text:
COVID-19 update
Find out about how we'll be delivering our courses in 2020.
Full Time: 4 Years
With BA Art and Film discover film from the late nineteenth century to the modern day while developing your professional practice under the guidance of internationally renowned artists and curators at Reading School of Art.
Explore both the practical and theoretical sides of art and film and investigate how each discipline has influenced the other.
You will join a lively and creative community, explore a vast range of media, experiment with emerging art forms and develop as an artist. Your art will be complemented with modules in contemporary art theory and the history of art. You will have your own dedicated space, accessible 24 hours a day and 7 days a week and a studio tutor who will help you develop your individual and professional practice. The studios are a busy place with events, screenings, performances and exhibitions happening regularly.
There are regular trips to museums and art galleries to prompt thoughts on how art is displayed and received. You will gain professional experience throughout your degree by taking part in your own exhibitions, public art commissions and events.
In Film, you will choose from a range of modules covering world cinema, new forms of digital entertainment and video art, and the cinema of classical and contemporary Hollywood, such as musicals, melodrama, action cinema and the films of Alfred Hitchcock.
Practical work complements your critical and theoretical study allowing you to apply what you learn through practice, drawing on the market-leading facilities of the £11.4-million Minghella building, including a film and television studio, cutting rooms and audio post-production facilities, three theatre spaces, and a digital cinema.
Placements and collaborations are actively encouraged and there is also the chance to experience life in another country by studying abroad. Opportunities for work-based learning and personal development complement your core learning.
All students are encouraged to work with different artists and designers in hosting events and exhibitions. Past students have enjoyed internships at Studio Voltaire and the Frieze Art Fair. Others have performed at the ICA, taken part in an Arts Council-supported film project at the Museum of Rural Life and participated in an international exhibition at the Seoul Institute of Arts in South Korea.
Regular field trips to national and international museums, art institutions and galleries allow you to consider the diverse conditions in which art is displayed and received. There are also many opportunities for you to apply to study abroad: Reading School of Art has links with universities in countries such as the USA, Canada, Australia, Taiwan, France, Switzerland and Finland.
For more information, please visit the Reading School of Art website.
Typical offer A Level BBB | IB 30 points overall
What will you study?
How much will it cost?
New UK/EU students: £9,250* per year
New international students: £17,320 per year
* UK and EU fee changes
UK undergraduate fees are regulated by the government. These fees are subject to parliamentary approval and any decision on raising the tuition fees cap for new UK and EU** students would require the formal approval of both Houses of Parliament before it becomes law.
From 2020, the UK government may link tuition fees to the Teaching Excellence Framework (TEF).
**EU students
For more information on fees, loans and grants for EU students, see fees and funding for home/EU students.
Additional costs
These course fees cover the cost of your tuition. Some courses will require additional payments for field trips and extra resources. You will also need to budget for your accommodation and living costs. See our information on living costs for more details.
Financial support for your studies
You may be eligible for a scholarship or bursary to help pay for your study. Students from the UK and other EU countries may also be eligible for a student loan to help cover these costs. See our fees and funding information for more information on what's available.
* UK and EU Fee Changes
Subject to the Government passing legislation to raise the minimum fee cap, we will raise undergraduate tuition fees from £9,000 to £9,250 for new UK/EU students applying to start courses in the 2017/18 academic year. You will not be affected by this rise if you have deferred entry to the 2017/18 academic year. The Government will confirm future arrangements for EU students in due course.
The tuition fee will remain £9,000 per year for the full duration of this course if you start in the 2016/17 academic year or have accepted an offer but deferred your entry until the 2017/18 academic year. This is unlike other institutions who are planning to raise fees midway through courses.
For further information, please see our webpage on the Teaching Excellence Framework and future tuition fees.
Additional costs
These course fees cover the cost of your tuition. Some courses will require additional payments for field trips and extra resources. You will also need to budget for your accommodation and living costs. See our information on living costs for more details.
Financial support for your studies
You may be eligible for a scholarship or bursary to help pay for your study. Students from the UK and other EU countries may also be eligible for a student loan to help cover these costs. See our fees and funding information for more information on what's available.
What career can you have?
As well as the practical experience gained on this degree our students also graduate with a range of transferable skills, such as self-motivation, time management and strategic thinking. They have greater self-confidence and are better able to express themselves. 92% of our art graduates are in work or further study within 15 months of the end of their course (Graduate Outcomes Survey 2017/18; First Degree responders from Art). We also incorporate Careers development into your learning from your second year.
Many of our graduates develop successful careers as artists, writers and curators. These include a number of famous alumni, such as Turner Prize-nominated artists, and PhD students who are award-winning artists and curators at influential museum.
Others have found employment in galleries, education, art therapy, film and video production, journalism, advertising and teaching. Recent employers include Tate, Whitechapel Gallery, Christies, Microsoft, the BBC, Victoria & Albert Museum, and Manolo Blahnik.
Other graduates continue their studies both with us and at other universities, or go into teacher training.


text:
COOKIE NOTICE : We use cookies on this website to support our offerings and personalize your user experience. Learn more
Join Down Etc on the journey to conscious luxury with its Down On Earth (d.o.e.) collection of organically grown and sustainably manufactured bedding products and amenities. The d.o.e. Collection contains everything you need to enjoy the comfort of luxurious bedding in a healthy and socially responsible way. From comforters containing 100% natural and hypoallergenic down and feather fill to slippers made from organic fibers and recycled foam, we have searched the world for the healthiest and most sustainable products and processes so we can provide you with the quality bedding and amenities to which you are accustomed in the healthiest and most environmentally-friendly way possible.
Our eco-friendly commitment
You would never know how many steps were involved in achieving the d.o.e. level of conscious luxury. Down Etc instills eco-friendly practices with our factory in China and works with suppliers worldwide that are selected based on a strict audit of environmentally and socially responsible practices. To transport our products to our clients, Down Etc participates in Transneutral, a logistics program offering carbon canceling credits to counteract the greenhouse gas emissions produced through domestic trucking.
d.o.e. comforters: The down and feather fill is 100% natural and has been subjected to the CentroClean process to ensure removal of contaminants. The certified organic cotton woven into the down-proof fabric ticking is grown free of chemical pesticides, synthetic fertilizers, and genetic modifications and nothing is added other than non-chlorine whitening, azo-free dye, and formaldehyde-free sizing to ensure your guests' experiences are all natural.
d.o.e. sheets and throws: Like the comforters, the fabric used in the bed sheets and throws is made with certified organic cotton woven in percale, jacquard, mattelasse, patterned, and knit styles.
d.o.e. bamboo pillow protectors: Our OnGuard!® waterproof bamboo pillow protectors are made of lightweight jersey knit fabric. The exterior fabric is made of bamboo, a natural antibacterial, grown without chemicals, additives, or pesticides. The backing is made of polyurethane, which makes it waterproof. These protectors are also bed bug and dust mite proof. The fabric is breathable and moisture absorbent. Designed with an invisible zipper, they come in all pillow sizes.
d.o.e. cotton and silk terry towels: Manufactured with the perfect combination of 100% organic cotton and silk fibers, these non-dyed towels are soft and gentle for sensitive skin.
Let Down Etc Help
We sleep better knowing we are doing what we can to take care of the environment while offering you luxurious products aimed at providing a great night's sleep™. Whether you are looking to take the first step or you are continuing a tradition of using healthy and sustainable products, we are here to help. Join us on the journey to conscious luxury from seed to sleep™.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Sulforaphane prevents PC12 cells from oxidative damage via the Nrf2 pathway
- Authors:
Affiliations: Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang College, Jiujiang, Jiangxi 33200, P.R. China
- Published online on: April 10, 2019 https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2019.10148
- Pages: 4890-4896
Copyright: © Bao et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
This article is mentioned in:
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a long-term degenerative disorder of the central nervous system. It is characterized by a progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. PD affects ~6 million people worldwide and its prevalence is 1% in the population aged 60 or over (1). To date, studies demonstrated that PD may involve oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, lysosomal dysfunction and neuroinflammatory changes (1,2). Among them, oxidative stress serves a pivotal role in PD development (3–5). Neurotoxin-based models of PD (particularly, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine; MPTP) are important in elucidating the molecular cascade of cell death in dopaminergic neurons (1). MPTP itself is not toxic, but its oxidized product, 1-methyl-4-phenyl pyridine ion (MPP+), is harmful. MPP+ interferes with oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria by inhibiting complex I of the electron transport chain, resulting in the depletion of ATP and excessive formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), ultimately leading to cell death (6). PC12 cells originate from a rat pheochromocytoma and exhibit the properties of neurosecretory cells and dopaminergic neurons (7). PC12 cells are commonly used for PD studies (8,9). In this study, PC12 cell damage induced by MPP+ served as a cell model of PD.
At present, PD treatments are symptomatic and no medication is available to reverse or prevent its progression. This has led to the search for a novel pharmacological and neuroprotective treatment. SFN, a natural phytochemical and a second enzyme inducer, has previously drawn increasing attention due to its beneficial effects on a number of medical conditions (10). Studies demonstrated that SFN has multiple anti-pathological actions including antitumor (11,12), antioxidant (13), immune regulation (14) and anti-inflammatory effects (15). A number of mechanisms and signal pathways are associated with the biological effects of SFN. Among them, Nrf2 is one of the critical signal molecules (16,17). As an important transcription factor, Nrf2 targets genes called antioxidant response element, which encodes several antioxidant enzymes including (HO-1) and nicotinamide quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1). These enzymes are key players in the redox balance of cells and provide cytoprotection against prooxidant stimuli (18–22). In the present study, whether SFN protects PC12 cells against the toxicity of MPP+ was investigated and the possible mechanism was explored. The present study may provide evidence that SFN could be a potential compound to prevent PD progression.
Materials and methods
Cell culture
PC12 cells (undifferentiated) were purchased from the Shanghai Cell Bank of Chinese Academy of Sciences and were cultured in DMEM high glucose medium (Hyclone, GE Healthcare) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (Gibco; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.), 1% penicillin-streptomycin mixture and 4 mmol/l L-glutamine. The culture was placed in a humidified incubator with 5% CO2 and 95% air at 37°C. The cells were subcultured every 3 days and cells at a logarithmic growth phase were used for the experiments.
MTT colorimetric assay
The density of PC12 cells was adjusted to 5×105 cells/ml and the cells (100 µl/well) were seeded on a 96-well microplate. Following a total of 24 h of growth in a humidified incubator, the different compounds were added into the cultures. A total of 5 parallel wells were used for a specific treatment and the experiments were independently repeated three times. For the MPP+ group, the cells were treated with serial concentrations of MPP+ (100, 300, 500 and 700 µmol/l) and incubated for different periods of time (12, 24 and 48 h) (23). For the SFN group, the cells were incubated with SFN (0.5, 1.0, 2.5, 5.0 and 10 µmol/l) for 24 h. For the SFN plus MPP+ group, the cells were pretreated with different concentrations of SFN (0.5, 1.0, 2.5, 5.0 and 10 µmol/l) for 1 h, then MPP+ (500 µmol/l) was added and the cultures were continued for 24 h. Following the different treatments, cell viability was determined by MTT colorimetric assay as described previously (24). Briefly, 20 µl of MTT solution (5 mg/ml) was added into each well and incubated with the cells for 4 h at 37°C. Subsequently the medium was carefully replaced with 150 µl DMSO and a 10 min oscillation was applied to sufficiently dissolve the crystal. The absorbance value at 570 nm was measured with a microplate reader. The cell survival rate was calculated as the ratio of absorbance of the experimental groups to that of the control group.
Flow cytometry analyses
Flow cytometry analyses were performed as described previously (25). In short, following the different treatments, PC12 cells were harvested and re-suspended in a 500 µl binding buffer. The cells were labeled with 5 µl Annexin V-FITC (Nanjing KeyGen Biotech. Co. Ltd.) and 5 µl of propidium iodide for 10 min in the dark. The apoptotic index was determined using a flow cytometer (BD Biosciences). All data were acquired and analyzed with Cellquest version 5.1 software (BD Biosciences).
Western blotting
Protein expression was assessed by western blotting according to the authors' previous study (26). In brief, the cell pellets were lysed in a RIPA lysis buffer (cat. no. R0020; Beijing Solarbio Science & Technology Co., Ltd.) supplemented with proteinase and phosphatase inhibitor (Sigma-Aldrich; Merck KGaA). After centrifugation at 16,000 × g at 4°C for 15 min, the supernatant was harvested and the protein was quantified using the bicinchoninic acid protein assay (Merck KGaA). Equal amounts of protein (30–40 µg per well) were loaded on 12% SDS-PAGE and transferred to polyvinylidene fluoride membranes (EMD Millipore). The membrane was blocked with a 5% nonfat milk solution for 2 h at room temperature. Then the membrane was incubated with the primary antibodies overnight at 4°C (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc.) against Nrf2 (1:100, sc-518036), HO-1 (1:100, sc-136960) and NQO1 (1:200, sc-376023), respectively. Following incubation with the secondary antibody (1:1,000, goat anti-mouse IgG-HRP, sc-2005, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc.) for 2 h at room temperature, the blot bands were detected with ECL substrate (Clarity Max™, Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc.). β-actin (1:500, sc-47778, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc) was used as an internal control. The western blot images were analyzed with ImageJ software (v1.52, National Institutes of Health), and protein levels were expressed as the ratio of values of the detected protein bands to that of β-actin bands.
SFN and MPP+ were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich and Merck KGaA.
Statistical analysis
The data are presented as the mean ± standard error of mean and GraphPad Prism 7.0 (GraphPad Software, Inc.) was used to perform the statistical analysis. One-way or two-way analysis of variance was conducted to examine the differences among the multiple groups, followed by Turkey post-hoc analysis. P<0.05 were considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.
MPP+ reduces the survival rate of PC12 cells
In order to evaluate the toxic effects of MPP+ on PC12 cells, the cells were incubated with different concentrations of MPP+ and examined the cell viability at different time points. It was identified that MPP+ decreased the cell viability in a dose- and time-dependent manner (Fig. 1). The results of the present study are in line with previous studies that MPP+ caused significant damage to PC12 cells (27,28).
Figure 1.
Effects of increasing concentrations of MPP+ on the viability of PC12 cells. MPP+, 1-methyl-4-phenyl pyridine ion.
SFN protects against the cytotoxicity induced by MPP+
Next whether SFN could protect PC12 cells against the cytotoxicity of the MPP+ was examined. As presented in Figs. 2A and 3, SFN alone did not affect the viability or apoptosis of PC12 cells. However, SFN (1–10 µmol/l) pretreatment significantly attenuated the toxic effects of MPP+ on PC12 cells in a dose-dependent fashion (P<0.01; Fig. 2B).
Figure 2.
Effects of SFN or combination of SFN and MPP+ on the viability of PC12 cells. (A) Cell viability in the presence of increasing concentrations of SFN. (B) Cell viability with combination of 500 µmol/l MPP+ and increasing concentration of SFN. **P<0.01 vs. 0 µmol/l SFN. A one-way analysis of variance was used to analyze the data. SFN, sulforaphane; MPP+, 1-methyl-4-phenyl pyridine ion.
Figure 3.
Apoptosis rate of PC12 cells is determined by flow cytometry using the annexin V-FITC/PI apoptosis assay following different treatments. (A) Representative scatter plots demonstrating apoptosis by Annexin V-FITC and PI staining and flow cytometry. UL, dead cells; UR, late apoptotic cells; LL, viable cells; LR, early apoptotic cells. (B) Summary data for apoptosis rate of PC12 cells treated with SFN, MPP+, or SFN and MPP+ together. **P<0.01 vs. the control group. One-way analysis of variance was used to analyze the data. SFN, sulforaphane; MPP+, 1-methyl-4-phenyl pyridine ion; PI, propidium iodide; FITC, fluorescein isothiocyanate.
Consistent with the MTT experiments, flow cytometry data demonstrated that MPP+ significantly increased apoptosis of PC12 cells. After 24 h treatment, 500 µmol/l MPP+ resulted in 30.4±0.6% apoptotic cells (Fig. 3). In addition, it was found that SFN significantly reduced the apoptosis of PC12 cells induced by MPP+ (P<0.01; Fig. 3). At a concentration of 2.5 µmol/l, SFN decreased the apoptosis rate induced by MPP+ from 30.4±0.6 to 13.3±0.2% (Fig. 3). The results demonstrate that SFN can protect against MPP+ induced cytotoxicity.
SFN upregulates the Nrf2 signaling pathway
To investigate the signaling pathways involved in the protective effect of SFN, the expression of Nrf2, which is reported to be pivotal for the biological effects of SFN was examined (29). As presented in Fig. 4, MPP+ treatment significantly decreased Nrf2 expression in PC12 cells by western blotting (P<0.01). Although SFN itself did not alter the expression of Nrf2, SFN pretreatment (2.5 µmol/l) significantly reversed the reduced expression of Nrf2 caused by MPP+ treatment. Nrf2 is an important transcription factor and can regulate the expression of several antioxidant proteins including HO-1 and NQO1 (30). Therefore the expression of HO-1 and NQO1 was examined. Notably, the expression of HO-1 and NQO1 proteins exhibited a parallel change (Figs. 5 and 6), namely, MPP+ significantly reduced the expression of HO-1 and NQO1 (P<0.05), while SFN restores their expression. It is well documented that the Nrf2 signaling pathway serves an important role in neuron survival (30), the results of the present study suggest that SFN may attenuate the cell toxicity by sustaining the expression of Nrf2 and its downstream antioxidant enzymes.
Figure 4.
Nrf2 expression in PC12 cells was determined by western blot assay. (A) Representative bands of Nrf2 in PC12 cells treated with SFN, MPP+, or SFN and MPP+ together. (B) Normalized Nrf2 expression in PC12 cells. **P<0.01 vs. the control group; &&P<0.01 vs. the SFN; ##P<0.01 vs. the SFN+MPP+ group. One-way analysis of variance was used to analyze the data. SFN, sulforaphane; MPP+, 1-methyl-4-phenyl pyridine ion; Nrf2, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2.
Figure 5.
HO-1 expression in the PC12 cells determined by western blot assay. (A) Representative bands of HO-1 in PC12 cells treated with SFN, MPP+, or SFN and MPP+ together. (B) Normalized HO-1 expression in PC12 cells. *P<0.05 vs. the control group; **P<0.01 vs. the control group; &&P<0.01 vs. SFN; ##P<0.01 vs. SFN+MPP+ group. One-way analysis of variance was used to analyze the data. SFN, sulforaphane; MPP+, 1-methyl-4-phenyl pyridine ion; HO-1, heme oxygenase 1.
Figure 6.
NQO1 expression in the PC12 cells determined by western blot assay. (A) Representative bands of NQO1 in PC12 cells treated with SFN, MPP+, or SFN and MPP+. (B) Normalized NQO1 expression in PC12 cells. *P<0.05 vs. the control group; **P<0.01 vs. the control group; &&P<0.01 vs. SFN; #P<0.05 vs. SFN+MPP+ group. One-way analysis of variance was used to analyze the data. SFN, sulforaphane; MPP+, 1-methyl-4-phenyl pyridine ion; NQO1, nicotinamide quinone oxidoreductase 1.
In the present study, using an MTT assay and flow cytometry, it was demonstrated that MPP+ dose-dependently caused damage to PC12 cells and SFN attenuated the detrimental effects of MPP+. Furthermore, it was identified that that the protective effects of SFN may act through restoring transcription factor Nrf2 signaling pathways.
Oxidative stress occurs due to an imbalance of free radical production and the antioxidant response system. The central nervous system is susceptible to oxidative stress because of its high rate of oxygen consumption and lipid-rich content (31). It is well established that oxidative stress is involved in a number neurodegenerative disorders including PD and Alzheimer disease (3). It has been long recognized that MPTP, a by-product of illegal heroin synthesis, can cause a parkinsonian syndrome among drug abusers (1). The nontoxic MPTP is converted to MPP+ by the enzyme of monoamine oxidase B. MPP+ accumulates in mitochondria and binds to complex I of the electron transport chain, leading to excessive production of ROS and therefore cell damage (1,19,23,27,32). In the present study, it was demonstrated that MPP+ caused PC12 cell injury and apoptosis using an MTT assay and flow cytometry. The results agree with the previous studies (32–34). For example, Hartley et al (32) demonstrated that MPP+ caused cell apoptosis at low concentrations but necrosis at high concentrations. It is worth noting that treatment with 500 µmol/l MPP+ for 24 h caused ~42% cell death by MTT assay, while under the same condition an apoptotic rate of ~30% was identified using flow cytometry. It seemed that there was a 12% difference in cell death between the two methods. Since the MTT assay can detect all kinds of cell death which include necrosis and apoptosis, the results of the present study suggest that the cell death induced by MPP+ was dominantly via apoptosis, but other mechanisms including necrosis may also contribute to cell death.
Notably, SFN was identified to dose-dependently prevent the cell damage induced by MPP+, although SFN itself did not affect the viability of PC12 cells. However, several studies demonstrated that SFN alone can induce apoptosis of breast and lung cancer cells (35–37), indicating that SFN may affect cell viability depending upon the cell types. SFN, an organosulfur compound derived from cruciferous vegetables, has recently gained attention for its multiple biological functions. Studies have demonstrated that SFN may be beneficial to a wide variety of diseases, including neurological degenerative disease (38,39), cancer (40–42), heart disease (43), obesity (44) and asthma (45). SFN efficacy occurs by activating signaling molecules including Nrf2 (16,17,46–49), uncoupling protein-1 (44) and programmed cell death 4 (50). Among all the SFN associated signaling pathways, Nrf2 is well-established and is identified to be associated with the protective effects of SFN on various diseases (16,17). The Nrf2-antioxidant response element (ARE) pathway serves a critical role in the regulation of the oxidative stress response in a number of cell types (51). When Nrf2 is activated, it enters the nucleus and binds to a specific site, ARE, to activate an array of the phase II enzymes and antioxidant enzymes including HO-1 and NQO1. These enzymes help to maintain intracellular redox balance and therefore protect cells from oxidative stress damage (18–22). The present study identified that SFN protected PC12 cells against the cytotoxicity of MPP+ and at the same time also restored the expression of Nrf2, HO-1 and NQO1 that was decreased by MPP+. Considering that these molecular signals are well-established cell protectors (21,22), the present study hypothesized that activation of Nrf2,-HO-1 and NQO1 may account for the protective effects of SFN. The present study only examined HO-1 and NQO1 expression. However, the Nrf2/ARE pathway can induce the expression of a wide variety of downstream phase II detoxifying and antioxidant enzymes. In addition, HO-1 and NQO1, a number of other enzymes may also be activated, including GST, superoxide dismutase 3 and glucuronosyltransferase-1a6 (52). Further studies are required to elucidate the entire pathway for SFN protection.
Studies have demonstrated that SFN can regulate certain neurotransmitters and their receptors (53,54). For example, Mastrangelo et al (53) identified that SFN inhibited the secretion of serotonin and downregulated the expression of its receptors in human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells. While Lee et al (54) demonstrated that SFN increased acetylcholine production and its receptor expression in primary cortical neurons. Progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra is the main mechanism of PD. However, reductions in dopamine content and uptake indices have also been documented in PD (55,56). The present study demonstrated that SFN prevented PC12 cell death induced by MPP+. In addition, it would be also interesting to determine whether SFN affects dopamine production or the expression of its receptors/transporters in dopaminergic neurons.
It should be noted that one limitation of the present study is that ROS production was not measured during the treatments with different compounds. Although several studies have demonstrated that ROS is a critical mediator in the MPP+-induced cell injury, the evaluation of ROS productions in this study would more definitively elucidate the interrelation between the Nrf2/ARE pathway and ROS.
In conclusion, SFN, a naturally occurring compound, protected PC12 cells from MPP+-induced damage and the protective effects are in part due to the activation of the Nrf2-ARE signaling pathway. The results imply that certain plant-derived supplements including SFN can assist in modifying various biochemical and physiological risk factors in neurodegenerative diseases like PD, particularly environmentally induced symptoms of PD. Further studies are needed to examine the efficacy of SFN on animal models and ultimately in patients with neurological diseases including PD.
The authors sincerely thank Dr Meiling Joiner, Department of Physiology the University of Iowa, for her diligent proofreading of the manuscript.
The present study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (awarded to XPY and ZYC; grant nos. 81760221 and 81260211), National Science & Technology Fundational Resource Investigation Program of China (awarded to XPY; grant no. 2018FY100900) and Youth Project of Education Department of Jiangxi Province (awarded to BB; grant no. 151007).
Availability of data and materials
All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.
Authors' contributions
BB, MQZ and XPY conceived and planned the experiments. BB, MQZ, ZYC, XBW, ZBX and JYC performed the experiments. BB, MQZ, ZYC, XBW, ZBX, JYC and XPY interpreted and analyzed the data. BB and XPY wrote the manuscript.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.
Patient consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Dauer W and Przedborski S: Parkinson's disease: Mechanisms and models. Neuron. 39:889–909. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
Tolleson CM and Fang JY: Advances in the mechanisms of Parkinson's disease. Discov Med. 15:61–66. 2013.PubMed/NCBI
Coyle JT and Puttfarcken P: Oxidative stress, glutamate, and neurodegenerative disorders. Science. 262:689–695. 1993. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
Zhou C, Huang Y and Przedborski S: Oxidative stress in Parkinson's disease: A mechanism of pathogenic and therapeutic significance. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1147:93–104. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
Liu Z, Zhou T, Ziegler AC, Dimitrion P and Zuo L: Oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases: From molecular mechanisms to clinical applications. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2017:25259672017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
Lerin C, Rodgers JT, Kalume DE, Kim SH, Pandey A and Puigserver P: GCN5 acetyltransferase complex controls glucose metabolism through transcriptional repression of PGC-1alpha. Cell Metab. 3:429–438. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
Jha N, Kumar MJ, Boonplueang R and Andersen JK: Glutathione decreases in dopaminergic PC12 cells interfere with the ubiquitin protein degradation pathway: Relevance for Parkinson's disease? J Neurochem. 80:555–561. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
Wang JJ, Zhang T, Niu DB, Wang K, Li KR, Xue B and Wang XM: Doxycycline-regulated co-expression of GDNF and TH in PC12 cells. Neurosci Lett. 401:142–145. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
Liu Y, Liu L, Ying XX, Wei WJ, Han C, Liu Y, Han CH, Leng AJ, Ma JY and Liu J: Dried rehmannia root protects against glutamate-induced cytotoxity to PC12 cells through energy metabolism-related pathways. Neural Regen Res. 12:1338–1346. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
Soane L, Li Dai W, Fiskum G and Bambrick LL: Sulforaphane protects immature hippocampal neurons against death caused by exposure to hemin or to oxygen and glucose deprivation. J Neurosci Res. 88:1355–1363. 2010.PubMed/NCBI
Xu C, Huang MT, Shen G, Yuan X, Lin W, Khor TO, Conney AH and Kong AN: Inhibition of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced skin tumorigenesis in C57BL/6 mice by sulforaphane is mediated by nuclear factor E2-related factor 2. Cancer Res. 66:8293–8296. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
Fisher ML, Ciavattone N, Grun D, Adhikary G and Eckert RL: Sulforaphane reduces YAP/ΔNp63α signaling to reduce cancer stem cell survival and tumor formation. Oncotarget. 8:73407–73418. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
Kubo E, Chhunchha B, Singh P, Sasaki H and Singh DP: Sulforaphane reactivates cellular antioxidant defense by inducing Nrf2/ARE/Prdx6 activity during aging and oxidative stress. Sci Rep. 7:141302017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
Thejass P and Kuttan G: Immunomodulatory activity of sulforaphane, a naturally occurring isothiocyanate from broccoli (Brassica oleracea). Phytomedicine. 14:538–545. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
Greaney AJ, Maier NK, Leppla SH and Moayeri M: Sulforaphane inhibits multiple inflammasomes through an Nrf2-independent mechanism. J Leukoc Biol. 99:189–199. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
Dwivedi S, Rajasekar N, Hanif K, Nath C and Shukla R: Sulforaphane ameliorates okadaic acid-induced memory impairment in rats by activating the Nrf2/HO-1 antioxidant pathway. Mol Neurobiol. 53:5310–5323. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
Jang M and Cho IH: Sulforaphane ameliorates 3-nitropropionic acid-induced striatal toxicity by activating the keap1-Nrf2-ARE pathway and inhibiting the MAPKs and NF-κB pathways. Mol Neurobiol. 53:2619–2635. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
Minelli A, Conte C, Cacciatore I, Cornacchia C and Pinnen F: Molecular mechanism underlying the cerebral effect of Gly-Pro-Glu tripeptide bound to L-dopa in a Parkinson's animal model. Amino Acids. 43:1359–1367. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
Chen PC, Vargas MR, Pani AK, Smeyne RJ, Johnson DA, Kan YW and Johnson JA: Nrf2-mediated neuroprotection in the MPTP mouse model of Parkinson's disease: Critical role for the astrocyte. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 106:2933–2938. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
Yin XP, Chen ZY, Zhou J, Wu D and Bao B: Mechanisms underlying the perifocal neuroprotective effect of the Nrf2-ARE signaling pathway after intracranial hemorrhage. Drug Des Devel Ther. 9:5973–5986. 2015.PubMed/NCBI
Yin XP, Wu D, Zhou J, Chen ZY, Bao B and Xie L: Heme oxygenase 1 plays role of neuron-protection by regulating Nrf2-ARE signaling post intracerebral hemorrhage. Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 8:10156–10163. 2015.PubMed/NCBI
Chen G, Fang Q, Zhang J, Zhou D and Wang Z: Role of the Nrf2-ARE pathway in early brain injury after experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosci Res. 89:515–523. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
Rostamian Delavar M, Baghi M, Safaeinejad Z, Kiani-Esfahani A, Ghaedi K and Nasr-Esfahani MH: Differential expression of miR-34a, miR-141, and miR-9 in MPP+-treated differentiated PC12 cells as a model of Parkinson's disease. Gene. 662:54–65. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
Cheng W, Chen W, Wang P and Chu J: Asiatic acid protects differentiated PC12 cells from Aβ25-35-induced apoptosis and tau hyperphosphorylation via regulating PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β signaling. Life Sci. 208:96–101. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
Yin X, Zhang X, Wang W, Chang L, Jiang Y and Zhang S: Perihematoma damage at different time points in experimental intracerebral hemorrhage. J Huazhong Univ Sci Technolog Med Sci. 26:59–62. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
Yin M, Chen Z, Ouyang Y, Zhang H, Wan Z, Wang H, Wu W and Yin X: Thrombin-induced, TNFR-dependent miR-181c downregulation promotes MLL1 and NF-κB target gene expression in human microglia. J Neuroinflammation. 14:1322017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
Kajimura Y, Aoki T, Kuramochi K, Kobayashi S, Sugawara F, Watanabe N and Arai T: Neoechinulin A protects PC12 cells against MPP+-induced cytotoxicity. J Antibiot (Tokyo). 61:330–333. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
Lu XL, Lin YH, Wu Q, Su FJ, Ye CH, Shi L, He BX, Huang FW, Pei Z and Yao XL: Paeonolum protects against MPP(+)-induced neurotoxicity in zebrafish and PC12 cells. BMC Complement Altern Med. 15:1372015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
Houghton CA, Fassett RG and Coombes JS: Sulforaphane and other nutrigenomic Nrf2 activators: Can the clinician's expectation be matched by the reality? Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2016:78571862016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
Calkins MJ, Johnson DA, Townsend JA, Vargas MR, Dowell JA, Williamson TP, Kraft AD, Lee JM, Li J and Johnson JA: The Nrf2/ARE pathway as a potential therapeutic target in neurodegenerative disease. Antioxid Redox Signal. 11:497–508. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
Gilgun-Sherki Y, Rosenbaum Z, Melamed E and Offen D: Antioxidant therapy in acute central nervous system injury: Current state. Pharmacol Rev. 54:271–284. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
Hartley A, Stone JM, Heron C, Cooper JM and Schapira AH: Complex I inhibitors induce dose-dependent apoptosis in PC12 cells: Relevance to Parkinson's disease. J Neurochem. 63:1987–1990. 1994. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
Zhang L, Huang L, Li X, Liu C, Sun X, Wu L, Li T, Yang H and Chen J: Potential molecular mechanisms mediating the protective effects of tetrahydroxystilbene glucoside on MPP+-induced PC12 cell apoptosis. Mol Cell Biochem. 436:203–213. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
Ye S, Koon HK, Fan W, Xu Y, Wei W, Xu C and Cai J: Effect of a traditional chinese herbal medicine formulation on cell survival and apoptosis of MPP+-treated MES 23.5 dopaminergic cells. Parkinsons Dis. 2017:47642122017.PubMed/NCBI
Zhang Z, Li C, Shang L, Zhang Y, Zou R, Zhan Y and Bi B: Sulforaphane induces apoptosis and inhibits invasion in U251MG glioblastoma cells. Springerplus. 5:2352016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
Żuryń A, Litwiniec A, Safiejko-Mroczka B, Klimaszewska- Wiśniewska A, Gagat M, Krajewski A, Gackowska L and Grzanka D: The effect of sulforaphane on the cell cycle, apoptosis and expression of cyclin D1 and p21 in the A549 non-small cell lung cancer cell line. Int J Oncol. 48:2521–2533. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
Pledgie-Tracy A, Sobolewski MD and Davidson NE: Sulforaphane induces cell type-specific apoptosis in human breast cancer cell lines. Mol Cancer Ther. 6:1013–1021. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
An YW, Jhang KA, Woo SY, Kang JL and Chong YH: Sulforaphane exerts its anti-inflammatory effect against amyloid-β peptide via STAT-1 dephosphorylation and activation of Nrf2/HO-1 cascade in human THP-1 macrophages. Neurobiol Aging. 38:1–10. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
Pearson BL, Simon JM, McCoy ES, Salazar G, Fragola G and Zylka MJ: Identification of chemicals that mimic transcriptional changes associated with autism, brain aging and neurodegeneration. Nat Commun. 7:111732016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
Chirumbolo S and Bjørklund G: Sulforaphane and 5-fluorouracil synergistically inducing autophagy in breast cancer: A possible role for the Nrf2-Keap1-ARE signaling? Food Chem Toxicol. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar
Wang F, Wang W, Li J, Zhang J, Wang X and Wang M: Sulforaphane reverses gefitinib tolerance in human lung cancer cells via modulation of sonic hedgehog signaling. Oncol Lett. 15:109–114. 2018.PubMed/NCBI
Ramirez CN, Li W, Zhang C, Wu R, Su S, Wang C, Gao L, Yin R and Kong AN: In vitro-in vivo dose response of ursolic acid, sulforaphane, PEITC, and curcumin in cancer prevention. AAPS J. 20:192017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
Evans PC: The influence of sulforaphane on vascular health and its relevance to nutritional approaches to prevent cardiovascular disease. EPMA J. 2:9–14. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
Nagata N, Xu L, Kohno S, Ushida Y, Aoki Y, Umeda R, Fuke N, Zhuge F, Ni Y, Nagashimada M, et al: Glucoraphanin ameliorates obesity and insulin resistance through adipose tissue browning and reduction of metabolic endotoxemia in mice. Diabetes. 66:1222–1236. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
Brown RH, Reynolds C, Brooker A, Talalay P and Fahey JW: Sulforaphane improves the bronchoprotective response in asthmatics through Nrf2-mediated gene pathways. Respir Res. 16:1062015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
Xin Y, Bai Y, Jiang X, Zhou S, Wang Y, Wintergerst KA, Cui T, Ji H, Tan Y and Cai L: Sulforaphane prevents angiotensin II-induced cardiomyopathy by activation of Nrf2 via stimulating the Akt/GSK-3ß/Fyn pathway. Redox Biol. 15:405–417. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
Stepniewski J, Pacholczak T, Skrzypczyk A, Ciesla M, Szade A, Szade K, Bidanel R, Langrzyk A, Grochowski R, Vandermeeren F, et al: Heme oxygenase-1 affects generation and spontaneous cardiac differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells. IUBMB Life. 70:129–142. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
Dinkova-Kostova AT, Fahey JW, Kostov RV and Kensler TW: KEAP1 and done? targeting the NRF2 pathway with sulforaphane. Trends Food Sci Technol. 69:257–269. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
Izumi Y, Kataoka H, Inose Y, Akaike A, Koyama Y and Kume T: Neuroprotective effect of an Nrf2-ARE activator identified from a chemical library on dopaminergic neurons. Eur J Pharmacol. 818:470–479. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
Cho JH, Kim YW and Keum YS: Sulforaphane suppresses LPS-induced or TPA-induced downregulation of PDCD4 in RAW 264.7 cells. Phytother Res. 28:1606–1611. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
Ma Q: Role of nrf2 in oxidative stress and toxicity. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 53:401–426. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
Cho HY, Jedlicka AE, Reddy SP, Kensler TW, Yamamoto M, Zhang LY and Kleeberger SR: Role of NRF2 in protection against hyperoxic lung injury in mice. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 26:175–182. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
Mastrangelo L, Cassidy A, Mulholland F, Wang W and Bao Y: Serotonin receptors, novel targets of sulforaphane identified by proteomic analysis in Caco-2 cells. Cancer Res. 68:5487–5491. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
Lee S and Kim J, Seo SG, Choi BR, Han JS, Lee KW and Kim J: Sulforaphane alleviates scopolamine-induced memory impairment in mice. Pharmacol Res. 85:23–32. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
Chinaglia G, Alvarez FJ, Probst A and Palacios JM: Mesostriatal and mesolimbic dopamine uptake binding sites are reduced in Parkinson's disease and progressive supranuclear palsy: A quantitative autoradiographic study using [3H]mazindol. Neuroscience. 49:317–327. 1992. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
Leenders KL, Salmon EP, Tyrrell P, Perani D, Brooks DJ, Sager H, Jones T, Marsden CD and Frackowiak RS: The nigrostriatal dopaminergic system assessed in vivo by positron emission tomography in healthy volunteer subjects and patients with Parkinson's disease. Arch Neurol. 47:1290–1298. 1990. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI


text:
Allen Francis
Staff Personal Trainer
- Bachelor of Sport & Exercise Science, Auckland University of Technology
Having had a strong passion for sports and recreation his whole life, Allen has decided to take responsibility for bringing awareness and sharing his knowledge of keeping fit to build a culture of health. He believes that big changes occur by doing the little things such as focusing on the right movement patterns and technique, thus maximising quality and efficiency to the workout. Allen enjoys helping people who are seeking for betterment both physically and mentally by giving the right motivation and encouragement and would be excited to join the journey with you in order to help you reach your fitness goals.
- Strength and conditioning
- Weight Loss
- Functional Training
- General Fitness and Wellbeing
- Sport Specific Training


text:
Richfield, Minnesota / USA — Electronic Recyclers International (ERI), the nation's leading recycler of electronics and e-waste, yesterday participated in a special event at Best Buy headquarter. The event commemorates the retailer's announcement to recycle one billion pounds of electronic and large appliance waste in just six years.
"Having diverted a billion pounds of waste from ending up in landfills is truly a reason to celebrate," said ERI Chairman and CEO John Shegerian. "We celebrate Best Buy, for developing what has become the largest retail recycling program in the world – recycling more than 400 pounds of e-waste every minute their stores are open! It is a great honor and privilege to partner with such a forward thinking and dedicated organization – we are proud and humbled to be able to help them achieve these remarkable goals."
At the landmark event, Best Buy revealed a number of statistics and data it has gathered in a nationwide survey surrounding consumers and e-waste. Among the statistics revealed was the fact that 39 percent of consumers recycle their electronics and appliances now, but nearly twice as many (70 percent) intend to do so in the future, demonstrating the need for simple and convenient electronic recycling options such as those provided by Best Buy and ERI. Best Buy also chose this forum to announce a new goal to collect another two billion pounds of electronics and appliances for recycling in the next six years.
"Green is Good," the nation's most-listened to sustainability themed radio program, which is hosted by Shegerian, also produced a special broadcast from the event via iHeartRadio.
Source: Business Wire


text:
The Korner Hutch
Types: Other Retail
Region: Eastern Ontario
Address: 176 Raglan St S, Renfrew
Phone: (613) 432-9324
Map - Driving Directions Map - Find Nearby Businesses
The Korner Hutch is the premier supplier of solid wood furniture and decorative accessories to the Ottawa Valley since 1985.
We offer the highest quality craftmanship available on furniture for every room in your home.
Located in beautiful downtown Renfrew, only forty minutes west of Ottawa. Open 7 days a week, with Free delivery to the Ottawa Valley and it's surrounding areas.
Local Weather
Move your mouse cursor over each icon for more info!


text:
We recently stayed at the Boulders, A Waldorf Astoria Resort, in Carefree Arizona (just north of Scottsdale). For those who may be considering a stay (or a staycation) at The Boulders, I am sharing some photos and a brief review of the resort. The resort is pretty large. It is built around a beautiful golf course.
Category: Travel
Photos from the Mayan Ruins at Tulum
While staying in Riviera Maya, we took a guided tour of the Mayan Ruins at Tulum. This place was absolutely beautiful. If you are headed to the Riviera Maya, you must visit this gorgeous location! We did the "Tulum Half Day" tour with Cancun Adventures. Our tour guide picked us up at our hotel, The…
Photo Tour of the Grand Riviera Princess (and Laguna Villas) | Playa Del Carmen, Riviera Maya, Mexico
We enjoyed our recent stay at the Grand Riviera Princess so much, that I wanted to share these beautiful photos with you. (I also included a map of the resort grounds at the very bottom of this post.)


text:
- Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) Vacancy 2015
- Vacancy - Technician - C Posts
- Total no. of Posts - 04 Posts
- Last Date - 30 Sep, 2015
- Requirement - ITI
- Pay Scale - Rs. 8740-22150/-
- Place of Posting - All India
Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) has notified vacancies for the posts of Technician -C on its official webpage http://www.bel-india.com for ITI. Candidates who want to get a job in Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) can apply for this notification. The job location will be All India. Candidates must submit his or her application on or before 30-09-2015. For more details like eligibility criteria, age limit and salary read further.
|Name of Post
|No. of Vacancy
|Age Limit
|Required Qualification
|Technician -C
|04 Posts
|max 20-33 years
|Rs. 8740-22150/-
|ITI Pass
Mode of selection : Mode of selection of the candidates will be Written Test.
Fee :- The Exam fee for this recruitment is Rs. 300/- through challan at nearest SBI Branch.
Address: Manager (HR/Central) Bharat Electronics Limited, Jalahalli Post, Bengaluru 560 013
Application Procedure : Candidates who are interested to apply for this post should take a printout of the form from official website http:// www.bel-india.com, affix a passport size photo and fill the given application form in all respect and send it to address in the notification on or before 30-09-2015.
Last Date for this recruitment:
- Cut off Date - 30-09-2015
Detailed Information:-
- For full Details click here- Click here for Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) Advertisement
- Download Application Form - Click here for Bharat Electronic Limited Application Form
- Download Challan - Form here - Click here for Bharat Electronics Limited Challan Form
Looking for others Govt Jobs below Link :
- JAKEDA 66 Posts of Chowkidar, Driver, Computer Assistant, Foreman Recruitment
- NTPC Limited Executive Trainee Recruitment 2015
- Indian Navy 70 Posts of 123rd Technical Graduate Course (TGC-123) Recruitment 2015
- State Bank of India (SBI) Deputy General Manager Recruitment 2015
- PGCIL 12 Posts of Senior Officer, Senior Engineer Recruitment 2015


text:
So I have been helping a dear friend of mine (A professional Voice Talent named JoJo Jensen) with a new concept to help pitch our writing in passing.
The idea formed when we realized there is only so much time in the day to read something, but what if there was a little bit of extra time added into an agents day to be able to read the work of a writer during the time they normally can't?
Here are a few examples:
While an agent is traveling in the car.
When an agent is running into the store, or in a hurry to see a client.
When an agent is so tired the words blur on the page and they would rather just listen to the piece in front of them.
What if it were now possible to have your work heard without the agent ever having to read the boring page that looks like everyone else's manuscript?
Welcome to the concept of the AudioTeaser. (have a listen!)
Play "What is an AudioTeaser"
Dead End - by Leslie Adkins
Play AudioTeaser
Click banner to visit site:
A new way to pitch your work?
Submission protocol, query etiquette, and strategies that work
Post Reply
2 posts • Page 1 of 1
- Posts: 2
- Joined: May 27th, 2011, 1:13 pm
- Contact:
Re: A new way to pitch your work?
This is interesting!
I could see a use for it with agents and at writing conferences.
I could also see a use for this as a marketing tool, for example on the radio, etc.
I could see a use for it with agents and at writing conferences.
I could also see a use for this as a marketing tool, for example on the radio, etc.
My blog: http://mirascorner.blogspot.com/
Post Reply
2 posts • Page 1 of 1
Who is online
Users browsing this forum: No registered users and 1 guest


text:
What MTV Viewers Think Of The VMA Nominations:August 1, 2004
I am appalled by this year's VMA nominations. I am a big Britney Spears fan, and I can't believe that you failed to recognize "Me Against the Music" and "Everytime" in technical categories. Is it so hard to recognize someone who's been in the game for six years?
Ben, 15
Mechanicsville, VA
Click READ MORE to finish the article


text:
Can A Baby Latch If You Have Small Nipples? A Lactation Consultant Weighs In
A bad latch can contribute to a number of other breastfeeding issues for both mother and baby. Because the nipple plays a huge role in the latching process, moms with small or flat nipples may wonder, can a baby latch if you have small nipples.
Well, you can breath a sigh of relief. Lactation Consultant Lindsay Kempenich Greenfield tells Romper that small nipples don't cause breastfeeding problems because babies aren't "nipple feeding" — they're breastfeeding. If your baby's able to get his mouth around the nipple and latch around the areola, he shouldn't have any issues breastfeeding, according to La Leche League International. Small nipples could, however, be confused with flat or inverted nipple issues.
If you aren't sure what your nipple status may be, there's a quick way to tell if you have flat or inverted nipples, according to What to Expect. Place a finger on either side of your areola and lightly squeeze – if your nipples stay in a resting position instead of popping out, they're flat, and if they retract inward, they're inverted. That being said, lactation consultant and registered nurse Tera Kelley Hamann tells Romper that nipples are only flat or inverted if they stay that way after stimulation, so you may want to stimulate the nipple before trying the test.
Additionally, most types of flat or inverted nipples don't cause problems with breastfeeding, but there's always a chance you'll have some latch difficulties, according to the aforementioned LLLI article. For moms experiencing potential difficulty from small, inverted, or flat nipples, here are some tips to help with latch.
1. Use Breast Shells
According to Breastfeeding Basics, breast shells are two pieces of plastic, a dome and a base, that fit together with a space for the nipple to protrude. They can be worn under a bra to help draw out flat or inverted nipples, even during pregnancy. Hamann shares a reminder, however, that shields often cause a whole new set of problems and "should only be used with good lactation support and education."
2. Pump It Up
The stimulation of a breast pump can be a great option to draw out your nipples just before a nursing session, according to the aforementioned What to Expect article.
3. Utilize The Hoffman Technique
The aforementioned LLLI article suggested the Hoffman Technique to help loosen the adhesions at the base of the nipple, both during pregnancy and breastfeeding. To use it, you can place a thumb on either side of the nipple (not the areola) and press against your breast while pulling your thumbs apart.
4. Try Nipple Stimulation & Hand Expression
Another option to help with small inverted or flat nipples is to roll the nipple between your thumb and index finger for a couple minutes and place a cold cloth to it to help it become erect, according to the aforementioned LLLI article. You could also try hand expression, or the process of massaging the breast to stimulate production, to get things started before latching your baby.
5. Pull Back On The Breast During Latch
According to Baby Center, a quick fix could include simply pulling back on your breast as your baby is latching. Sometimes this allows your nipple to protrude outward just enough that it works.
6. Wear Nipple Shields
If nothing else works, a nipple shield is an option during breastfeeding. According to Baby Gooroo, you should place the nipple shield in warm water and stretch it onto your breast drawing out the nipple. Then, you can hold the nipple shield in place while bringing your baby to your breast to latch. You should one use this at the start of your feeding and then remove it once your baby is latched and feeding well.
7. See A Lactation Consultant
A lactation consultant is often the best resource to go to first, but if you've tried all of the options above, it's definitely time to reach out to a lactation consultant. Along with small nipples or flat and inverted issues, there could be an underlying issue that's affecting a strong latch. A professional in breastfeeding can often help you solve the problem in no time in my experience.


text:
If you want to lose 9 pounds of fat in as little as 11 days, then the Fat loss 4 idiots diet program may be the one for you. As this program has already gathered raves from satisfied clients and much attention from the public, the question now is, what makes it so different from other fat loss programs and products in the market today? Read on and find out more about it in this review. As I made a few online searches for reviews on Fat loss 4 idiots, I was glad to know that several positive reviews were made for it. A lot of the clients who tried out this fat loss program were happy and satisfied with the results they were getting.
Like so many others, these clients have been through other diet plans and weight loss programs and failed miserably. With so many strategies, gadgets, tips, and products they tried out there, they simply were not getting the results they wanted. Visit fat loss 4 idiots website.
Fat Loss 4 Idiots is a clear straight-forward guide with lots of suggestions that really make you reflect on the way you're eating. Fat Loss 4 Idiots clearly outlines how a permanent change in the food you eat and your eating patterns will make those pounds fall off you. Eating has made you fat, but eating can also make you thin – Fat Loss 4 Idiots teaches you how and clearly explains the techniques in layman's terms. By following the meal plans outlined in Fat Loss 4 Idiots you will not feel hungry all the time as you may have done with other diets. The information in this guide will help you take stock of your eating habits and help you change them.
Fat Loss 4 Idiots essentially offers you an 11-day meal plan through its Diet Generator. The 11-day meal plan mainly conists of a lower-carb, higher-protein, low-fat diet. The key here is that you're not constricted in the amount you eat, so you shouldn't go hungry with this diet. In fact, the meal plans consist of 4 square meals a day, which keep your energy levels up and prevent you from becoming hungry or lethargic. The meal plans are rotated each day, so each day you eat a different meal. This prevents your metabloism from adjusting to your eating pattern, which is a good thing. By rotating your diet, not only do you get a balanced, varied diet, but you stay one step ahead of your metabolism, which should (in theory) keep your metabolism from dropping and help you lose some extra pounds. The rotating meal plan provided at FatLoss4Idiots does have some practical draw-backs however, as you'll need to stock up on lots of different food groups in the supermarket. However, the beauty of the diet is that you can repeat the 11-day cycle as often as necessary until you achieve your desired weight-loss goals.
This means that you can still afford to buy foods in bulk (e.g. fish, chicken breasts and so on), freeze whatever you don't eat and finish them off during your 2nd, 3rd or 4th repetition of the cycle. After the 11-days are up, there are 3 days when you can eat what you like – there are no forbidden foods during this period. Psychologically this is important, as it means that no one forbidden food (chocolate, ice cream, or whatever) will ever have a hold over you – if you have a craving for it, then you can satisfy it during this period, then you can repeat your 11-day cycle again and continue losing weight. This 3-day cheat-period also helps confuse your metabolism, so it doesn't get too used to your dieting, which again is a good thing.
There are two obvious draw-backs to this method: 1:It doesn't give any advice on exercise, which is also very important in losing weight, and 2: There is little advice on how to come off the diet.
Although exercise is important, most people don't like to sweat off the pounds in the gym. Whilst we do recommend that you accompany this diet with some aerobic exercise for better results and for your general health, it's not necessary in order to lose the weight – the diet is written in order to help you lose weight with minimal or no exercise. Coming off the diet is a problem however: as with any diet, there is a great danger that you'll put back the weight you lost whilst you were on the diet. However, if you try and factor some of the suggested meals into your normal daily eating pattern a few times a week even after coming off the diet then you should be able to maintain the weight loss you've worked for.
All in all, Fat Loss 4 Idiots is easy to follow, practical, affordable and the weight loss is achievable. Check out an example meal plan that this diet suggests below and be sure to check out the great user feedback below that this diet has had so far…
the detailed review of Fat Loss 4 Idiots


text:
THE PANO is a condo project developed by KLAND, Units range from studio to 4 bedroom. THE PANO at Bang Phong Pang, Yan Nawa has the following facilities: cctv, garden, parking, security and swimming pool.
Local amenities include hospitals such as Health Promotion Hospital Tambon Bang Phung and Phra Pradaeng Hospital, schools such as Wat Dan School, Korea international school of bangkok and International Casa Bambini, shopping centers such as Big7 Mart, SV Mall and INT Intersect, restaurants such as Kuan Ah Restaurant and Kuan Ah, and the public transport stations of Hai Huad Pochana, Mae Nam Railway Station and Silom MRT Station.


text:
Significant productivity improvement, combined with improved data accuracy and positive cultural change are all outcomes of connecting mining machines to processes, monitoring and reporting more broadly across business systems. This is one of the key roles for the IoT (Internet of Things) in mining.
Continuous miners used in underground coal mining gather data from over 300 sensors on each machine, with each sensor capturing and transmitting data every second… that's a lot of data!
The downside of having all this data available is that much of it is only looked at daily, at best, mostly in the form of OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturer) reports, and usually there is no linkage to other operational reporting… you are seeing only the performance figures for the individual machine. Moreover, OEM reports from the machinery are not easily changed and often do not match business requirements. Therefore, they are looked at in isolation to other pertinent data (shift information, production targets, budget, etc.), and there is little chance of any meaningful 'bigger picture' insights being gained.
Moving beyond the limits of the OEM reports, connectivity via IoT now means that this data can be collated and analysed, combined with data from other relevant sources, and presented either on a mobile device or emailed to stakeholders in accordance with a pre-determined schedule.
This is exactly the sort of approach Pulse Mining Systems is taking by developing integrated software and analytics products which have specific application right across mine operations. For instance, one of our analytics apps (Production Analytics) draws data from continuous miners, shift schedules and the Pulse Mining ERP to paint a bigger picture and help facilitate improved productivity.
A related problem has been inaccuracy of data collected through manual entry practices. Mining production data has often been manually entered to systems from reports that were written by the operational process supervisors. These reports were not always accurate because they were written by personnel who had a vested interest in reporting positive results for their team… basically they were filling out their own report card. Data entry constraints also meant that the manually entered data was not available for review on cycles of less than 24 hours and hence did not fit with common business requirements, such as to review the process prior to leaving the site at the end of the shift.
Amongst the many benefits of implementing a solution such as Pulse Mining's Production Analytics app reported by our clients, one which stands out is that when using mining machinery such as continuous miners, the use of automatic mode versus manual mode is always desired by mine management since it delivers consistent results and minimises risk of damage to equipment and injury to personnel. However, for cultural reasons operators tend to operate the equipment in manual mode. As the app now routinely reports the mode which the operator uses, the use of automatic mode has increased significantly across many of the sites and processes… all with little conspicuous pressure from management.
In the case of one of our clients, several apps have been implemented as part of a larger step change program being run by the company which is striving to understand and utilise their production processes to their greatest efficiency. The solution has been configured to fit within the normal operational parameters of their mine sites, for instance to match traditional meeting times (for reporting of shift results, etc.), and as such minimal operational change has been required. The client has reported that working with the solution has increased the understanding of front-line managers on how the people and equipment perform within the overall mining process, and an increase in reporting accuracy has been noted due to automatic data inputs replacing much of the old manual reporting process.
In terms of using our solutions in other mining situations… the fundamental elements are now all in place, it is only a matter of configuring the base application to suit differing machinery types and configurations, as we have already done in several instances. The Continuous Miners are probably amongst the most complex and data-intensive mining equipment currently in use underground, therefore adaption of our app to suit simpler drilling rigs is a relatively quick and easy undertaking. Pulse Mining is currently working with several small-to-medium sized mining companies to both customise our Operational Mining Analytics Apps for their use, and in some cases to develop solutions specific to their needs. As the apps are built on a framework that allows us to 'plug-in' rapid development and prototyping using Agile and Lean development methodologies we can deliver customised apps quickly and at a very affordable price-point.
So… what does this all mean in terms of productivity?
One client has reported the following productivity increases due to the use of Pulse Mining's Production Analytics app:
These sort of productivity increases can translate to an increase in mine production valued at between $2.5 million and $3 million per annum.
Significant productivity improvement, combined with improved data accuracy and positive cultural change… all this from implementing only one of Pulse Mining's suite of operationally-focused, IoT-enabled, mining-specific analytics apps!


text:
Jeff Bezos, founder and CEO of Amazon. Photo: Leonard Ortiz/Digital First Media/Orange County Register via Getty Images
Amazon CEO Jeff Bezos is slated to meet with federal prosecutors in New York as early as next week to discuss his claim that Saudi Arabia was behind an infamous National Enquirer report that included intimate text messages and exposed his extramarital affair, CNN reports Wednesday.
Details: Citing sources familiar with the matter, CNN reported that prosecutors at the Southern District of New York are looking to obtain access to Bezos's electronic devices to examine the allegations made by Bezos's private investigators. His attorneys and investigators have reportedly provided federal authorities with documents and other material relating to the investigation, but not his devices. A spokesman for American Median Inc., the tabloid's parent company, told CNN: "American Media does not have, nor have we ever had, any editorial or financial ties to Saudi Arabia."


text:
Would you say it's sometimes it's hard to wrap our minds around just how good God is?
Real life gets in the way of seeing the goodness of God as we focus on the problems before us.
So what can we do to live with faith when everyday challenges tempt us away from trusting God?
I'm chatting with Kristie Clover, host of The Simply Joyful Podcast, about these questions and more. We not only chat about living with Unblinded Faith but also dig a good bit into the topic of mentoring.
Kristie really wanted to hear my take on how to connect women together in the process of growing in faith . . . and I was more than happy to talk about a topic I'm so passionate about. I hope it will bless you and open your eyes to see the way you can gather other women to grow your faith together!
Join me at The Simply Joyful Podcast for your daily dose of encouragement!


text:
"Visuals express ideas in a snackable manner." – Kim Garst, CEO of Boom Social
Visual imagery on websites is a powerful tool to grab the user's attention keeping them curious, engaged and interacting on your webpage. Humans are a visual species. Our brains can process an image within 13 milliseconds with over half of the brain devoted to processing the visual information it receives. We show excellent memory capability for remembering pictures that is much higher than retaining text. Over 65% of the population are visual learners. What this means is that our websites must contain a healthy dose of visual images to keep a visitor engaged. Whether it's on our homepage, service pages, in our blog articles, on our e-commerce sites –images are essential to driving sales, conversions and ultimately company growth.
Are Images Slowing Down Your Load Speed?
However, the images used must be optimized so that they don't hamper your website's performance. If they are too large, they are going to slow down your website's loading speed. The Google algorithm doesn't like that. More than seven seconds to load and Google's going to ignore you, and you won't make it to page one of SERP's (search engine results page). The search engine's focus is on organically profiling businesses that offer a great user experience; slow load speed will just have potential visitors clicking away.
Google loves text, and when it crawls your site, it can't 'read' your images unless you have created file names, alt tags, and captions to describe the image. You are losing out on a perfect SEO opportunity if you don't optimize your images.
Let's investigate ten ways you can achieve image optimization for your website…
- Use keywords in the image file name. The file name affords a perfect opportunity to include your primary keywords as well as giving Google enough text, so it knows what it is "looking' at on your webpage. But make sure you never keyword stuff these descriptions. You don't have to use descriptions for decorative images (that would be overkill and Google might penalize you).
- Images must be scaled to fit the size it will be displayed on the site. The mistake many people make is that they think that once they take a large image and put it into a small size display area, it will then not take up so much 'space.' But the file size is still enormous and will continue to take a long time to load. The image should first be scaled to the size you want it to be displayed. You can also choose to remove any pictures that are no longer serving your website which will also improve the overall load speed.
- Always reduce the image file to the lowest possible size without compromising too much quality. Many online tools can assist you to reduce your file size, like JpegMini, io, ImageOptim etc. Aim to keep your image file size below 70kb (if possible).
- Use responsive Images for a better mobile experience. When you use responsive images plugins that apply the srcset attribute, it allows your pictures to display differently for each device screen width. If you are using WordPress, this function is automated.
- Add Customer-Centric Captions. According to KissMetric, the captions under images are read 300% more than the body content. Visitors to web pages are scanning information, and a well-captioned image can provide them with a wealth of info at a glance. Remember that the images should always be relevant to the content.
- Always be visible with alt tags. Proving alt tag text ensures that your images can always be 'seen.' If a user is unable to download images or if they are using a screen reader due to being visually impaired, the alt tag will describe the image.
- Make sure to add image tags to your XML image sitemaps. This helps Google with indexing the images on your site. If you are making use of JavaScript galleries or other flashy pop-ups, let Google know what they are and where they are located on your sitemap so they can crawl these images on the web pages' source code.
- Remove metadata from raster images. If you are using raster images, there is often unnecessary info attached to it like geo-location and other information regarding the camera used which only takes up space. You will make the overall file size much smaller when you can get rid of this extra metadata.
- Where possible use vector images. This format is ideal for multi-device use with high-resolution. Raster should only be used when there are complex scenes with loads of detail and irregular shapes. Then using GIF, PNG, JPEG, JPEG-XR, and WebP will be the right choice. Experiment with the raster settings to reduce the quality to free up more bytes.
- Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) should be minified and compressed. Minifying SVG files will reduce their size and GZIP can be used to compress them.
How is Your Website Performing at the Moment?
Of course, these are just ten basic image optimization pointers. You can drill down even further on image optimization to enhance your website performance. If you would like to find out more about your website's performance, AlertBot can show you what elements are slowing down your site or what bottlenecks are causing user traffic to click away. We also offer a Free 14-day trial (without collecting any billing info). Give us a try!


text:
Exmouth represented at Great Pilgrimage 90 in Ypres
PUBLISHED: 17:00 24 August 2018
Members of Exmouth's Royal British Legion branch have taken part in a pilgrimage to a World War One battlefield.
David Turner and Darren New represented the town in the Great Pilgrimage 90 (GP90) to Ypres earlier this month.
They took part in a 'spectacular' two-mile march through the Belgian town to the Menin Gate memorial led by 1,100 standard bearers.
The Royal British Legion event marked the anniversary of 11,000 World War One veterans and widows making the first pilgrimage to the battlefields of The Somme and Ypres in 1928 – a decade after the conflict ended.
Sue McQueen of the Exmouth Branch, said: "Being part of such an historic event, representing Exmouth in commemorating those that lost their lives in World War One, was an honour and something they will never forget."
The original pilgrimage culminated in a march through Ypres to the Commonwealth War Grave Commission's Menin Gate Memorial for a ceremony to commemorate the launch of the Hundred Days Offensive, and in remembrance of those who never returned.
Darren and David toured some of the same battlefields and cemeteries visited by those on the 1928 pilgrimage, before marching along the original route though Ypres to the Menin Gate bearing the branch standard and a wreath. Darren represented Exmouth as the standard bearer. David laid the Exmouth wreath at the Menin Gate. The Exmouth branch of the legion brought their unique message to the gate on their wreath, where it will be displayed in an installation for viewing by the general public until the end of the month.
David and Darren joined more than 2,200 legion representatives and dignitaries including civic and military guests from the UK, commonwealth and Northern Europe.
Bob Gamble, The Royal British Legion's head of commemorative events, said: "GP90 was the legion's biggest membership event in modern history and is a suitable tribute from the members of The Royal British Legion in honour of the World War One generation, echoing the way the British Legion community commemorated the 10th anniversary of the conflict in 1928."
If you value what this story gives you, please consider supporting the Exmouth Journal. Click the link in the orange box above for details.


text: Barracuda: does trademark foretell a car?by David Zatz on November 4, 2016 at 9:30 am EDT FCA has renewed its application for a trademark on the name "Barracuda," inciting renewed speculation. FCA isn't exactly under the gun. Under current U.S. trademark law, the company has until April 12, 2019 to file a Statement Of Use (SOU) showing that the trademark is being used in commerce, in this case in the form of a new motor vehicle. This is the final step before the Barracuda name can be registered. Some years ago, there was talk of making a new "Dodge Barracuda," but the idea of a retro-named car with no retro cues at all did not win many friends. The move of a Plymouth name to Dodge likely did not help. There may still be a Dodge Barracuda, or even a next-generation Dodge Avenger, based on the Alfa Romeo Giulia. Perhaps sold as a coupe, perhaps as a sedan, the rear wheel drive car is rumored to be made in Italy, while Auburn Hills gears up to make their own designs on the new "G" architecture. Italian manufacture would reduce the need for high sales volumes, since the initial investment would be lower, and it would not interfere with building the Charger, Challenger, and 300. A new Barracuda could also be a clone of the Fiat 124 Spider, giving the car more sales opportunities through the larger CDJR dealer network. The car would most likely be a stopgap measure. When the 200 leaves production next month, FCA may become the only mainstream automaker in the US with neither compact or midsize sedans or coupes. Share me!RedditFacebookTwitterMorePrintTumblrLinkedInGoogle


text:
Been a busy year for CC. Determined this year to take the stress out of the final few weeks of 2012 by getting organised! This is one of the loads taking beautiful artisan coffee around Victoria and interstate to our customers, making sure they have enough to cover our closed period over Christmas.
The strategy worked ! A lot less stress, and a lot more organised!
Here Mathew is helping load a few days before Christmas 2012


text:
There are no items placed in your cart.
This edition was made for the exhibition "Christophe Terlinden, mais pourquoi?", held at the Museum of Contemporary Arts – MAC's, Grand-Hornu in 2011. It is representative of the approach of Christophe Terlinden, who proceeds with a certain malice proper to childhood, proposing seemingly innocuous gestures that often have wider political or social dimensions. Parodying common materialistic dreams, of "when we will be rich," under a golden truck that seems to have been drawn by a child, Christophe Terlinden has annotated in pencil the ironic phrase "when we will be poor, we will live in a barrack on a slag heap "; with highly minimal formal means, his works are rich in meaning.
The MAC's is housed within the former Grand-Hornu colliery, a monument of European industrial heritage that was designated as UNESCO world heritage in 2012. Since the museum opened in 2002, it has welcomed over a million visitors, produced more than 85 exhibitions and promoted numerous artists from the region.


text:
SMU - Cox School of Business6214 Bishop Blvd, Dallas, TX 75275, United States Dallas, United States View Map
- QS Global RankQS Global Rankings
Position in the QS World University Rankings: Global MBA Rankings 2020#111-120
- GMATRange of average GMAT scores across all MBA programs at the institution
550-650 - Low
651-700 - Medium
701-800 - HighLow
- DemographyAverage age range of students across all MBA programs at the institution.28-37 Yrs.
Transforming the World of Business - One Person at a Time Since 1920, the SMU Cox School of Business has equipped students with the skills, knowledge and experience they need to succeed in business. The small class size creates a collaborative, highly interpersonal environment for graduate business education. Cox's unique approach to a business curriculum integrates classroom learning with real business experience, providing students with the tools and experiences employers value. The Cox School is located in the heart of Dallas, Texas, a world center for commerce and culture. Students reap the benefits of our partnership with the local business community – including Fortune 500 headquarters, entrepreneurial ventures, and everything in between – in countless ways in and out of the classroom. The Cox MBA Program not only integrates international perspectives into the classroom, but provides its MBA students with first-hand experience in its Global Leadership Program. Integrated into the curriculum, this innovative 10 day program is designed to provide students with the global experience and insight that all employers value. MBA students can choose to concentrate their studies in accounting, finance, information technology & operations management, management, marketing, real estate, or strategy & entrepreneurship.


text:
1.Name: Elephant Play mat.
2.Size: Round animal mat : 90cm, bib: 35x18cm.
3.Material : Cotton cloth fabric.
4.Note: There might be a slight difference in color, because of the computer monitor settings, also with the difference in the measurement method, please allow 1-3cm in size deviation. We guarantee the style is the same as shown in the pictures .Thank you!
Product Show:
Elephant Animal Play Mat For Children. 2cm Thick.


text:
THOUSANDS of sun-seekers have been enjoying Southend's beaches this weekend as scorching temperatures and hot summer sun formed the perfect backdrop for a weekend break.
Beaches were brimming with people and traders were doing a roaring trade as visitors flocked to the town baskingin sunshine.
Today, another hot day is in store with temperatures in the 30Cs.
The mercury looks set to reach 35C today.
It comes as the Met Office warned that "severe thunderstorms" are likely early next week.
Southern and central England is set to enjoy temperatures in the high 20Cs, while cloud and breezes in some places may result in milder weather in the high teens.
Mr Snell said: "There is some contrast. For some of us the heatwave will continue on Sunday and beyond."
It comes after Friday saw the hottest August day in 17 years, with the mercury hitting 36.4C at Heathrow and Kew Gardens.
Saturday's top temperature was 34.5C - which was recorded at Frittenden in Kent, Wiggonholt in West Sussex, and Herstmonceux in East Sussex, the Met Office said.
Many places are set for a "quite grey" start on Sunday - with cloud coming in across the North Sea, but that will burn away, according to Mr Snell.
There will be lots of sunshine which may trigger a few showers later on across the southern half of the UK.
Temperatures across England and Wales are expected to reach the high 20cs and low 30Cs, with Scotland and Northern Ireland having a few locations that may hit 24C.
Mr Snell said: "Overall Scotland and Northern Ireland are not tapping into the really hot air which parts of England will be experiencing on Sunday."
However, thunderstorms are forecast for next week.
Yellow thunderstorm warnings for all parts of the UK have been issued for Monday through to Wednesday. The warning states: "Some places are likely to see severe thunderstorms early next week - but there is significant uncertainty in location and timing."
Dan Harris, Met Office deputy chief meteorologist, said some places are likely to be hit with up to 80mm of rain in just a few hours.
He said that "the ingredients are there" for them to strike, but "it's just too early to pinpoint the details of exactly where and when thunderstorms will occur".
Saturday, for the second day in a row, saw crowds of people headed for the coast - with images showing packed out beaches.
South East Water urged its customers to put away their hose pipes, garden sprinklers and garden water toys as it said that a spike in demand had left some people with low water or no water.


text:
Anti-bullying organization, Ditch the Label has released its annual report on how people aged 13-25 are currently using and abusing smartphone technology. The results are comprised from a sample of 1000+ young people from the United Kingdom and uncovers new facts and figures around the rates of them engaging in sexting and inappropriate sharing.
The report revealed some interesting statistics:
- 37% of 13 – 25 year olds have sent a naked photo of themselves via a smartphone app.
- 30% of 15 year olds have sent a naked photo of themselves at least once.
- 15% of 13 & 14 year olds have sent a naked photo of themselves at least once.
- 5% of 13 year olds send naked photos several times a week.
- 24% have sent a naked photo to someone they know only online.
- 24% have had a naked photo shared without their consent.
- 49% believe is just harmless fun.
- 16% said it's the normal thing to do.
- 13% felt pressurised into doing it.
- Females are twice as likely to send a naked photo of themselves more than once a week than men.
Abuse on Smartphone Apps:
- 62% have been sent nasty private messages via smartphone apps
- 52% have never reported the abuse they have received.
- 47% have received nasty profile comments
- 40% have received nasty photo comments.
- 42% have received hate-based comments (racism, homophobia etc.)
- 28% have had personal information shared without consent.
- 26% felt like it wasn't taken seriously when reported
- 49% experienced a loss in confidence as a result of the bullying
- 28% retaliated and sent something abusive back
- 24% turned to self harming as a coping mechanism
- 22% tried to change their appearance to avoid further abuse
- 13% stopped using the app as a result of abuse.
Although the sample size is small, the results are still relevant. The data provided can be used as talking points to begin conversations regarding online safety with your children.
Below you will find the full report.
The Wireless Report 2014 – Ditch the Label


text:
Clean Earth | A Harsco Company, proudly announces the acquisition of Stericycle Environmental Solutions.
With a mission that is sharply aligned with our core values, Clean Earth is proud to be the industry leader in full-service, sustainable disposal and recycling solutions. Proudly announcing the acquisition of Stericycle Environmental Solutions, we will work closely together, providing customized solutions across numerous waste streams for each individual customer like never before.
We are creating a better future for our people, partners, and planet. Together.
Services & Solutions
Clean Earth offers a comprehensive array of specialty waste treatment, disposal, and recycling solutions.Read more
What is it that makes Clean Earth a premier provider of services to our customers?
It's our people.
Clean Earth will continue to achieve consistent, sustainable growth for our environment, our company, and our customers.Read more
From new services to additional locations, Clean Earth is expanding to meet your organization's needs.Read more
Engineering News-Record
Top 600 Specialty Contractors