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Mission Bay Movers: moving from Mission Bay, San Francisco with Kerb
Are you planning on moving somewhere new? Testing out places that you have never lived in before will give you the opportunity to experience diversity and maybe even some new jobs. The USA has so much to offer, and it is up to you to take the risk and experience it all. The only difficulty you may come across is finding the right professional moving company to help you out along the way. You will have a hard time doing everything on your own when relocating from Mission Bay , so go ahead and get a team of expert Mission Bay Movers to assist you. We believe that Kerb has the stamina to handle the process with both care and precision, so go ahead and check out all the features we as your Mission Bay Movers have to offer down below!
Moving in the neighborhood
If you are planning a local move within San Francisco , know that Kerb offers a set of moving options that are the basic steps to delivering your household goods to your new home. These moving services consist of:
✓ Packing
✓ Loading
✓ Transporting
✓ Unloading
✓ Unpacking
✓ And plenty more!
Once you have set the date of the process with our representatives, our team members will come by to pack your things for you and prepare the moving boxes for loading. You might not be able to get all the supplies you need to pack all your items. Know that our Mission Bay Movers offer moving supplies for you to choose from. These materials are made up of moving boxes, wrapping paper, scissors, the right tape, and bubble wrap. After your belongings have been transferred to the new home, our crew will unpack them for you.
You may be in need of assistance throughout the whole relocation process. Know that Kerb offers a full moving package that will have our members handling everything from the planning,
the packing and transferring in case you have a busy schedule!
Moving long distance
For long distance or cross country moves, Kerb, as one of the best moving companies in the business, also offers additional services that can be used for local relocation as well. These features include moving insurance, storage services, and auto shipping.
If you need your car transferred, then go ahead and contact our team of Mission Bay Movers, since we can get your vehicle anywhere you want in the country! The budget will depend on where you want your car shipped, and if you want an open or an enclosed trailer. The enclosed trailer is a bit more expensive but it will protect your car from the road and weather conditions.
If you happen to have some belongings that mean a lot to you, then be sure to invest in our moving insurance. It will cover any item that you request!
For some storage space, be sure to check out the storage services that Kerb offers! Each unit is protected by climate control and security, so rest assured that your items are in good hands!
When you wish to proceed with the residential or commercial relocation, contact our Mission Bay Movers to have our staff plan out everything! Kerb is open to answering any requests or questions that you may have regarding the journey from San Francisco. We are all looking forward to hearing from you!


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Law and the Executive in Britain: A Comparative Study
Law and the Executive in Britain: A Comparative Study
It is now a generation since Lord Hewart launched his famous attack upon the Executive in Britain. Much has happened in the intervening two decades. American knowledge of English administrative law does not, unfortunately, go beyond The New Despotism and the reply to the Lord Chief Justice contained in the Report of the Committee on Ministers' Powers. It was out of a desire to fill the gap in American knowledge in this field that the study which culminated in this volume was undertaken.
British developments in administrative law are, I believe, of more than mere academic interest to Americans. The experience of a kindred people, who hold the same basic doctrines that we do, should be helpful in our evaluation of developments on this side of the Atlantic. The value of comparative study here is not diminished by differences--important though they may be--in the political structure of the two countries. As Sir Cecil Carr so aptly pointed out in his lectures to an American audience in 1940: "The fundamental differences between the United States and Britain in constitutional structure and in geographical scale cannot obscure the community of history and outlook. To both countries government, tolerated as an unfortunate necessity, is but the means to the end; to both countries the end is liberty."
I am indebted to many on both sides of the Atlantic for their encouragement and assistance. My chief debt is to E. C. S. Wade, Downing Professor of the Laws of England in the University of Cambridge, who read the manuscript as it was being written and made many useful suggestions. If I have avoided the pitfalls that might otherwise beset an outsider in this field, it is largely due to his assistance. I should also like to acknowledge my gratitude to Sir Cecil T. Carr and Professor A. L. Goodhart for their com-

subset: commoncrawl


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The Bishops of the world are getting ready for their next Synod in October 2018 when they will gather to discuss the theme: Youth, Faith and Vocational Discernment.
Pope Francis has a great heart for young people and recognizes that they face many challenges and hurdles in discerning God's plan for their lives in conformity with his will.
To this end Pope Francis has written a letter, a heart to heart, person to person, one to one, affectionate letter, expressing his deep and profound desire to encourage them to hear God's call, as Abraham received God's call many centuries ago:
'Go from your country and your kindred and your father's house to the land that I will show you'. (Gen 12.1). These words are now also addressed to you. They are words of a Father who invites you to 'go', to set out towards a future which is unknown but one which will surely lead to fulfilment, a future towards which he himself accompanies you. I invite you to hear God's voice resounding in your heart through the breath of the Holy Spirit. (Pope Francis).
The Catholic Bishops' Conference of England and Wales have published the booklet 'Youth, Faith and Vocational Discernment' in the hope that many young people in England and Wales will read it with intense interest and soak up the challenges and vision it presents.The essence of the booklet is to encourage young people to make decisions for their future in the light of the call of Jesus, who wants only what is best for them, but of course, what is best is not always what is most comfortable!
Pope Francis has suggested that the demographic of what it means to be a young person is between the ages of 16 and 29. If we don't fall into this category we may feel that the Synod and its theme hasn't much to say to us but this would be a mistake. Pope Francis is encouraging the whole Church to pay attention, reflect on and pray about what God is doing in the lives of young people today. This is because all of us, young and old alike, are called to respond to the grace of baptism and live the Christian life, a life in the power of the Holy Spirit. We are all called to put into the practice the gift and charism of discernment.
In this sense, understanding young people and the challenges they face helps us to grapple with, wrestle with and pray about how each of us, regardless of our age, or state in life, or job, occupation or profession, discerns God's will. Discernment, then, is a gift, a gift from the Holy Spirit.
The Bible actually has a lot to say about discernment. The first thing to say, however, is that the scriptures recognize that discernment is not easy, it isn't a 'piece of cake' or like 'falling off a log.' As the Psalmist prays: 'Who can discern their own errors?' (Psalm 19:12). The prophet Jeremiah, with piercing prophetic insight, wrote: 'The human heart is deceitful above all things and desperately sick. Who can understand it?' (Jeremiah 17:9). One of the reasons for this challenge and difficulty is what is in the heart. Jesus' teaching on the human heart can be hard to hear for, as much as the human heart can produce many good and wonderful things, the heart can also produce evil thoughts, murder, adultery, sexual immorality, theft, false testimony and slander (Matthew 15:19).
We need God's gift of discernment to figure out what is going on inside of hearts. The grace of discernment is a blessing, an anointing, if you like, poured out upon us from above. But perhaps the key to the process of discernment is the humble confession that we actually find discernment challenging. How do we know what God wants for us? Does God want me to remain single, get married or enter the religious life? What job, occupation or profession does God want me to do? Or how to discern the best way forward in the midst of the problems life throws at us. There is a wisdom, a grace of humility and revelation required, whereby we confess and admit that we struggle to discern God's plan and will, not only for our lives, but in many of the daily decisions and choices. This was the experience of the prophet Hosea who lamented: 'Who is wise? Let them realize these things. Who is discerning? Let them understand. The ways of the Lord are right; the righteous walk in them, but the rebellious stumble in them. (Hosea 14:9).
How do we get wisdom as the ancient sages used to plead? Well, we must devote and dedicate ourselves to finding wisdom. 'Wisdom is supreme; therefore get wisdom. Though it cost you all you have, get understanding.' (Proverbs 4;7). The quest or adventure to acquire wisdom is nothing less than the call to holiness, the invitation of the grace of the sacraments of baptism, confirmation and the Eucharist. St Paul expressed it like this: 'Do not conform any longer to the pattern of this world, but be transformed by the renewing of your mind. Then you will be able to test and approve what God's will is his good, pleasing and perfect will.' (Romans 12:2).
We get wisdom by asking God for this most precious of gifts (James 4:4). Consider the insight of St Paul: 'And this is my prayer: that your love may abound more and more in knowledge and depth of insight so that you may be able to discern what is best and may be pure and blameless until the day of Christ, filled with the fruit of righteousness, that comes through Jesus Christ to the glory and praise of God' (Philippians 1:9-11).
The gift of discernment, then, involves a two-way process. As St Augustine said: 'God created us without us but doesn't save us without us.' As our love for God grows in knowledge and depth of insight (our part) we receive the tools (God's grace) so that we can better discern God's plan and will for our lives. St Ignatius of Loyola is a great example of someone for whom the gift and grace of discernment was an essential aspect of his charism and legacy. He encouraged his retreatants to examine not just their conscience but also the deep, mysterious and often confusing interior movements of the heart as they pondered the scriptures. He encouraged frequent self-questioning: What is God saying to me through this text of scripture? What is its meaning for my life? What do you want for my life, Lord?
This much we know. God definitely has a plan for all our lives. ('For I know the plans I have for you, plans to give you hope and a future.' (Jeremiah 29:11). For young people, part of God's plan is, of course, the momentous and important process of discerning their state in life, be that as a single person, or to married life or in testing their vocation to the priesthood or religious life. It also involves discerning what profession, occupation or job they are called to. These are huge decisions and require prayer, research, patience, sound advice. Young people need freedom to make their own decision, supported and encouraged by their families but also their parish and the wider Church. However, God's plan for our lives doesn't stop there. God's plan for all of us is the daily adventure and on-going invitation to a deeper conversion and seeing every day as a new opportunity to be a witness of God's life, joy and love.


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Cutting through the North and East Midlands, the Trent & Mersey Canal offers the best of both worlds: a rich industrial heritage with more than a smattering of beautiful countryside. Originally known as the Grand Trunk Canal, it represented the first long distance canal in the country. Packed into its 93.5-mile length are impressive features such as the Anderton Boat Lift, the mile and a half long Harecastle tunnel and the sweat inducing 'Heartbreak Hill' – a series of 26 locks that drop the canal from Stoke-on-Trent to the Cheshire Plain.
To begin your walk, park in Great Haywood and head down Mill Lane to join the canal at the junction of the Trent & Mersey Canal with the Staffordshire & Worcestershire Canal. Famed canal engineer James Brindley was involved in the construction of both.
A few hundred metres north of the junction, stop for picnic ingredients at the Canalside Farm Shop and Café, which sells produce from the family farm as well as stocking a huge array of goodies sourced in the surrounding area. Highlights include homemade scones and award-winning cheese and Scotch eggs.
Head back to the towpath and set off north for another mile or two. You'll soon pass by a lock and bridge at Hoo Mill – an important site for the nearby flint grinding mill (you might be able to glimpse the old mill from the towpath) – before continuing to wind through water meadows and open countryside until you reach the salt marsh at Pasturefields. This is one of only a handful of natural inland salt marshes in the country. Two old brine wells feed the area with salt water and it's bursting with unusual plants and wildlife, including sea plantain and waders such as snipe, lapwing and golden plovers. Stop for a picnic alongside the salt marsh, binoculars at the ready, then retrace your steps back to Great Haywood.
Read more about the Trent & Mersey Canal on the Canal & River Trust website.
Charles D P Miller


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Ceramic Plate, Inscription From A Fraktur Attributed To Susanna Hübner
"Das Hertze mein soll dir allein ergeben seÿn"
"This heart of mine belongs to you alone"
Inscription from a Fraktur attributed to Susanna Hübner
Ceramic Plate
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By Wilz Pottery
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I've got rather alot of graphic novels, most of which sit on my bookshelves or in boxes in my closets from one year to the next, never being looked at. So, I've decided to go through them all, re-reading each one and deciding whether to keep it or to cull it. Culls will be donated to the local public library.
As I re-read each one, I'm going to try to present my impression of each one, and then announce the verdict: Cull or Keep?
There will be spoilers here, so beware. I most likely won't read one every day, but I 'm going to try to keep up a steady pace.
Views: 4787
If you have the first printing of the tpb, Grunwald's ashes were reportedly mixed with the ink.
Nah, it's a second printing - it even has a note specifically saying that there's no ashes in it.
Richard Willis said:
I don't remember any mainstream news about Robin dying.
Luke Blanchard said:
I saw an item. It was a report from an American TV show. It said fans saw Robin as a brat, and used the cover of Batman #424 (in which Robin possibly commits murder).
I remember some. Including one that was written like an obituary ... that cited Dick Grayson ... and gave his age as 51.
Richard Willis is right; the broader world knew nothing of Jason Todd at the time, and not that many know of him today.
And this was a second version of Jason Todd to boot.
Wasn't the second version of Jason Todd the one people disliked?
Got a bunch of reading done. First up was The Cowboy Wally Show, by Kyle Baker, which is done as a documentary about the life and career of film and TV star "Cowboy Wally", This is extremely funny stuff, easily one of the funniest comics I've ever read. Plus it has my all-time favorite comic book adaptation of Hamlet in it. Baker's style of humor really appeals to me. Really, really good.
Cull or Keep?: Keep.
Next was Why I Hate Saturn, also by Kyle Baker. This one is the story of a young writer and her eccentric sister. Another very funny one, with alot of amusing commentary on society and interpersonal relations. Another winner from Mister Baker.
Cull or Keep?: Keep.
After that was Biggles and the Sargasso Triangle, by Björn Karlström, a Swedish artist who was famous for aviation comics. In it, our hero and his pals investigate mysterious ship disappearances. The art is competent but simplistic. Whoever did the English adaptation made rather an unacceptable number of typos. The story itself is fairly straightforward Boys' Adventure stuff, with heroic manly Anglo-Saxons setting things to rights, and the one female character fairly drab and ineffectual.
Cull or Keep?: Keep, if only as a curiosity.
Finally I read Superman vs. Muhammad Ali, by Denny O'Neil, Neal Adams, Dick Giordano and Terry Austin. I picked this up mostly because I remember people making a big deal about it when it came out, and I never got to see it. The story itself is good but not great. It's a fairly good example of a typical 70's Superman story as I recall them, spiced up a bit by seeing the various 70's era celebrities that appear in it. The art, as you might expect, is quite good. Worth a look if you get a chance.
Cull or Keep?: Keep.
WHY I HATE SATURN: One of the co-owners of my LCS at the time of its initial release was so enthusiastic about WIHS that she insisted I borrow and read it if I didn't want to buy it. I remember enjoying it, but untimately I didn't buy it.
SUPERMAN VS. MUHAMMAD ALI: I didn't buy or read this one until it was released in hardcover recently. When DC and Marvel first started releasing "treasury editions" they were something special. Later ones weren't so much and I stopped buying them. I made a mistake when I passed on this one, though (and some of the others which had new material rather than reprints). Even though I didn't start reading DC comics (to any great extent) until this '80s, this one really brings me back to a particular time and place. I've read it twice since I bought it.
Ron M. said:
Wasn't the second version of Jason Todd the one people disliked?
Absolutely, mainly due to the fact that Starlin (and Max Allen Collins before him) did their darndest to make post-Crisis Jason Todd unlikeable in the main Batman title. In Detective, Mike W. Barr gave us a Jason Todd much like the pre-Crisis version, as did Marv Wolfman in New Teen Titans (NTT 20 and subsequent issues), reminiscent of a young Dick Grayson.
Biggles was the hero of a long-running series of books by W.E. Johns. He was apparently very well-known in Britain mid-century, and by extension here, as Australia was more British then.
© 2020 Captain Comics, board content ©2013 Andrew Smith Powered by


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What is a Supply-Side Platform (SSP) and How Does It Work
In the era of ad tech publishers don't sell advertising space as they used to several decades ago. Modern digital advertising sells audiences and does it through programmatic media buying. Programmatic media buying process involves ad networks, demand-side platforms (DSPs), ad exchanges, and supply-side platforms (SSPs).
These entities are interlinked and work in a single programmatic media buying ecosystem. It matches demand with supply based on targeting options, budget settings, and other parameters important for buyers and sellers.
This ecosystem integrates a multitude of supply and demand partners each of which broaden media-trading opportunities. If publishers want to sell their ad space effectively, they should learn how to use technological platform for sellers (SSP). SSP, in particular, is aimed at selling process automation which is enabled by programmatic or real-time bidding algorythms.
What is an SSP?
Supply-side platform (SSP) is an ad tech software used by digital publishers to sell, manage, and optimize online advertising space. SSP has a dashboard with in-built publisher's controls. They help to manage ad inventory (position, format, size, etc.), price per impression, and other campaign details.
SSP is an equivalent of the demand-side platform for advertisers. Using SSP platform, publishers can sell ad space to ad exchanges, networks, and DSPs at the same time. They automate inventory filling, matching publisher's requirements with demand, ad selection, and yield optimization.
How Does SSP work?
SSP is plugged into the programmatic ecosystem in order to send available ad impressions to as many potential buyers as possible. As soon as publisher configures campaign setting, the selling process is automated with programmatic or real-time bidding. Then SSP can automatically evaluate requirements, match the right bid with the right inventory, and send a request to ad server.
Even though media-selling is totally automated, it entails no bad deals risk for publishers. In order to do this SSPs protect publisher's yields with price floors. With this option publishers specify the minimum price for which inventory can be sold.
If the ad has suspicious content or spam, the publisher may lose audience. However, SSP deals with these risks as well. Publishers may choose which advertisers can bid on the inventory by applying white and blacklists.
What features to look for in SSP?
Access to Multiple Sources of Demand
It is important that an SSP is connected to as many demand-side platforms, ad exchanges and ad networks as possible. It helps to offer impressions across multiple channels. Premium advertisers can pay more for best quality ad impressions if the SSP offers preferred and direct deals.
Greater demand/competition brings higher inventory price. That's why SSPs also offer header bidding, real-time bidding (RTB), and SDK mediation. They provide fair purchasing conditions for advertisers and raise value per each inventory piece.
Transparent System, Granular Reporting
Reports organize and visualize statistics to provide macro and micro insights into what works and what doesn't. Also, reporting helps publishers to understand the true value of their digital inventory. Today, supply-side platforms use Big Data analysis to make statistics in real-time.
SSP dashboard should provide information across all metrics that matter. For instance, click-through rate (CTR) and the total number of clicks placement generates, fill rates and so on.
Support for Various Ad Formats
The platform needs to support various advertising formats. For instance, playable, rewarded, native ads, video ads, display, push, programmatic audio, and so on. This way publishers can choose which ad formats they will use in order to achieve their purposes. Whether it's higher yields, better user experience, higher in-app purchases, or retention.
Dynamic Price Floors
Price floor enables publishers to run yield optimization in real-time. Ideally, SSPs must have "hard" and "soft" price floors and a minimum acceptable cost per thousand ad impressions (CPM). It keeps pricing flexible enough to sell out remnant inventory to the last piece and for the good price.
Control Over Display
Alcohol, tobacco or adult content can harm the reputation of the web source. Such ads can easily draw readers away. To prevent this SSP should have filters: both black and whitelists. They help publishers to protect their inventory from unwanted displays and decide who they want to trade with.
The conclusion
Almost anyone can become a digital publisher: a website owner, a blogger or an online shop manager. If your website has a solid flow of monthly visitors and appropriate content, you may become a digital publisher as well.
Although the supply-side platform is innovative technology, there is nothing too complex about its navigation. To begin with, publishers can choose a managed SSP service, which allows account managers to run campaigns on their behalf. With time, publishers may switch to self-serve SSP and manage their inventory without assistance. Managed or self-serve, SmartyAds SSP quickly maximizes the number of potential buyers and raises ad revenue and user experience.
Reinforce monetization of your website or app with SmartyAds supply-side platform.
October 2019


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$ 34.95
The Nowell Family Foundation is raising funds to open Bradley's House, a six-bed recovery facility that will provide treatment for people in the music industry with opiate addiction, regardless of their financial situation. The goal is to offer a top level of clinical care, including medical detox and the ability to treat the most acute cases, through nationwide partnerships.
An oceanic symbol of peace, the wave was often portrayed by the wonderful Japanese artist Hokusai. The movement of ocean waves also represents the Buddhist journey from illusion to enlightenment. And every surfer understands that a perfect wave takes us on a ride to nirvana.
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The Sa Pa winter festival 2018 is underway in Sa Pa town, the northern mountainous province of Lao Cai with a wide range of splendid activities.
Giant sparkling Christmas trees in Sun World Fansipan Legend and a 50-metre winter path are expected to lure thousands of visitors to the town.
|Photo by Nguyen Duong/Facebook
Furthermore, a festival to discover snow in Sa Pa from December 24-31 will give visitors a slew of impressive check-in points. Also, they will be indulged in local cultural space with various staples and fascinating tradition of ethnic minority groups in the town.
This is the third year the event has been held, becoming a new impressive and attractive tourism product of Sa Pa.
Located 350km northwest of Hanoi capital city, Sa Pa is 1,600m high above sea level, with the average temperature of 15-18°C. The whole town is dominated by the Hoang Lien Son mountain range which is famous with the Indochina's highest mountain of Fansipan at a height of 3,142 m above sea level.
Discovered in 1903 by the French, Sa Pa has many natural scenic sites such as Ham Rong Mountain, Thac Bac (Silver Waterfall), Cau May (Rattan Bridge), Bamboo Forest and Ta Phin Cave. The hill town is home to six main ethnic minority groups, including Kinh, Hmong, Dao, Tay, Day and Xa Pho with various traditional festivals and unique cultural practices, especially the Bac Ha market and Sa Pa love market.
This is the best time to explore Sapa with the highlight of the festive season. If you are a culture lover, Sapa is a destination not to be missed in this December holiday.


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STOMP it anytime, anywhere.
Download the new STOMP app today.
A woman was caught on camera threatening and cursing at airline staff at the Zhongchuan Lanzhou Airport in China's Gansu province, after she was reportedly late for a flight.
In a video published by Pear Video on Wednesday (May 16), the woman identified herself as a university professor and was shouting at a female employee who was wearing the uniform of China Eastern Airlines.
"I said my students were all majoring in civil aviation services … I'm a university professor. What did you say to me? You say that again and I will slap you in the face. Do you believe it or not?" she could be heard saying.
The dispute apparently occurred as the woman was late and had been denied from boarding the flight, reported South China Morning Post (SCMP).
(Story continues below video)
A ground staff member and a police officer tried to diffuse the situation, prompting the employee to explain that the passenger had hurled vulgarities at her.
She told the passenger: "You were late. You insisted in asking me [to getting you aboard]," only for the latter to retort with more swear words.
The conflicted was eventually resolved with both women apologising to each other. No police action was taken.
According to SCMP, any users said they recognised the woman as an academic at Northwest Normal University in the city.
Although the university did not respond to requests to confirm her identity, it said it would speak to the police before deciding whether to issue a response.


text: Today we are talking about sanctification – the process of being made more like God. The belief that once I come to know Jesus, He starts to renovate and change me. 1 John 3:11 says "No one who is born of God practices sin, because His seed abides in him." When you come to Jesus,… Read more »


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If you are in search of a swimwear that would make your silhouette look slender, then there are cool, glamour and modern bathing suits to try now. This year's swimwear designs come in so many beautiful accents, starting from fringes, ruffles, cut-outs to sheer fabrics and vibrant prints. You are about to see pretty sexy options that combine silk and spandex materials. Personally, I am in love with sheer designs that come with see-through strap side details making kind of cut-out look that is both sexy and modern. Anyway, I am more than happy to share with you other great styles to try next year, keep on reading to find out more.
Following up my favorite mesh-panel designs, then I want to draw your attention to caged triangle bikinis. Most of them come in one-piece look, but you can find stunning two-piece bondage looks. This design is meant for ladies who are in search of sex appeal and edgy details. Next must-try design is the strapless one-piece bikini that features thick mesh strap by the midsection making its wearer look voguish. If you do want something classy, then the best choice might be plain black strappy two-piece set that can be updated with various details, like ruffles, V-necklines, side-cuts and embellishments, like fringes, grommets, bows, perforations, etc. it's like your summertime security blanket. Be sure to try on mesh-panel detail sexy belted swimsuits with hourglass mesh panels. This is a great piece for women who want to update their glamour wardrobe. Every single bathing suit showcased in this compilation will balance out your body. How could you go wrong with all these marvelous designs? Of course, some of them might be quite pricey, but they do worth every penny. Check out these must-haves to own for the upcoming 2018 summer.


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In Lipník nad Bečvou, Czech Republic a brutal assault was committed against three Romani children by an adult man and woman. The man is said to have punched the children in the chest and face, and eyewitnesses say he even kicked one child in the chest.
A 14-year-old boy has been hospitalized with a bruised back and a concussion, while a girl has been hospitalized with an injured thoracic cavity and another 12-year-old girl has been hospitalized with a bruised spine and dislocated nose. The children's parents reported the attack yesterday to police.
News server Romea.cz is waiting for the Police of the Czech Republic to respond to our requests for comment. The man and woman are said to have assaulted the children yesterday evening when they were playing in the park of the local chateau.
There were roughly five other minors at the scene, most of whom managed to escape before being attacked themselves.
According to eyewitnesses, the man is said to have grabbed one of the girls by her hair and shouted "You black whore!" at her.
Klára Bartošová, a relative of the assaulted boy, told news server Romea.cz that the man had attacked the children because, several days ago, his 16-year-old daughter had an argument with a Romani child. "Those were absolutely different children, though. He just came up and began beating any Romani child he could get his hands on," she said.
Link: http://www.romea.cz/en/news/czech/czech-republic-several-romani-minors-hospitalized-after-adults-attack-them-shouting-racist-abuse


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Basco Fine Foods Tapas Kit Review: February 2017
Searching for the sensational taste of Spain, well the village of Thorp Arch, near Wetherby in West Yorkshire holds a seductive Spanish secret in the form of Basco Fine foods. Founded in 2012 by Spanish born foodie, chef and hospitality professional Javier De La Hormaza, with over 19 years' experience, it is no wonder Basco fine foods has seen success and continued growth importing quality, authentic Spanish produce to the UK. Passion, heart and soul is at the center of the business and Javier leads by example, as he spent one full year travelling around Spain and continues to visit regularly to update knowledge, educate himself and discover those must find Spanish products.
Fiesta not siesta, it is Flamenco time so let's turn up the heat, as our Sultry Spanish Saturday evening in for two was made easy with the Basco Tapas Bundle. Included was the Spanish Manzanilla Olives infused in rosemary and garlic. Award winning wonderful Bonito Tuna ideal to use in a fresh crisp salad. Super soft cooking Chorizo Picante from La Rioja and the mouthwatering Montanegra Iberico Ham with a sensational deep rich nutty flavour. Mallorcan Rosemary Savoury Biscuits were supberb and complemented the La Tradicion Manchego Semi-Cured Cheese perfectly. Cured for three months this cheese was high quality and lip smackingly tasty! All washed down with an excellent bottle of Gailur Tinto from Rioja. A Tantalisingly fruity red wine made by a family winery in Rioja Alavesa
A traditional brand delivered with passion and a personal touch from Javier himself. Mañana (Tomorrow), mañana …Do not wait for a true Authentic taste of Spain, as life is too short, so fly the Spanish flag and make your next evening tasty tapas time!
Thank you for reading 😊


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P5 is Pretty close, but it's not even a full bicycle haha. I can't justify the cost of TT bike, as I would probably never ride it. That Orca bag I just throw all my bike stuff in there, love tri bags as there's pockets for everything.
P5 is Pretty close, but it's not even a full bicycle haha. I can't justify the cost of TT bike, as I would probably never ride it. That Orca bag I just throw all my bike stuff in there, love tri bags as there's pockets for everything.
All these new bike talk... other than listed "sales" prices for bikes, say for current model year (2019, although 2020 models will be out soon-ish?), what's good / fair price or discount for a bike that is not usually stocked at the shop? For example, Ridley's have all their 2019 model bikes $4000 or below bikes 10% off. What about bikes greater than 4000?
A few years ago, what was known as Velocity Cycle in Edmonton (now Giant Edmonton) had all their remaining stocked carbon bikes for 30% off in August. That's probably not a good reference to compare to. Or is it?
[edit] PS. that cervelo... hotness.
I think 30% off is "normal" for year end sales for last year's model bike, especially if there's been a major update or one is expected. But that's for an in stock bike the store probably doesn't want sitting out when the new models come out. Not sure about not stocked bikes.
Watch the cat for different holiday hats!
Rim brake. Still have the R5 and Venge. Also have a TCR I keep in Houston haha. I have a problem.
Pretty sweet, buh_buh!
Bow has posted some teasers for the sale:
Roubaix Elite sounds nice. The Bike Shop also has it on=sale, $100 more though.
Still seems really expensive overall though. Especially with a 105 groupset
Revolution Cycle had good deals on clearance items around this time -- up in Edmonton though.
Last edited by msommers; 03-22-2019 at 01:31 PM.
that's a few hundred less than bow's sale or the bike shop's (sale or smoke sale) price. Is the listed price in CAD? or am I comparing different bike?
Working on getting a gravel bike first; hopefully by the end of this year. Then, an aero bike hopefully .. rooting for the new S5
Watch the cat for different holiday hats!
Dropped by Ridley's and picked up some 2 dollar bontrager tubes this morning. Was quite a bit more busy than I expected so I didn't stick around for long. And I saw someone taking the Madone out for a test ride. Nice bike.
I just came back with some $2 tubes too haha
I also spent way too long looking at helmets and shoes.
^damn 2$? was at the mec to pick some for 5$ and 8$
also had to buy some new 10s chain.. 50$
Calgary Cycle trying to steal blue lights thunder? The jersey I got from them last fall was like $40 down from $200 so probably go see if any more of those
Last edited by Brent.ff; 03-25-2019 at 06:41 AM.
Oh damn, I might have to go check that out.
I'm guessing it's all locations.
The bike shop... March 29 - 31 sale
"Select / in store"? 2019 bikes 10% off
"Select / in store"? Carbon (rim brake) bikes 20% off
"Select / in store"? 2018 bikes 20% off


text:
Original Research ARTICLE
Molecular Mapping of Oil Content and Fatty Acids Using Dense Genetic Maps in Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)
- 1International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Hyderabad, India
- 2Department of Genetics, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India
- 3Crop Protection and Management Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service (USDA), Tifton, GA, USA
- 4School of Agriculture and Environment, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
Enhancing seed oil content with desirable fatty acid composition is one of the most important objectives of groundnut breeding programs globally. Genomics-assisted breeding facilitates combining multiple traits faster, however, requires linked markers. In this context, we have developed two different F2 mapping populations, one for oil content (OC-population, ICGV 07368 × ICGV 06420) and another for fatty acid composition (FA-population, ICGV 06420 × SunOleic 95R). These two populations were phenotyped for respective traits and genotyped using Diversity Array Technology (DArT) and DArTseq genotyping platforms. Two genetic maps were developed with 854 (OC-population) and 1,435 (FA-population) marker loci with total map distance of 3,526 and 1,869 cM, respectively. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis using genotyping and phenotyping data identified eight QTLs for oil content including two major QTLs, qOc-A10 and qOc-A02, with 22.11 and 10.37% phenotypic variance explained (PVE), respectively. For seven different fatty acids, a total of 21 QTLs with 7.6–78.6% PVE were identified and 20 of these QTLs were of major effect. Two mutant alleles, ahFAD2B and ahFAD2A, also had 18.44 and 10.78% PVE for palmitic acid, in addition to oleic (33.8 and 17.4% PVE) and linoleic (41.0 and 19.5% PVE) acids. Furthermore, four QTL clusters harboring more than three QTLs for fatty acids were identified on the three LGs. The QTLs identified in this study could be further dissected for candidate gene discovery and development of diagnostic markers for breeding improved groundnut varieties with high oil content and desirable oil quality.
Groundnut or peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is one of the important oilseed crops in the world. It is grown in more than 100 countries with a global production of 42.4 Mt from an area of 25.7 Mha (FAO, 2014). More than 70% of the groundnut growing area comes under arid and semi-arid regions. Groundnut seeds contain edible oil (40–56%), protein (20–30%), carbohydrate (10–20%), and several nutritional components such as vitamin E, niacin, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, zinc, iron, riboflavin, thiamine, and potassium (Dean et al., 2009). India and China are the largest groundnut producers and have a high consumption of groundnut, i.e., confectionery and as cooking oil. In western countries, groundnuts are majorly used in food industries for making peanut butter and confectionary and direct consumption as boiled, salted, and roasted nuts (Pandey et al., 2012; Varshney et al., 2013). It is estimated that 1% increase in the seed oil content increases the groundnut processer's benefit by 7% (see Liao, 2003), indicating greater impact of oil content trait for farmers and traders.
Groundnut oil is a rich source of plant sterol especially β-sitosterol, which is known to have anticancer properties and reduce cholesterol levels upto 10–15% by inhibiting the cholesterol absorption (Awad and Fink, 2000). Groundnut oil is also a source of valuable antioxidants vitamin E, resveratrol, which neutralize the harmful free radicals, stresses and maintains cell membrane integrity (Meredith and Alfred, 2003). Along with the above beneficial features, groundnut oil is a high calorie diet, i.e., 100 g of oil provides 884 calories. The groundnut seed with high oil (≥50%) and high oleic acid (75–80%) contents can be an excellent alternative to canola and olive oil, which are currently costlier by 2.5 and 11 times, respectively. Currently selected countries such as Australia, Argentina, United States of America, Brazil, South Africa, and Israel are producing high oleic groundnuts on a large scale (Barkley et al., 2013) but such trend is likely to follow in other parts of the world.
The groundnut oil accounts 44–56% of the dry seed weight (Chen et al., 2010) and is composed of different fatty acids. Major fatty acids include oleic (C18:1), linoleic (C18:2), palmitic (C16:0), stearic (C18:0), arachidic (C20:0), behenic (C22:0), lignoceric (C24:0), and gadoleic acid (C20:1). Groundnut oil comprises about 80% unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) and 20% saturated fatty acids (SFA). UFA constitutes 42% mono UFA (MUFA), i.e., oleic acid while 37% poly UFA (PUFA), i.e., linoleic acid (Wang et al., 2015). Normal groundnut oil with high linoleic acid is vulnerable to oxidation, leading to unpleasant smell, taste and short shelf life of the oil and other groundnut products. The third major fatty acid palmitic acid (C16:0) is a SFA and contributes about 10% of the total oil content while the remaining 10% is contributed by minor fatty acids (Wang et al., 2015). In general, human consumption of the groundnut oil with high proportion of oleic acid and low proportion of linoleic acid (high oleic/linoleic acid ratio) is preferable because it cuts down the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) by reducing low-density lipoproteins (LDL) levels in the blood (Vassiliou et al., 2009). In this direction, identification of 'F435,' the first high oleic acid mutant, was the breakthrough for improving groundnut oil quality. The mutant 'F435,' with 80% oleic and 2% linoleic acid, has been deployed in breeding several groundnut cultivars with improved oil quality (Norden et al., 1987).
Fatty acid desaturase (FAD) enzyme facilitates the conversion of oleic acid to linoleic acid by adding a double bond to oleic acid. This enzyme is coded by two homologous genes (ahFAD2A and ahFAD2B) located on A and B subgenomes, respectively. Both FAD genes have 99% sequence homology and inactivation of this enzyme results in high oleic acid in mutants due to substitution (G:C to A:T) and insertion (A:T) of one base pair in FAD genes located on A and B subgenomes, respectively (Chen et al., 2010). These mutations lead to the accumulation of more oleic acid and decreasing linoleic and palmitic acid ensuring oil quality improvement by increasing shelf life. Keeping in mind the preferences of consumers and profitability to growers, groundnut breeding mainly focuses on developing improved varieties with desirable levels of oil content and other fatty acids, especially oleic, linoleic, and palmitic acids. Successful introgression of the FAD mutant alleles from SunOleic 95R with increased oleic acid has already been demonstrated using genomics-assisted breeding (GAB) approaches such as marker-assisted backcrossing (MABC) and marker-assisted selection (MAS) in both high and low oil containing genotypes (Chu et al., 2011; Janila et al., 2016b).
So far many studies have been conducted to decipher the biosynthesis pathway of fatty acids (Lung and Weselake, 2006) but very limited studies have been carried out in terms of genetics of fatty acids synthesis and its regulation (Wang et al., 2015). Previous genetic studies on groundnut oil trait suggested that it was highly influenced by genotype, environment, and genotype × environment interaction and was also positively correlated with soil pH, iron content, and oleic/linoleic acid (O/L) ratio (Dwivedi et al., 1993). Although the fatty acid composition varies with groundnut growth habits, the oil content is independent of them (Bansal et al., 1993). Oil content synthesis and accumulation is guided by complex pathways and it is considered a quantitative trait (Dwivedi et al., 1993).
In order to perform high resolution trait mapping, it is essential to generate dense genetic maps and good phenotyping data (Pandey et al., 2016). A high density linkage map plays a very crucial role in the identification of the QTLs for any crop, especially for complex polygenic traits (Guo et al., 2013, 2016; Varshney et al., 2013). To date, various QTL analysis studies for oil content and fatty acids have been conducted using early generation markers like SSR (Selvaraj et al., 2009; Sarvamangala et al., 2011; Pandey et al., 2014; Wang et al., 2015), but the marker density of these genetic maps were still low. With recent advances in availability of reference genomes for diploid progenitors of groundnut (Bertioli et al., 2016; Chen et al., 2016), the genotyping platforms and availability of sequencing technology along with array-based genotyping methods (Pandey et al., 2017), it has become easy to generate thousands of data points for conducting high resolution trait mapping (Pandey et al., 2016). Diversity Arrays Technology (DArT) and sequence based (DArTseq) platform are the advanced genotyping technologies, which were successfully used in diverse crops to study various traits (Raman et al., 2013). The power of this technique lies in the reduction of genome complexity by restriction enzymes followed by microarray hybridization to assay markers across the genome. This methodology clearly increases the probability to generate polymorphic data points in the present study. GAB has already demonstrated its strength in accelerated improvement of target traits in groundnut and therefore, availability of linked markers for oil content and other minor fatty acids will help in breeding the improved varieties with a desirable combination of oil content and fatty acid composition. The present study reports the development of two dense genetic maps and their use in identifying the QTLs for oil content and fatty acids in groundnut.
Materials and Methods
Plant Materials
Two F2 populations, i.e., one for oil content (ICGV 07368 × ICGV 06420) and the other for fatty acids (ICGV 06420 × SunOleic 95R), were developed at ICRISAT, Patancheru, India. These two populations have been referred to as OC-population and FA-population, respectively, throughout the article. The parent "ICGV 07368" is a high yielding variety with low oil content (45%) and the parent "ICGV 06420" is a drought tolerant variety with high oil content (55%) and normal fatty acid profile. The parent "SunOleic 95R" is the first high oleic groundnut variety released in the USA and carries FAD mutant alleles in A and B subgenomes (Gorbet and Knauft, 1997). The hybridity of F1 plants of both the populations was confirmed using SSR markers and were selfed to develop F2 populations.
DNA Extraction and Genotyping with SSR, DArT, and DArTseq Markers
DNA from both mapping populations was extracted from 10 to 15 days young F2 plants along with parents using the modified cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) extraction method (Mace et al., 2003). The DNA quality and quantity were checked on 0.8% agarose and DNA was diluted to 5 ng/μl of working concentrations for genotyping work.
The genotyping with SSR markers was performed following the methods explained in Varshney et al. (2009). PCR products were resolved on 1.5% agarose gel for confirming the amplification. The forward primers were dye labeled with FAM, VIC, and NED, which were detected as blue, green, and black color peaks, respectively (Applied Biosystems, USA). The PCR products were denatured and capillary separated with ABI 3700 automatic DNA sequencer (Applied Biosystems, USA) and GeneMapper Software v (Applied Biosystems, USA) was used to analyze the results.
Both F2 populations along with their parents were also genotyped with a DArT array consisting of 15,360 features at Diversity Arrays Technology Pty Ltd. (DArT P/L), Australia. The detailed method of genotyping is available at the website1 and is also described in Pandey et al. (2014). DArTseq procedure is quite similar to DArT genotyping and involves sequencing based method along with some steps of DArT as described in Vishwakarma et al. (2016). All polymorphic sequences of the DArT and DArTseq markers generated from the parental lines of the F2 populations were scored as presence vs. absence and used to construct genetic maps.
Phenotyping of Oil Content and Fatty Acids
Phenotyping data was generated on 184 individuals of OC-population for oil content while on 179 individuals of FA-population for different fatty acid compositions, namely oleic (C18:1), linoleic (C18:2), palmitic (C16:0), stearic (C18:0), arachidic (C20:0), behenic (C22:0), and lignoceric (C24:0) at ICRISAT, Patancheru, India. The oil content and fatty acid composition were estimated using near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) (Model XDS RCA, FOSS Analytical AB, Sweden, Denmark) (Sundaram et al., 2010). Oil content estimation was also done using the Soxhlet method following the protocol of Sharma et al. (2002). In addition to NIRS, the fatty acids were also estimated by gas chromatography (GC) (Shimadzu GG-9A GLC unit, Tokyo, Japan), following the protocol of Metcalf et al. (1966).
Phenotypic Data Analysis
Phenotyping data was analyzed using SPSS software2. Association among different fatty acids was established by Pearson correlation and calculating a two-tailed P-value with 95% confidence intervals. The Chi-square test was performed to check the goodness of fit of the segregation ratios of three major fatty acids, i.e., oleic, linoleic, and palmitic acids.
Construction of Genetic Maps
The genetic maps were constructed using JoinMap version 4 (Van Ooijen, 2006). The Kosambi map function was used for genetic map construction and calculation of map distance from recombination fractions. The markers were integrated into the framework genetic maps by applying the independence LOD (logarithm of the odds), with LOD threshold ranging from 2.0 to 20.0 with a minimum recombination frequency (∂) threshold of 40%. In the case of OC-population, initially the framework genetic map was constructed with polymorphic SSR markers and then DArT and DArTseq marker data were integrated for developing dense genetic maps. For FA-population, the genetic map was constructed using DArT and DArTseq polymorphic loci and then ahFAD2A and ahFAD2B mutant allele specific loci were also integrated. MapChart was used to draw a final genetic map for better visualization (Voorrips, 2002).
Quantitative Trait Locus (QTL) Analysis
The genetic map information together with phenotyping data was used for the identification of QTLs for oil content and fatty acids using ICIM mapping software version 4.0 (Wang et al., 2012). Inclusive Composite Interval Mapping (ICIM) for QTLs with additive (one-dimensional scanning, ICIM-ADD) method with 1cM step and 0.001 probability mapping parameters in stepwise regression were employed in QTL analysis. The LOD threshold score of 3.0 as minimum significance level with 1000 permutations was set manually.
Phenotypic Variation for Oil Content and Fatty Acids
The OC-population derived from cross ICGV 07368 (45%) × ICGV 06420 (55%) showed good segregation for oil content ranging from 47.2 to 55.7% with an average oil content of 51.6% (Figure 1A). In FA-population, the parental genotype 'SunOleic 95R' possessed desirable major fatty acid composition (82% oleic acid, 3% linoleic acid, and 6% palmitic acid), while 'ICGV 06420' possessed undesirable major fatty acid composition (45% oleic acid, 31% linoleic acid, and 12% palmitic acid) along with minor fatty acids. The phenotypic variability of fatty acids in the F2 population ranged from 35.8 to 81.8% for oleic acid, 4.6 to 39.1% for linoleic acid, 0.2 to 3% for behenic acid, 0.2 to 4.5% for lignoceric acid, 6.6 to 13.9% for palmitic acid, 1.7 to 4.3% for stearic acid, and 1.0 to 2.6% for arachidic acid (Figures 1B–H). Phenotyping data on OC-population showed a normal distribution for oil content. In the case of oleic acid, linoleic acid, palmitic and stearic acids, although normal distribution is followed, but the curve is shifted to one side with few transgressive segregants (Figures 1B–E). In the case of behenic acid and lignoceric acids, although the phenotypic variability between the parental genotypes of the mapping population was very less but we have observed a significant number of transgressive segregants toward either side of the phenotypic extreme. Similarly, higher frequency of individuals with transgressive segregation was observed for arachidic acid in the FA-population (Figure 1G).
FIGURE 1. Frequency distribution of oil content and seven different fatty acids. The X-axis shows the percentage of the trait and the Y-axis represents the number of individuals in F2 population. P1 and P2 represent the parents ICGV 07368 and ICGV 06420, respectively, in (A); while P1 and P2 represent the parents ICGV 06420 and SunOleic 95R, respectively, in (B–H).
Correlation between Different Fatty Acids and Genetic Nature of Major Fatty Acids
The correlation analysis clearly indicated a significant and negative correlation of oleic acid [C18:1] with linoleic acid [C18:2] (r = -0.701, P < 0.0001), stearic acid [C18:0] (r = -0.218, P < 0.001), and arachidic acid [C20:0] (r = -0.331, P < 0.0001) (Table 1 and Figure 2). A significant positive correlation was observed for linoleic with palmitic acid [C16:0] (r = 0.888, P < 0.0001) and stearic acid [C18:0] (r = 0.239, P < 0.001). Palmitic acid was negatively correlated with oleic acid (r = -0.475, P < 0.001) and behenic acid [C22:0] (r = -0.155, P < 0.01) (Table 1 and Figure 2). Chi square (χ2) analysis for oleic acid on F2 progeny revealed digenic 15:1 (low:high) segregations. Similarly, linoleic acid and palmitic acid also followed digenic 15:1 (high:low) ratio (Table 2).
TABLE 1. Pairwise correlation among the six different fatty acids in FA-population (ICGV 06420 × SunOleic 95R).
FIGURE 2. Pairwise correlation of the seven different fatty acids in F2 population. The red circle indicates negative correlation, while green indicates the positive correlation.
Effect of Mutant FAD Alleles on Different Fatty Acids
In this study, the parent genotype 'ICGV 06420' had heterozygous mutant FAD allele (ol1Ol1) in the A subgenome and homozygous dominant mutant FAD allele in the B subgenome (Ol2Ol2), and the other parent 'SunOleic 95R' had homozygous recessive mutant FAD alleles at both the loci of two subgenomes (ol1ol1ol2ol2). Genotyping of the FA-population for ahFAD mutant alleles yielded six allelic combinations (ol1ol1 Ol2Ol2, ol1ol1 ol2ol2, ol1ol1 Ol2ol2, ol1Ol1 Ol2Ol2, ol1Ol1 ol2ol2, and ol1Ol1 Ol2ol2) (Table 3). As expected the homozygous mutant combination (ol1ol1 ol2ol2) showed the highest average of oleic acid (65%) and the lowest for linoleic (15.6%) and palmitic (9.7%) acids. It was also observed that the heterozygous mutant ahFAD2B (Ol2ol2) allele also contributed to the significant increase in oleic acid (60%) and reduced linoleic (20.8%), and palmitic (9.7%) acids from the normal fatty acid profile.
TABLE 3. The fatty acid mean composition (%) for the genotypes detected in the F2 segregating population (ICGV 06420 × SunOleic 95R).
Few genotypes with the homozygous combination of both mutant FAD alleles (ahFAD2A and ahFAD2B) showed a high oleic acid content of 81.7%, which is similar to 'SunOleic 95R,' the high oleic parent. The dosage of the FAD mutant alleles clearly defined the composition of three major fatty acids, namely oleic, linoleic, and palmitic acids (Figure 3 and Table 3). Genotypes with homozygous ahFAD allele mutation in A and B subgenomes (ol1ol1 ol2ol2) showed an average increase in the oleic acid by 20.5%, decrease in the linoleic acid by 79% and in palmitic acid by 20% (Figure 3). Although heterozygous (Ol1ol1 Ol2ol2) mutant FAD allele combination was found influencing the major fatty acids, but in lesser amounts because of decrease in dosage of number of mutant alleles. Further, the variation in the other minor fatty acids was less significantly recorded. None of the FAD allele combinations influenced the stearic acid levels significantly.
FIGURE 3. (A) The effect of FAD mutant allele combinations of different fatty acids. The ol1 and Ol1 represent the mutant and the wild type allele, respectively, of A subgenome while ol2 and Ol2 represent the mutant and the wild type allele, respectively, of B subgenome. Red and green arrow indicates the decrease and increase of the fatty acid percentage levels, respectively. (B) Mean fatty acid composition (%) in plants possessing different mutant FAD allele (mutant and wild) combinations in fatty acid (FA)-population.
Genetic Maps for Two Populations
A polymorphic survey of parental lines of OC-population with 250 SSR markers yielded 55 polymorphic markers. Genotyping data generated for these polymorphic SSR markers were used for development of framework genetic map for OC-population. In addition to SSRs, further genotyping of OC-population with 15,360 DArT and DArTseq yielded genotyping data for 2,238 polymorphic loci. A total of 1,384 polymorphic loci were either highly distorted or were having missing data, therefore, not included in constructing the genetic map. Genetic map construction with these polymorphic markers resulted in the development of a genetic map with 854 mapped loci (799 DArT and DArTseq markers and 55 SSRs) into 20 linkage groups (LGs) (Table 4, Supplementary Figure S1, and Table S1). This genetic map covered a total genome distance of 3,525.8 cM and achieved a density of 4.1 cM/loci ranging from 20 (A10) to 79 (B04) loci per LG. Similarly, the length of the LGs ranged from 94.6 cM (B06) to 288.3 cM (B09). In case of FA-population, genotyping data with 15,360 DArT/DArTseq features yielded 1,725 (655 DArT and 1,070 DArTseq) polymorphic loci. Of these polymorphic loci, 1,435 DArT/DArTseq marker loci, including two ahFAD2A and ahFAD2B alleles, were mapped on 20 LGs spanning a total map distance of 1,869.17 cM with an average inter marker distance of 1.3 cM. The number of mapped loci ranged from 16 (B07) to 281 (A05) loci and length of the LGs ranged from 26.0 cM (B07) to 153.8 cM (B04) (Table 4, Supplementary Figure S2, and Table S2).
TABLE 4. Details of the linkage maps for populations ICGV 07368 × ICGV 06420 (oil content) and ICGV 06420 × SunOleic 95R (fatty acids).
QTLs for Oil Content and Fatty Acids
The QTL analysis identified eight QTLs for oil content (Table 5 and Figure 4) with PVE ranging from 5.67 to 22.11%. Of these eight QTLs, two are having major effect. The first major QTL 'qOc-A10' explained 22.11% PVE with a LOD of 13.21 located on A10 and the second major QTL 'qOc-A02' explained 10.37% PVE with a LOD 4.8 mapped on A02. Of the six minor-effect QTLs, two QTLs, qOc-B09-1 and qOc-B09-2, were mapped on B09 explaining PVE 8.40 and 7.83%, respectively. Two QTLs, qOc-B06-1 and qOc-B06-2, were detected on B06 explaining 6.19 and 7.13% PVE, respectively. The remaining two QTLs, qOc-A08 and qOc-B03, were mapped on A08 and B03 with 7.05 and 5.67% PVE, respectively.
FIGURE 4. Genetic map of the oil content (OC) population showing quantitative trait locus (QTLs) for oil content. For each linkage group (LG), marker loci are given on the right side of the bar and marker positions (in cM) are mentioned on the left side. Markers with red color indicate the SSRs while markers in blue color represent the flanking markers of the identified QTL region. QTL location is indicated with a green color circle.
The QTL analysis identified 21 QTLs for seven fatty acids in FA-population, of which 20 were the major effect (Table 5 and Figure 5). For oleic acid, three major QTLs namely, qOle-A09-1 (A09), qOle-A09-2 (A09), and qOle-B09 (B09), were identified explaining 17.4, 34.2, and 33.8% PVE, respectively. For linoleic acid, two major QTLs were identified on A09 viz. qLin-A09-1 and qLin-A09-2 explaining 19.5 and 12.1% PVE. The third major QTL qLin-B09 mapped on B09 could explain 41% PVE. For palmitic acid, five QTLs, with a combined 69.2% PVE, were identified on five different LGs (A08, A09, A10, B04, and B09). For arachidic acid, two QTLs were detected, i.e., one each on A05 and A07 explaining 23.4 and 12.4% PVE, respectively. For behenic acid, one minor and one major effect QTL were detected on A09 and A05 with PVE 8.4 and 12.0%, respectively. In the case of lignoceric acid, five QTLs were identified on four LGs (A05, A07, A09, and B01) explaining altogether 58% PVE. Interestingly, for steric acid, one major QTL namely qSte-A09 with 78.6% PVE was mapped on A09.
FIGURE 5. Genetic map of the FA-population showing QTLs for different fatty acids. For each LG, marker loci are given on the right side of the bar and marker positions (in cM) are mentioned on the left side. Markers with red color indicate the SSRs while markers in blue color represent the flanking markers of the identified QTL region. QTL location is indicated with a green color circle.
Of the 21 QTLs identified in FA-population, A09 holds the highest number of eight QTLs followed by four QTLs on A05, three QTLs on B09, two QTLs on A08, and one QTL each on A07, A10, B01, and B04. The ahFAD2A and ahFAD2B alleles were mapped onto A09 and B09, respectively, and showed high influence on many fatty acids. Four genomic regions were also identified, where a minimum of three QTLs for fatty acids were mapped. Two QTL clusters were identified on A09, i.e., Cluster-I between Ah3819-ahFAD2A and Cluster-II between Ah5497-Ah6334I. Cluster-I harbored QTLs for palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acids, while Cluster-II for lignoceric, linoleic, and behenic acids. Cluster-III identified on B09 between ahFAD2B-Ah3931 harboring QTLs for palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acids, while Cluster-IV on A05 between Ahs3122II-Ahs4487II harbored QTLs for arachidic, lignoceric, and behenic acids.
Genomics-assisted breeding has facilitated accelerated development of oil quality (Chu et al., 2011; Janila et al., 2016a) and disease resistance (Varshney et al., 2014) in groundnut. This study successfully developed dense genetic maps and identified genomic regions and linked markers for oil content and fatty acids. These genomic regions in the present study will facilitate further gene discovery and marker development for these traits in groundnut.
Genetic Behavior of Oil Content and Fatty Acids
Polygenic traits are quantitative in nature and do not follow distinct or absolute values; instead, there will be a gradient of expression with little variation. The present study showed continuous variation for oil content, indicating its polygenic nature similar to the other major oilseed crops such as soybean, rapeseed, mustard, etc. (Singh et al., 2013; Wang et al., 2013; Akond et al., 2014). The polygenic nature of oil content was also earlier reported in different recombinant inbred line (RIL) populations in groundnut (Sarvamangala et al., 2011; Pandey et al., 2014).
Mutant FAD alleles are known for controlling oleic and linoleic acids, FAD2B being a higher phenotypic contributor as compared to FAD2A (Pandey et al., 2014). The present study showed that major fatty acids, namely oleic, linoleic, and palmitic acids, precisely followed the digenic 15:1 segregation pattern, i.e., two genes control the expression of the phenotype, here it refers to mutant ahFAD2A and ahFAD2B alleles. One previous study reported that normal oleic genotype (ol1ol1 Ol2Ol2 and Ol1Ol1 Ol2Ol2) when crossed with high oleic acid genotype (ol1ol1 ol2ol2) showed monogenic (3:1) and digenic (15:1) ratio, respectively (Barkley et al., 2013). Similar to oleic acid, two other major fatty acids, namely palmitic and linoleic acids, also showed the digenic inheritance. Also, the homozygous mutant combination of both A and B subgenomes showed higher levels of oleic acid and low levels of linoleic acid and palmitic acid in the population. Although, a subgenome mutant allele had less influence on the oleic acid levels in the present study, but the combination of both mutant alleles enhanced the oleic acid levels significantly.
The correlation study showed strong negative correlation between oleic and linoleic acid. The result was further confirmed with the genotyping for the ahFAD mutants in the population and their respective phenotyping effect for different fatty acids. It is a well-known fact that the high oleic acid accumulates due to mutation of the ahFAD alleles inhibiting the conversion of oleic acid to linoleic acid (Chen et al., 2010). The variations in the content of different fatty acids by various combinations of the ahFAD mutant alleles were shown on the biosynthetic pathway for better understanding of the correlation between different fatty acids.
The saturated acyl chains are formed by condensation of C2 units from malonyl-acyl carrier protein to acyl chains. Each cycle adds two carbons to the growing acyl chain leading to C18:0 (stearic acid) as a major deviating point. From this C18:0, successive addition of the acyl groups leads to the formation of C20:0 (arachidic acid), C22:0 (behenic acid), and C24:0 (lignoceric acid). Furthermore, C18:0 (stearic acid) upon desaturation at C9 produces C18:1 (oleic acid), on further desaturation forms C18:2 (linoleic acid). Plants with ahFAD mutant alleles resulted in the accumulation of higher oleic and lower linoleic acid. As the oleic acid desaturation to linoleic was decreased, other branch for minor fatty acids synthesis like arachidic, behenic, lignoceric were increased. Interestingly, behenic acid levels were increased in plants with only homozygous FAD mutant alleles in both subgenomes. Stearic acid levels were not much influenced by the FAD mutant allele combinations and this is correlated with detection of single major QTL qSte-I with 78.6% PVE. Introgression of the FAD mutant alleles had shown an increase in the oleic acid and clearly indicated major contribution ahFAD2B mutant allele than the ahFAD2A mutant allele in the total phenotype. A homozygous combination of both mutant FAD alleles (ahFAD2A and ahFAD2B) showed accumulation of oleic acid up to 81.7%, similar to 'SunOleic 95R,' the high oleic parent. Genotypes with ahFAD allele mutation in A and B subgenomes in the homozygous state (ol1ol1 ol2ol2) showed an average increase in the oleic acid levels of 20.5%, decrease in the linoleic acid levels by 79% and palmitic acid by 20%. Although heterozygous (Ol1ol1 Ol2ol2) mutant FAD allele combination was influencing the major fatty acids, but in lesser extent because of a decrease in dosage of number of mutant alleles.
Although the dosage is very crucial, the major influence of mutant allele located on B subgenome on oleic, linoleic, and palmitic is very clearly seen. The presence of ahFAD2B mutant allele with ahFAD2A mutant allele showed significant variation (20% higher oleic acid, 78% lower linoleic acid, and 20% lower palmitic acid), whereas, the wild type ahFAD2B with mutant ahFAD2A allele combination showed only 0.3% increase of oleic acid, 1% decrease of linoleic acid, and 5.2% decrease of palmitic acid. This clearly indicates the importance and impact of mutant allele located in B subgenome in controlling the different fatty acids profile as compared to ahFAD2A mutant allele. The above results are also in agreement with the QTLs identified in these genomic regions and their effect on controlling the oleic acid phenotype. The QTLs detected at ahFAD2B loci showed PVE of 33.8% for oleic, 41.0% for linoleic, and 18.4% for palmitic acid, whereas QTLs identified at ahFAD2A mutant loci showed PVE of 17.4% for oleic, 19.5% for linoleic, and 10.7% for palmitic acid. The F2 plants with wild type FAD alleles clearly showed a decline in oleic acid and increase in the linoleic and palmitic acids. The above results indicated the importance of the dosage of the mutant FAD alleles on major fatty acid levels and the composition of these major fatty acids could be considered in the development of the high oleic cultivars.
DArT and DArTseq Based Dense Genetic Map for Cultivated Groundnut
Groundnut has large and complex tetraploid genome and lack of diversity in the cultivated species decelerated the genomics studies. High marker density genetic maps are crucial for conducting high resolution QTL mapping. The first SSR based genetic map for cultivated groundnut was constructed with 135 loci (Varshney et al., 2009) and was later improved to 191 SSR loci (Ravi et al., 2011). With the application of next-generation sequencing technology, the first high density SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism) based map for tetraploid groundnut with 1,685 marker loci has been constructed (Zhou et al., 2014). Recently in groundnut, a dense genetic map with the 1,152 DArT and DArTseq marker loci covering 2423.12 cM map distance was constructed for fresh seed dormancy (Vishwakarma et al., 2016). The present study reports the development of dense genetic map with 1,435 DArT/DArTseq marker loci spanning a total map distance of 1869.17 cM with an average inter marker distance of 1.3 cM. This is the most dense genetic map using DArT/DArTseq genotyping platform and the second most dense genetic map for cultivated groundnut using any of the other available marker systems.
Genomic Regions Controlling Content of Oil and Fatty Acids
Very few studies have been conducted in the past for mapping QTLs for oil content in groundnut. With the bulk segregant analysis, PM36 SSR marker was found associated with the oil content (Selvaraj et al., 2009). Later on, based on a very less dense genetic map with 45 markers, four QTLs with PVE ranging 7.1–9.1% were reported (Sarvamangala et al., 2011). Recently for oil content in groundnut, six QTLs with 3.07–10.23% PVE were reported in the S-population and nine QTLs with 3.93–14.07% PVE were accounted in the T-population (Pandey et al., 2014). In an earlier study on six fatty acids, 164 main effect QTLs (M-QTLs) and 27 epistatic QTLs (E-QTLs) were reported in two RIL populations with the PVE ranging 0.16–40.56% (Wang et al., 2015). In our study, eight QTLs together explained 74.5% PVE and further study of these regions may provide insight into the interesting genes, which may be controlling oil content. The PVE ranging from 5.67 to 22.11% by these eight QTLs on six different LGs clearly indicated that oil content was influenced by multiple alleles spread across the genome. Similarly, 21 QTLs were detected for different fatty acids, eight of these QTLs were identified on two homologous LGs (A09 and B09) harboring the ahFAD mutant alleles (Pandey et al., 2014). These two LGs hold major QTLs for the three major fatty acids, namely oleic, linoleic, and palmitic acids. The clustering of the QTLs for fatty acids is common and is elucidated in groundnut (Pandey et al., 2014; Wang et al., 2015) and in several other crops, including rapeseed (Basnet et al., 2016) and soybean (Kim et al., 2010). In the present study, four clusters were reported with three QTLs each. The frequency distribution of oleic, linoleic, and palmitic acids were skewed toward one side, which showed the influence by a single factor, i.e., FAD alleles. The high frequency of transgressive segregations for arachidic acid and lignoceric acid might be due to complementary gene actions. The presence of transgressive segregants in lignoceric, arachidic, stearic, and behenic acids with identified QTLs on different LGs indicated the presence of specific genomic regions/genes which control the specific fatty acids. These genomic regions are very important in identifying key enzymes for targeting specific fatty acid, both to increase and decrease their content. Targeting of these clusters for further studies will be more helpful for genetic dissection, candidate gene discovery and accelerated groundnut improvement.
In summary, this study successfully developed two genetic maps based on DArT and DArTseq markers and one being the second most dense genetic map across all marker systems and most dense genetic map based on DArT and DArTseq markers in groundnut. Further, this study identified genomic regions for groundnut oil content and fatty acids. These genomic regions provide further opportunity towards gene discovery and marker development for marker-based selection to develop superior cultivars with the desired level of oil content and fatty acid profile.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiment: RKV and MKP. Performed the experiments: YS and MKV. Analyzed data: YS, MKV, and MKP. Interpreted results: RKV, MKP, MKV, YS, and BG. Population development and phenotyping: PJ, MTV, SM, and SN. Wrote the manuscript: YS, MKV, and MKP.
Conflict of Interest Statement
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
The work presented in this article is the contribution from research projects sponsored by Department of Agriculture and Co-operation (DAC), Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India under Integrated Scheme of Oilseeds, Pulses, Oilpalm and Maize (ISOPOM) program. YS acknowledges the award of Junior Research Fellowship from Department of Biotechnology, Government of India. This work has been undertaken as part of the CGIAR Research Program on Grain Legumes. ICRISAT is a member of CGIAR Consortium.
Supplementary Material
The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpls.2017.00794/full#supplementary-material
FIGURE S1 | Genetic map of F2 population (ICGV 07368 × ICGV 06420) segregating for oil content trait. The mapped loci are present on the left side and their positions (in cM) are mentioned on the right side of the linkage groups.
FIGURE S2 | Genetic map of F2 population (ICGV 06420 × SunOleic 95R) segregating for fatty acids. The mapped loci are present on the left side and their positions (in cM) are mentioned on the right side of the linkage groups.
TABLE S1 | Details of the genetic map of F2 population (ICGV 07368 × ICGV 06420) with information on mapped markers, linkage group, position and sequences.
TABLE S2 | Details of the genetic map of F2 population (ICGV 06420 × SunOleic 95R) with information on mapped markers, linkage group, position and sequences.
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Keywords: DArT/DArTseq, genetic map, QTLs, oil content, fatty acids, peanut
Citation: Shasidhar Y, Vishwakarma MK, Pandey MK, Janila P, Variath MT, Manohar SS, Nigam SN, Guo B and Varshney RK (2017) Molecular Mapping of Oil Content and Fatty Acids Using Dense Genetic Maps in Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Front. Plant Sci. 8:794. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00794
Received: 03 February 2017; Accepted: 27 April 2017;
Published: 22 May 2017.
Edited by:Dan MacLean, The Sainsbury Laboratory, UK
Reviewed by:Steven B. Cannon, Corn Insects and Crop Genetics Research (ARS–USDA), USA
Xun Xu, BGI Research, China
Copyright © 2017 Shasidhar, Vishwakarma, Pandey, Janila, Variath, Manohar, Nigam, Guo and Varshney. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Rajeev K. Varshney, email@example.com Manish K. Pandey, firstname.lastname@example.com Pasupuleti Janila, email@example.com
†These authors have contributed equally to this work.


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text: panterapolnocy 680 Posted August 1 Share Posted August 1 In general I'm not a fan of clothes that reveal too much, but sometimes I see a thing that I really want to test. Usually my common sense tells me "why bother, you won't use that anyway, you will only pollute your inventory" and I agree with it, but this time it must have been too hot and the sense was sleeping. Therefore, I've got myself this dress/gown that barely covers what is should because of the semi-transparent front (yet it still does), but at least it's perfect for the 30c/85f that I have here, looks relatively nice (yes, I like flexis), is in blue-ish-frostish colour that I like and didn't cost fortune - all that while not being a swimwear. 13 Quote Link to post Share on other sites


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"Smile and the world smiles at you", so says an outdated and standard saying. Strength training isn't just about lifting weights, yes certainly weight coaching may be extremely helpful to browsing energy nonetheless, there are a vast vary of strength coaching types that will also be of great profit. Though this laser could also be safe and effective for all skin varieties, it's perfect for individuals who have dark hair.\n\nThere are literally certain meals which are fats-burning. When the physique is in a wholesome state, there is a good provide of oxygen in the blood and the fluids will register as alkaline. It does imply that wearing a bite-guard to protect the dental implant and your tooth is obligatory.\n\nThe pregnant lady's fitness guide stipulates that 'mums to be' ought to steer clear of exercising in oppressive heat during the being pregnant All the time avoid exercise on your back previous the first trimester since this can decrease the blood movement to your baby.\n\nDental caries seems as a small white like chalky space but develop right into a brown, giant cavitation and typically tooth decay could also be directly seen, To inspect the much less visible areas of tooth, radiographs are incessantly used and to evaluate the destruction.\n\nC) Wake up at your normal time, however nonetheless eat a healthy breakfast. Eating within the stated period assures your physique of its wanted provide of blood sugar. If you are on the path to reaching a wholesome weight resveratrol use could assist to spice up your weight reduction because it triggers sure growth hormone liable for fat regulation.\n\nAll of that weight loss was as a result of following the glycemix index of foods and a meal plan. The best diet to shed extra pounds is one which includes a scientific course of referred to as food combining. Avoiding excessive glycemic index foods is an efficient begin to losing a few pounds and seeing your abs again.\n\nPack your fridge with healthy foods. Performing weight coaching exercise means following particular techniques or bends to make sure that you're concentrating on the precise body elements. Do not forget that a wholesome physique needs healthy food to survive so make it some extent to spend money on good meals for good nutrition.
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To think that the flabby space on the perimeters of your tummy actually has a nice name: love handles. There are literally sure meals which might be fat-burning. When the physique is in a healthy […]


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Tele2 Croatia is one of the first operators in the world to implement IP into its HSPA transport network. As prime partner, Ericsson delivered a complete end-to-end IP RAN over Ethernet backhaul solution.
As a young operator in the market, Tele2 Croatia has made its name by offering competitive services to consumers and is now the third largest operator in the country. To maintain this position, Tele2 planned to increase its service offering and this meant facing several challenges. Keen to deliver superior internet performance in the most cost efficient way, Tele2 drew on Ericsson's expertise to transform its HSPA transport network in just three months, in time for the launch of its mobile broadband service.
Collaborating with Ericsson's company in Croatia, Ericsson Nikola Tesla, Tele2 Croatia implemented an end-to-end IP RAN over Ethernet backhaul network to support high performance and high speed mobile broadband services. The leading technology included HSPA and an efficient all-IP based transport network. As part of the network transformation the base stations were upgraded to IP RAN by a simple hardware installation. The backhaul network is built on MINI-LINK TN microwave and OMS 1410 optical transport equipment.
Unusually for a network transformation project, the technology was implemented prior to the local mobile broadband launch. Hans Herbertsson, Network Solution Director, Ericsson explains the benefits: "Tele2 Croatia took a brave decision to move to IP RAN even before launching its mobile broadband service. This is a pioneering solution which provides the opportunity to deliver a much better user experience than with traditional technology. They will be ahead of the competition and the first to market with new services and profiles as well as supporting new applications."
Tele2 Croatia's experience in mobile broadband, together with Ericsson Nikola Tesla's technical knowledge and global expertise, provided a successful driving force behind the project. Tele2 Croatia commercially launched its mobile broadband services in Q3 2008 and the technology enabled a speedy and efficient transmission of large quantities of data in preparation for the launch. Ericsson's solution met Tele2's need to lower the total cost of ownership through the aggregation of traffic as well as providing the ability to upgrade easily from the office instead of a complicated and costly site visit. The offer reduces opex by simplifying operation and maintenance whilst providing unmatched scalability and service quality. Tele2 has been able to pass these savings on to the end user and remain ahead of its main competitors.
Johan Granlund, CEO, Tele2 Croatia outlines the future of the relationship: "I hope the partnership with Ericsson will continue and if they carry on delivering superior quality which helps us to lower costs then it definitely will." Tele2 Croatia acquired 62 000 new subscribers in the first quarter of 2009, an increase of 35 percent in comparison to the previous year. By being perceptive to subscribers' pricing needs and responsive to customer requirements, Tele2 is growing its market share and preparing for future growth with a minimal investment.
Customer: Tele2 Croatia
Customer Objective
- Scalable and cost efficient mobile broadband network
- Faster broadband speeds
- Maintain competitive advantage
Ericsson Solution
- Complete end-to-end IP RAN over Ethernet backhaul network including MINI-LINK TN and OMS 1410
Customer Benefits
- Increase in subscribers
- Future-proof and scalable network solution
- Advantage over competitors