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Vipin Chandra S
PG Student, Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, C.M.R.I.T, Bangalore, India
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CORDIC (Coordinate Rotation Digital Computer) algorithm is to be utilized on computerized workstations to execute complex scientific operations and trigonometric functions. This calculation has been utilized for proficient execution of vector rotation operations in hardware.In present day workstation frameworks (military frameworks, restorative provisions, and so on.) complex scientific operations and trigonometric counts are generally utilized. It is executed simply by table look-up, shift and add operations. In this study, two architectures called FPCORDIC and IQ-CORDIC have been conceived to actualize CORDIC calculation. These architectures have been acknowledged with IEEE-754 and IQ-Math number designs. Likewise they are contrasted concurring with execution time, process precision and fittings execution criteria on FPGA.
|CORDIC, FPGA, IQ-Math, IEEE-754
|In 1956, CORDIC (Coordinate Rotation Digital Computer) algorithm, found by Volder [6], was connected in numerous estimations, for example, trigonometric, linear, hyperbolic and logarithmic calculations. At present, the achievement of DSP calculations makes a solid impression, on account of FPGAs that have high performance and ability. This achievement gave the acknowledgment of numerous DSP algorithms on FPGA throughout the last a few years [1, 2, 3 and 4]. Today, the CORDIC algorithm is connected in the accompanying: digital signal processing, image processing, matrix algebra and so on. CORDIC algorithm acts as a cycle with the shift and add operations [7], it doesn't take much space on the hardware. In this way, it gives quick operation [7, 8].
|CORDIC construction modelling might be executed effectively in today's systems, however can't be utilized viably because of the way that systems are not ready to work parallel. FPGA's are fit for working in parallel, is frequently utilized as a part of requisitions empowering CORDIC algorithm which has an iterative structure to be realized adequately.
|A structural configuration to help like CORDIC design having the capacity to prepare exact results and to work correspondingly while it is continuously executed on FPGA, must be conceived [6,9]. Advanced requisitions need exact and flexible computing necessities. CORDIC constructionmodelling can't be attained by a few advanced systems because of the computational load of the system needed. In spite of the fact that there are numerous CORDIC design created by utilizing FPGA, CORDIC architecture is to be implemented by utilizing the "IQ-Math" number system that Texas C28x DSP family firm runs or by utilizing the IEEE-754 "Floating-Point Numbers" so as to attain the prerequisite said above [10,11 ].
|The current form, IEEE 754 distributed in August 2008, incorporates about the majority of the first IEEE 754-1985 standard and the IEEE Standard for Radix-Independent Floating-Point Arithmetic (IEEE 854-1987). The IEEE Standard for Floating-Point Arithmetic (IEEE 754) is a specialized standard for floating-point processing made in 1985 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). Various hardware floating point units utilize the IEEE 754 standard.
|In this study, two architectures named FP- CORDIC and IQ-CORDIC has been contrasted agreeing with execution time, process precision and equipment execution criteria on FPGA. Second area gives data about the number format. In the third segment CORDIC algorithm and its working standard are specified. The fourth segment introduces that CORDIC algorithm implementation is focused on FPGA. Area five incorporates future scope and concludes of the work.
|CORDIC or Coordinate Rotation Digital Computer is a simple and hardware-efficient algorithm for the implementation of various elementary, especially trigonometric, functions. Instead of using Calculus based methods such as polynomial or rational functional approximation, it uses simple shift, add, subtract and table look-up operations to achieve this objective. The CORDIC algorithm was first proposed by Jack E Volder in 1959. It is usually implemented in either Rotation mode or Vectoring mode. In either mode, the algorithm is rotation of an angle vector by a definite angle but in variable directions. This fixed rotation in variable direction is implemented through an iterative sequence of addition/subtraction followed by bit-shift operation. The final result is obtained by appropriately scaling the result obtained after successive iterations. Owing to its simplicity the CORDIC algorithm can be easily implemented on a VLSI system.
|For a long time the field of Digital Signal Processing has been dominated by Microprocessors. This is mainly because they provide designers with the advantages of single cycle multiply-accumulate instruction as well as special addressing modes. Although these processors are cheap and flexible they are relatively slow when it comes to performing certain demanding signal processing tasks e.g. Image Compression, Digital Communication and Video Processing. Of late, rapid advancements have been made in the field of VLSI and IC design. As a result special purpose processors with custom-architectures have come up. Higher speeds can be achieved by these customized hardware solutions at competitive costs. To add to this, various simple and hardware-efficient algorithms exist which map well onto these chips and can be used to enhance speed and flexibility while performing the desired signal processing tasks.One such simple and hardware-efficient algorithm is CORDIC, an acronym for Coordinate Rotation Digital Computer, proposed by Jack E Volder.
|CORDIC uses only Shift-and-Add arithmetic with table Look-Up to implement different functions. By making slight adjustments to the initial conditions and the LUT values, it can be used to efficiently implement Trigonometric, Hyperbolic, Exponential functions, Coordinate Transformations etc. using the same hardware. Since it uses only shiftadd arithmetic, VLSI implementation of such an algorithm is easily achievable.FPGA provides the hardware environment in which dedicated processors can be tested for their functionality. They perform various high-speed operations that cannot be realized by a simple microprocessor. The primary advantage that FPGA offers is On-site programmability. Thus, it forms the ideal platform to implement and test the functionality of a dedicated processor designed using CORDIC algorithm.
|IQ-Math number format: IQ-Math, fixed point number format utilized by the Firm Texas Instruments is indicated in Figure 1[1]. "S" denotes to the sign bit, "I" denotes to the integer place of the number and the fractional place of number is signified by 'Q'. If the sign bit is '0', the number is positive; else it is negative when the sign bit is '1'. Numbers are changed over into positive by taking two's complement. For instance, the change of the decimal number of 0.3 to the binary number system is shown below.
|0.3x0.2=0.6 0
|0.6x0.2=1.2 1
|0.2x0.2=0.4 0
|In equation (1) [1], 'N' denotes the real number, 'K' indicatesthe bit of integer place and the bit of decimal place is denoted by 'M'.
|Addition:The signal flow outline of the IQ-Math number system addition is demonstrated in figure 2[1]. Additive function in this number format works as per the guidelines of the addition in binary format additive function. 'I' denotes the integer place and "Q" denotes the fractional place. In figure 2, integer place is showed on the left side, and decimal place is exhibited on the right side for each input. The 32-bit inputs are divided into two 24-bit and 8-bit numbers. At last, the carry that is gotten from the sum of the variables 'Q (Qcarry)' and 'I' variables values that is kept are added. The results, two variables called 'Ians' and 'Qans' are kept. Any overflow addition is not considered. Qans is of 24- bits and Ians is of 8-bits
|Multiplication: Fundamentally IQ-Math number of the multiplication algorithm is the same fractional number multiplication. The signal flow chart of the IQ- Math number system multiplication is indicated in figure 3[1]. In multiplication, the numbers given as input to the biggest valence bit is checked. In the event that this bit is logically '1', the number is negative, otherwise positive. In the event that the number is negative, two's inverse of the number as indicated in figure 3 and it is made a positive number by adding '1'. Then multiply the two numbers in base-2 numeral system. Anyhow the number of 64-bit happens when the 32-bit two numbers in base-2 numeral system are multiplied. So that, 64-bit 'mc' register is kept as a result of the multiplication. Value in register two's complements if any of the numbers from the input is negative. At long last, the most significant of the 32-bit number to 64-bit number for calculations is taken and is given out as the output.
|IEEE-754 Floating point number format: Realized with the extent of past studies, the IEEE-754 Floating-Point Number Format addition/subtraction and multiplication [13] is optimized and utilized as a part of this study. In equation (2) [1] floating-point number format is given. In this formula, it is exhibited that 's' demonstrates sign bit, 'e' indicates exponent of number and 'f shows multiplier expression.
|Unquestionably the number is resolved firstly by the addition of the floating-point numbers and the small number with the upper part of number synchronized as equations (3)[1].
|The aggregate estimation of two decimal numbers summation is gotten as in equation (4)[1]. If the sum of multiples is greater or equal to 2,the total is written as in equation(5)[1]. Subtraction is like addition.
|Floating-point multiplication is given in equation (6)[1].
|As on account of addition, if the whole of products is more than or equivalent to 2, the total is achieved like in equation (7)[1].
|CORDIC algorithm is a strategy for shifting the coordinate system of vectors until it is introduced at the angle between two vectors on the X-Y axis. The angle is computed by shifting and adding operations the X-Y axis. The operation mode of CORDIC algorithm is demonstrated in Figure 4[1].
|Angle value at each step can be calculated asfollows. The sum of all the angles in steps should give the angle of rotation θ.
|Here, Sn= {-1, + 1} and in accordance with the aboveequations, the value of tan θn is; tan θn = Sn 2-n.
|An example of the operation mode of CORDIC Algorithm is shown in Table 1[1] briefly.
|The main phase of realization of CORDIC Algorithm on FPGA is to focus the number format to be utilized by the system [10]. calculation of complex mathematical operations, for example, CORDIC normally needs a larger range of numbers. Besides, it is desirable over use floating-point numbers because of their dynamic representation [14]. On the other hand, in spite of their numerous preferences, provisions actualized with floating-point numbers work slower than the ones in fixed-point number. Likewise, requisitions realized with floating-point numbers format utilize a considerable amount of hardware resources of FPGAs [15]. In this study, CORDIC algorithm is tested with both number formats and the results are given in this area by correlation. The flow chart of the realization of a CORDIC algorithm on FPGA utilizing IQ-Math number format is shown in Figure 5[1].
|To begin with, the plot is checked whether the value is positive. At that point, it is determined to which region the angle belongs in the x-y plane. Angle value is scrolled to the region I or region II, III or IV. At last, the angle value is compared with epsilon values in the lookup tables. As a consequence of the correlation, the coordinate estimations of the angle are gotten. The coordinate values are acquired by the formula given below:
|Here, d = +1 is taken if the input value is positive, otherwise it is taken as d = -1.
|The results of the implementation of the CORDIC algorithmon FPGA using Floating-point and IQ-Math number formatand the part of values in Mat lab are shown in Table 2 (a), Table 2 (b) and Table 2 (c) [1].
|As per the results acquired in the table 3[1] above the implementation of the CORDIC algorithm on FPGA utilizing Floating-point number format has produced more delicate results than IQ-Math number design. In the investigation of IQ-Math, process correctness is 2.3842E-007 while in the investigation of IEEE-754, methodology process accuracy is 1.4E-45.
|Table 3 shows the results of synthesis FPGA module realized with I10Q22 number format and Floating-point number format. The application is created with Xilinx ISE 10.1 product and it is executed by utilizing a Xilinx Xc3s500e- 5fg320 FPGA chip which belongs to the group of Spartan 3E.
|Imperativeness of the number formats goes to the cutting edge when calculations like CORDIC including complex scientific operations are constantly realized [10]. As might be seen in Table 3, when compared with the floating-point number format, architecture realized with IQ-Math number format covers less space; hence, less resource are utilized on FPGA. Moreover, architecture implemented with IQ-Math number format gives quicker results in terms of preparing time when contrasted with the floating-point numbers. Yet as indicated in Table 4[1], the floating-point number format gives more exact results when contrasted with IQ-Math number format.
|[1]. B Kir, Al Tuncu, M.A, Sahin, S, âFPGA based implementation of CORDIC using different number formatâ, International Conference
onTechnological Advances in Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (TAEECE), 2013, 9-11 May 2013, ISBN: 978-1-4673-5612-1,
Pages 444-448.
[2]. P. l. Graumann and L. E. Turner, "Implementing Digital Signal Processing Algorithms Using Pipelined Bit-Serial Arithmetic and Field Programmable Gate Arrays," First International ACM/SIGDA Workshop on Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA), pp. 123-128,1992
[3]. J.Isoaho, l. Pasanen, O. Vainio, and H. Tenhunen "DSP System Integration and Prototyping with FPGAs," Journal of VLSI Signal Processing, vol. 6, pp. ISS -172, 1993.
[4]. M. Wahab and D. Puckey, "FPGA-Based DSP Systems," Abindon EE&CS books, 2nd ed. , W. R. Moore and W. Luk, 1994.
[5]. R.J. Petersen and B. Hutchings, "An Assessment of the Suitability of FPGA-Based Systems for Use in DSPs ", Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag, 1995, pp. 293.
[6]. M. J. Beauchamp, S. Hauck, K. D. Underwood and K. S. Hemmert,"Embedded floating-point units in FPGAs," Proceedings of the 2006ACM/SIGDA 14th International Symposium on Field Programmable Gate Arrays, pp. 12-20, February 2006.
[7]. Y. Hu, "CORDIC-Based VLSI Architectures for Digital Signal Processing," IEEE Signal Processing Magazine , vol. 9, pp. 16-35,July 1992.
[8]. K. D. Underwood, "FPGAs vs. CPUs: Trends in Peak Floating-Point Performance," Proceedings of the ACM International Symposium on Field Programmable Gate Arrays, Monterey, CA, February 2004.
[9]. Y. Hu, "CORDIC-Based VLSI Architectures for Digital Signal Processing," IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, vol. 9, pp. 16-35,1992.
[10]. S. Sahin, S. Dikmese, A. Kavak, "Which Number Format to Use for Baseband Wimax Modem Implementation on an FPGA ",Communication and Applications Conference, SIU, pp. 1-4,2008.
[11]. A. Sahin, A. Kavak, Y. Becerikli, H. E. Demiray, "Implementation of floating point arithmetic using an FPGA," Mathematical Methods in Engineering, pp. 445-453, 2007.
[12]. M. A. Cavuslu, C. Karakuzu, S. Sahin, M. Yakut, "Neural network training based on FPGA with floating point number format and its performance," Neural Comput&Applic, pp. 195-202,2011.
[13]. I. Az, S. Sahin, M. A. Cavuslu, "H1Zh Fourier VeTers H1Zl1 FourierD6niiiimlerinin Fpga'daDonalllmsalOlarakGergeklenmesi ", SIU,IEEE 15th, pp. 1-4, 2007.
[14]. D. M. Munoz, D. F. Sanchez, C. H. Llanos, M. Ayala-Rinc6n, "Fpga Based Floating-Point Library for CORDIC Algorithms," Southern Conference on Programmable Logic - SPL, IEEE, pp. 55 - 60, 2010.
[15]. R. Andraka, "A Survey of CORDIC Algorithms for FPGA Based Computers," ACM 0-89791-978-5/98/01, pp. 191-200, 1998.


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Vancouver Sunset
by the Junkyard Warrior
The Junkyard Warrior is jolted from a mid afternoon nap in front of the TV by the buzzing of his digital pager. He checks the return number, and immediately notices the code for "check your E-mail."
The Warrior sits up in his recliner, rubbing his tired eyes, and trods out the kitchen exit to the intel room, grabbing a quick cup of coffee along the way. After punching the code into the cypher lock, and looking into the retina scan, the door unlocks with a mechanical "click" and slides open. One side of the Intel room is littered with boxes from the recent computer upgrades, and the far wall is occupied with a map of North America. Thumbtacks with little flags indicate the position of former strikes.
The Mission Planning System (MPS) is humming contentedly in the corner of the room. The Satellite Scrambled E-mail system is running, with a Mailbox Icon in the middle with the flag "up" indicating there are incoming messages waiting. The Warrior pulls up to the screen in his rolling command chair and immediately finds the object of the alert.
It is another journalist, this time in Vancouver B.C., who has decided to take on the Corvette Community. The Warrior leans back and takes a long drink from the C5 Fighter Pilot coffee mug, and scratches his red hair. "Didn't they hear about Flick in Bloomington, or the guy in California?" he wonders aloud. "I am all for the First Amendment, but this is downright blasphemy."
He read it again to make absolutely sure he wasn't confused. "While DPS claims to list "celebrities" there are some names that quite frankly, we'd have to question as even being real: Zora Arkus Duntov (supposedly an industrial engineer)..."
Yes, that's what it said, all right. Amazing. The MPS completed planning the mission, following the instructions sent in from Headquarters in Atlanta. The rest of the squadron was either off rotation, or performing maintenance on their Jets. The squadron leader was preparing for his long mission into cyberspace coming up, and it looked like the Junkyard Warrior would be flying alone. Well, almost alone. The light on the cartridge unit went out, indicating the program was complete. The Warrior checked his watch, it was 16:45, plenty of time to check the plane and take a shower before dark. The jets were rearmed and fueled after the short trip to Atlanta the day before, and the Warrior was anxious to fly again.
He drank the rest of his coffee, and headed for the showers. While washing his hair, he mused at the nerve of the newspaper. It is unthinkable in today's electronic age that someone would run a story without checking his facts. Everyone is entitled to their opinion, but you'd better at least have a defendable informed opinion if you intend to offend thousands of people with it.
He finished his shower and strapped on his Nomex flight suit and tall black and gray matching camouflage jump boots. He kissed his wife good-bye and went back to the Intel room. He scanned the map one last time, making special note of the commercial and military flight routes outlined in blue and red across the surface. He picked up the manila envelope from the desk and headed for the hangar.
Another retina scan and fingerprint analysis, and the hangar access door whooshed open. The Pilot still gets goose bumps every time he approaches the Yellow jet. He pauses to look at the poster on the wall. It is a picture of a twisted yellow heap on a hook, being delivered to his door on a flatbed truck. He laughs as he remembers the look on the neighbor's faces, and the many who said it could never fly again. "Yep, it was a lot of work, but it was worth it" he muses.
He climbs into the low slung canopy, and inserts the cartridge into the ICP (Integrated Core Processor) to the right of the pilot's controls. The Data Transfer Cartridge (DTC) begins to hum as the information is downloaded. The pilot turns the key to the right one stop, and begins the preflight process. The ICP screen illuminates with the into screen, replaying an air to air conflict from the Gulf War, then flashes to the Current Mission Objectives screen. The Warrior scans quickly through the target location, air routes in the vicinity, weather reports, and possible threats screen. Nothing unusual.
The computer cycled through the remaining target sequence and made a special note as to the air to air refueling leg of the journey. The pilot was slightly apprehensive about this part, but decided it was not worth worrying about yet. The specially coded transmitter opened the hangar wall at the back, and the pilot lit up the jet's twin turbocharged LS-1 engines and backed out into the dusk, past the covered remains of a yet another new project.
With the engines idling quietly, the pilot closed the hangar door and lowered the canopy. The helmet's built in Heads up display showed each engine's operating parameters in the lower corresponding corner, and the Pilot quickly calibrated the jet's electronic throttles to bring the right engine's RPM up to the same level as the left's. Another minute ticks by and the oil and temperature readings stabilize, and the Warrior taxis down to the edge of the short runway. The moon is almost directly over the end of the runway, and the pilot jabs the throttle and begins the takeoff roll. It is crystal clear in North Carolina this night, and it seems that pulling up at the end of the runway will drive the little yellow jet into the surface of the celestial object. It doesn't, but the pilot is still awed by the magnificent view.
The G-suit relaxes its grip on his thighs, and the plane flies level at 10,000 feet. The first leg of the journey is a short one. At 600MPH, Bowling Green is less than an hour away. The computer screen displays a topographical representation of the terrain below. When the GPS senses the target is near, the plane automatically descends to 500 feet, and goes into attack mode. The plains of Kentucky's farmland are wide and open beneath the yellow jet. A fellow C5 fighter pilot's ground transportation was destroyed in a vicious attack last week, and the mission request was approved just in time to make it on tonight's docket. The warrior hesitantly let the jet keep control of the weapons as the screen went from the terrain map to an enlarged infrared view of the intended target. A farmhouse and driveway ahead. The ultra sensitive cameras (borrowed from the SR-71) show the name "Bashem" on the mailbox. The computer had indeed located the right place. The infrared signature of the School bus was enormous. The exhaust system and engine were plainly visible, as was the driver's seat. The image appeared ghostly with the heating system of the bus keeping the interior warm enough to stand out against the night sky on the infrared viewer. There were no human occupants on board, so the pilot began his attack run. The missile fairings on the side of the jet lowered with a slight hydraulic whine, and the four missile rotary launch platform slid from its berth. The computer beeped to confirm its missile lock, and the pilot simply watched as the white hot missile exhaust streaked away from the plane, buffeting in the cross wind, and honed in on their huge yellow target.
One missile malfunctioned, and veered to the right of the bus, impacting a small barn a block from the bus. The port missile impacted on the engine compartment, after flying through the driver's window. The yellow bus raised about five feet in the front, and set back down on its fiery wheels. Thick plumes of black smoke erupted from the rear windows, and the target melted into itself. The Pilot manually took control of the yellow jet and circled the area, checking the damage. The small shed was burning, and the computer replay of the impact showed chicken carcasses flying into the night. The pilot laughed a sick laugh just as the sound of something impacting the jet got his attention. The occupants of the farmhouse were firing shotgun blasts blindly after him into the night. A few lucky pellets managed to harmlessly strike the underbelly of the C5 fighter jet and bounce back to earth.
With the fun over, the pilot climbed to a safe altitude, and dropped a small package out the window to the ground below. It was a C5 emblem with JYW on the back. The pilot then grinned and aimed the jet skyward and barrel rolled out of sight of the angry couple, its four oval taillights twinkling in the night sky. "That bus won't hurt anyone again" he chuckled.
The GPS and computer guided jet was once allowed to fly itself, and the pilot relaxed and opened the thermos for some coffee, and munched on a twinkie. He dimmed the cockpit lighting and savored his view of the night sky from 30,000 feet. The moon was behind him now, and instruments of the dashboard seemed to hover in mid air in front of his leather wrapped steering wheel. He sipped his coffee contentedly and the sounds of ZZ-Top softly played in the music system. The pilot enjoyed a moment with his aircraft, and was truly thankful to be there.
The long Northwest journey took the pilot over Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, and across South Dakota. It was here that the pilot was to prepare for his first air-to-air refueling. The jets twin saddle fuel tanks were slightly below half empty, and topping them off would allow for the mission to be completed with no further stops. The C5 fighter squadron's computer system interfaced with the U.S. Air Force's Mainframe Aircraft Logistics and Fuel System (MALFS), and thanks to a cooperative arrangement, the squad had a fuel account. The Warrior hesitated to break electronic silence, but turned on the IFF transponder, as instructed by the flight computer, and set for mode IV, which is the military only scrambled channel. He dialed up the frequency for the KC-135 squadron from Grand Forks, North Dakota, and picked up his tanker immediately.
The tanker squadron runs a constant racetrack of the area in order to fuel the base's B-52s in case they are scrambled for a National Defense emergency."Juliet Yankee Whisky-Alpha" we have radar contact, two miles out, please respond" came the young voice on the radio. The pilot flashed the driving lights three times, and turned on the cockpit lighting. "Roger, Juliet Alpha, we have you on visual, maintain flight level Three-Zero and begin your approach." Sweat trickled down the pilot's armpits inside the flight suit, and he nervously twitched at the flight controls. A strange coppery taste appeared in his mouth, and visions of a yellow fireball plummeting from the sky distracted his attention until he cleared his head and focused on the object ahead. He slowly approached the huge flying gas station, and saw the "boom" lower and extend towards him. A small stream of vapor blew from the end of the line as the system was purged and fresh fuel filled the lines. "I was wondering why we loaded with this stuff tonight" said the reassuring voice. "I've heard about you guys, but never thought I'd see you up close... Easy, man, Easy... take it slow" The receptacle on the wing raised from under a concealment door, and aimed for the dancing net at the end of the flying gas hose. "Roger, that's it -- set autopilot and enjoy the show"
The Pilot raised his visor and wiped the sweat from his brow, noting how damp his entire body had become, and he watched the instruments register fuel flowing into the tanks. The flaps automatically compensated for the weight change and the two craft flew as one in a strange mating ritual. Once he was assured that all was well, he took time to look at the immense aircraft above him. He switched off his IFF transponder, and looked at the "boomer." Young kid, maybe twenty or twenty one. Underneath the pod where he sat were stencils of the aircraft he had refueled. The boomer was concentrating at the task at hand, keeping the fuel flowing in a highly professional manner. There were silhouettes of F-15s, F-16s, and an SR-71 below the glass. The pilot made a mental note to send the airman a C5 Fighter Jet Decal. On the inside of the glass canopy ten feet away, the pilot could make out photos of the boomer's family, dog, and Corvette. Looked like a mid seventies coupe, with a tunnel ram dual quads coming up out of the hood. "Your all set" came the voice, and the pilot disengaged the refueling pod. "Nice Vette" the warrior commented into the headset, "You really should think about buying it a brick at the National Corvette Museum." "One step ahead of you, already did," came the reply... "fly safe." And the airmen exchanged waves.
Fuel tanks now full, the aircraft stealthy headed Northwest, lights out, for another three hours flying time until the real fun begins.
The Canadian border passed below and the pilot approached Vancouver from the North and East avoiding the commercial airliner's approach path to the local airport. The Sun building and printing complex were a massive high rise structure in the middle of downtown. The targeting computer superimposed dots onto the drawing of the structure indicating critical impact points. The jet was laden with four five hundred pound bombs, each capable of immense destruction.
The complex no doubt provides jobs for many fine people, and the lights were shining brightly in the early morning hour. It was midnight locally, and the parking lot was devoid of most vehicles except a few. The computer picked out the editor's spot, which was occupied with a Ford Explorer. There were no "friendly" vehicles present.
The pilot slowly circled the building and noticed the roof doubled as a smoking area for the plant employees. None had spotted the blacked out jet from above...yet.
The pilot considered all options for a moment, and decided upon a "friendly" plan of action. He made a low pass over the rooftop, and tossed a manila envelope out of the window. It smacked an unsuspecting smoker in the back of the head, but didn't hurt the envelope.
The pilot then banked hard towards the parking lot and selected his wing mounted 50mm machine guns. The helmet's heads up display easily picked out the center of the explorer in the night vision face shield and the pilot gently squeezed the trigger. A whooshing sound emitted from the Yellow Jet. Streaks of orange and white metal streamed onto the concrete making twin troughs in the concrete and asphalt below. The Explorer had the unfortunate honor of being at the end of a trough and was caught in the ribbon of automatic weapons fire and was promptly converted into swiss cheese. The gun cameras recorded everything in slow motion for later enjoyment. Strangely, the vehicle did not explode. It lay there twisted , three of its tires flat, no glass remaining, but entirely too complete for the mission to be considered "accomplished."
The pilot opened the bomb-bay doors, and made another pass over the parking lot. As he reached 100 feet in altitude, from a quarter mile away, he could see the crowd gathering on the rooftop of the building. Many stood there in stunned silence as the whistling sound of two bombs dropping from the jet filled the night sky... The laser guided bombs impacted within a twenty foot radius of the Ford, the multiple concussions blew windows out for several blocks, but the job was at last complete. The largest part of the remaining debris left was a section of the roof rack about fifteen inches long. The rest was turned into dust. The pilot circled the parking lot once again, noting the stunned onlookers shaking themselves off, and admired the new man-made crater.
"No civilian casualties" he noted, and as quickly as he arrived, he flew off into the night sky
One dust covered individual on the rooftop stared in disbelief at the smoking hole where his Explorer once sat. A water main had been ruptured, and streams of high pressure liquid shot straight into the air. "Chief" someone yelled, "He dropped this right before the bombs went off." Inside the manila envelope, the editor leafed through the photographs, magazine and newspaper articles left by the pilot. He saw the videocassette, and finally removed the C5 emblem from the pouch. He turned it over and read the inscription.
"Love and kisses from the C5 Fighter Jet Squadron, we thought you might need some material for your next article."
Hope you enjoyed the mission...
Junkyard Warrior
Yellow C5 Fighter Jet found crashed in the desert
NCM | Stories | Pictures | Squadron Home | Pilots Only


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Application Requirements
LMU Munich has cooperation agreements with numerous universities worldwide under the Erasmus+ and LMUexchange schemes. To be accepted as an exchange student your home university must have a cooperation agreement with LMU (check here).
You will be nominated for a place at LMU by your home university. When the International Office of LMU receives your nomination you will be sent information about application procedures.
Requirements for studying at LMU:
- Nomination by home university
- Language requirements


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Primary Teacher | Good School | Ealing
World Class Teachers are looking for an astonishing early years teacher to work in a good school in Ealing. About the school: This school is a 3 form entry primary school based in Ealing. They are an inclusive, diverse and thriving community school with 500 pupils. They pride themselves in providing a rich, broad and


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By First Liberty Institute
San Antonio, Texas — The FAA's Office of Civil Rights announced May 24 that it has opened an investigation into San Antonio's decision to ban Chick-fil-A from a concession contract at its airport.
The action comes in response to a March request by the First Liberty Institute to Secretary of Transportation Elaine Chao after the San Antonio City Council banned the popular restaurant from opening a location at the airport because of the chain's religious viewpoint.
Keisha Russell, an associate counsel for the First Liberty Institute, said the legal group was pleased that the "blatant, illegal religious discrimination against Chick-fil-A" was being addressed.
"American business owners should not have to suffer because they want to operate their businesses in accordance with their religious beliefs," she said via a press release. "Few things are more un-American than government hostility against religion."
First Liberty Institute is the largest legal organization in the nation dedicated exclusively to defending religious freedom for all Americans, according to the First Liberty Institute website.


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Our Guest Speaker today was Alison Braun, an Orillia Rotarian who operates a company called Earth Treks and specializes in sustainable travel mostly taking small groups to Ecuador and the Galapagos Islands in a way that is good for the culture of the area and natural environment. They try to do a carbon offset for each person who travels with them. Alison shared many photos from the areas they travel in.
For more information go to her website at www.earthtreks.ca


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Thank you for visiting our after-sales self-service web page. Here, we hope that you will be able to resolve whatever problems you are experiencing. We're very sorry for whatever inconvenience your purchase may have caused you.
Please kindly be advised that all of our Anker products have a full 18-month warranty. If your product does not meet your needs within this period, feel free to contact us by submitting a feedback form below in order to let us know what we can do to help you.
Moreover, as a reminder, if you are having trouble using one of our products, you can always refer to the FAQ or Instruction Manuals section on our website, where you may be able to resolve the issue yourself.
Thank you in advance for all of the information you are providing.
18-Month Warranty for Quality-Related Issues
We will take care of all quality-related issues with a REPLACEMENT or FULL REFUND
For Purchases made through other retailers
Other retailers' after-sales support policies will vary. Please contact the retailer directly for specific guidance on their warranty process.
Unauthorized reselling of Anker products is strictly prohibited
7-Day Return Policy
You may return your undamaged product and packaging within 7 days of purchase to receive a REFUND VOUCHER for any reason. If the reason for return isn't quality-related, the customer must pay the return shipping costs
7 Days Return Policy Terms and Conditions
1 – NO CASH BACK You'll Receive your refund amount as Voucher within 2- 3 Working Days
2 – You Can use Voucher within 30 Days
3 – If you make purchase through Authorize Re Seller Shop (Offline) You'll get refund via store credits only.
4 – Once we receive your item, we will inspect it and notify you that we have receive you return item. We'll immediately notify you on the status of your refund after inspected the return item.
5- If we found any issue in return item we'll notify you, then 7 Days return policy will not applicable. And we send back product to you (Customer) . Shipping Cost must pay by customer.
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7- The serial number of the Product must be verified first.
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9- Returns are only accepted within 7 Days of the date of purchase. To be eligible for a return, your item must be in the same condition that you received it. It must also be in the original packaging.
10- To process your return, we require a receipt or proof of purchase. You will be responsible for shipping costs.
11- You will be responsible for paying for your own shipping costs for returning your item. Shipping costs are non-refundable. If you receive a refund, any shipping costs paid for by Laraib Electronics will be deducted from your refund.
12- You should consider using a trackable shipping service or purchasing shipping insurance. We don't guarantee that we will receive your returned item.
13- All returns must include all accessories, documentation, etc., that was originally shipped with the product.
What isn't cover in 7 Days Return Policy?
1 – If Product OR Packaging is Damage.
2 – If Product OR Packaging Have any Scratches.
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4 – If Complimentary accessories are incomplete or broken.
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9- Only regular priced items may be refunded. Sale items cannot be refunded.
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● Purchases from unauthorized Resellers
● Purchases made over 18 months ago (unless otherwise stated)
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2. When does the warranty begin?
It begins the day you place your order.
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Before submitting a warranty claim, please refer to the specific FAQs for your product and attempt all troubleshooting suggestions.
If you believe the item is defective and under warranty, please submit a Return or Exchange request on the support Claim Warranty page, or contact us at [email protected]
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The academy transfer market has exceeded £30m this year, after a record number were re-brokered in 2018/19
A record number of academies were re-brokered this year, with costs for the academy transfer market hitting £31m since 2013.
The DfE has released data showing that 307 academies moved to a new trust in 2018/19.
The government has surpassed the £30m mark for enticing new trusts to take over failing schools since 2013, but it is thought that the real cost is higher due to other payments not factored in.
However, the amount of grant funding supplied this year has actually decreased significantly.
Dr Mary Bousted, joint general secretary of the National Education Union, commented:
"It is nothing short of a scandal that over £31m of taxpayers' money has been spent by the department shuffling 935 academy schools between one academy trust and another over the last five years.
"This is a huge sum that could have been better invested in our schools across England which are making staff redundant and sending begging letters home to parents because they simply don't have the funding they need.
"The pupils and families at these rebrokered academies have been badly let down by a government that has sold them a lie about the academy programme – claiming it is the only and the best way to secure school improvement.
Yet 67 academy schools were transferred due to sponsor closure and 57 transfers were due to intervention as a result of poor performance. In the remainder – 60% of transfers – the academy trust itself chose to walk away from these schools. That is what happens when we have a market place for education.
"All the evidence shows that schools that get into difficulty improve faster and in a more sustainable way if they are supported to do so by their local authority.
"Yet this government clings to its failed orthodoxy in refusing to allow schools that have been failed by an academy trust to return to the oversight provided by their local authority.
"The academy programme is an expensive shambles of a school policy. It is on its last legs and the government should put it out of its misery once and for all."
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Source Energy Services Ltd. announced its 2019 first quarter financial results, including:
• Sand sales of 698,347 metric tons (mt) and sand revenue of $91.1 million, an increase of 9% and 5%, respectively, quarter-over-quarter.
• Achieved 17% growth in sales volumes in the Western Canadian Sedimentary basin (WCSB).
• Distributed total volumes of 732,722 mt, which includes third party sand and other products, distributed through Source's WCSB terminal network.
• Extended an existing contract with a leading WCSB E&P to 2021.
• Substantially completed its 2019 growth capex program including the expansion at its Fox Creek terminal to support the previously announced Shell contract.
• Deployed a second Sahara unit into the Marcellus.
• Advanced its diversification initiatives by obtaining permits to ship crude by rail from its Wembley terminal.
"Our customers' activity levels in the first quarter of 2019 increased significantly from the fourth quarter of 2018," the company stated. "Source is expecting its 2019 sales volumes to be substantially in line with 2018, despite the expectation of lower capital spending throughout the WCSB. The growth in direct source exploration and production contracts year-over-year is expected to lead to increased market share, which should help maintain Source's sales volumes. Customer capital programs, and, demand for frac sand, could be impacted by several factors, including: timing of spring breakup in the WCSB, commodity price fluctuations and condensate demand in the WCSB. As E&P companies continue to shift into manufacturing mode the trend towards direct sourcing continues and Source is pleased to be working directly with five E&P customers under these types of contractual arrangements. These contracted sales are in addition to sales to other E&P companies that wish to direct source sand on a non-contract basis, as well as traditional sales to pressure pumping customers. Beyond 2019, we are excited by the industry prospects with anticipated improved pipeline and other transportation capacity and the longer-term impacts of increased demand for liquefied natural gas on WCSB activity levels. In addition, Source deployed a second Sahara unit to the Marcellus. These units represent an important step for Source as we diversify our revenue streams into additional basins in North America."


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Angelina Jolie has reportedly decided to boycott Thanksgiving.
According to PopEater, the actress does not agree with the principle behind the holiday and wants no part in celebrating it.
"Angelina Jolie hates this holiday and wants no part in rewriting history like so many other Americans," said a source.
"To celebrate what the white settlers did to the native Indians, the domination of one culture over another, just isn't her style. She definitely doesn't want to teach her multicultural family how to celebrate a story of murder."
Jolie is said to be so upset by the occasion that she purposely ensured she would be out of the country on the big day.
"Angelina gets so grossed out by Thanksgiving that she has made sure her family will not be in America this year on Thursday," the insider said.


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Golf Gifts & Gallery
G2 Groove Caddy
Item No. 1080721
Additional Information
G2 Groove Caddy
The Golf Gifts & Gallery G2 Groove Caddy is a motorized and rechargeable golf club groove cleaner that has non-abrasive nylon bristles for superior cleaning. It has a 1120 rpm motor and a 1400 mAh rechargeable battery for long lasting cleaning. The Groove Caddy comes with a USB cable and wall charger and a storage pouch for easy storage in your golf bag. The rubber grip make the device comfortable to use while the LED indicator light lets you know when the battery gets low.


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About Properganda PR
Meet Our Team
25 years' property experience in both traditional estate agency and as a pioneer of the online sector
Media spokesperson on the housing market and the wider property industry for TalkRADIO, LBC,
BBC, Sky News, ITV and multiple national newspapers
Advisor to the Ministry of Housing Communities and Local Government – Home Buying and Selling
Group Member
Former elected councillor and Planning Committee Chairman. Public Sector Asset Committee Chairman
Author of Help to Build – Solving The UK Housing Crisis
Super Connected
Graduate in PR and Media – Bournemouth
Head of PR – Emoov 2014 – 2018
Extensively networked amongst UK property journalists
Adept creative writer and with a deep understanding of journalistic demands regarding print vs digital
Creator of the 'Worst press release ever' (The Times) which went viral reaching over 1m social
media impressions; 400+ publications and Channel 4's The Last Leg
Graduate in Geography (BSc), Environmental Management (MSc) and Political Theory (PhD) –
University of Hertfordshire
Multi-published author – journal papers, commissioned reports, conference papers, book chapter
Adept researcher – problem-solving, critical-thinking, report-writing, as well as qualitative
and quantitative data analysis
Completion of research proposals, contracts, and funded projects
Post-graduate fellow of the Royal Geographical Society
Achieving volume PR coverage across all subsectors of the property industry
- Exposure
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How we reach millions
Total Coverage
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Audience reached
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Our Stories In The News
The Mirror: Your Door Number Could Affect Your House Price
Our research makes the daily Mirror From avoiding walking under ladders to never letting a black cat cross your path, superstitions are often dismissed as a fool's game. But one common 'irrational belief' could be proving very costly - and it's bad news for some...
FORBES: More Tax Help For Businesses
Client comments make Forbes Call it an early Christmas present. The newly-elected Conservative government has pledged to increase the tax support offered to businesses that invest in crucial research and development (R&D). The detail of the pledge won't be...
The Times: Top 5 Places In The UK For House Price Growth
Our research as featured in The Times: Ten years ago, the phrase "green shoots of recovery" entered the lexicon of the London property market as it came back after the 2007-08 crash. And what a recovery it was: despite the recent slump, average prices are 59% above...
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Read more »
KTM Winderosa Clutch Cover Gasket Review As I manage an entire fleet of bikes for Baja, I am always looking for ways to be economical. The OEM clutch cover gasket for a KTM RFS 450/525 is nearly $20. When I saw the Winderosa gasket for under $10 I thought I would give it a try. If you are not familiar with Winderosa, they are part of All Balls and sell gaskets under their own brand... Read more »
Introducing BikerBuddy – Places to Stay for Bike-Minded People New mobile app creates lodging connections for traveling motorcyclists and hosting opportunities for bike-minded property owners Austin, TX – December 20th, 2017 – BikerBuddy, a new community for bike-minded travelers and hosts, announced today the launch of their BikerBuddy app for iOS and Android™ operating systems. The BikerBuddy app connects traveling motorcyclists with motorcycle-convenient hosting sites, offering low-rate, convenient lodging and more. BikerBuddy is all about... Read more »
Giovanni Sala Talks Dakar Team Gas Gas is getting back to Dakar. Their last major impact was with Laia Sanz who has since moved on to the factory KTM team. Team manager Gio Sala talks here about the team effort. An Enduro legend and Dakar veteran himself, Sala should be a good leader for the group. Quick story – 2006 ISDE in New Zealand, Neena and I are walking across Parc Ferme. An Italian rider... Read more »
Give A Shift A Report on Motorcycle Biz Woes For now I am just throwing this out there for anyone who cares to read it. I am still trying to compose a rebuttal to it. I think most of it is a self serving waste of words. But the LA times wrote a story about it, so it is getting some wide exposure. Frankly their synopsis of the report is far better written than this... Read more »
Shut Up and Take My Money Already Read more »
Here are a few classic photos from the 1972 ISDE in Czechoslovakia. I looked the location up on the map. It is near the location of my first Six Days. Actually our team USA hotel was closer to the 1972 location than it was to the our 2002 race! AMA organization had not changed much in 20 years ;} There was plenty of text in the January 1972 Cycle Magazine to go with these photos.... Read more »


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Jalapeno Popper Pizza – Spicy, Cheesy, Creamy and oh so delicious! Perfect as an appetizer or an easy dinner.
By now, everybody has had them. Those delicious jalapeños stuffed with cream cheese and wrapped with bacon. They are pure heaven.
Now we're going to take that up a notch and change the form. Yes, we're going to make pizza with all the same ingredients as the famed jalapeño poppers.
This pizza starts with an amazing crust made from scratch. This crust recipe is super simple and turns out perfect every time.
Then all you do is spread some softened cream cheese over the top, sprinkle with cooked bacon, add some thinly sliced jalapeños, and finish it off with mozzarella cheese. Bake in a 450-degree oven, and you have a pizza everyone will rave about.
There are a couple of tips that will really help you as you prepare this pizza.
- Use a mandoline slicer to cut your jalapeños. This will give you really thin slices which will distribute the heat more evenly on your pizza. If you cut the jalapeños with a knife, be sure to wear gloves. And be sure not to touch your eyes or your nose, or they will be burning for hours! When I used the mandoline, I took some precautions and put a plastic sandwich bag over my hand. I just gripped the jalapeño through the bag. When most of the jalapeño had been cut and the bag started getting in the way, I just held onto the stem of the jalapeño through the bag.
- Use a pizza stone for your pizza. If you don't have one, you can also use a rectangular pan and roll your dough into a rectangle or square. Just don't make the bottom too thin.
- To keep your pizza stone from moving around on the counter while rolling out the dough, put a kitchen hand towel under it.
- Make sure your cream cheese is really soft. It should be the consistency of cream cheese frosting.
- Watch your pizza carefully! Don't just go by the suggested cooking time. The cheese can turn brown very quickly!
Jalapeno Popper Pizza
For the Crust
- 1 cup very warm not hot water
- 2 tsp. yeast
- 1 tsp. sugar
- 2 Tbsp. olive oil
- 1 1/2 tsp. salt
- 3 cups flour
- Extra olive oil for greasing the pizza stone or pan
- Cornmeal for dusting the stone or pan
For the Toppings
- 4 slices cooked bacon crumbled or sliced (turkey bacon works well)
- 2 jalapenos thinly sliced
- 6 oz. cream cheese softened
- 1 1/2 cups or more mozzarella cheese
For the Crust
- Add the sugar and yeast to the warm water and let proof for 5-10 minutes. It should look frothy.
- Add the olive oil and the salt.
- Add 2 cups of the flour and mix well.
- Add 1/2 cup more of the flour and mix well.
- Put the other 1/2 cup of flour on a large cutting board and knead into the dough. (You can also make the dough in a stand mixer, making sure to switch to the dough hook after mixing in the first two cups of flour)
- Cover and let rise in a bowl until doubled, about 45 minutes. If you are in a pinch for time, you can also just roll it out and use it right away.
- Once dough is risen, punch down.
- Lightly cover your pizza stone or pan with olive oil and then sprinkle corn flour over it. This will help the dough not to stick.
- Put all of the dough on the pizza stone and roll to the edges. If you roll it slightly over the edges, you can take the overlapping dough and lift it back onto the pan, making a higher crust edge.
For the Toppings
- Spread your softened cream cheese on your dough, leaving a little space at the edges.
- Sprinkle with the bacon and jalapenos.
- Top with the mozzarella cheese.
- Bake in a 450-degree oven for about 15 minutes until crust is golden and cheese is melted and bubbly. Watch pizza carefully. Pay more attention to the appearance of the pizza than to the timer.
For the perfect complements to this meal, try these great recipes!
Chocolate Brownie Chunk Ice Cream
For all appetizers go HERE, for all dinners go HERE and for the recipe index go HERE.


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FORT WORTH, Texas — A theology professor at a prominent Southern Baptist seminary said officials told her to leave because women are biblically forbidden from teaching men.
Professor Sheri Klouda's departure from Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary is the newest source of division between opposing factions within the Southern Baptist Convention.
It is the largest Protestant denomination in the country, with more than 16 million members.
Paige Patterson, seminary president, did not respond to requests for comment from The Associated Press. Van McClain, president of the board of trustees, said he could not discuss the matter but e-mailed several previously written statements.
McClain said Klouda was not dismissed, but that she was not granted tenure. He also said it has been rare for women to teach theology at Southern Baptist seminaries.
'A return to the way it has always been'
"With regard to the tightening of the policy of women teaching in the School of Theology, there has been no change in policy, but rather a return to the way it has always been," he said. "There was a momentary lax of the parameters, and (the seminary) has now returned to its traditional, confessional, and biblical position."
Southern Baptist leaders agree that the role of pastor is reserved for men, based on a verse in 1st Timothy in which the Apostle Paul says, "I permit no woman to teach or have authority over a man." The 2000 Baptist Faith and Message prohibits women from serving as pastors.
Critics within the denomination say the interpretation should not be applied to the seminary because it is not a church.
Baptist pastor and blogger Wade Burleson, of Enid, Okla., has decried the seminary's treatment of Klouda. Burleson maintains that SBC leaders are attempting to expand the church's statement of faith beyond its boundaries.
"The extraordinary belief that women should be forbidden from teaching men the Bible, or 'doctrine,' is held by only a handful of Southern Baptist leaders, including at least one agency head and a few strategically placed trustees in various agencies," Burleson wrote on his Web blog. "Unfortunately, the majority of Southern Baptists let them dictate policy for the entire convention."
Denominational leaders talk publicly about growing membership but have become increasingly focused on purity, Bruce T. Gourley, associate director of The Center for Baptist Studies at Mercer University in Macon, Ga.
"The leadership of the convention is not that interested in opening wide the doors of the church as they are in preserving purity," Gourley said, "and they keep setting the boundaries of purity narrower and narrower and narrower."
Klouda said she was hired in 2002 at Southwestern to a tenure-track position as an assistant professor. She taught Hebrew.
In 2003, when Patterson became president of the university, Klouda said she became concerned about her future because of statements he made about women and biblical studies. So, she said she met with him.
"He told me I had nothing to worry about," she said.
Based on that assurance, Klouda said, she and her husband bought a home.
But in 2004, she said, a subordinate administrator whom she would not name told her that Patterson would not be recommending her for tenure because she is female. She was told she plan to move on.
"Being the primary financial resource for the family, I depended on the hospitalization and so on for my husband," she said, explaining that he suffers from a heart condition. "I was assured I could stay until I found another position, but I should find another position immediately."
She continued teaching for two more years, receiving good evaluations and usually filling her classrooms, she said.
In January 2006, the same administrator told her she would no longer be able to teach but would be paid through the 2006-07 academic year. A couple weeks later, she was told she would be terminated at the end of 2006 instead.
'I gave up four years toward tenure'
She appealed to Patterson in April, she said, to no avail.
In June, she took a position with Taylor University, a nondenominational, evangelical school in Indiana.
"I gave up four years toward tenure," she said. "I had to begin all over again. I'm teaching undergrads instead of graduate school, although I'm enjoying what I'm doing here."
Klouda said she doesn't know if she will take any action against Southwestern.
McClain said the seminary's administration was patient with her and allowed her to teach two years after being told she would not have tenure.
"During that time, she looked for a job, and the seminary even agreed to continue her support after her teaching responsibilities were over, so her family would have financial support," he said. "The seminary went far beyond anything that could be expressed as its duty or responsibility."
Flap over speaking in tongues
The Klouda controversy is the second time in recent months that action by the seminary has drawn criticism within Southern Baptist ranks.
Trustees voted in October not to tolerate any promotion of "private prayer language" at the school. The vote came nearly two months after an Arlington pastor said during a chapel service that he sometimes speaks in tongues while praying.
Patterson responded by not allowing the video of the Rev. Dwight McKissic's sermon to be posted online or saved in the seminary's archives.
McKissic's supporters sent a letter to the seminary, International Mission Board and North American Mission Board asking that they reconsider policies regarding "the gifts of tongues and/or the use of a private prayer language."
Copyright 2007 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.


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I'm back... with another installation of questions from the beloved "National Lampoon's Vacation" movies...this time, it's the Christmas edition!
Quiz created by: Quirk
1. In the home movie Clark watches in the attic, the house front shown in the home movie is the same house front from:
2. The movie that Russ is watching when his grandparents arrive is:
3. When Uncle Louis and Aunt Bethany brought a Jell-o mold to dinner, what were the crunchy things on top?
4. What store does Clark crash-land his saucer sled in front of?
5. What is Audrey's boyfriend named?
6. What does Aunt Bethany offer as the prayer for Christmas dinner?
7. Which two words did Frank Shirley's wife use to describe Eddie?
8. How much money did Clark put down, as a down payment for the swimming pool?
9. What were the Griswold's snooty neighbors' first names?
10. What does Mr. Shirley call Clark?


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Multiple reports are coming out today to the effect that Arizona's (mainstream) business community is freaking out about this bill and near-certain boycotts if it becomes law. Everyone from Tim Cook at Apple (which was building a factory there) to the NFL Super Bowl Committee (next year's Super Bowl will be in Glendale) has come out against it.
Some of you are surely old enough to remember the shitstorm that ensued when Arizona refused to recognize MLK Day in the 1990s (among other things, the NFL yanked a Super Bowl because of it). The state legislature eventually came back with its tail between its legs and enacted the holiday.
Let's hope Brewer gets the message here.


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African cities are experiencing an immense and rapid growth. In 2030, in Africa, there will be 41 cities with more than 10 million inhabitants, 63 cities with a number of inhabitants between the 5 and 10 million, and 558 cities with a number of inhabitants between the 1 and 5 million. This growth is accompanied by many different trends and developments, which bring along various problems and obstacles. At the beginning of 2019, the Spindle is planning to organise a working session for those who are interested in these developments and would like to think along about the opportunities and challenges.
Figure 1 and 2 (borrowed from Dr. Paula Nagler) show the immense urbanization rate globally, and in Africa specifically. In general, Africa's population of about 1.1 billion people is expected to double by the year 2050. 80% of that growth will occur in cities. This growth puts extreme pressure on the cities' limited resources and capacities. They will face huge challenges with food and water availability & sustainability, congestion, infrastructure, pollution & waste, housing, crime & safety, employment, poverty, natural disaster resilience and many more. In short, African cities will need to do much more, with much less. These problems will intensify and deteriorate due to today's unprecedented climate stress. Furthermore, there is a much larger inequality gap in urban areas compared to rural areas due to the huge informal economy, which will only increase in the future considering the rapid urbanization rate.
Although the challenges that come along with this rapid growth might not be overcome, they can be mitigated, adapted to and prepared for. Such a large amount of complex challenges requires a broad variance of solutions. One can think of proper planning, effective policy implementation, sustainable food production and the use and re-use of waste. Furthermore, technology has the potential to play a vital role in coping with, or mitigating, various problems. Check out this link that showcases some innovative technological solutions to global urban problems!
The Spindle would like to invite those who are interested in these developments and who would like to join us during one or more session(s) on this topic. What are the challenges of these future cities in Africa? And what are the consequences and opportunities for the development sector as well as for you specifically? Would you like to think along, share your knowledge and hear the view of other organizations and experts on this topic? Sign up by sending an email to email@example.com.