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Rogue Scholar
Rogue Communication Consultants
Rogue Communication Consultants
High Speed Access: Micro Radio, Action, and Activism on the Internet
Ted M. Coopman
AbstractDuring the spring and summer of 1999, the Low Power Radio Service Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NPRM) by the Federal Communication Commission (FCC) drew a record number of responses. Several thousand people from all over the country, including 1120 individuals who signed the Micro Radio Empowerment Coalition comments, participated in what has traditionally been the purview of major corporations and institutions. This paper examines that response and its implications for the micro radio and other activist movements. The Internet played an important role not only in filing responses, but in drafting and signing responses as well. For example, the Joint Statement on Micro Radio garnered 30 organizations and 101 individuals from 17 states in less than three weeks--entirely online. Instantaneous communication, resource sharing, and the organizational potential of the Internet are the foundations of a grassroots Micro Radio Movement that has gone from obscurity to the national arena in less than five years. The ability to act, react, and organize effectively and in a timely manner has allowed a broad-based, diverse, but scattered, under-funded, and often divisive coalition to challenge some of America's most powerful media organizations.
IntroductionRadio is one of the first and most influential communications technologies. It has a level of intimacy and immediacy that has only now been replicated in with the Internet. The Micro Radio Movement sprouted out of the need of poor or marginalized communities, ignored in the mass media, to communicate with themselves. This electronic bond brings these communities together, unmediated by the imperatives of commercial media or the agenda's of traditional public radio. However, the Micro Radio Movement did not explode into a highly organized, yet decentralized, force in American communication regulatory policy until it discovered the Internet. The ability to organize, communicate cheaply and instantaneously, share limited resources and reach out to possible allies has been critical for the success of Micro Radio (Coopman, 2000).
In this paper I will explore what has been, to date, the high-water mark of coordination and organization of the Micro Radio Movement, the creation of a Low Power Radio Service by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in January of 2000. After describing my methodology, I will first discuss the rise of Low Power or Micro Radio and the FCC's initial response to it; Second I will explain the FCC's rulemaking system and the means for accessing this system; third the different factions and conflicts of the Micro Radio Movement will be explored; fourth the creation of the Group Statement on Micro Radio and other comments on the FCC rulemaking will be discussed, and finally, I will explore the implications of this type of grass roots organizing and cooperation and the current state of Low Power Radio.
MethodsI have collected the data used in this paper though my involvement in the Micro Radio Movement as a participant observer. I have been studying and collecting data on Micro Radio since 1993. Much of my information comes from discussions with participants in the Micro Radio Movement through email, by telephone, and in person and by monitoring the Micro Radio Network (MRN) listserv and other on-line activity. Other information has been gathered by reviewing FCC documentation and press coverage. I was also the instigator of the Joint Statement on Micro Radio, drafting it, collecting signatures, and filing it with the FCC. Some information was also obtained through interviews in 1994 at FCC headquarters in Washington DCas well as with Micro Radio activists in the San Francisco Bay Area .
Free RadioWhether you call it Micro Radio, Free Radio, Low Power FM, or Pirate Radio, the movement that has developed around the operation of small watt community stations is a fact in America's media landscape. Due to the prohibition against low power radio stations since 1978 ( 69 FCC 2d 240), these community stations are currently illegal. Their operators are subject to fines, seizure of equipment, and in extreme cases, jail time. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) regulates broadcast media in the US and has the job of enforcing communications law and regulations. A small federal agency (under 2000 employees) it is tasked with the oversight of every radio and television station, phone company, satellite broadcaster, antenna tower, cell phone and pager service and everything else that emits a broadcast signal down to your microwave oven (check the label on the back) (FCC, 2000). Until the mid-1990's, shutting down unlicensed FM stations was a rare event for an over-taxed bureaucracy of lawyers and engineers. While the birth of Micro Radio can be traced back to Mbanna Kantako and a housing project in Springfield , ILL in 1986, the movement did not really began to coalesce and spread until 1995 (Shields & Ogles, 1992).
In the early 1990's, different groups of activists around the country started to experiment with Low Power Radio as a means to unite and empower communities. Ground zero of this activity was the San Francisco Bay Area. Stephen Dunifer, founder of Free Radio Berkeley, in Berkeley, CA had begun to experiment with simple low watt FM transmitters. He joined forces with the National Lawyers Guild Committee for Democratic Communication with the plan of challenging the way the FCC regulated the airwaves. They argued that the system was unfairly skewed towards the wealthy and their corporations and unnecessarily excluded most of the population from broadcasting. The different proponents of Micro Radio around the US were aware of each other and had been in limited contact. Many Free Radio stations were closely associated with existing activist organizations and used their existing communication infrastructure. Unlike traditional radio pirates, these micro broadcasters were more interested in changing or overthrowing the current system, than playing DJ. They planned to do this by attacking it in two basic ways; challenge the broadcasting scheme in court and overload the resource strapped FCC in the field by putting as many micro stations on the air as possible (Coopman, 1998).
The San Francisco Bay Area and Southern Florida were hotbeds of activity. Stations popped up with increasing regularity as the idea and technology spread. During this time, the FCC failed to identify this movement as anything other than traditional pirate radio activity and did not take the threat seriously. During interviews in early 1994 at FCC headquarters in Washington DC, the general attitude was the Dunifer challenge was an open and shut case. This was shown to be tragically wrong when Federal Court Judge Claudia Wilken, citing Constitutional concerns, denied the FCC's initial request for an injunction against Dunifer in January 1995 (MOD, 1995). With FCC enforcement in doubt, Dunifer called for a mass movement to "seize the airwaves." Dunifer and several other organizations began to produce and ship transmitter kits as fast as they could make them. Within a very short period, hundreds of stations sprouted around the US (Coopman, 1998).
From 1994 to 1997, mass emailed lists were the normal means for widespread communication in the Micro Radio Community. Often these mass mailings were forwarded to other lists and individuals, enlarging the network and leading to more and widespread communication. Dozens of websites sprang-up with both propaganda and practical information on Micro Radio. To make sense of the proliferation of pages several indexing sites were independently developed. The most extensive and popular of these was Radio4all. Operated by Lyn Gerry and Shawn Ewald, Radio4all was initially set up in response to a crisis atPacifica Radio, a non-profit community radio network. As Micro Radio grew, it became apparent that this was the future of community radio and the site changed its focus. While there were several attempts to create a general Micro Radio list, nothing seemed able to attract a broad enough segment of the emerging low power radio movement to get a larger dialog going (Coopman, 2000).
"Dear Micro-power Broadcasters and Supporters, We have created a list specifically for communications to further the micro radio movement, and to support one another in our efforts. The list, it is hoped, will be a tool in assisting with organizing politically, legally and technically for our mutual defense against the current stepped up campaign of attacks by corporate media and their government allies."
[First Micro Radio Network post by Lyn Gerry, Sunday, January 4, 1998]
The time was evidently right and MRN quickly became the organizational hub of the on-line Micro Radio Movement. Word spread and more and more people signed on. What is more important, the information generated on MRN spread beyond the list to other lists and websites. Traffic at the Radio4all website increased to 400 hits' per-day. By August 1998, 119 people were on MRN with 1 or 2 adding every week. While this number does not seem excessively high, it is important to remember many members of the movement were very poor and often only one member at a micro station would have internet access (Coopman, 2000).
Rulemaking and the Federal Communications BureaucracyThe Federal Communications Commission (FCC) is a group of five political appointees supported by a Federal Department. The staff usually do the research and present recommendations to the commissioners who vote on them. Rulemakings are part of a process in which communication law and policies are formulated and made. The source of these proposed rulemakings can be from a variety of sources. More often than not, the source is a corporation or large institution. These rulemaking petitions, as they are called, can cover a wide variety of topics. Rulemakings, as with any endeavor by the FCC, are subject to the whims of Congress. Congress can create telecommunication policy by edict or intervene in FCC rulemaking procedures. Another factor is the federal courts who can effect policy by finding it unfair or unconstitutional. However, most policy is pretty mundane and is handled through the rulemaking/petition process (FCC, 2000).
If an organization or individual wished to eliminate, change, or create rules or regulations, they would first file a petition describing this proposal. After the staff reviewed the petition, they would pass it along with recommendations to the Commissioners. The Commissioners would then decide whether to reject the petition or proceed. During this time they would seek the advice and input of interested parties and eventually vote on moving forward. If they elect to proceed, then they release a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NPRM). These are the proposed rules based on the material in the initial petition and includes staff recommendations for alterations. Based on legal and other concerns, an NPRM may deviate from the petition that initiated it. The release of the NPRM starts the public comment period. Generally there is a set period of time for public comments, however requests for extensions are regularly granted. After this period ends, there is an opportunity for the public to read the comments filed and file Reply Comments. Finally the Commissions reviews all the submitted material and issues a Report and Order (R&O) with the final adopted rulemaking. The R&O can still be challenged in court or through an act of Congress. The Rulemaking process can take less than a year or several years to complete (FCC, 2000).
Until the late 1990's the only way to access this process involved the filing of massive amounts of paperwork as well as having a representative or paid lobbyist inside the beltway (Washington DC) to handle interactions with the FCC. Petition filing, making comments, reply comments, and reading all this material took large amounts of time and money. However, with the introduction of the Electronic Comments and Filing System (ECFS) in October of 1998, this was all available through a standard internet connection. Comments could be filed via email, browser, or attached file. All comments and reply comments could be downloaded and viewed through a PDF file. The discovery of this system by members of the Micro Radio Movement opened a window into a world that had been the exclusive perview of a select group of telecommunication corporations, their lawyers, and any group powerful enough to have a presence in Washington DC (FCC, 2000).
The Micro Radio MovementThe idea behind Low Power Radio had, by 1998, spread well beyond the boundaries of the groups that had initiated the movement. The traditional base of Micro Radio had been left-wing anarchist and some libertarian stations. However, as the gospel of LPFM spread across the country, a wide variety of groups became interested. In 1998 over 13,000 inquires were made to the FCC concerning low power FM (FCC, 2000). Churches, civic groups, and even small entrepreneurs' began to see the potential of Micro Radio. Dunifer and the Committee for Democratic Communication's central premise was that the petition system was flawed and inaccessible and that the only way to overturn the prohibition of low power radio was through direct action and the courts. They had dismissed the idea of a rulemaking petition as too costly and time consuming. They further perceived their chances of getting a serious hearing at the FCC as very low. But by 1998, the FCC had been fighting the growing number of stations since 1995. Despite having closed hundreds of them, new stations continued to pop up. Dunifer had finally lost a round in court in June of 1998 and had gone off the air, but was appealing the ruling. Moreover, there were also several other lawsuits pending. The movement had gotten organized and gained support with scores of cities across the US adopting resolutions of support for Micro Radio. Moreover, several mainstream organizations such as the American Red Cross and the National Council of Churches had begun to show interest and express support. There was also a new FCC Chairman, William Kennard, who felt that the Telecommunications Reform Act of 1996 had a negative impact on diversity in radio and had some ideas on how he wanted to mitigate that.
Two petitions calling for the establishment of a Low Power Radio Service were filed, one by J. Rodger Skinner and the other by Nickolaus Leggett, Judith Leggett, and Donald Schellhardt (collectively, "Leggett"). Both of these petitions were developed outside the traditional base of Micro Radio and included items that many in the movement opposed, especially a commercial service in addition to a non-commercial service. At this point, what had become the Micro Radio Movement encompassed several different factions and elements. Some of these groups worked together, some were just in communication, and others operated alone. The only solid point of agreement was the desire to be able to broadcast without fear of government action to shut them down. The two primary factions split on the issue of a commercial low power radio service, "commies" or "non-commies." The petitioners, who had mostly organized themselves as the Amherst Alliance, were pushing for a service that had both commercial and non-commercial licenses. The Commies wanted to run mom and pop style stations and believed that airing commercials was the only way to finance them. The non-commies, rallied around the National Lawyers Guild Committee for Democratic Communication and the Micro Empowerment Coalition vehemently opposed any commercial service. Commercial radio was seen by them as the root of the problem with radio in the first place. Many in the non-commercial faction, including Dunifer, did not want to participate in the process at all. They saw the system as corrupt and did not want to validate it by applying for a license. However, the wheels of the rulemaking were rolling and many in the movement thought that they had better participate to ensure that they had some input. A seriously flawed system would be the worse outcome, crowding out the spectrum leaving little or no room for anyone illegal or legal.
Interestingly enough, and to the credit of the list operators, MRN hosted discussions involving the major players and anyone else who wanted to participate. Some people split off to form other narrower lists with just one faction or another, but none had the traffic of MRN. It was here the response to the Skinner and Legget petitions took place.
Full Contact ConsensusWhile it would turn out that over 1300 initial comments were filed, a new FCC record, the Micro Radio Movement focused around several major groups: Amherst Alliance (based in CT and MI); the National Lawyers Guild Committee for Democratic Communication (CA); and the Micro Empowerment Coalition (MEC) (NYC). Amherst and MEC formulated their comments internally for the most part. The Micro Radio Empowerment Coalition was formed around several activist organizations, Project Censored; FAIR (Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting), CDC (National Lawyers Guild Committee on Democratic Communications); Radio4All. and Chaired by academic Robert McChesney. MEC is the sister project of the the Prometheus Radio Project. Amherst was primarily formed around Nickolaus Leggett, Judith Leggett, and Donald Schellhardt. However, Amherst was very well organized and had made contact with many emerging Low Power Radio groups such as American for Radio Diversity and REC Networks. The CDC was seeking to present comments that were sensitive to the wider non-commercial low power community. They posted drafts and took comments on the open list and worked to craft a consensus document. This was a difficult task as many CDC members and supporters were opposed to the idea of a rulemaking in the first place.
During this process members of the different factions would communicate and debate on the list. Some of the discussions were very heated and it became apparent that there were some issues that might be beyond resolving. Besides the issue of commercial low power radio their was amnesty. In the FCC's Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NPRM), the Commission was very clear that those who had broadcast after the date of the NPRM's issue or had continued to broadcast after being told to cease and desist would be ineligible to licenses. Amherst felt that going off the air would be a sign of good faith now that the FCC was considering a Low Power Service. Others felt that the only reason they were making headway was by staying on the air and keeping the pressure on. Moreover, there was the fear that community support might wane if the stations had no presence. In private email discussions several participants, myself included, worried that if the movement was shown to be split, the opposition would seek to divide us up and play us against each other. Since this was what had happened in the 1930's within the educational/non-commercial proponents during the onset of radio regulation, we felt we had the right to be concerned (McChesney, 1993). With the National Association of Broadcasters (NAB) and National Public Radio (NPR) rallied against us, we knew we had to present a unified front or we didn't stand a chance.
Back ChannelsAs the debate raged on, I kept in close communication with all sides. I began to analyze the positions of each faction. I quickly came to the conclusion that, with a few notable exceptions, all three of the major factions agreed on most points. The problem's lied with a few "poison pills" (as Don Schellhardt called them). I became convinced that there had to be some sort of document that everyone could sign. This way, we could drive home the central important issues to the FCC and show them and our opposition that we, as a movement, were capable of unified action. It became apparent that the central issues of technical requirements and ownership restrictions were key to creating a functional community based low power service. The other issues would have to be hashed out in individual comments.
By this point, the open list had become emotionally charged and cluttered with multiple threads. There were charges, counter charges, and even a call to "purge" commies from the list. Lyn Gerry the list operator, who normally never intervenes in list exchanges, even stepped in to cool things off. Even the creation of a separate list for technicians and a secured legal list left MRN with multiple threads. Rather than fight for space on MRN, I decided to approach each faction independently with the idea of a Joint Statement on Micro Radio. I would concentrate on what we all agreed on, leaving out our contentions. I put together a draft based on my analysis and sent it out to several list members for feedback.
SPY VS SPYMRN is an open list. As it was the hub of Micro Radio activity it was assumed that the National Association of Broadcasters (NAB) and the FCC had lurkers monitoring the list. Security logs on Radio4all all also showed multiple visits from industry and government URLs. In off list discussions several of us remarked that the in-fighting must give the opposition a certain satisfaction. It became a concern because we did not want to tip our hand and give the NAB information to use against us. The NAB had sent a letter in opposition to Low Power FM to the FCC using out of context excerpts from the list archives. Quotes from several list members, including my own, were used in a way to discredit us. The movement, however, was not without its own resources. Several NAB members were sympathetic to our cause and we were able to obtain most of the communiqu�s between the NAB and its general membership. In this environment, all serious strategy discussions moved to private email.
"We, the undersigned organizations and individuals, representative of a wide spectrum of micro radio advocates, strongly believe that the items contained in this Joint Agreement are essential to the success of any Low Power Radio Service. Individual signatories may hold differing views concerning many aspects of the proposed rulemaking and will file individual comments as well as signing this agreement. The absence of items or issues in this agreement is not meant to imply or indicate any specific stance by any of the signatories. This agreement simply states aspects of the proposed rulemaking that are of such importance that they cut across all ideological lines and are accepted as essential to the fair and proper creation of a Low Power Radio Service."
-Joint Statement on Micro Radio
Since National Lawyers Guild Committee for Democratic Communication (CDC) and the Micro Empowerment Coalition were close on their positions and in line with my own, my real challenge was Amherst. The several members of the Amherst Alliance who participated on the MRN list had gotten a little defensive. There is nothing so shaking for a liberal than to find themselves in a forum where they are the conservatives. Don Schellhardt was the founder of Amherst but the organization operated on consensus. All members had to be in favor of Amherst platform position for it to be adopted. Don and I had an active correspondence via email. He relayed the positions and issues back and forth between the himself and the other Alliance members. He also gave me contact names for people in other related organizations. Don felt strongly that it would be best to keep things under our hats and spring the Joint Statement on the opposition as a surprise.
Despite extensions of the comment period, time quickly began to run out. Amherst had given the okay on the language and content that they found acceptable. I now had to try to get the attention of MEC and CDC. Both organizations had been working on their own comments but expressed interest in some sort of group statement. My long term relationship with CDC was of some help. My contact, Phil Tymon a lawyer and scholar, wanted more of a feel for the document and requested we talk by phone. Our discussion was the only communication that took place off-line. He said he would get back to me when he had a chance to meet with the CDC team. At this point we had only two weeks until the next comment's deadline and I wanted to get as many signatures as possible. My nerve broke and I decided to go public without CDC signing on. This was a difficult position because I knew many people would view the CDC endorsement as a type of "Good Micro Radio Seal of Approval." I set up a web page and posted the URL on MRN and several other lists. I also personally email every organization that might have a stake in a low power radio service.
ResponseThe response was immediate. Amherst members had been primed for action and a flood of email came in. People who were on the list took sign-up sheets to low power radio events to gather more signatures. The idea of settling on issues we agreed on and still filing our own comments individually had taken root. When the CDC signed on a day or two later, the rate increased. The Joint Statement on Micro Radio garnered 30 organizations and 101 individuals from 17 states in less than three weeks--entirely on-line. In the end, Committee for Democratic Communication, Micro Radio Empowerment Coalition , and Amherst all supported the Joint Statement. The full version of the document that was filed electronically on July 31, 1999 and by mail on August 2, 1999. A Supplement to the Joint Statement on Micro Radio that was sent electronically on August 2, 1999 and mailed August 3, 1999. This Supplement was added to include some late signatories. Due to persistent interest, a Second Supplement was added and filed electronically on August 23, 1999. While I was willing to risk it all on an electronic filing, I was persuaded by the more conspiratorial-minded list members to send printed copies via snail mail as well.
Implications and ConclusionsBy the time the process ended on the Rulemaking for Low Power Radio, several thousand individuals and groups had filed comments. The comments filed by the CDC, MEC, Amherst, and the Joint Statement on Micro Radio collected almost 2000 signatures. Despite last minute attempts from the NAB and some pointed threats from some members of Congress, the FCC released their Report and Order in January 2000 creating a Low Power Radio Service. Many elements of the Joint Statement on Micro Radio did make it into R&O and they resemble each other in many ways. The service created was restricted to non-commercial stations only and amnesty was not granted to micro radio pioneers. So in these areas each faction suffered a major loss. Currently, the new service is being challenged in court by the NAB and faces the oddly named Radio Broadcasting Preservation Act of 1999 (submitted preemptively on November 17, 1999) in both houses of Congress. Moreover, the new Low Power Radio Service is far from perfect and was not roundly welcomed by the Micro Radio Movement. There is even growing sentiment that the best thing that could happen to Micro Radio is that the Radio Broadcasting Preservation Act would pass, thus sparking another explosion in unlicensed radio stations going on the air in protest.
Setting aside the issue of Free Radio, the rise of the Micro Radio Movement and its success with the FCC is a testament to the resource of the internet as a tool for activist organizing as well as access point to powerful institutions. The benefits of paperless access to government, while designed as a boon for business, can be used by the masses to affect the record and process in government decision making. This is particularly true for regulatory agencies such as the FCC. There are no leaders of the Micro Radio Movement, no central control or policy, no universal political ideology, no large sources of funding or support. While the National Lawyers Guild played a major role and should be commended, they were far being the central pillar of the movement. This movement is primarily a product of the poor and working class. Despite being overloaded with the daily tasks for survival, individuals, and small and large groups managed to put Low Power Radio on the national agenda. After years of laboring in obscurity, they managed to gain support from diverse groups such as labor, Rainbow-Push Coalition, the National Council of Churches, and the ACLU. After being pressed on the issue, both Al Gore and Bill Bradley have endorsed the notion of Low Power Radio.
Having had the opportunity to observe this movement as a scholar and a participant over the years, I can say that its success was built by many people who stepped up to the challenge of addressing what they saw as an unjust situation. The defeat of the NAB and NPR, the two major forces in radio in the US, was a major accomplishment. Even if LPFM never comes to pass as a legal service, the fact that it got as far as it did is a major feat. The implications of this are staggering. By being able to instantly and consistently communicate across long distances for virtually nothing, share scarce resources and information, and access the power structure, affinity groups of individuals and organization can effect national policy with the benefit of an established institution for logistical or financial support. Even a casual look at the process that succeeded in the World Trade Organization (WTO) protests in Seattle WA in November of 1999 can show the observer that the landscape of politics activism and discourse has changed forever. Many who thought they were alone now, by way of the Web, realize that they are not.
To establish and run an unlicensed radio stations is a major endeavor, and the national support and communications network that evolved did so as a support mechanism for this activity. Now that this network exists, in has encouraged activist activities in many different areas. A major proponent of Low Power FM in Michigan, Tom Ness, was drafted by the Green Party to run for the Senate largely based on a widely successful lobbying campaign for LPFM. REC Networks in Arizona has taken to reviewing requests for full power FM stations and filing in opposition in questionable instances. In many cases, REC filed the only comments beside the applicants and the licenses were denied. The current push by the NAB for In Band on Channel Digital Audio Broadcasting has drawn considerable fire from several Low Power advocates, myself included. Such a technical and obscure Notice of Proposed Rulemaking would normally go unnoticed by the general public. The Micro Radio Movement, largely enabled by the communication abilities of the internet, is transforming into an independent media reform movement and a source of support for activist organizing, and resistance to the dominating forces in American society. Starting with the WTO in 1999, no large scale protest occurs without organizing support and presence of Micro Radio and other emerging independant media.
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Battle For The Control Of U.S. Broadcasting, 1928-1934. New York: Oxford University
Shields, Steven O., & Ogles, Robert M. (1992, March). Black Liberation Radio: A Case
Study Of The Micro-Radio Movement. Paper presented at 22nd annual meeting of the
Popular Culture Association, Louisville, KY.
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FCC (2000). Federal Communications Commission Website
Telecommunications Reform Act of 1996
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Study Of The Micro-Radio Movement. Paper presented at 22nd annual meeting of the
Popular Culture Association, Louisville, KY.
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FCC (2000, January) Report and Order, In the Matter of Creation of Low Power Radio Service, MM Docket No. 99-25 RM-9208, RM-9242
FCC (2000). Federal Communications Commission Website
Telecommunications Reform Act of 1996


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text: A discussion on the Onkila's Article regarding the stakeholder relationship management in environmental management Introduction: The business operation in today's world cannot leave without environmental issues if the corporation would like to develop in a sustainable way. Ignoring the impact of environmental issues will bring about the serious consequences to the corporation. Therefore, it is very important for the management team in the corporation to take the environmental management into account in their daily business operation. The environmental management is not only related to the corporation itself, but also it related to the all stakeholders, even the natural environment, which is usually not perceived as the stakeholders. Thus, for the sustainable development, it is vital for the company to evaluate the impact of the environmental issues on the business decision-making process. The stakeholder approach provided a good insight for the manager when they made the decision in the environmental management. Onkila (2011) summarized the multiple forms of Stakeholder Interaction in environmental management. This paper will review the Onkila's article, compare the gaps between the article and other academic resources, and formulate the own attitude towards this article. Summary of the article In Onkila's (2011) article, it described and interpreted difference in stakeholder interaction in environment management. Not only it concluded popular four types of stakeholder's relationships, which is power-based relationship, collaborative relationship, conflicting relationship, and one-side contribution relationship; but also it included the role of natural environment in these models. The position of natural environment was no longer neglected and has been justified through its status as ultimate target responsibility, legitimate interests, but was not justified by its lack of power. The founding showed the academic background about stakeholders in environment management, involved the role of natural environment in environment management, and inspired the managerial implications. The creation of multiple forms of stakeholders' engagement in environmental issues enables the managers to analyze differences in stakeholder relationships, the actor involved, and the attributes of stakeholder interests. A Discussion on the Onkila's Article regarding thestakeholder relationship management in environmental management Wilson and Bryant (1997) defined the environmental management is a multi-layered process in which different types of environmental managers interact with the environment and with each other to pursue a livelihood. EI-Kholy (2001) suggested that environmental management is a process concerned with human-environment interactions, and seeks to identify: what is environmentally desirable; what are the physical, economic, social and technological constraints to achieving that; and what are the most feasible options. Barrow (2006) proposed that environment management is related to the sustainable development, used as a generic term, and deals with a world affected by humans. Sullivan and Wyndham (2001) found that many benefits associated with the effective management of environmental issues, including reduced risk, improved utilization of resources and employee, better management of regulatory compliance, reduced costs, increased the revenue, and improved public reputation. Richards et al (2004) stated that stakeholder participation may increase public trust in decisions and civil society, if participatory processes are perceived to be transparent and consider conflicting claims and views. Moreover, stakeholder participation may increase the possibility that environmental decisions are perceived to be fair under the complexity of human-environmental interactions. (Richards et al, 2004) In addition, the stakeholder participation enables interventions and technologies to be better adapt to local social-culture and environmental conditions. (Reed, 2008) There are many approaches to environmental management. Barrow (2006) concluded these approaches including Ad hoc approach, Problem-solving approach, system approach, regional approach, specialist discipline approach, strategic environmental management approach, voluntary sector approach, commercial approach, political economy or political ecology approach, and human ecology approach. However, according to Onkila (2011), it mainly discussed the approach based on the stakeholder's relationship. Roome and Wijen (2006) has stated that corporate environmental management need actors to interact, to resolve different perspectives on issues, options, and outcomes, and to make decisions. Stakeholders are the individuals or groups who have some type of stake in or relationship with a corporation. (Mitchell et al, 1997) Fiksel (2003) claimed that the needs of society can be clarified and prioritized through stakeholder engagement, including a dialogue between corporations, institutional policy maker and public interest groups. Therefore, it is very important for the corporation involve the stakeholder engagement when it decided the environmental management. The environmental management requires the interaction with stakeholders. Noland and Phillips (2009) found that due to the fact that the financial, physical, and environmental effects that business can have on individuals and groups, it is important that business actually identify and identify and communicate with those persons who have legitimate stake in them. Moreover, stakeholder theory is concerned with bridging the gaps between different stakeholders, and finding compromises to solve conflicts of interests in the framework of the corporation viewed as a complex and evolving system. (Lesourd and Schilizzi, 2001) Thus, it is important to analyze the stakeholder's relationship not only on the basis of their main attributes, but also on the basis of their relationship with the corporations. Different from Onkila (2011), Palvoviita and Luoma-aho (2007) proposed another four stakeholder's relationships, which are power, legitimacy, urgency, and frequency. They suggested stakeholder approach to the environmental management could be implemented more effectively by using information on current stakeholder attributes. Specifically, they also indicated the stakeholder's relationship is changing all the time under a dynamic situation. The common attitude towards the stakeholders is always referred to a person or a group who have the stake with or an economic interest in the firm. Therefore, the role of natural environment is always neglected by the scholars. It is generally perceived that natural environment cannot interact with the corporation directly. The breakthrough of Onlika's article is that it included the natural environment as a part of stakeholder relationship, and how it performed among stakeholder relationships. Strike (1993) has found that the term of stakeholder is not only including all the living organism (also animals and plants), but also including landscape elements (rocks, water, etc) and the cosmos in general, significantly expands the definition of stakeholders far beyond the original definition. Moreover, Driscoll and Starik (2004) provided a stronger basis by arguing the salience of natural environment as the primary and primordial stakeholder of the firm. In this context, the natural environment is considered as a primary stakeholder because the operation of business is based upon the environmental resources. However, Onkila (2011) found that the role of natural environment is not justified by its lack of power, but justified based on its status. Although, Onkila (2011) concluded multiple forms of stakeholder interaction in environmental management, it is too theoretical background. It just provided a way for the corporation to identify the stakeholder relationships when it decides to develop a feasible strategy about environmental management. The question is after identifying the multiple stakeholder relationships, the corporation how to develop a strategy in their daily business operation about environmental management. In other words, it is lack of the actual practice to support its findings or give out the good practice that the corporation could refer to regarding to the environmental management. As the article stated, it suggested that business managers should be able to manage differences in stakeholder relationship, but the article did not tell the way that managers manage the differences or the feasible scenarios. It is not sufficient to just identify the stakeholder relationship in the environmental management. The different strategy developed upon the stakeholder relationship in the environmental management shall be included. Although the author found the gap in the Onkila's article, the author still found the strong points in this article. Environmental management is not only related to the single stakeholder relationship. Actually, it related to the different kinds of stakeholder relationship. Onkila's article concluded the multiple forms of stakeholder relationships: power based, collaborative, conflicting, and one-sided relationships. These four types of relationship clearly describe the extent to which the stakeholder's participation of interaction with the corporation. It is very important for the corporation to identify the relationship with various stakeholders and develop the appropriate strategy regarding the environmental management. The environmental manager could define the multiple relationships instead of one single relationship. For example, the business corporation will meet the power based relationship. Thomas Cook is UK's leading tourism operator, and it put great emphasis on the environmental management. (Thomas Cook, 2009) Therefore, it asks its suppliers and partners such as hotel chains, coach agents to adopt the same standard regarding the environmental issues like carbon omission. In this case, Thomas Cook used its corporate power to influence its partners and suppliers, who are the main stakeholders in the environmental management. Meanwhile, Thomas Cook also holds the one-side contribution stakeholder relationship. For one thing, Thomas Cook set the high standard on its environmental operation to ensure the customer has a safety trip, employee has the stable working environment, and suppliers adopt the same standard. For another thing, Thomas Cook made the positive contribution to the society. The tourism industry is an industry requiring the natural environmental resources all the time. It is not sufficient to develop a strategy based on one single stakeholder relationship about environmental management. The stakeholder such as destination community is benefit from the Thomas Cook's contribution because the Thomas Cook put a large amount of money to set up the school for the children in the local community. In this example, the identification of multiple stakeholder relationship played an important role in the business strategy making by Thomas Cook. Thus, by identify the multiple stakeholder relationships, the decision making at the end will be more precisely. Moreover, the breakthrough of Onkila's article is taking the natural environment into account as a stakeholder. The position of natural environment among stakeholders was justified based on its status as the ultimate target of responsibility, possessing legitimate interests, but was not justified by its lack of power. However, the description or definition of the role of the natural environment is ambiguous. It is a little bit harder for the reader to understand the status of environment as a primary stakeholder. Regarding to Onkila (2011)'s article, it is a good indication of the present state of knowledge and the idea on the issue. The complex and changing environment problems calls for flexible and transparent decision making that embrace a diversity of knowledge and values. (Reed, 2008) Therefore, the multiple form of stakeholder engagement in environmental management is very meaningful because the related stakeholder participation in environmental decision making has been increasingly sought and embedded into domestic and international policy. The stakeholder was no longer single stakeholder or internal stakeholder. Instead, the internal and external stakeholders played an important role in the environmental decision making. The managers in the corporation then have the ability to analyze the differences in stakeholder relationships, the actors involved, and the attributes of stakeholder interests. Thus, the managers have the possibilities to manage the differences. For example, if a corporation has the sufficient power, it could use its power to influence the stakeholders in the daily operation of environmental management. If this corporation would like to make the positive contribution to the society and improve the negative impacts on environment issues, it could use its power to define environment actions. This in turn, the stakeholders as the power user perform the necessary actions in the same way. Environmental management cannot leave without the stakeholders' participation. Stakeholder relationship played an important role in the environmental management, because the business developed the environmental strategy based on the interaction with the related shareholders. Onkila (2011)'s article summarized four different types of stakeholder relationships. By identifying the type of relationship, the managers can define the responsibilities, share the responsibilities among different actors, question the environmental interests and justify the certain environmental impacts. The author leant the role of natural environment was not just only the stakeholder, actually, the role of natural environment among stakeholders is dependent on its status. It can be a target responsibility, a legitimate interests, and unquestionable value. Managers did not confine themselves to develop one single strategy. Instead, managers could develop the various strategy based on the multiple forms of stakeholder engagement. Moreover, the different forms of stakeholder relationship indicate the extent to which the interaction between the company and the stakeholders. For example, in the power-based relationship, the interaction between the company and the stakeholders is almost zero, and the powerful side decides the strategy, and the stakeholders or the company become the followers. In the collaborative relationship, the interaction is relatively strong. In addition, each relationship has the different kind of stakeholders. For example, in the power-based relationship, the stakeholders are customers, suppliers, employees, citizens, and partners in cooperation. The collaborative relationship indicated the stakeholders are the society. The conflicting relationship indicated the stakeholders are the governments. Therefore, it is more precise for managers to define the related stakeholder if they want to develop a strategy based on the power-based relationship, or develop a strategy with the external stakeholder such as the society based on the collaborative relationship. Furthermore, the responsibility could be clearly allocated based on the multiple form of stakeholder engagement. Because the stakeholder relationship indicated who is the key responsible side, and who is the follower regarding the environmental management. After the identification of responsibility, it will be efficient for the follower or the responsible side to execute or act the strategy. The role of environment will be justified whether it is a target or a stakeholder or just the legitimate interest. The decision making based on the multiple forms will be more effective and precise because the responsibility has been defined and allocated, and the role of environment has been justified. Conclusion: Environmental management has become more and more important in today's business operation. If a corporation would like to develop in a sustainable way, it has to keep in mind of the importance of the environmental management. The environmental management has many approaches, but in this essay it mainly discussed the stakeholder approach. Stakeholder approach is a feasible approach because the stakeholder is not only the main attributes to the company, but the relationship with the company. Onkila (2011) concluded four types of stakeholder relationship based on the stakeholder engagement in the environmental management. Moreover, it also takes the natural environment into account and identifies the role of the natural environment based on its status rather than the power because the power of natural environment is indirect. It provides a useful and efficient way for the environmental managers to set up the environmental strategy because the multiple forms of the stakeholder identify the responsibility, actor, and the interest. However, Onkila's article did not associate the good practice with the multiple forms of stakeholder relationship. Therefore, it is too theoretical for the reader to understand. If the article includes the best practice, it will be more convinced to the readers. Anyhow, the multiple forms of stakeholder relationships and the identification role of natural environment provide the good academic background for the managers when they decide the environment strategy in the real world. It is believed that the strategy will be efficient because the responsibility, actor, and the interest can be justified based on the different type. Reference: Barrow, C. J. (2006). Environmental management for sustainable development. 2nd ed. New York: Routledge. pp.6 Driscoll, C. & Starik, M. (2004). The Primordial Stakeholder: Advancing the Conceptual Consideration of Stakeholder Status for the Natural Environment. Journal of Business Ethics. Vol.49(1). pp.55-73 Fiksel, J. (2003). Designing Resilient, Sustainable Systems. Environmental Science and Technology. Vol.37.pp.5330-5339 Lesourd, J. & Schilizzi, S. (2001). The Environment in Corporate Management.: New Directions and Economic Insights. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing. pp.7 Mitchel, R. et al. (1997). Towards a theory of stakeholder identification and salience: defining principles of who and what really counts. Academy of Management Review. Vol.22(4). pp. 853-88 Noland, J. & Phillips, R. (2009). Stakeholder Engagement, Discourse Ethics and Strategic Management. International Journal of Management Reviews. Vol.12(1).pp.39-49 Onkila, T. (2011). Multiple Forms of Stakeholder Interaction in Environmental Management: Business Arguments Regarding Differences in Stakeholder Relationships. Business Strategy and the Environment.Vol.20.pp.379-393 Paloviia, A. & Luoma-aho, V. (2007). A stakeholder relationship approach to corporate environmental management. Sustainable Social and Ecosystem Stewardship International Conference of the Greening of Industry Network. Ontario. Reed, M.S. (2008). Stakeholder participation for environmental management: A literature review. Biological Conservation. Vol.141.pp.2417-2431 Richard, C. et al. (2004). Practical Approaches to Participation SERG Policy Brief No.1 Macauley Land Use Research Institute. Aberdeen. Roome, N. & Wijen, F. (2006). Stakeholder power and organizational learning in corporate environmental management. Organization Studies. Vol.27(2). Pp. 235-263 Strike, M. (1993). Is the environmental an organizational stakeholder? Naturally? Paper presented at the Proceedings of the fourth annual meeting of the International association for Business and Society. San Diego Sullivan, R. & Wyndaham, H. (2001). Effective environmental management: Principles and case studies. Crows Nest: Allen & Unwin. pp.1 Wilson, G. & Bryant, R.L. (1997). Environmental management: new directions for twenty-first century. London: Routledge. pp.5 原文链接:Economic environmental business转载请注明出处:优易论文


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Fox announced Thursday none of the network's new season comedies would be renewed for a second season.
'Grandfathered' with John Stamos, 'the Grinder' starring Rob Lowe and Josh Peck, the animated 'Bordertown' and 'Cooper Barrett' starring Jack Cutmore-Scott have been cancelled due to low ratings and will not return.
Fox executives initially were pleased with good reviews for 'The Grinder' and considered making changes to 'Grandfathered' but after considerable discussion and evaluation decided to cancel both.
Source: Deadline


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Appointments for massages:
+49 (0) 7555 9210 - 0
|Be it a therapeutic treatment or just because it does good - one thing is certain when you book an appointment with our physiotherapists: you will enjoy deep relaxation and an all-round sense of well-being.
Classic massages
|Massages are beneficial to the body, mind and soul - a healing treatment that dates back a millennium for tension, stress, nervousness, sleep disturbances, posture problems, acute and chronic pain, disturbances of the vegetative nervous system and much more besides.
Herbal stamp massages
|For all who wish to treat themselves to something "special": Herbal stamp massages - a massage for all the senses. Allow yourself to be enveloped in the scent of herbs and flowers. Feel the warm oil on your body and the gentle touches of the herbal stamp on your skin. We wrap many of the herbal stamps ourselves, with herbs from our own herb garden.
Anti-stress treatment
|Treatment for the shoulders, neck, head and face. Tensions are gently relieved. Particularly recommended with neck problems and headaches.
Foot energy massage
|This massage is a meaningful form of preventative healthcare, which helps to order and harmonise disturbed energy processes in the body.
Special massages -
Massages that start vital energy flowing
|Tibetan energy massage
This back massage is characterised by a particularly gentle technique and has its origins in the monasteries of Tibet. A special stroking action with oil along the meridian channels of the back relieves tension, hardening and accumulated energy. The effect is one of calm, a sensation of deep inner peace, pain relief, refreshment and a beneficial, relaxed physical sensation.
|Garshan massage
he Garshan massage is an Ayurvedic dry massage. The silk glove has a peeling effect. The skin is smoothed, cleansed of dead skin flakes, and the tissue is firmed. The massage also activates the lymphatic flow, stimulates the circulation and the metabolism. The Garshan massage is particularly recommended with cellulite.
|Breuss massage with warm St. John's wort oil
This is a fine-sensation, manual back massage, which can release mental, energetic and physical blockages. At the same time, the massage stimulates the regeneration of under-supplied intervertebral discs. It is therefore also fondly referred to as the "spinal disc massage".
|Hot stone massage
This special form of massage originates from Hawaii. The combination of the elemental force of the stones, the heat treatment and the massage calms, relaxes and boosts the metabolic processes within the tissue. The massage helps sports participants, as well as individuals with chronic cold feet and hands. Stress-related tension is also relieved.
|Craniosacral therapy
Craniosacral therapy is a very gentle treatment for the nervous system and the autoregulation of the body. It is recommended for the treatment of nervous disorders, fatigue and for the improvement of general health and well-being.
Please arrange appointments for massages and treatments: +49 (0) 7555 92 10 - 0 or directly in the hotel.


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St Nicholas' Church shortly after consecration.
History of Kelvedon Hatch >> St Nicholas' Church >> Memorial Stone Laying
The Parish Magazine records the laying of the Memorial Stone for the new church on 30th October, 1894.
"In reporting, the Memorial Stone Laying, we feel we cannot do better than follow the lines of the Essex County Chronicle, of Friday, 2nd November. An account of the ceremony will be most interesting to the people of Kelvedon Hatch in after years if preserved in our Parish Magazine.
"The laying of the Memorial Stone of the New Church of S. Nicholas, Kelvedon Hatch, took place on Tuesdav, 30th October, 1894, at 3 p.m. The pouring rain greatly reduced the attendance the ceremony nevertheless, the company, which was a representative one, consisted of about 150 persons assembled beneath the tarpaulins which had been erected as a partial protection against the rain, and bravely defied the incessant dripping while the ceremony was performed. The choir of the parish was in attendance, the musical portion of the service under the direction of Mr C. F. White, who presided at the harmonium.
The service commenced with the hymn "We love the place, O God, wherein thine honour dwells." Suitable prayers were said by the Rector, after which the stone laying took place. The architect, Mr. J. T. Newman, handed to Mr. Edward W. Puxon, patron of the Benefice, who has been one of the most liberal contributor to the Building Fund, a silver trowel, and the stone was lowered to its resting price, and "well and truly laid" by him, with these words, "In the faith of Jesus Christ, we place this Memorial Stone in the name of God the Father, God the Son, and God the Holy Ghost. Amen."
The Venerable the Archdeacon of Essex then placing his hand on the stone, said " Here let true faith, the fear of God, and brotherly love ever remain; this place is consecrated to prayer and to the praise of the most Holy name of the same, our Lord Jesus Christ, who ever liveth, with the Father and the Holy Spirit, one God, world without end. Amen." The Archdeacon then gave a short address. He said it was an auspicious occasion in anything but auspicious weather. It was surprising that in this little parish so much had been done towards getting a new church. He understood that the larger part of the sum needed (£1,600) had already been secured, there being only about £200 more required. He congratulated the people of Kelvedon Hatch on their success, which he knew well could only have been achieved, in these " hard times," by their earnestness and self-denial, which God had indeed blessed. They had found, no doubt, considerable difficulty in having their parish church so far from the village especially in bad weather like the present. They were not only going to have a new church, but a new burial ground was to surround it, and those who worshipped in the new church would be able to rest in the God's acre in which it stood when their time came.
The Memorial Stone bears a cross and the inscription: " S. Nicholas. To the glory of God. This stone was laid, 30th October, 1894." It is interesting to note that our old friend, Mr. George Sargent, previous to the stone being placed in position, put a bright new" threepenny piece" underneath.
The silver trowel, which is handsomely chased, and which has a white ivory handle, is inscribed -" Presented to Edward W. Puxon, patron of the Benefice of Kelvedon Hatch, on the occasion of his laying, the Memorial Stone of the New Parish Church of S. Nicholas, October 1894."
A collection, which realized £30, was taken during the singing of the hymn "The Church's one foundation is Jesus Christ her Lord," after which the ceremony was brought to a close by the Archdeacon of' Essex pronouncing the "Blessing."
Many of those who came from a distance then adjourned to the Schoolroom, were tea was served. Plants kindly lent by the Rev. C. L. Royds graced the tables, and the appearance of the room was further enhanced by a display of flags and other drapery, which was lent and arranged by many willing helpers. In the evening a "Conversazione" took place in the room, the parishioners having been invited to celebrate, the "Stone-laying." Music, speeches, etc., were listened to, while refreshments were discussed, and a pleasant evening was brought to a close by singing "the old Hundredeth." The downpour of rain prevented the display of fireworks which had been arranged for, so they were postponed until Tuesday, 13th November, when they took place, under the superintendence of Mr. Fred. Mott of Ongar.
A brief account of how it comes to pass that a new church is being erected in such a purely rural parish as Kelvedon Hatch will doubtless be of interest to many. The old parish church is situated about a mile-and-a-half from the village, and many of the parishioners live two or three miles from it. Added to this, the church lies hidden among trees, a good way from the main road, and in wet weather the roads are thick with mud. Steps were being taken for the erection of a chapel-of-ease in a more central position when there came down from the Home Office order closing the old churchyard for interments on account, as it was affirmed, of its overcrowded condition.
The parish was consequently under the necessity of providing a new burial ground and chapel. This would have meant the formation of a Burial Board and the levying the inevitable "cemetery rate," and to this there was a great objection among the parishioners.
The Rev. C. L. Royds, of Brizes Park, then generously came forward and offered a suitable piece of ground as a free gift, the only stipulation being that a permanent Church should be erected on the site. The parishioners speedily determined to have a new Church, and a Building Committee was formed, which consisted of the Rev. C. L. Royds, the late Rev. F. A. S. Fane, the Rev. D. Wilkie Peregrine (the Rector); Messrs. Herbert Miles and Frank Coleman (Church Wardens); Messrs. W. Gould, W. Knightbridge, C. F. White, and Jesse Porter. The new church is now been erected on a site at the junction of several roads near the parish school and the principal part of the village. It is of red brick, the architecture being of the Early English style. The architect is Mr. J. T. Newman, of this parish, whose work on behalf of the church is "a labour of love;" for he gives his time and work as a free-will offering. Mr. John Gozzett, of Maldon, is the contractor man (the last contract for the building being £1,410), he being represented on the works by his able foreman, Mr. George Ramplin, who manifestly giving the best of his time and skill to the good work he has in hand. The church is to accommodate about 200 people, and it is probable that the will be carried out with chairs, which will be free and unappropriated."
Back to St Nicholas' Church
Back to History of Kelvedon Hatch
Go on a guided tour of Kelvedon Hatch, Essex, during the 19th and early 20th centuries. With the help of photographs, newspapers, parish records and census returns, the story of each house is revealed, as are the lives of some of their occupants.
It was a parish of many contrasts: from wealthy land-owners living in grand Georgian mansions with numerous servants, to agricultural workers struggling against poverty in overcrowded and dilapidated cottages. Discover how the landscape changed after the common land was enclosed, and how farmers struggled to cope with the agricultural depression. Find out about the role of the parish in WW1 when it was at the front line of Britain's fight against the Zeppelins. See how the new school was established and functioned, and why a new parish church was built. There are stories of crime, bankruptcy, poverty, scandal, revenge, leisure and migration.
Even if you have never been to Kelvedon Hatch, with the help of detailed maps and photographs, you will find yourself immersed in its history.
128 pages, 11 maps and diagrams, 77 black and white photographs
Published by History House and available in paperback or ebook.
Also available on Amazon.co.uk and other online bookstores.
The Essex Record Office 'ERO' are custodians of the parish registers of Essex. Ancestry.co.uk have now transcribed the entire collection of Essex parish registers. Search now on Ancestry for your Essex ancestors. Then on the results page click on 'request image' and you will be taken to the ERO website where you can purchase an image of the relevant page.
Visit our Parish Registers of Essex page for more information.
Newspaper archives are now a very important source of information for researching your family tree.
Try our example search to help you discover if your ancestors are in the British Newspaper Archive.
Ebay is a good source of old images of Essex towns and villages. If you're looking for pictures to add to your family tree album, then try one of the auctions, or there are several 'Buy It Now' shops offering postcards which have been touched up and improved - so if you're unsure about bidding, try these.
Link below already formatted for Essex and Postcards.


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How to walk corset pattern seams?
How to walk corset pattern seams?
This is a basic pattern adjustment and manipulation technique you need to know to lift your corset making skills to the next level. Most corset pattern adjustments distort the seam shape and/or length thus creates a need for readjustment of seam lines. This process is also known as walking the seams.
In this tutorial, you will learn the basic principle of walking seams on a corset pattern. I placed special emphasis on the waist line because it is a corset pattern we're talking about. Everything revolves around the corsets waist line!
By applying this method to your creations, you will never ever wonder why your panels don't line up! You will never waste time on battling to match up your pattern notches! This will give you the freedom to dedicate more time and energy to important stuff! Like hand-stitching on that delicate lace details or gluing a gazillion billion sparkly rhinestones!
Start your corset making journey right here, right now!
Happy sewing!
Method is demonstrated on an Underbust corset pattern ANNA though the same principle can be applied to any other corset patterns.
Aside from the instructional tutorial being available online, it can also be DOWNLOADED as a PDF file for offline viewing.


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Hufft among nation's most influential nursing deans
Anita Hufft, Ph.D., RN, dean of the College of Nursing at Texas Woman's University, is among The 30 Most Influential Deans of Nursing in the United States, according to the Mometrix Test Preparation blog.
Hufft ranks 12th on the list, just behind the University of Texas at Austin School of Nursing, with both Texas schools behind the Johns Hopkins, Duke University and University of Pennsylvania schools of nursing and ahead of the UCLA, University of Michigan and Ohio State University schools of nursing.
The list was compiled by using a points system based on a variety of data including awards, "Top 10" rankings, National Institutes of Health funding, National Council Licensure Examination passing percentage and more.
"The power to influence others is both a challenge and a privilege," Hufft said. "It is an honor to have the opportunity to help create systems for nursing and higher education that elevate knowledge, good judgment and caring. Preparing our graduates to get jobs is only part of the goal — educating people to improve health and make the world a better place is the real goal."
Hufft's biography and the complete list of nursing deans are available here.
page updated 5/9/2016 4:57 PM


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Just One More Recipe! Whole Wheat PancakesPosted by Julo at 1:06 PM
Very few recipes I've found for whole grain pancakes call for all the flour to be whole grain. But these do!
Whole Wheat Pancakes by Alton Brown from his fantastic cookbook I'm Just Here for More Food
(slightly altered by me!)
2 c whole wheat flour
1 tsp baking powder
1/2 tsp baking soda
1 tsp salt
3 T sugar
2 large eggs
2 c buttermilk
4 T unsalted butter, melted
Heat a griddle to 350.
Combine dry ingredients with a whisk. Combine the wet ingredients in another bowl. Add to the dry and stir just to combine. Set the batter aside and let rest for 5 minutes.
Spray the griddle with nonstick spray. Using a ladle, scoop batter onto the griddle, cooking until bubbles form in the batter and bottom is golden. Flip for another couple minutes.
These freeze beautifully. I usually triple the recipe and freeze them for mornings when I'm pressed for time.
Labels: recipes
2 comments:
Thanks for the pancake recipe; I've been hoping to run across one for whole wheat, that would be light and not like something one could sole their shoes with.
These are thick AND light. Now that I've been making them for a while, I don't like any others. With some light or real maple syrup, they are WONDERFUL. I just love Alton Brown!
Julo said...


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Tomb mystery: is this the grave of an Emperor? History of China. Chinese civilization originated in various regional centers along both the Yellow River and the Yangtze River valleys in the Neolithic era, but the Yellow River is said to be the cradle of Chinese civilization.
With thousands of years of continuous history, China is one of the world's oldest civilizations.[1] The written history of China can be found as early as the Shang Dynasty (c. 1700–1046 BC),[2] although ancient historical texts such as the Records of the Grand Historian (ca. 100 BC) and Bamboo Annals assert the existence of a Xia Dynasty before the Shang.[2][3] Much of Chinese culture, literature and philosophy further developed during the Zhou Dynasty (1045–256 BC).
The Zhou Dynasty began to bow to external and internal pressures in the 8th century BC, and the kingdom eventually broke apart into smaller states, beginning in the Spring and Autumn Period and reaching full expression in the Warring States period. Prehistory Paleolithic Neolithic. China History: Chronology, Dynasty Qin Han Tang Song Yuan Ming Qing.
China, one of the countries that can boast of an ancient civilization, has a long and mysterious history - almost 5,000 years of it!
Like most other great civilizations of the world, China can trace her culture back to a blend of small original tribes which have expanded till they became the great country we have today. It is recorded that Yuanmou man is the oldest hominoid in China and the oldest dynasty is Xia Dynasty. From the long history of China, there emerge many eminent people that have contributed a lot to the development of the whole country and to the enrichment of her history.
Among them, there are emperors like Li Shimin (emperor Taizong of the Tang), philosophers like Confucius, great patriotic poets like Qu Yuan and so on. Chinese society has progressed through five major stages - Primitive Society, Slave Society, Feudal Society, Semi-feudal and Semi-colonial Society, and Socialist Society. Formation of the Chinese Civilization. Chine History Timeline. World History Timeline Civilization: Ancient China.


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Change in Configuration of De Gaspé St. West: The City Asks Drivers to Comply with Signage During the Work
Châteauguay, November 4, 2019 ̶ The work to rehabilitate Gaspé St. West is continuing and the City would like to remind residents of the importance of complying with the traffic prohibition in force in the sector. Despite the presence of panels prohibiting access to work areas, many drivers are taking this street, which constitutes a major security issue for both residents and workers on the site.
One-way traffic
Traffic flow on Gaspé St. West, between Tremblay Street and Maple Boulevard, is now one way heading toward Maple.
This change in configuration aims to reduce the traffic volume on this very busy residential artery and the neighbouring streets.
Two-way traffic is only permitted on the last 20 metres of the street, which is the section adjacent to Maple Blvd., to facilitate access to the financial institution located there.
The City is not able to determine when the work will be completed. The official end of work will be celebrated by a symbolic event for local residents at an appropriate time. In the meantime, we need more co-operation from everyone and encourage residents to comply with the signage in place so that the street can be made accessible as soon as possible.
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published on 09 January 2017
First of all I would like to wish you a Happy New Year and best wishes for 2017!!
How many of us have already ditched our New Year resolution? At the moment, I'm hanging in there, but I'm trying to beat my record of the 15th January!! I'm trying to use the advice on this link to help me stay strong!! http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-38470263
Our recent launch of Project 65 was a resounding success and in the first seven weeks we received 24 referrals with an average age of 78! If you would like to access this FREE service, please get in touch.
Whilst on the theme of technology, the BBC Click programme produced a special about how Assistive Technology can provide support to people of all abilities. It is worth spending half an hour watching this link to see some of the amazing things that are going on and the impact it has on the lives of Disabled People: http://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/b084ndvy/click-disability-tech
I saw this article recently about how the Blue Badge Scheme is still being widely abused and that not all Local Councils are acting upon the misuse of the badges. There is nothing more frustrating to find accessible parking bays and other places where they are valid being used by people who are abusing the system. It would be interesting if anyone knew what the statistics are in our area? Please follow this link to find out more: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-38467758
Whilst on a roll, there is also an interesting article about how shops are not providing an equal service for their disabled customers. I know from experience that some shops can be like an episode of the Krypton Factor when trying to do some shopping, check out this artcle: http://www.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/article/38370149/shops-are-dumb-for-ignoring-disabled-customers
Have any of you seen the information that has recently been put out by Hartlepool Borough Council about their Local Plan? This is your opportunity to take part in a consultation about how our town will be shaped over the coming years. This link provides all the information you need about how you can participate for things like, planning, leisure and transport issues: https://www.hartlepool.gov.uk/info/20209/local_plan/312/local_plan I strongly recommend you take part in this consultation as it does impact on the lives of Disabled People in our town.
My wings are aching and the eagle has landed, see you next month!!


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Conflict: The Interconnected Complexity
Conflict is common. Conflict is human. But, wow, is it hard to deal with.
Conflict is common. Conflict is human. But, wow, is it hard to deal with.
On the second Sunday of May we have set aside a day to honor motherhood. But do we honor it really? Or have we built myths around what it means to be a mother and then inflict them on one another?
Like the shepherds, the Magi, and Mary and Joseph themselves, we are all on a journey to find and give birth to love and peace.
*We invite everyone to join our friends from the North Fork UU Fellowship, at the Jamesport Meeting House in Jamesport, for … read more.
Linda Anderson returns to offer some wise words and loving insight on simplicity.
Join us for a celebration of Christmas Eve, complete with readings, stories, and music – 5pm, at the Jamesport Meeting House.
Linda Anderson returns to share a message of hope and encouragement.
Rev. Linda Anderson returns to share some thoughts on fear.
What do you hope for? What is hope? Is there a way to have hope grounded in the realities of life? Or is it all just empty illusions?
Rev. Dr. Linda Anderson is a longtime friend of the congregation. She is an affiliated minister with the UU Fellowship at Stony Brook.


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Meticulously maintained townhouse in Glen Hill Estates. This 2 bedroom 1 and 1/2 bath townhouse is spacious through out with an updated eat-in kitchen, newer Stainless Steel Appliances, oak kitchen cabinets and tiled back splash. The living-room dining room combo includes french doors leading out to balcony. French doors supply incredible natural light through out the entire main floor. There is lower level laundry off garage area with washer and dryer included. The upstairs has two very spacious bedrooms, lot's of closet space, a full updated bathroom and attic access. Tandem garage, natural gas heat and hot water and new central air conditioner system. A new roof will be installed in July and is PAID IN FULL! Pride of ownership shines throughout this entire home!
Listing courtesy of Dave Jones Realty, LLC. Selling Office: .


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Cultures of Sentencing & Penal Decision-Making in Europe, 30-31st May 2019, Prague
Call for Participation
This conference brings together academic researchers, as well as practitioners, policy officials and others to learn from each other and to debate the role of culture in judicial sentencing and across broader penal decision-making.
The formalist view of law declares that culture has little to do with 'the law' which is deemed to be determinate both in its meaning and application. It is thought to be sovereign and removed from the vagaries of 'culture'. Yet, anyone who thinks deeply about sentencing and penal decision-making will before long confront the idea that 'culture' is, in reality, centrally important. Laws may be passed, for example, but their implementation and enforcement cannot be guaranteed if the 'culture' works against the law. Moreover, when applied to concrete situations law is rarely a matter of mechanical application. The law and the situation have to be interpreted: culture is unavoidable.
But what does 'culture' mean in this context? Sometimes, it is tempting to dismiss anything which does not seem to be rational as 'culture', making the term no more than a repository of what seem to be powerful forces that we cannot understand.
This conference aims to take 'cultures of sentencing and penal decision-making' seriously. Sentencing and penal decision-making operate within and through webs of meaning. Culture animates official decision processes, but also the meaning of sentencing and penal laws themselves. It considers how sentencing and penal decision-making is both generated by and generates cultural ideas and communication.
This conference will tackle key normative and empirical questions about the place and role of culture in and by sentencing and penal decision-making. For example:
- If culture is so vital to the making, application and meaning of sentencing and penal laws, what does this mean for the idea of legal and state sovereignty?
- How can we understand the role of culture in the use of rule-like instruments (e.g. sentencing guidelines)?
- What are the dynamics of sentencing and penal decision-making cultural change? What lessons does a deeper understanding of culture offer the sentencing and penal decision-making reformer?
- In sentencing and penal decision-making what is, and should be, the relationship between culture, equality and power?
- What cultural challenges are faced by sentencing and penal decision-making in nation states moving on from the legacy of a very different (e.g. communist) regime? How are they, and should they, move forward?
- Despite differences, does European sentencing and penal decision-making cultures have a commonality? Do different (e.g. inquisitorial and adversarial) approaches tend, in practice, to generate some broadly similar phenomenon?
- Is it meaningful to talk of different countries having their 'own' sentencing and penal decision-making cultures? In what ways are they similar and different?
- How can and should sentencing and penal decision-making cultures be compared? Can this be done in a more revealing way than simply juxtaposing one country with another? What would a more thoroughly 'comparative method' look like?
- How are seemingly universal sentencing and penal decision-making principles (e.g. legal equality, impartiality, independence proportionality) interpreted and given different cultural inflections? What implications does this suggest?
- How do different cultural ideas link with ideas of professional cultures in sentencing and penal decision-making? How do they generate ways of knowing and thinking? For example, how can we understand judicial, prosecutorial and lawyer cultures? How should they be understood and what role do they play?
- How are the subjects of sentencing and penal decision-making processes (e.g. defendants, victims etc) interpreted and depicted? How do different cultures require them to present themselves?
- What challenges and opportunities are posed by the rise of new sentencing and penal decision-making technologies? How do and will they interact and be mediated by cultural ways of doing and knowing?
- What do images, architecture and iconography tell us about cultures of sentencing and penal decision-making?
These indicative and other questions will be addressed at the seminar.
Proposals to Present a Paper
If you wish to propose a formal paper please send a title and abstract to the Conference Chair (Prof Cyrus Tata) at firstname.lastname@example.com<email@example.com> before the end of Friday 30th March. Abstracts should be 200-500 words in length. Papers may be conceptual, empirically-based (whether by quantitative or qualitative work) or inspired by one or more disciplines.
Not all papers may be accepted. In general, there is a preference for work at a relatively mature stage of completion and/or more ambitious in nature, as well as also encouraging speakers from a range of jurisdictions. However, it may be possible to accommodate shorter work-in-progress presentations in some panels. Different formats for panels (e.g. author meets critics) will be considered – please put forward your ideas!
The language of the seminar will be English. Native English-speakers are asked to bear in mind that others are listening, and speaking in a second language – we thank them for that!
Who Should Attend?
The conference particularly welcomes attendees from a range of jurisdictions, and disciplinary backgrounds.
- As well as scholars and researchers, practitioners, policy-makers, members of the third sector and all those with a serious interest in this subject are warmly encouraged to join the conference.
Deadline for Registration: Friday 30th March 2019
If you wish to participate in the seminar, including if you are not offering a formal paper please email the Chair, Cyrus Tata. email@example.com<firstname.lastname@example.com>
Thanks to our hosts at The Faculty of Law, Charles University, as well as The Institute of State and Law of the Czech Academy of Sciences and The Czech Society of Criminology, there will be no registration charge for taking part in the seminar itself.
However, places are limited so please get in touch as soon as possible and before 30th March.
There will be dinners (self-paying) on Thursday and Friday evenings – these will be informal, inclusive and convivial evenings. Accompanying persons are welcome to join us. Further information to follow.
Conference Venue
Our venue is the Faculty of Law, Charles University, in central Prague (nám. Curieových 901/7). Further details to follow.
Conference Format
By deliberately having a limited number of participants, the seminar will contrast with the approach of large conferences where time for discussion and exchange about the implications of a paper can be limited. In this focused conference we have more time to think and converse in a relatively intimate setting. Having a limited number of scheduled formal presentations on a focused theme allows generous time for inclusive and challenging discussion and debate.
With particular thanks to our hosts, Jakub Drápal and the Faculty of Law of Charles University, Institute of State and Law of the Czech Academy of Sciences and the Czech Society of Criminology.


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The Smith and Wesson model 29, the most powerful handgun in the world!
Do you feel lucky to use this soundpack? This is what inspector Callahan may ask with his S&W model 29!
Youtube: Visual Reference
SoundCloud: Sequence Example
This sound pack contains everything you need to make sound realistic this revolver.
This a small pack for this big caliber handgun!
The package contains:
-39 sounds
-Shot sounds
-Reload part, to make fit the sound with your animation
-Shell casing sounds
-Handling sounds
-Cylinder spinning sounds
-Reloading with speed loader
-Aiming sounds
-Royalty free sounds.
All sounds have been recorded in Stereo 44KHz.
And don't forget to check in the futur, more small weapon pack to come!


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A smart warehouse is the culmination of warehouse automation. In other words, automating various components of your warehousing operations. Like a smart home, a smart warehouse is enabled with several automated and interconnected technologies. These technologies work together to increase the productivity and efficiency of the warehouse, minimizing the number of human workers while decreasing errors.
As Royce Digital explains, "In manual warehouses, we usually saw workers moving around with lists, picking products, loading them into carts and then delivering them to the shipping docks," but in smart warehousing, "Orders are received automatically, after which the system confirms if the products are in stock. The pick-up lists are then sent to robot-carts that place the ordered products into containers and deliver them to workers for the next step".
A Smart Warehouse
Ostensibly, the world of smart warehousing can be a difficult one to navigate, especially once you take the time to consider on the rate with which new products are being introduced to the market. This article discusses the most popular products and processes that are essential for smart warehouse technologies.
1. Automated Picking Tools
2. Automatic Guided Vehicles (AGVs)
3. Automated Inventory Control Platforms
4. Warehouse Management Systems
5. Internet of Things (IoT) Implementation
6. Collaborative Robots (Cobots)
7. Automated Storage and Retrieval Systems (AS/RS)
Some of these technologies you may have heard of whilst some of which you may have not.
Automated Picking Tools
Long gone are the days of the error-riddled picking; now, warehouses can benefit from near-perfect picking rates when picking automation elements are integrated into the flow. There are a few varieties of different tools that can be used to boost picking procedures, such as the voice automated order picking, robotic order picking, and pick-to-light. These technologies can also make use of cutting-edge barcoding options that integrate seamlessly with your chosen management software for the fastest, most accurate automated reporting experiences.
Automatic Guided Vehicles (AGVs)
There's no better way to ramp up your storage and retrieval processes than to integrate automatic guided vehicles, otherwise known as AGVs, into your warehouse. The structural integrity of AGVs are evolving as the technology moves forward, but even the models that have been on the market for some time have proven to be safer and yield a quicker ROI than the manual labor. Some of their most important functions include pallet, rack, and other container storage, and even functions that control and automate the whole entire receiving process.
Automated Inventory Control Platforms
When used in conjunction with a handful of other technological mainstays, such as asset and inventory tags, automated inventory control platforms are implemented to take the labor, guesswork, and extraneous time out of traditional inventory control. To sweeten the deal, most of these platforms are built to automatically count the inventory and synthesize the data for fast, real-time, and ultra-accurate reporting that can be accessed remotely.
Warehouse Management Systems
Warehouse Management Systems, otherwise known as WMSs, are comprehensive software systems that wrangle all your important data into one platform that can be easily accessed by internal players as well as any chosen members of your supply chain. This compartmentalizing of data makes for lightning-fast reporting which, when used tactfully, can mean uber-efficient planning, even for the scenarios that you didn't see coming. All in all, the use of warehouse management – or warehouse execution – systems perfectly complements other automated elements.
Internet of Things (IoT) Implementation
You may have seen commercials and also online advertising for everything from predictive maintenance to home automation using IoT. It is a simple, largely intuitive concept that is helping to digitally transform the supply chain and the way that consumers live. From home automation in smart homes to smart cities and DDOS attacks, IoT is in the news frequently these days.
The Internet of Things, or IoT, is more of an overarching concept than an individual technology, but it is regularly put into place in the world's most effective smart warehouses. When IoT is utilized to control a plethora of moving parts, both the automated and manual, it can optimize all of your processes so that their data lives in one, easy-to-access network. This helps us to optimize a warehouse's inventory control procedures, labor planning, and, of course, its overall customer experience through more rapid fulfillment rates.
Collaborative Robots (Cobots)
A cobot, or "collaborative robot" is specially designed to ease human-machine interface and enhance security. These machines also can work with human workers in the same areas and manage risks thanks to their sensitivity and also the programming.
Through machine learning applications, programming robots will become really easy for anyone, giving much more flexibility than before. A picker would just have to "show" the moves once to the robot and then he could repeat it.
Multitask machines will appear, being placed in the warehouse only where needed.
For repetitive activities such as loading pallets and packing, this kind of machine could be helpful for human workers. They will be specially designed to work together with humans and not to replace them. It is not always feasible for every warehouse to immediately embrace such technology, especially considering that this implementation requires sizable funds and infrastructure changes. That is why more and more warehouses are embracing collaborative robots, or cobots, autonomous elements that are built to work with your existing associates, not without them.
Cobots allow warehouses to keep many of their own processes and infrastructure design choices intact while still benefiting from the optimized workflow that fully autonomous elements provide
• Enhanced security in a robotic environment
• Highly flexible on "self-learning" machines
• Automate picking for loose items and complex shape
• Reduced picking error rate/Improve on picking rate
Automated Storage and Retrieval Systems (AS/RS)
Automated storage and retrieval systems have been around for years, and though they have already done their job of improving throughput and accuracy, they have often been regarded as being expensive, clunky, and generally inflexible. Having said that, today's AS/RS's are only getting sleeker and still tout all their original benefits–reduced labor costs/restraints, modular possibilities, and, of course, increased accuracy. There is no need to complete a comprehensive overhaul of your warehouse to make it smarter and more efficient; instead, introduce the technologies that can make sense for your business and all its processes first. Then, you will see that any warehouse can become a "smart" warehouse.
• There is a very high volume of loads being moved into and out of storage
• Storage density is very important because of space constraints
• No value is added in this process (no processing, only storage and transport)
• Accuracy is critical because of the potential expensive damages to the load
Technology is an ever-evolving and ever-influential part of our everyday lives. It is advancing so quickly that it can be difficult for us to predict what is coming next. This sentiment is particularly true regarding the fields of warehousing, distribution, and logistics. If you purchase, or influence purchases, within your operation, you would have been aware of the emerging "smart warehouse". Once regarded as a buzzword, or even a far-fetched pipe dream, the smart warehouse is becoming a reality, backed by ready-to-purchase technologies that are changing the way warehouses do business.
Ann Chong Fong Ting, DPSM. (2018). "Warehouse Technologies for Effective Inventory Control". Retrieved from SIPMM: https://sipmm.edu.sg/warehouse-technologies-effective-inventory-control, accessed 15/03/2019.
Datex. (2019). "IoT and the Smart Warehouse". Retrieved from https://www.datexcorp.com/iot-and-the-smart-warehouse, accessed 15/03/2019.
Helmi Salleh, ADLSM. (2019). "Autonomous Devices For Digital Warehousing". Retrieved from SIPMM: https://sipmm.edu.sg/autonomous-devices-digital-warehousing, accessed 15/03/2019.
SelectHub. (2019). "What are Smart Warehouse System". Retrieved from https://selecthub.com/warehouse-management/smart-warehouse-systems, accessed 15/03/2019.
Shelly Stazzone. (2019). "7 Smart Warehouse Technologies". Retrieved from https://www.camcode.com/asset-tags/smart-warehouse-technologies, accessed 15/03/2019.
The Future Warehouse. (2019). "Cobots – Collaborative Robots". Retrieved from https://www.thefuturewarehouse.com/cobots, accessed 15/03/2019.