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TECHNICAL CHALLENGES OF VoIP BYPASS
- Karen Lynn Greene
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1 TECHNICAL CHALLENGES OF VoIP BYPASS Presented by Monica Cultrera VP Software Development Bitek International Inc 23 rd TELELCOMMUNICATION CONFERENCE
2 Agenda 1. Defining VoIP What is VoIP? How to establish a VoIP call 2. VoIP Protocols H.323 SIP SKYPE 3. Impact of VoIP on Networks Bandwidth consumption Bandwidth used by voice 4. Network Management of VoIP Attempted Solutions adopted against VoIP and VPN 5. Questions and Answers Private and Confidential 2
3 TECHNICAL CHALLENGES OF VoIP BYPASS 1. Defining VoIP 23 rd TELELCOMMUNICATION CONFERENCE
4 Defining VoIP What is VoIP? VoIP = Voice over Internet Protocol, is the routing of a voice conversation over the Internet or through an IP-based network PSTN VoIP Traffic PSTN Cell Cell Cell Via WiFi Wireless Hot Spot IP network 1 IP network 2 Wireless Hot Spot Lap Top Via WiFi PDA Via WiFi Private and Confidential 4
5 Defining VoIP Attributes of VoIP PRO s CON s Location independent Cheap or free calls Free phone number in different areas Additional features Integration of additional services available on the Internet No Emergency calls QoS not guaranteed Reliability Inconsistent User Experience Multiple Protocols Private and Confidential 5
6 Defining VoIP What are the issues relating to VoIP? Providing consistent Quality of Service - QoS Routing traffic through firewalls and NAT Some VoIP protocols like Skype use proprietary protocols Some VoIP protocols use STUN through NATs and ICE STUN: UDP: NAT: ICE: Simple Traversal of UDP through NAT User Datagram Protocol Network Address Translation Interactive Connectivity Establishment Private and Confidential 6
7 Defining VoIP Peer-to-Peer VoIP Calls The call is a the shortest route or a direct connection between two users 1 - A calls B Client A 3 - VoIP Session Established Client B 2 - B accepts call Private and Confidential 7
8 Defining VoIP VoIP Calls via Proxy The call is established using a Proxy Server All Clients are registered in the Proxy Server 1 - A sends a CALL REQUEST to B to the Proxy 2 - Proxy sends B s info to A Proxy Server Proxy Maintains Connection Proxy Maintains Connection 2 - Proxy sends A s info to B Client C Client A 3 - Call between A & B Client B Private and Confidential 8
9 TECHNICAL CHALLENGES OF VoIP BYPASS 2. VoIP Protocols 23 rd TELELCOMMUNICATION CONFERENCE TECHNICAL CHALLENGES OF VoIP BYPASS
10 VoIP Protocol - Sequences What is required to establish a VoIP call? VoIP uses different Protocols to route packets, implement the call and create a conversation over the Internet: 1. Signalling Protocol: Creates the session. e.g. SIP and Q931 (for H323) 2. Session Description Protocol: Establishes the available media and typically negotiates the codec to be used. e.g. SDP used commonly by SIP or H245 used by H Voice Transport Protocol: For real-time voice transport (RTP) used with RTCP (Real-time Transport Control Protocol) for quality, synchronisation and identity management Softphones must use protocols to establish a VoIP Session Private and Confidential 10
11 VoIP Protocols What are the most common protocols? The two most used VoIP standard protocols are H323 and SIP H.323 was the first to be developed SIP has surpassed H.323 for better traversal NAT and firewalls 85% of the Softphones use SIP (Messenger, Vonage,etc.) Proprietary protocols are created by new softphone companies SKYPE is the most successful example Private and Confidential 11
12 VoIP Protocols H.323 s Background In 1986 ITU ratified first version of protocol H323 H323 defines how Voice, Data and Video are carried using IP H323 pioneered the linking of different endpoints H323 coordinates the supporting protocols to establish the session: RAS to manage registration, admission, status Q.931 to manage call set up and termination H.245 to negotiate channel usage and capabilities Private and Confidential 12
13 VoIP Protocols H.323 Set Up of a H.323 call Gatekeeper Admission Request Client A Admission Confirm Setup Call Proceeding Admission Request Client B Admission Confirm Alert Connecting Terminal Capability Set Open Logical Channel RAS H225 H245 Voice Media (Voice) Private and Confidential 13
14 VoIP Protocols H.323 Termination of a H.323 call Media (Voice) Client A End Session Command Close Logical Channel End Session Command Close Logical Channel Client B Release Complete Disengage Request Disengage Confirm Disengage Request Disengage Confirm RAS H225 H245 Voice Gatekeeper Private and Confidential 14
15 VoIP Protocols - SIP SIP s Background Originally defined by IETF with the RFC3261, the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) is an application-layer control protocol that can establish, modify and terminate multimedia sessions (conferences) such as Internet telephony calls SIP works independently of underlying transport protocols and without dependency on the type of session that is being established The protocol commonly used for describing Media is SDP IETF: Internet Engineering Task Force SDP: Session Description Protocol Private and Confidential 15
16 Protocols - SIP Set up and termination of SIP call Alice 1. Invite Trying Ringing OK Proxy wonderland.com 2. Invite Trying Ringing OK Proxy whiterabbit.com 4. Invite Ringing OK Peter 12. ACK Media Session 13. BYE OK Private and Confidential 16
17 VoIP Protocols What are the differences between SIP and H.323? Architecture: - H323 Softphones cover the services within the confines of the protocol + SIP allows variants and service development for Softphones adaptation Message Encoding = H323 is binary encoded therefore efficient for network = SIP is text based so human-readable but bulky for the network PSTN Internetworking + H323 structure is inherited by PSTN protocols (e.g. Q.931) - SIP has no commonality with PSTN Private and Confidential 17
18 VoIP Protocols - Skype Skype Skype is an encrypted P2P service using proprietary protocol P2P Internet Telephony network created by Niklas Zennstrom and Jan Friis (founders of KaZaa) Skype is rapidly challenging the SIP & H323 standard based softphones Private and Confidential 18
19 VoIP Protocols - Skype Skype Architecture SN SuperNode Active connection SN SN Backup connection SN connection SN SN Skype Client SN Skype Client Private and Confidential 19
20 VoIP Protocols - Skype How does Skype work? Skype connects by using a randomly generated TCP port or UDP port, if this one is blocked, it will find another Skype mimics protocols of secure authentication, making its identification almost impossible Skype is always ON and consequently always active with its SuperNodes Skype uses bandwidth regardless of call status SuperNodes use the most bandwidth Private and Confidential 20
21 TECHNICAL CHALLENGES OF VoIP BYPASS 3. Impact of VoIP on Networks 23 rd TELELCOMMUNICATION CONFERENCE BANDWIDTH CONSUMPTION
22 Impact of VoIP on Networks Summary In this section Impact of VoIP on Networks : Bandwidth consumption Bandwidth used by voice Codec IP & Transmission headers Packet and frame Private and Confidential 22
23 Impact of VoIP on Networks Bandwidth consumption VoIP is "new" traffic, adding load to the network that was initially not planned for Resource Management is required to differentiate the user groups of VoIP QoS monitoring is required to ensure SLA to actual customers Unauthorised VoIP adds load and latency to network Private and Confidential 23
24 Impact of VoIP on Networks How Bandwidth is Increased by Voice Packets The amount of bandwidth required for carrying voice depends on: 1. Voice determined by Codec: the process of converting analogue voice into a digital format 2. IP & Transmission header: containing data instructions for routing the voice packet Different Codec uses different bandwidth The Codec actually determines how much bandwidth the voice data occupies Private and Confidential 24
25 Impact of VoIP on Networks Codec Codec samples the voice (at a rate of approximately 8000 samples per second) and generates a value for each sample These values create the voice frame To establish the size of a voice frame: Number of bits produced per second Sample period to determine how often transmit G.711 samples every 20ms and produces 64kbps G.729 samples every 10ms and produces 8kbps 20ms = 50 frames per second / 50 = 1280 bit per single frame (160 bytes) 10ms = 100 frames per second 8000 / 100 = 80 bit per single frame (10 bytes) Private and Confidential 25
26 Impact of VoIP on Networks IP & Transmission Headers The voice (carried inside the payload) is wrapped in different layers: IP: contains source and destination host UDP: contains source and destination port RTP: contains info on how to reconstruct the samples in the correct order 40 bytes to be added on top of the payload The IP packet is wrapped in another layer by the physical transmission medium. Ethernet adds an additional 38 Bytes IP UDP RTP Ethernet Preamble & Headers IP headers Voice CRC & Ethernet Gap Private and Confidential 26
27 Impact of VoIP on Networks G.711 sampling every 20ms Ethernet 38 bytes 304 bit 15.2 kbps IP 40 bytes 320 bit 16 kbps Voice 160 bytes 1280 bit 64 kbps Total 238 bytes 1904 bit 95.2 kbps For both streams of the call, the bandwidth consumption is kbps G.729 sampling every 10ms Ethernet 38 bytes 304 bit 30.4 kbps IP 40 bytes 320 bit 32 kbps Voice 10 bytes 80 bit 8 kbps Total 88 bytes 704 bit 70.4 kbps For both streams of the call, the bandwidth consumption is kbps Private and Confidential 27
28 Impact of VoIP on Networks Packet and Frame Many softphones send a single frame per packet Sending more frames per packet reduces packet transmission overhead (better for network) Sending less frames per packet reduces voice latency (better for VoIP Providers) A trade-off between call quality (in the interest of VoIP providers) & latency of the network Shorter samples = smaller the frame, voice quality vs packet header bigger than voice The network is used to carry meaningless packets G.711 the Voice data is 160B per frame on a total of 238B (50 packets per second) G.729 the Voice data is 10B per frame on a total of 88B (100 packets per second) Private and Confidential 28
29 TECHNICAL CHALLENGES OF VoIP BYPASS 4. Network Management of VoIP Attempted Solutions to Bypass VoIP. 23 rd TELELCOMMUNICATION CONFERENCE NETWORK MANAGEMENT OPTIONS
30 False Solutions Port Blocking will not stop Bypass VoIP False Solution: Closing Specific Ports (e.g for SIP and 1720 for H.323) Problems: Must re-route own VoIP Must monitor constantly as Bypass VoIP is redirected manually Softphones randomly change the ports used Grey Operators modify code slightly from the standard to disguise VoIP traffic Private and Confidential 30
31 False Solutions Bandwidth Control will not stop Bypass VoIP False solution Attempts to carry out the following: Prioritising VoIP to lower QoS levels Adding Latency Adding Noise Adding Jitter Problems These solutions just delay the VoIP problem and create issues with own VoIP Voice reconstruction New softphones / Bypass Operators would change the codec used for voice or could move to TCPNODELAY for carrying voice and signalling Private and Confidential 31
32 VoIP Bypass Strategy VPN s Bypass Port Blocking and Bandwidth Control A Virtual Private Network (VPN) is a private network established within a public network to communicate confidentially Originally VPN has been designed for companies or organizations that needed to work and transmit information confidentially Now this tool is exploited to cross all network restrictions Even person to person can create a VPN tunnel to an international toll free VoIP call Private and Confidential 32
33 Real Solution Implications of Controlling the VPN Bitek R&D teams have proven that a Technical Solution is Possible to resolve VPN in the same way as Bitek controls Skype and other VoIP, but.. Legal implication - breaching confidentiality potentially invading customer data (everything is encrypted) Public Relations issues admitting to customers that they are being controlled within a secure link Public debate Where does privacy end and security start? THIS IS NOT ONLY A TECHNICAL ISSUE! Private and Confidential 33
34 Technical Conclusion The real solution does not lie within the network VoIP Bypass, Grey Traffic and Softphone Control, Revenue Creation and Protection are BATTLES FOUGHT AND WON ON THE PACKET LEVEL Fortunately, the solution exists! Private and Confidential 34
35 5. Questions and Answers Thank you Members of CANTO Monica Cultrera VP Software Development 23 rd TELELCOMMUNICATION CONFERENCE
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From Caitlin Freeman's book, Modern Art Desserts, these are traditional Mexican cookies with a bit of a twist in the form of Nocino (Italian walnut liqueur).
Chile is the second biggest consumer of bread in the world after Germany. An integral part of their cuisine, bread is present for almost every meal. A particularly versatile option is sopaipillas – fried pumpkin ...
Blanching garlic cloves multiple times in hot water removes the germ, the centre sprout that lends the cold soup a bitter quality if left intact. Stale bread makes for better textured and flavoured breadcrumbs – ...
This mocktail does away with the tequila but retains the rest of its refreshing, summer-ready ingredients namely, mint, coriander, pineapple juice and peppers.
The Latin classic of juicy meatballs stewed in a delectable sweet spicy broth.
Every country blessed with a rich coastline has its version of a seafood stew. In Brazil, it's moqueca, made with firm white fish swimming in a piquant gravy of tomatoes, coriander and peppers.
Call this a 'twisted' version of the chilli con carne: the beef dish is doused with chilli powder, Tabasco and Habano chillies to sizzle your palate.
Mexican Dips are a sure-fire hit at any dinner party. Make a healthier version of this dish by adding more freshly cut vegetables and using less sour cream.
The ubiquitous Mojito is turned into a simple and elegant dessert...for adults.

subset: commoncrawl


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8330 Sheaves Road, Delta Listing #: R2477739
Perfect for the first time buyer to enter the market into your own detached home. This 3 level split with new windows & hot water tank has an open airy feel from this well laid out floor plan and comes with tall, soaring vaulted ceiling and cozy wood burning fireplace in the living room. The generously sized family room with wood stove below opens up to a relaxing patio and serene private backyard. You will also find a workshop below that will be appreciated by the handyman or convert to an office or games room for the kids. Great street appeal with newly paved driveway and easy access to highways and Alex Fraser Bridge makes this an ultra convenient location to call home.
Taxes (2020): $2,608.29Amenities: Workshop Attached
- ClthWsh
- Dryr
- Frdg
- Stve
- Drapes
- Window Coverings
Site Influences
- Central Location
- Private Yard
- Recreation Nearby
Similar Listings
Listed By: Keller Williams Elite Realty
Disclaimer: The data relating to real estate on this web site comes in part from the MLS Reciprocity program of the Real Estate Board of Greater Vancouver or the Fraser Valley Real Estate Board. Real estate listings held by participating real estate firms are marked with the MLS Reciprocity logo and detailed information about the listing includes the name of the listing agent. This representation is based in whole or part on data generated by the Real Estate Board of Greater Vancouver or the Fraser Valley Real Estate Board which assumes no responsibility for its accuracy. The materials contained on this page may not be reproduced without the express written consent of the Real Estate Board of Greater Vancouver or the Fraser Valley Real Estate Board.


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Changeset 36856 in project
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r36855 r36856 70 70 If you want to contribute new eggs, you might want to consult the 71 71 [[eggs tutorial]] and the official, automatically built, list of eggs: 72 [[http://wiki.call-cc.org/chicken-projects/egg-index- 4.html|egg index]]. 72 [[http://wiki.call-cc.org/chicken-projects/egg-index-.html|egg index]]. 73 73 74 74 In case you don't have a Subversion account, check the [[/contribute|Contribute]] page to know how to request one.
Note: See TracChangeset for help on using the changeset viewer.


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Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited, Hyderabad (BHEL HYD) recently released an official notification for the recruitment of 27 Experienced Engineers and Supervisors. If you are eligible then you can participate in the BHEL Recruitment 2019. Online applications are invited from experienced Graduates from 24th April 2019.
Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited will conduct an Interview on 29th May 2019. You can apply online for 27 BHEL Hyderabad Vacancy For Engineers on or before the last date which is 14th May 2019. Eligible candidates will find more details about the BHEL Engineer Recruitment Process from the complete article.
Do You Want To Check BHEL Recruitment Last Date?
Advertisement No.: FTA/2019/02
Eligibility Date: 01.04.2019
Opening Date: 24.04.2019
Closing Date: 14.05.2019
Interview Admit Card Download Date: 19.05.2019
Tentative Date of Interview: 29.05.2019
BHEL Vacancy For 27 Engineer & Supervisor | BHEL Hyderabad Recruitment
Department: Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited
Also known as BHEL
Location: Hyderabad
Category: Government Jobs
Post: Engineer & Supervisor
Total Vacancy: 27
Applying Mode: Online Mode
Last Date: 14.05.2019
Interview Date: 29.05.2019 (Tentative)
Official Website: bhelhyd.co.in
What Are The Easy Steps To Apply For BHEL Engineer Jobs 2019?
We advise the candidates to check their eligibility before applying online for BHEL Recruitment 2019. If you are eligible then you can fill up the BHEL Online Form within 3 Steps. These steps are given below.
- STEP 1: Make sure you have all the necessary documents/ certificates required in the online form filling process. Candidates are required to fill up each and every section of the online form as per the relevant information asked in it.
- STEP 2: Those candidates who have completed the first step, they need to upload their scanned recent Images and Documents in the online form. These documents are a Photograph, Signature, Caste Certificate (where required), etc.
- STEP 3: As per the last step of form filling process for BHEL Jobs 2019, candidates need to make payment of the application fee. Take the print out of the application form after successful payment of the application fee.
How Many Supervisor Vacancy Are There In BHEL Recruitment? Distribution Of BHEL Vacancy
|Total Posts For BHEL Supervisor Recruitment
|Period of Fixed Tenure
|Engineer (FTA-Civil)
|600 days or completion of Project, whichever is earlier
|Engineer (FTA-Electrical)
|Supervisor (FTA-Civil)
|Supervisor (FTA-Electrical)
Age Limit For BHEL Hyderabad Jobs 2019
Only those candidates can participate in the BHEL Recruitment 2019, who have not crossed 35 years of age. If any candidate has greater experience, then the age limit will be increased with each additional year of experience. Check out the Upper Age Limit Relaxation from below:
- OBC (Non-Creamy Layer) candidates: 3 years
- SC/ST candidates: 5 years
- PWD candidates: 10 years for General, 13 years for OBC (Non-Creamy Layer, and 13 years for OBC (Non-Creamy Layer.
- Ex-Servicemen candidates: as per extant Govt. Rules.
What Is The Educational Qualification & Work Experience For BHEL Engineer Recruitment 2019?
|Name of the Post
|Educational Qualification
|Work Experience
|Full-Time Bachelor's Degree
in Engineering/Technology in
Civil Engg. OR 5 Year
Integrated Master's degree
|Minimum of 3 Years post
qualification experience
|Supervisor (FTACivil)
|Full-Time Diploma in Civil
|Supervisor (FTAElectrical)
How Will BHEL Hyderabad Select Candidates For BHEL Recruitment? BHEL Jobs 2019
Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited will select candidates on the basis of Interview. The department will call candidates for the Interview in the ratio of 1:10.
Remuneration Details For BHEL Hyd Recruitment 2019
|Remuneration Per Month
|Engineer (FTA-Civil) &
|Reimbursement of Mediclaim Policy up to Rs. 2 lakhs for Self, Spouse and dependent family
|Supervisor (FTA-Civil) &
Application Fee For BHEL Hyderabad Jobs 2019
- Rs.200/- Application Fee for Unreserved, OBC and EWS candidates.
- SC/ST categories, Ex-Servicemen and Persons with disabilities candidates are exempted from fee payment.
- Application Fee can be paid through Net banking/Debit card/Credit card/Wallet.
Important Links For BHEL Recruitment 2019
Check Out Official Engineer & Supervisor Notification PDF
Apply Online For 27 Posts
Conclusion: BHEL Recruitment 2019 is currently active. If you are eligible then you can participate in the recruitment process and apply online from 24.04.2019 to 14.05.2019.
Apply Online For FACT Recruitment
Get ONGC Recruitment Official Notification
Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited is inviting online applications for 145 Engineer Trainee & Executive Trainee posts. The starting date to apply online for BHEL Recruitment 2019 is 16.04.2019. Whereas the last date for submitting the fully filled application form is 06.05.2019.
It is a great opportunity for candidates who have a Full-Time Bachelor's degree. The department will select candidates for BHEL Jobs through a Computer Based Examination and Interview. You can check the eligibility criteria, age limit, etc. about BHEL Engineer Trainee Recruitment from the full article.
Short Details For BHEL Recruitment Official Notification – Executive Trainee Jobs
|Name of the department
|Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited
|Also known as
|Government Jobs
|Name of the positions
|Engineer Trainee/ Executive Trainee
|Total number of vacancies
|Last Date
|06.05.2019 at 11:45 PM
|Official website
Important Dates To Remember For 145 Engineer Trainee/ Executive Trainee BHEL Vacancy
|Starting date to apply online for BHEL Recruitment 2019
|16.04.2019 at 10:00 PM
|Last date for submitting online applications
|06.05.2019 at 11:45 PM
|Ending date for depositing application fee
|08.05.2019 at 06:00 PM
|Date of the examination
|25.05.2019 and 26.05.2019
|Date of determination of eligibility
Category Wise BHEL Jobs – BHEL Recruitment For Engineer Trainee Vacancy
Eligibility Criteria For BHEL Engineer Trainee Recruitment?
|Educational Qualification
|Age Limit
|Full-Time Bachelor's Degree in Engineering /Technology or Five years integrated Master's
degree or Dual Degree program in
Engineering or Technology
|27 Years
(Candidates born before 01/04/1992
are not eligible to apply)29 years for candidates having two
years' full-time Post Graduate in
Engineering or Business
Administration/ Management
|Full-time regular Bachelor's degree from a
recognized Indian University* with at least 60%
marks in aggregate in all years
Two years of full-time regular Post Graduate
|29 Years
(Candidates born before 01/04/1990
are not eligible to apply)
|Full-time regular Bachelor's degree
Qualified Chartered or Cost and Works
|29 Years
(Candidates born before 01/04/1990
are not eligible to apply)
Selection Process For BHEL Recruitment 2019
The department will select candidates on the basis of two stages. These are Computer Based Examination and Interview. Candidates will be selected for the Interview stage in order of merit in the ratio of 1:7. Candidates who attain the same marks in the respective groups will also be called for the Interview stage. The final merit list will be prepared on the basis of 75% marks secured in the Examination and 25% marks from the Interview stage.
What Is The Pay Scale For BHEL Jobs 2019? Engineer Trainee Vacancy
- During Training Period: Basic Pay of Rs 50,000/- in the scale of pay of Rs 50,000-1,60,000/-
- After Training Period: Rs 60,000-1,80,000/- with basic pay of Rs 60,000/-
- Dearness Allowance (Currently 8.8% of Basic Pay)
- Perks and other Allowances (31% of Basic Pay)
- Medical facilities
- Provident Fund
- Gratuity
- Performance Related Pay, etc.
How To Apply Online For BHEL Recruitment 2019?
- First of all, go to the official website of the department which is careers.bhel.in.
- On the homepage of the official website, you will find the direct apply online link for the BHEL Vacancy 2019.
- Now start filling the online form by entering relevant information asked in the online form.
- Upload your recent scanned passport size photograph, signature, etc.
- Make a payment of the application fee.
- Take the print out of the BHEL Online Application Form.
Application Fee For BHEL Engineer Trainee Jobs
- UR/EWS/OBC Candidates: Application Fees Rs 500 and Processing Fees Rs 300 +GST
- SC/ST/PWD/EXSM candidates: Processing Fees of Rs 300+GST
Important Links For BHEL Recruitment 2019
Check Out BHEL Official Notification PDF
Apply Online For Engineer Trainee/ Executive Trainee Posts
Download BHEL Admit Card
Get BHEL Syllabus For Engineer Trainee Exam
Conclusion: BHEL Recruitment 2019 is active now. Aspirants can apply online for 145 Engineer Trainee and Executive Trainee posts from 16.04.2019 to 06.05.2019.
Check Out MRPL Recruitment Official Notification
Apply Online For Cochin Shipyard Recruitment
Do you want to participate in BHEL Recruitment 2019? If yes, then you are at the correct place. Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited, Tiruchirappalli has released an official notification regarding recruitment of 400 Trade Apprentice positions. 10th Standard pass candidates can candidates who have done 2 years ITI training can apply online.
Interested eligible aspirants can apply online from 16th March 2019. The last date to apply online for BHEL Jobs 2019 is 30th March 2019. You can get more detailed information on BHEL Apprentice Recruitment 2019.
General Information About BHEL Recruitment 2019 – BHEL Vacancy 2019
Name of the department: Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited
Also known as BHEL
Name of the position: Apprentice
Total number of vacancy: 400
Mode of registration: Online mode
Last date: 30th March 2019
Official website: bhel.com
Important Dates – BHEL Jobs 2019
Starting date to apply online: 16.03.2019
Last date to apply online: 30.03.2019
List of shortlisted candidates: 03.04.2019
Certificate Verification: 04.04.2019
Tentative Joining: 11.04.2019
Distribution Of Vacancies Under BHEL Recruitment 2019
Fitter: 150 Posts
Welder: 110 Posts
Turner: 11 Posts
Machinist: 16 Posts
Electrician: 35 Posts
Wireman: 07 Posts
Electronic Mechanic: 07 Posts
Instrument Mechanic: 07 Posts
AC &Refrigeration: 10 Posts
Diesel Mechanic: 07 Posts
Sheet Metal Worker: 05 Posts
Program & System Administration Assistant: 20 Posts
Carpenter: 04 Posts
Plumber: 04 Posts
MLT Pathology: 02 Posts
Assistant ( Human Resource): 05 Posts
What Is The Eligibility Criteria For BHEL Apprentice Recruitment 2019?
Educational Qualification For BHEL Jobs 2019
Aspirants who have passed the 10th Standard and who have done the 2 years ITI certificate in relevant filed from NCTVT can apply online for BHEL Recruitment 2019.
Age Limit For BHEL 2019 Recruitment
The maximum age of the candidates must not exceed 27 years. Whereas the minimum age to apply online is 18 years. The date of determining the age limit will be 13.04.2019.
How To Apply Online For BHEL Recruitment 2019?
- First of all, go to the official website of the department which is bhel.com.
- Now on the homepage of the official website, you will find the apply online link for the BHEL Vacancy 2019.
- Click on the link. Start filling the online form by entering relevant and basic information asked in the application form.
- Upload your relevant documents asked such as passport size photograph, signature, etc.
- After filling the online form, take a print out of the online form.
Upper Age Limit For BHEL Recruitment 2019
- SC/ ST candidates: 05 years
- OBC candidates: 03 years
Selection Process For BHEL Vacancy 2019
The department will select candidates on the basis of educational qualification. You can get more details on the selection process from the BHEL Recruitment 2019 Notification PDF. It is available at the end of this article.
Pay Scale For BHEL Jobs 2019 – Stipend For BHEL Recruitment 2019
|Name of the Positions
|Electronic Mechanic
|Instrument Mechanic
|AC & Refrigeration
|Diesel Mechanic
|Sheet Metal Worker
|Programme & System Administration Assistant
|MLT Pathology
|MLT Pathology
Important Links For BHEL Recruitment 2019
Check Out Official Apprentice Notification
Apply Online For Apprentice Positions
Conclusion: We are sharing complete information regarding BHEL Recruitment 2019. You can apply online for 400 Apprentice positions from 16.03.2019 to 03.03.2019.
-> Check Hindustan Copper Limited Recruitment Notification
-> TS SET Notification 2019 PDF Here
-> TS TET Notification 2019
-> RCFL Recruitment 2019 Details
|BHEL Civil Exam Details For 80 Posts- Last Date: 18.02.2019
|BHEL 229 Apprentice Posts- Last Date: 28.01.2019
Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited– BHEL Recruitment 2019 Notification out for 80 Engineer & Supervisor Posts. This is a great opportunity for the participants who are searching for Latest Govt. Jobs. Applicants can fill the online application form for BHEL Civil Vacancy 2019. Eligible or interested participants can apply for BHEL 2019 Recruitment from 06.02.2019 To 18.02.2019. More details about Latest BHEL Notification 2019 should read this article.
Details of BHEL Recruitment 2019- Get The Last Date of Submission of Online Form
|BHEL Recruitment 2019 Notification Information
|Name of Department: Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited
Name of Post: Engineer & Supervisor (Civil)
Number of BHEL Vacancy 2019: 80 Posts
|Important Dates:
Online Submission of Application: 06.02.2019
|Job Location: Chennai
Minimum of 2 Years' post qualification experience
|Age Limit (As On 06.02.2019):
Maximum: 34 Years
Pay Scale:
Engineer (FTA-Civil): Rs. 62100/-
|Selection Process:
The selection process for BHEL Recruitment 2019
|Division of BHEL Vacancy 2019
Address For Sending of Hardy Copy of BHEL Recruitment 2019 Application Form
Addl.General Manager(HR) BHEL,
Power Sector Southern Region,
690, EVR Periyar Building,
Anna Salai, Chennai-600035.
Important Links For BHEL Recruitment 2019- BHEL Jobs 2019
Official Notification of 80 Civil Posts
Apply Online Link
Download BHEL Admit Card For 229 Apprentices Posts Exam
Conclusion: BHEL Recruitment 2019 Notification published on 06.02.2019 by Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited. Applicants can apply for BHEL Jobs 2019 through Online & OfflineMode. The last date for submission of online application form is 1802.2019.
BHEL Recruitment 2019 For 229 Apprentices Posts
Dear Candidates Here is good news for you. Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited, Bhopal has announced BHEL Recruitment 2019 Notification. This is a good opportunity for contenders who are searching for Govt. Jobs in Bhopal. There is a total of 229 Apprentices Vacancies available. Applicants may fill the online application form for BHEL Bhopal Jobs 2019. The last date for submission of the registration form is 21.01.2019. Apply BHEL Online 2019 process has been started on 01.01.2019. For more details about BHEL Apprentices Recruitment 2019 like age limit, pay band etc. should read this article properly.
Summary of BHEL Recruitment 2019 Notification For Apprentices Exam- bhelbpl.co.in Jobs 2019
Name of Department- Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited, Bhopal
Also Known: BHEL
Category: Govt. Jobs
Mode of Application: Online Mode
Name of BHEL Vacancy 2019: Graduate Apprentices, Technician Apprentices
Total Number of Posts: 229 Vacancies
Job Location: Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh
Status of BHEL Bhopal Recruitment 2019 Notification: Available
Official Portal: www.bhelbpl.co.in
Division of BHEL Vacancy 2019- Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited Recruitment 2019
|Graduate Engg.
|Diploma Engg.
|Chemical Engg.
|01 Post
|Civil Engg.
|03 Post
|05 Post
|Computer Science & Application
|04 Post
|Electrical Engg.
|43 Post
|24 Post
|Electrical & Electronics Engg.
|03 Post
|Electronics & Telecommunication Engg.
|13 Post
|02 Post
|Industrial Engg.
|07 Post
|Information Technology
|01 Post
|Instrumentation Technology
|01 Post
|Mechanical Engg.
|06 Post
|40 Post
|02 Post
|Modern office Mgmt
|20 Post
|Total seats available
|138 Posts
|91 Posts
Important Dates For BHEL Recruitment 2019- bhelbpl.co.in Vacancy 2019
Starting Date: 01.01.2019
Last Date: 21.01.2019
Closing Date For Submission of Hard Copy of Registration Form: 28.01.2019
What Is The Selection Process, Age Limit Pay Scale Etc For BHEL Recruitment 2019? BHEL Jobs
Education Qualification: Applicants who are going to fill online application form should be completed Bachelor Degree or Diploma from any recognized university and institute. More details about BHEL Apprentice Exam Qualification should check official notification, which is mention below.
BHEL Bhopal Recruitment 2019 Age Limit: Participants age limit should be 14- 25 Years as on 01.01.2019 for BHEL Vacancy 2019. Age relaxation would be applicable as on 10 Years for PWD or 05 Years for SC/ ST or 03 Years for OBC category candidates.
Pay Scale For BHEL Bhopal Vacancy 2019: Those participants who are selected for BHEL Recruitment 2019 will be paid a good salary as per month. For post, wise pay band is mention under-
- Graduate Apprentices: Rs. 6000/-
- Technician Apprentices: Rs. 4000/-
Application Fee For BHEL Jobs 2019: Candidates should check BHEL Official Notification for BHEL Online Examination Fee.
Selection Process For BHEL Bhopal Recruitment 2019: First of all, the department will scrutinize the applications. It will check the eligibility criteria. Based on the eligibility the selection process for Graduate/Diploma apprentices will be ascertained. The department will separately consider the applications of Wards of Employees (son/ daughter/ spouse) and Society workers wards of BHEL Bhopal.
How Fill BHEL Recruitment 2019 Online Application Form? BHEL Apprentices Vacancy 2019
Candidates who are want to work in Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited, Bhopal can apply for bhelbpl.co.in Recruitment 2019. Applying process is mention below. We are providing simple steps to filling the BHEL Online Application Form 2019.
- Candidates log in to the official portal at www.bhelbpl.co.in.
- Then should find "BHEL Recruitment 2019" Notification section and click on it.
- Read full notification very carefully.
- If you are eligible for BHEL Apprentices Jobs 2019 should search Apply Online Form & click on it.
- Enter the required details carefully without any mistake.
- Upload recent passport size photo and signature.
- Recheck all details after filling the registration form.
- Then press on the submit button.
- After submitting the online application form, the copy of online acknowledgement slip along with self-attested copies of documents mentioned below shall be sent to a given address through ordinary post.
Address For Sending Hard Copy of Acknowledgement & Other Document
Post Box No-35,
Post office, Piplani,
BHEL Bhopal – 462022 (M.P.)
Important Links Related To BHEL Recruitment 2019- bhelbpl.co.in Apprentice Jobs 2019
Check Official Notification of 229 Apprentices Posts PDF
Apply Online Link Available
Conclusion: BHEL Recruitment Notification 2019 has released on 31.12.2018 by Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited, Bhopal on the official portal. Eligible or interested participants may fill online Application Form on or before the last date 21.01.2019. The application process for BHEL Apprentices Recruitment 2019 has started on 01.01.2019.
– Apply Online For APPSC Recruitment For Panchayat Secretary Jobs
– Check OSSSC Recruitment 2019 Notification PDF
– Get Official Notification of Delhi High Court Recruitment 2019
– Get WBHRB Recruitment Notification 2019 PDF & Online Application Form


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The path of a freelancer isn't easy. Even if you work better individually than with a team, you are burdened with the responsibility of not only creating the service or product your clients need, you're responsible for pitching, selling, pricing, and generally getting your foot out there.
Some people have learned how to achieve a balance and work successfully as a designer, but those who may find it difficult to take all types of clients on may find it easier to focus their services on one niche. If they excel in that niche, it may be more practical and profitable than serving generally everyone.
When it comes to web designers who have chosen to exclusively serve small businesses, they have the advantage of starting from scratch and working with smaller businesses that have a unique business selling point. However, the difficulty may be trying to convince small business owners with relatively small capital to invest in your services. Here is how you can convince them otherwise.
Finding the Right Client
The key to finding how to sell web design services to smaller businesses starts by spotting them and their need. Some mom and pop shops may rely on their local neighborhood to keep the revenue flowing and think they don't need to go digital, so you may have to be the one to reach out to potential clients.
Unless you already have a network of previous clients you've worked for or business owners who have referred other owners to you, you're going to have to look for the right client to start your portfolio. It helps to have a lead generator, and ideally, you'll want to start with a business in your area.
Explain Why They Need Web Design
If you've seen Kickstarters and GoFundMe campaigns, you can see that several small business and startup owners recognize the importance of taking their small business online if they want to grow their network and reach out to customers. However, older business owners or even young business owners who think their network of friends in the area can carry their business along may find that they're losing out on potential customers. This is what you have to show them.
Having a website opens the door to reaching more potential customers. In an age where more people are researching stores before they shop, it helps to have your business under the radar and a serious candidate for potential customers.
Sure, small businesses could be located in high-traffic places, but ask yourself this question: when was the last time you chose a small business in your area that you're unsure has the product your need (because you can't research or find out a way online to see if they do) over a mall which is farther but surely has the product you need?
And even if these businesses already have websites, you need to show them why you can make it even better. Did you know that your website has, on average, at least 10 seconds to convince potential customers that your business is worth your time? According to Google, over half of your mobile users will leave your website if it takes over three seconds to load. In a time where people want information at their fingertips in seconds, they think they can find a faster website in your competitors' websites.
Better web design reduces the loading time and decreases the number of people likely to leave. All your clients need now is someone to provide high-quality content to fill the website – if you provide content writing as part of your freelance services, you can also use this to your advantage.
Convincing small business owners to let you work on their web design means convincing them that they need it to increase their business revenue. And even if they already have a website, there's something that your services can do to improve their website's traffic.


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Information Technology
|CompTIA, Cisco, Cybersecurity, Open Technologies
|Professional Skills Development (1 to 3-day classes)
|Office Technology
|Software Programming
|Accounting Technology
|Web Design and Development
|Drafting and Computer-Aided Design (CAD)
|Database Administration
Course Details & Registration Information
Adobe Photoshop Level 2
Available Classes
Intended Audience
Anyone who wants to learn advanced features of Adobe Photoshop.
In this part 2 course, you will discuss advanced topics in Adobe Photoshop. Create images and use editing techniques to produce exciting visual effects. Professional or amateur photographers can learn to enhance, modify, and organize their photographs.
Course Objectives
- Use brushes, gradients, and tool presets to create raster images
- Apply vector paths, shape drawing tools, type, and type special effects
- Apply advanced layer techniques with masks, filters, layers, and smart objects
Outline of Instruction
- Creating Raster Images
- Applying Vector Image Tools
- Applying Advanced Layer Techniques
- Automating Tasks
- Editing Video
- Setting Project Requirements
Contact Hours
Industry Standard, State, or National Certification
CE to CU Articulation
Adobe Photoshop Level 1
Text and Supplies Needed
Clinical Site/Special Facilities
Requirements for Successful Completion of this Course
- Attendance 90% or above
- Participation
- Demonstrate an understanding of at least 70% of course material taught.
Accreditation/Special Approval Requirements
Intended Audience
Anyone who wants to learn advanced features of Adobe Photoshop.
Specific Industry or Business Support Needs
Industry or Job Titles Related to training Outcomes for Employment
Related Courses
Course Contact Information
Elizabeth Knocklein


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How do I go about redeeming my tickets?
Hey hey, Michael Jay!!!
Who won the tickets to ModROCK?
JJ Gatesman, come on down, cuz you won the tickets to ModROCK!
And let those of us on the Right Coast know how it is. I'm a big believer in LA's theater scene sending more and more shows our way, so we need to keep our eyes and spies on what's going on in H-Town.
So, JJ (and the rest of you out there in La-La Land), we're counting on you.
(Got a comment? I love 'em, so comment below! Email Subscribers, click here then scroll down to say what's on your mind!)
_ _
– Play our Tony Pool and you can win an iPad. Click here to enter and win!
– Only 50 performances of Macbeth remain! Get tix.


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mango contains vitamin A and Vitamin E that enhances one's hormonal system. Eating unripe mangoes with salt prevents the excessive loss of water from the body, and helps to quench thirst. In addition, it also protects one from the negative effects of very high temperature
250 gm, 500 gm, 1 KG


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App Builders So You Can Market to the Mobile World
It's amazing, living in the future, is it not? You're able to find your customer as she's in a moving bus scanning QR Codes off a poster. You're able to offer your customer a shopping game while he's in a car. Or you can text your customers news of a sale as they're walking by the store.
How does this happen? Mobile apps do most of the work. Mobile tools used to be apps that moved the PC experience to a mobile environment. Now the best of them take advantage of the mobile experience — noting location, sending push alerts and text messages, and even noting what happens when people are waiting: They play games on their phones.
Building a mobile app doesn't have to be heavy lifting — there are programs out there for the drag-and-drop programmer all the way up to the guy making Java work. The following are tools to help marketers build these apps so you can serve up what your customer needs when your customer needs it.


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Brookfield High principal to leave
Nabel, 59, is expected to end his seven-year tenure at Brookfield High on June 30. He begins his new job for the Monson, Mass. school district July 1.
The Brookfield Board of Education has not yet officially announced Nabel's departure, but Superintendent
The board then will begin searching for a new principal. "It will be a loss for us, but this always creates an opening for other talent," Goetz said.
Nabel said he decided to leave Connecticut because he has reached the maximum for the state pension plan.
"If the state system was different, I likely would stay here," Nabel said Monday.
Nabel was looking for a small school district within commuting distance of his home in West Hartford. Monson, a bedroom community of about 8,400 residents located about 20 miles east of Springfield, Mass., is ideal, he said.
"But I'm going to miss the kids, the faculty and the parents. I loved every minute here," Nabel said.
Matt Grimes , former Board of Education chairman, worked with Nabel for four years - two as board member and two as chairman.
"He was what you call a transition principal for a very rocky time," Grimes said.
Nabel started as the interim principal in 1999 and was hired for the permanent position about one year later.
During his tenure, he worked with the school board on several contentious issues, including asbestos in the high school.
Asbestos has plagued the school district since 2000. Tests that showed elevated levels of asbestos led to schools being closed for several weeks in the spring of 2002. Since then, the district has spent millions of dollars to contain, remove and test for asbestos.
Long-planned removal work at Brookfield High moved forward last summer.
Also, Nabel worked to secure the high school's $30 million renovation project, which started last month and will add 32,000 square feet of new space and renovate much of the existing 163,000-square-foot building.
"He is one of the senior high school principals in the state," Grimes said.
The Monson School Committee voted unanimously to hire Nabel on April 28. He was one of four finalists for the position, which has been open since November. Nabel will be the third superintendent Monson has had in about five years.
Karen Patenaude , chairwoman of the Monson School Committee, visited Brookfield High School with another committee member April 25. In a report back to the full committee, Patenaude described Nabel as approachable and innovative.
"He empowers staff and doesn't micro-manage," Patenaude said in a phone interview Monday. "Students are comfortable with going up to him. That's a big thing."
Nabel will oversee a district of three schools and more than 1,600 students.
Patenaude said Nabel, who has more than 35 years of experience in education, is an ideal candidate even though he does not have experience as a superintendent.
"His high school is almost as big as our entire district," she said. "He knows how to work with town government, the community."
The Monson School Committee stepped up the district's hiring process to ensure that Nabel would not take another job. Nabel was also a finalist for the principal's job at Tantasqua Regional High School in Sturbridge, Mass., Patenaude said.
The school district currently is in contract negotiations with Nabel. His salary would be between $105,000 and $112,000.
He was principal at Hamden High School, Naugatuck High School and Nathan Hale -Ray High School in East Haddam before coming to Brookfield High School in 1999.
Contact Elizabeth Putnam at email@example.com or at (203) 731-3411.


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Although I wouldn't describe myself as a dyed-in-the-wool carp angler, I do like to have a dabble for the odd bigger fish. And with so many venues now holding whackers well into double-figures, the standard kit isn't always able to cope.
So being only a part-time carper, and with money tight, I went for the CK 10-10 Carprunner reel because at £25 I just couldn't go wrong. And I didn't! It really is a lovely piece of kit.
The first thing I noticed was the size – it isn't cumbersome and unwieldy like some carp reels I've seen. But the bonus is that it's still packed with all the features you'd expect from something built to tame lumps.
Not only does it look the business with its black and chrome finish, it features a double handle, chunky hollow bail arm, anti reverse switch, front and rear drag….plus the all important freespool switch.
Having suffered breakages (and one lost rod!) when rogue carp ripped off with my bait on previous occasions, this was the facility I was most interested in.
So, having set up with a simple bomb rig on my local day-ticket carp pool, I waited patiently to test it out. Just over an hour in the bite alarm screamed and before I could move line was pouring off the reel. I simply picked up the rod, turned the handle and disengaged the freelspool switch. I then played a nice, chunky 16lb mirror to the net.
The CK 10-10 Carprunner is a lovely bit of kit and when you add the 10 spools its supplied with, you end up with a fantastic package for £25.
Click to buy now


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- TIO Networks partners with New Jersey's Public Service Electric and Gas Company to set up bill payment kiosks.
- Pindrop Security and AGNITiO partner to protect call centers as they adapt to an increasingly mobile customer base.
- Bolstr explains the basics of crowdfunding on NBC Chicago.
- Loop Wallet app now available on Android.
- Maps Credit Union chooses ACI Worldwide's online banking platform.
- Javelin Strategy takes a look at bill pay alternatives to Manilla, including Finovera.
- FinovateSpring 2014: Behind the Scenes with WePay, Rippleshot, and TextPower.
- BodeTree brings in $2 million in Series A round.
- SavedPlus, LikeFolio, Wallaby, FutureAdvisor, Simple and Wealthfront earn spots on CNN Money's list of the 15 best financial websites and apps.
This post will be updated throughout the day as news and developments emerge. You can also follow all the alumni news headlines on the Finovate Twitter account.


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Thin has always been in for diet conscious people then why not go for a slim watch? Jaeger-LeCoultre, in collaboration with the Chinese Arts and Crafts (HK) Limited released a limited edition of 25 sets of Master Ultra Thin Enamel "Qing Dynasty" Collection last week in Pacific Place, Hong Kong. Inspired from artworks of the Chinese Qing Dynasty, the dial of the watches feature paintings from two the masters of the Lingnan School of Painting, Ju Lian and Yun Shou Ping.
The case of the watch is made with 18 carat rose gold which is 38mm in diameter. The watch has a manual wind movement JLC in-house having caliber 849 and comes studded with 19 jewels. The beating is set at 21,600 bph and has a 35-hour power reserve. The dial face is hand-enameled, bezels conatin up to 80 diamonds. The watch comes with an alligator leather strap and an 18 carat gold buckle.


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See my "About" page to see you would like to follow my blog!
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Tag Archives: solar system
Well, Today I learned that my Varsity are total retards. One of them knows nothing at all about Solar System and all he knows is how to make us JV feel bad by insulting everything we do, even though we … Continue reading
Posted in Uncategorized Tagged Science Olympiad, solar system, stupid, varsity Leave a comment
Thursday, Friday, and THE EVENT
Ok, competition was today. But let me backtrack, I haven't posted anything either Thursday nor Friday, because I was working like crazy on Science Olympiad stuff. First thing, my partner FINALLY brought in his instrument on Thursday, TWO DAYS BEFORE … Continue reading
Posted in Uncategorized Tagged Bamboo, easy, medal, Pan flute, Science Olympiad, solar system, sounds of music Leave a comment
Take on the strain
Thursday is gonna be the most stressful day of my life. Science Olympiad's last day to finish all work and anything unfinished. If I don't finish everything about my cheatsheet, or I don't finish practicing my instrument with my partner, … Continue reading
Posted in Uncategorized Tagged Bamboo, cheatsheet, Music, Pan flute, Science Olympiad, solar system, sounds of music Leave a comment
Making more progresss!! :)
I'm serioulsy working on solar system today, getting a bunch of stats about all the moons and planets and stuff we need to know. I think I can make our "cheatsheet" of notes really good by the competition (which is … Continue reading
Posted in Uncategorized Tagged Competition, Science, Science Olympiad, solar system Leave a comment
My Science Olympiad Event
The competition is on Feb. 8th. I'm getting more and more nervous. Will I be able to get a gold medal? Or will I get tiered and come in last place? The second part of my instrument isn't even nearly … Continue reading


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The official tori wey we dey receive from Manchester United Head Quarters na say the club don employ Willie Kirk, say make e come be the assistant coachie for United's women's team.
The new assistant don react ontop hin new job:
"The fact say i don see chance to work with Casey, and say i go dey here as we dey build the team from scratch, dey burst my brain,i no fit turn am down. Manchester United na club wey the whole world sabi, say dem sabi develop pikins, so we go do am with the women team."


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Ask Latest Price
Product Price: Get Latest Price
The 3M(TM) Fibrlok(TM) II 2529 Universal Optical Fiber Splice was designed for splicing any combination of 250 to 900 micron coated fibers. Mechanical splice capacity of two.
Product Price: Get Latest Price
Product Price: Get Latest PriceFibrlok II splice/holder 2539 from 3M integrates the splice, actuation tool and holder in one package. For 250- and 900-μm tight buffer fiber, it enables fast on-site installation of single-mode fiber-to-the-premises connections without the need for an assembly tool. Designed for the final drop to the house or for restoration of a broken fiber, it can be used inside or outside buildings and at wall outlets, fiber distribution units, terminals and network interface devices. The user inserts the fibers into the device and presses the actuation button, forcing the clamping surfaces against them, aligning them and locking them into place.
Note: 2539 does NOT require 2501 tool for assembly.
*Your information is safe with us.
Product Price: Get Latest Price3M(TM) Fibrlok(TM) Assembly Tool, Required for Fibrloks 2529-AS and 2540-AS. Included in 2565 Kit.


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Eating Healthy to Prevent Dehydration
When you have diarrhea or are vomiting, you are losing a lot of fluid from your body. You must replace it or you can become dehydrated.
Tips on getting the fluids you need:
- Drink a lot of liquids -- 8 or more glasses per day! Don't worry about drinking too much.
- Good fluids for you to drink are water, broth, bouillon, fruit juice, punch. You also might try clear carbonated drinks, like ginger ale or 7-up.
- The bubbles in carbonated drinks may cause cramps. You can get rid of the bubbles by stirring it in a glass. You could also remove the top from the bottle or can let it sit for a couple of hours before drinking.
- Use regular drinks rather than the type without sugar. When you are sick and not eating much solid food, your body can use the sugar in drinks to keep itself going.
- Avoid beverages that contain caffeine. They can make your kidneys lose more fluids than you are taking in! This causes dehydration. Some beverages that contain caffeine are colas and other carbonated drinks, coffee, tea, cocoa, and hot chocolate. Read the label on carbonated drinks to see if they have caffeine in them or not.
- It is best to sip your beverages rather than drink them down quickly. Using a straw might be helpful.
- Experiment with drinking cold and hot liquids to see which is best for you. Many people can take liquids best when they are at room temperature.
- Other ways to get the fluids you need are by sucking on ice cubes and popsicles, or by eating jello or sherbet. You can freeze your favorite beverage in ice cube trays to make your own popsicles.
Adapted from Tennessee Department of Health, 1/00
Last reviewed January 2000 by ]]>EBSCO Publishing Editorial Staff]]>
Please be aware that this information is provided to supplement the care provided by your physician. It is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. CALL YOUR HEALTHCARE PROVIDER IMMEDIATELY IF YOU THINK YOU MAY HAVE A MEDICAL EMERGENCY. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition.
Copyright © 2007 EBSCO Publishing All rights reserved.


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$33m medical research funding boost for new clinical trials underway
A new $33 million investment in clinical trial capacity will allow Australians to access some of the latest breakthroughs in medical research thanks to the Medical Research Future Fund.
This investment will include funding for new clinical trials and investment in clinical research fellowships ensuring that we can keep the best and brightest researchers here in Australia.
The $18 million for building clinical trial capacity and $8 million for clinician researcher fellowships announced recently as part of the Medical Research Future Fund (MRFF) is a boost for both Australian medical research, and patients suffering from chronic illnesses, Association of Australian Medical Research Institutes (AAMRI) President Professor Tony Cunningham AO said.
"We can be proud of our world-class medical research in Australia. This is the country where the artificial heart valve, the cochlear implant, IVF, and the HPV vaccine were all developed," he said. "Investing in clinical trials will allow us to take our next generation of amazing discoveries and turn them into new treatments, drugs and medical devices.
"Clinical trials are how we get research from the bench to the bedside, and they are a crucial part of the translation of the vital studies underway in Australia's medical research institutes. They are also how we develop our discoveries to the point where they are marketable internationally, contributing to Australia's largest 'smart' export industry of pharmaceuticals and medical technologies."
Professor Cunningham said he was particularly pleased to see that some of this new funding will be targeted at public good clinical trials.
"For example, we have not made enough progress in tackling some rare and less common diseases," he said. "It is hard to get commercial clinical trials underway for such illnesses given the small market for any drug discoveries. Then there is getting the evidence base for preventive health advancements. The MRFF is the right vehicle to get these clinical trials underway."
Professor Cunningham also applauded the Career Development, and Translating Research Into Practice fellowship schemes announced in addition to the Practitioner Fellowship Scheme.
"Supporting our top clinicians to pursue a dual pathway that includes research and clinical work, will accelerate new discoveries and treatments into the health system," Professor Cunningham said.
"Clinicians working in hospitals and general practice while conducting research simultaneously leads to some of the best innovations in healthcare, especially highly important preventative healthcare and leads to evidence based medicine.
"Recently, Australia has not been as effective at embedding research within our hospitals as some other countries, and we need to change that to ensure a high performing and efficient health system.
"The MRFF's priorities include a heavy emphasis on the translation of research and research that leads to savings in the health system. Establishing this fund is the sort of forward thinking public policy we so often cry out for in Australia. Once it is fully capitalised in 2020-21 it will be a $20 billion fund that will double the Federal Government's annual investment in health and medical research."
The Federal Government is also providing $7 million over four years to help redesign State and Territory clinical trial operating systems.


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AIMS Neuroscience, 2019, 6(4): 299-315. doi: 10.3934/Neuroscience.2019.4.299.
Research article Special Issues
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- Citation and Abstract
Brain proteomics links oxidative stress with metabolic and cellular stress response proteins in behavioural alteration of Alzheimer's disease model rats
1 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
2 Mushroom Research Centre, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
3 University of Malaya Centre for Proteomics Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Received: , Accepted: , Published:
Special Issues: Alzheimer's Disease
Keywords: Alzheimer's disease; behavioural alteration; oxidative stress; proteomics
Citation: Mohammad Azizur Rahman, Shahdat Hossain, Noorlidah Abdullah, Norhaniza Aminudin. Brain proteomics links oxidative stress with metabolic and cellular stress response proteins in behavioural alteration of Alzheimer's disease model rats. AIMS Neuroscience, 2019, 6(4): 299-315. doi: 10.3934/Neuroscience.2019.4.299
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- 2. Liao L, Cheng D, Wang J, et al. (2004) Proteomic characterization of postmortem amyloid plaques isolated by laser capture microdissection. J Biol Chem 279: 37061–37068.
- 3. Wang Q, Wu J, Rowan MJ, et al. (2005) β‐amyloid inhibition of long‐term potentiation is mediated via tumor necrosis factor. Eur J Neurosci 22: 2827–2832.
- 4. Lecanu L, Papadopoulos V (2013) Modeling Alzheimer's disease with non-transgenic rat models. Alzheimers Res Ther 5: 17.
- 5. Sparks DL, Scheff SW, Hunsaker JC, et al. (1994) Induction of Alzheimer-like β-amyloid immunoreactivity in the brains of rabbits with dietary cholesterol. Exp Neurol 126: 88–94.
- 6. Refolo LM, Malester B, LaFrancois J, et al. (2000) Hypercholesterolemia accelerates the Alzheimer's amyloid pathology in a transgenic mouse model. Neurobiol Dis 7: 321–331.
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- 44. Ahn HJ, Zamolodchikov D, Cortes-Canteli M, et al. (2010) Alzheimer's disease peptide β-amyloid interacts with fibrinogen and induces its oligomerization. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 107: 21812–21817.
- 45. Li X, Buxbaum JN (2011) Transthyretin and the brain re-visited: Is neuronal synthesis of transthyretin protective in Alzheimer's disease? Mol Neurodegener 6: 79.
- 46. Flynn JM, Melov S (2013) SOD2 in mitochondrial dysfunction and neurodegeneration. Free Radic Biol Med 62: 4–12.
- 47. De Leo ME, Borrello S, Passantino M, et al. (1998) Oxidative stress and overexpression of manganese superoxide dismutase in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci Lett 250: 173–176.
- 48. Manavalan A, Mishra M, Sze SK, et al. (2013) Brain-site-specific proteome changes induced by neuronal P60TRP expression. Neurosignals 21: 129–149.
- 49. Sun KH, Chang KH, Clawson S, et al. (2011) Glutathione‐S‐transferase P1 is a critical regulator of Cdk5 kinase activity. J Neurochem 118: 902–914.
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