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A couple weeks ago we asked you to send us questions you have for the new Legislature. For the most part, we found that legislators haven't firmed up all their plans for the new session – which last two years.
However, bills have already been introduced. For the most part, they are holdovers (or do-overs) from the last session, and it's anyone's guess if they'll have more luck being passed than the previous session. (Although bills that were overwhelmingly supported by Democrats but vetoed by Republican Gov. Chris Christie will likely find a more receptive audience from Democratic Gov. Phil Murphy.)
If you want to see what bills have already been introduced, visit the website of the Office of Legislative Services.
These two questions from readers, however, were easy to answer.
Question: Where should a person start if they want to discuss/recommend healthcare policy in New Jersey?
Answer: There are two approaches to this.
The first is to reach out to legislators themselves. (This works not just for healthcare but for any concern.) If you have an issue you'd like to see addressed by a law, you can always start with your own representatives (either State or Assembly). They might refer you to a member on the pertinent committee of either body – the Senate or the Assembly.
This is certainly the most direct way to get started, although you can't just leave it at that. Legislators may not agree with you or may not want to take on the issue, for whatever reason. You have to follow up and follow through. Particularly in the case of healthcare, which is complex and has many competing interests, you would be wise to find other advocates to join you.
That's the second approach: get additional support from the healthcare community. New Jersey is blessed with a lot of healthcare organizations, from academic centers and research groups to industry alliances, labor organizations, and advocates for patients.
Where to turn depends a bit on what type of policy you're interested in, or who it impacts. Rutgers Center for State Health Policy has published many studies on how state healthcare systems are working – including access to care, workforce issues, and population health – and hosts events that are good forums to learn more and offer input.
The New Jersey Health Care Quality Institute gathers physicians, hospital leaders, and policy leaders to recommend proposals to improve the state's healthcare operations and clinical outcomes, while reducing costs. The QI works closely with local leaders through the Mayors Wellness Campaign – designed to improve community health by partnering with farmers, exercise programs, and other health-related efforts – and leads several events, including regular open-house gatherings that can be a good opportunity to meet those involved with the state's healthcare system.
New Jersey for Health Care is a coalition of groups, including labor, business, and patient advocates, focused on patient access and creating sustainable care. The group is politically active, rallying state and local leaders on specific issues, and works with partners to help individuals obtain insurance or otherwise navigate the system. The coalition is open to members and seeks to share personal stories about individual's healthcare journeys.
Legislators themselves might point you to a group that can work with you, as they are familiar with the advocacy community.
Question: Will you attempt to kill Christie's multimillion-dollar commitments to Capitol and Trenton projects?
Answer: While the Christie administration led the way on securing the financing for the $300 million renovation of the State House and the $216.5 million Trenton government-office building project, there's little expectation that the newly sworn-in Legislature and its leaders will try to unravel or block these efforts in the new legislative session.
To get to the finish line, both projects had to win approval from more than just the Christie administration. In the case of the State House renovation, it was the little-watched State Capitol Joint Management Commission – a panel made up of both lawmakers and executive-branch officials – that provided the final go ahead. For the Trenton office buildings, the State House Commission and the Joint State Leasing and Space Utilization Committee, two other obscure panels consisting of both lawmakers and executive-branch officials, gave the final approvals.
If legislative leaders were truly opposed to either project, they would have exercised their influence to ensure they were voted down. And in the case of the Trenton office buildings, leaders from both parties shuffled in alternative members for a crucial State House Commission hearing after an initial vote on the project was deadlocked.
So no, don't expect a roll-back on these projects. They seem to be a done deal.
Do you have a question about the current status of New Jersey's water quality? Do you wonder if or how the state is protecting one of our most precious resources? If so, give us your question and we'll try to get you the answer.
To participate, add your question to the box below. (It may look like there's already text in the box, but when you start typing, yours will appear.) We will review your questions and answer some of them in a story in the near future.


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Job Details
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- 496645 - Operations Lieutenant
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496645 - Operations Lieutenant
Classificaiton: Administrator II-Range A
Department: University Police
Sub-Division: University Police
Salary Range: Salary commensurate with experience and qualifications
Appointment Type: At Will
Time Base: Full-Time
Work Schedule: Monday Friday, 8:00 AM 5:00 PM
About CSUF:
Standing on 241 acres at the heart of Southern California, the university was founded in 1957 and has grown into a population of over 39,000 students. As Titans, we believe that diverse perspectives deepen our understanding. We are committed to giving students the support they need to graduate, while responding to Californias revolving work force needs. At California State University, Fullerton we strive for continual improvement of students, staff, faculty and administrators through orientations, training programs and professional development opportunities. As part of the Titan Community, you have access to many campus facilities and services including but not limited to the Grand Central Art Center in Santa Ana, CSUF Garden Grove Center, Fullerton Arboretum, cultural events and performances in the Clayes Performing Arts Center, Cal State Fullerton Athletics sports events, Titan Recreation Center, and the Employee Wellness Program.
Job Summary:
It is an exciting time to join Cal State Fullerton as we are an in demand comprehensive University that is driven to shape the future of education and foster a vibrant community of diverse students, faculty, staff and administrators who uphold values of inclusive excellence, free speech, and an environment free from discrimination. We are continuously seeking individuals from a variety of career disciplines that share in the University's mission and core values. We warmly welcome you to consider joining the Titan Community where minds expand and opportunities flourish.
About the Position:
The University Police department is dedicated to ensuring the University Community's right to a crime free environment through exemplary and professional service. We are seeking an exceptional individual to join our team as the Operations Lieutenant. The ideal candidate in this role should have a positive attitude and an active, energetic mind that is characterized by highly ethical practices and a commitment to diversity, openness, flexibility, integrity, and kindness.
Under the direct supervision of the Operations Captain, and the general supervision of the Chief of Police, the Operations Lieutenant is responsible for providing leadership in management to personnel, direct and indirect supervision of all personnel assigned to Patrol Operations and UPD personnel assigned to the Irvine Campus. The Lieutenant is also expected to assist the Captain in managing the Communications Unit and is responsible for providing management and oversight of University camera system and IT-related issues and projects that address public safety concerns and enhance public safety delivery on campus. The Lieutenant will ensure proper adherence of department's policies by patrol personnel. Responsible for the protection of life and property and the enforcement of all pertinent laws within the jurisdiction of the University Police Department, California State University, Fullerton. Responsible for special event planning, management and supervision of the K9 unit, motorcycle unit, officers assigned to North County SWAT, liaison to allied law enforcement agencies, firearms training, police fleet management, management of university and police public safety cameras, body-worn camera and naloxone programs, and other duties as assigned.
Essential Qualifications:
At least five years of experience at the rank of Sergeant and ten years of law enforcement. P.O.S.T Intermediate or Advanced Certificates. Must be able to possess P.O.S.T Supervisory and Management Certificate within the first five year of employment.
A background check (including a criminal records check) must be completed satisfactorily and is required for employment. CSU will make a conditional offer of employment, which may be rescinded if the background check reveals disqualifying information, and/or it is discovered that the candidate knowingly withheld or falsified information. Failure to satisfactorily complete the background check may affect the continued employment of a current CSU employee who was conditionally offered the position.
Preferred Qualifications:
Associate of Arts, or Bachelor Degree in Criminal Justice, Sociology, Psychology, or related field. University law enforcement experience. Ability to converse in a second language.
Special Working Conditions:
Incumbent must be able to operate emergency vehicle, firearms, computer, telephone, mobile phone, two-way radio and impact weapons.
During an emergency, police officers are required to perform critical tasks as demanded by the event. The scope of responsibilities for this position includes decision-making processes that may have a material financial benefit on the incumbent.
Testing Requirements: Qualified candidates will be invited to a panel interview. Selected finalists will be invited to a Chiefs 1:1 personal interview. Finalists will be subject to successfully passing a thorough and in-depth background investigation that will include disclosure of personal, financial, and employment history. Felony convictions are an automatic disqualification for the position of a California Peace Officer. Additionally, finalists must successfully pass a psychological exam, a polygraph exam, and a medical exam, prior to being offered employment.
Additional Information:
California State University, Fullerton celebrates all forms of diversity and is deeply committed to fostering an inclusive environment within which students, staff, administrators and faculty thrive. Individuals interested in advancing the Universitys strategic diversity goals are strongly encouraged to apply. Reasonable accommodations will be provided for qualified applicants with disabilities who self-disclose.
The scope of responsibilities for this position includes the making or participating in the making of decisions that may have a material financial benefit on the incumbent. Therefore, you will be required to file an initial Conflict of Interest Form 700: Statement of Economic Interests within thirty (30) days from date of hire and on an annual basis; and complete the CSU sponsored ethics on-line training within thirty (30) days of appointment, and at least once during each consecutive period of two calendar years following the appointment.
The person holding this position is considered a general mandated reporter under the California Child Abuse and Neglect Reporting Act and is required to comply with the requirements set forth in CSU Executive Order 1083 as a condition of employment.
This position is designated as a Campus Security Authority (CSA) position under the federal Jeanne Clery Disclosure of Campus Security Policy and Campus Crime Statistics Act. CSAs are responsible for reporting allegations of Clery Act Crimes reported to them or that they witness. CSA training is required.
Multiple positions may be hired from this recruitment based on the strength of the applicant pool.
If you are applying for a staff position, please note that you are not eligible to work concurrently in a staff position and an Academic Student position such as Graduate Assistant, Teaching Associate, Instructional Student Assistant or a Student Assistant position.
Regular attendance is considered an essential job function.
Employee/applicant who submits an application for a position may be required to successfully complete job related performance test(s) as part of the selection process.
Online application/resume must be received by electronic submission on the final filing date by 9:00 PM (Pacific Standard Time)/midnight (Eastern Standard Time). Applicants who fail to complete all sections of the online application form will be disqualified from consideration.
California State University, Fullerton is not a sponsoring agency for staff or management positions (i.e. H1-B Visas).
Application Deadline: Jun 04, 2020 (9:00 PM)
Apply online at: https://careers.pageuppeople.com/873/fl/en-us/job/496645/496645-operations-lieutenant
Copyright 2017 Jobelephant.com Inc. All rights reserved.
Posted by the FREE value-added recruitment advertising agency

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Frequently asked questions
We understand you want your home décor to be just right. This is why we offer a 30 day no-questions-asked return policy with no restocking fees. We are so confident that you will love the products you order from Poly & Bark that you can even try them in your home, risk free, for 30 days, and if you still want to return them, we'll cover the return shipping costs.
To request a return, please contact our customer service team at firstname.lastname@example.com. A customer care advocate will issue a Return Merchandise Authorization (RMA) number. A maximum of 5 packages or $3500 are eligible for free returns in 1 (one) calendar year per person or address.
Please be mindful that we can only accept returns if the product is returned in like-new condition. Products that have excessive scratches, stains or damages (including those incurred in return shipping) are not returnable, for this reason we recommend purchasing return shipping insurance.
Our products are well packaged for shipping purposes. The original packaging must be retained for returns. If you are unable to return the product in the original packaging, your return will be subject to a 30% repackaging fee. Sofas are ineligible for return without the original box, as our trucking companies will not transport them unboxed.
We will inspect the returned merchandise within 72 hours of receiving the merchandise to ensure that they are in like-new condition. We will then process your request and issue a credit to your original payment method within seven business days. Depending on your card issuer's policies, it may take up to 5 business days after we issue your refund for the credit to appear.


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632: The Prophet Muhammad died.
657: The Battle of Siffin took place.
661: The Umayyad Caliphate took place.
730s: The teaching of Abu Hanifa al-Nuʿman ibn Thabit began.
750: The Umayyad dynasty was replaced by the Abbasid dynasty.
840s: Yaʻqub ibn 'Ishaq al-Kindi became prominent for his philosophy.
Late 900s: Fragmentation of the Abbasid Caliphate began.
1095: Abu Hamid al-Ghazali abandoned exoteric knowledge for the esoteric.
1258: Baghdad was sacked by the Mongols.
1320s: The Ottoman empire began to take shape.
1501: The Shi'i Safavids established control of Persia.
1536: The Franco-Ottoman alliance was established.
1545: The Chief of Islam (shaykh al-Islam) was appointed by the Ottomans.
1630: The first known Muslim immigrant arrived in America.
1744: Muhammad ibn Abd a-Wahhab's mission began.
Late 1700s: The Ottomans revived title of Caliph.
1875: Syed Ahmad Khan opened the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College.
1893: The first mosque in America was opened by Mohammed Alexander Russell Webb.
1899: Muhammad Abduh was appointed Grand Mufti of Egypt.
1922: The Ottoman empire fell.
1928: The Society of the Muslim Brothers was founded by Hassan al-Banna.
1930: The All-India Muslim League started to press for a state for Muslims.
1932: The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was founded.
1947: Pakistan was separated from India.
1970s: The modern Salafi movement began.
1973: Pakistan became an Islamic republic.
1975: The Lebanese Civil War began.
1979: The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan took place.
2001: The 9/11 attacks on the U.S. by al-Qaeda took place.
2013: The Islamic State of Iraq and al-Sham was established.
Islam was established by the Prophet Muhammad (Muhammad ibn Abdullah, 570-632), and Sunni Islam then emerged as a distinct denomination in a two-stage process beginning soon after the death of the Prophet. First, a political disagreement about who should succeed the Prophet as leader of the Muslims and ruler of the territories that they had conquered divided the Muslims into two distinct groups. Second, understandings of Islam then developed separately and differently within these two groups over several centuries, and a distinct "Sunni" Islam came into being, as did a distinct "Shi'i" Islam.
The political split between Sunnis and Shi'a can be dated to the battle of Siffin in 657, twenty-five years after the death of the Prophet. At this battle, the fourth Caliph (successor to the Prophet), Ali ibn Abi Talib (601-61), the husband of the Prophet's daughter Fatima (d. 632), fought with the governor of Syria, Muʿawiya ibn Abi Sufyan (602-680), a distant relative of the Prophet and the son of a powerful tribal leader. The battle ended in a truce, but after Ali's murder in 661, Muʿawiya established himself as Caliph, and also established a family dynasty that controlled the Caliphate for almost a century, the Umayyad dynasty. The Umayyads, who built the Dome of the Rock [image at right], were opposed by the supporters of Ali's family, who became known known as the Shi'a. Umayyad forces put down a rebellion led by Ali's son Husayn (625-680), killing Husayn in the process. The Umayyads were a distinctly anti-Shi'i dynasty, then, and Muʿawiya can thus be seen as the political founder of Sunni Islam.
Muʿawiya was a soldier, not a theologian, and the theological founders of Sunni Islam were the scholars or ulama whose work became a standard reference under the Sunni dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads in 750, the Abbasids. The four most important of these early ulama were Abu Hanifa al-Nuʿman ibn Thabit (699-767), who started teaching in the 730s, and then Malik ibn Anas (died 795), Muhammad ibn Idris al-Shafiʿi (767-820), and Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Hanbal (780-855). All of these four ulama taught the proper behavior of a Muslim, deriving rules for living (fiqh) from two sources, the Quran, which is understood to be the actual words of God, and the sunna, the practice of the Prophet, as recorded in the hadith (accounts of the Prophet's sayings and actions). This emphasis on the sunna led to them and those like them being known as ahl al-sunna, the people of the sunna, the origin of the term "Sunni." There are several Sunni hadith collections, of which the most important are by Muhammad al-Bukhari (810-870) and Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj (815-875), which have often been published with extensive commentaries [image at right]. While the Quran is the same for all Muslims, these hadith collections are distinctively Sunni.
Four slightly different understandings of the fiqh came to be associated with Abu Hanifa, Malik, al-Shafiʿi, and ibn Hanbal, giving rise to four slightly different versions of Sunni fiqh, known as madhhabs or "schools of law:" the Hanifi, the Maliki, the Shafiʿi, and the Hanbali (Melchert 1997). Despite differences in details, all of these accepted a common methodology, based most importantly on reference to the Quran and sunna. The four Sunni madhhabs, then, are equally Sunni. Following the Sharia (broad religious law) according to one of them became the essential theological distinction between a Sunni Muslim and a non-Sunni Muslim. Exactly which madhhab a Sunni Muslim followed was largely a question of geography: the Hanifi madhhab became the norm in the north east (Turkey to Central Asia and India), the Maliki in the west and south west (southern Egypt to Senegal), and the Shafiʿi in the south east (Indonesia) and parts of the Middle East (northern Egypt). The Hanbali madhhab did not establish any geographical dominance until more recently, but was still generally accepted. The theory developed that while the madhhabs differed from each other in details, all were in the end equally acceptable as formulations of Sunni Islam. They are not, then, separate denominations.
Sunni Islam, as formulated in the four Sunni madhhabs, became the religion of the majority of Muslims under the Abbasid Caliphate and then under the other Muslim-ruled states that succeeded the Abbasid Caliphate as it fragmented between the late tenth century and its extinction at the hands of the invading Mongols in 1258. Historically, the only important Muslim states to be ruled by Shi'i Muslims were the short-lived Fatimid empire based on Cairo from 969 to 1171, and the longer-lived Persian empire based in Iran from 1501, of which today's Iran is the successor. Today, Sunni Muslims are the majority in all Muslim-majority states save Iran, Iraq, Azerbaijan, and Bahrain.
Three phases can be distinguished in the history of Sunni Islam. The first is the formative phase, coinciding with the lives of the founders of the four madhhabs discussed above, and lasting until about 900. The second is the mature phase, from about 900 until about 1800. During this phase, although there were occasional theological disputes and organizational developments in various parts of the Sunni Muslim world, the basic tenets of Sunni Islam changed little, partly because the Sunni world was so vast, 8,500 miles from Dakar in Senegal to Jakarta in Indonesia. It was hard for any one event or process to impact the whole of this area.
The third phase, from about 1800 onwards, is the modern phase, during which a variety of new factors and pressures did impact the whole of the Sunni world, and both theology and organization began to change rapidly. Most of the Muslim world shared the difficult experience of forcible incorporation into European empires. Senegal came under French control, Indonesia came under Dutch control, and many countries in between, notably in South Asia and (after the First World War) the Middle East, came under British control. Then, after the Second World War, all these countries shared the experience of decolonization, the Cold War, and postcolonialism. Today, all inhabit an increasingly globalized world. There are thus global trends and global movements, of which the most important, discussed below, are the emergence of new trends within Sunni Islam (liberal, Islamist, Jihadist, and "Salafi").
There have always been Sunni Muslim minorities in non-Muslim countries, and (especially since the 1960s) this has included America. Although the first known Muslim immigrant to America arrived in about 1630 (GhaneaBassiri 2010:9) and many African-born slaves who arrived later must have been Muslims, Islam was not really established in America until the twentieth century. The first known mosque in America, built in New York in 1893 by Mohammed Alexander Russell Webb (1846-1914), [image at right] soon closed (Abd-Allah 2006:17-18). It was after the Second World War that new patterns of global migration first brought significant numbers of Sunni Muslims to North America and Western Europe.
Like all Muslims, Sunni Muslims believe that there is one single true god, called Allah, who created the world and humanity, sent a series of prophets to tell people how to live their lives, and will judge all humans individually on the Day of Judgment, sending some to heaven and others to hell. They believe in a series of prophets culminating in Muhammad, and also believe that the Quran is the word of God.
Beyond this, Sunni Muslims believe in the importance of following the sunna as well as the Quran, and Sunni rituals and practices should, at least in principle, all have a basis in the Quran or sunna, normally the sunna, as the Quran deals more with general principles than with details. An alternative justification for a ritual or practice is ijma, the consensus of the Muslims, in practice the consensus of the Sunni ulama. This, as we will see below, has sometimes been challenged.
Despite the Sunni emphasis on following the Sharia, no-one will be saved at the Day of Judgment by their own faith and works alone: only the mercy of God, who is often referred to as "the Most Merciful" (al-rahman), will save people from "the fire," as hell is generally termed.
Various beliefs concerning the relationship between God and creation are found within Sunni Islam. Some Sunni Muslims, especially Salafis and followers of the Hanbali madhhab, discourage speculation in these matters, but Sunni Muslim philosophers from Yaʻqub ibn 'Ishaq al-Kindi (801-866) onwards developed the work of Aristotle and (especially) Plato to understand the relationship between the Necessary Being, the soul, and existence. The greatest of these philosophers, Ibn Sina (980-1037) and Ibn Rushd (1126-98), became known in the Latin world as Avicenna and Averroes, and their work was foundational to Western scholastic philosophy (Akasoy and Giglioni 2013). This work was partly challenged by Abu Hamid Muhammad al-Ghazali (1058-1111), who, though himself trained as a scholar and philosopher, abandoned exoteric knowledge for the esoteric in 1095, and thereafter insisted on the primacy of revelation and the importance of personal piety and ascetic exercises. He wrote at length on knowledge, faith, conduct and ethics. The central concerns of most Sunni ulama, however, were more practical: the fiqh. Difficult questions relating to resolving possible impediments to particular acts of worship and variations in the division of inheritances occupied much thought and ink.
The political doctrines of Sunni Islam, in contrast, remained relatively underdeveloped until quite recently. In theory, the Caliph was understood to be the representative of God on earth (Black 2001), but in practice there was never a single Sunni Caliphate after 750, when the Abbasids defeated the Umayyads and took most, but not all, of their territories. The Umayyads continued to rule in Andalus (now in Spain and Portugal) and yet another dynasty, the Idrisids, soon established their independent rule over Morocco. Especially since the beginning of the fragmentation of the Abbasid Caliphate in the late tenth century, Sunni Muslims have generally lived under different local rulers. These have generally claimed religious legitimacy as supporters of Sunni Islam, but have not claimed or exercised authority over religious doctrine or practice, which has instead been exercised by the ulama. The ulama, in return, have generally taught that individual Muslims have a duty of loyalty to any ruler who does not actually take steps against Islam, a view embodied in the famous saying that "Sixty years of tyranny are better than one day of anarchy." The Sunni ulama have generally supported Sunni rulers, and Sunni rulers have generally supported Sunni Islam.
Sunni political thought began to develop rapidly during the nineteenth century, however. Initially, the discovery of the thought of the Enlightenment and modern (nineteenth-century) natural science spurred the development of liberal and modernist theology that sought to harmonize Islam with the discoveries of natural science and the perspectives of the liberal political and social thought of the time (Hourani 1962). Liberal modernism was generally well-disposed towards the West, as a model or even as a ruling power. The leading Arab modernist, the Egyptian Muhammad Abduh (1849-1905), liked to take his summer vacations in Europe (Sedgwick 2010), while the leading South Asian modernist, the Indian Syed Ahmad Khan (1817-1898) [image at right], stressed his loyalty to the British Empire, joined the (British) Viceroy's Council, and was rewarded with a knighthood.
Soon, however, Islam was combined with another nineteenth-century movement, nationalism, producing "nationalist" Islamism. The theory of nationalism is that each nation should have its own state, and nationalist Islamists see Muslims as constituting distinct nations. The All-India Muslim League thus started in 1930 to press for a separate state for India's Muslims, an aim that was achieved in 1947 with the separation of Pakistan from India. Some 375,000,000 Sunni Muslims now live in Pakistan and Bangladesh, Muslim-majority states brought into existence by this combination of Islam and nationalism (Khan 2017; Riaz 2916).
A second form of "ideological" Islamism is the idea that states inhabited by Muslims should be "Islamic" states, that is, run according to the principles of Islam, not according to secular systems such as capitalism or socialism. Especially during the Cold War, socialism was popular in the Muslim world, partly because it presented an alternative to the capitalist systems left by the European colonial powers. There was only ever one officially Marxist-Leninist Muslim state, the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (South Yemen), but Bangladesh became a People's Republic, Algeria became a People's Democratic Republic, and many Arab states adopted authoritarian state-socialist systems that were close to Soviet models, and allied themselves with the U.S.S.R. Alternative Islam-based ideologies were developed by intellectuals such as Abul A'la Maududi (1903-1979) in India and then Pakistan, and by Hassan al-Banna (1906-1949) [image at right] in Egypt (Kraemer 2010). These Islamist ideologies generally criticized both capitalism and socialism and promoted Islam as a "third way" that was not only superior to non-Islamic alternatives but also more culturally authentic.
As doctrines, both nationalist and ideological Islamism stress their objectives (a state for Muslims or an Islamic state, as the case may be) rather than the means for achieving those objectives, which are more a question of tactics than of doctrine. Most Islamists use standard political means, from student groups and daily newspapers to political parties and election campaigns, which vary according to their circumstances. One other means for achieving Islamist objectives, however, has recently become so widespread that it is almost a form of Islamism in its own right. This is "jihadism," the idea that every individual Muslim is religiously obliged to take up arms in defense of Islam to achieve an Islamic, Muslim state. Jihadism is a contemporary development of a medieval doctrine that encouraged military service among Muslims fighting non-Muslims by declaring it a religious duty and promising salvation for "martyrs" who fell in battle. This doctrine had lost significance as Muslim states joined the international alliance system (the Sunni Ottoman empire established an alliance with France in 1536), established regular armies, and drafted men into them as enlisted soldiers. It was successfully revived, however, by non-state irregular forces, which modified it to suit their needs (Peters 1979).
The key rituals and practices of Sunni Islam are the standard rituals and practices of Islam (prayer, charity, fasting, and hajj) discussed in the WRSP entry on Islam. The Sunni version of these rituals and practices differs in minor details between the madhhabs, which differ collectively in other details from the Shi'i version, but no more. While the Shi's have rituals and practices that the Sunnis do not have, the Sunnis do not have rituals and practices of any importance that the Shi'a do not have. Sunni Sufis follow standard Sunni rituals and practices, as well as Sufi rituals and practices, discussed in the WRSP entry on Sufism.
There are, however, certain minor rituals and practices that are distinctively Sunni. One of these is the careful avoidance of images, especially images of humans and animals, which are thought to be forbidden by the sunna. For many centuries, Sunni visual art was primarily non-representational; art forms such as tile-work with geometric patterns thus became highly developed [image at right]. Photographs, film and video are now almost universally accepted, but residences are still often decorated with finely-calligraphed Quranic texts or painted images of uninhabited landscapes, and representational images are never found in mosques (Sedgwick 2006: 30-131, 134). Representation of the Prophet is understood as entirely forbidden. Many Shi'i Muslims, in contrast, do not consider images, including images of the Prophet, to be forbidden.
Sunni Islam is in theory led collectively by the ulama, but there are no collective structures to give practical expression to this collective leadership. In the absence of any central organization, the leadership of Sunni Islam has always been fragmented and decentralized. In recent years, international conferences bringing together members of the Sunni ulama from across the world are sometimes held, but these have had no real impact.
Although the Sunni ulama have no collective structures, however, they do have both institutions and specializations. The creation and transmission of religious knowledge was, until very recently, organized around the institution of the madrasa or school, supported by the waqf or foundation. There have been many types of madrasa, starting with village schools where children learn the Quran, and culminating in the major madrasas found in the major cities. Some of these major madrasas are famous across the Sunni world, as some major universities are famous across the West. Among them are the Qarawiyyin in Morocco [image at right] and the Azhar in Cairo, both of which are based in equally famous mosques. These madrasas and their students and staffs of researchers and teachers were independent, self-governing institutions financed by waqf, normally land and property that had been given by the rich and powerful in earlier ages for charitable purposes. As well as madrasas, waqf also supported public services from non-teaching mosques to hospitals, baths and soup kitchens. The administrators of waqf were normally themselves ulama, giving the ulama economic power in addition to religious and intellectual prestige, and buttressing their independence.
Another important institution was the law court. Many of those who had studied in the madrasas worked as judges or clerks, though not as lawyers, as the employment of an attorney was understood as a form of corruption: the duty of a judge was to ascertain the truth as well as to apply the law. Judges tried all varieties of cases, inheritance, contract, and sometimes also criminal cases. The judge, unlike the teacher, was not independent, as he depended on the civil power for the enforcement of his judgments. A judge did not himself command armed men.
As the judge and the clerk were the key specializations of the law court and the student and teacher were the key specializations of the madrasa, so the preacher and the imam were the key specializations of the mosque, which was sometimes an institution as well as a building. The preacher preached, and the imam [image at right] led the prayer, and in the great mosques of the great cities these were important and well-paid jobs. In smaller and rural mosques that were buildings more than institutions, in contrast, both preacher and imam were normally part-time amateurs who knew enough of the Quran to get by.
One further specialization of the Sunni ulama was the mufti. In principle, the job of the mufti was to provide learned and authoritative answers to difficult questions. These questions might in principle be asked by anyone, but in practice were often asked by a judge or a ruler. These answers or fatwas were purely advisory, unlike the judgements of a judge, but carried great weight and authority, as only the most learned and respected of the ulama were accepted as muftis. The fatwas of great muftis were often collected and studied by future generations of ulama.
In addition to these institutions and specializations of the Sunni ulama, there were also Sufi institutions and specializations, of which the most important were the tariqa or order and the murshid or spiritual guide. These have their own WRSP entry.
All these Sunni ulama were in principle independent of the civil power, save that the judge was dependent on the civil power for the enforcement of his judgments, as has been noted. In practice, however, rulers often used their powers of patronage to influence the senior ulama, for example by giving the property to establish a waqf and then retaining control of the operation of that waqf. The Ottoman Empire (1320s to 1922) went beyond this, integrating the senior ulama into the machinery of state (İnalcık 1973). The emperor or Sultan appointed a chief judge who then appointed judges in various provinces, who then appointed their own deputies. The Ottoman judiciary was thus centralized under the control of the Ottoman state. From 1545, the Ottoman Sultan also appointed the mufti of Istanbul as "Chief of Islam" (Shaykh al-Islam), responsible in theory for the whole of the Ottoman ulama. From the late eighteenth century onwards, the Ottoman Sultans revived the use of the title Caliph, claiming universal authority over the whole of the Sunni world (Deringil 1991). In practice, the Ottoman Caliphs never exercised any real authority beyond their own empire, but the Ottoman model of state-controlled ulama was very influential, and state-controlled ulama later became almost the Sunni norm.
The organization of the ulama changed everywhere during the nineteenth century, as reforming states took even stronger measures to control the ulama. Among the most effective of these was the nationalization of waqf, which transformed the ulama from an independent power into employees of the state. The relative importance of the ulama also declined during this period as states introduced systems of national education that rivaled and replaced the madrasa, and systems of statute legislation and secular courts on Western models that rivaled and replaced the Sharia. Newspapers and journalists rivaled and replaced the ulama's influence over public opinion. As the main job of the ulama came more and more to consist of preaching and collecting a modest government salary, the ambitious and talented abandoned the madrasa to study engineering, medicine, or secular law. Increasingly, influential new understandings of Islam came not from the ulama but from journalists and lay public intellectuals.
Of the great classic institutions of Sunni Islam, then, the mosque remains, often under state control. Waqf has generally vanished into the machinery of state, however, madrasas have generally been incorporated into state-run universities, and Sharia courts survive only in extremely unusual countries, most importantly Saudi Arabia, which was built during the 1930s and 1940s around understandings of Islam that rejected all institutions that had no basis in the sunna (Commins 2006]. Elsewhere, although following the Sharia remains a religious obligation for Sunni Muslims, criminal and commercial law, and sometimes also family law, follow much the same norms as in the West.
As the old ulama institutions lost their importance, new forms of organization took their place. Some early ones were liberal in orientation, while later ones were often inspired by nationalist or ideological Islamism. The Indian liberal Sir Syed Ahmed Khan, for example, founded a Muslim learned society on the Western model, the Scientific Society of Aligarh, in 1864, and then in 1875 established a modern-style educational institution for Muslims, the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College, which opened on the birthday of Queen Victoria. In 1889, another Indian liberal modernist who stressed his loyalty to the British, Mirza Ghulam Ahmad (1835-1908), founded the Ahmadiyya Movement. As time passed, this became more and more controversial among Sunni Muslims, as the followers of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad came to see him as the messiah, a new prophet, the metaphorical second coming of Jesus. The Ahmadiyya thus crossed one of Sunni Islam's major red lines, and although it still describes itself as Muslim, is no longer part of Sunni Islam.
Among Islamist organizations, the All-India Muslim League, inspired by nationalist Islamism, has already been mentioned. It was dissolved in 1947 after achieving its purpose with the separation of Pakistan from India. Nationalist organizations are still found in other countries where majority-Muslim areas remain part of larger non-Muslim states. In Jammu and Kashmir, Muslim-majority parts of India that might logically have become part of Pakistan but did not, there is the Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front (founded 1976). In Patani, a Muslim-majority part of Buddhist-majority Thailand, there are a number of organizations, including the National Revolutionary Front (founded 1963). A similar pattern is followed in many other areas, including Muslim states such as Afghanistan when occupied by non-Muslim forces, as Afghanistan was after the Soviet invasion in 1979. Nationalist Islamist organizations are often engaged in violent conflict, including terrorism.
The most important ideological Islamist organization was the Society of the Muslim Brothers (MB), established in Egypt in 1928 by al-Banna, the Islamist intellectual who has already been mentioned. The MB, which has its own WRSP entry, was dedicated to religious, moral, and political reform, and was a mass organization of a type that had never been seen before in the Muslim world. At its height in the 1940s, it had perhaps 2,000,000 members in Egypt. Al-Banna established a unique organizational form, borrowing from military, paramilitary and party models, finally incorporating something very similar to the cell structure of the Communist Party, an organization with which the MB was in fierce competition.
Egyptian politics before, during and immediately after the Second World War were unstable and fast changing, and at times the MB was a new religious movement, at times a political party, and at times a militia. All three forms of activity have since been repeated by Sunni ideological Islamist groups. Some, like the Tablighi Jam'aat (established 1926) and the Fethulah Gülen Movement (established 1976) (both with their WRSP entries), focus on their own members and on preaching Islam, though they can also have political importance and be controversial. Others, like the Armed Islamic Group, which fought the Algerian state during the Algerian Civil War (1991-2002), or, later, Boko Haram (established 2009) and Islamic State (established 2013) (both with their own WRSP entries) focus on jihad, including the attempted overthrow of governments and the conquest of territory. Yet more organizations focus on winning elections: this category includes the MB in twenty-first century Egypt, which organized a political party and won one election before becoming controversial and being overthrown by a military coup. It also includes AK, a Turkish party that has now won several elections and is thought by some to have moved from its Islamist roots to being the vehicle of its leader, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan (born 1954) [image at right], and (less famously) PAS, the Malaysian Islamic Party, which has won and lost numerous state elections, though it has never done well in federal elections.
Very occasionally, ideological Islamism becomes the official ideology of a state, as when in 1973 Pakistan declared itself an "Islamic republic," followed in 1983 by Sudan, which proclaimed the introduction of Sharia law, and in 1996 by Afghanistan, which declared itself an "Islamic emirate" or state. The meaning of this in practice varies considerably. Pakistan remains an imperfect electoral democracy on generally good terms with the United States, with some laws reflecting Islamic norms, for example banning the purchase of alcohol by Muslims (a law that is enforced patchily). Sudan became a military dictatorship hostile to the United States where rather more Islamic norms have been incorporated into statue law. As an Islamic emirate, the Afghan state remained weak, but harbored al-Qaeda and combined a model similar to the Saudi one with local autonomy which often followed ancient tribal custom more than Islam.
As we have seen, the ijma (consensus) of the ulama historically came second only to the Quran and sunna among the bases of Sunni Islam. This ijma is in theory the result of the interpretation of the Quran and sunna, but in practice it has often been thought that it is enough to show the existence of ijma, for example in the teachings of one of the madhhabs, without further reference to the texts in the Quran and sunna that in principle support the ijma. Some Sunni ulama have, however, challenged this, emphasizing the importance of the original sources. One of the most important of these was Taqi al-Din Ahmad ibn Taymiyyah (1263-1328) a Hanbali who attacked many of the generally accepted views and practices of his time as bida (unacceptable innovation, the opposite of sunna) (Rapoport and Ahmed 2010). Even more important was Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab (1703-1792), who led a puritan reformist movement in the Arabian Peninsula that condemned much ijma as bida (Crawford 2014). Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab is one of the major inspirations for the Salafi movement, an important contemporary Sunni movement that stresses the importance of returning to the pure practice of the salaf, the first generations of Muslims. Saudi Arabia, one of the world's richest and most influential Muslim states, generally supports this view. Many Muslims, however, reject Salafism, and the competition between Salafi and non-Salafi interpretations of Islam is now the major doctrinal issue facing Sunni Islam. Salafi interpretations, especially in their Saudi form, are generally more restrictive, notably in regard to ritual and practice, to gender issues, and to social relations between Muslims and non-Muslims. Sometimes ideological Islamism has incorporated Salafi perspectives.
In addition to these doctrinal issues, some of the biggest issues confronting Sunni Islam today, especially in the Middle East, are political. Many Muslim states in the Middle East and North Africa have experienced painful sectarian conflicts comparable to the Lebanese Civil War (1975-1990) or Islamist-state conflicts comparable to the Algerian Civil War (1991-2002), including the Syrian Civil War (since 2011), which combines both varieties of conflict. These conflicts have directly engaged many Sunni Muslims, normally on one side during sectarian conflicts and on both sides in non-sectarian political conflicts. Sunni Muslims elsewhere have been indirectly engaged, as sympathizers or as horrified bystanders. There have also been smaller conflicts, violent and non-violent, involving ideological Islamists in Muslim states in the Middle East and North Africa that have avoided civil war, and also in Muslim states elsewhere in the world. In Egypt, for example, the political activities of the Muslim Brothers between 2011 and 2013 and the military repression that followed the 2013 coup sharply divided public opinion, while many self-declared "secular" Turks have been horrified by the ascendency of AK. In Indonesia a generally well-functioning democratic system has seen Jemaah Islamiyah carry out several terrorist operations.
These political issues within Sunni Islam are of greatest concern to most Sunni Muslims in the Middle East, but tensions between Islam and the West have also been of concern, especially for Muslims who travel or live in the West. Reactions to terrorist attacks which kill hundreds or even, on 9/11, thousands of people, make life uncomfortable for Western Muslims, as does an increasingly hostile political environment, represented in the United States by President Trump's attempted "Muslim Ban" and in Europe by anti-Islamic rhetoric from populist nationalist parties [image at right]. So far, European legislation such as the ban in many countries on the niqab (the face-veil) has directly impacted relatively few Muslims, as it is only a minority (mostly Salafis) that believes the niqab to be required. Many Muslims who are not directly affected by such legislation, however, fear further measures that may adversely affect them.
Image #1: Dome of the Rock. Photo by Stacey Franco on Unsplash.
Image #2 Fath al-Bari, Commentary on the Sahih of al-Bukhari, by Ibn Hajar al-'Asqalani.
Image #3 Mohammed Alexander Russell Webb.
Image #4: Sir Syed Ahmad Khan, KCSI.
Image #5: Hassan al-Banna.
Image #6: Tiles and stucco work in Morocco. Photo by Annie Spratt on Unsplash.
Image #7: Qarawiyyin mosque and madrasa in Fez, Morocco. Photo by Fabos.
Image #8: Turkish imam in 1707, by Jean-Baptiste Vanmour.
Image #9: Election campaign banner for Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, Gaziantep, Turkey. Photo by Adam Jones. CC BY-SA 2.0.
Image #10: Swiss poster promoting constitutional ban on minarets. Photo by Rytc. Creative Commons.
Abd-Allah, Umar F. 2006. A Muslim in Victorian America: The Life of Alexander Russell Webb. New York: Oxford University Press.
Akasoy, Anna, and Guido Giglioni, eds. 2013. Renaissance Averroism and its Aftermath: Arabic Philosophy in Early Modern Europe. Dordrecht: Springer.
Black, Anthony. 2001. The History of Islamic Political Thought: From the Prophet to the Present. New York: Routledge.
Commins, David. 2006. The Wahhabi Mission and Saudi Arabia. London: I. B. Tauris.
Crawford, Michael. 2014. Ibn 'Abd Al-Wahhab. Oxford: Oneworld.
Deringil, Selim. 1991. "Legitimacy Structures in the Ottoman State: The Reign of Abdülhamid II (1876–1909)." International Journal of Middle East Studies 23:345-59.
GhaneaBassiri, Kambiz. 2010. A History of Islam in America: From the New World to the New World Order. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Hourani, Albert. 1962. Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age, 1798-1939. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
İnalcık, Halil, 1973. The Ottoman Empire: The Classical Age 1300–1600. London Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
Khan, Yasmin. 2017. The Great Partition: The Making of India and Pakistan. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Kraemer, Gudrun. 2010. Hasan al-Banna. Oxford: Oneworld
Melchert, Christopher. 1997. The Formation of the Sunni Schools of Law: 9th-10th Centuries C.E. Leiden. Brill.
Peters, Rudolph. 1979. Islam and Colonialism: The Doctrine of Jihad in Modern History. The Hague: Mouton.
Rapoport, Yossef, and Shahab Ahmed (eds). 2010. Ibn Taymiyya and his Times. Karachi: Oxford University Press.
Riaz, Ali. 2016. Bangladesh: A Political History since Independence. London: I. B. Tauris.
Sedgwick, Mark. 2010. Muhammad Abduh. Oxford: Oneworld.
Sedgwick, Mark. 2006. Islam & Muslims: A Guide to Diverse Experience in a Modern World. Boston: Nicholas Brealey.
Encyclopaedia of Islam, The. Second and Third Editions. Leiden: Brill. Accessed from https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/browse/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2 and https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/browse/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3 on 15 June 2019.
Hadith Collections. Accessed from http://hadithcollection.com, https://sunnah.com, and https://ahadith.co.uk on 15 June 2019.
Hodgson, Marshall G. S. 1974. The Venture of Islam. 3 Volumes. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Hourani, Albert. 1991. A History of the Arab Peoples. Harvard: Harvard University Press.
Schacht, Joseph. 1964. An Introduction to Islamic Law. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Quran, The. Accessed from http://www.quranexplorer.com on 15 June 2019.
Publication Date:
17 June 2019


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|Plan Ahead for this Weekend's Carnival
Transport for London offers advice to people travelling around Notting Hill
If you are heading for the Notting Hill Carnival this weekend, Transport for London is offering advice on getting to and around Europe's biggest street festival.
This year, Sunday August 30 and Monday August 31, the Carnival is celebrating the 'emergence of carnival' as part of the build up to its 50th Anniversary in 2016.
The origins of the Notting Hill Carnival date back to 1964 when the Capital's Caribbean communities began celebrating their culture and traditions. What is now known as the two day Carnival officially began in 1966 and includes a fantastic selection of live music, which ranges from reggae to dub to salsa. The celebrations also include soca floats and steel bands.
Here's the full schedule:
Saturday August 29 - Panorama, a free open air annual steel band competition for the whole family, steel band and general music lovers, held at Emslie Horniman Pleasance centre
Sunday August 30 - J'overt marks the opening of the Carnival followed by Family Day, a jubilant Children's Parade showcasing flamboyant costumes along the carnival route
Monday August 31 - Monday Parade, The Grand Finale and main carnival parade - showcases a sea of vibrant colours as bands and floats in magnificent costumes dance to the tantalizing rhythms of carnival.
Travel advice is available at TfL's Notting Hill web page.
TfL says its services will continue to keep the Capital moving during the annual three day event. The dedicated Carnival webpage has details on how transport services will run during London's busiest annual event, including a map showing the nearest stations and bus routes.
Motorists are advised to avoid driving in the Notting Hill area and West London across the Bank Holiday weekend, as a number of road closures will be in place from Saturday August 29 to early morning on Tuesday September 1.
The easiest ways to travel to and from the Carnival will be by Tube, bus, cycling or walking. However, some stations close to the Carnival will be closed or will be exit only, and some bus routes will be diverted or stop short of their journey. Public transport and road users are advised to plan their journeys in advance at the Notting Hill website or by contacting the 24-hour London Travel Information line on 0343 222 1234.
Due to road closures and the demand on public transport, customers are encouraged to consider walking part of their journey to and from the Carnival. Customers can plan their walking journey at TfL journeyplanner.
Fares and ticketing
London Buses
The routes that will be serving the Carnival area are: 6, 7, 16, 18, 23, 27, 28, 31, 36, 46, 52, 70, 94, 98, 148, 187, 220, 228, 274, 295, 316, 328, 332, 390, 414, 452, N7, N16, N18, N28, N31, N98 and N207.
Additional buses will run on routes 2, 205 and 436, which can be found on journey planner as 2X, 205X and 436X.
London Underground
Some stations close to the Carnival will be closed or will be exit only, as follows:
Ladbroke Grove station will be closed all day on Sunday 30 and Bank Holiday Monday August 31, as the station is located along the Carnival route;
Customers are advised to consider using Paddington station (Hammersmith & City and Circle lines) instead of Notting Hill Gate or Royal Oak as both stations will have entry restrictions. Other nearby stations include High Street Kensington, Holland Park, Queen's Park and Shepherd's Bush.
Customers are also advised that until Sunday, there will be no Victoria line services between Walthamstow Central and Seven Sisters due to planned engineering works, which will enable more trains to run along the entire line. More information is available here .
London Overground
National Rail
For the latest information on how the roads are operating, drivers are advised to check before they travel at the TfL website and follow @TfLTrafficNews (roads).
August 28, 2015


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What is the Great Ocean Road?
Spanning more than 150 miles, it is one of Victoria's most scenic drives. But it is much more than just another Australian tourist attraction or road trip experience. The road also brings with it historical significance – having been built by soldiers between 1919-1932, it serves as the world's largest war memorial, making the experience that bit more special.
The self-drive tour takes you from Surfer's paradise through two national parks, a port, and comes to an aptly calming end in the town of Allansford, Warrnambool. So, with that much tarmac between start and finish, what are our top picks for stop-offs across the Great Ocean Road route?
1. Surfs up at Bells Beach
Start your road trip as you mean to go on by absorbing the true essence of Australia. Bells Beach is known internationally as one of the best surf breaks in Victoria, but it holds more than just a reputation.
Home to the Rip Curl Pro Bells Beach – the world's longest continuously running surfing competition – travellers along the Great Ocean Road Route can witness, or partake in, some of the best surfing opportunities Australia has to offer. And better yet, it's only 10 minutes into their journey.
2. Spot Koalas at Kennett River
You won't have to wonder what to do along the Great Ocean Road for long, as just over an hour's drive from Bells Beach you'll find Kennett River. A small seaside town just 17 miles south of Lorne, it offers one of the best opportunities to spot Koalas in their natural habitat.
As well as one of Australia's most well-known domestic species, if you're lucky you might also spot King Parrots, Kookaburras and Yellow-bellied Gliders (though the latter only at night). Also in the area is the Great Otway National Park, great for an intermittent adventure on foot.
3. Whale watch at Apollo Bay
Beaches, walks, waterfalls and whale watching – Apollo Bay somehow manages to condense some of Australia's most well-loved wonders all into one small coastal town. Striking and dramatic waterfalls hidden in the rainforest in the southern part of the Great Otway National Park are contrasted with the calm but crashing waves of the beach.
There's surfing, kayaking or the chance to simply stop off and lounge on the sands. And if you're lucky you might also catch a glimpse of a Southern Right or Humpback whale in winter or Spring. A Great Ocean Road Trip without a stop at Apollo Bay just isn't on the cards!
4. Stop in Awe at the Twelve Apostles
Wondering what to see along the Great Ocean Road beside sea, sand, surfers and the rainforest? More than halfway into your road trip, just past Princetown, you'll come across Twelve Apostles. Despite the name, there are actually only 8 apostles left from an original 9, with one collapsing due to erosion in 2005.
These limestone rock formations were formed naturally by the Southern Ocean, leaving a beautiful spectacle towards the latter end of the tour that many travellers take the opportunity to enjoy. If you want to experience the natural wonder in style, there are helicopter tours available.
5. Wind Down at Port Campbell
Drive just 10 minutes on from the Twelve Apostles and you'll come across our final recommended stop, less than an hour out from your final destination. The coastal town of Port Campbell is home to a population of less than 1,000, but that doesn't stop it having enough character to entertain you for your final stop.
From fishing to walking trails and the Port Campbell national park, there is as much scenery and wildlife to get accustomed to as there has been so far along the way. And if you're getting peckish, regional cheeses, wines, chocolate and ice creams are not to be missed out on before setting back off to the open road for your final stretch to Allansford.
Knowing how to travel the Great Ocean Road in style by taking in some of the most enriching experiences along the way is important for travellers of all interests. And so too is staying prepared, grab all the outdoor gear you'll need for a well-equipped road trip you're unlikely to forget in a hurry.
Happy road tripping!


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AS his boss at Westminster entertains the nation with her bid to become prime minister, Willie Rennie has been even more anonymous than usual of late.
The Scottish LibDem leader has successfully thrust himself back into the limelight, however, with an attack on Nicola Sturgeon.
The First Minister took to Twitter to congratulate SNP councillors Derek Glen and Sharon Wilson on their respective by-election victories in Dunfermline East and Rosyth.
Many congratulations to @theSNP two newest councillors - @sharonwilsonsnp in Rosyth and @derekgglen in Dunfermline 👏— Nicola Sturgeon (@NicolaSturgeon) November 15, 2019
READ MORE: LibDem leaflet hilariously claims candidate won Nobel Peace Prize
But that does not mean the SNP should be popping open the champagne – at least in the eyes of Rennie.
"Well done," began his somewhat disingenuous congratulations to Sturgeon.
He claimed the SNP had won "just by two votes" in Dunfermline Central, adding that the LibDems were "on your tail".
Well done @NicolaSturgeon but just by two votes in Dunfermline Central. @scotlibdems on your tail. https://t.co/vKChvQJ8Jv— Willie Rennie (@willie_rennie) November 15, 2019
As has become a habit during this election campaign, the LibDem was being creative with the facts.
READ MORE: General Election: Three times Jo Swinson's LibDems misled voters
Scottish local government elections are conducted under the Single Transferable Vote (STV) system.
Under STV, candidates are ranked in order of preference. Once a candidate reaches a threshold of first preference votes, they are elected. Additional votes are then transferred at a reduced value to other candidates.
In the Dunfermline Central election, the candidate for Rennie's party in fact finished third on first preference votes. They received just 1050 votes, behind the Tory candidate on 1142 and the SNP candidate on 1526.
Thus, the LibDems actually trailed the SNP by around 500 votes.
READ MORE: SNP celebrate double council by-election victory in Fife
Only when transferred votes are taken into account does the gap close to two votes.
This fact was not lost on Shirley-Anne Somerville, SNP MSP for Dunfermline and West Fife, who sent a warning to Rennie.
Nice try @willie_rennie but Lib Dems were 500 votes behind and in third place at first preferences and that'll be what matters come @DougChapmanSNP election. Once again you're #AllSpinNoSubstance https://t.co/HZSf1CEKrm— S-A Somerville (@S_A_Somerville) November 15, 2019
Nice try, Willie.


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Property Location
Located in Broomfield, TownePlace Suites by Marriott Boulder Broomfield is in the business district, minutes from Flatiron Crossing, and close to Flatiron Crossing Mall. This hotel is within close proximity of Interlocken Business Park and Broomfield Veterans Memorial Museum.
Make yourself at home in one of the 151 air-conditioned rooms featuring kitchenettes with refrigerators and microwaves. Complimentary wired and wireless Internet access keeps you connected, and cable programming provides entertainment. Conveniences include desks and complimentary weekday newspapers, as well as phones with free local calls.
Rec, Spa, Premium Amenities
Don't miss out on recreational opportunities including a fitness center and a seasonal outdoor pool. This hotel also features complimentary wireless Internet access and barbecue grills. Guests can get around on the complimentary shuttle, which operates within 5 mi.
A complimentary continental breakfast is served daily.
Business, Other Amenities
Featured amenities include complimentary high-speed (wired) Internet access, a 24-hour business center, and a computer station. Free self parking is available onsite.
Are you affiliated with TownePlace Suites Boulder Broomfield? Apply to the Hotel WiFi Connect program to take control of your account, improve your hotel's confidence score and ranking.
© 2013-2016 Hotel WiFi Test Inc.


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When I went to grammar school at Claxton, we children were excited to march around in assembly with little American flags and pledging allegiance to our country.
By 1942, when I was 12 years old, we all participated in celebrating the great sacrifices of our American troops, some of whom I remember lived on Farrwood Avenue and Garden Terrace in my neighborhood, and I was often reminded that they went away to war to protect our constitutional way of life.
Brave young black men sat at the Woolworth counter on Haywood Street demanding equal treatment and acceptance under the Constitution.
There were many demonstrations supporting Brown v. Board of Education, which said that under our great Constitution, the students of all-black Stephens-Lee High School could now attend all-white Lee Edwards High School as equal human beings.
As a student in civics class at Lee Edwards High School, I was taught that our Constitution written by dedicated American patriots was sacrosanct.
I attended war rallies in the Asheville Civic Center, and every speech made it very patently clear that our servicemen must be supported with unequaled civic support because our constitutional way of life was threatened.
I was called into the Korean War and answered because I had been imbued with the principle that when my country called me to protect our constitutional way of life, I must answer.
Now our country and our Constitution is again seriously threatened because our President Donald Trump has painted himself in to a corner and can never allow himself to be "Citizen Donald Trump" again.
To read more, go to: avl.mx/66n.
— Jerry Sternberg


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Lincolnshire landlords who fail to provide appropriate living standards in their rental properties could now be subject to fines of up to £30,000.
Newly approved legislation means that councils are now able to issue civil penalities to rogue landlords who risk the safety of their tenants by flouting housing regulation. East Lindsey District Council receives more than 200 complaints a year from tenants living in substandard accommodation. This has led to them issuing around 45 improvement notices to Lincolnshire landlords over the last three years.
The issues discovered by the council can range from a lack of fire safety precautions to cold and draughty properties, as well as those with damp and mould. Many landlords also fail to carry out the appropriate safety checks on gas appliances.
Previously, the East Lindsey District Council was only able to tackle rogue landlords through a lengthy court process. However, the legislator changes have rendered it possible to combat landlord behavior far more quickly. The penalties can be issued for offences ranging from the failure to comply with an improvement notice to offences relating to the licensing of Houses in Multiple Occupation. Overcrowding in properties and the breaching of management regulation can also land landlords in hot water. The maximum fine that can be imposed is £30,000.
Portfolio holder for communities, Councillor Wendy Bowkett, commented: 'The additional powers will provide more flexibility in how the council is able to resolve issues with landlords. Whilst the vast majority of landlords in our area are very good there are some who fail to maintain acceptable standards and in some cases have been found to have put the lives of tenants at risk by not undertaking necessary works to maintain properties. Taking a prosecution to court can be a lengthy process, so these new powers are a welcome tool and promoting the fact we will use the civil penalty where necessary should send a strong message to those landlords who don't abide by the rules.'


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Tips For Finding The Top Plastic Surgeons In Austin, TX
Posted by Timothy Harvard on November, 2018
Today, there is a range of different procedures and even non-surgical options men and women in Austin, TX, can use to correct any areas of the body or the face that may be causing a lack of self-confidence or perhaps simply be an area of concern.
Choosing from the top plastic surgeons in the city is always recommended for patients to have confidence in working with a recognized, experienced professional in the field. These doctors practice with the top clinics, offering a wide range of services for patients opting for elective procedures or those requiring reconstructive surgery after accidents, disease conditions or even for congenital issues.
Qualifications and Reputation of the Surgeon
A few minutes online will help to determine both the qualifications and the reputation of the top plastic surgeons. Always look for qualifications first, verifying the doctor is recognized or certified by the American Board of Plastic Surgery as well as the American Society of Plastic Surgeons.
The website for the plastic surgery center should provide a short introduction to the doctor with information on his or her training, experience and areas of experts.
The reputation of both the clinics and the top plastic surgeons should be readily available online with a simple search.
Areas of Specialization
The top plastic surgeons may provide specialized areas of surgery or may be leading experts on the use of specific procedures. In Austin, TX, there are leading experts in all areas of plastic surgery, and finding a qualified, experienced surgeon working in the area where you want to focus on is a very good option.
By choosing a surgeon with extensive experience and expertise in the procedure, patients have the confidence and the comfort in knowing their surgeon understands the complexity of the procedure. The doctor also has the background to ensure the process is successful and without complications.


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If you want to be successful in forex trading, you should be capable of understand the market and analyze it by yourself. This was one of the largest financial firms, who had 639 billion dollars in belongings, but 613 billion in debts. Influencing the financial system by buying and selling government securities works through growing and reducing the United States cash supply. With a concentrate on jobs, wages, taxes, interest rates, debt, consumer pricing, and income, the podcast explores on a regular basis life in relation to the economic system in comprehensible phrases.
Notice: The U.S. shopper pays both the corporate earnings taxes and the individual income taxes. Leading business figures have warned that huge tax cuts for US firms will hit Australia's world competitiveness. The use of wearable expertise devices – like watches, glasses and health monitoring bracelets – will grow 11.9{7143ab0b10b0ef05380a2e74f1246b61aba7befb98d321b1bd2bb7ed2177100e} next yr, eMarketer predicts, with the expansion rate continuing to slow compared to previous years.
Right after Trump kept his promise to cut the top private income tax charge from 43.four{7143ab0b10b0ef05380a2e74f1246b61aba7befb98d321b1bd2bb7ed2177100e} to 25{7143ab0b10b0ef05380a2e74f1246b61aba7befb98d321b1bd2bb7ed2177100e}, another promise was also stored: President Trump is celebrating Republicans' passage of the tax overhaul invoice as a two-fer: On Wednesday, along with tax cuts, he checked off his promise to repeal Obamacare, pointing to a provision within the invoice to finish the penalty on Americans who don't get health insurance.
The Financial Time's Alphachat is a weekly brief on enterprise and economics. Where many within the US are calling the disaster alarm and a cascading effect from Actual Property to retail, to auto, to manufacturing, to entertainment and so forth – many monetary newspapers, magazines, and global TELEVISION international business news stations are calling for a cascading drawback the world over.
Good for credit card corporations so they can raise charges to consumers to 2 instances usury legal guidelines maximums, but it surely reveals that the game is over for a lot of of those living on credit and failing to supply anything. Kellogg got here out swinging, with heavy advertising and marketing; Submit took the no-growth strategy – what gave the impression to be the safe place. It's little doubt that the effect of an inefficiently managed state of affairs and the greed of unscrupulous businessmen, who have driven the expansion of financial system for their very own income.


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Content with tag ideas productivity .
Software Management Plans in Research Projects Webinar, Aug. 14 at 12pm ET
The IDEAS Productivity group offers a webinar series called "Best Practices for HPC Software Developers." The next webinar, "Software Management Plans in Research Projects," will be August 14 from 12pm-1pm. Presenter: Shoaib Sufi (Software Sustainability Institute) Abstract: Software is a necessary by-product of research. Software in this context can range from small shell scripts to complex and layered software ecosystems. Dealing with software as a first-class citizen...
Updates from around the world
We welcome your suggestions. Have news you'd like to share? Please email the details with the subject line "News Submission" to firstname.lastname@example.com.


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Tomorrow morning at 6 a.m. my sixteen-year-old leaves for Phoenix and his first big tournament since his doctor released him to play soccer again this past December. He was out of the game so long (three surgeries over the course of a year), that I wondered "will he be able to make it back?" I hoped for the best, feared the worse, and felt a great deal of disappointment at not seeing him run like the wind down the field this past year. He never lost hope that he would return to the game that he loved so much and read more
Deb Siverson's blog is filled with personal and relevant information about transformation in the workplace. She is a proponent for transparent and honest conversations between managers and employees, business partners, and teams for the purpose of meeting collective goals. Deb has always been a prolific writer, and uses blogging as a platform to discuss important topics like conflict, workplace engagement, happiness, collaboration, and diversity. In these posts Deb will share her real-life experiences, insights, and candid thoughts about her work as a consultant, facilitator, and coach in corporate organizations and government agencies.
"I hope these entries offer you some value and insight, and I look forward to reading your comments."


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Zoom Bait Company founder to be inducted into BFHOF
Article Media Click images to enlarge +
Ed Chambers, the late founder of the Zoom Bait Company, is among five people named for induction into the Bass Fishing Hall of Fame (BFHOF).
Chambers began pouring plastic worms as a hobby while working full-time selling and repairing juke boxes and pinball machines. He went on to become one of the most respected and copied creators of soft plastic lures.
He developed numerous industry staples, including Pumpkinseed, the Brush Hog and the Super Fluke. He also designed and produced the WEC line of crankbaits. His products earned millions of dollars for tournament anglers.
The four other inductees are pro anglers Mark Davis, David Fritts and Davy Hite, plus artist/illustrator, the late Chris Armstrong.
Inductees are nominated by supporters of the BFHOF and elected by a 30-member panel of industry leaders, outdoor media, pro anglers and current inductees.
"All these men reflect perfectly on the BFHOF's mission to celebrate, promote and preserve the sport of bass fishing," said John Mazurkiewicz, Vice President of the BFHOF Board and Nominations Committee chair.
The formal induction ceremonies will take place at the Wonders of Wildlife Museum and Aquarium in Springfield, Missouri, on September 19.


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Carestream delivers first DIRECTVIEW Vita CR X-ray system to the veterinary market
Carestream has delivered the first DIRECTVIEW Vita CR System to BCF Technology, the official supplier of Carestream X-ray equipment to veterinary practices in the UK and Ireland.
The Vita CR System is a compact, tabletop digital imaging solution designed specifically for small hospitals, clinics and specialty practices. It provides high quality X-ray images and integrates seamlessly into existing workflows, improving both efficiency and productivity – all at an affordable price. Andy Cross and Wendy Tiller from Carestream were delighted to formally hand over the first of the new systems to Gavin Mitchell and Kimberly Palgrave, in-house vet at BCF Technology.
'At BCF, we recognise that the ability to take high-quality X-rays quickly and accurately improves both clinical diagnostics and practice workflow,' said Kimberly. 'With the Vita CR System you can forget about the cost of buying and storing film and chemicals, as well as the health and safety issues associated with the handling and disposal of processor chemicals.'
'The Vita CR will not only reduce the number of repeat X-rays taken due to poor radiographic technique or processing faults, but will also minimise the time spent performing routine maintenance,' continued Kimberly. 'This results in improved staff efficiency, saving both time and money. Faster image production may also enable a shorter duration of anaesthetic/sedation to be used, further improving patient care.'
Andy Cross, Business Partner Manager for Carestream responded: 'BCF are totally committed to the veterinary market. They employ their own Radiographers, have a superb service department, which provides great back-up for their customers and they are, without doubt, a pleasure to work with.'
Since the handover BCF has already installed DIRECTVIEW Vita CR Systems into a number of veterinary practices across the UK and customer reaction has been extremely positive.
Kieran Borgeat BSc(Hons), BVSc CertVC, MRCVS of Zetland Veterinary Hospital in Bristol commented: 'There was no difficulty in the transition between chemical processing and digital CR, and we have all been very pleased with the high image quality and easy to use software. The installation went very smoothly and we were able to take images within an hour of set-up. The support from BCF has been excellent.'
|(L to r) Andy Cross, Carestream Business Partner Manager; Kimberly Palgrave, BCF Technology; Wendy Tiller, Carestream; Gavin Mitchell, BCF Technology, at the handover of the first DIRECTVIEW Vita CR System.
About Carestream Health
Carestream Health is a worldwide provider of dental and medical imaging systems and healthcare IT solutions; molecular imaging systems for life science research and drug discovery/development; x-ray film and digital x-ray systems for non-destructive testing; and advanced materials for the precision films and electronics markets. For more information about the company's broad portfolio of products, solutions and services, please contact your Carestream Health representative or visit .www.carestream.com.
CARESTREAM is a trademark of Carestream Health


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Yamaha MS45DR Electronic Drum Amp Used
A used Yamaha MS45DR edrum speaker system. Was bought new from us then traded in on a different amp. Comes with the original box and cables and mounts. Mounts best on a Yamaha edrum rack but may also work on some but not all Roland racks.
We Also Recommend


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As part of our efforts to promote professional development among city leaders, each week we'll be featuring a new TED Talk focused on cities, community issues or local government. To compliment the release of our new report, Cities and Drones, this week's talk provides inspirational ideas about the dynamic possibilities that drones represent. How could your city use drones?
A billion people in the world lack access to all-season roads. Could the structure of the internet provide a model for how to reach them? Andreas Raptopoulos of Matternet thinks so. He introduces a new type of transportation system that uses electric autonomous flying machines to deliver medicine, food, goods and supplies wherever they are needed.
About the Author: Paul Konz is the Senior Editor at the National League of Cities.


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Last week was the International Female Ride Day 2012 and I asked those who were participating to send me over a shot of them with gear on while riding, so that I could show just how sexy women can be in gear. It seems like this years ride was indeed a huge success and brought in women riders all over the globe, who held various rallies and rides in their own communities.
It is really powerful to see such images again and again of these women, who sent me photos and posted them on the IFRD FB page, in their gear and really owning the image they represent. There is a pride from them that I haven't really yet seen from the general vespa community and it was nice to find plenty of it around the IFRD group. I didn't see many vespa/scooter ladies over there, but maybe in the following years there will be a more diverse crowd of riders beyond those who only ride motorcycles. (I know we are out there!) Maybe the scooter and vespa ladies just haven't found out about the event, as I just barely heard about it a week before the ride. They are a cool group of women, to be sure: they were cool with sending photos of them on their bikes in for a vespa blog. Women riders are all riders, no matter what you ride. Respect.
Beyond the photos from IFRD that were sent to me, there are a few of the other photos in the slide show of female celebs who did movies (where they had to ride a vespa) or were caught out on their vespa and were wearing gear. I didn't know those type of photos existed and thought they were really sexy and challenged the perpetual depiction of "women who pose" (more so than women who ride).
The photo above is one of Nicole Kidman, who was caught just riding around and not filming for a movie, that just makes my day. She is in complete gear and shows how it done. She actually looks really hardcore here, too. Bravo.
There were also two photos of Anne Hathaway riding on/posing with a vespa that I thought spoke to the differences of reality and fantasy :
Those Who Pose VS Those Who Ride
I believe that she is on a film set in the second one (right), but you can see the differences in her dress from the advertisement(left) to her dress when she actually rides the vespa(right). It is laughable that the little gear that is presented in the advertisement is merely there as props (the goggles and white gloves) and nothing she would think of actually using. Guess they also ran out of helmets that day on location (because goggles without a helmet is just, dumb). I think the photo of Anne Hathaway on the right, with the helmet and better dress for riding, blows the socks off of the advertisement Anne, in terms of sexiness and appeal. Besides there is no way her team of people would ever let her ride like that out on the mean streets, knowing the possibility of ruining those legs.
Here are tons of photos of the ladies, who ride, with their gear on:
Last Friday was also the opening of the season for the Israeli Vespa Club over in Jaffo-Tel Aviv. Since I live in Rehovot and need to take the highway to get there, there wasn't a way to get out of wearing my gear. I try my best to always wear full gear on trips that I know will included highways. As you can image, the Spring has come and gone and that Mediterranean sun is out in full effect now. By the time I arrived to the cafe in Jaffo, I was pretty icky from sweat and general hotness from my gear. (So good for looking cute for my debut in the club, eh? Shoot, more like a sweaty mess.) There are two other ladyvespas in the club and they of course (like most Israeli girls) so naturally pull off the effortless cool, unsweaty look:
I still find myself in an internal struggle with what I should be wearing out on rides and outfits that would be more comfortable. This point is even more of an issue now that summer is here and all the gear that I keep wearing out seems to be really putting my body through a lot of general uncomfortableness. I have rode around town, here in Rehovot, without gear and come back home with sunburn (even though I applied sunscreen), so I don't really know what to do just yet. (FYI: The sun here is beyond strong in its intensity. You really have to be aware of your time out in the sun, if your skin isn't really use to this type of sun exposure.)
This is what I fear I might look like when I wear my gear and everyone else around me is out and about in normal clothes.
I know that this issue is something I discuss a lot on this site, but after talking with some of the gang at the meeting, I found out how common for most vespa/scooter/motorcyclists here to pretty much have an "almost wreck" every time they go out on a ride. I'd really hate to waste all of those years taking care of my skin for the one day I decided not to wear gear and somehow ended up in a wreck: wrecking my body. Then again, I'm have noticed that I get very heat exhausted lately after rides because there is just so much heat bundled up around my body. I know that something has to change in order to be more comfortable soon, but I just haven't found out yet how to do this. If anyone knows of anything I should try, please leave it below in the comments. Any ideas could be a great help to me.
Girl, you make it look so easy.
And, in closing, a BIG THANK YOU to those who sent in photos of yourself in gear! Thank you so much for helping me show just how sexy women can be out there on the road: in gear! Cheers everyone!
UPDATE: Here is another fabulous collection of photos from ladies who ride: Female Of The Species. Thanks Mondo Lulu!
One Last Update: I received some very helpful comments over on the IFRD FB page and wanted to post them here, as they might help a few of you out also.
From Tract PT: "The thing I learned with any gear is that YES, you need it to keep yourself safe but NO, you can't wear all of it when it starts to get too hot. Just as you wear everything, included heated gear, in the winter, you have to find a way to gear up for hot weather. It's a compromise because if you wear too much, it could lead to heat exhaustion or dehydration or a number of other major medical problems. I ride a motorcycle and I feel that 2wheels are 2wheels, so gear is gear no matter what you are riding. There are cooling vests, hydration vests, and a bunch of other things you can get to stay cool. I personally always wear my vest, which takes the wind off, but I try to wear white long sleeve shirts which don't absorb as much heat but will keep you from burning. And as I just found out this weekend, the "tattoo sleeves" or "sun sleeves" are very thin material that looks like you have a tattoo all the way down your arm to your wrist, but these also prevent you burning by blocking sun just like a normal shirt would. I also have a few shirts that have a "burn out" sleeve and I don't burn my arms with those as well. No one wants to wear everything during the summer, and even though it'll keep you safe if you fall, wearing everything could be the reason you fall. Just something to think about."
Lady Fred: "Great advise Tracy! When riding in the desert in Arizona and California, I was AMAZED that wearing a sweater ACTUALLY kept me cooler than not! It fit loosely on my arms and allowed the wind to travel up my arms and through the yarn but didn't allow the sun to burn me. I also kept my perspiration close to me instead of it absorbing into the atmosphere and kept me more alert. I wasn't near as fatigued. Now mind you, I sweat all the time and wear tank tops in the dead of winter, so for ME to wear a SWEATER in the desert was something I NEVER NEVER NEVER thought would work for me. Bonus, I like the way my sweater looks on me too so I didn't feel so dorky riding with a sweater in 100 plus temps! =D"
Thanks y'all!


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22 Days Nutrition, Organic Protein Bar, Daily Mocha Mantra, 50g (Pack of 12)
List Price: $36.50
Discount: $0.00
Sale Price: $36.50
(as of 04/22/2016 16:02 UTC)Product prices and availability are accurate as of the date/time indicated and are subject to change. Any price and availability information displayed on Amazon at the time of purchase will apply to the purchase of this product..
Availability: Usually ships in 24 hours
Free Shipping: Eligible For Free Shipping
Product Description
At 22 Days Nutrition we pride ourselves on offering a balance between functionality and taste. Our organic power bars are scrumptious and permit you to reside a plant-primarily based way of life. Want proof? Read the evaluations! Our Power bars are 100% USDA organic with only plant-based ingredients that offer you an exceptional pre and intra-workout snack and will satisfy you any time of the day. And if protein is essential, our energy bars variety from six-11 grams of protein. Furthermore, they all are gluten free of charge, plant-based and 100% organic. The outcomes are a scrumptious tasting organic energy snack that will satisfy you any time of the day. There are five flavors to select from. Flavors include: Nut Butter Buddha, Every day Mocha Mantra, Enlightened Pumpkinseed, Cherry Chocolate Bliss and Pineapple Chocolate Chip Wonder. Try a single today and you will be on your way to a healthier life-style.
- Our Energy bars are 100% USDA organic with plant-based ingredients that offer an exceptional pre and intra-workout snack
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Unplug, Recharge, Renew
IAEE's Women's Leadership Forum offers a good cross-section of motivational and introspective speakers, along with at least one panel of industry experts, and time to meet new people and old friends.
Taking Action on Exhibitions Day
On June 7, 2017, more than 110 industry leaders made scheduled visits to the offices of Senators and members of Congress to discuss issues of importance to the exhibitions and events business.
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Purnima Thyagarajan Valdez
Assistant Professor of Pediatrics
Current Appointments & Affiliations
- Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Pediatrics, Neurology, Pediatrics 2015
Contact Information
- 2301 Erwin Rd, Chc T-0913, Durham, NC 27710
- Box 3936 Med Ctr, Durham, NC 27710
- firstname.lastname@example.com (919) 668-4468
Some information on this profile has been compiled automatically from Duke databases and external sources. (Our About page explains how this works.) If you see a problem with the information, please write to Scholars@Duke and let us know. We will reply promptly.


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Cut And Polishing Adelaide
Cut and polishing in Adelaide made easy
As drivers, we often find ourselves in the position of having a relatively new car that is really showing its age. The road wears hard on many cars, and even cars less than a year old are often left looking like they've really been through the ringer. Fortunately, getting a professional quality cut and polish for your car can have it looking like new in no time. Follow these simple steps to make sure you get the best cut and polishing for your car.
When they're looking for a cut and polishing, Adelaide drivers start by dealing only with the most reputable repair services. When you're looking for a cut and polishing, get a few opinions from different services, and ask for referrals. Any service that cant provide at least a few decent referrals is probably hiding something that you don't want to know about.
The next step in getting a cut and polishing, as Adelaide drivers know, is to make sure that the service is convenient. Recently, some services have been going mobile. These mobile repair outfits will come to your car, wherever that is. What this means is that you can go to work, arrange to have a cut and polishing done by a professional team while you're in the office, then come out of work and drive a car home that looks and feels like new. What could be more convenient than this?
Getting a cut and polishing is a great way to get your car looking new again, but its key to know what you're doing to make sure that you get the best deal and the best work possible.


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Manoj TiwariThu, Oct 31, 2019 11:41 PM
Great way to subscribe to SSEI classes.
Use Coupon- EXAM4K to get Rs. 4000/- instant discount
The FRM designation is a professional certification offered by the Global Association of Risk Professionals (GARP). The designation is viewed as the globally recognized gold standard for risk professionals. Since its inception in 1997, the FRM designation has rapidly grown in popularity, with enrollment in the program increasing year after year, and exploding in the years following the global financial crisis of 2008.
The improper handling of potential market and credit risks in the early part of the 21st century led to a huge demand for qualified risk professionals who were able to define a firm's risks clearly and accurately. Professionals holding the FRM designation are often viewed as some of the most qualified in the industry, which led to the enrollment boom.
In order to obtain the FRM designation, candidates are required to meet two key requirements:
A 100 question multiple choice exam, the FRM Exam Part I focuses on the tools used to assess financial risk: quantitative analysis, fundamental risk management concepts, financial markets and products, and valuation and risk models. Part I is always offered in the morning and must be completed in four hours or less.
|Foundations of Risk Management
|Quantitative Analysis
|Financial Markets and Products
|Valuation and Risk Models
Exam Details:
|Time Limit
|4 hours (8am to 12noon)
|Number of Questions
|Multiple Choice
|Negative Marking
|Exam Date(s):
|May and November
|Exam Results:
|Usually provided within 60 days
|Official Exam Website:
Scoring & Results
There are no penalties for wrong answers. Passing scores are determined by the FRM Committee. Exam results are pass/fail and are emailed approximately six weeks after the exam. Candidates will receive quartile results comparing their performance to other candidates.
Great way to subscribe to SSEI classes.
These are terms used primarily to identify the mode of delivery of video content.
If you choose download link, then a Google drive link will be shared with you via mail. You are required to download the video content including the software folder through the link. The email accompanying the Google drive link comprehensively details the download process.
If you chose Student to provide Hard disk option, then you are required to courier the hard disk to SSEI Kolkata office. Once the hard disk is received at SSEI Kolkata office, the videos relevant to your course are uploaded on the hard disk and shipped to you along-with books and software dongle.
If you choose HDD (Hard Disk) option, then we will purchase a fresh hard disk for you, upload all the video content that is ready relevant to your course and ship to your address along-with books and software dongle. The hard disk procured is generally either of the two: 1TB Seagate / WD Elements.
Yes, for some privacy policy & security reasons we do put some restrictions. Restrictions are primarily at 2 level:
Also, please note that we strongly discourage getting the player software installation done on office laptop for watching the classes. If a student however still goes ahead and gets the software installation done on his / her office laptop, he or she would alone be responsible for the playing of video classes and the experience there in. SSEI would not be held accountable for the same and accordingly no application for refund or partial refund of the amount paid would be tenable.
Initially internet with good bandwidth (2 MBPS or more) is required for about 15-20 minutes for the software player installation. The installation process takes place remotely through Team Viewer, AnyDesk or any other remote desktop access software.
Once the player software installation is done, to play the videos, limited internet connectivity is required. When you open media player first 1-2 minutes' internet connection required (you can also use mobile hotspot for this). But after that full video is offline.
Minimum download speed required is 1MBPS. Further, unlimited internet is required. Accordingly, use of mobile hotspot for the download process is not recommended.
International ₹ 39000
|Video Delivery


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Krista Siegfrids is keeping it real with the unveiling of her new track earlier today. The song is called 'Be Real' and you can listen to the new single below.
Can You See Me?
Get Ready for Some New Music From Krista Siegfrids!News
Ding Dong! One of our favourite ever Eurovision singers Krista Siegfrids has announced via her social media channels that we can expect some new music from her very, very soon! The Finnish singer posted on her Instagram account yesterday that we can expect a new single from her on 2nd November!