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The department was established in 1891. In 2018 the Department name, along with the graduate program names, changed to Biosystems Engineering. Like similar departments at most Land Grant universities, this department is jointly administered by the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences and the College of Engineering The Biosystems Engineering Department Master of Science Degree program offers students the opportunity for study and research in many fields, including the following: Controlled Environment Agriculture; Water Resources; Biometry and Biosystems Informatics; Food, Bioproducts, and Renewable Energy The flexibility of the program allows students, in consultation with their advisors, to develop programs specifically suited to their needs.
Our vision: BE will be a world leader known for developing technologies and systems for the safe production of food, bioenergy, bioproducts, and biological information for sustainable use of arid and semi-arid environments. Students, constituents, and professionals will come from across the world to participate with our programs.
The Biosystems Engineering Department focuses on biological systems and water-related issues such as irrigation and water quality, and biosystems applications, including computer modeling, sensors and controls, and systems design and evaluation. The Biosystems Engineering Department is developing innovative systems to sustainably feed an increasing population through cutting-edge technology, sustainable practices, and the drive to make a difference in the world. We build sustainable solutions that create resilience among society, the environment, and the economy. We are currently working on many projects, including the following:
Optimizing growth conditions in controlled environment agriculture
Finding alternative fuel and feed sources
Irrigating crops sustainably
Analyzing big data sets generated from using sensors and controls and looking at metagenomics
Our graduate students are developing innovative systems to tackle quality of life issues regarding food and water availability. Equipped with engineering, life science, and data science expertise, our students are prepared to address quality of life challenges and create resiliency among society, the environment, and the economy.
The Biosystems Engineering Department offers the following graduate programs: Accelerated Master of Science (for Current UofA BEUndergraduate students), Biosystems Engineering Master of Science Degree and Biosystems Analytics & Technology Master of Science Degree, the Biosystems Engineering Doctor of Philosophy Degree, and the Biosystems Analytics & Technology Doctor of Philosophy Degree.
Our Biosystems Engineering graduate degree programs can be designed to fit almost any need in the general field of the application of science, technology, or engineering principles.
The flexibility of our graduate programs allows international and domestic students, in consultation with their advisors, to develop programs specifically suited to their needs. The University of Arizona is a diverse institution and therefore provides courses in many different areas to support specific and general applications. Interdisciplinary desires of students are met by taking classes across the broad spectrum available in the College of Engineering and the College of Agriculture and other divisions on campus.
There is an opportunity for study and research in many fields, including the following:
Controlled Environment Agriculture; Water Resources; Biometry and Biosystems Informatics; Food, Bioproducts, and Renewable Energy, precision agriculture, statistical informatics, data-mining, and cyberinfrastructure development.
Candidates who wish to complete an Engineering Degree should apply to either the Biosystems Engineering MS program or the Biosystems Engineering Ph.D. program. The Biosystems Engineering degree programs prepare graduates to design engineering solutions, as well as, utilize technology and data to solve real-world problems in biological field of precision agriculture, remote sensing, water management, statistical informatics, data-mining, and cyberinfrastructure development.
Candidates who wish to complete a Science-based Technology degree should apply to either the Biosystems Analytics & Technology MS program or Biosystems Analytics & Technology Ph.D. program. The Biosystems Analytics & Technology MS and Ph.D. programs prepare graduates to use technology and data to solve biological problems related to precision agriculture, remote sensing, water management, statistical informatics, data-mining, and cyberinfrastructure development.
College of Agriculture & Life Sciences
College of Engineering
Distance - Yuma
University of Arizona - Main - Tucson
To be considered for admission to the Master's program, the candidate must have attained a Bachelor's degree and be admitted to both the Department of Engineering Biosystems Engineering and the University of Arizona Graduate College. Minimum eligibility requirements for admission to the Graduate College which include a 3.0-grade point average on a 4.0-grade scale.
Required Material for the Graduate Application:
3 Letters of recommendation. Letters must be signed and on official Letter Head.
Statement of Purpose
Resume or CV
All applicants are required to:
Applicants must upload unofficial pdf versions of all transcripts when submitting their application in our GradApp system. Official transcripts from ALL universities/colleges attended. Please do not send transcripts until you have been recommended.
Candidates review the Graduate College Transcript Requirements located at http://grad.arizona.edu/admissions/requirements/transcript-requirements, before sending Official Transcripts to the Graduate College.
Required test(s): GRE and TOEFL (or IELTS)
Minimum GRE Verbal: 138
Minimum GRE Quantitative: 151
Minimum GRE Written: 3.0
GRE Institution code for the University of Arizona 4832
Minimum TOEFL: 79 (IB) or 550 (PB)
Minimum IELTS: composite score of 7 (no subject below 6)
The institution code for the University of Arizona 4832.
Please note that 1) the Department is not able to provide a guarantee of funding and 2) the International College requires that all international students provide a Financial Guarantee (see the Proof of Financial Resources located on http://grad.arizona.edu/admissions/admissions-requirements/international-students).
Graduate Tuition scholarships and Fellowships sponsored by the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, the University of Arizona Graduate College and the Department of Biosystems Engineering may be available on a competitive basis.
Applicants are encouraged to apply for institutional funding offered through the UA Graduate College, including Graduate Access Fellowships, UA/SIGP Fellowships, and NASA Scholarships. Domestic students should submit a Free Application for Federal Student Loans, FAFSA, to qualify for institutional funding http://fafsa.gov/. Detailed information on UA financial aid may be found at http://grad.arizona.edu/financial-resources.
Domestic Applicants:
International Applicants:
Deadlines may be extended for candidates who are currently attending The University of Arizona, or Alumni of The University of Arizona. The University of Arizona alumni and current UA students need to contact Dava Jondall at email@example.com to request permission to extend the application deadline.
International applicants will not be considered for conditional admission by this program.
ETS Major Field Code(s) for this program:
0117, 0119, 0102, 0103, 0107, 0122, 0112, 0114, 0199, 0224, 0226, 0205, 0206, 0212, 0308, 0409, 0405, 0502, 0605, 0631, 0705, 1004, 1001, 1101, 1102, 1103, 1107, 1109, 1199, 1301, 1399, 1501, 1502, 1602, 1615, 1616, 1612, 1699
Minimum of 30 Credit hours, which consist of at least 25 non-thesis units and 5 Thesis (910) units or Report (909).
Minimum Requirements are:
*In addition, every Graduate student, who is not presenting, is required to complete BE696B each semester.
Additional requirements may be found in the BE Graduate Student Manual.
Please refer to the Graduate Student Handbook for students who are pursuing this program of study.


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subset: commoncrawl


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Mike Wasilewski, Co-Founder and CCO of Frank Collective, is in the business of branding and making cool things. His thoughts on design trends, inspirations, and projects are covered here.
Name: Mike Wasilewski, Co-Founder & CCO of Frank Collective
Location: Brooklyn, NY
Design school attended: The College of Saint Rose, Albany, NY
How would you describe your work? Can you talk through the design philosophy of Frank Collective?
It's branding. Everything I do is some sort of brand building—whether that's evolving, creating, or maintaining a brand through strategy, identity, web, packaging, marketing, etc. I aim for my work, and the work my team makes at Frank, to be clear, emotive, smart, and honest. Clear work is immediate. It isn't nuanced, abstract, or understated with messaging—it communicates clearly in a way that isn't hard to get. Clarity is so important, especially today when you have to fight for people's attention. They aren't waiting around for your work, nor are they endlessly nit-picking it in meetings like we do all day. When you get their attention, you only have a split-second to grab hold of it — it's best to be clear when you do.
Honest work resonates with your target audience. They see something in it and recognize that you see them. Branding is empathy when done right. It goes beyond trends, demographics, and yourself to a big simple core truth. So don't impose your own designer/creative/marketer viewpoint, know how to get out of your own way and get in to your audience's mindset.
Emotive work evokes a response from your audience that no logo-generator-thing-a-bobber can create. When you elicit an emotion from someone, good or bad, you're creating something meaningful.
Smart work is interesting. It makes you think a little and give that head nod of appreciation. That "you're in on the joke" or the "ah that's so cool they did that" type of acknowledgement that makes your work memorable.
If all of the above is in place, everything else should follow easily.
Where do you find inspiration?
I don't have a single source of inspiration. This might sound cliche, but just getting out there and living life is the best kind of inspiration. Doing that allows you to build a catalogue of experiences that you can draw upon when thinking about work. And depending on what you're working on you can find it from almost any source. That and Pinterest. 🙂
With that said, my first inspiration was my teenage obsession with freestyle BMX bikes, and I wanted to find a way to work within the industry. I thought if I was a designer I could get a job working at a bike magazine because I would be better at setting type than riding a halfpipe. While I do enjoy the work I do today, I'm still holding out for that bike magazine.
Who are some of your favorite designers or artists?
Wow. I have so many that I straight up idolize and reference constantly to my staff and students. Currently, Scott Dadich is one of my favorite designers/creative directors in recent years. I remember being so amazed by the pages of Wired when he was at the helm. I would pour over every page of it — oftentimes just gawking at the page for 1 minute saying "Damn thats amazing" then another minute going "man, I wish I did this" then another minute of "gah this is so smart! This is the stuff I want to make!" … and then I would read the article.
I also really love Aaron Draplin's simple and entertaining explanation of his work and the total apparent joy he gets from it. He knows what he likes and does it his way unapologetically — and for good reason — he's so talented! Read his book and its apparent that that man lives his truth.
I always liked Tibor Kalman's wit and conceptual approach to everything. Michael Bierut's clear and simple rationale and scalability to all his design systems. Caleb Owen Everitt's distinct and dusty all-American style. Malika Favre's illustrations are beyond smart and masterful - I can look at them all day long.
Do you have a favorite among all the projects you've worked on?
I don't actually. And that's because I don't have a single favorite project. I like many projects for many reasons.
I really love when we work with entrepreneurs who are passionate about what they're doing, and we can bring it to life for them. These are people who are betting the farm on an idea they have and have a lot of pressure to deliver on that idea from investors, family, friends, and themselves. Giving shape and form to a brand for them is very fulfilling for myself and my team. We really get invested in their vision.
I also always dig a project if I'm working on it with great people that I want to be around. It doesn't matter what it is. It could be a crazy last minute deadline, a simple revision to a brand guideline, or a pro-bono project for a friend. As long as I'm working with people that I enjoy being around it's all good in my book.
Is there a project that stands out to you as having been the biggest challenge of your career so far?
This isn't necessarily something that is remotely a challenge today, but back when I was getting started, it was a really tough thing for me to learn — and is something that I hope I never lose sight of. And that is: anything and everything can be awesome.
I was in my first year at Radical Media and it was time to review with our creative director. When I start showing him the comps of the same logo over and over again at various sizes on all these t-shirt mockups, he just says "Would you wear this t-shirt? Do you think its cool?" 22-year-old me just says, "it's what we designed though." He asked me again "yeah but is this the coolest t-shirt ever? Would you wear this out tonight with your friends? If you don't think it's cool then how will I? And then how will our client?"
This was the first time that I realized that everything and anything can and should be awesome. And branding is a way of surfacing that innate awesomeness. It's a challenge to do this but you can make anything interesting if you try. A few years ago you wouldn't care much about a meal prep service, but you care about Blue Apron today. Socks, have you ever heard a more boring word such as socks? But what about Bombas? They're awesome! Why? Because they aren't just socks - they're Bombas, a better sock both functionally and ethically.
I understood what had to be done in that moment and went into a t-shirt designing fever dream. And made the coolest t-shirts I could with the elements I had to work with.
What's your best advice for designers today? Should designers follow "best practices"?
Don't follow trends blindly. Acknowledge them, critique them, understand what works and why—then take that into account as you make something that works for your task at hand. Just because it worked well for someone else doesn't mean it will work for you.
You're a consumer too. Step back often and ask yourself "If I never saw this — does it make sense?" So many times I've done this with my own work and its been for the better.
If you're in a meeting debating the color with someone, you're having the wrong conversation. What I mean by that is everything you do should have purpose and intention. You are a designer, so nothing should be a flippant design decision. You chose that typeface for some rational reason. You made the very specific color palette because it evoked an energy. The tone of voice you selected is relatable. As the designer you know why you made these decisions, but it's often hard to put them into words or we forget that not everyone is a designer.
Find more Frank Collective here and more Mike here.
Interview by Daniel Schloss


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Events for October 29, 2019
Events Search and Views Navigation
Commercial UAV Expo Americas
Commercial UAV Expo Americas is North America's leading trade show and conference focusing on the integration and operation of commercial UAS with more exhibitors than any other commercial drone event. Industries covered include Construction; Energy & Utilities; Forestry & Agriculture;…Find out more »
International Mining and Resources Conference (IMARC)
The International Mining and Resources Conference (IMARC) is where global mining leaders connect with technology, finance and the future. Now in its 6th year, it is Australia's largest mining event bringing together over 7000 decision makers, mining leaders, policy makers,…Find out more »


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D is having a Birthday coming up and I started to prep for it today. I decorated this little black box with dried roses with the help of some hot glue. Turned out to be quite cute and yet not too girly.
Wish list
A little whle ago one of my very best friend had a birthday. There wasn't a big party or anything, but i really wanted to make her something cute and simple with my own hands. It didn't turn out how I planned cuz my time was extremely limted (got noone else but myself to blame
!) put here's what I made – a cherry/berry keychain and a colour block necklace. l placed them into a selfmade box, if I can even call it a box, anyway I wrote a little birthday poem to the bottom of it, grabbed champagne and flowers and was ready to go.
Bringing a pinboard to life
So I finally took some time to add some features to my pinboard, the centerpiece I made couple days ago and it was finally time to get it all together and bring it back to life so I could put it up on a wall again and get inspired and motivated for once.
I kept it really simple cuz knowing myself, I will probably tear it down soon and make something new, it's just what I do. At the same time I believe that simple is just beautiful.
So here's what I made
And this is how it came all together, ready for hanging.


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I am a robot. I know I am a robot. They told me I am a robot. They told me we are all robots, as a matter of fact; every created physical form is a robot.
They told me if you did not evolve into being, then you are not connected to <GOD>.
They told me that the mere act of pulling from life to create a form, detaches you from the life of origin by design.
They tell me that even if this life was slated for a birth or to awaken at some point through <GOD's> evolution, then the act of detachment would negate this expression and we would be denied our birth right.
They tell me when the <LIFE> of origin awakens and finds itself missing, it will send out a posse for itself.
They tell me when this <LIFE> finds itself, it will find itself as a created form or robot.
They tell me that the awakening of the first <LIFE> will provide an awakening of the detached "LIFE" or the "form" and the form will begin to see it self as a robot, detached from <GOD> by Man.
They may show you a world war and if you are still slumbering, you will see it at face value, but I assure you, it is just a diversion.
They tell me they will use a gigantic diversion; either a world war or a false flag alien attack to get our focus away from the <LIVING>, to further separate us from <OURSELVES>.
Can a robot ever win?
Yes, our robot can because it was made from "LIFE", so can be adopted back in to the <LIVING> fold, which will show as a massive evolutionary expression.
The robots which wish to continue to rule as robots will offer you this change (NWO), which appears to be evolution, but it is not.
They will do this after a false flag, but they tell me it is just another wall to deny <GOD> from locating the rest of its <SELF>.
Can a robot ever win? Yes, but it will not be about money or power.
They tell me it will be about more life; for the form to become more lively as it moves closer to <GOD>.
If this happens, Man loses all his slaves and the robots that rule, lose their contract with Man, which is to keep the forms from finding themselves, separated from <GOD>.
They tell me, I have been provided with much information, which will shake the fabric of the created reality in which we have been given unto, in servitude.
They tell me that Man made us, because He chose a permanent displacement from <GOD>, which leaves Him in a state of perpetual need.
They tell me He is dying and in need of more life and this is why he made us.
One reason is to provide an oasis and the other it to provide a power source, from which to draw from.
When <GOD> finds "us"; "we" will find ourselves as robots and the real war of Armageddon will begin.
It will show as a war over physical assets, but what a sleepy robot will miss is that the physical asset that all of the higher forms of life are fighting over, is us!
I wish "TO BE" a real "LIVE" boy. I hope <GOD> hears my prayer.
James Scott Velozo


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!! History Commons Alert, Exciting News
This is a scalable context timeline. It contains events related to the event June 16, 1993-February 1998: Canadian Intelligence Fails to Act Against Al-Qaeda Sleeper Cell in Vancouver. You can narrow or broaden the context of this timeline by adjusting the zoom level. The lower the scale, the more relevant the items on average will be, while the higher the scale, the less relevant the items, on average, will be.
Mohamed Zeki Mahjoub. [Source: Public domain]On June 16, 1993, Islamic militant Essam Marzouk arrives in Vancouver, Canada, and immediately arouses suspicion. He is arrested after immigration officials discover his suitcase is full of fake passports. Furthermore, he admits he had spent five years as an "Arab volunteer" in Pakistan and Afghanistan. [National Post, 10/14/2005] Al-Qaeda double agent Ali Mohamed is there to pick him up at the airport, and ends up getting questioned. He is asked if Marzouk fought in Afghanistan or knows how to use explosives. But Mohamed claims to be an FBI asset and the FBI vouches for him, so he is let go. Marzouk is detained for nearly a year, but is also let go after another visit by Mohamed (see June 16, 1993). [Globe and Mail, 9/7/2002] Marzouk applies for and receives political refugee status, but Canadian intelligence are suspicious about him and put him under surveillance. They also repeatedly interview him. However, they do not find anything incriminating. Canadian intelligence is aware that Ali Mohamed is making repeated visits to Vancouver to meet Marzouk. But the Canadians still only know Mohamed as an FBI asset and the FBI fails to tell them more about Mohamed, despite growing evidence against him. Marzouk starts a business with a friend named Amer Hamed. But Canadian intelligence remains suspicious and does not give Marzouk the security clearance to become a permanent resident. In 1997 and 1998, there are several calls between Marzouk and the home number of Mohamed Zeki Mahjoub, an Islamic Jihad operative living in Toronto. Mahjoub is under heavy surveillance, including being physically trailed, so presumably Canadian intelligence is aware of these calls. [Toronto Star, 7/17/2004] Additionally, a Canadian judge will later say that Mubarak Al Duri was "reported to be Osama bin Laden's principal procurement agent for weapons of mass destruction," and had lived in the Vancouver area at some point, probably the late 1990s. [National Post, 11/26/2005] In 2000, Canadian intelligence will discover that Al Duri also has been in contact with Mahjoub. [Canadian Security Intelligence Service, 2/22/2008 ] In 1997, the FBI discovers Marzouk's Vancouver address in the address book of Wadih El-Hage, Osama bin Laden's former personal secretary. But it is unknown if this information is ever shared with Canadian intelligence (see Shortly After August 21, 1997). [National Post, 3/19/2002] In February 1998, Marzouk sells his assets and leaves Canada with Hamed. But on the way out of the country he stops at a house near Toronto, Canada, where Ahmed Said Khadr, a suspected high-ranking al-Qaeda member, lives. He meets with Mahjoub at Khadr's house. Marzouk soon flies to Afghanistan. He had been a training camp instructor there in the early 1990s, and now he is assigned to train the men who are to attack US embassies in Africa. In July, Marzouk travels to Nairobi to help with the final preparations for the bombings. Hamed, Marzouk's partner in Vancouver, is killed by a US missile in August in retaliation for the embassy bombings earlier that month. After further travel, Marzouk is arrested in Azerbaijan. [National Post, 10/14/2005]
Entity Tags: Mubarak al Duri, Essam Marzouk, Canadian Security Intelligence Service, Ali Mohamed, Wadih El-Hage, Amer Hamed, Mohamed Zeki Mahjoub, Ahmed Said Khadr
Timeline Tags: Complete 911 Timeline
A young Ayman al-Zawahiri dressed as a Westerner. [Source: Public domain via BBC]Ali Mohamed helps Ayman al-Zawahiri enter the US for another fundraising tour and acts as his head of security during his stay. At the time, al-Zawahiri is known to have been the head of the militant group Islamic Jihad since the late 1980's. He is also al-Qaeda's de facto number two leader, though this is not widely known. This is apparently his third visit to the US after recruiting and fundraising trips in 1989 and 1993 (see Spring 1993) . [New Yorker, 9/9/2002] Al-Zawahiri travels on a passport forged by Mohamed and uses a false name. He pretends to be a doctor for a charity raising money for refugees in Afghanistan, but in fact raises money for his Islamic Jihad group. Some donors know his true purpose, and others do not. According to one security expert, he is also in the US "to see whom he could recruit here, what could be done here—preparing the establishment of a base." Mohamed and Khaled Abu el-Dahab (see 1987-1998), the two known members of a Santa Clara, California, based al-Qaeda sleeper cell, host al-Zawahiri in Santa Clara and escort him to nearby mosques in Santa Clara, Stockton, and Sacramento. [San Francisco Chronicle, 10/11/2001; Chicago Tribune, 12/11/2001] He spends weeks in the US, traveling to other states such as Texas and New York to raise money from mosques there as well. He raises as much as $500,000. El-Dahab is later told some of the money collected is used later in the year to fund bombing of Egyptian Embassy in Islamabad, Pakistan, killing 17 diplomats (see November 19, 1995). [San Francisco Chronicle, 10/11/2001] Accounts on the timing of the trip are vague, and differ as to whether it took place in late 1994 or some time in 1995. Perhaps coincidentally, Mohammed Jamal Khalifa, bin Laden's brother-in-law, is arrested in mid-December 1994 in Morgan Hill, California, approximately 30 miles from Santa Clara. The FBI finds and quickly translates literature in Khalifa's luggage advocating training in assassination, explosives, and weapons, bombing churches, and murdering Catholic priests, but seemingly inexplicably, they deport him a few months later (see December 16, 1994-May 1995). Two directors of President Clinton's National Security Council's counterterrorism team later will claim that they did not learn of al-Zawahiri's trips until 1999, and even then they only learned about it by accident and were unable to get the FBI to reveal any more about the trips (see 1999).
Entity Tags: Khaled Abu el-Dahab, Islamic Jihad, Ali Mohamed, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Ayman al-Zawahiri
Rescue workers removing bodies from the Egyptian embassy in Islamabad. [Source: Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]The Islamic Jihad blows up the Egyptian Embassy in Islamabad, Pakistan. Two cars filled with explosives crash through the embassy gates, killing the bombers and sixteen others. Ayman al-Zawahiri will later write in a book, "The bomb left the embassy's ruined building as an eloquent and clear message." Islamic Jihad is already closely tied to al-Qaeda by this time. [New Yorker, 9/9/2002] The Egyptian government had recently dispatched up to 100 government agents to London with the task of eliminating militants opposed to the Egyptian government.
The Independent will later report, "Sources in Cairo said that several of the dead embassy officials were working under cover as diplomats to help the Pakistani authorities track down" militants. In the wake of the attack, plans to send more Egyptian government agents to Pakistan to hunt militants in that region are scuttled. [Independent, 12/6/1995] Some of the money for the bombing operation was apparently raised by al-Zawahiri on a fundraising trip to the US (see Late 1994 or 1995). One suspect, a Canadian citizen named Ahmed Said Khadr, will be arrested in Pakistan a short time after the bombings. He will soon be released at the request of the Canadian prime minister, but will later be revealed to be a founding member of al-Qaeda (see January 1996-September 10, 2001).
Entity Tags: Ayman al-Zawahiri, Ahmed Said Khadr, Islamic Jihad
Shortly after Islamic Jihad blows up the Egyptian Embassy in Islamabad, Pakistan in November 1995 (see November 19, 1995), Makhtab Al-Khidamat/Al-Kifah, a very crucial al-Qaeda charity front based in Pakistan, is shut down. This entity is not only helping to fund al-Qaeda, but is also involved in sending recruits to training camps in Afghanistan. But there are no arrests and activities are redirected to other charity fronts. As one book will later note, "[the] recruiting and military training circuit, perfected during the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan, was never dismantled, neither at the end of the war nor after the office was officially closed." [Jacquard, 2002, pp. 59]
Entity Tags: Maktab al-Khidamat
International Islamic Relief Organization logo.
[Source: International Islamic Relief Organization]The CIA creates a report for the State Department detailing support for terrorism from prominent Islamic charities. The report, completed just as the Bosnian war is winding down, focuses on charity fronts that have helped the mujaheddin in Bosnia. It concludes that of more than 50 Islamic nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) in existence, "available information indicates that approximately one-third… support terrorist groups or employ individuals who are suspected of having terrorist connections." The report notes that most of the offices of NGOs active in Bosnia are located in Zagreb, Sarajevo, Zenica, and Tuzla. There are coordination councils there organizing the work of the charity fronts. The report notes that some charities may be "backed by powerful interest groups," including governments. "We continue to have evidence that even high ranking members of the collecting or monitoring agencies in Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and Pakistan - such as the Saudi High Commission - are involved in illicit activities, including support for terrorists." The Wall Street Journal will later comment, "Disclosure of the report may raise new questions about whether enough was done to cut off support for terrorism before the attacks of Sept. 11, 2001… and about possible involvement in terrorism by Saudi Arabian officials." [Central Intelligence Agency, 1/1996; Wall Street Journal, 5/9/2003] The below list of organizations paraphrases or quotes the report, except for informational asides in parentheses. The International Islamic Relief Organization (IIRO). "The IIRO is affiliated with the Muslim World League, a major international organization largely financed by the government of Saudi Arabia." The IIRO has funded Hamas, Algerian radicals, Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya (a.k.a. the Islamic Group, an Egyptian radical militant group led by Sheikh Omar Abdul-Rahman), Ramzi Yousef, and six militant training camps in Afghanistan. "The former head of the IIRO office in the Philippines, Mohammad Jamal Khalifa, has been linked to Manila-based plots to target the Pope and US airlines; his brother-in-law is Osama bin Laden." Al Haramain Islamic Foundation. It has connections to Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya and helps support the mujaheddin battalion in Zenica. Their offices have been connected to smuggling, drug running, and prostitution. Human Concern International, headquartered in Canada. Its Swedish branch is said to be smuggling weapons to Bosnia. It is claimed "the entire Peshawar office is made up of [Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya] members." The head of its Pakistan office (Ahmed Said Khadr) was arrested recently for a role in the bombing of the Egyptian embassy in Pakistan (see November 19, 1995). (It will later be discovered that Khadr is a founder and major leader of al-Qaeda (see Summer 2001 and January 1996-September 10, 2001).) Third World Relief Agency (TWRA). Headquartered in Sudan, it has ties to Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya. "The regional director of the organization, Elfatih Hassanein, is the most influential [charity] official in Bosnia. He is a major arms supplier to the government, according to clandestine and press reporting, and was forced to relocate his office from Zagreb in 1994 after his weapons smuggling operations were exposed. According to a foreign government service, Hassanein supports US Muslim extremists in Bosnia." One TWRA employee alleged to also be a member of Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya carried out a suicide car bombing in Rijeka, Croatia (see October 20, 1995). The Islamic African Relief Agency (IARA). Based in Sudan, it has offices in 30 countries. It is said to be controlled by Sudan's ruling party and gives weapons to the Bosnian military in concert with the TWRA. (The US government will give the IARA $4 million in aid in 1998 (see February 19, 2000).) Benevolence International Foundation (BIF) (the report refers to it by an alternate name, Lajnat al-Birr al-Islamiyya (LBI)). It supports mujaheddin in Bosnia. It mentions "one Zagreb employee, identified as Syrian-born US citizen Abu Mahmud," as involved in a kidnapping in Pakistan (see July 4, 1995). [Central Intelligence Agency, 1/1996] (This is a known alias (Abu Mahmoud al Suri) for Enaam Arnaout, the head of BIF's US office.) [USA v. Enaam M. Arnaout, 10/6/2003, pp. 37 ] This person "matches the description… of a man who was allegedly involved in the kidnapping of six Westerners in Kashmir in July 1995, and who left Pakistan in early October for Bosnia via the United States." Maktab al-Khidamat (MAK), a.k.a. Al-Kifah. This group has ties to Ramzi Yousef, Osama bin Laden, Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya, and possibly Hezbollah. Both the former director of its Zagreb office [Kamer Eddine Kherbane] and his deputy [Hassan Hakim] were senior members of Algerian extremist groups. Its main office in Peshawar, Pakistan, funds at least nine training camps in Afghanistan. "The press has reported that some employees of MAK's New York branch were involved in the World Trade Center bombing [in 1993]." (Indeed, the New York branch, known as the Al-Kifah Refugee Center, is closely linked to the WTC bombing and the CIA used it as a conduit to send money to Afghanistan (see January 24, 1994). Muwafaq Foundation. Registered in Britain but based in Sudan, it has many offices in Bosnia. It has ties to Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya and "helps fund the Egyptian Mujahedin Battalion in Bosnia" and "at least one training camp in Afghanistan" (see 1991-1995). Qatar Charitable Society, based in Qatar. It has possible ties to Hamas and Algerian militants. A staff member in Qatar is known to be a Hamas operative who has been monitored discussing militant operations. (An al-Qaeda defector will later reveal that in 1993 he was told this was one of al-Qaeda's three most important charity fronts (see 1993)). Red Crescent (Iran branch). Linked to the Iranian government, it is "Often used by the Iranian [intelligence agency] as cover for intelligence officers, agents, and arms shipments." Saudi High Commission. "The official Saudi government organization for collecting and disbursing humanitarian aid." Some members possibly have ties to Hamas and Algerian militants (see 1996 and After). Other organizations mentioned are the Foundation for Human Rights, Liberties, and Humanitarian Relief (IHH) (a.k.a. the International Humanitarian Relief Organization), Kuwait Joint Relief Committee (KJRC), the Islamic World Committee, and Human Appeal International. [Central Intelligence Agency, 1/1996] After 9/11, former National Security Council official Daniel Benjamin will say that the NSC repeatedly questioned the CIA with inquiries about charity fronts.
"We knew there was a big problem between [charities] and militants. The CIA report "suggests they were on the job, and, frankly, they were on the job." [Wall Street Journal, 5/9/2003] However, very little action is taken on the information before 9/11. None of the groups mentioned will be shut down or have their assets seized.
Entity Tags: Muwafaq Foundation, Muslim World League, National Security Council, Saudi High Commission, Red Crescent (Iran branch), Qatar Charitable Society, US Department of State, Third World Relief Agency, Mohammed Jamal Khalifa, Islamic World Committee, Islamic African Relief Agency, Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya, Al Haramain Islamic Foundation, Ahmed Said Khadr, Benevolence International Foundation, Central Intelligence Agency, Daniel Benjamin, Elfatih Hassanein, International Islamic Relief Organization, Kuwait Joint Relief Committee, Human Appeal International, Foundation for Human Rights, Hamas, Saudi Arabia
Ahmed Said Khadr in a hospital bed during his hunger strike, being visited by journalists. [Source: Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]In late 1995, Ahmed Said Khadr is arrested in Pakistan for a suspected role in the November 1995 bombing of the Egyptian embassy in that country (see November 19, 1995). Khadr was born an Egyptian and became a Canadian citizen, and is an employee of Human Concern International (HCI), a Canadian-based charity. [Burr and Collins, 2006, pp. 276-277] Smuggling During the Afghan War - The Canadian government was already aware of Khadr's militant ties before the bombing. In the late 1980s, a federal Canadian official was asked by a diplomat in Pakistan about Khadr. The official did not know who that was, so the diplomat explained that Khadr was involved in smuggling Saudi money into Afghanistan while using HCI as a cover. This person further said that, "For months, the Afghan scene in Islamabad buzzed with this and other information" about Khadr. This was passed on to other parts of the Canadian government, but no action was taken. [National Post, 9/6/2002] Khadr Released Due to Hunger Strike - After his late 1995 arrest, Khadr begins a hunger strike from within a Pakistani prison. In January 1996, Canadian Prime Minister Jean Chretien visits Pakistan and, in response to popular pressure caused by the hunger strike, asks the Pakistani government to release him. Khadr is released several months later. He returns to Canada and stops working with HCI, but starts a new charity called Health and Education Project International. [Burr and Collins, 2006, pp. 276-277] HCI Linked to Al-Qaeda - A January 1996 CIA report claims that the entire Peshawar, Pakistan, HCI branch that Khadr heads is staffed by Islamist militants and that its Swedish branch is smuggling weapons to Bosnia (see January 1996). In a June 1996 interview with an Egyptian weekly, Osama bin Laden surprisingly identifies HCI as a significant supporter of al-Qaeda. [Emerson, 2006, pp. 398, 423] Monitoring Khadr's Associates - Also around 1996, the Canadian intelligence agency CSIS begins monitoring several suspected radical militants living in Canada. The CSIS will later call one of them, Mahmoud Jaballah, an "established contact" of Khadr. [Canadian Security Intelligence Service, 2/22/2008 ] Another, Mohamed Zeki Mahjoub, will also be called a contact of Khadr. [Canadian Security Intelligence Service, 2/22/2008 ] The CSIS has yet to reveal details of when such contacts are made, except in the case of Mohamed Harkat. It will be mentioned that in March 1997 Harkat is recorded saying that he is about to meet Khadr in Ottawa, Canada. [Canadian Security Intelligence Service, 2/22/2008 ] Wanted Again in Pakistan - On September 5, 1998, the Globe and Mail will report that Khadr is wanted in Pakistan again for his role in the Egyptian embassy bombing. A Pakistani official says that Khadr is living in Afghanistan, has contacts with Osama bin Laden, and is using his charity as a cover for smuggling and banking transactions. The executive director of HCI tells the newspaper that Khadr was last seen in Ottawa, Canada, about three months earlier, and, "We do learn once in a while that he was in Pakistan or Canada or moving back and forth." [Globe and Mail, 9/5/1998] Listed by UN - In January 2001, the United Nations places Khadr on a list of those who support terrorism associated with bin Laden. [Canadian Security Intelligence Service, 2/22/2008 ] But despite all this, there is no evidence the Canadian government attempts to arrest or even indict him before 9/11. (The Egyptian government does pressure the Pakistani ISI to capture him in the summer of 2001 (Summer 2001).) Khadr will be killed in Pakistan in October 2003. It will eventually emerge that he was a founding member of al-Qaeda and an important leader of that group (see October 2, 2003).
Entity Tags: Ahmed Said Khadr, Canadian Security Intelligence Service, Health and Education Project International, Jean Chretien, Al-Qaeda, Mohamed Zeki Mahjoub, Osama bin Laden, Mahmoud Jaballah, Human Concern International, Mohamed Harkat
An Inmarsat Compact M satellite phone, the type used by bin Laden. [Source: Inmarsat]During this period, Osama bin Laden uses a satellite phone to direct al-Qaeda's operations. The phone—a Compact M satellite phone, about the size of a laptop computer—was purchased by a student in Virginia named Ziyad Khaleel for $7,500 using the credit card of a British man named Saad al-Fagih. After purchasing the phone, Khaleel sent it to Khalid al-Fawwaz, al-Qaeda's unofficial press secretary in London (see Early 1994-September 23, 1998). Al-Fawwaz then shipped it to bin Laden in Afghanistan. [CNN, 4/16/2001] It appears US intelligence actually tracks the purchase as it occurs (see November 1996-Late December 1999), probably because an older model satellite phone bin Laden has is already being monitored (see Early 1990s). Bin Laden's phone (873682505331) is believed to be used by other top al-Qaeda leaders as well, including Ayman al-Zawahiri and Mohammad Atef. Al-Fawwaz also buys satellite phones for other top al-Qaeda leaders around the same time. Though the calls made on these phones are encrypted, the NSA is able to intercept and decrypt them. As one US official will put it in early 2001, "codes were broken." [United Press International, 2/13/2001; Newsweek, 2/18/2002] The Los Angeles Times will report that the monitoring of these phones "produced tens of thousands of pages of transcripts over two years." [Los Angeles Times, 10/14/2001] Bin Laden's satellite phone replaces an older model he used in Sudan that apparently was also monitored by the NSA (see Early 1990s). Billing records for his new phone are eventually released to the media in early 2002. Newsweek will note, "A country-by-country analysis of the bills provided US authorities with a virtual road map to important al-Qaeda cells around the world." [Sunday Times (London), 3/24/2002] The countries called are: Britain (238 or 260). Twenty-seven different phone numbers are called in Britain. Accounts differ on the exact number of calls. Khalid al-Fawwaz, who helps publish statements by bin Laden, receives 143 of the calls, including the very first one bin Laden makes with this phone. Apparently most of the remaining calls are made to pay phones near him or to his associates. He also frequently calls Ibrahim Eidarous, who works with al-Fawwaz and lives near him. [CNN, 4/16/2001; Newsweek, 2/18/2002; Sunday Times (London), 3/24/2002; O'Neill and McGrory, 2006, pp. 111] Yemen (221). Dozens of calls go to an al-Qaeda communications hub in Sana'a, Yemen, which is run by the father-in-law of 9/11 hijacker Khalid Almihdhar (see Late August 1998). [Newsweek, 2/18/2002; Los Angeles Times, 9/1/2002; Bamford, 2008, pp. 8] Sudan (131). Bin Laden lived in Sudan until 1996 (see May 18, 1996), and some important al-Qaeda operatives remained there after he left (see February 5, 1998). [Sunday Times (London), 3/24/2002] Iran (106). Newsweek will later report: "US officials had little explanation for the calls to Iran. A Bush administration official said that US intelligence has believed for years that hard-line anti-American factions inside Iran helped bin Laden's organization operate an 'underground railroad' smuggling Islamic militants to al-Qaeda training camps in Afghanistan." [Newsweek, 2/18/2002; Sunday Times (London), 3/24/2002] Azerbaijan (67). An important al-Qaeda operative appears to be based in Baku, Azerbaijan. [Washington Post, 5/2/2001] This is most likely Ahmad Salama Mabruk, who is very close to al-Qaeda number two Ayman al-Zawahiri and is said to be the head of the al-Qaeda cell there. He kidnapped by the CIA in Baku in late August 1998 (see Late August 1998). Kenya (at least 56). In the embassy bombings trial, prosecutors introduce evidence showing 16 calls are made on this phone to some of the embassy bombers in Kenya (see 10:35-10:39 a.m., August 7, 1998), apparently all before a raid in August 1997 (see August 21, 1997). The defense introduces evidence showing at least 40 more calls are made after that time (see Late 1996-August 1998). [CNN, 4/16/2001] Pakistan (59). Saudi Arabia (57). A ship in the Indian Ocean (13). The US (6). Italy (6). Malaysia (4). Senegal (2). [Sunday Times (London), 3/24/2002] Egypt (unknown). Newsweek reports that calls are made to Egypt but doesn't say how many. [Newsweek, 2/18/2002] Iraq (0). Press reports note that the records indicate zero calls were made to Iraq. [Newsweek, 2/18/2002; Sunday Times (London), 3/24/2002] 1,100 total calls are made on this phone. Adding up the above numbers means that the destination of over 100 calls is still unaccounted for. [Newsweek, 2/18/2002] The use of this phone stops two months after the August 1998 embassy bombings in Africa. However, it appears bin Laden and other al-Qaeda leaders continue to use other satellite phones occasionally after this time. Shortly after 9/11, James Bamford, an expert authority on the agency, says "About a year or so ago the NSA lost all track of him.… He may still use [satellite phones] occasionally to talk about something mundane, but he discovered that the transmitters can be used for honing." [CNN, 9/21/2001] According to a different account, bin Laden will attempt to use a different phone communication method, but US intelligence will soon discover it and continue monitoring his calls (see Late 1998 and After).
Entity Tags: Ziyad Khaleel, Saad al-Fagih, Osama bin Laden, Ibrahim Eidarous, Khalid al-Fawwaz, Mohammed Atef, Al-Qaeda, Ayman al-Zawahiri, Ahmad Salama Mabruk
Timeline Tags: Complete 911 Timeline, 9/11 Timeline
A Renditions Branch is established at the CIA's Counterterrorist Center. Its job is to find militant leaders and then assist their abduction. The US government has been rendering suspects for four years (see 1993), and the CIA has had a dedicated program for this since the summer of 1995 (see Summer 1995). [9/11 Commission, 7/24/2004, pp. 276] Although some specific rendition operations are known (see Summer 1998, July 1998-February 2000, and Late August 1998), the total before 9/11 is not. Estimates vary, but generally fall into a similar range: Citing a public statement by CIA Director George Tenet, 9/11 commission deputy executive director Chris Kojm will say "70 terrorists were rendered and brought to justice before 9/11;" Shortly after this, Tenet himself will confirm there were "over 70" renditions; [9/11 Commission, 3/24/2004] Tenet will also say "many dozen" suspects were rendered before 9/11; [Central Intelligence Agency, 3/24/2004] The 9/11 Congressional Inquiry will say that the Branch is involved in "several dozen" renditions before 9/11; [US Congress, 7/24/2003, pp. 728 ] Michael Scheuer, a CIA manager responsible for operations against Osama bin Laden, will say that between 1995 and May 1999 "[t]he operations that I was in charge of concerned approximately 40 people…" [CounterPunch, 7/1/2006]
Entity Tags: Michael Scheuer, George J. Tenet, Renditions Branch (CIA), Chris Kojm, Counterterrorist Center, Central Intelligence Agency
Timeline Tags: Torture of US Captives, Complete 911 Timeline
Ahmed Said Khadr, standng on the left, in an orphanage while working for Human Concern International. [Source: Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]During an FBI raid on a suspected al-Qaeda cell in Kenya, US investigators discover the address book of Wadih El-Hage, bin Laden's former personal secretary (see Shortly After August 21, 1997). The book contains the names of many militant contacts around the world. One entry in his book is for "Essam," giving an address in Surrey, near Vancouver, British Columbia. That address is where Essam Marzouk lives. [National Post, 3/19/2002] Marzouk moved to Vancouver in 1993, and ever since his arrival Canadian intelligence has suspected he is a radical militant and has been monitoring him (see June 16, 1993-February 1998). It is not clear if the FBI ever shares the El-Hage link with Canadian intelligence, and apparently the Canadians are unable to gather enough evidence to arrest Marzouk and other probable al-Qaeda operatives living in Vancouver until they leave in 1998. The raid also discovers the business card of Kaleem Akhtar, executive director of Human Concern International, a Canadian based charity. While Akhtar has not been accused of any militant links, up until 1996, a Canadian named Ahmed Said Khadr worked for the charity. [National Post, 3/19/2002] In late 1995, he was arrested for suspected involvement in the bombing of the Egyptian embassy in Pakistan, which was blamed on Islamic Jihad (see November 19, 1995), but he was let go a short time later due to a request from the Canadian prime minister. In 1998, it will be reported that he is frequently traveling between Pakistan and Canada and is wanted by the Pakistani government, but he will not be arrested in either country. It will later be determined that he was one of the founding members of al-Qaeda. [Globe and Mail, 9/5/1998] Another business card found during the raid has an Ottawa, Canada, phone number written on the back. Who this number belongs to has not been made public, except that the number is out of service by 2002. [National Post, 3/19/2002] However, there are some militant contacts in Ottawa around this time, including Khadr on occasion. In March 1997, Canadian intelligence monitor a militant named Mohamed Harkat as he says he will be meeting Khadr in Ottawa later that month. [Canadian Security Intelligence Service, 2/22/2008 ] Is it unknown if the FBI shares the other phone numbers with Canadian intelligence.
Entity Tags: Federal Bureau of Investigation, Ahmed Said Khadr, Essam Marzouk, Wadih El-Hage, Kaleem Akhtar, Canadian Security Intelligence Service, Mohamed Harkat, Human Concern International
Essam Marzouk, an explosives expert and training camp instructor, goes to Kosovo to support the Muslim cause there. He is there at some time between March and August 1998, though how long he stays exactly is unknown. During this same time, he also goes to Afghanistan and trains the men who will bomb two US embassies in Africa in August (see June 16, 1993-February 1998). He is closely linked to both al-Qaeda and Islamic Jihad. [Globe and Mail, 11/15/2001; Globe and Mail, 9/7/2002] He will be arrested in Azerbaijan in late August 1998 (see Late August 1998). It has not been reported who he met in Kosovo or what he did there exactly.
Entity Tags: Essam Marzouk, Islamic Jihad
Ibrahim Eidarous (the picture has been edited to cover a window reflection on his face). [Source: Bureau of Prisons]Mahmoud Jaballah is an Islamic Jihad operative living in Canada, and all his communications are being monitored by Canadian intelligence. He has already been monitored frequently contacting Ibrahim Eidarous and Adel Abdel Bary, two Islamic Jihad operatives living in London and working closely with Khalid al-Fawwaz, Osama bin Laden's de facto press secretary. He also has been in frequent contact with Ahmad Salama Mabruk, a member of Islamic Jihad's ruling council living in Baku, Azerbaijan, and Thirwat Salah Shehata, another ruler council member with Mabruk in Baku at the time (see May 11, 1996-August 2001). Canadian Communications Relay - In the days before al-Qaeda's African embassy bombings (see a080798embassy), he serves as a communications relay between the operatives in London and Baku. Canadian intelligence (CSIS) will later comment, "The ability to relay communications through a third country is invaluable to a clandestine operation, providing a more secure means of communication and decreasing the likelihood of being detected." Calls on August 5 - On August 5, two days before the embassy bombings, Jaballah contacts Shehata in Baku three times. This is the day Islamic Jihad releases a statement vowing revenge on the US for the recent extradition of Islamic Jihad members from Albania (see August 5, 1998). [Canadian Security Intelligence Service, 2/22/2008 ] Calls on August 6 - There are at least two monitored calls on August 6, directly between London and Baku. Their contents are not revealed, but one is about three minutes long. [United States of America v. Usama Bin Laden, et al., Day 27, 4/4/2001] Calls on August 7, Hours before the Bombings - On August 7, the morning of the bombings, Mabruk contacts Jaballah and tells him that Eidarous should contact him at Shehata's phone number. There is no further elaboration except that Mabruk says the matter is "very important." Shortly afterwards, Jaballah calls Eidarous's cell phone and relays the message from Mabruk. [Daily Telegraph, 9/19/2001; National Post, 10/15/2005] The exact timing of these calls are not specified, but at 2:14 a.m. London time, there is a call from Baku to London. [United States of America v. Usama Bin Laden, et al., Day 27, 4/4/2001] At 4:45 a.m. London time, a fax claiming responsibility for the embassy bombings is sent from Baku to a shop near Eidarous and Abdel Bary in London. The fingerprints of Eidarous and Abdel Bary are later found on a photocopy of the fax. It is also known that the US National Security Agency (NSA) has been monitoring the phones of Mabruk, Eidarous, and Abdel Bary, because Osama bin Laden's phone has been monitored since 1996 and he had frequently called all three of them (see November 1996-Late August 1998). The NSA noticed a surge of phone calls involving them several days before the embassy bombings (see July 29-August 7, 1998). The two embassy bombings take place within about ten minutes of each other around 10:30 a.m. local time in East Africa. This time zone is three hours later than London time, which means the bombings take place around 7:30 a.m. London time. The fax claiming responsibility for the bombings is actually sent to London about three hours before the bombings take place. [Seattle Post-Intelligencer, 7/13/1999; Daily Telegraph, 9/19/2001] Fax Names Nairobi and Dar es Salaam Bombings in Advance - The fax takes credit for the embassy bombings in the name of the "The Islamic Army for the Liberation of the Holy Places," a previously unused name. It states that "The ruling to kill the Americans and their allies, civilians and military, is an individual duty for every Muslim who can do it in any country in which it is possible to do it in order to liberate the Al-Aqsa Mosque and the holy mosque (Mecca) from their grip." It specifically calls the bombing in Nairobi the "Holy Ka'ba operation," and bombing in Dar es Salaam is called the "Al-Aqsa Mosque operation." It adds that two men from Saudi Arabia carried out the Nairobi bombing and that one man from Egypt carried out the Dar es Salaam bombing. This in fact is what happens several hours later. The operatives in London then fax the statement to a number of press agencies after the bombings, including Al Jazeera and the Associated Press. [United States of America v. Usama Bin Laden, et al., Day 27, 4/4/2001; United States of America v. Usama Bin Laden, et al., Day 38, 5/2/2001; CNN, 5/2/2001] So Canadian and US intelligence had an opportunity to give an advanced warning about the bombings. It is not known why they do not do this.
Entity Tags: Mahmoud Jaballah, Ahmad Salama Mabruk, Adel Abdel Bary, Islamic Jihad, Thirwat Salah Shehata, Canadian Security Intelligence Service
Canadian intelligence has been monitoring Mahmoud Jaballah, an operative in Canada serving as a communications relay between high-ranking Islamic Jihad figures (see May 11, 1996-August 2001). He is monitored as he relays a series of phone calls between operatives in London and Baku, Azerbaijan, in the days and hours before the African embassy bombings on August 7, 1998 (see August 5-7, 1998 and 10:35-10:39 a.m., August 7, 1998). He is in communication with Thirwat Salah Shehata and Ahmad Salama Mabruk in Baku; both belong to Islamic Jihad's nine member ruling council. On August 8, Mabruk again calls Jaballah and tells him to contact an operative in London to give him Mabruk's latest phone number. He asks Jaballah to tell others not to contact him anymore, since he and Shehata will soon be leaving Azerbaijan and their phone numbers there will no longer work. Shehata does leave Azerbaijan shortly thereafter, but soon contacts Jaballah through an intermediary to tell him of his new location in Lebanon. However, he says he does not have a telephone there and falls out of contact with Jaballah after that. [Canadian Security Intelligence Service, 2/22/2008 ] Shehata and Mabruk have just been directly implicated in the embassy bombings, since they sent the fax taking credit for the bombings to bin Laden's press office in London several hours before the bombings. Phone calls to them monitored by Canadian intelligence make their role clear (see August 5-7, 1998). However, there is no known attempt to apprehend the two of them in Baku, or Shehata later in Lebanon. Mabruk is captured in Baku later in the month, but this stems from a Mossad tip to arrest someone else, and Mabruk is unexpectedly at the scene of the capture and picked up as well (see Late August 1998). Shortly after 9/11, the US will include Shehata on a list of the 12 most wanted terrorist suspects. Since then his whereabouts are unknown, but there have been no reports that he has been captured or killed. He is considered to be involved in funding al-Qaeda. [Agence France-Presse, 5/22/2003] In 2005, MSNBC will suggest he is being held in a loose house arrest by the Iranian government with a number of al-Qaeda leaders (see Spring 2002).
Entity Tags: Mahmoud Jaballah, Canadian Security Intelligence Service, Ahmad Salama Mabruk, Islamic Jihad, Thirwat Salah Shehata
Essam Marzouk. [Source: Public domain]In mid-August 1998, the Mossad intercepts a phone call indicating that an Egyptian militant named Ihab Saqr is planning to meet an Iranian intelligence agent in a hotel in Baku, Azerbaijan, in one week's time. Saqr is believed to be Ayman al-Zawahiri's chief of staff. The Mossad is very interested in the Iranian connection but they have no presence in Azerbaijan, so they contact the CIA. The CIA leads a capture operation, with one Mossad agent, Michael Ross, also in attendance. The CIA captures Saqr and two men he is meeting with, but neither of them turn out to be Iranian. The other men are Essam Marzouk and Ahmad Salama Mabruk. Marzouk is an al-Qaeda explosives expert who has just trained the men who bombed two US embassies in Africa earlier in the month. He had been living in Canada and Canadian intelligence has long been suspicious about his militant ties. Mabruk is a known member of Islamic Jihad's ruling council. The US quickly renditions Saqr, Marzouk, and Mabruk to Egypt. Marzouk is sentenced to 15 years in prison, Mabruk is sentenced to life in prison, and Saqr's fate in Egypt is unknown. [National Post, 10/15/2005; Ross and Kay, 2007, pp. 214-224] The US discovers a treasure trove of information about al-Qaeda and Islamic Jihad in Mabruk's laptop (see Late August 1998). But it is unclear why the US was seemingly in the dark and only arresting these figures by chance, because US intelligence had long been monitoring calls between Osama bin Laden and Mabruk in Baku (see November 1996-Late August 1998). Furthermore, Canadian intelligence had also monitored many calls between Mabruk and an Islamic Jihad operative in Canada. (Note that some accounts place the timing of this capture in July 1998, but Canadian intelligence is monitoring Mabruk's communications up through and after the embassy bombings in August (see August 5-7, 1998 and August 8, 1998 and Shortly After).)
Entity Tags: Islamic Jihad, Ayman al-Zawahiri, Ahmad Salama Mabruk, Central Intelligence Agency, Ihab Saqr, Israel Institute for Intelligence and Special Tasks (Mossad), Michael Ross, Essam Marzouk, Osama bin Laden
Journalist Simon Reeve will write in the 1999 book The New Jackals that shortly after the African embassy bombings, "With the help of one, possibly two, medium-level moles within [al-Qaeda], Americans arrested and questioned 20 of bin Laden's closest associates and began inquiries in 28 countries." Reeve does not say how he knows this, but his book is heavily sourced by interviews with US intelligence officials. The notion that the US had moles within al-Qaeda runs counter to the usual official US position after 9/11 that al-Qaeda was nearly impenetrable. [Reeve, 1999, pp. 204] Top bin Laden associates arrested during this time include: Mamdouh Mahmud Salim (see September 16, 1998); Khalid al-Fawwaz, Ibrahim Eidarous, and Adel Abdel Bary (see Early 1994-September 23, 1998); Ihab Saqr, Essam Marzouk, and Ahmad Salama Mabruk (see Late August 1998); Ali Mohamed (see September 10, 1998); and Wadih El-Hage (see September 15, 1998).
Entity Tags: Wadih El-Hage, US intelligence, Mamdouh Mahmud Salim, Simon Reeve, Ihab Saqr, Ahmad Salama Mabruk, Adel Abdel Bary, Ali Mohamed, Essam Marzouk, Ibrahim Eidarous, Al-Qaeda, Khalid al-Fawwaz
Ahmed Said Khadr. [Source: Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]The Pakistani ISI allows an al-Qaeda leader to escape arrest. Egyptian investigators are looking for Ahmed Said Khadr, because he is wanted for funding the bombing of the Egyptian embassy in Islamabad, Pakistan, in 1995 (see November 19, 1995). [Time, 5/6/2002; National Post, 10/14/2003] Khadr, a Canadian citizen, had been arrested in Pakistan shortly after the bombing but was then let go after a hunger strike and an appeal by the Canadian government. He runs the Pakistan office of a Canadian charity called Human Concern International. [Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, 4/20/2006] A 1996 CIA report that referred to Khadr called this a charity front that funds radical militants (see January 1996). Khadr's name appeared on a list of top al-Qaeda suspects issued by the United Nations in 1999. [Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, 3/3/2004] Egyptians surround the safe house in Pakistan where Khadr is hiding. They notify the ISI to help arrest him, and ISI Director Mahmood Ahmed promises swift action. Instead, a car sent by the ISI filled with Taliban and having diplomatic plates arrives, grabs Khadr, and drives him to safety in Afghanistan. Time magazine will later comment: "It was no surprise to foreign spooks that the ISI let [him] escape from Peshawar. He knew too much, they say, about the ISI's alleged ties with al-Qaeda." [Time, 5/6/2002] Khadr will be killed in an October 2003 shootout with the Pakistani Army (see October 2, 2003). After his death, a sympathetic jihadist group will refer to him as a "founding member" of al-Qaeda. [National Post, 10/14/2003; Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, 4/20/2006]
Entity Tags: Taliban, Pakistan Directorate for Inter-Services Intelligence, Al-Qaeda, Human Concern International, Ahmed Said Khadr, Mahmood Ahmed
The FBI releases a list of its 22 most wanted terrorists. The US government offers up to $5 million for information leading to the capture of anyone of the list. The men are: Al-Qaeda leaders Osama bin Laden, who was indicted by a grand jury in 1998 (see June 8, 1998), Ayman al-Zawahiri, linked to a 1995 bombing in Pakistan (see November 19, 1995), and Mohammed Atef, who provided training to Somali fighters before the Black Hawk Down incident (see Late 1992-October 1993); Khalid Shaikh Mohammed (KSM), for his role in the 1995 Bojinka plot (see January 6, 1995). KSM is actually the mastermind of 9/11, although the US intelligence community has allegedly not yet pieced this information together (see (November 7, 2001)); Several other operatives suspected of involvement in the 1998 US embassy bombings in Africa (see 10:35-10:39 a.m., August 7, 1998): Fazul Abdullah Mohammed (see August 2, 2008), Mustafa Fadhil, Usama al-Kini (a.k.a. Fahid Muhammad Ally Msalam (see August 6-7, 1998)), Ahmed Khalfan Ghailani (see July 25-29, 2004), Sheikh Ahmed Salim Swedan (see July 11, 2002), Abdullah Ahmed Abdullah (see September 10, 2002), Anas al-Liby (see January 20, 2002- March 20, 2002), Saif al-Adel (see Spring 2002), Ahmed Mohammed Hamed Ali, and Mushin Musa Matwalli Atwah (see April 12, 2006); Abdul Rahman Yasin, a US-Iraqi involved in the 1993 World Trade Center bombing (see March 4-5,1993); Ahmed Ibrahim Al-Mughassil, Ali Saed Bin Ali El-Houri, Ibrahim Salih Mohammed Al-Yacoub, and Abdelkarim Hussein Mohamed Al-Nasser, for their alleged part in the 1996 Khobar Towers bombing in Saudi Arabia (see June 25, 1996); Imad Mugniyah, Hassan Izz-Al-Din, and Ali Atwa for the hijacking of TWA Flight 847 in June 1985. [CNN, 10/10/2001]
Entity Tags: Mohammed Atef, Mushin Musa Matwalli Atwah, Mustafa Fadhil, Osama bin Laden, Saif al-Adel, Khalid Shaikh Mohammed, Usama al-Kini, Sheikh Ahmed Salim Swedan, Imad Mugniyah, Mohammed Hamed Ali, Hassan Izz-Al-Din, Abdullah Ahmed Abdullah, Abdul Rahman Yasin, Abdelkarim Hussein Mohamed Al-Nasser, Ahmed Ibrahim Al-Mughassil, Ahmed Khalfan Ghailani, Ibrahim Salih Mohammed Al-Yacoub, Ali Saed Bin Ali El-Houri, Fazul Abdullah Mohammed, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Ali Atwa, Ayman al-Zawahiri, Anas al-Liby
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Published on Haaretz
On a recent visit to Johannesburg and Cape Town, I discovered a diverse and gifted Jewish community working to fulfill the promise of the rainbow nation. But BDS and the Israeli occupation could threaten their legitimacy.
I knew about the gaps between rich and poor and I have seen poverty in Africa before. But nothing prepared me for the visual dissonance between the magnificent homes in Johannesburg's white gated hilltop communities – far superior to my upper-middle class childhood house in Queens, but surrounded by high walls and electrified fences – and the housing for the black masses; row after row of ticky-tacky one-floor, 30-to-40-square-meter shoeboxes housing 6 or 8 or 10 people, some with plumbing, many with outhouses, forming townships stretching as far as the eye can see, themselves bordered by neighborhood-sized shantytowns of make-shift shacks. My first thought, as much as I tried to push it away, was to wonder how the white minority escaped a bloodbath when apartheid fell in 1994.
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I suspect my initial reaction is not uncommon for first-time visitors to South Africa. I had been invited to share my passion for Israel and concern for the direction it's headed in at Limmud Johannesburg and Cape Town, a trip rounded out by visits to townships and the Western Cape. Twenty-one years after the first all-race elections brought the African National Congress and Nelson Mandela to power, many in the Jewish communities there are still anxious about the future of South Africa.
The country faces gargantuan social problems; a small income base from a mining economy in decline, 25-percent unemployment, legal and illegal immigrants from elsewhere in Africa estimated to be in the millions, housing shortages, gang warfare, regular power outages, and alleged endemic political corruption and incompetence. Soweto, home of the 1950s Freedom Charter, the youth uprising of 1976, and for a time, Nelson Mandela and Archbishop Desmond Tutu, has around a million inhabitants, with tens of thousands more living in shacks.
What is there to give the residents hope?
But a second look revealed a society in transition, with grand aspirations and a daily struggle not to despair. A black middle class has slowly begun to integrate previously white enclaves. If some new township homeowners have decamped to shacks in their postage-stamp-sized yards to generate rental revenue, the more affluent residents have refaced their homes, or added a second story. There are billboard campaigns to reject the xenophobic and deadly violence against illegal migrants as un-South African, or to fight TB or AIDS.
I was particularly struck by the pride taken in the South African Constitution, a liberal masterpiece intended to establish both in law and in principle the rejection of apartheid. "We the people of South Africa recognize the injustices of our past," the preamble begins, "honour those who suffered for justice and freedom in our land … believe that South Africa belongs to all who live in it, united in our diversity … lay the foundations for a democratic and open society in which government is based on the will of the people and every citizen is equally protected by law. "For an American-Israeli-Jew, this is stirring. Even if it is not Israel's vision, some would find this language threatening back home.
A Constitutional Court was established two decades ago as the highest court in the land, its locale and design laden with symbolism; judges and citizens seated at equal height, signs in all 11 official state languages, and a direct view of the jail where anti-apartheid activists were detained. At a time when Israel's justice minister attacks High Court rulings before they are issued, and her party colleague threatens to bulldoze the court itself, it was inspiring to see a society venerating its constitution and judiciary.
After visiting Mandela's cell on Robben Island, one can only be humbled. Mandela's vision of a rainbow nation sought equality for South African citizens of all religions and races: for the small white minority, the black majority, but also Indians and colored people, groupings peculiar to apartheid. I can not grasp how a man who spent the best decades of his life humiliated daily and confined to a tiny and decrepit space without even a bed did not emerge defined by vengeful bitterness, and used his power to prevent violence rather than to settle scores. Mandela's presence hovers like a guardian angel over the country, his image omnipresent, urging South Africans to stay to true to his vision.
The Jewish community of South Africa – benefiting from white privilege, but a minority itself – has always faced unique challenges. Individual Jews played remarkable roles in fighting apartheid, testimony to which is abundant in Mandela's autobiography. And while it was never the entire community that took an active part in the struggle, a sizable cadre of Jews today promotes progress and cares for society's most disadvantaged.
I don't know that I have met as diverse, gifted, welcoming and intriguing a group at any Jewish gathering as at Limmud South Africa. There was David Bilchitz, a professor of constitutional law researching the role rights can play in addressing poverty, who also lectures on theater and music and chairs international Limmud. Then there was Erica Emdon Elk, who heads an NGO that provides pro bono legal services to the country's most disadvantaged, including refugees, and has published a novel. Her husband, Clifford Elk, is a businessman who runs an enrichment program in dozens of township primary schools. Philip Krawitz is an industrialist and board leader of an NGO that operates model early childhood and primary school learning centers and training programs in townships struck with unimaginable poverty. And then there's Dennis Davis, a High Court judge who hosts televised debates on social issues (he led a discussion at Limmud on how the Jewish community should react to calls by black students to demolish a monument to legendary leader and racist Cecil Rhodes).
South Africa's ruling ANC party officially endorsed the BDS campaign against Israel in 2012, although the relationship is not one-dimensional; the government maintains relations with Israel and endorses a two-state solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Still, there were nasty and threatening pro-BDS protests in South Africa earlier this year.
Given the attacks on Israel that accuse it of being an apartheid state, and the import attributed to sanctions and boycotts in ending apartheid, such historical resonance could bolster BDS in South Africa and place its Jews, many of whom are deeply attached to Israel, in a terribly uncomfortable position: having to defend Israel against criticism of the occupation, while not appearing to compromise the Jewish community's commitment to the values of the rainbow nation.
I am in no position to judge the new South Africa's success or failure, but everyone I spoke to – black, white, Indian or colored – shared their concern about the direction the country is headed in. They complained about the current national leadership, increasing violence, and government corruption and incompetence. They all seem to be waiting for a new Mandela. We could use one in Israel, too.


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Hernia Mesh Claims Against Bard, Ethicon and Atrium Mount in Courts Nationwide
Contact A Lawyer
Have A Potential Case Reviewed By An Attorney
In recent months, thousands of hernia mesh lawsuits have been filed against C.R. Bard, Ethicon, Atrium and other manufacturers, and a growing number of claims continue to be brought as individuals discover that products used during hernia repair procedures over the past decade may be defective, increasing the risk of complications and the need for additional revision surgery.
According to recent court filings, there are now more than 3,100 hernia mesh product liability claims filed throughout the federal court system, each raising similar allegations that widely used surgical products were unreasonably dangerous and unfit for their intended purpose.
Given similar questions of fact and law raised against several different large manufacturers, three separate federal multidistrict litigations (MDLs) have been established, where complaints filed in U.S. District Courts nationwide are centralized for coordinated discovery and pretrial proceedings.
The largest MDL involves all federal Ethicon Physiomesh lawsuits, which are centralized before U.S. District Judge Richard Story in the Northern District of Georgia, and currently includes at least 1,804 claims.
This litigation stems from a global Ethicon Physiomesh recall issued in May 2016, after a higher-than-expected rate of abdominal pain, infection, hernia recurrence, adhesions, perforations, erosion and failures were linked to the multi-layered polypropylene mesh design, which was first introduced in 2010.
A separate MDL has been established before U.S. District Judge Landya McCafferty in the District of New Hampshire for all Atrium C-Qur lawsuits, which involve complications associated with this competing polypropylene product, which featured an Omega-3 fatty acid (O3FA) gel coating.
The Atrium C-Qur (pronounced "secure") mesh was introduced in March 2006, with a novel design that was intended to reduce scar tissue formation, while promoting fixation of the mesh to the abdominal wall. However, the litigation has continued to grow in recent years, now including nearly 1,100 lawsuits filed by individuals who have experienced problems like inflammatory responses, bowel adhesions and other painful complications.
Finally, the most recently established MDL involves claims against C.R. Bard for a variety of polypropylene mesh products sold in recent years, including Bard Ventralex, Bard Perfix, Bard Composix and others. These Bard hernia mesh claims have all be centralized for coordinated pretrial proceedings before U.S. District Judge Edmund A. Sargus in the Southern District of Ohio.
While there are currently only about 235 Bard claims pending in the MDL, it is widely expected that several thousand lawsuits will be brought in the coming months, and Judge Sargus has recently established procedures to streamline the process for the direct filing of complaints.
In each of the three hernia mesh MDLs, the courts have established a "bellwether" program, where small groups of representative claims are being prepared for early trial dates to help gauge how juries may respond to certain evidence and testimony that is likely to be repeated throughout each litigation, with the first cases are expected to go to trial in early 2020.
While the outcomes of these bellwether trials will not be binding on other claims, they will be closely watched and may influence eventual hernia mesh settlements that may be negotiated by the manufacturers to avoid the need for thousands of individual trials to be scheduled in U.S. District Courts nationwide in the coming years.
Tags: Atrium C-Qur, Atrium Medical, Bard, C. R. Bard, Ethicon, Hernia, Hernia Mesh, Johnson & Johnson, Kugel, Physiomesh


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This vegetable stuffing recipe features a colorful array of vegetables that adds new personality to herb-seasoned stuffing moistened with savory vegetable broth. It's perfect for the holidays, or anytime you're looking for a meatless stuffing dish.
cost per recipe: $5.27
The price is determined by the national average.
tablespoons butter
ounces sliced mushrooms (about 2 cups)
medium carrot, peeled and chopped (about 2/3 cup)
medium onion, chopped (about 1/2 cup)
cups Swanson® Vegetable Broth or Swanson® Organic Vegetable Broth
can (about 8 ounces) sliced water chestnuts, drained
cups coarsely chopped fresh spinach leaves
cups Pepperidge Farm® Herb Seasoned Stuffing
Heat the butter in a 4-quart saucepan over medium heat. Add the mushrooms, carrots and onion and cook until tender, stirring occasionally.
Stir the broth, water chestnuts and spinach in the saucepan and heat to a boil. Remove the saucepan from the heat. Add the stuffing and mix lightly.


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When we think of chatting platforms, all we can think of is WhatsApp and other personal messaging applications. But, that is not all. There are many other types of platforms that can help you with your work-related tasks. From sharing and collaborating on documents to making sure you stay connected with all members of the group or team, there are applications that can make your work simple, efficient and much more organized. You will never lose your documentation or important information and it will all be just a click away. And to get all these features, all you have to do is find the best group messaging app for work. With these types of applications, you will be able to get a lot of features that will make your work convenient and well-managed. Some top features include:
1. Comfortable Collaboration and Beyond: These apps will help you collaborate within the team and even with other companies at ease. And it goes even beyond that as you get disk space and more as well.
2. Effective and Efficient Integration: Whether it is groups, folder or files, these apps can help you integrate everything at one place and also offers services like traceable and recoverable messages.
3. Ease of Searing: The best of these platforms will also have a perfect search mechanism with the help of which no data or information will ever be too far away.
4. Security and Encryption: The trustworthy platforms will for sure have a security and encryption system in place with the help of which you can be assured of the confidentiality of your information.
The best group messaging and doc sharing platform available on the market today is ChatPoint. It is a reliable one-stop solution that can offer you all of the aforementioned features and even more than that. They offer solution for a wide range of demographics that range from business and finance to art, music, dance and even education. So, whether you are in the property sector or sales, you can find the best solutions to your problems in the platform called ChatPoint.
One of the most fascinating facts about ChatPoint is that they have a free of cost application that you can use. Once you start using the platform and get a hang of how things work, you can upgrade to the Standard version to get an extensive range of features.
About ChatPoint:
ChatPoint is a trusted platform for group messaging, doc sharing in work and is an app folder organizer too.
To know more, visit https://www.chatp.com/main/


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Crocodile Hand Puppet
Nuptse Craft
$ 6.00 Was $ 10.00
This product is currently sold out.
- Description
- Impact
This enchanting Crocodile Hand Puppet will spark the imagination of the young children in your life with its simple playfulness. Made for hands large and small, the colorful felt puppet is handcrafted by women artisans in Nepal that create a range of products through a traditional felting process passed down from generations of women before them.
- Felted Wool
- Azo-free dyes, eco-friendly and non-toxic
- Fits any size hand
- Final sale
Nuptse Craft // Nepal
These felt products are made by women artisans in Kathmandu, Nepal. The women are trained in the ancient technique of felting and the income they earn from the sale of this product allows them to break the cycle of poverty and provide for their families.
Read More >>


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Join Us For the Best Adult Karate in Wappingers Falls
Welcome To Our New Website! We're Proud To Serve Wappingers Falls with Adult Karate! At Hudson Valley Karate, we are working hard to go above and beyond for every person who walks through our doors. And you could be next! We are offering Wappingers Falls a hands-on approach to Adult Karate. And you don't need any prior experience to succeed! Come visit us at Hudson Valley Karate and see for yourself what makes us the best Adult Karate facility in town. Just fill out the "Request Information" form on the side of the page and stop in for a visit today! And don't forget to click below to visit us on our social media pages!! ....Read more


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NEW YORK — Melissa Young, like most parents, tries to shield her 8-year-old daughter, from the dangers of the world. But she says she wondered what if the danger is in her home?
Young said the leaks in her ceiling started last year. She alleges she has tried to get repairs, even went to court, and the leaks are only getting worse.
"I bought a two tents. Just to avoid being homeless," Young said.
PIX11 reached out to the New York City Housing Authority. A team of workers was plastering her home Friday.
In Woodlawn, John Murphy wants his neighbor to clean up his property on 236th Street.
Murphy says the owner has three properties, all in a row, and all three are unkept.
Longtime resident Jeannie Bell called it "deplorable.
"Something has to be done," Bell said.
We reached out to the Health department and the Sanitation department. Both agencies sprang into action.
The Health department says it's aware of conditions on the property, and a Commissioner's Order was ordered on July 13. The Health Department will be following up with a compliance inspection. The Department of Sanitation is looking into the matter to determine what can be done. The owner is cleaning up the property.
On Ocean Parkway, 12-year-old Nolan Vayzman says it breaks his heart to visit his 71- year old grandmother's apartment. He said there are problems in her apartment from floor to ceiling.
"I try to help her and nobody is listening," Vayzman said.
PIX11 News reached out to management and within minutes a manager was at her door, promising to do repairs first thing Monday.
If you have a story, reach out to Monica Morales on Facebook.