in a simple way. They will always result in the crash of the process, unless exception handling (on some platforms) is invoked, and even then, little can be done to salvage the process.
- Availability: Null-pointer dereferences invariably result in the failure of the process.
Exposure period
- Requirements specification: The choice could be made to use a language that is not susceptible to these issues.
- Implementation: Proper sanity checks at implementation time can serve to prevent null-pointer dereferences
- Languages: C, C++, Java, Assembly
- Platforms: All
Example 1
In the following code, the programmer assumes that the system always has a property named "cmd" defined. If an attacker can control the program's environment so that "cmd" is not defined, the program throws a null pointer exception when it attempts to call the trim() method.
String cmd = System.getProperty("cmd"); cmd = cmd.trim();
Example 2
Null-pointer dereference issues can occur through a number of flaws, including race conditions and simple programming omissions. While there are no complete fixes aside from contentious programming, the following steps will go a long way to ensure that null-pointer dereferences do not occur.
Before using a pointer, ensure that it is not equal to NULL:
if (pointer1 != NULL) { /* make use of pointer1 */ /* ... */ }
When freeing pointers, ensure they are not set to NULL, and be sure to set them to NULL once they are freed:
if (pointer1 != NULL) { free(pointer1); pointer1 = NULL; }
If you are working with a multi-threaded or otherwise asynchronous environment, ensure that proper locking APIs are used to lock before the if statement; and unlock when it has finished.
Related Vulnerabilities
Related Controls
- Requirements specification: The choice could be made to use a language that is not susceptible to these issues.
- Implementation: If all pointers that could have been modified are sanity-checked previous to use, nearly all null-pointer dereferences can be prevented.


text:
Unsure what ya call the green box that sits on the roadside to connect to your property.
Anywho; we got a letter saying that UFB is coming to our street shortly and I'd like to know if you can ask Chorus or their service company (Downer) where exactly they'll place the box.
They've marked a location already with spray paint. However, I'd prefer if it was on the other side of our water main, and next to the existing grey phone pod. Otherwise a trench to our house will cross over the copper water pipe and I'd prefer to keep them separated.
The footpath showing the location that the green box will go:
A hole I had cut in our front path to allow access for a conduit from the road:
We aren't planning to get UFB for now; I'd just like to have the service location in a good spot.


text:
Maritime Vessels Directory
- Type
- Flag
- Antigua and Barbuda (1)
- Cyprus (2)
- Port
- Companies
- Year
- 1997 (3)
- Gross Tonnage
- 4180 (3)
General Cargo (single deck) | Flag: Cyprus | Port: LIMASSOL
General Cargo (single deck) | Flag: Cyprus | Port: LIMASSOL
General Cargo (single deck) | Flag: Antigua and Barbuda | Port: ST. JOHN'S
Maritime News
Partners Seek to Guarantee Ship Performance in Real Sea Conditions, Waves and All
Japanese shipping company NYK Line and shipbuilder Japan Marine United Corporation (JMU) say they plan to introduce a new shipbuilding contract that guarantees propulsion performance in actual sea conditions, factoring in heavy sea states encountered by vessels at sea.Typically, shipbuilding contracts guarantee ship speed based on horsepower in calm sea conditions, without waves. Mutual confirmation then occurs during sea trials before the ship is delivered.However, as any mariner can attest, calm voyages without wind and waves are rare during commercial voyages, and stormy weather conditions are often encountered.
Canada Commits Nearly $240 Mln to Aid Offshore Oil Industry
Canada will spend C$320 million ($238.56 million) to support its offshore oil industry in Newfoundland and Labrador, which has struggled as coronavirus pandemic travel restrictions reduced demand, the government said on Friday.The funds are intended to support jobs and to lower greenhouse gas emissions from crude production, and could be used for maintenance, upgrades and environmental services, Natural Resources Minister Seamus O'Regan said St. John's.The money falls short of requests from the industry, which wants to see a government stake in a major project, tax credits and investment incentives.
MetalCraft Delivers High-performace RIBs in Mississippi
Shipbuilder MetalCraft Marine said it delivered two 34-foot high performance patrol RIBs to be used by the Mississippi Department of Natural Resources Police in the coastal bay areas and offshore checking on commercial and sport fishing compliance.Each boat is equipped with triple Suzuki 300-horsepower outboards, enabling the vessels to reach speeds up to 64 miles per hour.According to MetalCraft, the Interceptor hulls are noted for their "Soft Dry Ride", with a fine entry which easily parts the waves and makes the boat very quiet.The vessels feature a robust T-top and supporting structure, which is designed to ISO 12215 Category B, (12-17' waves), the builder said.
Great Lakes Wins Jacksonville Harbor Dredging Contract
Great Lakes Dredge & Dock Corporation has been awarded a $105 million Base and Option B contract award on the Jacksonville Harbor Construction Dredging, 47-Foot Contract C Cut-42 Project, the U.S.' largest dredging services provider announced Friday.Great Lakes said it expects the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to award additional option work items on the contract by mid-2021 with a value of $11.5 million, resulting in a total contract award of $116.5 million.Dredging is scheduled to commence in the fourth quarter of 2020 with estimated completion of both base contract and all options in the second quarter of 2022.
RINA, SDARI Move Toward 3D Ship Classification
Classification society RINA has announced the signing of a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the Shanghai Merchant Ship Design & Research Institute (SDARI) to create an interface to the SDARI 3D Ship Model, marking another step toward 3D design verification.SDARI is a member of the China State Shipbuilding Corporation (CSSC) and is one of the largest and most prolific research and design institutes in China. Its services cover the full design life cycle from preliminary feasibility study, schematic design, basic design, detailed design, to production design.


text:
There's a brisk breeze in the air, bringing us the smell of dead leaves and rain. Summer has passed and Autumn is here, which means one thing - Halloween is near! With Halloween approaching, NeverEndingWonder Halloween Radio Empire is back on the air! This is our 11th year on the air!
The NeverEndingWonder Halloween Radio Empire consists of three, count 'em three, unique Halloween internet radio stations. Our flagship station, NeverEndingWonder Halloween, plays a unique freeform mix of horror & Halloween themed music from days long past to contemporary new releases. You can hear early jazz & blues numbers, such as Robert Johnson's Hellbound Train and Bessie Smith's Graveyard Dream Blues, big band and swing novelties such as Swingin' At the Seance and The Ghost of Smokey Joe, a cornacopia of crazy novelties from the monster explosion of the 50s, such as The Goo Goo Muck, The Blob, and so much more, classic spooky music from the 60s & 70s such as Roky Erikson, Alice Cooper, Pink Floyd and King Krimson, right up to recent offerings from such bands as Midnight Syndicate and Nox Arcana.
We also feature horror & sci-fi soundtracks classic & contemorary, from The Bride of Frankenstein (the first original horror film score), to the iconic composers such as Henry Manfredini, John Carpenter, Danny Elfman, David Hess, Les Baxter, Akira Ifukube (who composed powerful, atmospheric scores for so many Godzilla films) and many many more.
But we don't just shuffle the music and throw it on the air, what makes NeverEndingWonder Halloween so unique and entertaining, is the ephemera we include in the mix. You'll hear everything from horror movie trailers and radio commercials, sound bites from horror & sci-fi films, the testimony of UFO abductees, classic Ripley's Believe it or Not spots, and material that was specially recorded just for NeverEndingWonder Halloween that can not be heard anywhere else; Halloween greetings and memories from some surprising guests, such as David Hedison (from the classic film The Fly), the magical Forrest J. Ackerman (one of the last things he ever recorded, R.I.P. dear Forry), Ricoh Ross, Jim O'Rear, even fan favorites Victoria DeMare & Chainsaw Sally, not to mention a slew of Halloween & Horror Fans. And that's ust the tip of the icepick! Not to mention - an hour of spooky old time radio dramas, twice a day, at noon & midnight, Pacific Time!
We also present two other stations:
Welcome to Weirdsville - The Silly Side of Halloween, on which you can hear great Halloween comedy and comedy music. Spike Jones, Zacherlie, Bobby Boris Pickett, Weird Al, Elvira, Dickie Goodman - they're all there, along with more, more & more!
Halloween On Broadway - here you'll hear all the strange and creepy musicals. Rocky Horror, Sweeney Todd, Phantom of the Opera, Attack of the Killer Tomatoes, Hunchback of Notre Dame, Dance of the Vampires, and the ever present More! How about Rocky Horror in Spanish? How about Danish? We got 'em! Silence of the Lambs the Musical - we've got it!
You can tune in to the three stations of the NeverEndingWonder Halloween Radio by going here:
No signups, no registration, and always and forever COMMERCIAL FREE!
And once again, the Insane Uncle Ozma will be doing a live broadcasting marathon where you can make requests and chat with a legion of horror fans in the NeverEndingWonder chat room! Since Halloween is on a Monday this year, the live broadcasting marathon will be THREE DAYS LONG! Saturday, Sunday & Monday Oct. 29-31.
So, join us for a bloody grand time!
In the next post I will also tell you how you can participate in this year's Halloween Extravaganza!


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Climber killed by UK avalanche fell 1,000 feet
A mountain rescuer says the four climbers who died in an avalanche in the Scotland Highlands fell around 1,000 feet (300 meters) and ended up buried in thick snow.
The two men and two women were found dead Saturday after the accident at Glencoe, one of Scotland's best-known glens. A fifth woman in the group, aged 24, has been hospitalized with serious injuries and a sixth man managed to escape using his ice ax.
Andy Nelson from the Glencoe Mountain Rescue team said the group was buried in snow up to 2 meters (6 1/2 feet) deep. He said Sunday the slide would have unfolded "in a split second" and "they would have been traveling at a speed that was impossible to stop." Sapa-AP
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The Van Wylen Library at Hope College will host a book sale from Wednesday, April 15, through the end of the month.
The sale is offering both hardcover and paperback books, videos, CDs, and records. Prices are $2 for hardbacks and CDs, $1 for paperbacks and videos, and 50 cents for records and cassettes.
The sale is taking place on the north side of the library's main floor.
The library is located on College Avenue at 10th Street, with access to the main floor through the building's south side. The library is open Mondays-Thursdays from 8 a.m. to midnight, Fridays from 8 a.m. to 6 p.m., Saturdays from 10 a.m. to 6 p.m., and Sundays from 1 p.m. to midnight.