text:
Real knowledge is to know the extent of one's ignorance.
1 The Universe
The creation of the universe has always been a point of human inquisitiveness and various theories have been proposed for it. According to one school of thought Brahma or God is the Creator of the universe. Jain Philosophy does not accept any Creator; according to it the universe (Loka) is beginning less and endless. The most widely accepted theory in science is Big Bang theory, which states that the universe came in existence with an explosion. According to this theory the universe is expanding continuously. A theory of oscillating universe has also been proposed which anticipates a Big Crunch in which the universe reduces to a dense mass from which the Big Bang takes place. This theory supports a beginningless and endless universe, Big Bang and Big Crunch repeating in a cyclic manner. The second law of thermodynamics predicts a heat death of universe. This aspect requires further examination.
While dealing with the universe the scientific enquiry has focused primarily on matter, space and time and has neglected the living systems. Living systems have an important bearing on the state of the universe and their omission gives an incomplete picture of the universe. Without including soul the fate of organisms and hence the fate of the universe cannot be predicted successfully. We make an attempt to examine the fate of the universe in the light of Jain philosophy considering the existence of soul, matter and other substances.
2 Jaina Cosmology (Loka)
The loka contains six kinds of substances as noted in chapter 1. Akasa is infinite and a small fraction of it contains the other five substances. This part is called loka and the rest of akasa, which is infinite, is called alokakasa (aloka). The division of akasa into loka and aloka is due to two of the substances, dharmastikaya, the passive agent for motion, and adharmastikaya, the passive agent for rest position, that are present only in loka and are absent in aloka. Without these two agents no substance, pudgala or jiva, can enter aloka. The aloka is infinite spread of empty space.
The loka is finite and has a shape. The most probable shape is constructed by three bowls, one bowl is in inverted position at the bottom, the second bowl is placed upright on it and the third bowl is placed inverted on the second. The first bowl has a height of 7 raju, and diameter of 7 raju at the bottom and 1 raju at the top. The second bowl has a height of 3.5 raju, diameter of 1 raju at bottom and 5 raju, at top. The third bowl is also 3.5 raju high and has a diameter of 5 raju at bottom and 1 raju at the top. A raju is a very large measure of distance whose magnitude is not exactly known but according to one estimate it should be more than 1.45x1021 miles. The loka is divided in three parts that below the junction of 1st and 2nd bowl is called lower loka, that situated at the junction is called middle loka and that above this junction is called upper loka. A region known as trasnadi is defined as the space of diameter of 1 raju and running axially in the middle of the loka for the entire height of 14 raju. The total volume of loka is supposed to be 343 cubic raju.
One sense beings are found in the whole loka but beings with two to five senses are found only in the trasnadi. The part of the trasnadi in the upper loka contains heavens and the part in the lower loka contains infernal lands. Only the central part of trasnadi known as middle loka contains animals and human beings. The middle loka consists of innumerable number of circular islands, circumscribing one after the other, with spaces between them known as oceans. These islands could be conceived as galaxies rotating in circular orbits. The central island known as Jumbudweepa with a diameter of 100000 yojana can be compared to Milky Way Galaxy. The Jambudweepa is divided in seven regions parallel to the diameter; we live in the last part, farthest from the center, known as Bharat Ksetra. This region is the land of action where the living beings employ various kinds of skills for their livelihood. Another region diametrically opposite to Bhatrat Ksetra is also a land of action. The other five regions of Jambudweepa are supposed to be lands of enjoyment where living beings do not use any kind of skill for their living, implying that they have forest based life meeting their needs of food and other necessities from trees. There are only 15 lands of action in the entire middle loka, the other thirteen being in the neighboring islands (galaxies). Thus the life in the middle loka is more or less forest based except for 15 small regions of lands of action.
The heavenly beings in upper loka and infernal beings in lower loka have fluid body and therefore the lands there should be different from the lands in middle loka, where beings have a material body. The loka is beginning less endless and eternal. All the substances in the loka are eternal as no substance can be created or destroyed.
3 Universe: Scientific view
Customarily, the universe, or cosmos or nature, is defined as everything that exists, has existed and will exist. According to this definition, The universe consists of three elements: space and time, collectively known as space time or the vacuum; matter and various forms of energy and momentum occupying space- time; and the physical laws that govern the first two. The universe is very large and possibly infinite in volume; the observable matter is spread over a space at least 93 billion light years across. For comparison, the diameter of a typical galaxy is only 30000 light years, and the typical distance between two neighboring galaxies is only 3 million light years. Our Milky Way galaxy is roughly 100000 light years in diameter, and our nearest sister galaxy, the Andromeda Galaxy, is located roughly 2.5 million light years away.
The observable matter is spread uniformly (homogeneously), throughout the universe, when averaged over distances longer than 300 million light years. However, on smaller length - scale, matter is observed to form "clumps", i.e., to cluster hierarchically; many atoms are condensed into stars, most stars into galaxies, most galaxies into clusters, super clusters and, finally, the largest - scale structures such as the great Wall of galaxies. The observable matter of the universe is also spread isotropically, meaning that no direction of observation seen different from any other; each region of the sky has roughly the same content. The universe is also bathed in a highly isotropic microwave radiation that corresponds to a thermal equilibrium black body spectrum of roughly 2.725 Kelvin.
The present overall density of the universe is very low, roughly 9.9x10-30 grams per cubic centimeter. This mass- energy appears to consist of 73% dark energy, 23% cold dark matter and 4% ordinary matter. Thus the density of atoms is of the order of a single hydrogen atom for every four cubic meters of volume. The properties of dark energy and dark matter are nearly unknown. Dark matter gravitates as ordinary matter, and thus works to slow the expansion of the universe; in contrast, dark energy accelerates its expansion.
Throughout their recorded history, humans have proposed several cosmologies and cosmogonies to account for their observations of universe. The presently accepted Big Bang theory accounts for all the available data. According to this theory everything in the universe - all forms of matter and energy, and even space time itself - came into being at a single event, a gravitational singularity; as space expanded with time, the matter and energy cooled sufficiently to allow the stable condensation of elementary particles into primordial nuclei and atoms. Once atoms formed, matter became transparent to most wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation.
The universe is old and evolving. The most precise estimate of the universe's age is 13.7+0.2 billions years old, based on observations of the cosmic microwave background radiation. Independent estimates, based on measurements such as radioactive dating, agree, although they are less precise, ranging from 11-20 billion years to 13-15 billion years. The universe has not been the same at all times in its history, for example, the relative populations of quasars and galaxies have changed and space itself appears to have expanded. This expansion accounts for how Earth - bound scientists can observe the light from a galaxy 40 billion light years away, even if that light has traveled for only 13.7 billion years; the very space between them has expanded. This expansion is consistent with the observation that the light from distant galaxies has been redshifted; the photons emitted have been stretched to longer wavelengths and lower frequency during their travel. The rate of this spatial expansion is accelerating, based on some studies. The universe appears to have no net electric charge, and therefore gravity appears to be the dominant interaction on cosmological length scales. The universe appears to have no net momentum and angular momentum. The absence of net charge and momentum would follow from accepted physical laws, if the universe were finite.
The universe appears to be governed throughout by the same physical laws and physical constants. According to the prevailing Standard Model of physics, all matter is composed of three generations of leptons and quarks, both of which are fermions. These elementary particles interact via at most three fundamental interactions. The electroweak interaction, which includes electromagnetism and the weak nuclear force; the strong nuclear force described by quantum chromodynamics; the gravity, which is best described at present by general relativity. The theory of special relativity is believed to hold throughout the universe, provided that the spatial and temporal length scales are sufficiently short; otherwise, the more general theory of general relativity must be applied.
Of the four fundamental interactions, gravity is dominant at cosmological length scales, that is, the other three forces are believed to play a negligible role in determining structures at the level of planets, stars, galaxies and larger scale structures. The effects of the two nuclear, the weak and strong nuclear forces, are mainly confined to sub-atomic length scales, because their strengths decrease very rapidly with distance. In principle, electromagnetism could be significant, being equally as long - ranged as gravity; however, the effects of positive and negative charges tend to cancel one another, leaving only a small residue. By contrast, all matter and energy gravitate, causing gravity's effects to be cumulative.
The steady - state theory of cosmology, which was popular in the 1950s, states that the universe has been the same at all times, as well as being homogeneous and isotropic. This theory predicts that the conservation of energy is violated, albeit very slightly. This theory made admirably precise predictions, which have since been disproved by experimental observations.
4 Entropy and Cosmology
The second law of thermodynamics conventionally describes physical systems. An important law of physics, the second law of thermodynamics, states that the entropy of any system cannot decrease except insofar as it flows outward across the boundary of the system. As a corollary, in an isolated system, the entropy cannot decrease. By implication, the entropy of the whole universe, assumed to be an isolated system, cannot decrease; in fact the entropy of the universe is always increasing. It has been speculated that the universe is fated to a heat death in which all the energy ends up as a homogenous distribution of thermal energy, so that no more work can be extracted from any source.
However, the role of entropy in cosmology remains a controversial subject. Recent work has cast extensive doubt on the heat death hypothesis and the applicability of any simple thermodynamic model to the universe in general. Although entropy does increase in the model of an expanding universe, the maximum possible entropy rises much more rapidly-thus entropy density is decreasing with time. This results in an "entropy gap" pushing the system further away from equilibrium. Other complicating factors, such as the energy density of the vacuum and macroscopic quantum effects, are difficult to reconcile with thermodynamic models, making any predictions of large - scale thermodynamics extremely difficult.
Entropy has often been associated with the amount of order, disorder and / or chaos in a thermodynamic system. Entropy serves as a measure of how close a system is to equilibrium that is, to perfect internal disorder. The value of the entropy of a distribution of atoms and molecules in thermodynamic system is a universe of the disorder in the arrangements of its particles. Solids which are typically ordered on the molecular scale usually have smaller entropy than liquids, and liquids have smaller entropy than gases and colder gases have smaller entropy than hotter gases. At absolute zero temperature, crystalline structures are approximated to have perfect "order" and zero entropy.
Mathematically, entropy S is defined as
S= -K ∑ Pi ln Pi (1)
The sum runs over all microstates consistent with the given macrostate and Pi is the probability of the ith microstate and, K is a constant. According to this definition highly-ordered states have low entropy and disordered states may or may not have high entropy. For microcanonical system where all accessible microstates have the same probability, equation (1) gives
S= K ln W (2)
Where W is the number of possible states in which a system can be found.
Some scientists have questioned the relationship between entropy and disorder. If entropy is associated with disorder, and if the entropy of the universe is headed towards maximum entropy, then many are often puzzled as to the nature of the "ordering" process and operation of evolution. In the recent book SYNC - The Emerging Science of Spontaneous Order, Steven Strogatz writes, "Scientists have often been baffled by the existence of spontaneous order in the universe. The laws of thermodynamics seem to dictate the opposite; the nature should inexorably degenerate towards a state of greater disorder, greater, entropy. Yet all around us we see magnificent structures galaxies, cells, ecosystems, human beings that have all somehow managed to assemble themselves."
The most general interpretation of entropy is as a measure of our uncertainly about a system. The equilibrium state of a system maximizes the entropy because we have lost all information about the initial conditions except for the conserved variables; maximizing the entropy maximizes our ignorance about the details of the system. This uncertainty is not of the everyday subjective kind, but rather the uncertainly inherent to the experimental method and interpretive model.
Locally, the entropy can be lowered by external action. This applies to machines such as a refrigerator, where the entropy in the cold chamber is being reduced, and to living organisms. This local decrease is, however, only possible at he expense of entropy increase in the surroundings.
5 Entropy and life
Some scientists draw a parallel between physical systems and biological systems. As a biological ecosystem evolves by the process of natural selection, it disperses energy, increases entropy, and moves towards a stationary state with respect to its surroundings. According to them whether an object is animate or inanimate, science does not make a distinction. In both cases, energy flows towards a stationary state, or a state of equilibrium, in the absence of a high-energy external source.
Erwin Schrödinger in his 1944 book What is Life? explains that most physical laws on a large scale are due to chaos on a small scale. He calls this principle "order- from disorder". He states that life greatly depends on order and that a naive physicist may assume that the master code of a living organism has to consist of a large number of atoms. He further states "... living matter, while not eluding the "laws of physics" as established up to date, is likely to include "other laws of physics" hitherto unknown, which however, once they have been revealed, will form just as integral a part of science as the former."
Schrödinger concludes the book with philosophical speculations on determinism, free will, and the mystery of human consciousness. He is sympathetic to the view that each individual's consciousness is only a manifestation of a unitary consciousness pervading in the universe. In the final paragraph, however, he emphasizes the uniqueness of each human being's store of memories, thoughts and perceptions.
The argument that life feeds on negative entropy or negentropy by Schrödinger served as a stimulus to further research. In the popular 1982 text book Principles of Biochemistry by American biochemist Albert Lehninger it is argued that the order produced within cells as they grow and divide is more than compensated for by the disorder they create in their surroundings in the course of growth and division. Thus, according to Lehninger, "living organisms preserve their internal order by taking from their surroundings free energy, in the form of nutrients or sunlight, and returning to their surroundings an equal amount of energy as heat and entropy.
In a study titled "Natural selection for least action" published in the proceedings of the Royal Society A, Ville Kaila and Arto Annila of the University of Helsinki describe how the second law of thermodynamics can be written as an equation of motions to describe evolution, showing how natural selection and the principle of least action can be connected by expressing natural selection in terms of chemical thermodynamics. In this view, evolution explores possible paths to level differences in energy densities and so increase entropy most rapidly. Thus, an organism serves as an energy transfer mechanism, and beneficial mutations allow successive organisms to transfer more energy within their environment.
Entropy has been associated with disorder and disorder, has been linked to disorganization by some workers; higher entropy means higher disorder and also higher disorganization. But this kind of relationship has been questioned by others, particularly in context with living systems. Living creatures are a very significant sub-class of open systems. An individual cell continuously takes up metabolites through its enclosing membranes and this material undergoes chemical reactions within the cell interior resulting in a variety of low- and high - molecular weight products, some of these pass out of the cell: others contribute to the cell's growth and to its eventual division. It is really difficult to make an accurate entropy balance on an organism with its environment. But the experimental evidence available does not reveal any violation of the second law.
K.G. Denbigh has cited an example of a fertile bird's egg inside an incubator. The latter contains a sufficiency of air and was initially raised to a temperature high enough for the hatching of the egg. The incubator was thereafter surrounded by perfect thermal insulation so that its total entropy can only increase or remain constant. However there remain two possibilities concerning a different aspect of the system's temporal development: (1) the egg dies; (2) the egg lives and eventually gives rise to a live chick. Now it is true that in case (1) there is an entropy increase accompanied by a process of disorganization, localized in the egg. But the opposite is the situation in case (2): for although the egg is certainly a highly organized system, the live chick must surely be deemed to be much more so. Entropy again increases but now there is an increase in the degree of organization as well. This example thus provides a clear instance of its being false to suppose that entropy increase is equivalent to a process of disorganization. This does not mean that organisms operate in a manner contrary to the second law. That is not the case at all. The irreversible processes of metabolism, heat conduction etc., occurring within organisms are entropy producing like any others. It is only to say that changes in amount of organization and of entropy can occur quite independently of each other.
A similar conclusion was reached by Denbigh about changes or 'orderliness' and of entropy being mutually independent. He thinks that in addition to entropy there may well exist other 'one way functions' which add to the overall description of the worlds' temporal development.
6 Physical Systems
According to Jain philosophy the smallest constituent of all matter and energy is paramanu. The modes of energy of the paramanu change spontaneously[1] and so we have paramanus in which the electric energy is very small compared to thermal energy and also paramanus in which the thermal energy is very small compared to electric energy. So theoretically we can describe the cosmos in three ways.
- Thermal cosmos - a thermal system having limited role of electric energy.
- Electric cosmos - an electric (or magnetic) system having limited thermal activity.
- General cosmos - a system in which both thermal and electric (or magnetic) energy are important for processes.
The state of a free paramanu is unpredictable, it can move with different velocities, from zero to very high velocity, and can occupy any position in the cosmos. The paramanu is thus associated with highest uncertainty. With the formation of clusters in a vargana the freedom of motion of the paramanu is subjected to restriction thereby reducing its uncertainty. This reduction in uncertainty gives rise to some order in the arrangement of paramanus in the vargana. The order is increased in those vargana, which have paramanus in the bonded state. The order is still high in matter which is comprised of largest mass type vargana. According to rules available in Jain philosophy bonding between two paramanus takes place when the difference in their electric charge exceeds a minimum level. This shows that a high electric charge (or magnetism) increases order in the system.
The processes taking place in varganas like clustering, declustering, bonding and separation are spontaneous. In the smaller mass less varganas the paramanus simply cluster without bonding and decluster easily. The process is going on randomly and is not expected to change the overall order in the cosmos. In the larger mass type varganas, which are in the form of energy, bonding and debonding is an electrical activity, which must be reversible in nature without disturbing the overall order in the system. Scientific theories indicate that 73 percent mass in the universe is in the form of dark energy. According to Jain philosophy the varganas must comprise this part of energy. We therefore expect that this 73 percent mass does not change order in the universe. Amongst the rest of the mass about 23 percent is said to be dark matter and the remaining 4 percent is visible (luminous) matter. Over 99 percent of the visible mass is contained in the stars and therefore their activities are important from the view of prevailing order in the universe.
The thermal processes taking place in matter are subjected to the second law of thermodynamics, according to which in an isolated system like universe the entropy is always increasing pushing the system towards an equilibrium state where no useful work is possible. We have stated above that the universe can be regarded both as a thermal system and an electrical system and that the system can change its mode from one type to another spontaneously. This has important implications regarding the overall order in the universe.
There is scientific evidence that verifies a spontaneous change in the mode of a system. In a process known as adiabatic demagnetization a reversible change in temperature of a suitable material is caused by exposing the material to a changing magnetic field. In this type of refrigeration process, a sample of solid such as chrome - alum salt, whose molecules are equivalent to tiny magnets, is inside in insulated enclosure cooled to a low temperature, typically 4 Kelvin or 2 Kelvin, with a strong magnetic field being applied to the container using a powerful external magnet, so that the tiny molecular magnets are aligned forming a well-ordered "initial" state at that low temperature. The magnetic alignment means that the magnetic energy of each molecule is minimal. The external magnetic field is then reduced, a removal that is considered to be closely reversible. Following this reduction, the atomic magnets then assume random less-ordered orientations, owning to thermal agitation, in the "final" state. The "disorder" and hence the entropy associated with the change in the atomic alignments has clearly increased. In terms of energy flow, the movement from a magnetically aligned state requires energy from the thermal motion of the molecules, converting thermal energy into magnetic energy. Yet, according to the second law of thermodynamics, because no heat can enter or leave the container, due to its adiabatic insulation, the system should exhibit no change in entropy. The increase in disorder, however, associated with the randomizing directions of the atomic magnets represents an entropy increase? To compensate for this, the disorder (entropy) associated with the temperature of the specimen must decrease by the same amount. The temperature thus falls as a result of this process of thermal energy being converted into magnetic energy. If the magnetic field is then increased, the temperature rises again.
One variant of adiabatic demagnetization is nuclear demagnetization refrigeration (NDR). In NDR the cooling power arises from the magnetic dipoles of the nuclei of the refrigerant atoms, rather than their electron configurations since these dipoles are of much smaller magnitude, they are less prone to self- alignment and have lower intrinsic minimum fields. This allows NDR to cool the nuclear spin system to very low temperatures, often 1mK or below.
The above example of adiabatic demagnetization shows that:
- The thermal energy and magnetic energy can mutually interchange spontaneously in an adiabatic system.
- The order in the system depends on both the thermal energy and magnetic energy.
- At low temperature the thermal energy and magnetic energy have opposing effect on ordering.
These observations though made under specific conditions do support the views that the universe can be regarded both as thermal system and electrical (or magnetic) system and that the overall order in the universe is jointly determined by these two modes.
7 Living systems
Living systems are characterized by soul. We know that in the development process the soul initially exists in impure state and takes birth as one sense being. At this stage the soul can take birth anywhere in the universe making its occurrence highly uncertain. From this point of view the life as one sense being is a highly disordered system. As the soul develops and progresses on its journey the regions and scope of its birth are subjected to restrictions, the uncertainty is reduced and the order is increased. Finally when the soul is liberated the soul cannot take birth again and the uncertainty is reduced to zero giving a perfectly ordered system. Thus life in the universe proceeds temporally from a highly disordered system to a perfectly ordered system.
The above hypothesis is supported by history of evolution of species on Earth. Biodiversity found on Earth today is the result of 4 billion years of evolution. Until approximately 600 million years ago, all life consisted of bacteria and similar single celled organisms. The cell structure was prokaryotic. More complex creatures arose sequentially after this prokaryotic beginning, first eukaryotic cells, perhaps about two billion years ago, then multicellular animals about 600 million years ago. This was followed by the age of invertebrates. Then in sequence we had the age of fishes, age of reptiles, age of mammals and finally humans. The complexity of DNA increased through these sequences starting from simple DNA found in virus to highly developed DNA in humans. The structure of DNA can be considered as a representative of order in the living systems and we find that evolution of life on Earth has proceeded from disorder to order. Some scientists are of the view that this order in the world must be the result of intelligence (or an intellect being).
DNA is an organic superconductor that can work at normal temperatures. Artificial superconductors require extremely low temperatures of between 2000K and 1400K to function. All superconductors are able to store light and thus information. This is further explanation of how the DNA can store information. Bio photons responsible for the ability to communicate at all levels within cells, between cells, organization of metabolic activities within the cell, the operation of the immune network and host of other biological functions, also have high efficiency of energy transfer and transformation which often approaches 100 % in DNA, which undergoes physical resonance.
The above scientific information helps us to understand how life proceeds from disorder to order. First, some scientists also find it necessary to believe in the presence of intelligence in life, which we know is the property of the soul. In a soul the prana energy must produce the organization in a cell; in fact this may be the main function of prana energy. The entropy balance is difficult to make as we are not able to account for the subtle prana energy in the energy audit. Lehninger assumed that internal order in organisms is preserved by taking free energy in the form of sunlight and nutrients from their surroundings. This may be true of plants but the mobile beings are not expected to benefit much from sunlight. Instead in their case it should be the prana energy that preserves the order. The prana energy may constitute the "other laws of physics" Schrödinger has referred to. Second, amazing structure, like super conductor DNA holding large amount of information and a weak light in DNA accomplishing feats like 100% energy transfer and transmission efficiency and superb organization of metabolic activities in the cell etc are features which minimize entropy increase and maintain order in a living being. This kind of performance is not expected of innate matter; clearly it is the soul whose powers produce the order in DNA and organization in the cell. As the soul progresses in its journey from one sense microorganism it creates better order and organization in the biological systems which we see as evolution on Earth like planets. After the stage of human beings further increase in order has not been explored by science as yet as this falls in the realm of spiritual world. According to Jain philosophy the order continues to increase in spiritual personalities, hopefully producing improved metabolic and other biological states which are endowed with many kinds of supernatural powers. The journey of progress ends in liberation, a state of perfect order of the soul. Such a state is not possible with physical body, which has inherent limitations, and therefore the soul drops the body at the last stage, becoming free forever. The total number of liberated souls is infinite and this number is increasing as more souls get liberated.
According to Jain philosophy one - sense microorganisms are found all over loka and mobile beings, 2-sense to 5-sense beings, are found in the central region of loka. All these organisms produce order from disorder as has been rightly recognized by Schrödinger. They take in matter and energy in various forms from the environment and assemble them to produce the body structure. The body is maintained with minimum increase in entropy. The processes taking place in body are primarily electrical and chemical both of which are energetically more efficient than thermal processes. Thus organisms are means of producing order from disorder.
8 Spatial and Temporal Variations in Order/Disorder
A relationship between order/disorder and quality of life can be established. Forests are order producing systems for they receive thermal energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical and electrical energy with the help of nutrients. As chemical and electrical systems are better ordered than thermal systems, plants produce order from disorder. Burning of fuel converts chemical energy into thermal energy and increases disorder. Atomic energy power plants convert electrical bonding energy into thermal energy and also increase disorder. A forest based life style where all requirements of living beings are met from forests conserves order in the environment. From this consideration animals do not contribute to disorder. Human beings burning fuel produce disorder the magnitude of which increases with increasing rate of burning fuel. Industrialization, using fossil fuels and atomic energy, increases disorder, a higher disorder must be associated with a low quality of life and vice versa.
Jain philosophy describes in detail the quality of life in the universe. There are two types of lands in the universe, the lands of enjoyment where the life is forest based, and lands of action where the living beings employ various kinds of skills for living, which may involve burning of fuel. The lands of action are found only in that part of universe which is inhabited by human beings, and human beings are found only in a small part of the universe, which is comprised of Jambudweepa and two more similar regions in the neighborhood. Jambudweepa and these two lands have not been identified in the modern context but in my opinion they are our Milky Way Galaxy, Andromeda Galaxy and a part of Triangulum Galaxy. In this part of universe there are 15 lands of action and our planet is one of them. This means that there are 15 planets or regions in the universe, 3 in Milky Way Galaxy and 6 each in Andromeda and Triangulum Galaxy, where human beings employ advanced skills for living. Most of the lands of action maintain a constant standard of quality of life, at different levels, but there are few others, like our Earth, which experience a temporal cyclic change in the quality of life. We are presently passing through the descending phase of the quality cycle that is the quality of life is going down. This means that disorder must be increasing on our planet, a fact that cannot be disputed. This downward trend is supposed to continue for about 40,000 years when the disorder shall reach the maximum level and the quality of life shall be at a minimum level. Thereafter a reversal in the trend shall occur and disorder shall start decreasing, eventually producing conditions for better quality of life.
In those lands of action which maintain a given quality of life, the human beings must be wiser not indulging in activities that increase disorder. As stated above human beings are found only in a small part of the universe, in the remaining part only animals are supposed to exist, where life must be forest based producing no disorder. Thus the scenario which emerges is that in most part of the universe the living systems produce no disorder, only the physical systems may disturb the balance of order and disorder. As the physical systems involve electrical and chemical processes, besides thermal, there is a good possibility of order/disorder being maintained at a constant level on a galactic scale.
From above we see that Jain philosophy allows for local variation in disorder, as we find on Earth, but that should not be a matter of alarm as far as the universe is concerned. The universe being endless maintains a stable condition of order/disorder and life is respectfully maintained on a continuous basis.
9 Is Universe Expanding?
The Big Bang theory, which is widely accepted by scientists, is predicted by red shift given by Hubble's law based on astronomical measurements. The red shift is supposed to occur mainly due to expansion of space, which causes emitted photons to stretch to longer wavelengths and lower frequency during their journey of millions and billions of light years. The Jain philosophy offers an alternative explanation for stretching of photons in such long journeys.
A photon is made of vargana of mass category. A photon is supposed to be charge less and so it must be an aggregate of two or more varganas (a vargana has a charge). In fact photons of different frequency must contain differing number of varganas. These and other kinds of varganas of both mass less and mass category are found all over middle loka. These varganas travel in all directions at any given location. A photon traveling in space may encounter and collide with other photons or varganas traveling in different directions. The possibility of collision will certainly exist when the travel is on galactic scale involving millions of light years. As a result of such collisions it is expected that some of the varganas or paramanus will be knocked off reducing the number of paramanus and hence the energy of the photon. A photon with less number of varganas or paramanus also becomes less dense and shall occupy more space than before. Consequently, the frequency of photon shall decrease and the wavelength shall increase, when considering travel of photon on galactic scale. The frequency decrease can be expected to be more with greater distance of travel and more number of collisions of photon. Thus there is no need to make rather an unrealistic assumption of expansion of space to explain the Hubble's law. Jain philosophy supports a steady state universe; the concept of expanding universe is not acceptable.
Akasa in Jain philosophy is real, infinite, eternal and one indivisible unit and it cannot have any expansion. The expansion of space, assumed by scientists obviously raises the question; it is expanding in what? There can be no expansion without the presence of space and if the space is already present what is the meaning of expansion of space. Jain philosophy offers a way out for all such confusing assumptions. Is the Big Bang inferred by extrapolation of Hubble's observations not imaginary?
10 Comments
The active universe is comprised of two basic components, (1) matter and energy and (2) jiva, the living substance. The state of the universe is jointly determined by these two components. The inanimate component is bigger than the animate component. The 73 percent of the inanimate component is recognized as dark energy by scientists and not much is known about it. According to Jain philosophy this part of inanimate energy must comprise of varganas which are clusters of paramanus, some of them are in bonded state and others are unbounded. The bonding between paramanus is an electrical activity and therefore varganas are not supposed to contribute to disorder in the system.
The luminous matter, made up of one specific type of vargana, ultimately consists of paramanus, whose total energy comprises of electric energy and thermal energy (including kinetic energy of motion). The paramanu undergoes self-transformation and one mode of energy may change into another mode spontaneously. The second law of thermodynamics applies to thermal processes of gross matter that increases entropy in the universe. This is supposed to increase disorder. However the processes taking place in electrical mode are seen to increase order in the system (like ordering of molecular magnets). There remains a possibility of change of matter from thermal mode to electrical mode in some part of the universe producing order from disorder.
Organisms are systems that produce order from disorder. The order and organization seen in cells is not possible in non-living systems and it is surely a result of intelligence contained by the soul. The soul which proceeds from a highly disordered state to a perfectly ordered state also produces order in the body it occupies. It is because of the soul that the processes in the body are highly efficient minimizing entropy production in the environment. In most part of the universe organisms do not disturb the order; there are only a few regions where human beings resort to activities that increase disorder.
So, we have systems producing order from disorder and disorder from order in the universe. The galaxies, star systems, cells, organisms, etc. are examples of beautiful order in the universe. The two components, living and non-living, together give a steady and stable universe according to Jain philosophy and there is no fear of heat death or end of the universe.
11 References
- "Jain Metaphysics and Science: A Comparison", Dr. N.L. Kachhara, Prakrit Bharati Academy, Jaipur
- Universe - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
- Steady state theory - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
- Entropy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
- Entropy (order and disorder) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
- What Is Life? - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
- Note on Entropy, Disorder and Disorganization, K.G.Denbigh
- Magnetic refrigeration - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
- Evolution - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
- Spiritual Science: DNA is influenced by words and frequencies, Grazyna Fosar and Franz Bludorf
Spontaneous means "by itself, or without any outside influence", and has nothing to do with speed.


text:
Updated 1st floor apartment situated in a quiet setting at the rear of a well maintained small complex only moments to beaches, mall, cafes and transport.
Register your details to be notified of inspection times by either "email agent" or "book inspection".
Bright interiors & generous proportions
Open plan living with sunny balcony
Timber flooring throughout
Spacious bedrooms with built-in robes
Modern kitchen with dishwasher
Large internal laundry with 2nd w.c.
Well maintained original full bathroom
Registered car space

subset: commoncrawl


text:
OP/ED: The MTA Fare Hike Will Not Disentangle a Broken Transit System
Nicole Acosta, Managing Editor
February 28, 2019
The MTA wants to raise our fare prices to cover their impending debt. I'm pretty sure I still won't get to work on time.
Question(s) of a Lifetime – Part One
Steven Keehner, Impact Staff
February 18, 2018
Is there a God? What is the meaning of life? Is a hot dog a sandwich? These are all some of the greatest questions humanity has faced; here are some more.
USL D3: Could Promotion & Relegation Come To American Soccer?
Steven Keehner, Impact Staff
February 3, 2018
With the new third division of American Soccer, United Soccer League D3, set to start play in 2019, I want to look at what this could mean for the future of promotion and relegation in the United States.
How Fortnite: Battle Royale Has Risen Above All Expectations
Steven Keehner, Impact Staff
January 27, 2018
With the gaming industry at a point where micro-transactions have taken over and companies are moving away from the players' voices, Fortnite: Battle Royale continues to be an outlier. So the question that needs to be asked is: how did we get here?
New Bridges and New Beginnings
Liv Meier, Staff Writer
October 25, 2017
I've never been fond of bridges, some may even say that I had a mild case of gephyrophobia (yes, I did have to look that up). I've always been afraid of heights but for some reason, while crossing a bridge, it wasn't even about that. It was about the unsteadiness that they brought to my mind. It...
The New College Shuttle: A Shift For Commuters
Nicole Acosta, Staff Writer
October 10, 2017
This fall 2017 semester marks the start of a brand-new shuttle system that will run between the Bronx and Dobbs Ferry campuses. There already is a shuttle system from the Ardsley-on-Hudson Metro North station to the Dobbs Ferry campus, as well as the shuttle from Westchester Square to the Hutchinson...
Students Clear Their Heads At Fresh Check Day
Mark McCarthy, Staff Writer
September 27, 2017
This year's Fresh Check Day had some four-legged guests


text:
Seismic activity
Birthday concerts for Harrison Birtwistle were moving in mysterious ways
Harrison Birtwistle's 80th birthday next month has been celebrated copiously, notably at the Barbican Centre and its adjunct, the smaller Milton Court hall. The BBC Symphony Orchestra, under Martyn Brabbins, offered a semi-staging of the opera Gawain (1991) — a huge (here uncut!) score with big, blatant leads. John Tomlinson, as the Green Knight, most memorably bestrode the Barbican platform. (He is concurrently bestriding Welsh National Opera's stage as Schoenberg's Moses.) Meanwhile, the London Symphony Orchestra, under Daniel Harding, revisited Earth Dances (1986), with its seismic convulsions, bleak immensities and totally original layer-drama. Britten Sinfonia, in the first of two Birtwistle events under Baldur Brönnimann, revived the opera Yan Tan Tethera, also a semi-staging, the director in both cases John Lloyd Davies.
He was


text:
The Sri Lanka and Australia Chamber of Commerce (SLACC) is attempting to raise AUD $500,000 as part of Trail2016 in Australia over the next two years, by organising a series of fundraising activities. The first of these activities – a Fundraising Dinner and Charity Walkathon – took place on the 4th and 5th of February in Sydney. The events were a huge success and raised over $22,000 to contribute the building of the TrailSL Karapitiya Cancer Hospital in Galle, Sri Lanka
Cancer is on the increase in Sri Lanka, and this has increased the need for more cancer treatment facilities and the need to improve cancer awareness and detection. TrailSL is dedicated to bringing together communities across Sri Lanka to collectively drive the nation's fight against cancer by means of a charity walk which carries a message of unity and understanding, while raising funds to aid cancer treatment. TrailSL funded the first Trail Hospital in Jaffna in 2011 and its goal for 2016 is to raise US$5m for a new cancer treatment facility in Galle. SLACC is contributing to this effort by raising funds to build an "Aussie Ward" in Karapitiya Hospital.
TrailSL in collaboration with SLACC has extended its activities to Australia, providing an opportunity for all overseas Sri Lankans and Friends of Sri Lanka in Australia, to unite in the spirit of giving to support the fight against cancer. Over a 100 guests participated at the fundraising dinner at Petersham Townhall in Sydney. These people also joined the 6.7km walk at Parramatta Parklands the following day.
Mitra Innovation's Managing Director and SLACC Vice President Dammika Ganegama attended both events in Sydney.
The SLACC and TrailSL Australia team will host another fundraising event in Melbourne, Australia on October 2017, offering another chance for everyone to support the cause.We hope to see you at the next event!


text:
Don's Tips
Proudly brought to you by:
Don's Tips – Ageing RocksLast time we looked at using rocks in the gardens and noted that bush rock is best left in the... read more
Don's Tips – RocksIf you want strong, dramatic effects in your garden, you can't beat rocks. Rocks can be used around ponds or... read more
Don's Tips – Spring VegiesHow are your vegies growing? Now is a critical time to take stock. Watch out for leaf vegies like lettuce,... read more
Don's Tips: Orange BlossomSpring came very early this year and citrus loved it. We take oranges, lemons and other citrus for granted. Even... read more
Don's Tips – TomatoesTomatoes are the most popular home-grown vegetable in Australia (even though they are technically a fruit). They produce more fruit... read more
Don's Tips – Sweet CornOne of the most amazing and fun experiences for families with young children is the growing of sweet corn. These... read more
Spring TipsDon looked at some 'must do jobs' for spring. Repot now Over the next few weeks plants will make about... read more
Don's Tips – SnakesWildlife are behaving a bit differently this year. Most native bird species have gone to nest about 3-4 weeks earlier... read more
Don's Tips – MowersThe lawns are already growing like mad, so it's time to get the lawn mower serviced. Once a year you... read more
Don's Tips – Vertical Vegie GardensIf you have very little space to grow food plants like herbs and vegetables, perhaps a vertical garden is what... read more
Don's Tips – Why Carrots ForkSoon it will be time to grow carrots in the garden. They are fun and easy to grow and come... read more


text:
African music meets China, via Museke: "A couple of years ago, a friend showed me a video of a Chinese man singing Makossa songs. Zhen Ping Liu, popularly known as Liu de Karmer to his fans was the first ever and lone Chinese Makossa singer.
The name of the song is Assiko chinois, pretty good :-). Some friends joked that he probably wasn't him singing the song and someone else was doing voice over, but who really does that these days?"
1 comment
thanks for the shoutout again, Ndesanjo.
We owe you!


text:
Earlier this year, it was announced that Instagram would be hiding likes, although it hasn't reached England yet, it has been rolled out in various other countries starting in Canada.
Why you ask?
There has been a lot of negative press around Social Media and the effects it has on mental health, the world is already very fickle and being judged by the amount of likes a post gets forces people to feel under pressure which results in less posting and less engagement which isn't great for the app or for those using it.
Although Instagram says the reason for doing this is due to trying to stop it being a popularity contest, I personally believe, this change could also be a result of them wanting people to spend more time on the app. If people don't feel the pressure of likes, they will post more often and spend more time on Instagram. At the end of the day, Instagram is still a business, so if the amount of users decrease, this will impact how people advertise with the app.
How does this effect influencers?
The second reason for this change is due to influencer marketing, Influencer sponsored content is still the best-performing stuff on Instagram, I personally find this really interesting, over the years, there has been a rise in influencers, having worked with some as a client, a lot of the time, when negotiating a fee, one of the KPI's is the ability to attract likes to a post. This change means the content shared by influencers will need to result in more tangible results, using an influencer and building a fan base is great but what about conversion rate? The removal of likes will help filter out the real influencers from those who's influence doesn't necessary lead to results, because if the collaboration doesn't result in sales, how justifiable is the money spent on influencer marketing?
What does this change actually mean?
In a recent article by Mobile Marketing, the following was cited:
Under the test, people will still be able to see all photos and videos in their feeds as usual. However, only the person who posted content will be able to see their likes and view counts.
"We want your friends to focus on the photos and videos you share, not how many likes they get," said Instagram on Twitter. "You can still see your own likes by tapping on the list of people who've liked it, but your friends will not be able to see how many likes your post has received."
What should you be doing now?
- Videos
The introduction of IGTV was a massive hint as to where IG wanted the app to go to. Instagram have claimed that now popularity will be based on quality content and using video is one way you can ensure your message is heard.
2. Stories
You would have noticed engagement on stories improve over the last few months, this is because Instagram want you to be making more use of stories. You may not have even consciously noticed the urge to scroll right instead of down, I personally believe the popularity of stories is massively to do with our short attention span – another interesting observation.
3. Collaborations
Want to grow a genuine following? Find the right people to collaborate with, tap into people who share your audience and work out new and creative ways you can collaborate with them online and offline. Your strategy should never just be online, connecting with people offline is just as important for growth and helps you to get some great content.
More help please
Got any more questions about this or need some virtual support with your Instagram Strategy, send me an email on email@example.com or head over to my Instagram here for more FREE advice – @iamrenuravalia
If you are East Midlands based, the next Instagram Workshop takes place on 5th September, you can learn more here.


text:
Angela Merkel leads EU REBELLION against Trump's travel ban with WARNING to President
ANGELA Merkel has lashed out at Donald Trump's travel ban as she leads a European Union (EU) rebellion against the US President's controversial policy.
The German Chancellor has given a thinly veiled threat of legal action against the new President of the United States, revealing she is "striving for legal clarity".
She cosied up to Swedish Prime Minister Stefan Lofven with the pair lambasting the President Trump for his policy to ban refugees from seven Muslim countries from entering America.
Angela Merkel, whose ill-fated refugee policy saw 1.1million migrants enter Germany, and led to the Chancellor toughening her stance on refugees in a bid to cling on to leadership, said: "I have made it clear once again that the fight against terrorism does not justify a general advance against certain countries and people with a certain belief."
Angela Merkel has once again condemned Trump's travel ban
German Chancellor Angela Merkel and Sweden's Prime minister Stefan Lofven
I have made it clear once again that the fight against terrorism does not justify a general advance against certain countries
Mr Lofven echoed the criticism, saying: "I value Angela Merkel, her leadership and friendship. We share fundamental values, and Germany plays a major role in the growth of the EU and the world."
"It is no secret that we now face major challenges. It is deeply regrettable that the USA has suspended all travel from citizens of seven countries. That's anything but good.
"The EU plays an important role for values and human rights."
He added: "We need a more harmonised legislation and for all countries in the EU to share the responsibility of taking in refugees."
The leaders' attempted show of unity comes as uncertainty hangs over Brussels after Donald Trump ramped up his rhetoric against NATO, describing it as "obsolete", while getting closer to Vladimir Putin.
The leader's sought to reaffirm their commitment to the EU
The beleaguered German leader spoke just days after her spokesman released a statement attacking Mr Trump.
Outrage has erupted over the American president's temporary executive order to halt refugees from seven Muslim countries, with thousands of protestors taking to the street across the world.
Donald Trump's executive order has banned migrants from seven Muslim countries including Syria, Somalia, Sudan, Libya, Yemen, Iran, and Iraq from coming to the US for the next 90 days.
The executive order also indefinitely blocks Syrian refugees from entering and lowers migrant numbers entering the US to 50,000 refugees.
Mrs Merkel's spokesman, Steffen Seibert said: "The Chancellor regrets the US government's entry ban against refugees and citizens of certain countries.
Angela Merkel was in Sweden on Tuesday
She is convinced that even the necessary, resolute fight against terrorism doesn't justify putting people of a particular origin or particular faith under general suspicion.
"The Geneva Refugee Convention requires the international community to take in refugees from war on humanitarian grounds. All signatory states are expected to do so. The Chancellor explained this policy to the US President in their call yesterday.
"The German government will now examine what consequences the measure of the US government will have for German citizens with double citizenship and will represent their interests, if necessary, before our American partners."


text:
Podcast: Trey Martinez Fischer defines the big issues of 2019 legislative session
Trey Martinez Fischer is the senior member of the San Antonio legislative delegation, but he's also a new addition to the Texas House.
The San Antonio Democrat officially returned to the House last week after a two-year absence and he sounds hopeful that the Legislature can tackle the big issues of school finance and escalating property taxes in 2019.
In this Puro Politics interview, Martinez Fischer talks about his role as the Democrats' resident master of parliamentary procedure and how he developed the techniques he has employed over the years to block legislation he found objectionable.
The state lawmaker also expresses his concern about recent efforts from state GOP leaders to nullify local control. "I think we need to be careful," Martinez Fischer says, "not to be the City Council of the state."
On ExpressNews.com: Martinez Fischer wants to be in the center of the fray
On ExpressNews.com: Straus departure will factor into Martinez Fischer campaign
Puro Politics is a weekly podcast with Gilbert Garcia and the Express-News political team as they take you for a spin inside the halls of civic power. Contributors include senior reporter Josh Baugh, investigative reporter Brain Chasnoff and government and politics reporter Dylan McGuinness.
Listen and subscribe on: Apple Podcasts Stitcher TuneIn RSS All Episodes
Gilbert Garcia is a columnist covering the San Antonio and Bexar County area. Read him on our free site, mySA.com, and on our subscriber site, ExpressNews.com. | firstname.lastname@example.com | Twitter: @gilgamesh470


text:
Please sign in with your existing account details.
Register to access exclusive content, sign up to receive our updates and personalise your experience on brownejacobson.com.
Privacy statement - Terms and conditions
Forgotten your password?
You have exceeded the maximum number of login attempts for this email address and your account has been locked. An email has been sent to member of Browne Jacobson's web team and some one will be contacting you over the next two working days with details of how to change your password.
displaying 1-10 of 199
This article considers some of the Government's main proposals which are still to come.
View legal update
On 8 July, the Chancellor outlined his plans for a Job Retention Bonus, with details of the bonus scheme due to be published by 31 July.
This month has seen Further Details of the UK's new Points-Based Immigration System published.
Should a Tribunal strike out an unfair dismissal claim where the Claimant has no prospect of recovering any compensation but where the dismissal may be procedurally unfair? The Employment Appeal Tribunal (EAT) has held that it should not, in this case.
As from 4 July, the Government advises against non-essential international travel, except to countries and territories listed as exempt. Find out more with our frequently asked questions.
This is timely guidance given that modern slavery will not be exempt from the health, social and economic challenges brought about by Covid-19.
In successful discrimination claims, one remedy available to a Tribunal is an appropriate recommendation. In this case of Hill v Lloyds Bank plc, the Employment Appeal Tribunal (EAT) has considered the scope of a recommendation sought by an employee.
The High Pay Centre has issued its interim report based on the first pay ratios disclosed between 1 January 2020 and 31 April 2020.
There have a been a number of changes made to the statutory sick pay (SSP) regime this year as a result of the cornonavirus pandemic, so we've set out below some FAQs as a reminder.
On 12 June 2020, as anticipated HMRC set out further detail of the previously announced changes to the Coronavirus Job Retention Scheme (CJRS). These changes will take effect from 1 July 2020.
displaying 1-10 of 199
Filter by content type
Keep up with the latest content from Browne Jacobson:
© Copyright Browne Jacobson LLP 2020 - All rights reserved


text:
What better way to celebrate V8 day of Engine Week than with a big 'Murican 427?
You all know how the story goes. Carroll Shelby stuffs a big America V8 into a small British roadster and the rest is history. There have been countless numbers of replicas, but only a handful of cars were the real deal. Those now sell in the million dollar range.
This is the Kyosho 1:18 model of the legendary Shelby Cobra 427 S/C Roadster. It comes in all kinds of flavors: silver, red, dark green... but we all know the best is blue with white stripes. I took my time tracking this one down and eventually won an auction for around $45 for this bad boy. There are plenty of other model makers' Cobra's too, like Schuco, Road Legends, Ertl, and Shelby Collectibles.
The Kyosho stood out to me though because of the many details it offer. Tire lettering, a wood-looking steering wheel, carpet, and a fire extinguisher are all included. Plus there's this under the hood:
If you want a Cobra, I highly recommend this one, but make sure you hold out for a good deal to pop up. There are two newer Kyosho releases, but those retail for over $100. There are also plenty of sellers on ebay who think these are made of 24k gold. Patience is key, deals are out there to find .
Looks like Enginerrrrrrrr knows what's up too!


text: Areas We Serve At Korsinsky & Klein, LLP, we take great pride in providing highly professional legal guidance. Our experienced attorneys have a deep understanding of the laws that affect your rights. From our offices in Brooklyn, New York and Lakewood, New Jersey, we serve clients in the following locations: Brooklyn Lakewood, New Jersey Long Island Manhattan New York City Westchester, New York Our attorneys have dedicated their careers to providing outstanding representation to clients in New York and New Jersey, with a focus on a select number of practice areas, including the following: Elder Law Guardianship Medicaid Planning Fair Hearing Estate Planning Wills & Trusts Civil Litigation Real Estate Whether you are planning for your future or facing a legal issue, having a skilled attorney by your side can provide you with greater peace of mind. Find out more about how we can help you navigate the legal process. Contact us online today or call 212-495-8133. Extensive Experience in Elder Law We understand our clients' concerns when it comes to protecting their loved ones, qualifying for Medicaid, facing the complexities of guardianship, and other aspects of elder law. Attorneys Michael Korsinsky and Joseph Klein are both active members of the Elder Law Section of the New York State Bar Association. They lead a highly qualified legal team with many years of experience in elder law, and they are dedicated to handling your legal matters with compassion, skill and patience. Guardianship Guardianship is a legal process that is designed to protect the rights of a person who is unable to make or communicate sound decisions. The elder law lawyers at Korsinsky & Klein, LLP can provide you and your family with compassionate legal counsel in choosing a guardian and handling all aspects of guardianship proceedings. Medicaid Planning If you or a loved one needs long-term care, you may be eligible to receive Medicaid. However, you must first apply for Medicaid before you receive benefits, and the process of applying can be complex. The elder law attorneys at Korsinsky & Klein, LLP can help you apply for Medicaid and establish a Medicaid plan to protect your finances and your future. Fair Hearing The best way to help ensure that your Medicaid application is not denied is to retain the services of an experienced elder law attorney. However, if you previously applied for Medicaid and your request was denied, suspended, reduced or stopped, you still have options. The legal team at Korsinsky & Klein, LLP can represent you and request a Medicaid fair hearing within the statute of limitations. Estate Planning Creating a legally sound and comprehensive estate plan is one of the most powerful steps you can take toward leaving a legacy behind for the people and charities that are important to you. If you neglect to create an estate plan, your property and assets will be distributed according the laws of the state. The estate planning lawyers at Korsinsky & Klein, LLP can help ensure that your heirs, property, and assets are protected. Wills and Trusts There are various types of wills and trusts which can be included in a carefully structured estate plan. However, trust administration can be quite complex. Working with a skilled New York elder law attorney can make it easier to decide how to best accomplish your goals. Civil Litigation Resolving disputes using arbitration or mediation can help minimize unnecessary litigation. However, it may be necessary to go to court to protect your rights or the rights of those you love. The civil litigation lawyers at Korsinsky & Klein, LLP are well acquainted with the laws and the courts of New York and New Jersey. We have successfully represented clients in a wide variety of litigation matters including elder law litigation, real estate litigation and estate litigation. Real Estate Whether you are buying or selling a home or leasing commercial property, the New York real estate lawyers at Korsinsky & Klein, LLP can assist in drafting, reviewing and negotiating contracts. We make it a priority to protect your best interests by looking for potential red flags and guiding you through every aspect of your real estate transaction. The Attorneys at Korsinsky & Klein, LLP Provide Outstanding Legal Services Our elder care lawyers work diligently to provide clients with the best possible representation. We leverage our extensive knowledge of elder law, tax law, real estate law and estate planning to bring value and insight to each case we handle. To learn more about how we can put our experience to work for you, contact us online or call Korsinsky & Klein, LLP today at 212-495-8133.


text:
Targeted for Termination
Pharma Co. (Pharma or the "Company") is a U.S. subsidiary of a UK entity that prepares its financial statements in accordance with (1) U.S. GAAP for reporting to its U.S.-based lender and (2) IFRSs for reporting to its parent. Pharma is restructuring a business line. As part of the restructuring, the Company is considering the relocation of a manufacturing operation (Plant A) from its present location to a new facility in a different geographic area. The relocation plan would include terminating certain employees.
Pharma has taken the following actions:
- On December 27, 20X1, Pharma management communicated the main features of a one-time, nonvoluntary termination plan to its employees. The communication to the employees is included as Appendix A. Receipt of this one-time termination benefit is contingent on employees' continued service through the date Pharma ceases production and closes its Plant A facility. The Company estimates that the one-time termination benefit is $2.5 million. In addition, Pharma has a historical practice of providing two weeks' severance to individual employees upon nonvoluntary termination. The Company estimates that the cost of two weeks' severance for affected employees is $500,000. Finally, in accordance with the facility manager's employment agreement, the facility manager will receive an additional lump-sum benefit of $50,000 upon closure of the facility. Given the insignificant time between the date of the communication and the date the employees will be terminated, the Company is assuming that fair value of the costs listed above equals the estimated amounts.
- Pharma will incur a relocation cost of $500,000 and staff training cost of $1.5 million. Further, the Company has entered into irrevocable contracts with certain other relevant parties to affect the restructuring plan over the ensuing 18 months.
- On December 29, 20X1, Pharma issued a press release announcing its intentions to terminate the lease of its present facility, incurring an early termination fee in addition to its normal rental payments through the date of termination. The press release is included as Appendix B. Assume the terms of the lease are such that Pharma accounts for the lease as an operating lease. Further, the lease agreement stipulates that written notice in the form of a letter or e-mail from Pharma directly to the lessor is required for early termination.
• How should Pharma account for its restructuring costs in its IFRS financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 20X1?
• How should Pharma account for its restructuring costs in its U.S. GAAP financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 20X1?
In answering these questions, students should provide an analysis of how Pharma should account for (1) employee benefits, (2) lease termination costs, and (3) retraining and relocation costs.
Don't use plagiarized sources. Get Your Custom Essay on
Targeted for Termination
Just from $13/Page


text:
October 31, 2018
Release Year: 2015
Studio: Grooby Spotlight
Cast: Eva Cassini (Trans), Jamie French (Trans), Stefani Special (Trans), Birdmountain (Trans), Jade Downing (Trans), Kelly Klaymour
Genres: Shemale, Transsexual, Anal, Oral, Gonzo, Hardcore, Teen, Fetish, Orgy, Group Sex
Video language: English
Trans6uals is the story of six trannies, a bottle of baby oil, and an unsuspecting hotel room! The gorgeous Birdmountain, Eva Cassini, Jade Downing, Jamie French, Kelly Klaymour, and Stefani special are having an all out trans orgy! With plenty of dick sucking, ass fucking, daisy chain, greased up debauchery that comes with it! So grab a handful of tit and a mouthful of dick with Trans6uals!
Format: mp4
Duration: 1:15:38
Video: 852x480, AVC (H.264), 1406kbps
Audio: 108kbps
File size: 829.0 MB


text:
You need to choose options for your item.
Age spots, liver spots, sun damage, acne scars—it's time to look on the bright side. This first-of-its kind dark spot corrector lightens them up. Gently works for all skin tones and types. In just two weeks, you can start to call it even.
PowerPatch tecnology, to the rescue:
Included: 56 Dark Spot Corrector Patches and 1 tube (0.7 oz) of Dark Spot Protector Sunscreen Gel Broad Spectrum SPF 30
You're reviewing: Powerpatch Dark Spot Corrector
Receive free U.S. shipping on orders of $49 and up. All other orders are shipped at a $7 fee within the U.S. International shipping is available in select countries.
Your order will be shipped within 1 to 2 business days via UPS or US Priority Mail. Upon shipment you'll receive a tracking number the US Postal Service or UPS.
If you are not satisfied with your purchase, you may return or exchange it within 30 days (after your order is received) for a full refund. Shipping costs are not included.
The C.O. Bigelow team is available Monday–Friday from 9am-6pm EST to answer any questions you may have or to assist you in the ordering process. Phone: 1-800-793-5433 Email: firstname.lastname@example.com


text:
Good Morning America tweeted out some impending Star Wars news this morning. According to the tease, the morning news show on ABC will celebrate the Star Wars 40th anniversary with a big announcement. The video, which you can see below, lets us know that news is going to drop tomorrow morning with Rey (Daisy Ridley) and Luke Skywalker (Mark Hamill). It's being called, "the Star Wars announcement 40 years in the making." All this comes just four days before Star Wars Celebration in Orlando, Florida. We know we're getting a new trailer for Star Wars: The Last Jedi there, so this is unlikely to be what they're talking about.
GMA actually premiered the Rogue One: A Star Wars Story trailer, so the show will likely have something big, especially if Ridley and Hamill are appearing together. Is that a clue? Star Wars: The Last Jedi, which is written and directed by Rian Johnson and continues the storylines introduced in Star Wars: The Force Awakens, welcomes back cast members Mark Hamill, the late Carrie Fisher, Adam Driver, Daisy Ridley, John Boyega, Lupita Nyong'o, Oscar Isaac, Domhnall Gleeson, Anthony Daniels, Gwendoline Christie, and Andy Serkis. New cast members will include Academy Award winner Benicio Del Toro, Academy Award nominee Laura Dern, and newcomer Kelly Marie Tran. The sequel is produced by Kathleen Kennedy and Ram Bergman and executive produced by J.J. Abrams, Jason McGatlin, and Tom Karnowski.
Star Wars: The Last Jedi is scheduled for release in theaters on December 15, 2017.
Leave a Reply.


text:
Posts with the tag "grace"
We Reach Through Love
July 5th, 2017
Not long after the flood, people found themselves struggling again to do what was right. Noah's son, Ham, shamed the family after Noah drank too much wine and stumbled naked into his tent. Instead of ... Read More
I Found This In An Old Book...
April 5th, 2016
I've been reading through the book of Deuteronomy lately and honestly I can say that I am not sure I would have made it during Old Testament times. There were so many rules and regulations, and I am c... Read More


text:
The purpose of the booklet is to provide factual information that can be used to foster a positive attitude towards condom use. The message is kept simple and focused on responding to common, reoccurring myths, misperceptions, and fears related to condoms and condom use. It provides accurate evidence-based information to support the fact that consistent use of male or female condoms is highly effective at preventing unintended pregnancy, the transmission of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections.
Related content
After describing the international consensus reached in Beijing about empowering women and ending gender inequality, and defining key human rights concepts, the report examines key issues related to reproductive health and rights that affect women throughout their lives.
1 January 2000
More young people than ever are entering their childbearing and working years. At the same time, the number and proportion of people over age 65 are increasing at an unprecedented rate.
11 September 1998


text:
Howard Johnson Hotel by Wyndham Vancouver Downtown
- Free WiFi
- Great for families
- Collect stamps
- Bar/Lounge(s)
- Beach
- Breakfast
- Business center
- Children's club
- Dining venue(s)
- Fitness facilities
- Golf course
- Hot springs
- Laundry facilities
- Meeting facilities
- One of the swimming pools
- Parking area
- Sauna
- Spa
- Spa tub
- Tennis courts
- Water park
Due to COVID-19, this property's food and beverage options may be limited.
Popular amenities
COVID-19: Hygiene and cleanliness
Enhanced health and safety measures
This property advises that enhanced cleaning and guest safety measures are currently in place.
- Property is cleaned with disinfectant
- Staff wears personal protective equipment
- Property confirms they are implementing enhanced cleaning measures
- Shield between guests and staff in main contact areas
- Social distancing measures are in place
- Guests are provided with free hand sanitizer
It's was good clean staff were friendly and very helpful
Unfortunately we had multiple issues at this property. 1) the fold out bed had been used…
More great choices
What's around Howard Johnson Hotel by Wyndham Vancouver Downtown
- In Downtown Vancouver
- Granville Street - 1 min walk
- Robson Street - 11 min walk
- Queen Elizabeth Theatre - 17 min walk
- Granville Island Public Market - 19 min walk
- Rogers Arena - 20 min walk
- Canada Place - 20 min walk
- Vancouver Waterfront - 21 min walk
Getting around
- Vancouver Intl. Airport (YVR) - 17 min drive
- Vancouver, BC (CXH-Vancouver Harbour Seaplane Base) - 2 min drive
- Pitt Meadows, BC (YPK) - 48 min drive
- Galiano Island, BC (YMF-Montague Harbour Seaplane Base) - 127 min drive
- Sechelt, BC (YHS-Sunshine Coast Regional) - 123 min drive
- Mayne Island, BC (YAV-Miners Bay Seaplane Base) - 147 min drive
- Vancouver Waterfront Station - 18 min walk
- Vancouver Pacific Central Station - 7 min drive
- Port Moody Station - 25 min drive
- Yaletown-Roundhouse Station - 6 min walk
- Vancouver City Center Station - 10 min walk
- Granville Station - 12 min walk
At a glance
Key facts
Hotel size
- This hotel has 110 rooms
- This hotel is arranged over 5 floors
- Check-in time 4:00 PM-anytime
- Check-out time is 11 AM
Due to COVID-19, this property's food and beverage options may be limited pursuant to local regulations.
Required at check-in
- Credit card required for incidental charges
- Government-issued photo ID may be required
- Minimum check-in age is 19
Travelling with others
- Pets not allowed (service animals welcome)
- Free WiFi in public areas
- Free WiFi in rooms
- Self parking* on site (limited)
Payment types at the property
Other information
- Smoke-free property
In the hotel
- Full breakfast daily (surcharge)
- Restaurant
- Bar/lounge
- Coffee/tea in a common area
- Microwave in a common area
- Downhill skiing nearby
- 24-hour front desk
- Tours/ticket assistance
- Dry cleaning/laundry service
- Laundry facilities
- Luggage storage
- Multilingual staff
- Elevator
- ATM/banking
- Safe-deposit box at front desk
- Wheelchair-accessible parking
- English
- Korean
In the room
- In-room climate control (air conditioning)
- Coffee/tea maker
- Iron/ironing board
- Blackout drapes/curtains
- Hair dryer
- Cable TV channels
- Desk
- Free WiFi
- Free local calls
- Daily housekeeping
- In-room safe
Recommended hotels
Special features
DiningWings - This restaurant serves breakfast, lunch, and dinner. Guests can enjoy drinks at the bar.
Howard Johnson Hotel by Wyndham Vancouver Downtown's small print
Also known as
- Howard Johnson Downtown Vancouver
- Howard Johnson Hotel Downtown Vancouver
- Howard Johnson Hotel Vancouver Downtown
- Howard Johnson Hotel Wyndham Vancouver Downtown
- Howard Johnson Wyndham Vancouver Downtown
- Howard Johnson Vancouver
- Howard Johnson Hotel by Wyndham Vancouver Downtown Hotel
- Howard Johnson Hotel by Wyndham Vancouver Downtown Vancouver
This property's policy is to refuse certain bookings for the purpose of group events or parties, including pre-wedding stag/bachelor and hen/bachelorette parties.
Only registered guests are allowed in the guestrooms.
This property advises that enhanced cleaning and guest safety measures are currently in place.
Disinfectant is used to clean the property, and commonly-touched surfaces are cleaned with disinfectant between stays.
Social distancing measures are in place; staff at the property wear personal protective equipment; a shield is in place between staff and guests in main contact areas; guests are provided with hand sanitizer.Please note that cultural norms and guest policies may differ by country and by property. The policies listed are provided by the property.
The name on the credit card used at check-in to pay for incidentals must be the primary name on the guestroom reservation.This property only accepts credit cards for all bookings and onsite payments. Cash is not accepted. Prepaid credit cards are not accepted.
Mandatory fees
You'll be asked to pay the following charges at check-in or check-out:
- 1.5 percent destination fee will be charged
Optional extras
Early check-in can be arranged for an extra charge (subject to availability)
Late check-out can be arranged for an extra charge (subject to availability, amount varies)
Uncovered self parking costs CAD 25 per day with in/out privileges
Parking is available nearby and costs CAD 35 per day
Rollaway beds are available for CAD 20.0 per night
Full breakfast is offered for an extra charge of CAD 15 for adults and CAD 15 for children (approximately)
We have included all charges provided to us by this property. However, charges can vary, for example, based on length of stay or the unit you book.
FAQs for Howard Johnson Hotel by Wyndham Vancouver Downtown
What are the cleanliness and hygiene measures currently in place at Howard Johnson Hotel by Wyndham Vancouver Downtown? This property confirms that disinfectant is used to clean the property. Furthermore, guests are provided with hand sanitizer, social distancing measures are in place, and staff wear personal protective equipment. Please note that this information has been provided by our partners. Is parking offered on site at Howard Johnson Hotel by Wyndham Vancouver Downtown? Yes. Self parking costs CAD 25 per day. Parking spots may be limited. Are pets allowed at Howard Johnson Hotel by Wyndham Vancouver Downtown? Sorry, pets aren't allowed, but service animals are welcome. What are the check-in and check-out times at Howard Johnson Hotel by Wyndham Vancouver Downtown? You can check in from 4:00 PM to anytime. There's a charge for early check-in (subject to availability). Check-out time is 11 AM. Late check-out is available for a charge (subject to availability). Are there restaurants at or near Howard Johnson Hotel by Wyndham Vancouver Downtown? Yes, there's an onsite restaurant. Nearby restaurants include Pier 73 (6.8 mi), Shanghai Wonderful Restaurant (7.1 mi), and Starbucks Coffee (7.1 mi).
Is the description of this property not correct? Tell us


text: No one thought we would make it this far, but I think it is mostly the adversity that has kept us going. In order to commemorate this 90210 episode that will most assuredly "go there" we decided to kick things off way early today. Feel free to leave comments throughout the day or check out old 90210 episodes here, here, and here.


text:
0344 947 0908
Request a Callback | Compare
- 3 Years Insurance
- 3 Years Servicing
- 3 Years Tax
- 3 Years Warranty
These prices are based on the Higher Rate Motability Component. Pricing and offers are correct at the date of publication and are subject to confirmation. Pricing may not be accurate as pricing is updated quarterly. Unless otherwise stated, metallic paint at extra cost. Library image for illustration purposes only.
Fuel: Petrol
Body: Hatchback
Trans: Automatic
Electric front windows, ESP, PAS, Remote fuel lid opener, Tachometer, Body colour door mirrors, Black instrument panel, 4 speakers, Roof rails, Front fog lights, Air conditioning, Luggage cover, Luggage area lamp...
It's easy with Motability! You choose the car, we do the rest.
Combined - 0 mpg EC Extra Urban - 0 mpg EC Urban - 0.
Insurance Group
Insurance groups range from 1 to 50 and dictates the cost of the vehicles insurance. The higher the group, the higher the insurance will be for the vehicle.
Performance (BHP)
BHP rates the engine performance of vehicles and stands for the brake horsepower.
CO2 (g/km)
CO2 is the amount of carbon dioxide emitted by the vehicle in grams per kilometre travelled, the lower the CO2 emissions the cleaner the vehicle is for the environment.
Number Of Seats
The total number of seats in the vehicle.
Road Tax
Road Tax is based upon the CO2 emissions of the vehicle and is split into 13 bands from A to M. The higher the letter the greater the cost of tax paid to drive the vehicle on public roads. In addition to the road tax detailed below, any vehicle that had a manufacturers retail price in excess of £40,000 when first sold, attracts a road tax supplement of an additional £320 per year. This is charged until the vehicle is 6 years old.
If you're looking for a new Suzuki Ignis 1.2 Dualjet 12V Hybrid SZ-T 5dr CVT Petrol Hatchback for sale, you've come to the right place. At Macklin Motors we don't just have the best Suzuki Ignis 1.2 Dualjet 12V Hybrid SZ-T 5dr CVT Petrol Hatchback deals, we also offer friendly advice and help with all your enquiries to ensure your buying experience is a happy experience.
What are you waiting for? Make an enquiry online using the link above or call one of our friendly sales advisors today.
Key Standard Features*
- Solid - Fervent red
- Front centre console ornament in silver
- Solid paint
- Front centre console ornament in blue
- Cloth - Black with silver stitching
- Cloth - Black with blue stitching
- Interior door grip in blue
- Interior door grip in silver
Body Glass
- Electric front windows
- Rear privacy glass
- 2 speeds front wiper with intermittent + washer
- 1 speed rear wiper + washer
- Green tinted windows
- ABS+EBD+Brake assist
- Hill hold control
Driver Aids
- Power Steering
- Rear parking camera
Driver Convenience
- Remote fuel lid opener
- Engine auto start/stop system
Driver Information
- Tachometer
- Digital clock
- Low fuel warning light
- Fuel consumption screen
- Door ajar warning lamp
- Outside temperature display
- Gear position indicator
- Smartphone integration with Apple CarPlay and Android auto
- Smartphone link audio display
- Hybrid system indicator
- Engine oil change reminder
- Driving range indicator
- Average speed indicator
Driving Mirrors
- Body colour door mirrors
- Electric adjustable door mirrors
Embellishment Trims
- Black instrument panel
- Centre and side a/c louver bezel in silver
- 4 speakers
- Steering wheel mounted audio controls
- DAB Digital radio
- USB Connection
- Bluetooth audio streaming
Exterior Body Features
- Roof rails
- Side protection mouldings
- Wheel arch extensions
- Body coloured bumpers
- Black front grille with chrome accent
- Visible VIN plate
- Body Colour Exterior Door Handles
- Body coloured A & B pillars
Exterior Lights
- Front fog lights
- Automatic headlights
- Automatic headlamp levelling
- High mounted stop lamp
- 'Guide me home' headlamps
- LED daytime running lights
- LED headlights
- Rear fog lights
- LED rear combination lamp
- LED projector headlamps with low and high beam
- Air conditioning
- Pollen filter
- Rear window demister
- Heater
Interior Features
- Luggage cover
- Cloth upholstery
- Front door pockets
- Tilt adjustable steering wheel
- Driver's footrest
- Rear cupholders
- Front cupholders x 2
- 12V Accessory socket
- Chrome interior door handles
- Gearshift paddles
- Front passenger side assist grip
- Chrome handbrake release button
- Centre lower box
- 2x Front and rear door bottle holders
- Rear seat slide and reclining function
- CVT shift lock
- Front and rear door trim colour in black and white
- Silver shift knob
Interior Lights
- Luggage area lamp
- Front cabin lights
- Driver and passenger airbags
- Side impact protection beams
- Front side airbags
- Childproof rear door locks
- Curtain airbags
- Front passenger airbag deactivation
- Tyre pressure monitor
- Front and rear seatbelt reminder
- Pedal release mechanism
- 3 point ELR front seatbelts with pretensioner, force limiters and height adjustment
- Front headrests
- Height adjustable driver's seat
- 50/50 split folding rear seat backrest
- 2 rear head restraints
- 2 Isofix seat anchors
- 3 point ELR rear seatbelts x 2
- Front passenger side seatback pocket
- Child seat tether anchorage points
- Immobiliser
- Locking wheel nuts
- Remote central locking
- Deadlocks
- Freewheeling key cylinders
- Lights on and key in reminder
Vanity Mirrors
- Driver's sunvisor with ticket holder/vanity mirror
Wheels - Alloy
- 16" alloy wheels
Wheels - Spare
- Tyre repair kit
- 0 to 60 mph (secs)
- 0 to 62 mph (secs) 12.4
- Engine Power - BHP 83
- Engine Power - KW 61
- Engine Power - PS
- Engine Power - RPM 6000
- Engine Torque - LBS.FT 79
- Engine Torque - MKG 10.9
- Engine Torque - NM 107
- Engine Torque - RPM 2800
- Top Speed 96
Terms & Conditions: Every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of the information shown. However, errors do sometimes occur. The specification of each vehicle listed on the Macklin Motors website is provided by "CAP". Please note that the Images of each vehicle are range shots, these can include images which do not reflect the precise details of the vehicle you are looking at and are purely used for illustrative purposes. The inclusion of such data does not imply any endorsement of any of its content nor any representation as to its accuracy.
*Vehicle reviews are conducted by an independent reviewer, information, images and specifications included may not be correct.


text:
Women's Long Apres Down Puffer
$273.00 $455.00
Designed to keep you cozy, down to every last detail. This women's long down coat has 650-power 90/10 down feather insulation and a fur-trimmer removable hood for unbeatable warmth in subzero temps. Storm flap-covered waterproof zippers and recessed cuffs help repel cold and snow. Side-entry pockets with brushed tricot lining keep hands warm, while multiple inner security pockets hold phone, wallet and more. Long sleeves. Lined
- 41" long
- Polyester shell
- 650-power 90/10 down/feather fill
- Machine wash
Returns and Exchanges
We hope you love our products just as much as we do! However, if something is not to your liking we are happy to provide an exchange, store credit, or refund on any item that meets our return standards listed below:
-Unused with no signs of wear
-Non-sale item*
-Within 14 days from the date the item was received
*If a discount code was applied to your order, the items within the order are then classified as sale items
If you wish to return an item please contact us at:
Return shipping is at the expense of the customer. We recommend tracking your package so you can verify delivery.
Returns can be sent to us at:
The Sparkling Spur
Mandaree, ND 58757
The sizing of a garment will vary based on the brand. Most brands offer stander sizes. The sizing chart attached is true for Double D Ranch Wear, Vintage Collection, Tasha Polizzi, Roja, & Silverado Home. If you have questions about other brands, please contact us!


text:
Is Zach Collins the second Gonzaga player to be an active player in an NBA conference finals playoff series behind John Stockton?
A pretty heady achievement, considering his contributions, and a great feather in the cap of the program.
Mods, I realize this is yet another Zach Collins thread, but I thought I would get a quicker answer to my question if I posted here. Feel free to merge with the other threads after someone chimes in with an accurate answer.


text:
And we've got some questions.
Would you be brave enough to try out this nipple trend?
Accessorising used to mean wearing and eye-catching necklace or carrying a statement handbag - but now it seems our nips are the area to adorn.
It seems every second reveller at Lollapalooza Festival in Sao Paulo, Brazil, last weekend was rocking bold nipple stickers on full display under sheer tees.
And this isn't the only time ladies have dared to dazzle on the chest area.
Glitter nipples began gaining momentum after US model Binx Walton stormed down the Saint Laurent runway at Paris Fashion Week SS17 - with her left breast adorned with silver studs.
And, fearless girls on Instagram have shared photographs showing how they style the eye-popping look.
They have posted their snaps under the hashtags, #discotits, #boobbling and #glitternipples.
So, would you try out the trend?
Woman speaks out after her sexual assault saying women are oversexualised
Woman speaks out after her sexual assault saying women are oversexualised


text:
Tuesday Throwback: Kobe Bryant Obeys His Thirst For Sprite
January 28, 2020 Leave a comment
The world has been shocked and saddened by the sudden death of Kobe Bryant. As you surely now know, Kobe, his 13-year-old daughter Gianna, and seven others were killed in a helicopter crash outside Los Angeles on Sunday. So for this Tuesday Throwback, I'm posting a few commercials with Kobe. There were certainly a lot to choose from, but some of his most memorable were for Sprite. So take in these bittersweet pieces of nostalgia. Mamba out! RIP Kobe.


text:
Impact and Economic Evaluator
- Employer
- Location
- Leeds, United Kingdom
- Salary
- £33,797 to £40,322 p.a.
- Posted
- Jul 01, 2020
- End of advertisement period
- Jul 29, 2020
- Ref
- Academic Discipline
- Physical Sciences, Geology, Environmental, Earth & Marine Sciences
- Job Type
- Research Related, Other Research Related
- Contract Type
- Fixed Term
- Hours
- Full Time
iCASP is a 6 year NERC-funded programme seeking to deliver £50M of economic benefit to the Yorkshire region and beyond and a range of non-economic benefits. The programme has been fully operational since 2017 and works by applying existing environmental science via co-designed projects with stakeholders to drive catchment-related environmental, policy, practice, business and societal impacts.
This exciting role has three key cross-cutting components:
You will drive the evaluation function of the iCASP programme, assessing and reporting on the cross-programme and project-specific impacts, including an evidence-based assessment of projected financial and non-financial benefits of programme activities. You will work with the iCASP team and with partners across academic and non-academic institutions, to evaluate and report on impact, including preparation of reports to funders and the programme office as required.
You will support the iCASP team in efforts to grow the legacy of iCASP by supporting and developing funding proposals, for external support, that enhance the long-term financial sustainability of iCASP beyond its initial NERC-funded timeframe.
You will directly support some of the iCASP-funded projects by delivering impact translation work that utilises your skills and experience (e.g. economic appraisal, catchment solutions).
You will have the opportunity to develop innovative methodologies that accurately capture the value of a varied portfolio of NERC science to the Yorkshire region and beyond, working closely with leading academic experts in the field of environmental economics and impact evaluation. You will also interact with a wide range of environmental scientists and stakeholders.
You will be an experienced quantitative environmental social scientist educated to PhD level, with a demonstrable understanding of environmental economics, catchment science and its use in business, government and other regional organisations. You will have excellent written and verbal communication skills, and an ability to understand and present complex economic and scientific data across the range of activities being supported by the programme.
To explore the post further or for any queries you may have, please contact:
Professor Julia Martin-Ortega: firstname.lastname@example.com
or Duncan Fyfe, iCASP Programme Manager: email@example.com
Location: Leeds - Main Campus
Faculty/Service: Faculty of Environment
School/Institute: School of Geography
Category: Research
Grade: Grade 7
Salary: £33,797 to £40,322 p.a.
Working Time: 100% - We will consider job share and flexible working arrangements
Post Type: Full Time
Contract Type: Fixed Term (until 31 December 2022)
Closing Date: Wednesday 29 July 2020
Interview Date: See advert
Reference: ENVGE1124
Downloads: Candidate Brief